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1	2	3
4	5	6

TABULAR \lkW OF THE COMPAIUBp ATLAJTTIC

AIiPHABETS & OI.TPHS

OF AFRICA AXD AllI£RICA,

By Prof. C. 8. BdFIJ^ESQUE. Philadelphia, igg^

LYBIAN.

\l* Primitive and tScroatic, i. Old Demotic or Tuaric,

|Meaning8 and Names of Letters in No. 1.

'•

BE^e.

XNoM.

AIPS. ESH IFR.

KTongue. OMBR

1. 2.

AMERICAN.

8. Letters of Otolum, 4. Glyphs of Otolum. Names of Letters in No. 9 3.

E. I.

o-l

U. L. M.l NJ R. B.p!

C.k

D.t

V.f

Ssh.

Th.z.

33^ i)

;> X /.

Vi W «^r^ :

\ // \ LI inl

(u E 0 3 c;

^' -HX 4-y f-

vv w V (:. V

8^0 :i ^q)^>

^»/ # UJ \ 11'

A EI IZ OVV

uvv

UK.

ID.ET

Uili

S. ISH UZ

! Stf tK Itf ^K ^tf ^tf tt! ^ttl V£ !U£ ^C ^Itf ^tf ^tf !yc VtfUC Stf ^ttl^C^tf ^tf ^tf ^K ^K ^tf fttf ^tf Sltf MC IM Mtf AW^tt I ^w^ff ^K ^K^V ^K ^K ^K M% #K #n ^K ^n ^K ^K ^K ^K ^K ^W^P ^V ^K ^K ME mC^K ^K ^R liK ^K flwW IRmK

iftliiiitiii'^ '

E ^K ^n ^K ^K^K ^n 9n ^K^K m ^K ^K ^M MH

V tXAHTTIC

I£RICA,

Philadelphia. 1832*

IRICAN.

T8 of Otolum, ihs of Otolum.

Names of Letters in "So- 3

A^ILAS3ffa® ^(DIIIIBSI^aia

AND

.0^ J. I ,-f

FRISND OF KNOWUaDGE.

IN EIGHT NTTMBERS, ^:

■'*■ rn 'Ml^l ■'

ges,. Historical and Geological Facts, &c. &6. fitc.

BY C. S. RAPIXESaiIB,^A. ]«..*PH.1>.

Professor qf Mistical <^ndNaturaiScien<^s,M^b^ ^seve- ral kamed societies in Europe and Amenca,tir'''

Knowledge is the mental food qf man.

FlOUitES.

Melissa or Baling Mammi^ Cave, Franklinia, Fowil Teeth,

page

UlTubular shell, page 127

Vrvr New Fossil Shells, 142

79 American and Lybian Glyphs looj or Primitive Alphabets, S8

— •••••tw—

PHILADELPHM : (TWO DOLJUARS.)

INDEX.

**iri^*^:'

Agriculture, pages 12, 13, S6.

AUeghany Mts, 105, 157, 188.

Americaa Antiquities, RO, 81. 126, 195. ,

American Htatorj, 6, 8, 51, 56, 85, 98, lir, 127, 195, 197.

Anthropology, 6, 85, 161, 171, 172.

Antidiluvian History of China, S2.

Architecture, 183. ' Botany, 15, 16, 78, 119, 131, 144 to 153, 163, 164, 167, 176 to 182, 199, 200, 206.

Chemistry, 12.

Cl»roiMlogy, 22, 117, 130.

Commerce. 32, 166. ,i, • ,

:. Cradle ofMankind, 101. ^^S.<id- •

Domestic Animals,' 56. "(T'":^

Educatioq, 91, 183. ' *

Economy, 81, 86, 89.

Geography* n6, 77 t 208.

Geology, 26, 27, 30, 65 to 77, 105, 115, 119, 135, 191,- 209.

Health, 202.

History, 2S, 26, lOh \ Horticulture, 14, 79.

Kno*rledge, V{fcj S9i 93, t24.

IcthyoIogT, t4i.

Licks and Caves, 27, 74, 100.

MeteoroloKY, U, 205.

Mexican Hntory, 51, 128,

Mineralogy, 31, 140. -

Navigation, 20». ,^-~__-,.

JTew Animals, 21, 61 to 65.

New Plants, shrubs and trees, 16, 78, 146, 144, 150, 170 to 182.

New Reptiles, 22, 63, 64, 121, 143.

New Shells, 121, 154, 165.

Orogn^y or Mountains, 77, 101, 105.

Oryctography or new fossils, 67 to 74, 109, 116, 122, 142, 14*.

Peruvian Dynwties, 130.

K»ilol<^ and Vocabularies, 4, 40, 44, 48, 112, 132, 173, 198.

Philosophy, 48, 95.

Physical Geography, 137, 188, 209. .

Reviews, 34, 82, 110, 114, 122.

Travellers, 26, 77, 85, 155, 187, 211.

Volcanoes, 137, 201.

Zoology, 18, 61 to 65, 121, 143, 163, 165, 175.

lir-aafc nilhrtnifcf*^..

PHIL^DELPHM:

1815 TO 1883.

lOONOaRAPHir & ILIiVSnUiTIONS

OF 33 YEARS TRAVELS AND RESEARCHES

In North America, the South of Europe^ the )kilantic and Mediterranean, Sicily and the Azores, between 1800 ^ 1833.

BY C. S. RAFINESQUE,

Profesgor of Historical and Natural Sciences, Member bf several

learned Societies in Paris, Bruxelles, Zurich, Vienna, Bonn,Na-

pies, New-York, Philadelphia, Lexington, Cincinnati, &c.

IN 80 TOIiUMES IN FOIilO.

UNIQUE COPY,

CONTAlNINe 3000 Figures, Maps, *c. unth MSS, Notes and Explmuttions,

PRICE 8 1000.

Each Volume or Part sold separate, at the rate of 850, for 100

, * » J'SH,"^' &c.— Divided into the 10 following parts:

Ist Part, SoENERY-300 Views, Landscapes, Mlteors, and Phe- ■ . „ . _ nomena.

2d Part, Gkogbapbt-200 Maps, plans, surreys, sites, cities, of ancient and modern Ameriean Geogra-

1.1 V.-* n ^ Pny. Physical Geography, &c.

3?h S2' ?*°"°^-200 Geological fliaps, sections, views, &c.

4th Part, ETHKOORAPHY--200 Portraits of eminent men, costumes

„. B * A «nd features of nations. &0.

5th Part, Arohbology— 300 plans and views of ancient monu- '

«♦!, p * B "*"**» '■"»"'' implements, &c.

rJh vVi P«»^°^««'-200 comnared alphabets, gljT,h8. languages. «S li Oryctograph»-600 5few American Fossils, &c. ^ mt £* J S°°^««^-500 New Animals, chiefty American. iS S:J' S^^'^^^-^OO New Plants, chiefly America? 10th Part, Mi8CEi,LANv-200 Autographs and Figures of Diseases,

Monshnosities, Machines, Sometry, and other Seienees.

4<tiiU^d<k.dcti:,^Ub«^

-iiiiWMnimiinr^iimiilniaiiaM imwHjij J

luimmm mm" '"■'''

Ik. I

(

J^ AUnSON BOTANIKON,*- ^

2000 SELF FIGURES, BY SPECIMEJ^S,

Of New or Rare Trees, Vines, Slirubs, Plants, Flowers, Grasses, Ferns, &c. from North America.

Collected and Arranged between 1^15 and 1833,

By C. S. RAFINESQUE, A.M ... Ph. D.

Profesgor of Botany, Historical and Natural Sciences, Member of many learned Societies, Author of many Botanical Works, Traveller, Collector, and DrauglUsmaUs ._

WITH APPENDIX AND SUPPLEMENTS,

(f 500 New, Rare, or Beautiful Plants, from Mexico, South

America, Africa, Polynesia, Asia and Europe.

.k,--' *^ ' mm " ' *

DIVIDED INTO il5 VOLUMES, FOLIO, UNIQUE COPY,

* And 50 additional scries or fascicles of Plants, ? ^

From the Oregon, Apalachian and Alleghany Mts., ^hc R^ions of

Louisiana, Arkansas, Missouri, Oregon, Ilhnois, Kentucky,

™ ' .i-i! c<i,...;.i« fninHnn. Virerinia.

Tennessee, Alabama, Florida, CaiH)lma, Virgmia, Canada, Labrador, &c. &c. &c.

With Labels, Notes, and Details.

t- - \

Prices— Umque complete series of 2500 species, - » '

FascTcles of ?f. G.and N. Sp. and setts of Monographs, labelled, per 100 specimens. - - " »

Rare Plants, labelled, per 100 - -^ - / Other Plants, labelled, perJOO, - ■ ^-

UnlabcUed Plants, per 100, - " ,• '

500.

i:*

8 20.

10.

'"i-

^^^'■

PHILADELPHIA- 1815 TO 1833.

^■■■i^ .»**.«

^■Ii ■ilBI«illM>WMH II '-

^...iwkiWf r-i-'-'^"'-''^^

■"I*^

'^»

MEX8,

I, Flowers, a.

1833,

s, Member of Works,

[TS, *

exico, South rope.

►UE COPY,

Hants,

the Regions ot

Iventucky,

;inia,

8 500. lonographs,

8 20. 10.

ATImAKTIC JOURNAIi,

AND

' - A CYCLOPEDIC JOURNAL AND REVIEW

S or CKIVERIAI. ICIEKCB AND ENOWIi'^Dnr:

■ I9T0RICAL, NATDRAL, AKD MEDICAL ARTS AND tCIEKCCf : . , .

INOUITRT, AQRICULTDRE, EDOCATIOW, AND EVERY OtEFOI. UifOHIUTIOM: ^ ,{

WITH JfUMEROUS FIOURES.

EDITOR. C. S. RAFINESQUE,

Professor of Historical and J\ratural Sciences, Sfe.

Vol. I.

PHILADELPHIA, spring of 1832. P

No. 1. -Y

Knowledge is the mental food of man.

INTRODUCTION.

Periodicals abound in the Uni- ted Stales ; but those calculated to improve and instruct, to scatter the seeds of learning, and become emi- nently useful by rendering all kind of knowledge and improvements popular, are as yet but few and costly; thus beyond the means of those whom they are most likely to benefit. It is such a deficiency that this journal is partly intended to supply.

It )S contemplated therefore to publish, in the city of Philadelphia, a new periodical journal under the above title. It will be <;onducted by Prof. RAFiNESquE, assisted by several gentlemen of considerable talent and knowledge.

This journal shall contain every thing calculated to enlighten, in- struct, and improve the mind. It will not be confined to any jiarticu- lar branch of literature and science, but embrace by turns every subject useful or interesting. Agriculture and economy, ilrith discoveries in the useful arts and practical sci- ences, will claim peculiar attention. Literature shall not be forgotten ; it is also a branch of knowledge, but facts shall have the preference over fiction. Reviews will be in- trnduced on the new plan of statin* the increase of knowledge afforded by books. The whole is intended to be original matter; selections shall seldom be resorted to.

Tfe^i journal is VMtured without

any pretensions, and none of the usual pompous promises. It will be of a strikinely novel character, and must be left to speak for itieifi to deserve by its own intrinsic value and merit the patronage which it claims from all the friends of knowledge, education and learning* The Editor being always in pur- suit of knowledge, will be able to furnish most of the articles, when not proffered by his collaborators. The subscription is limited to onk DOLLAR per annum, or TWO dollars for each volume of twelve numbers, or four hundred pages, title-paEe, index, and nearly ilftjf figures. This

Steriodical is begun in a quarterly brm, but it is hoped may soon be- come a monthly journal.

Communications for this Journal, may be left at the post iffice or sent by mail, postage pa' '>■ None will be calculated tor thu { uoer unless very terse and concise, either use* ful or novel in character or purpose: new facts will be acceptable above all. Anonymous papers or Reviews will very seldom be accepted. Every writer ought never to be ashamed of bis pen and deeds. The initials of C. S. R. will designate Ufef editorial articles. ^'

/ ■ r//

^■■

1. LATENT KNOWLEDGE.

Besides the actual active know- ledge of mankind, formed by the accumulation of exertions in all the branches of human acquiremeota; and spread in the numberleu bookt

lii'iiMtiii iii'iiiiiBiiwiMii

mmi^mm^rmtm

,1 t

■K^^

on education, tlie arts and sciences, history and literature : there is an- other mass of knowledge, which may be r 'lied latent or sleeping. The amount of it is much creatur than could be supposed. Ihcre are in all the brandies of knowledge, some portions nearly forgotten and lost, which gradually sink into oblivion and are lost to mankind; like the im- mense amount of facts, events and practices, which have thus become extinct during the lapse of ages.

If all the extinct knowledge was yet existing, it might exceed per- naps what is now extant, although we deem it prodigious. Every friend of learning has to regret the loss of some past knowledge, of which faint indications or small fragments merely remain. But if the latent knowledge be added, as it is eventually by the neglect of ignorance, the whole of this dormant or forgotten, together with the dead or lost, both of which are now ren- dered useless to mankind, will be found prodigious.

But fortunately the latent or dor- mant may yet be restored and ren- dered available, by care, patient re- searches and exertions. It is 'to be found scattered in old books, or even newpublicationsof limitzd cir- culation, in manuscripts, in the memory of men, in monuments that speak a peculiar language to be learnt and restored. All this among us. But further oQ*. we have in the literature and books of Asia from Persia to India, China and Japan, an inexhaustible mine of learning, hardly explored as vet. The Asi- atic nations, were the first teachers of mankind ; their western children who boast of having surpassed them in every thing, have neglected their old teachers fur ages; but now be- gin to interrogate them again.

Ourattention shall often be drawn towards this subject. It is deplo- rable to see the servility, laziness and ignorance of many of our popu- lar writers on all subjects. They will not take the trouble to enquire;

they bow to some idols of yore, and. copy or compile from them without discernment nor careful in- vestigation of previous labours by other men or nations. We can hardly open a work of history, tra- vel, or bciiMice, without meeting thousand instances of neglect and ignorance. All our books of edu- cation are !>adly deficient, except on those matters lately investigated. Pacts, events and discoveries with- out number are set aside, not at- tended to, or sven not known. To this shameful practice, which threat- ens a true Vundalic destruction of knowledge, we mean to draw the attention of the public, and exiiose it in all its turpitude and injurious bearings. C. S. R.

2. PUBIJC INSTRUCTION.

Free Institutions of Paris and trance.

The following concise account of those Institutions, and their won- derful effect upon the French peo- ple, is not derived from any doubt- ful source or formal friend; but chiefly from the pen of Sir Arthur Faulkner, an Englishman, whovisit- ed France in 1827 for the purpose of investigating the subject of such free Institutions: and from an ana- lytical abridgement of the work pub- lished by him on his return. They are obvious and luminous facts, speaking volumes in favour of free Education.

The ' total number of general schools in Paris was 647 in 1827, having 60,000 scholars. They were cliietly '■294 Infant schools, all gratis, teaching reading, writing,and arith- metic, and elements of drawing.

53 primary schools for boys.

51 ditto for girls.

22Sundav scliools.

12 Schoofs of mutual Instruction for boys.

5 ditto for girls.

1 00 Boarding schools for boys.

110 ditto for girls.

Besides innumerable peculiar schools of Drawing, Painting, Ar-

»-^^^f.f%jrf*^-p--^f^f^ 'MT^'^.'^f

B Idols of yore, npile frum them ntnor careful in- vious labours by tions. We can k of history, tra- without meeting s of neglect anQ ur books of edu- ificient, except on ely investigated, discoveries with- et aside, not at- ; not iinown. To :ice, which threat- lie destruction of lean to draw the ubiic, and expose ide and injurious C. S. R.

srhucTioN.

15 of Paris and ice.

oDcise account of , and their won- the French peo- 1 from any doubt- rmal friend; but >en of Sir Arthur ishman,whovisit- 7 for the purpose

16 subject of such and from an ana- it of the work pub- lis return. They

luminous facts, in favour of free

nber of general was 647 in 1827, olars. They were schools, all gratis, .vriting.and arith- its of drawing. )ols for boys, for girls. uls. lutual Instruction

for girls, chools for boys.

for girls, nerable peculiar iig, Painting, Ar-

(

-nrT|p' 11 V mu. I

chitecture. Masonry, Carpentry, Music, I^anguages, Mathematics, and all the sciences.

The schools are all free and gra- tuitous, except the Boarding schouU. The girls are taught sewina, handy- work, embroidery, and all the trades suitable and befitting females to earn a living!

There are also schools for the un- fortunate, for the blind, the lame, the cripples, the deformed, all of which are taught trades suitable to their state, and enabling them to earn their living by useful labor.

There are 34 public libraries in Paris, all free to every one, open and accessible every day, with po- lite librarians and servants to help readers. The largest, or the r(jyal library, contains 500,000 volumes ! the next 170,000, the third 93,000. The library of the Institute has 70,000 volumes, the city library 42,000; the other from 2000 to 30,000. French books are printed and sold at one-third of the price of English books, with a rapidity be- yond belief, and thus circulated all over Europe. Old books and se- cond-hand books arc sold for a mere trifle in the streets by 1000 pedlars, or on benches.

The public garden and museum, are the Emporium and palace of natural sciences. Open and free to everyone; in the garden, agricul- ture and gardening are taught gra- tis, and seeds given to all who ap- ply. All the natural sciences are taught by free lectures and demon- strations to whoever attends.

The Louvre, or palace of fine arts, is opened to the public every day, even Sundays, and crowded by vis- itors.

Fifty other Institutions have pe- culiar Cabinets,Mu8eums,Galleries, with free admittance and free lec- tures ; in all the medical sciences. History and Literature, Mining, Engineering, &c.

No fees are taken by Professors and Assistants, for teaching, de- monstrating and waiting on visitors.

.iA*«^:. ^---l.-^.'-A:ijy^ji^^^

No present is allowed, much lest exacted as in England by servants and underlings. The same happens all over France. Free schools are scattered over the whole country ,and free Institutions, Libraries, Museums, Gardens, Ly- ceums, &c., in all the principal towns and cities. Lectures on Farming are given by practical far- mers, on trades by meshanics.

The expenses of these free Insti- tutions are borne by the state, the cities,or foundations for the purpose; but chiefly paid out of the public ex- pense, under the title of Public In- struction. The most useful, and most honourable mode of spending public money.

Consequencea.

The happy results of this state of things, ar« that the French are be- come a great people, at the head of civilized Europe, and withal a mo- ral people! much better off and more moral than the English. The former idle gallantry and vicious courses are become quite uncom- mon. The French peasantry are industrious, frugal, orderly, kind, cheerful and contented. There are no paupers as in England. A few besjgars only are licensed under pe- culiar circumstances, if unlicensed they are taken up as vanbonds. Vices and crimes are much less in number and atrocity than in Eng- land. Wine sells every where lor one to three cents the bottle, yet intoxication is hardly known. No brandy, and no alcoholic liquors are drunk to poison andWutalize the body and mind.

Sir A. Faulkner exclaims in des- pair: « England is famous for char- ities to the nelpless, but neglects to prepare the people to help them- selves. When we reflect on the peculiar facilities ofaccess to books, lectures, museums, cabinets, &c. in Paris and all over France.gratis to all, we have a ready solution why the French community at large are so much advanced in civilization and refinement, before any other

wm'A h

atiii^

country In the world!" Thl» con- ftwion comes from an Englishman. In the United States, we imitate, as jret, England in almost every thing, good or bad. Thus we can hardly believe that it is possible tu have Free Institutions, Culleccs, Lecturea, Libraries. Museums, &c. without paying at least a fee of '25 cents each time we visit them, or an annual subscription. And thus we have intemperance, immorality,

Cupert, ignorance'— with all their neful consequences. 'What ought to be done, and what free Institu^ tiona are immediately required to foster* preserve and secure, the fu- ture liberties and morals of our peo- 81e, will be indicated at a future me. Public Instruction or the ac- quirement of knowledge, by all ^oungand old, unlimited and with, out cost, must be^ the principal means of future national happiness. 3cNj. Fbankun» ju.

8. PHILOLOGY. JRrrt LitUr to Mr. Ciiaitoliqm, on the

Ontphie lyaitmi of JImtrica, ami the Glmht

rfOnumt or Fai.bn«db, in Central Jinu-

ritt.

You have become celebrated by decyphering, at last, the glyphs and characters of the ancient Egyptians, which all your learned predecessors had deemed a riddle, and pronounc- ed impossible to read. You first announced your discovery in a let- ter. I am going to follow your foot- steps on another continent, and a theme equally obscure; to none but yourself can I address with more propriety, letters on r. subject so much alike in purpose and import- ance, and 00 similar to your own la- bours.

I shall niit enter at present into any very elaborate discussion. I ahall merely detail in a concise manner, t!ie object and result of my inquiries, so as to assert my claim to a discovery of some importance in a philological and historical point pf view; which was announced as early as. 1828 in some journals, (3 iatttrt to Mr. M'CuUoh on the Ame-

rican nations,^ but not properly il- lustrated. Their full development would require a volume, like that of yours on the Ksyptian antiquities, and may follow this perhaps at some future time.

It may be needful to prefix tho following principles as guides to my researches, or results of my inqui- ries.

1. America has been the land of false systems; all those made in Europe on it are more or less vain and erroneous.

a. The Americans were equal in antiquity, civilization, and sciences to the nations of Africa and Europe; like them the children of the Asiatic nations.

3.. It is false that no American nations had systems of writing, glyphs, and letters. Several had various modes of perpetuating ideas.

4. There were several such gra- phic systems in America to express ideas; all of which find equivalents in the east continent.

5. They may be ranged in twelve series, proceeding from the most simple to the. most complex.

Ut (Sferies.-^Fictured symbols or glyphs of the Toltccas, Aztecas, Huaztecas, Skeres, Panes, &c. Si- milar to the first symbols of the Chi- nese, invented by Tien-hoang before the flood, and earliest Egyptian glyphs.

&d Series. — Outlines of figures or abridged symbols and glyphs, ex- pressing words or ideas; used by almost all the nations of North and South America, even the most rude. Similar to the second kind of Egvp- tian symbols, and the Tortoise fet- ters brought to China by the Long- ma (dragon and horse) nation of barbarous horsemen, under 8ui-gin.

5d Series. — Quipos or knots on strings used by the Peruvians and several other South American na- tions. Similar to the third kind of Chinese glyphs introduced under Yong-ching, and used also by many nations of Africa.

4th ^eries.^ Wampums or strings

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complex, tared symbols or iltccas, Aztecas, , Panes, &c. Si- mbolsoftheChi- 'ien-hoang before irliest Egyptian

ines of figures or and glyphs, ex- ideas; used by ins of North and in the most rude, id kind of Egvp- .he Tortoise fet- na by the Long- lorse) nation of I, under 8ui-gin. los or knots on Peruvians and :h American na- he third kind of itroduced under sed also by many

mpums or strings

of shells and beads, used by many] nations of North America. Similar to those used by some ancient or rude nations in ull the parts of the world, as tokens of ideas.

5th Series. — Runic glyphs or marks and notches on twigs ur lines, used by several nations of North America. Consiinilur to the runic glyphs of the Celtic and Teutonic nations. 6//( Series, — Uuiiic marks and dots or graphic symbols, not on strings nor lines, but in rows; expressing words or ideas; used by the ancient nations of North America and Mex- ico, the Talei;a8, Aztecas, Natchez, Powhatan8,Tu8cai-oras, &c. and also the Muhizcas of South America. Similar to the ancient symbols uf the Etruscans, Egyptians, Celts, &c. and the Ho-tu of the Chinese, in- vented by Tsang-hiei called also the Ko-teu-chu letters, which were in use in China till 827 before our era.

7th iSeries.— Alphabetical sym- bols, expressing syllables or sounds; not words, but grouped ; and the groups disposed in rows; such is the

fraphic system of the monuments of Holum, near Palenque, the Ameri- can Thebes. Consimilar to the groups of alphabetical symbols used by the ancient Lybians, Egyptians, Persians, and also the last graphic system of the Chinese, called Ven- ixe, invented by Sse-hoang,

Qth Series. — Cursive symbols in groups, and the groups in parallel rows, derived from ihe last, ^which are chiefly monumental,) and used in the manuscripts of the Mayans, Guatimalans, &c. Consimilar to the actual cursive Chinese, some demO' tic Egyptian and many modilications of ancient graphic alphabets, group- ing the letters or syllables.

9th Series. — Syllabic letters ex pressingsyllables.notsimplesounds, and disposed in rows. Such is the late syllabic alphabet of the Chero- kis, and many graphic inscriptions found in North ana South America.

Similar to the syllabic alphabets of Asia, Africa, and Polynesia.

loth .SfriVs.—- Alphabets or gra- phic letters expressing simple sounds, and dinpostd in rows. Found in many inscriptions, medals, and coins in North and South Ame- rica, and lately introduced every where by the European colo.iistB. Similar to the alpiiabets uf Asia, Af- rica, an<l Europe.

nth Series. — Abreviations or let- ters standing for whole words, or part of u glyph and graphic delinea- tion, standing and expressing the whole. Used by almost all the writing nations oi North and South America, as well as Asia, Europe, and Africa.

12t/i Series. — Numeric pystem of graphic signs, to express numbers. All the various kinds of signs, such as dots, line8,8troke8,circle8,glyphs letters, &c. used by some nations of North and South America, as well as in the eastern continent.

In my next letter I shall chiefij illustrate the 7th and 8th series, so as to decypher and explain one of the most curious and least known of the American modes of expressing and perpetuating ideas. I shall give a figure of a sample of those monu- mental symbols, with comparative figures of two alphabets of Africa, the nearest related to them, and where the elements may be traced, which are grouped in those glyphs.

Some years ago, the Society of Geography, of Paris, offered a large premium for a voyage to Guatimala, and a new survey of the antiquities of Yucatan and Chiapajchiefly those fifteen miles from Palenque, which are wrongly called by that name. I have restored to them the true name of Otolum, which is yet the name of the stream running through the ru- ins. I should have been inclined to undertake this voyage and explora- tion myself, if the civil discords of the country did not forbid it. My attention was drawn forcibly to this subject as soon as the account of

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those ruins, siirvejed by Capt. Del Uio as early as 1787, but withheld from the public eye by Spain, was published in 1822 in English.

This account, which partly de- scribes the ruins of u stone ciy '^5 miles in circuit, (ltin;;th 32 En<i,!.sh miles, greatest breadth 12 miles,) full of palaces, monuments, statues, and inscriptions; one of the earliest seats of American civilization, about equal to Thebes of Egypt; was well calculated to inspire me with hopes that they would throw a great light over American history, when more properly examined.

1 have been disappointed in find- ing that no traveller has dared to penetrate again to that recondite place, and illustrate all the ruins, monuments, with the languages yet spoken all around. The society of Geography has received many ad- ditional accounts derived from do- cuments preserved in Mexico; but they have not been deemed worthy of the reward oRered for a new sur- vey, and have not even been pub- lished. The same has happened with Tiahuanaco in Bolivia and S. America, another mass of ancient ruins and mine of historical know- ledge, which no late traveller has visited nor described.

Being therefore without hope uf any speedy accession to our know- ledge of those places, I have been compelled to work upon the mate- rials now extant, which have happily enabled me to do a great deal, not- withstanding all their defects, and throw some light on that part of the history of America.

C. S. RAFINBSqUE,

Philadelphia, January, 1832.

4. AMERICAN HISTORY.

Tabular View of the American Generic Languages, and Ori ginal JVations.

One of the most glaring errors of speculative philosophers on the sub ject of America, is to be found in their assertion that American lan- guages and nations are multiplied

beyond conception, and cannot be reduced to order. This misconcep^ tion arose from a superficial knowledge of the matter, and a wish to assert extraordinary things. If the same wish had been evinced respecting Europe, they could have found 60 languages and nations in France, and 100 in Italy, by consi- dering the various provincial French and Italian Dialects, as so many Ian- uages, since many of them cannot be understood by the respective provincials of the same country. And each provincial group would be a nation, since languages dis- tinguish nations.

Even Baibi, after reducing the 1500 or 1800 supposed American languages and tribes to 422, has not attempted to class them except geographically. I made the attempt ever since 1824 in the Cincinnati Literary Gazette, and have since corrected my classification, reduc- g the 1800 American Dialects to about 25 Generic languages, which belong to the original nations of America, many of which have yet as much affinity as the Latin and Greek, or English and German.

They are the following, 14 from North and 11 from South America.

1. Languages and J^Tations of

JSTorth America. l.UsKiH, divided into about 30 Dialects and tribes; such as E8C|ui- maux, Moeuts, Chugach, Aleutian, Chuchi, &c. spoken all over Boreal America, from Bering strait and Alaska to Labrador and Groenland.

2. Onguy, about 50 dialects and tribes; Httron, Onondaga, Seneca, Hochelaga,' Tuscorora, Notoway, &c. extending from the Pacific ocean to Canada and Carolina.

3. Lenap, nearly 250 dialects and tribes; such as Chinuc, Oinneh, Algic, Shawan, Miami, Micmac, Mohegan, Nantico, Powhatan, &c. extending from the Columbia river on the Pacific ocean to Hudson bay. New England and Florida.

4. Wacash, about 60 dialects and tribes; Ataah, Chopunish,

ind cannot be iiis misconcep- a superficial natter, and a •dinary things, been evinced ley could have ind nations in taly, by consi- tvincial French assoinany lan- )fthem cannot the respective same country. I group would languages dis-

reducing the osed American ;s to 422, has ss them except ade the attempt

the Cincinnati ind have since iication, reduc- can Dialects to nguages, which inal nations of which have yet 1 the Latin and nd German, owing, 14 from South America. d JSTations of nerica.

i into about 30 ; such as Esqui- Ligach, Aleutian, I all over Boreal ring strait and ■ and Groenland. : 50 dialects and ondaga, Seneca, rora, Notoway, om the Facinc td Carolina, r 250 dialects and ^hinuc, Dinneh, »liami, Micmac, , Powhatan, &c. e Columbia river cean to Hudson 1 and Florida, bout 60 dialects lah, Chopunisb,

Coluch, Chingita, &c. spoken from California to latitude 55 in the north west coast of America.

5. Skkrbh, above 125 dialects and tribes; Panis, Seris, Pakis, I.epan, Shoshoni, Opata, Uchis, Poyay, &c. extending from Slave lake to California, Texas, Florida, and Honduras.

6. Nachkz, nearly 75 dialects and tribes; Cado, Yatasih, Wocon, Cuza, Cataba, &.c. extending from Sinaloa in the West to Carolina in the East.

7. Capaha,