REPORT ON THE CONSERVATION STATUS OF Silene spaldingii. A CANDIDATE THREATENED SPECIES

Taxon Name:

Common Name;

Family:

States Where Taxon Occurs:

Current Federal Status:

Recommended Federal Status;

Author of Report:

Original Date of Report;

Date of Most Recent Revision

Individual to Whom Further Information and Comments Should be Sent;

Silene spaldinaii Wats.

Spalding's catchfly

Caryophyllaceae

U.S.A., Montana, Idaho, Oregon; Canada, British

USFWS Notice of Review,

USFWS Notice of Review,

Lisa Ann Schassberger

22 December, 1988

N/A

J. Stephen Shelly Montana Natural Heritage State Library Building 1515 E. 6th Avenue Helena, MT 59620

Washington,

Columbia

Category 2

Category 2

Program

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

I. SPECIES INFORMATION

1. Classification and nomenclature . 1

2. Present legal or other formal status . 2

3 . Description . 5

4. Significance . 6

5. Geographical distribution . 9

6. General environment and habitat description . 43

7. Population biology of the taxon . 50

8 . Population ecology of the taxon . 55

9. Current land ownership and management responsibility. 57

10. Management practices and experience . 58

11. Evidence of threats to survival . 59

II. ASSESSMENT AND RECOMMENDATIONS

12. General assessment of vigor, trends, and status ... 59

13. Recommendations for listing or status change . 60

14. Recommended critical habitat . 60

15. Conservation/recovery recommendations . 60

16. Interested parties . 61

III. INFORMATION SOURCES

17. Sources of information . 63

18. Summary of materials on file . 64

IV. AUTHORSHIP

19. Initial authorship . 64

20. Maintenance of status report . 65

V. NEW INFORMATION

21. Record of revisions . 65

Literature Cited . 66

Appendix A . 68

Appendix B . .

Appendix C . .

Appendix D .

71

I.

SPECIES INFORMATION

1. Classification and nomenclature.

A. Species.

1. Scientific name.

a. Binomial: Silene spaldinaii Wats.

b. Full bibliographic citation: Watson, S.

1875. Revision of the genus Ceanothus . and descriptions of new plants, with a synopsis of the western species of Silene. Proc. Am. Acad. 10: 333-350.

c. Type specimens: United States, probably from near Clearwater, Idaho Co., Idaho. Watson stated the type came from "on Clearwater in central Idaho, Spalding."

The type itself bears the label "Clearwater, Oregon, Rev. Mr. Spalding."

GH (Hitchcock and Maguire, 1947) .

2. Pertinent synonyms: None.

3. Common name: Spalding's catchfly

4. Taxon codes: PDCAROUISO (Montana, Oregon and

Idaho Natural Heritage programs); JN.L76 (Washington Natural Heritage Program) ; 5044 SILSPA, (U.S. Forest Service, Region 1)

5. Size of genus: Over 400 species, mostly of the North Temperate Zone, and especially abundant in Eurasia (Hitchcock et al., 1964).

B. Family classification.

1. Family name: Caryophyllaceae.

2. Pertinent family synonym: None.

3. Common names for the family: Pink Family, Carnation Family.

C. Major plant group: Dicotyledoneae.

D. History of knowledge of taxon: silene spaldinaii was first collected by Rev. Mr. Spalding prior to 1875. The exact location of collection is not known. The label states "Clearwater, Oregon";

1

2

however, authorities believe its origin to be on the Clearwater River in central Idaho (Hitchcock and Maguire, 1947) . Populations are now known from Montana, Idaho, Oregon, and Washington. Also, one plant was observed in British Columbia, Canada in 1988.

Silene ^ spaldingii was first collected in Montana by R.S. Williams (995) in 1894. The label reads "Columbia Falls." This site has been searched for, but has never been relocated, and it is likely that the population was lost as much of this area has been converted for agricultural use. A second collection by D. Lau (74-63) was made in the vicinity of Niarada in 1974. This site has also never been relocated (using the directions on the collection label) , and the specimen is thought to be mislabeled.

In 1983, Peter Lesica, working under contract with the Montana Field Office of The Nature Conservancy, located a population on Wild Horse Island in Flathead Lake, and three populations in the vicinity of Niarada. In 1985 two additional populations were located in the Tobacco Valley. These latter sites are 160 miles to the north of the Wild Horse Island/Niarada populations.

In 1988, the Montana Natural Heritage Program was contracted by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service to conduct a status survey of Silene spaldingii in Montana (Project Agreement No. SE-5-P-1) . Under subcontract, the author conducted field surveys on 18-29 July, 1988 in appropriate habitats from the Canadian border (Tobacco Valley) south to Arlee, Montana. Two new populations were discovered along the flanks of the Hog Heaven Range, ca. 5 miles east of Niarada. Additionally, a small subpopulation was added to the Tobacco Plains North site (008) , and one plant was observed in Canada.

E. Comments on current alternative taxonomic

treatments: There are no known current alternative

taxonomic treatments.

2. Present legal or other formal status.

A. International: None.

B. National.

3

1. United States.

a. Present designated or proposed legal protection or regulation: Currently, Silene spaldinaii is under notice of review for potential listing as a threatened species under the U.S. Endangered Species Act of 1973 (U.S, Department of Interior, 1985) . Specifically, it is included in Category 2 (taxa for which information now in possession of the Service indicates that listing as a threatened or endangered species is possibly appropriate, but for which substantial data on biological vulnerability and threats are not currently known or on file to support listing) .

b. Other current formal status

recommendations: Silene spaldinaii is

currently listed as "endangered throughout range" (global rank = G2) by The Nature Conservancy.

c. State.

1 . Montana .

a. Present designated or proposed legal protection or regulation: None.

b. Other current formal status

recommendations: Silene

spaldinaii is currently listed as "critically endangered" in Montana (state rank = SI) by the Montana Natural Heritage Program (Shelly, 1988).

c. Review of past status: The

Montana Rare Plant Project (Lesica ^ aJL. , 1984) recommended the status of S. spaldinaii as threatened because of its limited distribution, and the threats posed by agricultural and grazing activities in the areas where the plant is located.

Idaho.

a. Present designated or proposed legal protection or regulation: None.

b. Other current formal status

recommendations: Silene

spaldinaii is currently listed as "critically endangered" in Montana (state rank = SI) by the Idaho Natural Heritage Program. The Idaho Native Plant Society, in the Region 4, Sensitive Plant Program Handbook (U.S. Dept, of Agriculture, 1988) , lists S. spaldinaii as threatened or endangered throughout all or a significant part of its range.

c. Review of past status: The Rare and Endangered Plants technical committee of the Idaho Natural Areas Council recommended the status of S. spaldinaii as "treat as threatened" ( = a status given where the taxon lacks adequate field study and data) (U.S. Dept, of Agriculture, 1981) .

Oregon.

a. Present designated or proposed legal protection or regulation: None.

b. Other current formal status recommendations: Silene spaldinaii is currently listed as "critically endangered" in Oregon (state rank = SI) by the Oregon Natural Heritage Program.

c. Review of past status: Silene spaldinaii was listed by the Oregon Natural Area Preserves Advisory Committee as 11b ( = threatened or endangered throughtout its range; known from only a few widely disjunct

5

populations) (Siddal ^ al. . 1979) .

4. Washington.

a. Present designated or proposed legal protection or regulation:

None.

b. Other current formal status

recommendations: Silene

spaldinqii is currently listed as "endangered" in Washington (state rank = S2) by the Washington Natural Heritage Program .

c. Review of past status: None known .

3. Description.

A. General nontechnical description: Silene spaldinqii is a tall, herbaceous perennial. From one to several stems arise from a woody caudex. These stems reach 8-24 inches in height, and bear 4-7 pairs of cauline leaves. The leaves are broadly lance-shaped, 2-3 inches in length and up to 0.5 inch in width. The foliage is lightly to densely covered with sticky hairs. Several to many flowers form the inflorescence. Flowers are arranged in a spiral, and positioned at right angles along the tips of stems. The outer floral leaves, which are fused for most of their length, form a flaring tube about 0.5 inch long. Ten distinctive veins run along the length of this tube. The claws of the petals are also about 0.5 inch long, with the actual petal blades only 0.08 inch long. Both the claw and blade are white with a greenish tinge. Four, and sometimes up to 6 very short petal-like appendages are attached inside and just below each blade.

These are also greenish-white in color. This species blooms in Montana in July and early August. Later, small light brown, wrinkled seeds ripen within a capsule.

B. Technical description: Villous-tomentose and more or less viscid-pubescent perennial from a simple or branched caudex, 2-6 dm. tall; cauline leaves 4-7 pairs, oblanceolate below to lanceolate above, 6-

7 cm. long, 0.5-1. 5 cm. broad, sessile and slightly connate; flowers several to many in a leafy and

6

usually compact cyme; calyx tubular-campanulate, about 15 mm. long at anthesis, becoming more nearly clavate-campanulate in fruit, 10-nerved; corolla white, the claw of the petals about 15 mm. long, not auriculate above, the blade very short, ovate, about 2 mm. long, entire to shallowly emarginate; appendages 4 (5 or 6) , ovate-lanceolate, about 0.5 mm. long; carpophore about 2 mm. long, glabrous; styles 3; capsule 1-celled; seeds light brown, about 2 mm. long, corrugate-wrinkled and inflated. Chromosome number 2N=24 (adapted from Hitchcock et al., 1964).

C. Local field characters: In Montana this species is usually found in swales or draws, often on north- to east-facing slopes. Similar in appearance to many of the more common Silene species, it is distinct from them by its sticky villous hairs, long calyx tube, and bilobate petals with 4-6 appendages. Vegetatively , Silene scoulerl is similar to S. spaldinqil; however, it has bilobate petals with only two appendages. Silene cseri also overlaps in range with S. spaldinqii . however it is an annual species with long petal blades and the foliage is not often sticky pubescent. Silene douqlasii is similar in appearance to this species but has more slender stems and leaves, and is rarely sticky pubescent (Dorn, 1984). According to Hitchcock and Maguire (1947), S. oreqana is quite similar to S. spaldinqii with respect to the flowers; however, the petal blade is deeply 4 lobed and much longer and narrower in this species.

D. Identifying characteristics of material which is in interstate or international commerce or trade: No

interstate or international commerce or trade is known .

E. Photographs and line drawings: Figure 1, p. 7, is a copy of illustrations that accompanied the descriptions of this species Hitchcock et al.,

(1964), and Hitchcock and Maguire, (1947). The color slides are duplicates of those taken at the sites indicated by the three-digit occurrence numbers, p. 8. Additional slides of S. spaldinqii and its habitat are housed at the office of the Montana Natural Heritage Program, Helena, Montana.

4. Significance.

A. Natural: In the words of Hitchcock and Maguire (1947), "(t)he viscidity of the plant, the long

7

Figure 1 . Line drawing of Silene spaldingii . Taken from

Hitchcock et (1964) and Hitchcock and Maguire (1947).

9

calyx lobes, short blades of the petals, 4 shorter appendages, and large inflated seeds are almost peculiar to the species. All in all it is one of our most distinct plants ... . " This taxonomically

distinct species is associated with the few remnants of Palouse prairie left intact in the states of Montana, Idaho, Oregon, and Washington.

B. Human: According to Hitchcock ^ (1964), this

family contains several genera of ornamental value, including Dianthus (carnation), Gvpsophila (baby's breath), Arenaria (sandwort), Silene (catchfly) , and Lychnis (campion) . This species may have horticultural potential; however, currently it has no known agricultural, economic or other human uses or significance.

5. Geographical distribution.

A. Geographical range: silene spaldinaii is currently known in Montana from sites in the Tobacco Valley, Lincoln County; Wild Horse Island, Lake County; and the area around Niarada in Sanders and Flathead counties. A distribution map of Silene spaldinaii populations in Montana is found on p. 10. In Idaho it is known from sites in Lewiston County; and in Washington from sites in Whitman, Spokane, and Asotin counties. In 1988, a single plant was observed in British Columbia, Canada.

Silene spaldinaii is historically known from two locations in Oregon in Umatilla and Wallowa counties.

B. Precise occurrences.

1. Populations currently known to be extant.

a. Montana: Populations are listed in Table 1, pp. 11-18. Exact locations are provided on USGS quadrangle maps, pp. 19- 25.

Dancing Prairie-Tobacco Plains South (001) Wild Horse Island State Park (002)

Black Bear Ranch (003)

Mill Pocket Ridge (004)

Crosson Valley (005)

Tobacco Plains North (008)

Cromwell Creek (009)

Hog Heaven Range (010)

10

Figure 2. Distribution of Silene spaldingii populations ii

11

Montana

ELEMENT OCCURRENCE RECORD

EOCODEs PDCAR0U1S0.001 NAME; SILENE SPALDINBII COMNAME: SPALDINS CAMPION

MARGNUM: 1 TENTEN: 4,4 IDENT; Y

SURVEYS I TE: DANCING PRAIRIE-TOBACCO PLAINS SOUTH EORANKCOMM;

SURVEYDATE: 1985-07-16 LASTOBS; 1988-07-18 FIRSTOBS;

SRANK; SI STATE: MT COUNTYNAME; MTLINC

QUADCODE: 4811581

QUADNAME ; EUREKA NORTH

LAT : 485643 LONG; 1150440 S; 4856H7 N: 48573:

TOWNRANGE; 037N0a7W SECTION; 26 MERIDIAN^

2 f H4W2

PHYSPROV; NR WATERSHED; 17010101 RIVERRE

DIRECTIONS; TOBACCO PLAINS, CA. 3.5 AIR MILES NNW.

EORANK;

1985 GRANK:

A856H7

26

N : 485733

MERIDIAN:

PRECISION: E: 1150343

PR TRSCOMM:

SC

W; 1150458 N2,N2SW4,23E

17010101 RIVERREACH;

3.5 AIR MILES NNW. OF EUREKA.

GENDESC; GENTLY ROLLING, GLACIATED PLAINS; UNIQUE GRASSLAND COMMUNITY DOMINATED BY ST I PA COMATA & FESTUCA SCABRELLA, WITH POA SECUNDA; POA PRATENSIS IN SWALES; SILTY SOILS.

ELEV; S7E0 SIZE: 200

EODATA; EST. 10,000 INDIVIDUALS, TWO SUBPOPULATIONS; "PERHAPS LAR¬ GEST POPULATION IN THE WORLD"; PRAIRIE IS IN VERY GOOD CON¬ DITION, WITH LITTLE EVIDENCE OF SEVERE DISTURBANCE; SILENE OCCURS IN SWALES WHICH HAVE DEEPER, LESS GRAVELLY SOILS.

COMMENTS :

MACODEl: PRI VATEOWNMTUS CONTAINEDl : MACODEE;

C0NTAINED2;

MAC0DE3:

MOREMGMT;

SITENAME;

OWNER;

OWNERCOMM:

PROTCOMM;

MGMTCOMM:

MONITOR:

BESTSOURCE

SOURCECODE

CONTAINED3; ADLMAS : MORELAN; MOREPROT ;

Z SITECODE:

DANCING PRAIRIE

MONITORNUM:

LESICA, P. DEPT. OF BOTANY, UNIV. OF MONTANA, MISSOULA, VOUCHER-LESICA, P. (3541), 1985, MONTH.

MT;

PNDLES01MTUS SB5LESUMMTUS U85LES02MTUS PNDSHE01MTUS PNDSCH02MTUS

DATASENS: N BOUNDARIES: Y PHOTOS; N OWNERINFO;

TRANSCRIBR; 86-01-24 JSS CDREV; Y MAPPER: 86-01-24 JSS UPDATE: 88-12-02 LAS

Table 1 . Occurrence records for extant populations in Montana

12

Montana

ELEMENT OCCURRENCE RECORD

EOCODE: PDCAR0U1S0.00S NAME; SILENE SPAL.DINBII COMNAME: SPALDINB CAMPION

MARBNUM: 4 TENTEN; 3,3 I DENT: Y EORANK; A

SURVEYSITE; WILD HORSE ISLAND STATE PARK

EORANKCOMM:

SURVEYDATE: 1983-07-ai LASTOBS; 1983-07-Sl FIRSTOBS: 1983 BRANK; BE

SRANK; SI STATE; MT COUNTYNAME; HTLAKE

QUADCODE; 471147S

QUADNAME : WILD HORSE ISLAND PRECISION; SC

LAT; 4750B4 LONG; 1141309 S; 475013 N; 475036 E; 1141S47 W: 114131B

TOWNRANGE; 0S4N0E0W SECTION: 18 MERIDIAN: PR TRSCOMM: W2

PHYSPROV; NR WATERSHED; 17010E08 RIVERREACH:

DIRECTIONS; WILD HORSE ISLAND, IN FLATHEAD LAKE.

GENDESC; IN FESTUCA SCABRELLA/F. IDAHOENSIS/PSEUDOROEBNERIA SPICATA (ABSP) BUNCHBRASS PRAIRIE, WITH SCATTERED PINUS PONDEROSA;

NW-FACINB SLOPES, GRAVELLY SILT-LOAM SOILS.

ELEV: 3800 SIZE; 10

EODATA; CA. 1S5-E50 MATURE INDIVIDUALS IN 3 SUBPOPULATIONS; ISLAND SUBJECT TO LIGHT GRAZING BY DEER, WILD HORSES (4), AND BIGHORN SHEEP; ALSO, LIMITED RECREATION (HIKING).

COMMENTS: SEE EF FOR MAPS AND SITE SURVEY SUMMARY.

MACODEl; SFWSPWILDIMTUS CONTAINEDl: Y MACODEE: FBI IRFLATIMTUS C0NTAINED2; Y

MAC0DE3; C0NTAINED3; ADLMAS: N MORELAN: MOREPROT:

MOREMGMT: Z SITECODE;

SITENAME; WILDHORSE ISLAND OWNER:

OWNERCOMM;

PROTCOMM;

MGMTCOMM:

MONITOR: MONITORNUM: -

BESTSOURCE; LESICA, P. DEPT. OF BOTANY, UNIV. OF MONTANA, MISSOULA, MT;

VOUCHER-LESICA, P. (8755), 1983, MONTU.

SOURCECODE; PNDLES01MTUS SB3LESUMMTUS U85LES0EMTUS

DATASENS: BOUNDARIES; Y PHOTOS; N OWNERINFO;

TRANSCRIBR: 86-01-83 JSS CDREV: Y MAPPER; 86-01-E4 JSS QC; Y

UPDATE; 8B-1E-0E LAS

Table 1. (cont.)

13

Montana

ELEMENT OCCURRENCE RECORD

EOCODE: PDCAR0U1S0.003 NAME: SILENE SPALDING I I

COMNAME: SPALDING CAMPION

MAR6NUM: 1 TENTEN: 7,7 IDENT: Y EORANK: C

SURVEYS I TE: BLACK BEAR RANCH

EORANKCOMM:

SURVEYDATE: 1983-07-S8 LASTOBS: 1983-07-88 FIRSTOBS: 1983 GRANK: GS

SRANK: SI STATE: MT COUNTYNAME: MTSAND

OUADCODE: 4711476

QUADNAME: MILL POCKET CREEK PRECISION: SC

LAT: 474716 LONS: 1143953 S: 474711 N; 4747S0 E: 1143945 W; 1144000

TOWNRANGE: 083N0S4M SECTION: 03 MERIDIAN: PR TRSCOMM: NU4NW4

PHYSPROV: nr WATERSHED: 17010H12 RIVERREACH: 1701081806500.00

DIRECTIONS: BLACK BEAR RANCH! W. FROM NIARADA CA. 8 MI . ! HEAD W. AT CEMETERY! RD. TURNS S. IN 1/8 MI. AND FOLLOWS LITTLE BITTERROOT RIVER-GO 1 MI. S., SITE IS W. OF ROAD.

GENDESC; N. AND E. -FACING MESIC SLOPES 8. BOTTOMS OF DRAWS! SCATTERED PINUS PONDEROSA PRESENT, SLOPES DOMINATED BY FESTUCA IDAHOENSIS & F. SCABRELLA! BOTTOMS HAVE POA PRATENSIS.

ELEV; 8960 SIZE: 10

EODATA: 30 FLOWERING STEMS! AREA HAS BEEN DISTURBED, AND MANY EXOTIC SPECIES ARE PRESENT.

COMMENTS; SEE EF FOR MAPS AND SITE PRESERVE SUMMARY. VOUCHER-LES I CA ,

P. <8766), 1983, MONTU.

MACODEl: PRI VATEOWNMTUS CONTAINEDl; ? MACODES ; PNCRSBLACIMTUS C0NTAINED8:

?

MACODES; FBI IRFLATIMTUS C0NTAINED3: Y ADLMAS; N MORELAN; MDREPROT:

MOREMGMT: Z SITECODE:

SITENAME; BLACK BEAR RANCH SITE OWNER; GEIGER

OWNERCOMM: BLACK BEAR RANCH, NIARADA, MT.

PROTCOMM: TNC REGISTERED SITE NO. 309

MGMTCOMM;

MONITOR: MONITORNUM:

BESTSQURCE: LESICA, P. DEPT. OF BOTANY, UNIV. OF MONTANA, MISSOULA, MT.

SOURCECODE: PNDLEB01MTUS SB3LEBUMMTUS U85LES08MTUS

DATASENS: BOUNDARIES:

TRANSCRIBR: 86-01-83 JSS

UPDATE: 87-08-05 JSS

Y PHOTOS; N OWNERINFD; CDREV; Y MAPPER: 86-01-84 JSS

QC: Y

Table 1. (cent.)

14

Montana

ELEMENT OCCURRENCE RECORD

EOCODE: PDCAR(Z»U1S0.004

NAME: SILENE SPALDINBII COMNAME: SPALDING CAMPION

MARGNUM; S TENTEN; 7,6 I DENT; Y EORANK: C

SURVEYS I TE; MILL POCKET RIDGE

EORANKCOMM;

SURVEYDATE: 1983-07-87 LASTOBS; 1983-07-87 FIRSTOBS; 1983 GRANK; GS

SRANK; SI STATE: MT COUNTYNAME: MTSAND

QUADCODE; 4711476

QUADNAME; MILL POCKET CREEK PRECISION: SC

LAT: 474758 LONG; 1143958 S: 474758 N: 474804 E: 1143948 W: 1144009

TOWNRANGE; 0a4N084W SECTION; 34 MERIDIAN: PR TRSCOMM: NW4,33NE4

PHYSPROV: NR WATERSHED; 17010818 RIVERREACH: 1701081806500.00

DIRECTIONS; MILL POCKET RIDGE; HWY. 88 E. FROM ELMO TO NIARADA; E. FROM NIARADA ON DIRT RD., 8 MILES, AND TAKE L. FORK; GO 1 MI.,

TAKE L. FORK TO FIRST RANCH HOUSE ON RIGHT.

GENDESC: NE-FACIN6 SLOPE; PALOUSE GRASSLAND DOMINATED BY FESTUCA

IDAHOENSIS, F. SCABRELLA, AND PSEUDOROEGNERIA SPICATA (AGSP); LOWER SLOPE IS PINUS PONDEROSA/PSEUDOTSUGA MENZIESII.

ELEV; 3040 SIZE: 80

EODATA; SEVEN FLOWERING PLANTS; ROSA WOODSII IS INVADING THE SITE.

COMMENTS; SEE EF FOR MAPS AND SITE PRESERVE SUMMARY. VOUCHER-LESICA,

P. (8764), 1983, MONTU.

MACODEl: FBI IRFLATIMTUS CONTAINEDl : Y MACODES: CONTAINEDS:

MAC0DE3: CONTAINEDS: ADLMAS : MORELAN: MOREPROT ;

MOREMGMT: Z SITECODE:

SITENAME:

OWNER; CONF. SALISH 8. KOOTENAI TRIBES OWNERCOMM: BOX 878, PABLO, MT 59855 PROTCOMM:

MGMTCOMM;

MONITOR: MONITORNUM;

BESTSOURCE; LESICA, P. DEPT. OF BOTANY, UNIV. OF MONTANA, MISSOULA, MT. SOURCECODE: PNDLE501MTUS S83LESUMMTUS UB5LES08MTUS

DATASENS: BOUNDARIES: Y PHOTOS; N OWNERINFO;

TRANSCRIBR: 86-01-83 JSS CDREV; Y MAPPER; 86-01-84 JSS OC: Y

UPDATE : 87-08-05 JSS

Table 1. (cent.)

15

8,1

I DENT:

EORANK :

Montana

ELEMENT OCCURRENCE RECORD

EOCODE: PDCAR0U1S0.005 NAME; SILENE SPALDINBII COMNAME: SPALDING CAMPION MARGNUM: 3 TENTEN:

SURVEYS I TE: CRDSSON VALLEY EORANKCOMM;

RRAWk^^^Ii’ LASTOBS; 1988-07-Sl FIRSTOBS; 1983 CRANK:

SRANK. SI STATE: MT COUNTYNAME; MTSAND

QUADCODE; 4711476 4711486

QUADNAME; MILL POCKET CREEK, HUBBART RESERVOIR PRECISION; M

LAT: 475158 LONG; 1143850 S; 475117 N: 475S32 E: 1143816 W: 1143948

TOWNRANSE; 0S4N0e4W SECTION; 03 MERIDIAN; PR TRSCOMM: SE4,aNW4,llN

G2

W4, 10

PHYSPROV;

DIRECTIONS

GENDESC;

ELEV;

EODATA;

COMMENTS;

MACODEl :

Y

MAC0DE3;

MOREMGMT:

SITENAME:

NR WATERSHED: 17010212 RIVERREACH: 1701021206700.00

CROSSON valley; DIRT RD. 1/4 MI. W. FROM NIARADA; TURN N. ON DIRT ROAD FOR CA. 1.25 MILES; TURN W. 1/2 MI.; TURN N. ,

FOLLOWING RD. OVER SULLIVAN HILL FOR CA. 4-5 MILES.

IN SWALES, ON MODERATELY DEEP SILTY TO SILT LOAM SOILS; N.

AND E. ASPECTS ON BOTTOMS AND LOWER SLOPES; WITH FESC/FEID,

POA PRATENSIS, STIPA OCCIDENTALIS/FEID.

3350 SIZE; 30

MORE THAN 100 FLOWERING PLANTS, IN AT LEAST FIVE DIFFERENT SUBPOPULATIONS (SEE EF). IN 1988, SUBPOPULATIONS WERE MUCH REDUCED IN SIZE - LIKELY DUE TO DROUGHT CONDITIONS.

SEE EF FOR SITE PRESERVE SUMMARY, SP SURVEY FORM, AND MAPS.

VOUCHER - LESICA, P. (2767), 1983, MONTU.

PRIVATEOWNMTUS CONTAINEDl : ? MAC0DE2; FBI IRFLATIMTUS C0NTAINED2;

C0NTAINED3: ADLMAS: MORELAN:

Z SITECODE:

CROSSON VALLEY OWNER; GEORGE TRIPP OWNERCOMM: NIARADA, MT.

PROTCOMM:

MGMTCDMM;

MONITOR: MONITORNUM:

BESTSOURCE: LESICA, P. DEPT. OF BOTANY, UNIV. OF MONTANA, MISSOULA, MT.

SOURCECODE: PNDLES01MTUS SB3LESUMMTUS U85LES08MTUS PNDSCH0EMTUS

MOREPROT :

DATASENS; BOUNDARIES;

TRANSCRIBR: 86-01-23 JSS

UPDATE: 88-12-02 LAS

Y PHOTOS; CDREV: Y

N OWNER INFO:

MAPPER: 86-01-31 JSS

QC:

Table 1. (cont.)

16

Montana

I DENT:

EORANK ;

B

ELEMENT OCCURRENCE RECORD

EOCODE: PDCAR0U1S0.00B NAME; SILENE SPALDINGII COMNAME; SPALDING CAMPION MARGNUM: 10 TENTEN: 4,5

SURVEYS I TE: TOBACCO PLAINS NORTH EORANKCOMM: 1988, DRY YEAR - POPULATION MAY BE LARGER

LASTOBS: 1988-07-18 FIRSTOBS: 1986 GRANK: 62

SRANKr SI STATE; MT COUNTYNAME; MTLINC

QUADCODE: 4811581

QUADNAME; EUREKA NORTH PRECISION; SC

LAT: 485928 LONG: 1150454 S; 485926 N; 485930 E: 1150445 W: 1150501

TOWNRANGE; 037N027W SECTION; 11 MERIDIAN; PR TRSCOMM; NW4

PHYSPROV: NR WATERSHED; 17010101 RIVERREACH;

DIRECTIONS; TOBACCO PLAINS, ABOUT 8 MILES N.OF EUREKA. END SUBPOPULATION NORTH OF ROAD EXTENDING UP TO AND OVER CANADIAN BORDER.

GENDESC: IN GRASSLANDS ON LOW, NORTH-FACING SLOPES; WITH FESTUCA

IDAHOENSIS, FESTUCA SCABRELLA.

ELEV: S700 SIZE; 3

EODATA; LOCALLY COMMON. 2ND SUBPOPULATION WITH 6 PLANTS, FLOWERING IN 1988.

COMMENTS; NONE.

MACODEl: PRIVATEOWNMTUS CONTAINEDl: MACODEE:

CONTAINEDS:

MAC0DE3: CONTAINEDS: ADLMAS ; MORELAN: MOREPROT ■

MOREMGMT : Z SITECODE:

SITENAME;

OWNER:

OWNERCOMM;

PROTCOMM:

MGMTCOMM:

MONITOR; MONITORNUM;

BESTSOURCE: LESICA, P. (3978). 1986. SPECIMEN #104445 UM. SCHASSBERGER

L.A. 1988. SPECIMEN # 249 MONTU.

SOURCECODE; SS6LESUMMTUS PNDLES01MTUS F8BSCH06MTUS PNDSCH02MTUS S88SCHUMMTUS

DATASENS: N BOUNDARIES: Y PHOTOS: Y OWNER INFO:

TRANSCRIBR; 87-08-17 JEG CDREV; Y MAPPER: 87-08-19 JEG UPDATE; 88-12-02 LAS

Table 1. (cont.)

17

Montana

ELEMENT OCCURRENCE RECORD

EOCQDE: PDCAR0U1S0.009 NAME: SILENE BPALDINGII

COMNAME; SPALDING CAMPION

MARGNUM:

SURVEYSITE

EORANKCOMM

SURVEYDATE

SRANK; SI

QUADCODE:

e TENTEN: 8,10 IDENT: Y EORANK: C

CROMWELL CREEK HEAVILY GRAZED PASTURE

1988-07-28 LASTOBS: 1988-07-22 FIRSTOBS: 1988 STATE: MT COUNTYNAME: MTFLAT

4711485

GRANK;

QUADNAME: KOFFORD RIDGE

LAT: 475233 LONG; 1143056 S;

TOWMRANGE; 025N023W SECTION; 35

PRECISION: SC

0 N; 0 E: 0 W:

MERIDIAN; PR TRSCOMM; SE4

62

0

PHYSPROV:

DIRECTIONS

NR WATERSHED; 17010812 RIVERREACH: 1701081206400.00

; CA. 4.1 AIR MILES NE OF NIARADA; TRAVEL CA. 4.3 MILES N OF HIGHWAY 28 ON CROMWELL CREEK ROAD, SE OF ROAD ON HILLSIDE JUST BELOW TREELINE.

GENDESC: PROTECTED DRAW ON SLOPE IN GRAVELLY SILT LOAM WITH FESTUCA SCABRELLA AND ROSA SPP.

ELEV; 3420 SIZE: 1

EODATA: 10 PLANTS FLOWERING, BUT DRYING OUT FROM THE BOTTOM UP.

COMMENTS; VOUCHER - SCHASSBERGER , L.A. (250), 1988, MONTU.

MACODEl: PR I VATEOWNMTUS CONTAINEDl ; Y MACODEE; CONTAINEDe:

MAC0DE3: CONTAINED3; ADLMAS: MORELAN; MOREPROT:

MOREMGMT: B SITECODE:

SITENAME:

OWNER: ELSIE BROWN

OWNERCOMM:

PROTCOMM;

MGMTCOMM;

MONITOR: MONITORNUM:

BESTSOURCE; SCHASSBERGER, L.A. 19BB. FIELD SURVEYS IN LAKE, SANDERS,

FLATHEAD AND LINCOLN COUNTIES OF 18-29 JULY.

SOURCECODE: FB8SCH06MTUS PNDSCH02MTUB S88SCHUMMTUS

DATASENS: BOUNDARIES; Y PHOTOS: Y OWNERINFD:

TRANSCRIBR; 88-08-04 LAS CDREV; Y MAPPER; 88-08-04 LAS QC; Y UPDATE: 88-08-18 MEZ

Table 1. (cont.)

18

Montana

ELEMENT OCCURRENCE RECORD

EOCODE: PDCAR0U1S0.010 NAME: SILENE SPALDINBII

COMNAME: SPALDING CAMPION

MARGNUM: 4 TENTEN: 7,5 IDENT: Y EORANK: C

SURVEYS I TE: HOG HEAVEN RANGE EORANKCOMM: HEAVILY GRAZED PASTURE

lPB8-07-a7 LASTOBS: 19B8-07-S7 FIRSTOBS: 1988 GRANK; GE

SRANK: SI STATE; MT COUNTYNAME; MTFLAT

QUADCODE; 4711475

QUADNAME ; NIARADA

LAT : 475104 LONG: 1143144 S; 475101

TOWNRAMGE; 0a4N0a3W SECTION; 10

PRECISION: SC

N; 475111 E: 1143135 W: 1143146 MERIDIAN; PR TRSCOMM; SE4

PHYSPROV;

DIRECTIONS

WATERSHED; 17010312 RIVERREACH: 1701021206400.00 : CA. 3.8 AIR MILES NE OF NIARADA, CA. 1.2 MILES N OF HIGHWAY 28 ON BROWNS MEADOW ROAD, CA. 1.5 MILES E OF BROWN RANCH,

ON HILLSIDE BELOW TREELINE.

GENDESC: PROTECTED DRAWS AND SLOPES IN GRAVELLY SILT LOAM WITH FES- TUCA SCABRELLA AND ROSA SP.

ELEV; 3500 SIZE: 1

EODATA; TWELVE PLANTS IN TWO SUBPOPULATIONS, FLOWERING.

COMMENTS; NO SPECIMEN. SEE GMF BASE MAP SHOWING SUBPOPULATIONS. LOCA¬ TED NEAR BOUNDARY OF FLATHEAD INDIAN RESERVATION.

MACODEl: PRIVATEOWNMTUS CONTAINEDl ; Y MACODEE: CONTAINEDE:

MAC0DE3: C0NTAINED3: ADLMAS: MORELAN; MOREPROT ■

MOREMGMT: Z SITECODE:

SITENAME:

OWNER: ELSIE BROWN

OWNERCOMM:

PROTCOMM:

MGMTCOMM ;

MONITOR: MONITORNUM:

BESTSOURCE: SCHASSBERGER , L.A. 1988. FIELD SURVEYS IN LAKE, SANDERS,

FLATHEAD AND LINCOLN COUNTIES OF 18-29 JULY.

SOURCECODE; F8BSCH06MTUS PNDSCH02MTUS S88SCHUMMTUS

DATASENS: BOUNDARIES: Y PHOTOS; Y OWNER INFO:

TRANSCRIBR: 88-08-04 LAS CDREV; Y MAPPER; 88-08-04 LAS QC- Y

UPDATE: 88-08-18 MEZ

Table 1. (cont.)

uses Eureka North Quadrangle 7.5'.

Dancing Prairie-Tobacco Plains South (001)

uses Wild Horse Island State Park Quadrangle 7.5'.

Wild Horse Island (002)

uses Mill Pocket Creek Quadrangle 7.5'.

Black Bear Ranch (003) Mill Pocket Ridge (004)

Crosson Valley (005)

uses Kof ford Ridge Quadrangle 7.5'.

Cromwell Creek (009)

26

b. Idaho; See Table 2, pp. 27-28, for occurrence records on the following sites.

Cold Spring Creek (001)

Lawyers Creek (004)

c. Washington: See Table 3, pp. 29-34, for occurrence records on the following sites.

Sites: (005) (013)

(006) (014)

(007) (015)

(008) (016)

(009) (017)

(010) (018)

(011) (019)

(012)

2. Populations known or assumed extirpated.

a. Oregon; The population at Darr Flat (002), listed in Table 4, p. 35, was discovered in 1983, but a survey of the site in 1986 revealed no plants. The population is presumed to have been lost to the heavy grazing that occurs in the area.

b. Washington; Site (002) in Whitman County was surveyed in 1981 and believed to be extirpated; Table 4, p. 36.

3. Historically known populations where current status is not known: See Table 5, pp. 37-39, for occurrence records on the following sites.

a. Montana; A collection was made by R.S. Williams in 1894 (Columbia Falls (006)). The collection label only refers to a general location: "Columbia Falls." The area in the vicinity of the town has been searched, but much of this land has been converted for agricultural use and the population has not been relocated (Peter Lesica, pers. comm. ; Lisa A. Schassberger pers. obs. ) .

b. Idaho; Daubie's Stand 162 (002) has not been recently revisited; therefore current information is not available on its condition.

11/07/88

Idaho Occurrence Record

27

ELEMENT OCCURRENCE CODE: PDCAROUISO . 001 NAME: SILENE SPALDINGII COMNAME: SPALDING'S CAMPION, SPALDING'S

MARGNUM: EORANKCOMM: SURVEYDATE : SURVEYSITE: SRANK: SI

SILENE

EORANK: BC

FIRSTOBS: 1964 GRANK: G2

3 TENTEN: IDENT: Y

MORE THAN THREE DOZEN INDIVIDUALS 1985-08-06 LASTOBS: 1985-08-06 COLD SPRING CREEK

STATE: ID COUNTYNAME: IDLEWI QUADCODE: 4611625 QUADNAME : WINCHESTER EAST

LAT: 461415 LONG: 1163019 S; 461400 N: 461430 TOWNRANGE: 033N002W SECTION: 01 MERIDIAN*

TRSCOMM: NW4NE4 WATERSHED: 17060306

DIRECTIONS: TURN NORTH ON GRAVEL ROAD JUST WEST OF WHERE U.S. xinx ;

CROSSES OVER COLD SPRING CREEK ABOUT TWO MILES WEST OF

GENDPqp- A ALONG WEST SLOPE CANYON.

GENDESC: A SMALL TRACT OF CANYON WALL PRAIRIE PRESERVED BETWEEN A

LOOP OF THE ROAD AND A FENCELINE.

PRECISION: E: 1163015 BO

SC

W:

1163130

HWY 95

ELEV: 3750 SIZE: 2

EODATA: DAUBENMIRE'S FESTUCA IDAHOENSIS-ROSA SPP. ASSOCIATION. ABOUT THREE DOZEN INDIVIDUALS WERE FLOWERING WHEN LAST OBSERVED; MOST ARE ADJACENT TO SHRUB PATCH TO EAST OF LARGE PINE TREE * OTHERS ARE SCATTERED ABOUT THE VICINITY OF THE TREE COMMENTS: DAUBENMIRE 6429; HEIDEL BLM REPORT 1979.

MACODEl;

MACODE3 :

MORELAND:

SITENAME:

OWNER:

OWNERCOMM:

PROTCOMM:

MGMTCOMM:

MONITOR:

BESTSOURCE

CONTAINEDl : MACODE2 :

CONTAINED3 : ADDLMAS :

MOREPROT: MOREMGMT: SITECODE:

PRIVATE

CAICCO, STEVE

MONITORNUM:

CONTAINED2 :

SOURCECODE: PNDCAIOIIDUS PNDJOHOIIDUS PNDHEIOIIDUS

DATASENS: N BOUNDARIES: Y PHOTOS* N TRANSCRIBE: 84-10-18 SLC CDREV: y’ UPDATE: 85-09-15 SLC

OWNERINFO: N

MAPPER: 84-10-18 SLC QC: Y

Table 2. Occurrence records for extant populations in Idaho.

11/07/88

28

Idaho Occurrence Record

ELEMENT OCCURRENCE CODE; PDCAROUISO . 004 NAME: SILENE SPALDINGII

COMNAME: SPALDING'S CAMPION, SPALDING'S SILENE

MARGNUM;

EORANKCOMM: SURVEYDATE: SURVEYSITE;

SRANK: SI QUADCODE; 4611624 QUADNAME: CRAIGMONT LAT: 461214 LONG; TOWNRANGE: 033N001W TRSCOMM:

TENTEN; 07,04 IDENT: Y

EORANK: D

LAWYERS CREEK STATE; ID

LASTOBS: 1980-09-11 FIRSTOBS: 1980 GRANK: G2 COUNTYNAME; IDLEWI

1162530

PRECISION: M

1162510 S; 461100 N; 461300 E: 1162500 W; SECTION: 14 MERIDIAN; BO

WATERSHED; 17060306031 DIRECTIONS; Lawyers Creek; pull-off road about 500 yds from the "slower traffic turn-off ahead" sign.

GENDESC: 5-10%; clay/loam; at edge of CRDO/Alnus

ELEV; 3600 SIZE: 1

EODATA: only 2 individuals in 1980.

COMMENTS ;

CONTAINEDl: MACODE2 ;

„ CONTAINED3: ADDLMAS:

S??Se; Y MOREMGMT; ? SITECODE;

OWNER : private OWNERCOMM:

PROTCOMM:

MGMTCOMM:

MONITOR ; MONITORNUM *

BESTSOURCE: Hurd, M. 1980. Threatened or Endan^d Plant Report.

Cottonwood RA, BLM.

SOURCECODE: U80HUR01IDUS

C0NTAINED2

DATASENS: N BOUNDARIES: N PHOTOS: N TRANSCRIBR; 87-03-11 SLC CDREV: Y UPDATE; 88-11-07 PJP

OWNERINFO: N

MAPPER; 87-03-11 SLC QC: Y

Table 2. (cont.)

29

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Table 3. Occurrence records for extant populations in Washington

30

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Oregon Occurrence Record

35

Table 4. Populations known or assumed extirpated

Washini

36

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Table 4 . (cont.)

37

EGCODE: PDCAR0U1S0.006 NAME; SILENE SPALDING I I COMNAME: SPALDING CAMPION

Montana

ELEMENT OCCURRENCE RECORD

MARGNUM: SURVEYS I TE: EORANKCOMM: SURVEYDATE: SRANK: SI

QUADCODE QUADNAME

S TENTEN: 7,1 COLUMBIA FALLS

I DENT:

EORANK:

1894-08-10 LASTOBS: 1894-08-10 FIRSTOBS; 1894 GRANK: GS STATE: MT COUNTYNAME: MTFLAT

4811432 4811442

COLUMBIA FALLS S. , COLUMBIA FALLS N. PRECISION: G

LAT : 482230 LONG; 1141020 S; 0 N; 0 E; 0 W;

TOWNRANGE; 030N020W SECTION; 09 MERIDIAN; PR TRSCOMM; SW4

0

PHYSPROV: NR WATERSHED; 17010208 RIVERREACH: 1701020801600.00

DIRECTIONS; COLUMBIA FALLS.

GENDESC:

ELEV: 3000 SIZE; 0

EODATA;

COMMENTS; OLD COLLECTION, NOT RELOCATED; RM SPECIMEN VERIFIED BY B.

MAGUIRE 8. C.L. HITCHCOCK, 1942-03-24.

MACODEl; PRI VATEOWNMTUS CONTAINEDl; ? MAC0DE2; C0NTAINED2-

MAC0DE3: C0NTAINED3; ADLMAS; MORELAN;

MOREMGMT ; Z SITECODE:

SITENAME:

OWNER;

OWNERCOMM:

PROTCOMM:

MGMTCOMM:

MONITOR; MONITORNUM;

BESTSOURCE: WILLIAMS, R.S. (995), 1894, MDNTU, RM(24349).

SOURCECODE: S94WILUMMTUS S94WILRMMTUS

DATASENS: BOUNDARIES:

TRANSCRIBR: 86-02-06 JSS

UPDATE : 86-02-24 LWS

N PHOTOS: N OWNERINFO: N CDREV: Y MAPPER: 86-02-06 JSS

MOREPROT:

QC; Y

Table 5. Historically known poulations Where current status is not known.

11/07/88

Idaho Occurrence Record

38

ELEMENT OCCURRENCE CODE: PDCAROUISO . 002 NAME; SILENE SPALDINGII

COMNAME: SPALDING'S CAMPION, SPALDING'S SILENE

MARGNUM; EORANKCOMM: SURVEYDATE : SURVEYSITE: SRANK; SI

TENTEN;

I DENT; Y

EORANK:

LASTOBS :

DAUBIE'S STAND 162

STATE: ID COUNTYNAME; IDLEWI QUADCODE; 4611626

QUADNAME: WINCHESTER WEST

LAT; 461435 LONG: 1163803 S; 461400 N: 461530 TOWNRANGE: 034N002W SECTION: 31 MERIDIAN*

watershed: iVJeosos directions: somewhere near town of winchester, about 2 MILES WEST OP

U.S. HWY 95.

FIRSTOBS :

PRECISION: E: 1163700 BO

GRANK: G2

M

W: 1163830

GENDESC; NO DATA

ELEV; 4000 SIZE; 0

EODATA; DAUBENMIRES'S FESTUCA IDAHOENSIS-ROSA SPP. STAND 162; PRESENT WITH 2% FREQUENCY.

ASSOCIATION.

COMMENTS: TABLE B-5 IN B70DAU01.

MACODEl :

MACODE3 :

MORELAND;

SITENAME:

OWNER:

OWNERCOMM:

PROTCOMM;

MGMTCOMM:

MONITOR:

BESTSOURCE :

SOURCECODE:

CONTAINEDl ; MACODE2 :

CONTAINED3 : ADDLMAS :

MOREPROT: MOREMGMT: SITECODE:

CONTAINED2 ;

PRIVATE, PERHAPS NEZ PERCE INDIAN RESERVATION

_ , . MONITORNUM;

Tech^Bun^62^’ Vegetation of Washington. Exp

B70DAU01IDUS PNDCAIOIIDUS

DATASENS: N BOUNDARIES: TRANSCRIBR; 84-10-18 SLC UPDATE: 88-11-07 PJP

N PHOTOS : N CDREV: Y

OWNERINFO; N

MAPPER: 84-10-18 SLC QC; Y

Table 5. (cont.)

Washington Occurrence Records

39

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40

c. Washington; Sites (003) and (004) are old records that have not been revisited; their current status is not known (p. 39) .

4. Locations not yet investigated believed likely to support additional natural populations. A

majority of the appropriate habitat in Montana has been surveyed for this species. However, a study of population sizes (see Appendix A, p. 68, (Lesica, 1988) and the 1988 surveys have revealed much-reduced plant numbers for several known populations, and no plants apparent at some of the small subpopulations. This trend may be due to natural fluctuations in populations of this plant, and/or to the current drought conditions. It is possible that sites were not found during 1988 owing to these conditions.

5. Reports having ambiguous or incomplete locality

information: See Table 6, pp. 41-42, for

detailed occurrence records on the following sites .

a. Montana; The Niarada (007) site has never been relocated. The specimen has been verified but the site description on the label does not describe a habitat where S. spaldinqii is usually found in Montana. This label is believed to be incorrect, and the site may actually be one of the known populations in the vicinity of Niarada.

b. Oregon; Collections were first made at the Wallowa Lake site (001) in 1898 by Cusick. In 1980, Bonnie Heidel recorded the presence of this species and took photographs. No collection was made at the time (Bonnie Heidel, pers. comm.). Subsequently, this area was searched but the population was not relocated (Jimmy Kagan, pers. comm,).

It is also possible that this species is hybridizing in this area, as collections reveal certain morphological disparities with descriptions in the literature (Jimmy Kagan, pers. comm.). The status of this population is currently in question.

41

2,9

EOCODE: PDCAR0U1S0.007 NAME: SILENE SPALDINBII COMNAME: SPALDING CAMPION MARGNUM: 1 TENTEN:

SURVEYS I TE: NIARADA EORANKCOMM:

SURVEYDATE; 1974-06-26 SRANK; SI STATE:

QUADCODE: 4711475 QUADNAME: NIARADA LAT ; 474556 LONG; 1143632 S;

TOWNRANGE: 023N024W SECTION;

Montana

ELEMENT OCCURRENCE RECORD

I DENT;

EORANK:

LASTOBS: 1974-06-26 FIRSTOBS: 1974 GRANK;

MX COUNTYNAME; MTSAND

G2

0

12

N ; 0

MERIDIAN:

PRECISION: G E; 0 W; PR TRSCOMM;

0

PHYSPROV; NR WATERSHED: 17010212 RIVERREACH: 1701021206000.00

DIRECTIONS; FLATHEAD INDIAN RESERVATION, 11 MI. N. OF HOT SPRINGS JCT.

ON HWY. 28, CA. 40 AIR MI. S-SW OF KALISPELL.

GENDESC:

BASIC SILTY CLAY SOIL; MIXED ARTEMISIA GRASSLAND, WITH STIPA COMAT A THE DOMINANT GRASS.

ELEV; 2850 SIZE; 0

EODATA: UNKNOWN; THIS LOCATION HAS BEEN SEARCHED FOR, BUT NOT FOUND;

ACCORDING TO P. LESICA, SPECIMEN MAY BE MISLABELED, SINCE HABITAT DESCRIPTION IS UNUSUAL FOR THE SPECIES.

COMMENTS; SPECIMEN VERIFIED BY P.F. STICKNEY, 1979.

MACODEl; FBI IRFLATIMTUS CONTAINEDl ; Y MACODES:

C0NTAINED2;

MACODES: C0NTAINED3; ADLMAS; MORELAN:

MOREMGMT: Z SITECODE:

SITENAME;

OWNER;

OWNERCOMM:

PROTCOMM:

MGMTCOMM;

MONITOR; MONITORNUM:

BESTSOURCE: LAN, D. (74-63), 1974, MONTU (076172), MISSOULA, MT.

MOREPROT :

SOURCECODE: S74LANUMMTUS PNDLES01MTUS

DATASENS: BOUNDARIES:

TRANSCRIBR; 06-03-12 JSS UPDATE : 86-04-04 LWS

PHOTOS: N OWNER INFO: N

CDREV: Y MAPPER; 86-03-12 JSS

QC: Y

Table 6, Reports having ambiguous or incomplete locality information

Oregon Occurrence Record

42

Table 6. (cont.)

43

6 . Locations known or suspected to be erroneous

reports: See Table 7, pp. 44-46, for detailed

occurrence records and information on the following site.

a. Idaho: Although not yet verified, the Rock Flats (003) site is believed to actually be located near Macall in Adams County, Washington. The original specimen label appears to have been misinterpreted.

C, Biogeographical and phylogenetic history: Silene

spaldinqii is associated with Palouse prairie. The soils supporting these communities were deposited approximately 15,000 years ago through multiple flood releases of Glacial Lake Missoula and Glacial Lake Kootenai (Alt and Hyndman, 1986). Soils and debris were deposited from Montana across Idaho and into Washington and Oregon. It is possible that this species evolved after the soils were deposited or it may have migrated into these areas after the waters had receded.

6. General environment and habitat description.

A. Concise statement of general environment and

habitat: Silene spaldinqii is restricted to Festuca

idahoensis habitat types and phases throughout its range (Heidel, 1980). These areas are also often referred to as Palouse prairie. Populations in Montana occur most often on north- to east-facing slopes, in or along small drainages (without running water) or in swales. Soils are silty loams, moderately deep and sometimes gravelly. These sites often occur along the lower treeline, or near scattered trees. The vegetation is dominated by grasses (Festuca scabrella (rough fescue) and Festuca idahoensis (Idaho fescue) ) with scattered shrubs (Rosa woods ii (woods rose)). In Montana, S. spaldinqii occurs at elevations of 2,700-3,500 feet. The slopes where it occurs are likely to catch and maintain snow throughout the winter.

B. Physical characteristics.

1. Climate.

a. Koppen climate classification: Type Dfb, a Canadian climate with snowy winters and moderately warm summers, with needle¬ leaved trees in the north (Visher, 1954) .

11/07/88

Idaho Occurrence Record

44

ELEMENT OCCURRENCE CODE: PDCAROUISO . 003 NAME: SILENE SPALDINGII

COMNAME: SPALDING CAMPION, SPALDING'S SILENE MARGNUM: 1 TENTEN: I DENT: Y

EORANKCOMM:

SURVEYDATE: LASTOBS: 1946-06-24

SURVEYSITE: ROCK FLATS

SRANK: SI STATE: ID COUNTYNAME: IDADAM

QUADCODE: 4411682

EORANK: FIRSTOBS :

1946

GRANK: G2

QUADNAME; MEADOWS

LAT: 445600 LONG: 1161000 S: 445500 N: 445700 TOWNRANGE: 018N002E SECTION: 01 MERIDIAN: TRSCOMM: OR ADJACENT SECTIONS WATERSHED: 17060210 DIRECTIONS: 2 MILES WEST OF MACALL (SIC).

PRECISION: M E: 1160930 W: 1161100 BO

GENDESC: IN DEEP GRASS

ELEV; 5120 SIZE:

EODATA:

COMMENTS :

MACODEl: MACODE3 : MORELAND: SITENAME: OWNER:

R.G. JEFFREY S.N. (LABEL SAYS WA, BUT NO MACALL IN ADAMS CO,

WA; MAPPED AT ROCK FLATS TO MINUTES, MAYBE BETTER AS GENERAL

CONTAINEDl : MACODE2 : CONTAINED2 *

CONTAINED3 : ADDLMAS :

MOREPROT: MOREMGMT: SITECODE:

OWNERCOMM: PRIVATE AS MAPPED PROTCOMM:

MGMTCOMM:

MONITOR:

BESTSOURCE: JOHNSON, FRED

MONITORNUM;

SOURCECODE: PNDJOHOIIDUS PNDCAIOIIDUS

DATASENS: N BOUNDARIES: N PHOTOS: N TRANSCRIBE: 84-10-18 SLC CDREV: Y UPDATE :

OWNERINFO: N

MAPPER: 84-10-18 SLC QC; Y

Table 7. Location known or suspected to be an erroneous report. (See also inf ormatibn on* next' page.)

[il

47

b. Regional macroclimate: The climatic recording station nearest to the Tobacco Valley sites is located at Fortine, at an elevation of 2,951 feet, approximately 17 miles south of the sites. For the 30-year period ending in 1980, mean July maximum and mean January minimum temperatures were 82.2°Fand 11.5°F, respectively. Mean annual precipitation was 17.25 inches. Poison Kerr Dam, at an elevation of 2,931 feet, is approximately 23 mile south and east of the sites near Niarada, and approximately 12 miles south of the Wild Horse Island site. For the 30-year period ending in 1980, mean July maximum and mean January minimum temperatures were 82.3°F and 17.9°F, respectively. Mean annual precipitation was 14.98 inches (U.S. Department of Commerce, 1982) .

c. Local microclimate: Silene spaldinaii appears to occur on north- to east-facing slopes and in swales, in areas where snow deposition is likely. These sites may hold moisture longer into the spring,

2. Air and water quality requirements: Unknown.

3. Physiographic province: Hunt (1974) places the range of S. spaldinaii in Montana in the Rocky Mountains of Montana and Canada Province, within the Rocky Mountain System.

4. Physiographic and topographic characteristics:

In Montana, S. spaldinaii occurs on alluvial or eolian soils. These soils were deposited by Glacial Lake Missoula, which formed during the advance of the Cordilleran ice sheet that blocked several major drainages in northwest Montana. Repeated breaking of the ice dam caused numerous catastrophic floods (Alt and Hyndman, 1986) . Depositional materials extend across Idaho and into Washington and Oregon, and are likely to underlie the S. spaldinaii populations in these states as well.

Populations often occur on moderate slopes in swales and drainages. In Montana, the known sites occur from 2,700-3,500 feet in elevation.

48

5. Edaphic factors: Silene spaldingii occurs on loamy soils which are sparsely gravelly. These soils are very productive, and much of the area in Montana, Idaho, Oregon, and Washington where they occur has been converted for agricultural uses or grazing.

6. Dependence of this taxon on natural

disturbance: None known.

7. Other unusual physical features: None observed.

C. Biological characteristics.

1. Vegetation physiognomy and community structure;

In Montana, S. spaldinaii occurs mostly in well-preserved grasslands, at the edges of the lower treeline or near scattered trees. These forested areas are composed principally of Pinus ponderosa (ponderosa pine) and/or Pseudotsuga menziesii (Douglas fir) . The most common shrub associate was Rosa woodsii (woods rose) . Festuca idahoensis (Idaho fescue) , Festuca scabrella (rough fescue) and Stipa occidentalis (western needlegrass) are the primary grass associates; however, in areas that have been grazed Poa pratensis (Kentucky bluegrass) has become dominant.

2. Regional vegetation types: Ross and Hunter (1976) place the Tobacco Valley sites in the Foothills and Mountains Silty Range Site, 15-19 inch precipitation zone, and list as dominants rough fescue, Idaho fescue, Columbia needlegrass etc. They place the Niarada site in the Foothills and Mountains Silty Range Sites, 10-14 inch precipitation zone, and list as dominants bluebunch wheatgrass, rough fescue, needle-and-thread etc.. Kuchler (1964) places both the Tobacco Valley sites and the Niarada sites in the Western Ponderosa Forest, described as medium to open forest of tall needleleaf evergreen trees with a fairly open ground cover of grasses and occasional shrubs. The Mueggler and Stewart (1980) grassland classification scheme places the S. spaldingii sites in the Festuca scabrella / Festuca idahoensis habitat type.

3. Frequently associated species; In Montana, associated species include:

49

Aaropvron smithii Rydb.

Aqropvron spicatum (Pursh) Scrib. & Smith Festuca idahoensis Torrey ex Hook.

Festuca scabrella Elmer Lithospermum ruderale Dougl. ex Lehm.

Pinus ponderosa Dougl . ex Laws . & Laws .

* Poa pratensis L.

Poa secunda Presl.

Pseudotsuqa menziesii (Mirb.) Franco Rosa woods ii Lindl.

Stipa comata Thurb. ex Wats.

Stipa occidentalis Trin. & Rupr.

* = introduced species

4. Dominance and frequency of the taxon: In

Montana, populations are variable in size, and range from 10 plants up to 10,000 plants. The mean population size is ca. 1300; however, of the eight currently known sites, six have 100 or fewer plants. Canopy coverage of this species is generally quite low except in very localized areas. Most populations consist of scattered individual plants.

5. Successional phenomena: Silene spaldingii is associated with successionally advanced fescue grasslands. The species appears to tolerate moderate grazing that results in an increase of Poa pratensis at some sites in Montana (Peter Lesica, pers. comm.). However, it is suspected that a population has been extirpated in the state of Oregon as a result of overgrazing (Jimmy Kagan, pers. comm.).

6. Dependence on dynamic aspects of biotic associations and ecosystem features: Unknown.

7 . Other endangered, threatened, rare, or

vulnerable species occurring in habitat of this taxon: The following species is found in the

vicinity of the Tobacco Valley sites. This bird is known to have a limited distribution in Montana, but is more widespread elsewhere.

Tympanuchus phasianellus columbianus (Columbian sharp-tailed grouse) - listed as "critically endangered" in Montana (SI) by The Montana Natural Heritage Program,

Nests of the following species are found on Wild Horse Island near the S. spaldinaii sites.

Haliaeetus leucocephalus (bald eagle) - listed as "endangered" in Montana (S2) by The Montana Natural Heritage Program.

Population biology of the taxon.

A. General summary: Ten populations of Silene spaldinqii occur in northwest Montana in Palouse prairie areas. Populations are separated by approximately 88 miles. The largest population occurs in the Tobacco Valley, and consists of 10,000 plants in two subpopulations. The largest population in the Niarada/Flathead Lake vicinity contains 250 plants. Other populations have less than 100 plants, and most have less than 30. Silene spaldinaii is thought to be an obligate or near- obligate outcrossing species (Lesica, 1988) ; see Appendix C, p. 70, for more detailed information. Bumblebees ( Bombus sp.) are among the known pollinators (Lesica, 1988) ; see Appendix C.

B . Demography .

1. Known populations; There are currently eight known populations of S. spaldinaii in Montana: two populations in the Tobacco Valley (Lincoln County) , five in the vicinity of Niarada, Montana (Sanders and Flathead counties) , and one on Wild Horse Island in Flathead Lake (Lake County) . This species is also currently known from fifteen sites in Washington and two in Idaho.

2. General demographic details (Montana):

a. Dancing Prairie-Tobacco Plains South (001)

1. Area occupied by population; ca. 200

acres .

2. Estimated number of individuals; ca.

10,000 plants in three subpopulations .

3. Density: Very localized areas have a fairly dense cover of plants; however most are scattered individuals.

4. Presence of dispersed seeds: Unknown.

5. Evidence of reproduction: Flowering and fruiting plants and seed production; see (Lesica, 1988), Appendix B, p. 69.

6

Evidence of population expansion or decline: Population has declined over the one-year period 1987-1988 (Lesica, 1988); Appendix B, p. 69.

Wild Horse Island State Park (002)

1. Area occupied by population: ca. 10 acres .

2. Estimated number of individuals: ca.

125-250 plants in three subpopulations .

3. Density: Scattered.

4. Presence of dispersed seeds: Unknown.

5. Evidence of reproduction: Flowering and fruiting plants; see (Lesica, 1988), Appendix A, p. 68.

6. Evidence of population expansion or decline: Population has declined over the two-year period 1986-1988 (Lesica, 1988); Appendix A, p. 68.

Black Bear Ranch (003)

1. Area occupied by population: ca. 10 acres .

2. Estimated number of individuals: ca.

30 plants.

3. Density: Scattered.

4. Presence of dispersed seeds: Unknown.

5. Evidence of reproduction: Flowering plants observed.

6. Evidence of population expansion or decline: None.

Mill Pocket Ridge (004)

1. Area occupied by population: ca. 20 acres.

2. Estimated number of individuals:

Seven flowering plants observed in 1983.

3. Density: Scattered.

4. Presence of dispersed seeds: Unknown.

5. Evidence of reproduction: Flowering plants observed.

6. Evidence of population expansion or decline: None.

Crosson Valley (005)

1. Area occupied by population: ca. 30 acres.

2. Estimated number of individuals: 100+ plants in 5 subpopulations.

Density: Scattered.

3

52

4. Presence of dispersed seeds: Unknown.

5. Evidence of reproduction: Flowering plants observed.

6. Evidence of population expansion or decline: Site was revisited in 1988, but subpopulations were not found or were much reduced in size.

f. Eureka North (008)

1. Area occupied by population: ca. 2+ acres.

2. Estimated number of individuals: 10 + plants in two subpopulations.

3. Density: Scattered.

4. Presence of dispersed seeds: Unknown.

5. Evidence of reproduction: Flowering

plants observed.

6. Evidence of population expansion or decline: None.

g. Cromwell creek (009)

1. Area occupied by population: ca. 1 acre.

2. Estimated number of individuals: 10

plants observed in 1988.

3. Density: Scattered.

4. Presence of dispersed seeds: Unknown.

5. Evidence of reproduction: Flowering

plants observed.

6. Evidence of population expansion or decline: None.

h. Hog Heaven Range

1. Area occupied by population: ca. 1 acre.

2. Estimated number of individuals: 12

plants in two subpopulations in 1988.

3. Density: Scattered.

4. Presence of dispersed seeds: Unknown.

5. Evidence of reproduction: Flowering

plants observed.

6. Evidence of population expansion or decline: None.

C. Phenology.

1. Patterns: In Montana, the peak flowering

period for S. spaldingii is during the third and fourth weeks in July. Depending on climatic conditions, flowers may open in early July, and on steeper north-facing slopes plants may extend their flowering period into early

53

August. Fruit and seed maturation occurs in August, with seed dispersal likely in late August or early September. Senescence of flowering stems was observed even as flowers were opening in the draughty 1988 field season. It is likely that the basal rosettes normally senesce as fruits and seeds mature. Seeds of this species may require cold stratification, germination (although further studies are needed) , and germination is likely to occur in spring (Lesica, 1988); see Appendix C, p. 70.

2. Relation to climate and microclimate: Most of the known sites for S. soaldinaii in Montana occur on north to east-facing slopes or draws, often near pine trees, where snow accumulations are likely to remain later into the spring. Silene spaldinaii flowers in late July, and it is hypothesized that it is dependent on the extended moisture provided by the microclimate of these sites.

D. Reproductive ecology.

1. Types of reproduction; Silene spaldinaii does not reproduce vegetatively ; new individuals arise from seeds.

2. Pollination.

a. Mechanisms: Silene spaldinaii is apparently dependent on insects for pollination. Results of pollination studies suggest that it is an obligate or near-obligate outcrossing species (Lesica, 1988) ; see Appendix D, p. 71.

b. Specific known pollinators: One known pollinator of S. spaldinaii is the bumblebee f Borobus sp.), and there are likely to be others (Lesica, 1988) ; see Appendix D, p. 71.

c. Other suspected pollinators: Silene spaldinaii has flowers characteristic of those pollinated by moths; however, none were ever documented as visitors (Peter Lesica, pers. comm.).

d. Vulnerability of pollinators: Bumblebees are relatively ubiquitous; however, overgrazing or pesticide use might be

locally detrimental to their populations (Lesica, 1988) ; see Appendix D, p. 71.

Seed dispersal.

a. General mechanisms: Silene spaldincii has no apparent specialized mechanisms for long-distance seed dispersal. However, the seeds are very small and somewhat inflated, which might allow them to be easily dispersed by wind (Peter Lesica, pers . comm . ) .

b. Specific agents: Possibly wind. The fruit develops holes through which seeds may be ejected when wind causes stem movement (Peter Lesica, pers. comm.).

c. Vulnerability of dispersal agents and mechanisms: Unknown.

d. Patterns of propagule dispersal: Unknown.

Seed biology.

a. lUnount and variation of seed production:

Details unknown. Mature fruits appear to produce large numbers of seed (Lesica,

1988) ; see Appendix D, p. 71.

b. Seed viability and longevity: Unknown.

c. Dormancy requirements: Unknown.

d. Germination requirements: Seeds of S. spaldinqii might require a period of cold stratification for germination (Lesica, 1988) ; see Appendix C, p. 70, for the results of this study.

e. Percent germination: Although the germination study emphasized cold stratification, the percentages given above indicate that most of the seeds produced are viable (Lesica, 1988) ; see Appendix C, p. 70.

Seedling ecology: Lesica (1988) found that

seedlings began growth immediately, and after

60 days had rosettes with 6-14 leaves. These

leaves then senesced, but after approximately

45 days most individuals put out new leaves.

55

It is hypothesized that this senescent period could correspond with the dry summer months ; with new growth appearing in the fall after the onset of cool, moist weather, and a shortening of the photoperiod. See Appendix C, p. 70, for complete details of the study.

6. Survival and mortality: Populations of S. spaldinqii . that in previous years were quite large, had declined in size range-wide in Montana according to monitoring studies (Lesica, 1988) and field surveys in 1988. This change in abundance is thought to be due at least in part to current drought conditions.

See Appendices A and B, pp. 68 and 69, for more complete details.

7. Overall assessment of taxon's reproductive

success: Fluctuations in population sizes have

been attributed to the prevailing drought conditions in Montana. No juvenile plants were observed in 1987; however, new adult plants were observed in 1988. It is possible that these plants were overlooked the first year, but it is more likely that the juvenile plants loose their leaves during the warm, dry summer months and are thus missed when the transects are read (Lesica, 1988) . Silene spaldinqii appears to have good reproductive potential where there is a stable native habitat, but it is likely to be affected by drought conditions.

8. Population ecology of the taxon.

A. General summary: Silene spaldinqii occurs on north-

to east-facing slopes and draws, in rough fescue

(Festuca scabrella) grasslands. Cover of grasses at these sites is generally quite high, and the species thus appears to tolerate competition and some shading. Much of the suitable habitat in the vicinity of the Niarada populations is on private land that has been heavily grazed. The result has been a conversion of native grasslands to vast tracts covered by stands composed of five or six exotic weedy species. No S. spaldinqii populations were found in these areas. Thus it may be that grazing alters the native habitat so as to eliminate or prevent establishment of the species,

B. Positive and neutral interactions: None known.

C. Negative interactions.

56

1. Herbivores / predators , pests, parasites and

diseases: Predation of flowers and fruits by

caterpillars was observed during pollination studies, and is likely to be a source of seed loss (Lesica, 1988) ; see Appendix D, p. 71. Also, although not apparently directly grazed by cattle, populations of spaldinaii appear to be influenced by them indirectly through the loss of native grasslands.

2. Competition.

a. Intraspecific: Individual plants of S. spaldinqii appear to be widely distributed within populations, and there is no evidence of competition between plants.

b. Interspecific: Populations of S. spaldinqii have not been found in otherwise suitable habitats where the native vegetation has been displaced by exotic weedy species. This species may be unable to compete with aggressive weedy species which have supplanted the native vegetation; alternatively, the lowered moisture content of the soils where the native grasses have been supplanted may hinder seed germination and establishment of S. spaldinqii plants.

D. Hybridization.

1. Naturally occurring: This species has been described as an "unquestionably well- marked species" (Hitchcock ^ ^. , 1964). However, several collections at sites in Oregon, on the edge of its range, have larger flowers and petal blades, and later flowering dates; overall, they appear more similar to S. oreqana. There is the possibility that hybridization is occurring in these peripheral populations (Jimmy Kagan, Oregon Natural Heritage Program, pers. comm.).

2. Artificially induced: None known.

3. Potential in cultivation: Plants are currently being maintained in a greenhouse at the University of Montana, Missoula (Peter Lesica, pers. comm.).

57

E. Other factors of population ecology: None known.

9. Current land ownership and management responsibility.

A. General nature of ownership: State of Montana, Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks; Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes; private land.

B. Specific landowners (Montana) :

1. State of Montana

Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks 1420 E. 6th Ave.

Helena, MT 59620

2. Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes P.O. Box 278

Pablo, MT 59855

3. Mr. Geiger Black Bear Ranch

Niarada (Hot Springs) , MT 59845

4 . George Tripp Crosson Valley

Niarada (Hot Springs) , MT 59845

5. Elsie Brown Browns Meadow Rd.

Niarada (Hot Springs) , MT 59845

6 . The Nature Conservancy Big Sky Field Office Power Block Building Box 258

Helena, MT 59824

C. Management responsibility: Same as ownership given above .

D. Easements, conservation restrictions, etc.: The

Black Bear Ranch (003) site is registered with The Nature Conservancy. A registered site does not have any legal protection; however, it does signify that the owner is aware of the rare element, and will notify The Nature Conservancy of any proposed alteration of the habitat, or existing management practices.

58

10. Management practices and experience.

A. Habitat management.

1. Review of past management and land use experiences.

a. The following sites in Montana incur some grazing during parts of the year:

Wild Horse Island (002) (002; horses)

Black Bear Ranch (003)

Mill Pocket Ridge (004)

Crosson Valley (005)

Tobacco Plains North (008)

Cromwell Creek (009)

Hog Heaven Range (010)

b. Related taxa: None known.

c. Other ecologically similar taxa: Not applicable.

2. Performance under changed conditions; Not

applicable.

3. Current management policies and actions:

Current management is the same as outlined under past management.

4. Future land use: Proposed areas for a new airport in the vicinity of Eureka are near the Dancing Prairie (001) site. When a final site is picked, a detailed inventory of the area should be conducted to determine if there are populations of S. spaldingii in the area, and to mitigate habitat destruction where possible.

B. Cultivation.

1. Controlled propagation techniques: Seeds of S. spaldingii are apparently easily germinated, and plants grow well under greenhouse conditions (Lesica, 1988) ; see Appendix C,

p. 70 .

2. Ease of transplanting: Not known.

3. Pertinent horticultural knowledge: Not

reviewed.

59

4. Status and location of presently cultivated

material: Plants are being maintained in the

greenhouse at the University of Montana, Missoula (Peter Lesica, pers. comm.)«

11. Evidence of threats to survival.

A. Present or threatened destruction, modification, or curtailment of habitat or range: Silene spaldinaii occupies habitats in Montana that are threatened by grazing. Pristine or near-pristine stands of Palouse prairie are easily lost to overgrazing and the resultant invasion of exotic weed species. In other states (Idaho, Oregon and Washington) most of the suitable habitat has been lost through conversion of lands to agriculture and to overgrazing. Much of the habitat where this species occurs in Montana is privately owned, and thus without use restrictions. Populations in these areas may be in danger of extirpation. Only a small portion of the habitat supporting the largest population (Dancing Prairie (001)) is secure (owned and managed by The Nature Conservancy, while the rest of the area is owned by private individuals.

B. Overutilization for commercial, sporting, scientific, or educational purposes: No threats known .

C. Disease, predation, or grazing: In Montana, only the Wild Horse Island site (002) is not threatened by overgrazing. All the other sites are lightly to heavily grazed. In conjunction with the extended drought, grazing may be even more detrimental to populations of Silene spaldingii.

D. Inadequacy of existing regulatory mechanisms: None known .

E. Other natural or man-made factors: None known.

II. ASSESSMENT AND RECOMMENDATIONS

12. General assessment of vigor, trends, and status: In

Montana, Silene spaldingii is presently known from ten

sites in Lincoln, Sanders and Flathead counties.

Populations have declined over the past two years,

probably owing to prevailing drought conditions.

Populations may be in danger from livestock grazing.

60

13. Reconunendations for listing or status change.

A. Recoitunendation to U.S. Pish and Wildlife Service:

On the basis of current information summarized in this status report, it is recommended that Silene spaldinqii be retained in Category 2 . Populations in Montana may be threatened by current grazing practices occurring on private lands. The current distribution, abundance and condition of populations in Oregon and Idaho is not well known. Although there are currently 15 known sites in Washington, population sizes are low and there are only approximately 448 plants in the state. Final status recommendations should be made upon completion of survey work in Idaho, Oregon and Washington. If substantial numbers of populations are not located in the other states, it should be placed in Category

B. Recommendations to other U.S. federal agencies: In

Montana Silene spaldinaii is not currently found on

federal lands.

C. Other status recommendations.

1. Counties and local areas: No recommendations.

2. States: Silene spaldinaii is currently listed as SI ("critically state endangered") in Montana, by the Montana Natural Heritage Program. No change in status is recommended.

3. Other nations; It is recommended that the Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes monitor the status of S. spaldinaii populations on tribal lands. An evaluation of past and present grazing regimes, with subsequent adjustments, would aid in maintenance of populations and available habitat.

4. International: No recommendations.

14. Recommended critical habitat: The complete status of Silene spaldinaii is not yet known in portions of its range. Thus, critical habitat is not being recommended at this time.

15. Conservation/recovery recommendations.

A. General conservation recommendations.

1. Recommendations regarding present or

anticipated activities: The potential effects

of development (Eureka airport) and grazing pressures should be assessed before any of these activities are implemented.

2. Areas recommended for protection; Although currently registered with The Nature Conservancy, the Wild Horse Island site (002) should be nominated as a natural area, and should be given protection since, all other known sites are on private land.

3. Habitat management recommendations: No

recommendations are being made at this time.

4. Publicity sensitivity: Low.

5. Other recommendations: None.

B. Monitoring activities and research needs: Ongoing demographic studies to monitor two populations of S. spaldingii were started, and the results to date are included in Appendices A and B, pp. 68 and 69.

These studies should be continued indefinitely. Lesica (1988) suggests that this species is an obligate or near-obligate outcrosser. Further insect exclusion studies are needed to clarify these results (Lesica, 1988) ; see Appendix D, p. 71. Genetic and taxonomic studies might be helpful, to determine if this species is hybridizing at the edge of its range as theorized.

Detailed field surveys are needed in Idaho, Oregon, and Washington to assess the status of populations and determine any threats to them.

Interested parties;

Office of Endangered Species ATTN: Dr. James Miller

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service P.O. Box 25486 Denver Federal Center Denver, CO 80225

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service ATTN : Carol Taylor

Federal Building, 301 S. Park P.O. Box 10023 Helena, MT 59626

62

Office of Endangered Species ATTN; Dr. John Fay U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Washington, D.C. 20240

U.S. Forest Service, Region One

ATTN : Angela Evenden

Federal Building

P.O. Box 7669

Missoula, MT 59807

The Nature Conservancy ATTN: Dr. Larry Morse

1815 North Lynn Street Arlington, VA 22209

The Nature Conservancy

ATTN: Dr. Joan Bird and Bernie Hall

Montana/Wyoming Field Office

P.O. Box 258

Helena, MT 59624

Confederated Salish & Kootenai Tribes Box 278

Pablo, MT 59855

Montana Department of Fish Wildlife and Parks ATTN : Terry Knupp

P.O. Box 67 Kalispell, MT 59903

Montana Natural Heritage State Library Building 1515 E. 6th Ave.

Helena, MT 59620

Idaho Natural Heritage Program Department of Fish and Game 600 S. Walnut Street, Box 25 Boise, ID 83707

Oregon Natural Heritage Program 1205 NW 25th Ave.

Portland, Or 97210

Washington Natural Heritage Program Department of Natural Resources Mail Stop EX-13 Olympia, WA 98504

63

British Columbia Rare Plant Program Botanical Garden

The University of British Columbia 6501 N.W. Marine Dr.

Vancouver, B.C. V6T 1W5

III. INFORMATION SOURCES

17. Sources of Information.

A. Publications.

1. References cited in report: See Literature Cited (pp. 66-67) •

2. Other publications/sources: None known.

B. Museum collections: Specimens from all but one Montana population are deposited at the University of Montana Herbarium in Missoula (MONTU) . The following list of known herbarium specimens from Montana is organized by occurrence number:

c.

001	- Lesica ,	P.	(3541)
002	- Lesica,	P.	(2755)
003	- Lesica.	P,	(2166)
004	- Lesica .	P.	(2764)
005	- Lesica,	P.	(2767)
006	- Williams	i, R	.S. f995)
007	- Lau. D.	(74	-63)
008	- Lesica,	P.	(3978)
	Schassberaer , L.A.	(249)
009	- Schassberaer, L.A.	(250)

Fieldwork.

1. Surveys conducted:

21-29 July 1983,

16 July 1985,

17 July 1986,

Lesica, P. Lesica, P. Lesica, P.

18-29 July 1988, Schassberger , L.A.

Areas surveyed included suitable habitat from the Tobacco Valley near the Canadian border, south to Arlee, Montana.

64

D. Knowledgeable individuals:

Bernie Hall

The Nature Conservancy Montana/Wyoming Field Office Power Block Bldg.

Box 258

Helena, MT 59824

Peter Lesica Division of Biology University of Montana Missoula, MT 59812

Lisa A. Schassberger Montana Natural Heritage Program State Library Building 1515 E. 6th Ave.

Helena, MT 59620

J. Stephen Shelly Montana Natural Heritage Program State Library Building 1515 E. 6th Ave.

Helena, MT 59620

E. Other information sources: Color slides and field forms are on file at the office of the Montana Natural Heritage Program, and the Montana/Wyoming Field Office of The Nature Conservancy (see section 11.16. for addresses).

18. Summary of materials on file: All detailed field forms, maps and color slides are on file at the office of the Montana Natural Heritage Program. Herbarium vouchers for Montana populations are deposited at the University of Montana Herbarium (MONTU) .

IV. AUTHORSHIP

19. Initial authorship:

Lisa A. Schassberger

Montana Natural Heritage Program

State Library Building

1515 E. 6th Ave

Helena, MT 59620

Phone: 406-444-3009

65

20. Maintenance of status report: The Montana Natural Heritage Program will maintain current information and update the status report as needed. Should the taxon be listed as an endangered or threatened species by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, the Service, through its Office of Endangered Species (Region 6) , should maintain the primary file of information, encourage others to provide new information, and distribute new findings, as received, to the interested parties (section II. 16.).

V. NEW INFORMATION

21. Record of revisions; Not currently applicable.

66

Literature Cited

Alt, D. and D.W. Hyndinan. 1986. Roadside Geology of Montana. Mountain Press Pub. Co., Missoula, Montana. 427pp.

Dorn, R.D. 1984. Vascular Plants of Montana. Mountain West Pub., Cheyenne, Wyoming. 276 pp.

Heidel, B. 1980. Unpublished report on the status of Silene spaldinaii . lo pp.

Hitchcock, C.L., Cronquist, A., Ownbey, M. , and J.W. Thompson.

1964. Vascular Plants of the Pacific Northwest. Univ. of Washington Press, Seattle, Washington.

Hitchcock, C.L., and B. Maguire. 1947. A Revision of the North American species of Silene. U. of Washington Pub. 13: 28.

Hunt, C.B. 1974. Natural Regions of the United States and Canada. W.H. Freeman and Co., San Fransisco, California. 725 pp.

Kuchler, A.W. 1964. Potential Natural Vegetation of the

Conterminous United States. American Geographical Society,

New York, New York.

Lesica, P. , Moore, G. , Peterson, D.M. , and J.H. Rumely. 1984.

Vascular Plants of Limited Distribution in Montana. Monograph No. 2, Montana Acad. Sci., Supplement to the Proceedings, Vol. 43. 61 pp ,

Mueggler, W.F., and W.L. Stewart 1980. Grassland and shrubland habitat types of western Montana. USDA Forest Service Technical Report INT-66, Ogden, Utah. 154 pp.

Ross, R.L., and H.E. Hunter 1976. Climax vegetation of Montana based on soils and climate. USDA Soil Conservation Service, Bozeman, Montana. 64 pp.

Shelly, J.S. 1988. Plant species of special concern. Montana Natural Heritage Program, Helena. 12 pp. , mimeo.

Siddall, J.L., Chambers, K.L., and D.H. Wagner. 1979. Rare, Threatened and Endangered Vascular Plants in Oregon, An Interim Report. Division of State Lands, Salem, Oregon.

109 pp.

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 1981. Vascular Plant Species of Concern in Idaho. Univ. Idaho, FWR Experiment Station, Moscow, Idaho. Bull. No. 34. 161pp.

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 1988. Sensitive Plant Species List for Region 4 in Sensitive Plant Program Handbook, p. 5.3.3-5.5.10.

U.S. Department of Commerce 1982. Monthly normals of temperature, precipitation, and heating and cooling degree days, 1951-1980, Montana. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Climatography of the United States No. 81. 23 pp.

U.S. Department of Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service 1985. Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants: review of plant taxa for listing as endangered or threatened species. Federal Register 50 (188): 39526-39584.

Visher, S.S. 1954. Climatic Atlas of the United States. Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge Mass. 403 pp.

Watson, S. 1875. Revision of the genus Ceanothus . and

descriptions of new plants, with a synopsis of the western species of Silene. Proc. Am. Acad. 10: 333-350.

APPENDIX A

MONITORING SILENE SPALDINGII ON WILD HORSE ISLAND: 1988 PROGRESS REPORT

A-1

Introduction and Methods

On August 18, 1986, two permanent transects were established on Wild Horse Island in order to monitor a population of Silene spaldinaii and begin to gather data on the life history of this rare plant (see Lesica, 1986 for details on the location of the transects). On August 2, 1988, Bernie Hall and I reread these transects following methods outlined in Lesica (1987) . Codes used in recording life history data are as follows:

s	Seedling	Only a basal rosette present
J	Juvenile	A non-reproduct ive individual with only sterile stems
I	Inflorescence	Records the number of flowering stems per mature individual
s	Sterile	Records the number of sterile stems per mature individual
p	Predated	Records the number of flowers suffering predation
A	Aborted	Records the number of unpredated flowers that did not produce a mature fruit
F	Fruit	Records the number of flowers that produced a

mature fruit recognized by the presence of a large, swollen ovary

Results and Discussion

Fecundity data for the two years are presented in Table 1. The number of plants in the transects decreased by 1/3 from 1986 to 1988. In addition, the total number of flowers and fruits produced also declined dramatically. Part of this decline is due to the presence of fewer mature plants, and part is due to a decrease in the number of flowers produced by individual plants. The mean rate of abortion stayed approximately the same.

A comparison of individual plant performance between the two years are presented in Table 2, Thirteen plants present in 1986 could not be located in 1988, and four plants not recorded in 1986 were present in 1988. As measured by flower and fruit production, all plants decreased in vigor.

Much of the decline in plant vigor indicated by these

A-2

results can probably be attributed to the dry 1987 fall, and hot dry conditions during the summer of 1988. The loss of 13 individuals from the transects is reason for concern if these plants have actually died; however, it is possible that above ground parts senesced and were blown away by the wind before the transects were read. The four new plants may be the result of recruitment, or may be individuals that were missed when the transects were read in 1986. Seedlings could have been missed if rosette leaves senesce in early or mid-summer; perhaps before the transects were read. Continued monitoring will help answer these questions.

Literature Cited

Lesica, P. 1986. Monitoring of a population of the rare plant

Silene spaldinqii on Wild Horse Island. Report prepared for The Nature Conservancy, Helena, MT.

Lesica, P. 1987. A technique for monitoring nonrhizomatous perennial plant species in permanent belt transects.

Natural Areas Journal 7: 65-68.

Prepared by: Peter Lesica

The Nature Conservancy Montana/Wyoming Office Box 258

Helena, MT 59624 September, 1988

A-3

Table 1. Summary of fecundity data for Silene spaldinaii in the Wild Horse Island monitoring transects in 1986 and 1988.

1986 1988

Total number of plants 23 14

Number of non-reproductive plants 0 7

Number of seedlings 0 0

Total number of unpredated flowers 145 19

Total number of fruits 78 0

Mean number fruits/mature plant 3.4 0

Mean number predated flowers/mature plant 1.4 0.1

Mean number aborted flowers/mature plant 2.9 2.7

Mean number of flowers/mature plant 6.5 2.9

Table 2. Performance of individual Silene spaldinaii plants in the monitoring transects between 1986 and 1988.

Transect 1

Plot	1986	1988
2	I1-F6-A8	I1-A3
16	Il-Fl	I1-A3
17	I2-P6	I1-A3
18	—	I1-A3
34	I2-F1-A6	J
35	I1-F1-A4	—
41	I1-F2-A2	—
45	I1-F15	—
48	I1-F9-A5	J
49	I2-F5-A1	—
50	I1-F2-A3	J
		Transect
2	I2-F5-A5	J
26	I1-F5-A7	—
27	I1-F7-A3	—
28	I2-P2	—
30	I1-F3-A2	—
31	I1-F2-A6	—
32	—	I1-A3
32	I1-F2-A4	J
34	—	I1-A2
35	Il-Fl	I1-P1-A2
36	I1-F4-A1	—
3 6	—	J
41	I2-F3-A6	—
44	I1-F2-A2	J
45	I1-F2-A2	—
46	Il-Pl	—

69

APPENDIX B.

MONITORING SILENE SPALDINGII ON DANCING PRAIRIE PRESERVE: 1988 PROGRESS REPORT

B-1

Introduction and Methods

On July 23, 1987 four permanent transects were established on the proposed Dancing Prairie Preserve in order to monitor a population of Silene spaldinaii and begin to gather data on the life history of this rare plant. On August 1, 1988, Bernie Hall and I reread these transects following the methods outlined in Lesica (1987). Codes used in recording life history data are as follows :

s	Seedling	Only a basal rosette present
J	Juvenile	A non-reproductive individual with only sterile stems
I	Inflorescence	Records the number of flowering stems per mature individual
s	Sterile	Records the number of sterile stems per mature individual
p	Predated	Records the number of flowers suffering predation
A	Aborted	Records the number of unpredated flowers that did not produce a mature fruit
F	Fruit	Records the number of flowers that produced a mature fruit recognized by the presence of a large, swollen ovary Results and Discussion

Fecundity data for the two years are presented in Table 1. The number of plants in the transects decreased by nearly 1/2 from 1987 to 1988. In addition the total number of flowers and fruits produced declined by nearly an order of magnitude. Part of this decline is due to the presence of fewer mature plants, and part is due to a decrease in the number of mature fruit produced per mature plant. The mean number of flowers per mature plant stayed approximately the same.

A comparison of individual plant performance between the two years are presented in Table 2. Twenty-seven plants present in 1987 could not be located in 1988, and nine plants not recorded in 1987 were present in 1988. As measured by flower and fruit production, nearly all the plants declined in vigor.

Much of the decline in plant vigor indicated by these results can probably be attributed to the dry 1987 fall, and hot,

B-2

dry conditions during the summer of 1988. The loss of 27 individuals from the transects is reason for concern if these plants have actually died; however, it is possible that above¬ ground parts senesced and were blown away by the wind before the transects were read. The nine new plants may be the result of recruitment, or may be individuals that were missed when the transects were read in 1986. Seedlings could have been missed if the rosette leaves senesced in early or late summer; perhaps before the transects were read. Continued monitoring will help answer these questions.

Literature Cited

Lesica, P. 1987. A technique for monitoring nonrhizomatous perennial plant species in permanent belt transects. Natural Areas Journal 7: 65-68.

Prepared by: Peter Lesica

The Nature Conservancy Montana/Wyoming Office Box 258

Helena, MT 59624 September, 1988

B-3

Table 1. Summary of fecundity data for Silene spaldinaii in the Dancing Prairie monitoring transects in 1987 and 1988.

1987 1988

Total number of plants 37 19

Number of non-reproductive plants 4 11

Number of seedlings 2(?) 0

Total number of unpredated flowers 226 37

Total number of fruits 212 21

Mean number fruits/mature plant 6.4 2.6

Mean number predated flowers/mature plant 0 0.6

Mean number aborted flowers/mature plant 0.2 2.6

Mean number flowers/mature plant 6.8 5.2

Table 2. Performance of individual Silene spaldinaii plants in the monitoring transects between 1987 and 1988.

10 I1-F4

14 I1-F12

29 I1-A3

31 J 33 I1-F12

37 I1-F2

44 S(?)

45 I1-F7

47 I1-F5

5 -

7 I1-F3

8 -

10 -

41 I1-F3

41 Il-FlO

42 J

45 Il-Fl

46 I1-F6

46 -

47 J

47 -

48 I1-F3

48 Il-Fl

49 Il-FlO

50 I1-F5

Transect 2 J J

J

J

I1-P3

Il-Al

J

I1-A3-F2

J

J

Transect 1

I1-A5

B-4

Transect 3

1	I1-F4	J
5	I1-F5	- -
10	I1-F5	—
15	I1-F8	—
15	I1-A3	—
16	J	—
23	I1-F8	J
26	I1-F22	—
26	I1-F3	—
27	I1-F12	I1-P3
30	—	J
37	S(?)	- ?

Transect

5	Il-Fll	—
9	J	—
10	I1-F5	J
16	I1-F6	- -
18	I1-A2	—
23	I1-F5	—
23	I1-F12	- -
24	—	I1-A7-P1-F8
31	—	I1^P2~F3
40	I2-F22	I2“A5«P1-F8

4

70

APPENDIX C.

Germination Requirements and Seedling Biology of Spalding's Catchfly (Silene spaldinaiil

C-1

In order to properly manage for the continued existence of a rare plant, it is essential to understand the entire life history of the species. The objectives of this study were to determine the germination requirements and seedling life history of Spalding's catchfly f Silene spaldinaii^ .

Methods

I collected seed from populations of Spalding's catchfly at Wild Horse Island in Lake County and the Tobacco Valley in Lincoln County, Montana. Seed was taken from ripe fruits, dried in paper envelopes and stored at room temperature. I sterilized seeds in a solution of 20% laundry bleach for 15 minutes, rinsed them thoroughly in distilled water and placed them on saturated filter paper in petri dishes. Each petri dish contained 50-100 seeds. Two dishes were placed in the dark in a refrigerator at ca . 3 C, and two dishes were kept at room temperature with a 10- hour light regime. After 30 days I took the dishes from the refrigerator and kept them at room temperature for five days. At the end of this time I counted the germinated seeds and estimated percent germination in all the dishes.

I placed germinated seeds in small pots of garden soil and raised the seedlings in the University of Montana, Botany greenhouse. Potted plants were placed in the greenhouse in late January, watered at regular intervals and observed through September of the same year.

Results and Discussion

Less than 5% of the Silene seed in the room temperature treatment had germinated at the end of the 35-day period, while 60-70% germination was achieved with the 30-day cold stratification treatment. These results suggest that Spalding's catchfly requires cold stratification for germination, and under normal circumstances would germinate in early spring.

Seedlings began growth immediately, and within 30 days most rosettes had 4-6 leaves. At 60 days most rosettes had 6-14 leaves. After this two-month period, the rosettes ceased to grow. The leaves remained green for another 60 days, and then the rosettes senesced. After approximately 45 days many of the senesced individuals put out new leaves. This occurred in late September after the weather had cooled. Results of this study suggest that, under field conditions, seedlings of Spalding's catchfly germinate in the spring and grow while the soil is moist and the weather is relatively cool. Plants are senescent during the warm, dry, summer months and then revive with the onset of

C-2

cool, moist weather and/or with a change in photoperiod in the early fall.

The results of these studies may explain why seedlings of Spalding ' s catchf ly have never been detected in the permanent monitoring transects on Wild Horse Island and at Dancing Prairie when they have been read in late July or early August. Young plants may spend the summer months hidden underground. These results also suggest that if fire is to be used as a management tool, burning during the summer months would have the least impact on seedlings of Spalding's catchf ly.

Prepared by: Peter Lesica

The Nature Conservancy Montana/Wyoming Office P.O. Box 258 Helena, MT 59624 October, 1988

71

APPENDIX D.

A Ereliniinaiy Stufy of the PoUinaticn Biolcjgy of Spalding's Catchfly in the Tcbacxx) Valley, Lincoln Qxmty, Humtana

INIIRCCDCITICN

Conservation of rare species is one of the principle goals of The Nature Conservancy. Frequently, this requires more than sitrply protecting poptilations of a species. In the case of plants that are obligate outcrossers, it is also necessary to protect or enhance the habitat of the plant's pollinators in order to ensure continued recruitment.

Spaldii^'s catchfly fSilene spaldinaii Wats.) is a perennial herb that is potentially threaten^ or endar^ered throughout its range in the Pacific Northwest. It does not reproduce vegetatively; all new individuals must start frcm seed. It occurs in relatively pristine bunchgrass grasslands in the Palouse Region of eastern Washington, northeastern Oregon, adjacent Idaho and northwestern Montana (Heidel 1980, lesica, field observations). Flowers of Spalding's catchfly are relatively large (ca. 2 cm long) and inconspicuously colored with vbite petals that are mostly enclosed by the green, broadly cylindrical calyx.

At anthesis the flowers are presented horizontally in an open cyme. These characteristics suggest that Spalding's catchfly is adapted for pollination by bees or hovering moths (Faegri and van der Fiji 1971) ; however, the ^llinators of this species are not currently known. In addition, it is not known to vhat extent Spalding's catchfly is capable of self-fertilization.

The purpose of this study is to determine the pollinators of Spalding's catchfly on The Nature Conser\^cy's proposed Dancing Prairie Preserve in northwestern Montana and to discover