BLUE DOLPHIN LABRADOR EXPEDITION
1952
FIELD REPORT
10 OCTOBER 1952
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BLUE DOLPHIN LABRADOR EXPEDITION 1952
FIELD REPORT
by
Commander David C. Nutt, USNR
I PRELIMINARY
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II NARRATIVE
. Boothbay Harbor, Maine to Hamilton Inlet, Labrador.. 2 Hamilton Inlet-Lake Melville Estuary..........+..e:- 3 » Northern Labrador, Nain. to Saglek eo. we wense wneng ds ees y . Hamilton Inlet-Lake Melville Estuary.............5 5.6 Hamilton Iniet to Boothbay Harbor, Maine............ i III GENERAL COMMENTS AIMEE RARE Ns Sy NE he FO a Dacre face bie, burt 3tig A On: &. o = nave aise 8 EH OMM eS GUE PEE TOM eae sade 2 vee che cane eels wale we 8 Genes UsSHiOniaa nid hehe bands ho emteaw. «. Im. 6604 htap- Hao 9
ANNEXES
. Hydrographic Field Report ..... Cdr. D. C. Nutt, USNR
. Oceanographic Field Report .... Messrs. Lawrence K.
Coachman, Roderic Park, Edgar R. Miller, Jr. and John T. Tangerman Biological Field Report ....... Mr. William Z. Lidicker
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PRELIMINARY
This report covers the field operations of the Blue Dolphin's 1952 summer ex- pedition to the Labrador coastal waters, and gives the “general organization of the expedition, the narrative, and brief summaries of the investigations undertaken. Reference is made to the 1949, 1950, and 1951 field reports for a description of the research vessel, Blue Dolphin, and the nature of the work conducted in the Labrador area on previous expeditions.
1. The 1952 Plan of Operation:
The 1952 program continued the previous years! work. The primary area of study was again the Hamilton Inlet-Lake Melville estuary where a continuing series of ob- servations, including summer and winter regime studies, are producing a detailed understanding of this estuary, in its relation both to general estuary mechanics and to the Labrador coastal waters. Early and late summer regime observations were plan- ned for the area, and the first two weeks of July and the last two weeks of August were allocated for this purpose.
During the intervening peroid investigations were to be shifted to northern Labrador where the Nain Bay and Hebron Fjord stations, established in 1951 and 1949
respectively, were to be
reoccupied.
As an additional project in this area it was
planned to carry out more detailed reconnaisance survey gt between Port
Manvers and Saglek.
As before, marine and fresh water biological collections, with the emphasis on fishes, were made at all points along the coast.
2. Personnel:
The expedition personnel totaled nineteen.
In addition, Harvey Montague served
as guide to river survey and biological parties operating in the North West River area and made available his thirty foot motor boat.
Name
David C. Nutt
Reginald Wilcox Lawrence K. Coachman
Gerald N. Moore, Jr. Benjamin F. Potter Roderic Park
Edgar R. Miller, Jr. John T. Tangerman Stearns A. Morse Lee W. Henderson
William Z. Lidicker, Jr.
L. Coleman Dorsey Alan Campbell
Home or’ Institution
Dartmouth College
Hartford, Conn. Dartmouth College
Boothbay Harbor, Me. Dartmouth College Harvard University Dartmouth Medical School Dartmouth College Dartmouth College Harvard University
Cornell University Dartmouth College Deerfield Academy
soars
Position
Master, Commander, and oceanographer Mate
2nd Mate and hydrographer Engineer
Ship's cook
Ass't oceanographer Oceanographic chemist Ass't oceanographer Ass't hydrographer Ass't oceanographic chemist
Zoologist
Student Ass't Student Ass't
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Donald Charbonnier Dartmouth College Student Ass't
Hubert S. Bush Dartmouth College Student Ass't
Paul Potter Princeton University Student Ass't
Bruce Wald Bowdoin College Communications and Electronic Engineer
Mary Louise Nutt Hanover, N. H. Ass't Communications
3. Acknowledgments
The expedition was carried out under the auspices of the Arctic Institute of North America with funds and assistance provided by the U. S$. Hydrographic Office and the Office of Naval Research. The following institutions provided additional support, furnishing personnel, research grants to expedition members, supplies, items of equip- ment and miscellaneous services: the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, the Smith- sOnian Institution, the U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, the Chesapeake Bay Institute, Dartmouth College, Dartmouth Medical School, and Cornell University.
The research program in oceanography and biology was planned and carried out with the assistance and guidance of Mr. Richard H. Backus of Cornell University who served as expedition oceanographer and biologist from 1949 to 1951 and who this summer was completing his research studies on the ichthyofauna of Labrador.
Special assistance was afforted the expedition while in the operating area by the U. S. Air Force which provided an ice reconnaissance flight to northern Labrador and an air drop of a vitally needed engine part.
The kind reception and hospitality received from the Grenfell Mission, the Moravian Mission, the local government officials, and the people along the coast con- tributed much to the ease and enjoyment of working in this area.
Deepest appreciation is hereby expressed to the above-mentioned and to other groups and individuals who in many ways helped to make the 1952 project successful.
II NARRATIVE
1. Boothbay Harbor, Maine to Hamilton Inlet, June 22nd to June 28th:
In addition to many minor items of upkeep and repair during the winter months, main engine and generator maintenance work was undertaken, and the forward galley water tanks repaired.
On May 14th, Reginald Wilcox reported on board and actual fitting of the vessel for sea was initiated. The vessel was hauled at Frank L. Sample Jr.'s marine rail- way on June 5th for hull inspection and painting. The progressive maintenance pro- gram of caulking was continued. A new stem piece was scarfed in and covered with iron sheathing to repair damage suffered last fall when the vessel struck a buoy entering New London harbor.
During June, the remainder of the ships company assembled. Supplies, rigging, and equipment were loaded; and final preparations were completed for departure on June 22nd. A fine passage north: was made with moderate winds and smooth sea except for a few hours of fresh southwest wind on June 24th off Cape Canso, Nova Scotia. On the evening of June 27th anchorage was taken in Assizes Run near Battle Harbor and on the following day Pigeon Cove south of Hamilton Inlet was reached, just six days from
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2. Hamilton Inlet-Lake Melville €stuary, June 29 to July 12:
June 29th: Oceanographic operations were commenced with an outer Hamilton Inlet section from Cape Porcupine to the White Bear Islands and five oceanographic stations and eleven STD stations were established. Off Tumble Down Dick Island, pack ice was encountered which was loose enough however to permit navigation and station occupation. On completion of the section, the Blue Dolphin worked to the westward out of the pack ice which extended in to the vicinity of George Island. Anchorage for the night was taken in "Rattler's Bight" where two beam trawls were made.
June 30th: Worked into Hamilton Inlet, establishing a George Island section and a Bluff Head section. Anchorage for the night was taken at Black Island where again two beam trawls were made.
July 1st: A Black Island section was completed during the morning, but in the afternoon a strong southwest wind came up causing rapid drifting which made oceano- graphic operation impractical. Shelter was sought under the land in Turner's Bight. The lay up afforded a much needed opportunity to water ship. During the evening the wind dropped, and the Pompey Island section established last year was reoccupied.
July 2nd: The Ticoralak and Bromfield sections were occupied during the early morning at slack water. Anchorage was taken in Collingham's Cove at 1000 to await the change of tide before proceeding through the Narrows. Previous experience in this area has shown that it is impractical to run against the four to seven knot tidal current with the seven knot Blue Dolphin. Under-way again at 1400 with a fair tide. A tide staff party was dropped at Pike Run Cove while the vessel proceeded into Lake Melville to occupy an oceanographic station off Henrietta Island. At 1900 a sharp cold front went past and shelter from a heavy squall was sought in Pike Run Cove.
July 3rd and 4th: These days were spent carrying out an examination of the Backway, an uncharted arm of Lake Melville extending some twenty miles eastward of Pike Run. Controlled sounding lines were first run in and out to determine the general bathymetry after which three oceanographic station sites were selected and occupied. After completing the work on July 4th, a station was made off Eskimo Island in the very deepest part of Lake Melville where a two hundred and fifty meter bottle was hung. While proceeding to St. John Island Harbor, the Gull Island Section Was reoccupied,a beam trawl made on the bank of Neveisik Island, and a new Reed Point section established.
July 5th and 6th: During these two days the complete Lake Melville grid of stations was occupied. A more comprehensive grid was established in Goose Bay, and the Terrington Basin station was occupied. The Blue Dolphin then docked at 1725 July 6th alongside the wharf at Goose Bay.
July 7th and 8th were spent at Goose Bay. Stores and fuel for the northern trip were taken aboard. An ice reconnaissance flight through the courtesy of the Air Rescue Service, USAF, was made to determine ice conditions northward along the coast. The only pack ice observed was in the vicinity of Cape Harrison and was easily navig- able. Aboard the vessel, salinity titrations of the Lake Melville samples were made, and the NK-7 portable fathometer was installed and tested in the launch.
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River volume measurements were taken in the Goose River, and the spring freshet channel into Terrington Basin examined and measured. On the 8th, Coachman, Park, Lidicker, and Tangerman left with Harvey Montague to make river volume measurements of the Kenamu, Hamilton and North West Rivers.
July 9th; In getting underway from Terrington Basin, the anchor fouled an old mooring chain on the bottom and considerable delay was encountered before it was cleared and recovered. The vessel proceeded to North West River where rendezvous was made with the river volume survey party.
July 10th was spent at North West River while a party consisting of Wilcox, Tangerman, Miller, and Campbell with Harvey Montague and his boat went to make an oceanographic examination of Grand Lake. It is of interest to note that at three stations the depth was greater than two hundred meters, the length of wire available on the reel.
July llth; The Grand Lake party returned at 0300, and at 1050 final departure was taken from North West River for northern Labrador. Anchorage for the night was taken in Collingham's Cove just outside the Narrows.
3. Northern Labrador, Nain to Saglek, July 12th to August 18th:
The passage north was uneventiful and made as rapidly as possible with no stops except to lie up for the few hours of darkness at night. Fog caused a little delay at Cape Harrison and at the Ironbound Islands, but on July 15th the Port Manvers area was reached and reconnaissance survey Operations commenced. -
July 16th and 17th: In magnificent weather, these days were spent running offshore sounding tracks between Port Manvers and Saglek. Anchored during the nights at Hebron.
July 18th: After four days of unbroken good weather, the first northeaster of the season with rain all day and a moderate gale during the evening forced the vessel to remain at anchor.
July 19th: The gale moderated. In view of the huge sea running offshore and in the fjord entrance, both sounding and oceanographic operations were carried out with- in Hebron Fjord where good working conditions were found. Difficulty was encounter- ed with the main engine and during the evening number one cylinder head was replaced.
July 20th: Commenced offshore sounding operations, but continued main engine difficulties forced a return to the harbor. The launch carried out inshore sound- ings off the entrance to Iterungnek. A piece of electric light blub was located in the lube oil scavenging pump which had been blocking the pump and causing the lube oil pressure failure. It was also discovered that a spring was missing from number one fuel pump. This caused improper operation of number one cylinder all summer.
July 21st: In the morning, main engine repairs and adjustments were completed. Then soundings were made in the approaches to Hebron during the afternoon and even- ing.
July 22nd and 23rd: Sounding operations were carried out between Hebron and Saglek, and three oceanographic stations off the entrance tc Hebron Fjord were occupied in fine weather.
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July 24th and 25th: The weather deteriorated with rain and poor visibility which forced discontinuance of work at 1000 on the 24th. Remained at anchor during a moder- ate westerly gale on July 25th.
July 26th: Soundings were made off Hebron and several bays and inlets to the south of Hebron were examined. A southerly wind and threatening weather persisted all day.
July 27th: The day began clear with a strong westerly wind which moderated at noon. After lunch the Blue Dolphin got underway making soundings toward Cape Mugford, and anchored for the night in Forbes! "Geology Cove" just inside Mugford Tickle.
July 28th: Sounding operations were carried out off Cape Mugford and the Nan- uktuk during the morning, and in the inner waters during the afternoon due to strong southeast wind and fog offshore. In reference to charts, a record was made today when the 1000 foot contour was crossed in investigating an uncharted bay! Anchorage for the night was taken in Moore's Harbor.
July 29th: Fog all day. Anchorage was shifted into Nutak during the afternoon. July 30th: Continued sounding operations outside Cape Mugford en route to Hebron.
July 3lst: This day was spent in Hebron Fjord reoccupying the oceanographic stat- ions established in 1949 and making plankton collections and trawls.
August lst: A fresh northerly wind delayed operations until afternoon. Soundings were made in the approaches to Napartok Bay, and the anchor was dropped for the night at "Pukke",
August 2nd and 3rd: These days were spent examining the runs, inlets, and bays from Napartok to Nutak. Anchored at Amity Harbor and Nutak.
August 4th: Sounded between Nutak and Port Manvers, southbound on an outside track and northbound on an inside run.
August 5th: Due to a heavy swell and continuing northeast wind offshore which did not permit accurate work, the sheltered waters of Okak Bay were examined.
August 6th and 7th: Anchored at Nutak in perfectly foul weather, thick fog, rain, and northeast wind. However, the time was spent profitably making several trawls and biological collections, watering ship, and making record transcriptions, thermometer corrections, and density computations.
August 8th and 9th: The easterly weather continued but conditions were improved so that a partial day's work was carried out in Okak Bay and in the vicinity of Nutak and Cutthroat.
August 9th to llth: Easterly weather persisted, but sounding operations were carried out while working south from Nutak to Nain.
August 12th: The Nain Bay oceanographic stations established in 1951 were reoccupied.
August 13th: A beautiful clear day, and a ship's holiday was declared. A boat party went to investigate a Salt Water Pond in Anaktalik Bay where it was reported codfish are caught during the winter time. (No codfish were caught at this season,
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and the bottom water of the pond was found to be stagnant with the production of hydrogen sulphide). Another party went ashore berry picking, several went hiking, and others visited at the Moravian Mission. During the evening, Reverend and Mrs. Peacock invited all hands to the mission where Blue Dolphin and Nain pictures were shown followed by a songfest.
August 14th: The rest of the Nain area stations were reoccupied and shortly after noon the Blue Dolphin started south reaching Launce Ground near Cape Harrigan at dusk.
August 15th to 18th: These days were spent proceeding from Cape Harrigan to Goose Bay with overnight stops at West Turnavik, Indian Harbor, and Collingham's Cove.
It had been planned to occupy the Hamilton Inlet stations on the way in, but a dirty northeaster set in on the 17th and continued through the 18th. Inasmuch as we were in need of fuel, stores, and an availability for engine maintenance, advantage was taken of the fair wind to run into Goose Bay.
4. he Hamilton Inlet-Lake Melville Estuary, August 19th to August 28th
August 19th: The day was spent at Goose Bay taking fuel and stores, and carry- ing out ships force maintenance work on the main engine. Coachman and a party made river volume measurements of the Goose River. Harvey Montague rejoined the expedit- ion with his motorboat and canoe.
August 20th: Coachman, Tangerman, Dorsey, and Charbonnier departed with Harvey Montague to make river volume measurements in the Hamilton and Kenamu Rivers. The vessel proceeded to North West River, occupying en route the Terrington Basin station and the Goose Bay grid. Rendezvous was made during the evening with the river survey party.
August 2lst: Tangerman, Morse, Henderson and Smith departed with Harvey Montague in his motorboat for a Grand Lake survey. On this trip by adding the lead line to the two hundred meter BT wire, bottom was reached at all stations, the greatest depth ob- tained being one hundred and thirty eight fathoms. With the vessel, the Epinette Point and Square Top sections were occupied in the western half of Lake Melville.
August 22nd: During the forenoon, the Captain, Coachman, Tangerman and M. L. Nutt with Harvey Montague made river volume measurements of the North West River. A moderate southerly gale arose at noon and forced suspension of operations for the rest of the day.
August 23rd: At 0400 final departure was taken from North West River. A fresh easterly wind came up during the forenoon, becoming strong by late afternoon; but fortunately a strong ebb current against. the wind rendered station occupation possible and the Lowland and Charley Point sections in eastern Lake Melville were occupied. Anchorage for the night was taken in the cove at the head of Etagaulet Bay where an almost complete calm prevailed while Lake Melville remained a mass of white caps.
August 24th: During the early forenoon, the easterly wind abated and it soon set in westerly with rain showers and overcast. The Reed Point, and Gull Island sections were reoccupied. An otter trawl was made on the eighteen fathom bank to the eastward of Neveisik Island.
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August 25th: In spite of a fresh to strong westerly wind which continued all day, the Backway stations were reoccupied and a very successful otter trawl made in the Backway. This completed the Lake Melville work. Anchorage for the night was taken in Collingham's Cove as the wind moderated.
August 26th: Rain showers and several wind squalls occurred with a frontal passage, but on the whole good working conditions prevailed and reoccupation of the four inner Hamilton Inlet sections was completed.
August 27th: The day began clear and calm and the Bluff Head and George Island sections were completed by late afternoon, just as another warm front with rain and dirty weather set in. Anchorage was taken in Ice Tickle.
August 28th: A cold front went through followed by a fresh to strong northwest wind. Occupation of the outer section from the White Bear Islands to Cape Porcupine was completed after a rather dubious start when on the first station the wind fresh- ened momentarily and waves started to come aboard. By mid-afternoon the wind dropped and ideal working conditions prevailed. Immediately on completion of this section and after anchoring in Pack's Harbor, another storm set in with heavy rain squalls and easterly winds of thirty to thirty-five knots. This completed the program of work in the Hamilton Inlet-Lake Melville estuary during 1952.
5. Hamilton Inlet to Boothbay Harbor, Maine, August 29th to September 6th
August 29th: The wind moderated somewhat backing to northerly, and departure from the operating area was taken. Eagle Cove in Hawke Island was* reached for the night where the ship's fresh water tanks were filled for the passage home.
August 30th to September 6th: These days were spent underway from Eagle Cove to Boothbay Harbor, Maine. A brief stop was made at Port Saunders, Newfoundland, to make certain hydrobiological collections, and at Sydney, Nova Scotia to pick up Dr. William Mauran who joined the ship for the last few days.
The passage was uneventful. Head winds with thick fog off the coast of Nova Scotia made that part somewhat unpleasant; but it was a reasonably good, though not fast, run. East Boothbay, Maine was reached early in the morning of September 6th. Here U. S. Customs and Immigration boarded to clear the vessel and ship's company. The Blue Dolphin then docked just before noon in Boothbay Harbor, which completed the 1952 field operation.
During the following week the vessel was decommissioned and put into winter quarters. Records, specimens, and equipment were shipped to the various participat- ing institutions and agencies; and the ship's company signed off and departed for their homes.
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III GENERAL COMMENTS
1. Weather:
In an operation of this nature in the Labrador area the weather can be the con- trolling factor that leads to success or failure. Bad storms or continued periods of fog can bring certain phases of the work to a complete halt and prevent completion of the task.
In July and August 1952 the weather can only be termed good. There were no major storms or severe holdups. Moderate seas and good visibility provided favorable working conditions throughout most of the summer. Out of the sixty-three days along the Labrador const, only five days were sufficiently bad to require the vessel to re- main at anchor; and even on some of these, certain limited projects such as harbor sounding and biological collecting were carried out. Of course a number of other days were partially lost due to the weather, but these interruptions were few and not serious.
The weather information available was again very good for planning purposes and contributed substantially toward the efficiency of operation. The NSS Western North Atlantic forecast together with special local forecasts prepared by the Meteorological Office at Goose Bay provided good coverage of the Labrador coast where reliable and regular forecasts are not otherwise available. While en route to and from the area the Halifax and Gander regional forecasts together with NSS provided excellent in- formation.
2. Plan of Operation
The plan of operation as contemplated was carried out. The expedition was in the field a total of seventy-six days from June 22nd to September 6th with the time being divided as follows:
Underway to and from Labrador waters 13 days Coastwise navigation in Labrador waters 9 days Hamilton Inlet-Lake Melville study 23 days North Labrador operation 31 days
76 days
With the many unforeseen difficulties and uncertainties connected with such an expedition, it is quite remarkable that the 1952 operation was carried out almost exactly on schedule or actuaiiy a little ahead of schedule. The program of work undertaken was an ambitivus one for which, with the normal allowance for delays, a considerable longer field season might have been expected. Its completion in exactly two months can be attributed largely to the good weather that prevailed throughout the summer. The projected oceanographic studies of Hamilton Inlet and especially the sounding operations offshore and among the outer islands were completed under the best of conditions.
In comparison with 1951, a substantial amount of time was saved by omitting a stop at St. Anthony and proceeding