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Athena, Patron Goddess of Athens
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eS. 5 The Lake Classical Series U
ELEMENTARY GREEK
AN INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF ATTIC GREEK
BY THEODORE C, BURGESS, Pu.D.
DIRECTOR OF BRADLEY POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE AND ROBERT 1: BONNER, Pu.D.
DEPARTMENT OF GREEK, UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO
CHICAGO SCOTT, FORESMAN AND COMPANY 1907
ΟΟΡΥΒΙΟΗΤΣ 1907 By Scort, FoRESMAN AND COMPANY ©
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PREFACE
The tendency of instruction in Greek in America during the past few years has been more and more to require that the introductory book should be in the simplest and briefest form consistent with thoroughness. In recognition of this demand the authors of Elementary Greek have aimed to include only the facts that are essential to a book with such a purpose, and they hope that this book will prove a natural, simple, and yet thorough introduction to Attic Greek.
This demand for a brief book carries with it also the requirement that the student complete the first book of the Anabasis by the end of the school or college year. Hlemen- tary Greek aims to meet this need effectively. It is largely with this in view that the number of lessons is reduced to sixty, that the vocabulary is made that of Xenophon, and that each lesson, beginning with the ninth, contains a pas- sage from the Anabasis. The earlier portions of Xenophon’s narrative are modified where necessary to fit them to the state of the student’s knowledge of Greek, but after the first few lessons the text of the Anabasis is introduced practically without alteration. There are definite advantages in this plan. From the very outset the student is given some con- nected narrative in each lesson, and this narrative is con- tinuous, not merely for the individual lesson, but also for the entire series. Thus he becomes familiar with the use of Greek particles earlier than is otherwise possible. Contact with real Greek develops an ability to read which cannot be gained from working over detached sentences or simpli- fied selections from various Greek authors. The knowledge
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iv Preface
that he is dealing with a famous piece of literature in its original form, not with sentences composed by some modern scholar for the occasion, serves to give genuineness, life, and interest to the student’s work.
There is also the practical gain that upon the completion of this book the student will not only have secured the necessary drill in forms and syntax, but at the same time will have finished the first three chapters of the Anabasis with a thoroughness which could not be gained so readily in any other way. The order followed in presenting the material of the individual lessons has been influenced some- what by the use of the Anabasis as a text, but never in an arbitrary way. t-verbs are introduced earlier than in most elementary books. The dual is not employed in the exer- cises, and in learning paradigms may be omitted or not at the option of the teacher.
Under the heading, “Drill,” provision is made for con- stant practice both in recognizing and in recalling the forms taught in the paradigms. Accordingly these exercises are largely review work. The student’s attention is directed exclusively to forms, thus securing a maximum amount of practice with a minimum expenditure of time. In this way it has been possible to reduce the number of sentences in the exercises and to eliminate from them those forms which occur less frequently in ordinary reading.
The selections from the Anabasis used in the lessons end in lesson LX with section 2 of Chapter III. The rest of the Third Chapter follows, with unusually copious notes,
The individual vocabularies are usually brief and the book as a whole involves a small number of words. English words derived from the Greek have been introduced freely both in the special and in the general vocabularies. The authors believe that this frequent evidence of direct connection with
Preface Vv
our own language will be interesting and stimulating. It is hoped that the prominence given to the rules for translitera- tion will assist in securing greater ease and correctness in the use of proper names.
The Appendix is made to include much more, both in paradigm and syntax, than is incorporated into the lessons themselves. Teachers who wish to do so may make use of this material for additional work.
The illustrations have been carefully selected with a view to affording opportunity for discussions of various phases of Greek life. The student should be encouraged to familiarize himself with the concise descriptions given on page xi.
These lessons have had the advantage of being subjected to the test of use in the classroom both in high school and college for a period of several years.
The authors gratefully acknowledge their indebtedness to Professor Edward Capps of the University of Chicago, who has rendered invaluable assistance at every stage in the preparation of the book.
THEODORE Οὐ. BuRGEss
Rospert J. BONNER August 1, 1907
CONTENTS
List of Illustrations Introductory Δ ee nee eee Preliminary Statements: The Alphabet; Vowels; Sounds of Consonants; Double Consonants; Syllabification; Diph- thongs; Accent; Breathing; Proclitics; Enclitics; Pro- nunciation; Transliteration LESSON I. The Verb—Introductory: Voices; Moods; Tenses; Accents; Numbers; v-movable; Present Indicative of λύω. 2 τ ἀρνί: II. Nouns: Cases; Genders; Numbers; The ei oad Declension; The Article . . hs. Σ Ill. First Declension—Nouns in ἡ; The en IV. First Declension—Nouns in ἃ or a; Adjectives .
V. The Imperfect Indicative Active; Augment; Com- pound Verbs; Masculine Nouns of the First Declension
VI. The Future and First 25 deka ΤΑΣ Indicative Active; Principal Parts
VII. The Present and Imperfect Middle ( ti.) :; : Depo nent Verbs τ ae em
VIII. Review
IX. Review of the V Si weiss Stems; Buphonic a ings; The Infinitive 5.2. ee
X. The Future and Aorist Middle ΧΙ. εἰμί; Proclitics and Enclitics XII. Pronouns—airds, ἐκεῖνος, οὗτος, ὅδε XII. Third Declension Nouns— Linguals XIV. Contract Verbs in aw XV. Contract Verbs in ἔω and 6w; Feed eck.
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-1
and Palatal
De-
Stems in c and v:
Uses of the Participle: Uses of ΒΡ :
The Subjunctive: Purpose Clauses; More Vivid Future and Present General Conditions
The Future and First Aorist of Liquid Verbs: The πριν: Prosaee
The Optative eles Middle aaa Panne De-
The Optative Middle (Passive); τας Dis- course; Less Vivid Future and Past General
Declension of Com- The Imperative
Reflexive and Possessive
Vili Contents LESSON XVI. The Participle XVII. The Third Declension- Taek Stems XVIII. The Third Declension— Labial Stems . XIX. The Third ἜΤ ἘΣ clension of Numerals . XX. Uses of the Participle XXI. XXII. XXIII. The Perfect System: Reduplication XXIV. The Aorist Passive XXV. Hiatus . XXVI. The Perfect Middle: λυθείς XXVII. ponents; Purpose Clauses XXVIII. Conditions er XXIX. Comparison of Adjectives; paratives : ; 3 XXX. The Imperative Active; Sixhoweiaetd XXXI. Third Declension Stems in ev; ἵστημι XXXII. Third Declension Stems in ες: Middle (Passive) XXXIII. δείκνυμι: μέγας XXXIV. Subjunctive of Contract V erbs XXXV. Personal Pronouns; Pronouns . ι XXXVI. Review of the Third ae. ee XXXVIJI. The Numerals XXXVIII. ἵστημι: πᾶς : χαρίεις ; πολύς
LESSON
XXXIX.
XL. XLI.
XLII. XLIII.
XLIV. XLV.
XLVI.
XLVII. XLVIII.
XLIX.
LVI. LVII LVITII.
LIX. LX.
Contents
εἰμί (review); εἶμι ; Indirect Discourse; Simple and Untrue Conditions; Tabular View of Conditions
τίθημι ἐπ eho ahs MS
δίδωμι : Supplementary Participle; Negatives .
Future Perfect; Future Passive: ἵστημι
Verbal Adjectives .
Perfect and Pluperfect Middle oe
Review of the Infinitive :
Adverbs; Optative of Contract Verbs .
Review of Participles BNE) to LO Purpose and Object Clauses; The Formation cf Words : a er ἫΝ Tense Systems; The Secu esi : tis; τίς; ὅστις ; φημί; Direct Questions
The Future System
The Aorist and Perfect Systems Active; The Parti ciple in Indirect Discourse
The Perfect System Passive (Middle) .
The Aorist Passive System
pu- Verbs in the Present System
μι- Verbs in the Second Aorist System .
ἴημι and κάθημαι . . . . .
The ee procal Pronoun; Clauses ὙΡΕΕΕΝ Ἢ ἕως. ἔστε, μέχρι, ἄχρι, πρίν.
τρβες οἶδα ; Indirect Questions .
Conditional Relatives
Anabasis, Book I, Chap. III. 2. 21 Appendices
English-Greek Pekiclary Greek-English Vocabulary
Index .
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120
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
PAGE ΑΤΉΕΝΑ, Patron Goppess or ATHENS . . .- . Frontispiece
This statuette of Pentelic marble was found in Athens in 1880. It is a copy of the famous gold and ivory statue of Athena by Phidias which stood in the Parthenon (438 s.c.) on the Acropolis. The goddess wears a helmet, aegis, chiton, bracelets, and sandals. Her left hand rests upon her shield, while the right holds a winged statue of Victory, typifying the glorious career of Athens. The helmet is ornamented with a sphinx; the cheek-pieces, which are characteristic of an Attic helmet, are raised. Note the Medusa’s head and her snaky locks upon the aegis. The serpent which peers from behind the shield is sug- gestive of Erechtheus, prominent in the mythical history of Athens. The head has been broken from the statue of victory. The column supporting Athena’s right hand was probably not in the original.
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Fig. 1—Capturinc δι ΟἌΤΤΙΕ.
Φ These famous cups of gold were found in a beehive tomb (see Fig. 2) at Vaphio near Sparta, and are commonly known as the ‘*‘ Vaphio cups.’’ The design is hammered from the inside (repoussé work). An inner cup was inserted to conceal the indentations. Both inner and outer cups are made from single discs of gold, soldered together at the upper edge. The handles are riveted on. Notice that the ani- mal in the net is in an impossible position. The larger trees are palms. As in Fig. 5 the men are clad in trunks only.
Iie. 2—A “Beentve” Toms at Mycenae. .... . 24
The cut shows a ground-plan and a cross-section of the most famous of the beehive tombs, which is commonly called the ‘* Treasury of Atreus.’’ A passage cut into the side ofa hill and lined with stone walls leads to a short covered hall. The main part of the tomb, which is 47 feet in diameter, is a circular structure built in the shape of a beehive, formed by gradually contracting rings of beveled stone. Opening from it is a square chamber hewn out of the living rock. Bodies were laid on the floor and surrounded with elaborate funeral gifts (see Fig. 5), many of which were of gold (see Fig. 1). These tombs belong to about 1500 B. c.
EI, SCENE. . «kt lt lw sw CO This scene and Fig. 9 form the exterior decoration of a cylix (drink- ing-cup). The design is in the red-figured style of the fifth century B. c., by the artist Duris. The boy at the left is receiving a lesson on the seven-stringed lyre. The other boy is reciting a lesson while his
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Inst of Illustrations
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teacher looks on a roll. On the right is the pedagogue, a slave who accompanied his master’s sons to and from school. Cloaks (ἱμάτια) are the only garments worn. On the wall are drinking-cups, lyres, a flute case, and a receptacle for carrying rolls such as one of the teachers holds in his hand. It was customary to paint on vases the name of a popular young man. Here the “love” inscription, which ean scarcely be seen, is ᾿Ιπ(π)οδάμος καλός.
4.—WomeEN at Home . ae
A red-figured painting on an Attic vase be eu fifth sautied Β. 6. In the center of the group of three on the left sits a woman with an embroidery frame. Behind her is a woman with a work basket, while in front stands a caller, wrapped ina mantle. Next stands a woman tying her girdle. The seated woman has a brush with which to paint her face. The servant holds a jar of unguent and a toilet box. On the wall hang two fillets, a plectrum, and two indistinct objects. Observe the dress. The first, fourth, and sixth figures wear the chiton (χίτων) alone. The two seated women and the caller have cloaks as well as chitons.
5.—A Lion Hunt
This inlaid bronze ee blade was fee in a shaft grave at Mycenae. The figures are inlaid on a separate strip of enameled bronze, which is set into the blade. The nude parts of the men and® the bodies of the lions are made of gold. The clothing (trunks) and shields are made of electrum. The handle was fastened on with gold rivets. Notice the weapons and the shapes of the shields, and the method of carrying them. Observe also a spear-head protruding from the attacking lion’s flank.
6.—A Banquet Scene «| ws SRA Sy) The banqueters wear garlands and recline on cushions. Small three- legged tables hold the drinking-utensils and sweetmeats. A female musician plays a double flute for their amusement, while one of the guests beats a tambourine.
7.— PREPARING FOR BATTLE - +» A red-figured cylix of the fifth century Β. c. The drawing combines two different portions of the original design on the outside of the cup so as to show how the greaves (xynuides), breastplate (θώραξ), and sword belt were puton. The design on the shield is an armed centaur.
8.— Hur.LINnG A JAVELIN ; bial : This design is from a Panathenaic vase, given as a prize to nila ath- letes who won the contests at the Panathenaea, the great festival in honor of Athena, at Athens. The thong (ἀγκύλη) wound around the shaft and held in the fingers gave the javelin a rotary motion and increased its range.
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45
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List of Illustrations xiii PAGE
Fiag.9.—A Scuoot Scene... ein 88
This scene is taken from the same vase as Fig. 3; The ate on the left is listening to his teacher as he plays a double flute. The teacher in the center is probably correcting an exercise written on tablets. To the right sits a pedagogue. On the wall are a roll and a set of tablets tied up, a lyre with plectrum attached, and an uncertain object.
Fia. 10.—Tue Contest BETWEEN APOLLO AND Marsyas ... 8&8)
This marble relief which belongs to the pedestal of a sculptured group found at Mantinea is the work of Praxiteles. On the left sits Apollo, who has just finished playing the lyre; on the right is Marsyas play- ing the double flute. Apollo’s Phrygian servant stands in the center with his knife, ready to exact the penalty. Notice that the slave wears a garment with sleeves such as Greeks never wore. Thisrelief belongs to the early fourth century B. c.
Fie. 11.—A Recorp or THE Otympic Victories or Troitus . 87
Ἑλλήνων ἦρχον τότε ᾿Ολυμπίᾳ, ἡνίκα μοι Ζεὺς δῶκεν νικῆσαι πρῶτον ᾿Ολυμπιάδα
ἵπποις ἀθλοφόροις' τὸ δὲ δεύτερον αὖτις ἐφεξῆς ἵπποις. υἱὸς δ᾽ ἣν Τρωίλος ᾿Αλκινόου.
This inscription, which is in metrical form, is on a bronze plate which was originally attached to a statue of Troilus in Olympia. It was found in 1879, Pausanias saw it when he visited Olympia in the sec- ond century a. Dp. Observe that the words are not separated from each other.
Wig. 12—A Greek Razor. ..... εἴ dra ἀκοὴ 96
This so-called Greek razor is three and seven-eighths ae long and is made of bronze. Notice the stirrup-shaped handle and the circular A blade.
Fia. 13.—A Greek Lapy in Her Bovupoir eS tae. in ek OT
From a red-figured vase of the fifth century B.c. The woman, whose name is Danaé, reclines on an elegantcouch. Sheis dressed in achiton (note the way in which the sleeves are formed) and a himation, and holds in her hand the ends of a fillet (similar to those on the wall in Fig. 4) which confines her hair. On the wall are a mirror and a bag (orcap). Notice the footstool. The inscription is AANAE.
Fia, 14—A Scene ΙΝ A SHOEMAKER’S SHOP... . 106
A black-figured painting on an Attic vase of the sixth Bt B.C. A woman is having a pair of shoes cut out and fitted. Shestandsona low table. The cobbler with a semi-circular knife is on the point of cutting out the soles from a piece of leather under the woman’s feet. The assistant is shaping a piece of leather for the upper portion of the shoes. The white-haired man with cloak and cane is a visitor, probably the woman’s husband. On the wallareawls, pincers, cutter,
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List of Illustrations
Fig.
AG:
Fig.
Fig.
PAGE lasts, strap, pieces of leather, and a basket. On the floor area bowl and a pair of sandals. Archaic painters always represent the flesh of a woman in white.
15—A Scene ΙΝ a Buacxsmirn’s SHop . . . °°. tf. 109
A black-figured painting on an Attic vase of the sixth century B. c. The blacksmith holds a piece of iron with tongs while his assistant hammers it. The two men with canes and cloaks seated on stools are loungers. Other objects in the picture are a furnace, hammers, knife. saw, chisel, sword, water jug, cloak, and tongs.
16.— ATHLETIC EXERCISES ΔΝ: ον αν ΕΟ
This is a red-figured painting on a ΟΥἹΪΧ of the early afth century B. Cc. It represents a series of five athletic events known as the Pentathlon— jumping, running, discus-throwing, spear-hurling, and wrestling. Notice the various articles represented: spears, pick (for loosening the earth), discus, discus case, jumping-weights, strigil (στλεγγίς). oil flask, sponge, cane (in the hands of an instructor). Some of the athletes wear the wrestler’s cap. One of the instructors is preparing to measure the jump of the young man with the weights in his hand. The *‘ love”’ inscription (cf. Fig. 3) is Παναίτιος καλός.
17.—SceENE IN A Bronze Founpry ἈΝΤ πστ΄
A red-figured painting on an Attic cylix of the early Ἢ century B. Ὁ
The design runs around the outside of the cylix. To the left is a fur- nace. One man is blowing it, while another uses a poker. Nextisa workman witha hammer. Bronze statues were cast in parts, riveted together, scraped and polished. The work of riveting and polishing is shown in the picture. The two men leaning on canes are visitors. Observe how their cloaks are put on. On the walls are represented hammers, a saw, scrapers, strigils, oil flasks, patterns, and models.
18.—Greex Lapizs’ Tomer . .-. « « ee
From a red-figured Attic vase of the fifth century B.c. The womanon the left is completing her toilet. One servant holds a band ready to tie up her hair while the other brings a toilet jar and a receptacle for jewels, ribbons, ete. A child is tying the sandal of the other seated woman while a maid is bringing a jewel casket. On the wall are two mirrors. Notice the chest on wnicn isa vase; behind it stands a tall vase such as was placed on the graves of unmarried persons. The inscriptions are, Γλαύκη, Θαλεία, Κυμοδόκη, Κυμοθόη, Ταλήνη. These are names οὗ Nereids.
Fig. 19.—Opyssreus AND THE SIRENS . .. . ee! |
Odysseus in his desire to hear the Sirens directed his auiay to tie him to the mast and on no account to set him free. He had already filled the sailors’ ears with wax. In this way he and his crew were proof against the allurements of the Sirens. Notice the method of steering
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List of Illustrations
XV
a ὀἤ-.-΄΄΄΄΄[ὃβρ.2»2!ἵ..... ὦ .
and the arrangement of the single sail. The inscriptions are Hiep- émra, sweet voice; ᾿Ολυσεύς. Odysseus. Observe that H represents the rough breathing.
20.—Tue Bripecroom GOING FOR THE Brive .
The bridegroom is going in a four-horse chariot to the home of the bride. The scene is idealized by the introduction of persons in the guise of divinities. The figure on the left has the dress characteristic of Hermes—chlamys (short military cloak), cap (3éracos), and wand. On the right is a female figure (Artemis?) with wreath and torch. This is taken from a red-figured cylix of the fifth century B. c.
21.—A Greek Parasou anp Fan . ; : In this cut parts of two red-figured vase paintings are given. Observe the parasol, fan, footstool, footbath, and folding stool. The servant is handing a ribbon to her mistress.
22.— Tue GRAVESTONE OF DEXILEOS
Δεξίλεως Λυσανίου Θωρίκιος ἐγένετο ἐπὶ Τεισάνδρου ἄρχοντος, ἀπέθανε ἐπ᾽ ᾿Ευβουλίδου éy Κορίνθωι τῶν πέντε ἱππέων. This gravestone (στήλη) was discovered in the Ceramicus at Athens ἴῃ 1863. Dexileos, dressed in chiton and chlamys, is represented as slaying with a spear a prostrate foe, who still clings to his shield. The date of his birth is 414-413, the year in which Teisandrus was archon. This is the only Attic tomb that bears a date. Dexileos was slain in the battle of Oor- inth 394 Β, c. He was probably one of five horsemen (πέντε ἱππέων) who performed some notable feat of arms. Reliefs on Greek tombs do not, like modern tombstone designs, carry the suggestion of death. Here Dexileos is represented in the hour of triumph.
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INTRODUCTORY
The Greeks have the most remarkable literary history of any people. Their literature is not less notable for rich and- lofty thought than for beauty of expression. Almost all the forms in which ideas have been expressed were either origi- nated or best developed by this creative race; e. g. history, oratory, philosophical prose, and poetry in all its forms— comedy, tragedy, epic, lyric, elegiac, and bucolic. Their art, displayed at its best in sculpture and architecture (temple- building), has never been surpassed. Their theories form the basis of modern science and philosophy. In the realm of political science, both by experiment and by speculation, they have contributed more than any other people. No other race has ever come so near perfection in so many lines.
What concerns us here chiefly is their language, which was as wonderfully developed as their art and their literature. The Greeks called themselves ‘“Hellenes” and their land “Hellas.” The Romans gave them the name “Graeci,” and hence came our word “Greek.” There is a tendency at the present time to return to the original names. The Greeks are a branch of the Indo-European race to which we belong, and occupied at the dawn of history what we still know as the Grecian peninsula, as well as the islands of the Aegean Sea and the coast of Asia Minor. Later they spread over the whole of the coast of the Mediterranean, and their language gradually became the medium of communication among cultivated people throughout the civilized world of antiquity.
There were three main branches of the Greek race—the Aeolians, the Dorians, and the Ionians—each speaking a dialect differing slightly from that spoken by the others.
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4 ὡς ΧΥ Introductory
Each made its own contribution to that wonderful body of Greek literature a portion of which has come down to us. Almost all of the classical Greek literature, however (from about 500 to 300 B.c.), was written in a dialect which-was an offshoot of the Ionic, namely the Attic—the language used in Attica, whose capital was Athens. It is the Attic dialect of the Greek language, therefore, which is universally studied as the standard, and upon it our Greek grammars are based.
Greek literature has an unbroken history of twenty-eight centuries, from Homer to the present time. The Greek language is still spoken by the inhabitants of continental Greece and in many parts of the Levant. Modern Greek ¢ differs from the ancient only by such changes as the lapse of time must necessarily produce.
Form
DeneKMvnAonzsrrA-OmNmP I wp
t 2 ¥
6 cx 9.
€ 379% ἡ owls π »»2ὴπ- OB iM OY De
Sound a in far b g in go d é in met dz ey in obey th in thin 7 in machine
ks, x in flax ὅ in renovate Pp
r
s in see
t in to
French u, Germ. ii ph in physics
German ch ps
6 in no
sound of the letter.
1 At the end of a word ¢ is used, elsewhere σ΄.
PRELIMINARY STATEMENTS 1. The Greek alphabet has twenty-four letters:
Name ἄλφα βῆτα γάμμα δέλτα εἶ, ὃ ψτλόν tira ἦτα θῆτα ἰῶτα κάππα λάμβδα μῦ νῦ ξεῖ, £1 οὗ, ὃ μῖκρόν πεῖ, πὶ ῥῶ σίγμα ταῦ ὑ, ὑ ψτλόν dei, ot xet, xt Wei, Yt
a> Δ 2 ®, ὦ μεγα
alpha beta gamma delta epsilon zeta eta theta, iota kappa lambda mu
nu
xi omicron pi
rho sigma tau upsilon phi
chi
psi omega
The initial sound of the name (last column) gives the
2 Elementar y Greek 82
2. Of the seven vowels (a, €, ἢ»; t, 0, v, Ω) the e- and o- sounds have separate letters to represent the long and short quantity: €,;0,. The other vowels (a, 1, and v) have not. In this book a, t, and v are short when not marked long (ἃ, t, Ὁ) or accented with the circumflex (ἃ, 1, 9). Thus in «ada (~ -) the first vowel is short, the second long.’
ee
3. The consonants have the sounds of the corresponding letters in English, except that y before k, y, x, § has the sound of ng, as ἢ in ink. This is called gamma nasal. ἄγγελος angelos, messenger.
4, ἔ(κσ), (10), and ¢ (δ and s-sound) are called double consonants. Observe that 8, $, x are not double consonants. The h-sound in them was not regarded as a separate letter.
7 5, A word has as many syllables as it has separate vowels “or diphthongs. ny combination of consonants which would easily begin a word is included in the syllable with the fol-
lowing vowel, 6. g. ἄντθρω-πος, πά-σχω. Compound words are divided between the original parts: οὐκέτι-- οὐκ-έτι, not οὐ-κέτι.
if fg
6. The diphthongs are formed by combining a vowel with eithertorv. vtcombines thesetwo. With a, ἢ, and ὦ the letter t is written beneath the first vowel of the diphthong and is called iota-subscript. 4, Ἢν @ are improper diphthongs.
7. The diphthongs are:
» a aisle nv almost as εὖ a asa av sauerkraut οι toil 1 asy εἰ eight’ ov youth ® as @ ev feud ve quit®
1Be careful to give every long vowel twice the time of the short in pronuncia- tion and to pronounce both consonants when two come together: μέλλω, γνῶθι, Thus νεωτέρου has the rhythm ~» — © πὶ ποῦ τ ~~ =. 2Some teachers prefer the sound of ez in height. 3No exact English equivalent; vt is much like Eng, we.
814 Preliminary Statements 3
8. The last syllable of a word is called the ultima; the
next to the last, the penult; the third from the last, the ——
antepenult.
9. There are three accents used in writing: the acute (7), the grave (7), and the circumflex (7). The accent is placed directly over the vowel, unless it is a capital letter (20), and over the second vowel of a proper diphthong: τοῖς, τούς.
10. All Greek words are accented on one of the last _ three syllables. The place of the accent must often be ; learned outright, as in English; but rules can be formulated for many words. The kind of accent—acute, circumflex, or grave—will agree with the following rules:
11. The acute may stand on any one of the last three syl- _ ables of a word; the circumiex only on the penult and ultima; the grave, on the ultima only. The circumflex is confined to long syllables. Thus in ἄρα the first a is short, in dpa it is long. In this way the accent will often reveal the quantity of a vowel.
12. The antepenult, if accented, takes only the acute. It can receive the accent only when the ultimais short. The majority of words with short ultima are accented on the ante- penult; 6. g. ἄνθρωπος.
18, The penult, if- accented, takes the circumflex when it is long and the ultima is short: παῖδες, In all other cases when the penult is accented it takes the acute: νέος, δώρου.
Nore.—When o and a: are final they count as short for purposes of accent, except in the optative mood and in the adverb οἴκοι: V e. g. λέγεται. ἄνθρωποι, but κελεύοι (Optative of a verb).
14. The ultima, if accented, may take either the acute or the circumflex; the acute only when it is short, but either the acute or the circumflex when it is long: καλός, καλοῦ, καλούς.
| Elementary Greek §15
15. In pronouncing Greek we give each of the accents exactly the same force, that is, a mere stress upon the syl- lable accented. Im ancient times the accents represented differences in pitch. The marks of accent were invented about 200 B. c. by Aristophanes, an Alexandrian scholar, as an assistance in teaching foreigners the correct pronunciation of Greek.
16. These rules of accent may be made clearer by the following scheme, in which the quantity of the syllable is indicated by the signs - and ~:
Accent on the Antepenult ᾿ς On the Penult On the Ultima
΄ ~ -- - ~ _ ~
, » - -
Ις ᾿ς Ι( ι(
» ~ ~ ~ - »
ις [( 1
tors
17. A word with the acute accent on the ultima is called oxytone, An oxytone changes its acute to the grave when used before another word in the same clause. This is practically the only occasion for the grave accent; 6. g. ἐπὶ τὴν ὁδόν, ἣν ὁρᾶτε, to the road, which you see.
18. Accent the bold-faced syllables in ἐκεινος, τούτων, Swpov, -povor, οὐδε, ἥγηται, ἐνδοθεν. ἀνθρωποι (noun). What is the quantity of the ultima in Ἕλληνας, ἐνταῦθα, χώρα, μικρᾶς. θάλαττα ὃ
19. Every vowel or diphthong at the beginning of a word has a breathing. The rough breathing (‘) shows that the vowel is preceded by the sound of the letter h; the smooth (’) merely marks the absence of any h-sound. ἐν, en; ἑν, hen.
20. The breathing is placed over the second vowel of a diphthong; e. g. al, Ol. The accent with the breathing is placed thus: at, αἷς, ot, ete. Accent and breathing are placed before an initial capital vowel, not over it: Ὅμηρος;
825 Preliminary Statements 5
in the case of diphthongs, accent and breathing remain on the second vowel: Εὖρος, Αἰνείᾶς. a, ἢ, and @, when capital- ized at the beginning of a word, are written At, Ht, and Qu, but the accents and breathings are placed as in the case of single initial letters; 6. g.“Avéys, Hades. ΑἸ] words begin- ning with p or v have the rough breathing: ὑπέρ, hyper; ῥήτωρ, rhetor.
21. A few monosyllables have no accent, but are closely attached to the word following. They are called proclitics (πρό-!- κλίνω, lean forward): ἐν ἀρχῇ, in a province.
22. A word which loses its own accent and is pronounced as if it were a part of the preceding word is called an enclitic (ἐν -Ε κλίνω, lean on): ἀγαθός ἐστιν, he is good.’ For the effect of an enclitic on the accent of the preceding word see 115.
23. Of the Greek marks of punctuation, the comma and the period are the same as in English. The colon is a point above the line (-), and takes the place of both the colon and the semicolon of English. The mark of interrogation (;) is the same as the English semicolon.
24, When reading Greek pronounce proper names with the Greek sound of the letters and the accent as written, but in translating pronounce with the English sound of the letters and the Latin accent, i. e. with the accent on the penult if long, otherwise on the antepenult: Κλέαρχος, but English Cledrchus; Σωκράτης,- but English Sécrates.
25. The values of the Greek letters in transliteration (transference into English) are seen on p. 1, “Sounds.” Note, however, that
1 We have practically the same thing in English: in “ἡ Téll me the néws,” ‘“‘me”’
is closely attached to “tell,” and “the” to ‘‘news.” Thus ‘“‘me”’ is enclitic and “the” proclitic.
6 Elementary Greek § 25
A= Zevs = Zeus K=c Kipos= Cyrus v=y Κῦρος = Cyrus : - ᾽ A : at—ae (pronounce é) Ἀριαῖος = Ariaeus ol—oe (pronounce é) Οἰδίπους = Oedipus €t=2 or é Adpetos= Darius; Αἰνείας ΞΞ Aeneas ov=u Ovpavia= Urania
In the second declension os, ov, ot (nom. plu.)= wus, wm, and ὦ; e. g. Κῦρος = Cyrus, Ἴλιον -- lium ; Δελφοί = Delphi. Some irregular English forms have become fixed; 6. g. : ᾿Αθῆναι, Athens; ᾿Αριστοτέλης, Aristotle; Πλάτων, Plato; Ὅμηρος, Homer.
26. Transliterate and mark the accented syllable of the English form of ᾿Αμαζών, Oovevdidns, “EXXas, Κελαιναί, Βυζάντιον, Χειρίσοφος, Evpidien, Bevias, Μέλητος, bide Oiveus, “Aptepis, Ῥαδάμανθος (“P=Rh).
27. In most modern editions capitals are used only with proper nouns (not with proper adjectives), and at the be- ginning of paragraphs and direct quotations.
——EEEEEEEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEee
Fic. 1.—Capturing Wild Cattle
LESSON I THE VERB. INTRODUCTORY
28. The verb has three voices: actiye, middle, and_pas- sive. The middle voice indicates that the subject acts upon himself or for his own advantage. Except in two tenses (future and aorist), the forms of the middle and passive are identical. φαίνει, he shows; φαίνεται (middle), he shows him- self, appears; φαίνεται (passive), he is shown.
29. There are four finite moods: the indicative, sub- junctive, optative, and imperative. The verb has also infinitives, participles, and verbal adjectives.
30. There are seven tenses: the present, imperfect, aorist, future, perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect. The present, future, perfect, and future perfect are called primary (or prin- cipal) tenses; the imperfect, aorist, and pluperfect refer to the past and are called secondary (or historical) tenses.
31. In general the Greek tenses correspond in meaning to those in Latin. The aorist takes the place of the histori- cal perfect.
32. The accent of verbs is recessive, i. e. it recedes as far as possible from the end of the word. Ifthe verb has three or more syllables, it takes the acute on the antepenult, provided the ultima is short; but_if the ultima is long, it takes the acute on the penult. A verb of two syllables has the accent on the penult—the circumflex, if the penult is long and the ultima short, otherwise the acute (see 10-14).
33. There are three numbers: singular, dual, and plural. The dual’ denotes two persons.
1As it occurs but rarely, some teachers will prefer to omit it in the paradigms. The exercises do not require a knowledge of the dual.
7
8 Elementary Greek §34
34, v is added to certain words at the end of a clause or when the next word begins with a vowel. This ν is called v-movable. 'The most common of these words are those end- ing in ot, verb forms ending in ε in the third person singular, and ἐστί; cf. Eng. an apple.
35. Tuer Present INDICATIVE ACTIVE Singular 1 Avo, I loose ἔχω, I have : 2 Aves, you loose ἔχεις 3 λύει, he looses ἔχει Dual 2° λύετον, you two loose ἔχετον © 3 λύετον, they.two loose ἔχετον Plural 1 λύομεν, we loose ἔχομεν 2 λύετε, you loose ἔχετε 9. λύουσι, they loose ἔχουσι 2 Singular 1 τάττω, 1 arrange ἀθροίζω, 17 assemble 2 τάττεις ἀθροίζεις 35. τάττει ἀθροίζει Dual τάττετον ἀθροίζετον 95. τάττετον ἀθροίζετον Plural 1 τάττομεν ἀθροίζομεν τάττετε ἀθροίζετε 3. τάττουσι ἀθροίζουσι 36. VOCABULARY ἀθροίζω (also ἁθροίζω), collect. iw, loose. [analysis] ἔχω, have. τάττω, arrange, appoint. [tactics] ST: EXERCISES
I. 1. λύει. 2. éyovow.' 8. τάττω. 4. λύομεν. 5. ἀθροί- fas. 6. ἔχετε. 7. τάττουσι. 8. ἀθροίζετε. 9. τάττει. 10. ἔχομεν. Ray
II. 1. He has. 2..They arrange. 3. I collect. 4. We have. 5. Youloose. ὦ. They collect. 7. He arranges.
8. We loose. 9. You collect. 10. They have.
1See 84.
XK a “Ὡς δι
8.40 Nouns. The Second or o-Declension
| ©
LESSON II Nouns. THE SECOND oR 0-DECLENSION
38. There are five cases: nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, and vocative. These cases express in general the same relations as the corresponding cases in Latin, except that in Greek the uses of the Latin ablative are divided between the dative and the genitive.
39, There are three genders: masculine, feminine, and neuter; and three numbers: singular, dual, and plural. There are three declensions: the First or a-Declension, the Second or o=Declension, and the Third or Consonant De- elension. Compare the Latin declensions.
40. Tur SEcoND or 9-DECLENSION oF Nouns aND ADJECTIVES
Bios, ὁ, life ὁ ἀγαθὸς vids, the good son Ζ Singular Ὁ N. βίος, a life N. ὁ ἀγαθὸς vits G. βίον, of a life G. τοῦ ἀγαθοῦ υἱοῦ D. βίῳ, to or for a life D. τῷ ἀγαθῷ υἱῷ A. βίον, a life A. τὸν ἀγαθὸν υἱόν V. Bk, Olife V. ἀγαθὲ υἱέ τ Dual N. A.V. Blo N. A.V. τὼ ἀγαθὼ vie G.D. Blow ' G. Ὁ. τοῖν ἀγαθοῖν,υἱοῖν Plural N. “βίοι, lives N. οἱ ἀγαθοὶ viol G., βίων, of lives G. τῶν ἀγαθῶν υἱῶν D.| βίοις, to or for lives D. τοῖς ἀγαθοῖς υἱοῖς A.\ βίους, lives A. τοὺς ἀγαθοὺς υἱούς V. βίοι, O lives V. ἀγαθοὶ viol πεδίον, τό, the plain Singular Plural N. πεδίον « Ν, πεδία G. πεδίου G. πεδίων 1). πεδίῳ D. πεδίοις Α. πεδίον ᾽ A. πεδία Μ΄. πεδίον V. πεδία φᾷ Dual in N. A.V. medio G. D. πεδίοιν
10 Elementary Greek 840
a τὸ καλὸν δῶρον, the beautiful gift
Singular Plural N. τὸ καλὸν δῶρον N. τὰ καλὰ δῶρα G. τοῦ καλοῦ δώρου G. τῶν καλῶν δώρων D. τῷ καλῷ δώρῳ D. τοῖς καλοῖς ϑώροις Α. τὸ καλὸν δῶρον Av τὰ καλὰ δῶρα V. καλὸν δῶρον V. καλὰ Sapa Dual N. A.V. τὼ Kado Sapo G. Ὁ. τοῖν kadotv δώροιν
41. The stem of the second declension ends in ο, the nominative in os or ov, Nouns in os are masculine, rarely feminine; those in ov are neuter. Compare the Latin us (early spelling os) and wm (om). The accent of nouns is retentive, i. e. it remains on the same syllable as in the nominative unless the laws of accent require some change. (Cf. 10-14.)
42. When the accent falls on the ultima, it is acute in the nominative, accusative, and vocative, but circumflex in the genitive and dative, of all numbers.
43. Greek, unlike Latin, has the great advantage of possessing a definite article. ὁ, the, is declined like an adjective (the forms ὁ, ἡ, οἱ, and ai are proclitic), and agrees with its noun in gender, number, and case; as in English, it has no vocative. There is no indefinite article. It must be supplied in translation, if needed. In the vocabu- lary the article is placed after a noun as a convenient means of indicating gender. Thus υἱός, od, ὁ is a masculine noun with genitive υἱοῦ.
44, Observe that in neuters the nominative, accusative, and vocative in each number are alike, and that in the plural these cases end in a, This is true of neuter nouns of all declensions. Cf. the Latin templum, flumen, cornu.
45, When the article is used with a noun and an attribu-_ tive adjective, the adjective must be immediately pr-—— __
8.49 Nouns. The Second or o-Declension 1
by the article. Thus the good son is ὁ ἀγαθὸς vids or ὁ υἱὸς ὁ ἀγαθός. The adjective usually stands between the article and the noun. This is called the attributive position, A limiting genitive may or may not be in the attributive posi- tion: ὁ Κύρου Bios or ὁ Bios Κύρου or Κύρου ὁ Bios, the life of Cyrus.
46. A neuter substantive in the plural regularly takes a verb in the singular. τὰ δῶρα ἣν καλά, the gifts were beautiful.
47. VOCABULARY ἀγαθός, good, honorable. [Agatha] ἦσαν, were.| Blos, ov, 6, life. [biology] ἵππος, ov, 6, horse. [hippopotamus] γυμνάζω, exercise. [gymnastics] καλός, beautiful, adj. [Calliope] ϑῶρον, ov, τό, gift. [Pandora] πεδίον, ov, τό, plain. εἰς, prep. with acc., to,into. [eS- ποταμός, ot, ὁ, river. [Mesopo- oteric] tamia] ἐκ, prep. with gen., from, out of. στρατηγός, οὔ, ὁ, general. [stra- Φ [eclectic] — J nak tegy] ie ἐν, prep. with dat., in. vids, οὔ, ὁ, son. xt ἦν, was. 3 48. DRILL
tee ᾧ βίων. 2. τοῦ ἵππου. 8. στρατηγοῖς. 4. τοὺς βίους. ὅ. πεδίῳ. θ. οἱ ἵπποι. II. 1. Generals. 2. From the rivers. 3. To the plains. 4. The horses of the general. 5. For the sons. 6. The plains. 49. EXERCISES I. 1. οἱ στρατηγοὶ ἔχουσι τὰ δῶρα. 2. ἵππους καλοὺς ἔχο- μεν τοῖς ἀγαθοῖς υἱοῖς. 8. τὰ πεδία ἣν καλά. 4. ὁ τοῦ στρατηγοῦ υἱὸς ἀθροίζει τοὺς ἵππους ἐκ τῶν πεδίων. 5. γυμνάζουσι τοὺς ἵππους τῶν στρατηγῶν.
II. 1. The life of the general was honorable. 2. He has good gifts for the generals. 3. You are arranging the beautiful horses in the plain. 4. The sons of the gen- erals are exercising the horses. 5. There were rivers in the plain.
12 Elementary Greek — §50
LES&ON III THE a- oR First DECLENSION. Nouns IN ἢ. THE ARTICLE 50. Nouns of the first declension end in ὦ, 4, 7, feminine, and as, 7s, masculine. The stem ends in a. Differences in declension are confined to the singular. The dual and plural
are aliketor-el- nous
51. Singular N. ἀρχή, rule 7 φίλη κώμη, the friendly village G. ἀρχῆς τῆς φίλης κώμης D. ἀρχῇῃ τῇ φίλῃ κώμῃ Α. ἀρχήν τὴν φίλην κώμην V. ἀρχή φίλη κώμη Dual N. A.V. apxa τὼ φίλα κώμα α. Ὁ. ἀρχαῖν τοῖν φίλαιν κώμαιν Plural N. V. ἀρχαί ai φίλαι κῶμαι ἃ. ἀρχῶν τῶν φίλων κωμῶν D. ἀρχαῖς ταῖς φίλαις κώμαις Α. ἀρχάς τὰς φίλας κώμας
In the same manner decline τελευτή, end; μάχη, battle.
DECLENSION OF THE DEFINITE ARTICLE
Singular MASCULINE FEMININE NEUTER N. 6 ἣ τό G. τοῦ τῆς τοῦ D. τῷ τῇ τῷ A. τόν τὴν τό
Dual N. A. τώ G. Ὁ. τοῖν
Plural N. ot ai τά ἃ. τῶν τῶν τῶν D. τοῖς ταῖς τοῖς A. τούς τάς τὰ
856 The a- or First Declension. The Article 13
52. The article frequently has the force of a possessive pronoun: ᾿Αρταξέρξης ὑποπτεύει τὸν ἀδελφόν, Artaxerxes suspects his brother.
in the genitive and dative of all numbers. The ἄρά ϊενο plural of all first-declension nouns has the circumflex on the ultima.
54. VOCABULARY ἄγω. bring, lead. μάχη. Ns, 4, battle. [logomachy] ἀδελφός, οὔ, ὁ, brother. [Philadel- ὁ, 4, τό, the, definite article. — phia] πέμπω, send. [pomp] ἀρχή, fis, 7, ‘pule, e. [an- σκηνή, fs, 4, tent. [scene] archy] _ τελευτή, fs, ἡ, end. a Δαρεῖος, ov, ὁ, Darius. ὑπ' ὕω, suspect. καί, and, also, even. φίλος. ἡ. ov, friendly. Iphhifocophy} κώμη, ns, 4, village. ὦ. interj., with voce. Q. 55. DRILL
Give: (1) gen. sing.; (2) gen. plu.; (3) dat. sing.; (4) dat. plu.; (5) ace. sing.; (6) ace. plu.; (7) voc. sing.; (8) nom. plu., of ἡ σκηνή, ὁ ἀδελφός. τὸ πεδίον, ἡ κώμη. ὃ Bios.
56. EXERCISES ΣΦ ΣΤ’ καλὴ σκηνὴ ἦν ἐν τῇ κώμῃ. 2. οἱ ἀδελφοὶ ἦσαν ἀγα- Oot. 8. ἄγει τοὺς ἵππους ἐκ τῶν κωμῶν. 4. ὦ υἱέ, ἔχεις σκηνὰς ἐν τοῖς πεδίοις. 5. ἡ τοῦ βίου τελευτή. 6. πέμπο- μεν τὰς σκηνὰς τοῖς Adpeiov υἱοῖς. 7. ἐν τῇ ἀρχῇ ἦν μάχη.
II. 1. In the province were beautiful plains. 2. They are bringing the tents to_the village. 3. We are bringing gifts from the villages. 4. He arranges the tents in the plain. 5. There were battles in the villages.
1 The vocative singular is irregular in accent: ἄδελφε.
14 Elementary Greek 857
LESSON IV First DECLENSION. NOUNS IN ἃ OR a
57. Nouns ending in a retain the a throughout after ε, 1, or p. If preceded by any other letter,.a@ becomes ἢ in the genitive and dative singular. The accent of the nominative will usually show whether the final α is long or short; in the accusative and vocative it will have the same quantity as in the nominative. Final as is always long.
58. Singular Plural N. V. 4 ptxpa στρατιά, the small army N.Y. αἱ pixpal στρατιαί G. τῆς pikpas στρατιᾶς G. τῶν pikpdv στρατιῶν D. τῇ pikpa στρατιᾷ D. ταῖς pikpats στρατιαῖς A. τὴν μικρὰν στρατιάν Α. τὰς μικρὰς στρατιάς Dual
N. A.V. τὼ μικρὰ στρατιά α. D. τοῖν μῖκραῖν στρατιαῖν
Singular N. V. καλὴ γέφυρα, a beautiful bridge θάλαττα, sea G. καλῆς γεφύρας θαλάττης 1). καλῇ γεφύρᾳ θαλάττῃ Α. καλὴν γέφυραν θάλατταν Dual N. A. ὟΝ. καλὰ γεφύρα θαλάττα α. D. καλαῖν γεφύραιν θαλάτταιν Plural N. V. καλαὶ γέφυραι θάλατται G. καλῶν γεφυρῶν θαλαττῶν D. καλαῖς γεφύραις θαλάτταις Δ, καλὰς γεφύρας θαλάτταᾶς
Thus decline ἡμέρα, day; oixiad, house; θύρα, door; ἅμαξα, Wagon.
59. Learn the declension of the adjectives pixpds, φίλος. For forms see Appendix (612).
863 First Declension. Nouns in ἃ ora 15
60. Observe that in adjectives of the first and second declensions the feminine singular ends in a if ε, ἐ, or p pre- cede, otherwise in 7. Oxytone adjectives have the circum- flex in the genitive and dative of all numbers; other adjec- tives follow the rules already given (see 10-14).
61. VOCABULARY ἀγορά, ds, n, market. θύρα, Gs, ἡ, door. ἅμαξα, ns, ἣ, wagon. μῖκρός, a, όν, small. [microscope] γέφυρα, ds, ἡ, bridge. οἰκία, Gs, ἣ, house. [economy] ἡμέρα, Gs, n, day. [ephemeral] στρατιά, ds, ἣ, army. θάλαττα, ns, ἣ, sed. χώρα, Gs, H, country.
62. DRILL
Give: (1) gen. sing.; (2) gen. plu.; (3) dat. sing.; (4) dat. plu.; (5) ace. sing.; (6) nom. plu., of ἡ ἡμέρα, ὃ ἵππος, 7 κώμη, TO δῶρον, ἜΡΙΝ 63. EXERCISES
I. 1. ἦν ἡ χώρα τοῦ ἀδελφοῦ. 2. ai μικραὶ ayopal ἦσαν καλαί. 8. εἰς τὴν Δαρείου κώμην. 4. ai τῶν οἰκιῶν θύραι. 5. πέμπει τὰς ἁμάξας ἐκ τῆς χώρας. 6, τάττουσι τὴν στρατιὰν τῷ' Δαρείῳ. 7. ἔχομεν ἀγορὰν ἐν τῇ κώμῃ. 8. πέμπουσι τοὺς ἵππους εἰς τὴν ἀγοράν. 9. ἄγει τὴν στρατιὰν εἰς τὴν θάλατταν. 10. ἔχετε δῶρα τοῖς στρατη- γοῖς Δαρείου. Σὰ
II. 1. The doors of the house were small and beautiful. 2. They are bringing wagons to the market-places of the villages. 3. There weretentsinthe house. 4. The general sends a beautiful horse for hisson. 5. The end of the day was beautiful.
1 With proper names of persons already mentioned or well known the article may be used, ‘
΄
10 Elementary Greek $64
LESSON V
Tur IMPERFECT INDICATIVE ACTIVE. MASCULINE Nouns OF THE First DECLENSION
64. The secondary tenses of the indicative mood (30) have an augment (increase) at the beginning.
65. Augment is of two kinds:
I. All verbs beginning with a consonant prefix «. This is called the syllabic augment; 6. g. λύω, édvov.
II. Verbs beginning with a vowel lengthen this vowel, if it is not already iong; if a verb begins with a diphthong, the first vowel of the diphthong is lengthened. This is the temporal augment. Thus, a and ε become ἡ: e. g. ἀθροίζω. ἤθροιζον: 1, 0, and v become 7, ὦ, and v; a becomes ἢ, and οἱ becomes ὡς; but ov remains unchanged.
66. Compound verbs are formed, as in Latin, by combin- ing a preposition and a simple verb. If the preposition ends in a vowel and the verb also begins with one, the final vowel of the preposition is dropped (elided), except in the words πρό and περί: vid + ὀπτεύω = ὑπ-οπτεύω, παρά + ἣν -Ξ- πωρ-ῆν; περί-:- ἔχω Ξ-- περι-ἔχω. The augment of compound verbs comes between the preposition and the verb: ἀνα-βαίνω, ὑπ-οπτεύω (present), av-éBawov, ὑπ-ώπτευον (imperfect). ἔχω has the irregular augment εἶχον (€exyov). The accent of compound verbs never comes before the augment: κατεῖχον.
67. The imperfect is confined to the indicative mood, and represents an action or state as in progress or as repeated in
past time. 68. Tue ImperFeot InpicaTIveE ACTIVE Singular Dual Plural 1 ἐλῦον, 7 loosed ἐλύομεν, we loosed
2 jes, you loosed ἐλύετον, you two loosed ἐλύετε, you loosed 3 ἔλνε, he loosed ἐλυέτην, they twoloosed ἔλνον, they loosed
$72 The Imperfect Indcative Active 17
69. Mascutine Nouns or tHE First DecLENsION Sengular N. στρατιώτης, soldier N. σατράπης, satrap G. στρατιώτου G. σατράπου Ὁ. στρατιώτῃ Ὁ. σατράπῃ A, στρατιώτην A. σατράπην V. στρατιῶτα Ν. σατράπη Dual N. A.V. στρατιώτα N. A.V. carpara G.D. στρατιώταιν G.D. σατράπαιν Plural N.V. στρατιῶται ΝΙΝ. σατράπαι G. στρατιωτῶν G. σατραπῶν Ὁ. στρατιώταις Ὁ. σατράπαις Α. στρατιώτας Α. σατράπας
Nouns in τῆς have the vocative in a. So also Πέρσης.
Observe that all nouns of the first declension are declined alike in the dual and the plural, and that in masculines the differences are confined to the nominative, genitive, and vocative singular.
Like σατράπης decline ᾿Αρταξέρξης (singular only). Form the imperfect of ἄγω, lead; τάττω, arrange; πέμπω, send; ἁρπάζω, plunder; διαρπάζω, pillage.
70. VOCABULARY ἁρπάζω, plunder. [harpy] σατράπης, ov, ὁ, satrap. ᾿Αρταξέρξης, ov, ὁ, Artaxerxes. στρατιώτης, ov, ὁ, soldier. διαρπάζω, pillage.
71. DRILL
Give: (1) 2sing. pres. and imp.; (2) 2 plu. pres. and imp.; (3) 8 sing. pres. and imp.; (4) 3 plu. pres. and imp.; (5) 1 plu. pres. and imp. of τάττω, ἄγω, ἔχω, ὑποπτεύω.
72. EXERCISES I. 1. ἔλῦεν, εἴχετε, ὑπώπτευον. 2. ἐτάττομεν τὴν στρατιᾶν. 8. ἠθροίζετε τοὺς στρατιώτᾶς. 4. εἶχον ἁμάξᾶς καὶ σκηνᾶς.
1 See 34.
18 Elementary Greek §72
5. λύουσι τοὺς υἱούς. €. ἐπέμπομεν τὸν στρατιώτην εἰς THY κώμην. T. ἐν τῷ πεδίῳ ἦσαν οἰκίαι. 8. ἤγομεν τοὺς ἵππους ἐκ τοῦ ποταμοῦ. 9. αἱ τῶν στρατιωτῶν σκηναὶ ἦσαν ἐν τῇ κώμῃ. 10. ὁ τοῦ ᾿Αρταξέρξου ἀδελφὸς ἔπεμπε δῶρα τοῖς στρατιώταις.
II. 1. We loosed. You led. He suspected. 2. I had. They sent. You were collecting. 3. He sent gifts for the soldiers of Artaxerxes. 4. He led the horse of the soldier to the tent. 5. Artaxerxes had soldiers in the market-place. >
LESSON VI
THE FUTURE AND FIRST AND SECOND AORISTS INDICATIVE ACTIVE
78. Every verb has a verb-stem from which all its parts are formed. This verb-stem is often identical with the present stem, except that the present stem adds a vowel between the verb-stem and the personal ending, called the connecting or thematic vowel. In this book, when the verb-stem is given it is placed in brackets after the verb.
74. The future tense is generally formed from the verb- stem by the addition of ow, ces, ete. Its conjugation is therefore identical with that of the present tense, except for the insertion of the σ.
75. The first aorist adds ca to the verb-stem; the a be- comes ε in the third person singular. oa may be called the tense sign of the first aorist active.
76. The English verb as a rule forms the past tense by the addition of ed, but many verbs in common use form it
880 The Future and First and Second Aorists 19
differently; e. g. pass, passed, but catch, caught; take, took, etc. In Greek the situation issomewhat similar. Some verbs have a first and some a second aorist; a very few have both. As in English the “second aorist’” is found in some of the verbs most commonly used.
77. The second aorist is inflected in the indicative like the imperfect. It regularly has the unmodified verb-stem, while the imperfect has the stem of the present tense. In most verbs having a second aorist the present stem is notice- ably different from the verb-stem; e.g. ἐχάμβανον (imperfect), ἔλαβον (second aorist), both from λαμβάνω, whose verb-stem is AaB.
78. When in inflection ¢ comes after a mute (599), euphonic changes occur:
I. A z-mute (7, 8, ¢) and a following o combine to form the double consonant f°; πέμπω, πέμψω (πέμπσωῚ, ἔπεμ- wa (éreurroa).
II, A «-mute («, y, x) and a following o combine to form the double consonant &: λέγω, λέξω (Aeyow), ἔλεξα (ἔλεγσα).
III. A r-mute (7, 6, 6) before o is dropped: ἀθροίζω [ ἀθροιδ], ἀθροίσω (aOpoidcw), ἤθροισα (7Opodca).
79. The aorist indicative indicates merely the occurrence of an action, or a state in past time. Carefully distinguish this from the meaning of the imperfect (67).
80. The principal parts of a verb are the first person singular indicative of all the tense systems which the verb has. - Usually the principal parts will be the present_active, future active, first aorist active, first perfect active, perfect middle, first aorist passive. In verbs which have the second aorist and second perfect, these take the places of the first aorist and the first perfect.
20 Elementary Greek 881
FUTURE AND First ΑΝῸ SEconp Aorists INDICATIVE ACTIVE
81. FUTURE Singular 1 λύσω, J shall loose λέξω, 1 shall say λύσεις λέξεις 8 λύσει λέξει Dual 2 λύσετον λέξετον 38 λύσετον λέξετον Plural 1. λύσομεν λέξομεν 2 λύσετε λέξετε 95. λύσουσι λέξουσι FIRST AORIST Singular 1 tea, 7 loosed ἔλεξα, 1 said 2 ἔλυσας ἔλεξας 3. ἔλῦσε ἔλεξε Dual 2 ἐλύσατον ἐλέξατον 3. ἑἐλυσάτην ἐλεξάτην Plural 1 ἐλύσαμεν ἐλέξαμεν 2 ἐλύσατε ἐλέξατε 3. ἔλυσαν ἔλεξαν SECOND AORIST Singular Dual Plural 1 ἔλιπον, I left 1 ἐλίπομεν Ὁ ἔλιπες ἐλίπετον 2 ἐλίπετε 3. ἔλιπε ἐλιπέτην 3. ἔλιπον Conjugate thus in the future and first aorist πέμπω, ἀθροίξω ἀθροιδ)], τάττωΪ ray] and the second aorist of ἄγω (nyayov ). 82. VOCABULARY
ἄνθρωπος, ov, ὁ, thropic}
θύω, θύσω, ἔθυσα, sacrifice.
λέγω, λέξω, ἔλεξα, say, speak. |lexi- con]
λείπω, λείψω, ἔλιπον, leave. [ellipsis]
λόγος, ov, 6, word. [biology, log- arithm]
{philan-
man.
ov, οὐκ, οὐχ, not: οὐ before a con- sonant; οὐκ before a vowel with smooth breathing; οὐχ before a vowel with rough breathing. —
πρό, prep. with gen,, before. [pro-
logue}
τράπεζα, ns, ἡ, table. [trapeze]
Tae, 3 $85 The Present and Imperfect Middle 21
83. DRILL Give: 1. 3 sing. of pres., fut., imp., and aor. of τάττω. 2. 3 plu. of pres., fut., imp., and aor. of πέμπω. 3. 1 sing. of pres., fut., imp., and aor. of ἁρπάζω. 4. 2 plu. of pres., fut., imp., and agr. of λύω.
84. EXERCISES
I. 1. λύσει, ἔλιπεν, ἔλειπον. 2. ἄγομεν, youev, ἄξομεν. 3. ἀθροίζουσι, ἤθροιζον, ἤθροισαν. 4. τάττεις. ἔταττες, τάξεις, ἔταξας. 5, ἐγύμνασαν οἱ στρατιῶται τοὺς ἵππους ἐν τῷ πεδίῳ. 6. ἤγαγε τὴν τράπεζαν εἰς τὴν οἰκίαν. T. οὐκ εἶχον σκηνὰς ἐν τῇ κώμῃ. 8. ἔταξα τοὺς στρατιώτᾶς ἐν TH μάχῃ. 9. ἄξει δῶρα τῷ σρατιώτῃ. 10. οὐ θὕύομεν τῇ θαλάττῃ. ἶ :
II. 1. He leaves, he will leave, he left. 2. They will lead, they were leading, they led. 3. You exercise, you ex-\y VL’ ercised, you were exercising. 4. We suspected, we shall suspect, we were suspecting. 5. The satraps did not send the soldiers to the plain before the battle. 2 bride
LESSON VII THe PRESENT AND IMPERFECT MIDDLE ( PassIVE)
85. In general the middle voice indicates that the subject is especially interested in the action of the verb. It repre- sents the subject as acting (1) upon himself—the direct middle: παύομαι, 1 stop myself,cease; (2) for himself or on some- thing belonging to himself—the indirect middle: ποιοῦμαι οἰκίας, I make myself houses, λύεται τὸν ἀδελφόν, he ransoms his (own) brother. The indirect middle is the most common, and, through lack of means to translate it fully into English, is often hardly to be distinguished in translation from the active. Its force may often be best brought out by the use
22 Elementary Greek $85
of an active verb of apparently different meaning: παύω. J put a stop to, παύομαι, I cease; iw, I loose, λύομαι, I ran- som; πείθω, I persuade, πείθομαι, I obey; aipéw, I take, αἱροῦμαι, I choose. In such cases the English equivalent of the middle must be especially noted.
86. A verb which has the middle (passive, 246) form, but active meaning, is called a deponent verb, as in Latin. The Vocabulary indicates such verbs by giving the middle form instead of the active.
87. Present anD ImpERFECT MIDDLE (AND Passive)
Present Imperfect
Sing. dvopa, 7 ransom ἐλυόμην, 1 ransomed
λύει, ἐλύου
λύεται ἐλύετο Dual, 2 λύεσθον, 3 λύεσθον 2 ἐλύεσθον, 3 ἐλυέσθην Plu. λυόμεθα ἐλυόμεθα
λύεσθε ἐλύεσθε
λύονται ἐλύοντο
Thus conjugate νομίζω, ἔχω, τάττω, ἀθροίζω, βούλομαι. ἀναβαίνω.
88. VOCABULARY ἀναβαίνω, ἀναβήσομαι;,; march up. ἀπό, prep. with gen., from..: βούλομαι, βουλήσομαι, (depon.), wish. ᾿ Ylyvopat, γενήσομαι, ἐγενόμην (2. aor.), become, be born. [genus, genitive] ~ μετά, prep. with gen., with; with acc., after. [method, metaphor] μεταπέμπομαι, μεταπέμψομαι, μετεπεμψάμην, (depon.), send for, summon. “νομίζω, νομιῶ,2 ἐνόμισα, think. -- πείθω, πείσω, ἔπεισα, act. persuade; mid. obey (dat.). πορεύομαι, πορεύσομαι, (depon.), proceed, march. φίλος, ov, ὁ, friend. 89. DRILL Give: (1) 3sing.; (2) 3 plu. of pres. and imp. ind. act. and mid., of ἁρπάζω; (3) 2 sing.; (4) 1 plu. of fut. imp. and aor. ind. aet.,
of τάττω.
1Some verbs are deponent in the future only. 2In Attic the future form vopie is used instead of νομίσω.
~
ΝΣ A ita ς 892 a Review 23 90. EXERCISES
I. 1. ἔλῦον, ἐλύου, λύεται. 2. λύονται, λύουσι, ἐλύοντο. 3. ἀθροίζομεν, ἀθροίζομαι, ἠθροιζόμην. 4. ἔταξαν, ἐτάτ- τετο, τάττονται. 5. οἱ στρατιῶται ἐπείθοντο τῷ σατράπη. 6. Κῦρος μι π- ἐκ τῆς ἀρχῆς. 7. μετεπέμπετο τοὺς uit ἀδελφούς. 8. τὰ δῶρα ἤγετο, ἐκ τῆς ἁμάξης. 9. Κῦρος ἐνὸν μεταπέμπεται τοὺς φίλους ἐκ τῶν μικρῶν κωμῶν. 10. ἀνέ. βαινεν ἀπὸ τῆς θαλάττης εἰς τὰ πεδία.
II. 1. We-wish, you proceeded, they obeyed. 2. He ran- soms, they persuade, marched up. 3. Cyrus ransomed hisfriends. 4. The friends of the satrap became soldiers. 5. The tents were carried from the market to the house.
Boe bey a _ Dias 1»
tbe on ale Hesb ei’ tH! eee amsson τ 9 Baw on} 4 ORS LE, te REVIEW
91. Adpeiov καὶ Παρυσάτιδος᾽ γίγνονται υἱοὶ δύο, , Ν > 2 ’ 4 Ν ~ > Ν πρεσβύτερος μὲν ᾿Αρταξέρξης, νεώτερος δὲ Κῦρος. ἐπεὶ δὲ Δαρεῖος ὑπώπτευε τελευτὴν τοῦ βίου, ἐβούλετο τοὺς υἱοὺς ἀμφοτέρους παρεῖναι. ὁ μὲν οὖν πρεσβύτερος παρῆν. Κῦρον δὲ μεταπέμπεται᾽ ἀπὸ τῆς ἀρχῆς ἧς ΄ 5 “Ser, IN A Χ ΄ 3 σατράπης ἦν: ἀνέβαινε οὖν ὁ Κῦρος μετὰ Τισσαφέρνους ὡς φίλου. 92. VOCABULARY
ἀμφότερος, a, ov, both. δέ, conj., but, and (postpositive).‘ δύο, num. adj., two (Lat. duo, Eng. two). t, coni., when, st ἧς, of which, fem..gen. sing. of relative pronoun ὅς, ἥ, 6, who, which.
EC
ae ) jy Al ΟΠ σύ W 7
1 Παρυσάτιδος, gen. of Παρύσατις. Parysatis, the wife of Darius. 2 The historical present is freely used in Greek. ‘ 3Τισσαφέρνους, gen. sing. of Τισσαφέρνης, Tissa- phernes, a Persiansatrap. _ ‘41. e, cannot stand first in a sentence or clause.
24 Elementary Greek §92
μέν, a particle used correlatively with δέ to show contrast or balance between sentences or parts of sentences: μέν, on the one hand; δέ, on the other hand. Sometimes with a concessive force, while ; often, as in the text, best left untranslated or brought out by stress of voice. Postpositive.
νεώτερος, G, ov, adj. in comparative degree, younger (from νέος ; young). [neophyte] ae
οὖν, conj., therefore, accordingly (postpositive).
παρῆν, was present (παρά +7v); παρῆσαν, were present. Imp. ind.3sing. and 8 plu. of πάρειμι.
παρεῖναι, to be present (pres. infinitive of πάρειμι).
πρεσβύτερος, ἃ, ov, adj. in comparative degree, older. [presbyterian, priest]
ὡς, rel. adv., as, as if (proclitic); conj., when, since.
te, a
93. DRILL
Locate the following:
I. 1. ἀδελφῷ, βίους, στρατιώτην. 6. λύει, ἔλυεν, ἐλύου.
«« Οὺ
2. ἀρχαί, σατράπου, κώμαις. . ἀνεβαίνομεν, βούλεται, ἐβούλετο.
2 Ve ΒΞ, > σι ὩΣ γε ΄ *) = ,
3. πεδία, στρατιώτᾶς, ἀρχαῖν. 8. ὑποπτεύουσιν, ἔλυον, νομίζονται. aie £
4, ἀδελφώ, βίων, στρατιώτῃ. 9. ἐλύετον, ἐτάττοντο,. ἀναβαίνεις.
5
. τελευτήν. Vie, πεδίον. 10. βούλεσθε, ἐλυέσθην, ἐβουλόμην.
Il. 1, The houses, the plains, the lives, the wagons, the soldiers. 2. Of the table, of the soldiers, of the son, of the satraps, of the battles. 3. For the satraps, for the tables, for the plains, for the soldiers, for the provinces. 4, The table and the door were brought. 5. We are marching to the plains.
Fic. 2.—A ‘ Bee-Hive”’ Tomb at Mycenae
896 Review of the Verb. The Infinitive 25
, LESSON IX, REVIEW OF THE VERB. THE INFINITIVE 94. ἐπεὶ ἀπέθανε Δαρεῖος καὶ κατέστη εἰς THY βασι- λείᾶν ᾿Αρταξέρξης, Τισσαφέρνης διαβάλλει τὸν Κῦρον πρὸς τὸν ἀδελφὸν ὡς ἐπιβουλεύει αὐτῷ" ὁ Sé° πείθεται \ , an ε + An 405 , ν᾿ καὶ συλλαμβάνει Κῦρον ὡς ἀποκτενῶν.' ἀποπέμπεται δὲ πάλιν ἐπὶ τὴν ἀρχήν. 95. VOCABULARY
ἀποθνήσκω, ἀποθανοῦμαι (fut.), ἀπέθανον (2 aor.), die.
ἀποπέμπω, ἀποπέμψω, ἀπέπεμψα, send away.
αὐτός, ἢ, ό, self, he, she, it. [autograph]
βασιλεία, Gs, ἣ, sovereignty, kingdom, rule.
διαβάλλω," διαβαλῶ (fut.), διέβαλον (2 aor.), calumniate, slander. [diabolic, devil]
ἐπί, prep., with gen., on, upon with dat., on, by, at; with ace., wpon, to, against. [epitaph, epoch]
ἔπιβουλεύω, ἐπιβουλεύσω, ἔπεβούλευσα, plot. Governs the dative.
πάλιν, adv., back, again, a second time. [palimpsest, palinode]
πρός, prep., with general meaning facing; with gen., over against; with dat., at; with acc., to, with, against, toward. [prosody, proselyte]
συλλαμβάνω, συλλήψομαι (fut.), συνέλαβον (2 aor.), arrest. [Syllable]
REVIEW OF THE VERB 96. Tense stems are formed by adding suffixes to the verb stems. The suffix for the present tense stem is o in the first person singular and plural and third person plural, else- where «. This double stem, 6. g. Avo and Ave, is conveniently
written Avo/e. o/e is called the thematic or connecting vowel.
Ἰκατέστη, was established, Ὡαὐτῷ, dat. sing. masec. Οὗ αὐτός, αὐτή, αὐτός. For declension see 629. In the oblique cases without the article it is a personal pronoun, him, his, its,them. 36 δέ, but he or and he; at the beginning of a sentence or clause it usually indicates a change of subject. 4 ἀποκτενῶν, fut. part. (nom. sing. masc.) to express purpose. With ὡς translate with the (avowed) intention of putting him to death. 5 Cf. 230, 231.
20 Elementary Greek 897
97. To the present stem the personal endings are added. These unite with the stem vowel and give euphonic endings by which all regular verbs are conjugated.
EvuprHonic ENDINGS IN THE PRESENT AND IMPERFECT INDICATIVE
PRESENT IMPERFECT Sing. Plu. Sing. -@ -opev -ov -Opev 2 «εἰς ~€TE -ες τ-ετε 3 -εἰ τουσι =e τον Dual Dual 2 -erov 2 -erov 3 -eTov 8. -έτην
98. Review the present, imperfect, future, and aorist active
(35, 68, 81). THE INFINITIVE
99. In the active voice the present infinitive ends in ew, e.g. λύειν; the future infinitive in σειν, e.g. λύσειν; the first aorist infinitive in σαι, e.g. λῦσαι; the second aorist infini- tive in εἴν, e.g. λιπεῖν. Observe that the aorist infinitive does not have the augment, and that the accent does not in all cases conform to the rule (32). The first aorist infini- tive active is accented on the penult, and the second aorist infinitive active always has the circumflex on the ultima.
100. Except in indirect discourse, the present and aorist infinitives do not indicate time. The present is used when the action or state is represented as continuing or repeated (in the present, past, or future); otherwise the aorist is used.
101. DRILL I. Give the infinitives (pres., fut., 1 aor. or 2 aor.) of Ota, ἄγω, ὑποπτεύω. λείπω. II. Give:
1. 3 sing. pres. and fut. ind. act. and mid. of πείθω.
2. 3 plu. imp. and aor. act. of λείτω.
3. 1 sing. pres. and fut. mid. and imp. and aor. act. of ἄγω.
4. dat. sing., dat. plu., ace. sing., acc. plu: of ἀγαθός and μῖκρός. in all genders.
——
104 Future and Aorist Middle 27
102. EXERCISES I. 1. Κῦρος αὐτὸν ἔπειθε. 2. Kipos αὐτῷ ἐπείθετο. 3. ἀπὸ τῆς ἀρχῆς μετεπέμπετο Κῦρον. 4. οἱ ἀγαθοὶ στρατιῶται͵ ἐβούλοντο ἀναβαίνειν. 5. ἔπεισεν ᾿Αρταξέρξην συλλαβεῖν τὸν νεώτερον ἀδελφόν. 0. Κῦρος οὐκ ἐπεβούλευε τῷ πρεσ- βυτέρῳ ἀδελφῷ. Il. 1. Artaxerxes was persuaded to arrest his younger brother. 2, Artaxerxes wished to send his brother away. 3. Tissaphernes will persuade him to send for his brother. 4. The soldiers obey the elder brother and arrest Cyrus. 5. The kingdom was small and beautiful.
LESSON X
FUTURE AND AorIst MIDDLE
ε A - 108. ὁ δὲ ὡς ἀπῆλθε ἄτιμος, βουλεύεται ὅπως μήποτε Pie as) ry A ἔτι ἔσται' ἐπὶ τῷ ἀδελφῷ, ἀλλὰ βασιλεύσει ἀντὶ ἐκείνου ἡ
104. VOCABULARY
ἀλλά, adversative conj., but (stronger than δέ; regularly used after a negative, 6. g. οὐ Κῦρος, ἀλλὰ Δαρεῖος.
avri, prep. (gen.), instead of. [antidote, antagonist]
ἀπέρχομαι, no fut., 2 aor. ἀπῆλθον, go away.
ἄτιμος," ov, dishonored, slighted.
βασιλεύω, βασιλεύσω, ἐβασίλευσα, be king, rule. /
βουλεύω, βουλεύσω, ἡβούλευσα, plan, mid. take counsel.
εἰμί, fut. ἔσομαι, imperf. ἦν, be.
ἐκεῖνος, n, 0, that; Lat. ile.
ἔτι, δᾶν., again, still.
μήποτε, adv., never.
ὅπως, conj., in order that, that, how.
1The future of the verb to be, εἰμί, is found only in deponent form,écouna, Itis conjugated regularly, except that the third person singular is ἔσται for ἔσεται cssy| 2émi with the dative referring to a person, when construed with a verb signifying to be or to become, means in the power of. 3ἐκεῖνος is declined like αὐτός (629). 4A few adjectives have masculine and feminine alike.
28
Hlementary Greek
§105
105. The personal endings for the middle (passive, except aorist ) combined with the thematic vowel, make the follow-
ing euphonic endings:
PRIMARY Sing. Dual 1 -opat 2 -e -εσθον 3. -εται -εσθον
Plu. -όμεθα -εσθε -ονται
SECONDARY Sing. Dual Plu. -όμην -ὁμεθα του -εσθον -εσθε -ετο -έσθην τοντο
106. Review the middle and passive, present and im-
perfect (87).
107. Fourvure, First Aorist Mrppiz, Srconp Aorist MIDDLE
FUTURE FIRST AORIST SECOND AORIST Singular 1 λύσομαι ἐλυσάμην ἐλιπόμην (λείπω, leave) 2 λύσει ἐλύσω ἐλίπου 3. λύσεται ἐλύσατο ἐλίπετο Dual 2 λύσεσθον ἐλύσασθον ἐλίπεσθον 35. λύσεσθον ἐλυσάσθην ἐλιπέσθην Plural 1 λυσόμεθα ἐλυσάμεθα ἐλιπόμεθα 2 λύσεσθε ἐλύσασθε ἐλίπεσθε 3 λύσονται ἐλύσαντο ἐλίποντο
108. The present infinitive middle (passive) is λύεσθαι; future, λύσεσθαι (mid. only); first aorist, λύσασθαι (mid. only); second aorist, λιπέσθαι (mid. only). The second aorist infinitive middle is accented on the penult.
109.
. λύσω, ἐλύσω, ἔλῦσας.
. λύσεται, ἐλύσατο, ἐλύετο, ἐλίπετο.
. λύεσθε, λύσεσθαι, ἐλύσασθε.
. ἐλείποντο, ἐλίποντο, λείπεσθαι, λιπέσθαι.
DRILL ν
m wher
Μ » ᾽’ , 5. ἔπεισαν, ἐπείσαντο, πεισόμεθα. 6. ἐλίπου, ἔλειπον, λιπεῖν, λείψειν.
8112 εἰμί. Proclitics and Enclitics
29
ΠΠ. Give: 1. Act. infinitives of βασιλεύω. 2. Mid. infinitives of βουλεύω. 3. 3 sing. fut. and aor. act. and mid. of πέμπω. 4. 3 plu. pres. and imp. act. and pass. of ἀθροίζω. 5. 1 sing. 2 aor. act. and mid. of λείπω.
110. EXERCISES
I. 1. ἄτιμοι ἐγίγνοντο ἀλλὰ βασιλεύσουσιν. 2. ἐβούλοντο γενέσθαι ἀγαθοὶ στρατηγοὶ καὶ στρατιώτας ἔχειν. 8. Κύρῳ φίλος ἣν avti’AptraképEov. 4. Κῦρος ἐγένετο ἐπὶ τῷ υἱῷ τοῦ Δάρείου.
Il. 1. They wished to send them away when they became dishonored. 2. But they summoned the younger men from the plain. 3. So they went up instead of the older soldiers. 4. For they were plotting against Darius. 5. Cyrus was in the power of Artaxerxes.
LESSON XI εἰμί. PROCLITICS AND ENCLITICS
111. Παρύσατις μὲν δὴ ὑπῆρχε τῷ Κύρῳ, φιλοῦσα᾽ BN A x Ν 3 , A \ Ν 3 , αὐτὸν μᾶλλον ἢ τὸν ᾿Αρταξέρξην. Κῦρος δὲ τοὺς ἀγγέ λους παρὰ ᾿Αρταξέρξου ἀπεπέμπετο αὐτῷ" μᾶλλον» φίλους" ἢ ᾿Αρταξέρξῃ: οἱ δὲ καὶ βάρβαροι παρὰ αὐτῷ φίλοι ἦσαν.
112. VOCABULARY
ἄγγελος, ov, ὁ, messenger. (angel, evangelist] BapBapos, ov, adj., barbarian. Often used in the masculine as a noun. (barbarous, rhubarb] , intensive particle, postpositive, indeed, you see, it is true; its force is offen to be expressed by the inflection of the voice.
1Nom. case, Parysatis, the mother of Cyrus. 2 Pres. ppl. nom. fem., loving; here has a causal force. 8 φίλους is in predicate agreement with ἀγγέλους which it qualifies; it governs the dative of that to which the quality is directed, as in Latin.
50 Elementary Greek $112
ἢ, conj., than. Used with comparatives, like Lat. quam. μᾶλλον, comparative adv., rather, more, sooner than. παρά, prep. (gen.), from ; (dat.), at, beside; (acc.), to, toward. [paragraph] ὑπάρχω, ὑπάρξω, ὑπῆρξα, favor (dat.).
118. Learn the present, imperfect, and future indicative, the present and future infinitive of εἰμί (655).
114. Proclitics (21). The proclitics are the forms of the article 6, ἡ, οἷ, and ai; the prepositions εἰς, into; ἐν, in; ἐκ (ἐξ), out of; the conjunctions εἰ, if, and ὡς, as; the adverb ov (οὐκ, οὐχ), not. Proclitics have no effect upon the accent of the following word.
115. Enclitics (22). The most common enclitics are the indefinite pronoun, tis, the singular of personal pronouns (except the nominative), and the present indicative of εἰμέ and φημί in all forms except the second person singular. ἐστί becomes ἔστι (1) at the beginning of a sentence; (2) when it means exists or it is possible; (3) when it follows οὐκ, μή, ὡς, ἀλλα, τοῦτο.
116. An enclitic loses its accent when it follows another word, except when a dissyllabic enclitic stands after a word with the acute on the penult: ᾿Αρταξέρξης τε, but “Apta- ξέρξης ἐστί.
117. The word before an enclitic, if an oxytone (17), retains the acute accent; if it is accented on the antepenult, or has the circumflex on the penult, it receives an additional accent on the ultima: στρατηγός ἐστιν, ἄγγελός ἐστιν, ἀγαθὸς ἐκεῖνός ἐστιν. A word with the circumflex on the ultima does not change its accent: ἀγγελῶ τι.
118. If the preceding word is an enclitic or a proclitie, it receives an acute accent: οὔ Te, μοί τε.
119. ἐστί may take v-movable (34).
ee .ν...“..
$121 εἰμί. δ ποιὸς. and Proclitics 31 120. DRILL I. 1. ἐστί, ἦσθα, εἶναι. II. 1. We are, I was, they were. 2. ἦ, ἔσεσθε, ἔσται. 2. You were, they are, you are. 3. εἰσί, ἦτε, ἦν. 3. You will be, I shall be, they 4. ἔσει, ἔσονται. ἔστε. will be. 5. ἐσόμεθα, ἦμεν. ἔσεσθαι.
121. EXERCISES
I. 1. τοὺς βαρβάρους ws ἀγγέλους εἶχον. 2. Κῦρος μὲν
ai.
νεώτερος ᾿Αρταξέρξου' ἐστίν. 3. ᾿Αρταξέρξης δὲ αὐτῷ ἐπε- βούλευεν. 4. Τισσαφέρνης οὐκ ἐβούλετο τοὺς βαρβάρους φίλους εἶναι τῷ Κύρῳ. 5. βάρβαροι οὔκ ἐσμεν. 6. εἶ φίλος τοῖς ἀγγέλοις. 7. Κύρου ἀδελφὸς οὐκ ἔστιν. 8, ἄγγελοί ἐσμεν Δαρείου. 9. τοῖς βαρβάροις μᾶλλον φίλοι ἔσεσθε ἢ Κύρῳ. 10. ἀλλὰ ἔστιν ἄτιμος.
1. The barbarians, it is true, are not friends to the satrap. 2. He is not in dishonor. 3. O Cyrus, you were in dishonor. 4. Are you more friendly to Cyrus than to Artaxerxes? 5. We are messengers of Cyrus, but we are not plotting against Tissaphernes.
1 The genitive is used after a comparative when ἤ, than, is not used.
Fic. 3.—A School Scene
82 Elementary Greek $122
LESSON XII PRONOUNS
122. τὴν δὲ Ἑλληνικὴν στρατιὰν Κῦρος λάθρᾳ ἤθροι- ζεν. ἐβούλετο γὰρ τὸν ἀδελφὸν ἀπαράσκευον λαβεῖν. κελεύει δὲ τοὺς φρουράρχους λαμβάνειν στρατιώτὰς Πελο-
, ΄ ee eee! / >
ποννησίους. τούτοις δὲ ἔλεξεν ὅτι' Τισσαφέρνης ἐπι- βουλεύει ταῖς ἐν Ἰωνίᾳ" Ἑλληνικαῖς ἀποικίαις ἢ
123. VOCABULARY
ἀπαράσκενος, ον, unprepared. ὅδε, ἥδε, τόδε, demon. pro., this (the ἀποικία, Gs, 7, colony. following). yap, conj. (postpositive), for. ὅτι, conj., that. Ἕλληνικός, 4, 6v, Hellenic, Greek. οὗτος, αὕτη, τοῦτο, demon. pro., *Iwvla, as, 4, Tonia, a region of Asia this (already mentioned).
Minor. Πελοποννήσιος, a, ov, Peloponne- κελεύω, κελεύσω, ἐκέλευσα, command. sian. λάθρᾳ, adv., secretly. φρούραρχος, ov, ὁ, captain of a λαμβάνω, λήψομαι, ἔλαβον; take. company, phrourarch. .
λέγω, λέξω, ἔλεξα, say. [dialogue] THE PRONOUNS
124. Learn the declension of αὐτός (629), ἐκεῖνος, οὗτος, and ὅδε (632). αὐτός and ἐκεῖνος have the regular declension of adjectives of the second declension, except that the neuter singular nominative and accusative are αὐτό and ἐκεῖνο. There is no vocative.
125. ὅδε (article + δὲ enclitic) has the accent and declen- sion of the article. The forms which in the article are unaccented receive the acute accent from the enclitic -ée.
1 ὅτι introduces a quotation which here, though indirect, remains unchanged; this is a common form of indirect discourse. 2A prepositional phrase with the value of an adjective may stand between the article and a noun; in English trans- lation Greek (Ἑλληνικαῖς) would come between the article and its noun; in Ionia (€v*Iwvia) would not. 3Dative after the preposition ἐπί in composition; in general, prepositions govern the same case in composition as when used alone,
ee a
5127 Pronouns 33
οὗτος in declension partakes of the peculiarities of both αὐτός and the article. The endings are those of αὐτός (i. e. τοῦτο, not τοῦτον, in neuter singular), while the stem has ov where the article has the o-sound (0,) and av where it has the a-sound (a, 7).
126. αὐτός is an intensive pronoun and has three uses:
I. When it stands between the article and the noun which it modifies (attributive position), it means same: ὁ αὐτὸς φίλος, the same friend. ta αὐτά, the same things, is fre- quently written ταὐτά, and must be carefully distinguished from ταῦτα, these things, which is neuter plural of οὗτος.
II. When it modifies a noun, but is not in the attributive position, it means self or very, like Lat. ipse: αὐτὸς ὁ φίλος or ὁ φίλος αὐτός, the friend himself, the very friend. When the noun to which it refers is not expressed, αὐτός is always intensive, in the nominative (cf. ipse): αὐτὸς ἔχει, he him- self has. In the other cases it may be intensive, if it is given an emphatic (i. e. unusual) position: αὐτὸν μὲν λαμβά- vet, οἱ δ᾽ ἄλλοι φεύγουσι, him he captures, but the rest ieee
III. When used substantively without the article, becomes in the oblique cases (i. e. other than the nom- inative and vocative) an unemphatic personal pronoun, him, her, it, them: ὁ φίλος αὐτοῦ, his friend; πέμπει αὐτούς, he sends them. This is its most frequent use. Cf. the use of is in Latin.
127. ὅδε (hic), οὗτος (is), ἐκεῖνος (1116) are the principal demonstrative pronouns. ὅδε, this, refers to something present or near, often to words just to be spoken. οὗτος refers to something just mentioned: ἔλεξε τάδε, he spoke as follows; ἔλεξε ταῦτα, he spoke thus (as narrated). ἐκεῖνος differs from οὗτος in indicating something more remote in time or space: ἐκεῖνος, the former; οὗτος, the latter.
94 Elementary Greek § 128
128. The article regularly goes with a demonstrative pronoun used as an adjective. The demonstrative must be in the predicate position, i.e. it cannot stand between the article and the noun. οὗτος ὁ ἀδελφός, or ὁ ἀδελφὸς οὗτος, but never ὁ οὗτος ἀδελφός or ὁ ἀδελφὸς ὁ οὗτος. This is so different from the English that it must be noted most
carefully. 129. DRILL I. Give: 1. Acc. sing. of αὐτός and otros in all genders. 2. Gen. plu. of ἐκεῖνος and otros in all genders. 3. Dat. plu. of otros and ὅδε in all genders. II. 1. Of this soldier, of that wagon, of the garrison commander
himself.
. For these satraps, for those armies, for the same brother.
. To (eis) this village, to those plains, to (παρά) Cyrus himself. 130. EXERCISES
I. 1. Κῦρος δὲ ἔλεγεν ὅτι οἱ στρατηγοὶ αὐτοὶ ἀπαράσκευοι
Ww "Ὁ
ἦσαν. 2, ἐκέλευσεν οὖν ἐκείνους τοὺς στρατιώτας παρεῖναι. 8. Τισσαφέρνην αὐτῷ ἐπιβουλεύειν ἐνόμισαν. 4. ὁ αὐτὸς
Ν > 4 \ / 4, - στρατηγὸς ἐβούλετο τοὺς ἸΤ]ελοποννησίους στρατιώτας > ΄ - = ca f + de, | a 4 ς ἀθροίζεσθαι. 5. αὗται αἱ ἀποικίαι εἰσὶν ἐν ᾿Ιωνίᾳ. 6. οἱ στρατηγοὶ οἷ" τούτων τῶν στρατιωτῶν ἀγαθοὶ ἦσαν. Ἵ. Κῦρος αὐτὸς ἐπιβουλεύσει ταύταις ταῖς ἀποικίαις. 8. ὦ στρατιῶται, αὐτοὶ ἐσόμεθα ἀπαράσκευοι.
II. 1. Cyrus wished the garrison commanders themselves to enlist these soldiers, 2. The same garrison com- manders were assembling an army. 3. Cyrus is plot- ting against his brother and his soldiers. 4. These were unprepared, but those were assembling an army secretly. 5. The soldiers of these colonies were unpre- pared.
1 The article is regularly repeated with the genitive modifier. This has the effect of placing the modifier in the attributive position.
“ t
.
$134 Nouns of the Third or Consonant Declension δ.
|
LESSON XIII
NOUNS OF THE THIRD OR CONSONANT DECLENSION
131. Καὶ γὰρ᾽ Τισσαφέρνης τὸ ἀρχαῖον ᾿Ιωνίᾶς ἄρχων ἦν, τότε δὲ ἣν ἐπὶ Κύρῳ᾽ αὕτη ἡ χώρᾶ πλὴν Μιλήτου. Μίλητον μὲν εἶχεν Τισσαφέρνης, Κύρῳ δὲ φίλοι γενέσθαι ἐβούλοντο ot” ἐν Μιλήτῳ. ᾿
132. VOCABULARY
ἀρχαῖος, ἃ, ov, adj., ancient; τὸ ἀρχαῖον (acc.) used adverbially, origi- nally, formerly. [archaic]
ἄρχων," ἄρχοντος, ὁ, ruler, commander.
ἀσπίς, ίδος, ἣ, shield.
γέρων, οντος, ὁ, old man.
ἐλπίς, ίδος, ἣ, hope.
Μίλητος, ov, ἣ, Miletus, a city of Asia Minor.
νύξ, νυκτός, ἣ, night.
ὄνομα, ατος, τό, name. [anonymous, synonym]
πλήν, σοη]. or prep. (gen.), except.
στράτευμα, aTos, τό, army.
τότε, adv., at that time, then.
Nouns OF THE THIRD OR CONSONANT DECLENSION 133. The stem of nouns of the Third Declension ends in a consonant, or in ¢ or v.
134. Nouns of the Third Declension are grouped, as in Latin, according to the final letter of the stem, which may be found by dropping os of the genitive singular.
1 When a sentence begins with καὶ yap, a suppressed thought is indicated, an ellipsis of that for which the yap-clause gives the reason. The full thought here would be: “and (καί) it was likely that he would plot against the territory; for (yap), etc.” In English there is nosuch simple way of indicating that a thought is suppressed, and καὶ γάρ is usually translated merely for, and in fact, 2See 108, n.2. %3The article has the effect of making ἃ noun of the following prepositianal phrase: those in Miletus, the people of Miletus. In general, the article may be used to show that words other than nouns are used substantively —adverbs, par- ticiples, the infinitive, adjectives, and prepositional phrases. + Declined like γέρων, but retains » in voc. sing. because originally a participle.
36 Elementary Greek $134
Lingual (7, δ, 8) stems: The lingual disappears before ς (78). Stems ending in ovt do not add ς to form the nomi- native but drop 7 and lengthen o to ὡ: ἄρχοντ, nominative ἄρχων. In dative plural both v and τ are dropped before σ and o becomes ov in compensation: ἄρχουσι, ἄρχοντσι.
In most masculine and feminine nouns the vocative is like the nominative, but when the stem ends in 1é,or in vt (except oxytones), the vocative singular is the stem, final 6 or τ being dropped. A Greek word can end in no conso- nant except v, p,s: ἀσπίς [aod], vocative ἀσπί and γέρων [ yepovt |], vocative γέρον.
135. Monosyllabic stems accent the ultima in the genitive and dative of allnumbers. The accent is circumflex when the ending is long.
136. ὁ γέρων [γεροντ], old man ἣ νύξ [νυκτ], night Sing. Plu. Sing. Plu. N. γέρων γέροντες νύξ νύκτες G. γέροντος γερόντων νυκτός νυκτῶν D. γέροντι γέρουσι νυκτί νυξί A. γέροντα γέροντας νύκτα νύκτας ν. γέρον γέροντες νύξ νύκτες Dual Dual
N. A. V. γέροντε νύκτε
α. Τὴ. γερόντοιν νυκτοῖν
ἣ ἀσπίς [ἀσπιδ]. shield τὸ στράτευμα [στρατευματ]. army
Sing. Plu. Sing. Plu. N. ἀσπίς ἀσπίδες στράτευμα στρατεύματα +. ἀσπίδος ἀσπίδων στρατεύματος στρατευμάτων 2. ἀσπίδι ἀσπίσι στρατεύματι στρατεύμασι A. ἀσπίδα ἀσπίδας στράτευμα στρατεύματα V. ἀσπί ἀσπίδες στράτευμα στρατεύματα Dual Dual
N. A.V. ἀσπίδε στρατεύματε
G.D. ἀσπίδοιν στρατευμάτοιν
Decline thus ἄρχων, commander; ὄνομα, name; ἐλπίς,
hope.
8188 Nouns of the Third or Consonant Declension 81
Τ
137. DRILL
Give: (1) dat. sing., (2) dat. plu., (3) nom. plu., (4) ace. sing. of ἄρχων, νύξ, ἐλπίς. ὄνομα ; (5) 3 plu. pres., imp., and 2 aor. mid., of λείπω.
. ὀνόματι, ὀνόμασι, στρατιώτῃ. ἀποικίαις.
. ἐλπίδα, στρατεύματα, πεδία.
. τούτων τῶν ἐλπίδων, οὗτοι οἱ στρατιῶται, αὐτφὶ οἱ ἄρχοντες.
. βουλεύουσιν, ἐγένοντο, λύσασθαι, γίγνεσθαι.
om WN μα
. ἔσται, ἔλεξαν. θύσει, ἐλύσω.
138. EXERCISES
I. 1. ἐπὶ τῷ γέροντι ἣν ταῦτα τὰ στρατεύματα. 2. Κῦρος
Il.
ἄρχων τῆσδε τῆς ἀρχῆς γενέσθαι BovreTar. 3. οἱ ἄρχοντες φίλοι ἐγένοντο τῷ στρατεύματι ἐκείνῳ. 4. ἡ ᾿Ιωνία, πλὴν τῶν Ἑλληνικῶν ἀποικιῶν, ἐπὶ Κ ύρῳ αὐτῷ ἐγένετο. 5. λέγει δὲ ὅτι οἱ ἐν ταύτῃ τῇ χώρᾳ ἐπιβουλεύουσι τοῖς ἄρχουσιν.
1. The [people'] in this village were plotting against the armies of Artaxerxes. 2. For they wished to be- come friendly to Cyrus. 8. The commanders them- selves were originally friendly to these old men. 4. That night (dat.) they sent shields to Miletus for this army. 5. He had good hopes of life.
1Omit; ef. 131, n. 3.
Fic. 4.—Women at Home
88 Elementary Greek § 139
LESSON XIV
CONTRACT VERBS IN ἄω
Zz A - 189. Τισσαφέρνης δὲ αὐτοὺς κωλύειν ἐπειρᾶτο. Κῦρος > , / Nos , SLA 2 Ν οὖν στράτευμα συνέλεξε καὶ ἐστράτευεν ἐπὶ Μίλητον kal
Ν ~ Ν Ν 4 Ν ν Δ 7 ’ κατὰ γῆν καὶ κατὰ θάλατταν. καὶ αὕτη αὖ ἄλλη πρόφα-
> A2 A gis ἦν avT@ τοῦ" ἀθροίζειν στράτευμα.
140. VOCABULARY
ἄλλος, y, 0, other, another, the rest of; declined like αὐτός (629). [allle- gory, allopathy]
av, adv., again, in turn.
γῆ; γῆς, 7, earth, used in singular only. [geography, apogee]
κατά, prep. (gen.), down, down from; (acc.), down along, by. κατὰ γῆν kal κατὰ θάλατταν, by land and sea. [catalogue, catarrh]
κωλύω, κωλύσω, ἐκώλυσα, hinder.
πειράω, πειράσω, ἐπείρασα, attempt. Commonly deponent, πειράομαι, etc. [empirical, pirate]
στρατεύω, στρατεύσω, ἐστράτευσα, make an expedition. In act., of the general; in mid., of the army.
συλλέγω, συλλέξω, συνέλεξα, gather, collect. [syllogism]
Tipdw, τιμήσω, ἐτίμησα, honor. [timocracy]
CONTRACT VERBS
141. Verbs ending in -ἄω, -é, and -όω contract the final a, ε, and o of the stem with the following vowel in the present and imperfect. Such verbs are called contract verbs. Except for this contraction they are conjugated as other verbs. The following contractions occur in verbs in -da:
( ° ‘ be Nags | =w,a+e=—G,a+a—-a (w) 1Fem. noun, nom. sing., excuse, pretext. 2 The dative is used to denote the pos-
sessor, asin Latin: Δαρείῳ ἧσαν νἱοί, Darius had sons. %The article goes with the infinitive, which is thus shown to be a noun in the genitive case (cf. 131, ἢ. 83). The infinitive in such cases is generally best translated by a participle or verbal noun, Tov ἀθροίζειν is objective gen., of (for) gathering.
-
8144 Contract Verbs in ἄω 39
Observe that ἃ or @ occurs in every contract form. Con- tract verbs are given in the vocabulary in uncontracted form, but if the same word were used in a sentence it would be contracted: tia in vocabulary, but τιμῶ in a sentence.
142, Learn the present and imperfect indicative, active, middle, and passive, of tiua, with the present infinitive of all voices (647).
143, Accent. The general rules of accent (10-14) apply to contract verbs. But observe (1) that the syllable result- ing from contraction is long, and (2) that if either of the syllables had an accent before contraction, the contracted syllable is accented. A contracted ultima has the circumflex. Note the application of the rules in the conjugation of tiuaa.
Observe that contract verbs are in reality contract verbs only in the present and imperfect tenses. Outside the pres- ent system they do not differ in inflection from other verbs; but most of them lengthen the short stem-vowel in the other tenses before the tense sign, a and e becoming 7 and o be- coming ὦ. Thus: tiudw, pres. τιμῶ, imp. ἐτέμων, but fut. τιμήσω, 1 aor. ériunoa. a after ε, 4, or p generally becomes ἃ instead of 7: πειράω, πειράσω.
144. DRILL
I. Locate the following forms:
. τιμῶ, τιμᾶν, ἐτιμῶ, ἐτίμων, ἐτιμῶντο.
. πειρᾶσθαι, λύσασθαι, πειρᾶσθε, τιμᾶτε, ἐλύσατε.
νυξί, ἀσπίδες, ἄδελφε, στρατιώτου, ὀνόματα.
. ἄρχουσι, ἀσπίδα, πεδία. νυκτί, γέρον, νυκτῶν.
. ἐλύσατο, θύειν. ἔλιπον, ἐνόμιζον, ἔλεξαν.
. He attempts, he will attempt, he was attempting, he attempted.
. He honors, he will honor, he was honoring, he honored.
. Tam honored, I was being honored, they attempted to honor.
. They honored, we attempt, they will attempt, they attempted to be honored.
moot me οὐ ND κα
IL.
He G2 bo
40 Elementary Greek § 145
145. EXERCISES I. 1. ἐπεβούλευεν αὐτῷ, Κῦρος δὲ κωλύειν ἐπειρᾶτο. 2. αὕτη αὖ ἄλλη πρόφασις ἦν τοῦ πειρᾶσθαι τὰ στρατεύματα συλ- λέξαι. 8. λέγει ὅτι τιμᾷ τοὺς φίλους. 4. ἐπὶ Μίλητον Κῦρος ἐπειρᾶτο στρατεύειν. 5. ἐβούλετο τιμᾶν Τισσαφέρνην. If. 1. They attempted to collect an army. 2. The people of Miletus’ wish to honor Cyrus. 8. We honored the oldmen. 4. He attempts to make an expedition against the colony by land and sea. 5. The commanders had
an excuse for preventing them.
LESSON XV
CoNTRACT VERBS IN €® AND 60
146. πρὸς δὲ ᾿Αρταξέρξην πέμπων᾽ ἠξίου ἀδελφὸς ὧν" A > An - “ “Δ αὐτοῦ σατράπης εἶναι ταύτης τῆς χώρᾶς μᾶλλον ἢ Τισσα- φέρνην' ἄρχειν αὐτῆς, καὶ ἡ Παρύσατις συνέπροττεν 2 κβ A 7 > , \ \ Ν ε ay | αὐτῷ" ταῦτα: ὥστε ᾿Αρταξέρξης τὴν μὲν πρὸς ἑαυτὸν 5 Ν 5 > 4 ἐπιβουλὴν οὐκ ἠσθάνετο.
147. ‘ VOCABULARY αἰσθάνομαι, αἰσθήσομαι, ἡσθόμην, (depon.), perceive, learn. [aesthetic] ἀξιόω, ἀξιώσω, ἠξίωσα, deem right, expect, claim, ask. [axiom] ἄρχω, ἄρξω, ἦρξα, be first, rule, command (gen.); mid. begin; cf. ἀρχή. δηλόω, δηλώσω, ἐδήλωσα, show, make clear, explain. ἐπιβουλή, fis, ἢ, plot; cf. ἐπιβουλεύω. πέμπω, πέμψω, ἔπεμψα, send. [pomp] ποιέω, ποιήσω, ἐποίησα, do, make. [poet] συμπράττω, συμπράξω, συνέπραξα, act with, help in doing, help, co-operate. ὥστε (ws-+ τε enclitic), conj. adv., or conj., so that, wherefore, so as.
1See 131, n. 3. 2Pres. ppl. nom. sing. masc. of πέμπω, sending. 3@v is pres. ppl. of εἰμί, ἀδελφὸς ὧν αὐτοῦ is the equivalent of a causal clause, sincehe was his brother. 4The subject of the infinitive is regularly in the accusative; hence Τισσαφέρνην. But if it is the same as the subject of the main verb (here 7éiov), the nominative is preferred; hence ἠξίου εἷναι σατράπης, where σατράπης is nominative not accusative. 5 Verbs of superiority, ruling, etc., govern the genitive. θαὐτῷ is dependent upon σύν in composition. impos ἑαυτόν, against himself (Artaxerxes).
§152 Contract Verbs in €w and 6 41
CONTRACT VERBS IN €@ AND 6 148. Verbs in -ἔω and -όω show the following contractions:
e+} St Ξον; e+o=o; tf{it=a ot fa tao o+ w=; ο-ἰ- εἰ ΞΞ οι.
ου
149. Learn the present and imperfect indicative active, middle, and passive, of ποιέω and δηλόω (647, 648), with the present infinitive in all voices.
150. ὥστε introduces result. If the result did actually follow, ὥστε means wherefore, consequently, so that, and is generally followed by the indicative. If the result is simply expected to follow, it means 80 α8, and the infinitive, with or without subject accusative, is used: εἶχε στρατιώτας, ὥστε λαβεῖν Τισσαφέρνην, he had soldiers so as to capture Tissaphernes.
151. DRILL
I. Locate the following:
1. δηλοῖς, ἀξιοῦσιν, ἐδηλοῦ, δηλοῦτε.
2. ἀξιοῦσθε, ἀξιοῦσθαι, ἀξιοῦν, ἠξίουν, ἠξιοῦντο.
8, δηλοῦμεν. ἐδηλούμεθα, ἀξιοῖ, ἠξιοῦτο, ἀξιοῦται.
II. Give:
1. 3 sing. pres. and imp. act. and mid. of ἀξιόω, tivew.
2. 3 plu. pres. and imp. act. and pass. of ἀξιόω, ποιέω.
152. i EXERCISES
I. 1. ἀξιοῦμεν Κύρῳ συμπράττειν ὥστε ἄρχειν Μιλήτου. 2. Τισσαφέρνης δηλοῖ τὴν ἐπιβουλὴν ᾿Αρταξέρξῃ. 8. Κῦρος πειρᾶται συμπράττειν τῷ ἄρχοντι. 4. οὐκ ἠξίουν Τισσαφέρνην ἄρχειν ταύτης τῆς χώρας. 5. Κῦρος βούλε- Tat βασιλεύειν ἀντὶ ποῦ ἀδελφοῦ.
II. 1. The plot was explained to the brother of Cyrus. 2. For he thought it right to co-operate with his elder brother so as to collect soldiers. 3. They do not deem it right to suspect the army. 4. The old men perceived these things and attempted to rule Miletus. 5. They perceive this plot against the commanders.
42 Elementary Greek 8158
LESSON XVI
THE PARTICIPLE
1 2 A 168. Τισσαφέρνει Se? ἐνόμιζε πολεμοῦντα" αὐτὸν ἀμφὶ τὰ στρατεύματα δαπανᾶν" wate οὐκ ἤχθετο αὐτῶν πο-
δασμοὺς ᾿Αρταξέρξῃ ἐκ τῆς χώὠώρᾶς ἣν Τισσαφέρνης τὸ
λεμούντων. καὶ γὰρ ὁ Κῦρος pate TOUS γιγνομένους > A Cs ἀρχαῖον" εἶχεν.
184, VOCABULARY ἀμφί, prep. (acc.), about. [amphi- δασμός, οὗ, ὁ, tax, tribute. theater] ἂν πολεμέω, πολεμήσω, ἐπολέμησα, Wage ἄχθομαι, ἀχθέσομαι, (depon.), be bur- war (dat.). dened, vexed, displeased. Τισσαφέρνης, ovs, dat. εἰ, acc. ἣν, δαπανάω, δαπανήσω, ἐδαπάνησα, Tissaphernes.
spend (money), consume.
THE PARTICIPLE
155. Learn the following participles: the present active, middle and passive, of Avw, Tivaw, ποιέω, δηλόω; the future and first aorist, active and middle, of vw; the second aorist, active and middle, of λείπω; the present and future of εἰμί (ἐσόμενος, ἡ, ov), in 638, 641, 647, 648. Observe that the accent of the second aorist active participle is always acute on the ultima.
156. Learn the declension of ὦν, λιπών (617), λύων (618), ᾿ τιμῶν, ποιῶν, δηλῶν (624).
Nore.—The form λύων is for λύοντς (cf. γέρων, 136). Atovoa comes by euphonic change from λύοντια.
1 Dat. of indirect object with πολεμοῦντα, 2The contrast between this clause and the preceding is marked by the μέν and δέ, The words most sharply contrasted are πρὸς ἑαυτόν and Τισσαφέρνει. δ ΆρΓΘΟΒ with αὐτόν, which is subj.-acc. of δαπανᾶν, πολεμοῦντα indicates cause: he thought he was spending money because he was waging war with Tissaphernes. δαπανᾶν, infinitive in indirect discourse ; αὑτόν is subj.-ace. 5 For syntax see 157. 6 Adverbial accusative, formerly, originally.
8169 The Participle 45
157. The Genitive Absolute. A noun and a participle in the genitive case, and not immediately dependent on any word in the sentence, are said to be in the Genitive Absolute.
158. DRILL I. Locate the following: 1. τιμῶντι, ποιοῦντι, λύοντι, δηλούσῃ, λιπούσῃ. 2. ripwods, ποιουσῶν, λυούσῃ: τιμῶν, ποιοῦν. 8. λῦον, λύουσαι, ποιοῦντα. δηλοῦντες. 4. στρατιῶται, δῶρα, ἐλπίδα. γέρουσι. ἁμάξης, σατράπου. 5. ἔλῦες, δηλοῖς, ἐτίμα. ἐτιμῶντο, ἠξιοῦντο. II. Give in all genders: (1) dat. sing., (2) dat. plu., (3) ace. sing., (4) nom. plu., of τιμῶν, ἀξιῶν. ποιῶν, λιπών. 159. EXERCISES I. 1. πολεμοῦντες οὐκ ἀπέπεμπον τοὺς δασμούς. 2. τούτων τῶν στρατευμάτων πολεμούντων ἤχθοντο. 8. Κῦρος ἀμφὶ τὸ στράτευμα ἐδαπάνα. 4. ἐνόμιζον αὐτὸν τιμᾶν Κῦρον. ὅ. ᾿Αρταξέρξης ἀξιοῖ τὸν ἀδελφὸν ἀποπέμπειν τοὺς δασμοὺς ἐκ Μιλήτου.
II. 1. Being honored, they do not make war. 2. Cyrus, (because he was) spending money on the soldiers, did not send the tribute to his brother. 3. He is annoyed because Cyrus is honoring’ the army. 4. They made war so as to receive (λαμβάνω) the tribute. 5. Artaxerxes thinks Cyrus is making war against this country. _
1See 157.
Fic. 5.—A Lion Hunt
44 Elementary Greek 8160
LESSON XVII TuHirD DeEcLENSION. Liquip STEMS
160. ἄλλο δὲ στράτευμα αὐτῷ᾽ συνελέγετο" ἐν Xeppo- νήσῳ τῇ κατ᾽ ἀντιπέρᾶς ᾿Αβύδου τόνδε τὸν τρόπον. Κλέ αρχος Λακεδαιμόνιος φυγὰς ἦν: τούτῳ' συγγενόμενος 6 Κῦρος ἠγάσθη" τε αὐτὸν καὶ παρεῖχε αὐτῷ μῦρίους δαρεικούς.
161. VOCABULARY
“ABUSos, ov, 4, Abydos.
ἀγών, Gvos, 6, contest, games. [agony]
ἀνήρ, ἀνδρός, ὁ, man.
ἀντιπέρας, adv. or prep. (gen.), opposite; κατ᾽ ἀντιπέρας forms ἃ simple phrase with the same meaning, and governs the gen.
δαρεικός, οὔ, ὁ, darvic, a Persian coin worth about $3.50.
Κλέαρχος, ov, ὁ, Clearchus, a Greek general.
Λακεδαιμόνιος, ἃ, ov, Lacedaemonian.
λιμήν, évos, ὁ, harbor, port.
μήν, μηνός, ὁ, month. [moon]
μήτηρ, μητρός, ἣ, mother.
μῦριοι, at, a, ten thousand. [myriad]
παρέχω, παρέξω or παρασχήσω, παρέσχον, furnish, supply, give.
πατήρ, site Ses, 6, father.
ῥήτωρ, opos, ὁ, orator, speaker. [rhetoric]
συγγίγνομαι, συγγενήσομαι, συνεγενόμην, be or associate with, meet (dat.).
τε, cODj., and (enclitic); te... . καί, both .... and. τρόπος, ov, ὁ, way, manner. τόνδε τὸν τρόπον, adv. acc., in this manner. {trope}
φυγάς, 480s, ὁ, fugitive, exile. “Χερρόνησος, ov, ἣ. Chersonnesus. Turrp DeEcLENsIon (continued). Liguip STEMS 162. Learn ἀγών, λιμήν, μήν, ῥήτωρ (606). Observe that the nominative singular of liquid stems does not add s, but lengthens the vowel of the last syllable, if short. ν is
1Dative of advantage. 2 Passive. 3This article has the effect of making the prepositional phrase a modifier of Χερρονήσῳ, 4 Dative dependent on σύν in composition. 5 Admired, aor. 3 sing.
($165 Third Declension. Liquid Stems 45
dropped before o in the dative plural. In oxytones the vocative singular is like the nominative, in other liquid nouns like the stem. For special rule of accent see 135. 163. Learn πατήρ, μήτηρ, ἀνήρ (607). Observe that in ἀνήρ [ ἀνερ) ὃ takes the place of ε of the stem in all cases except the nominative and vocative singular. In πατήρ and μήτηρ the ε of the stem is dropped in the genitive and dative singular, not throughout as in Latin in pater, mater. In the dative plural ep becomes pa. The accent is on € except in the genitive, dative, and vocative singular. 164, DRILL I. Locate the following:
1. wi, dori, πεδία.
2. ἀσπίδα. ἀγῶσι, ἄρχοντας.
3. σατράπας. βασιλείας. στρατεύματα.
4. υἱῶν, ἀγών, μῆνα.
5. λιμένι, στρατιῶτα. ἁμάξῃ.
6. ἄνδρας, πατρός. μητέρα, μητέρων. πατράσι. ὀνόμασι. II. 1. Of the father, to the mothers, the harbors.
2. The names of the men, the hopes of the orator, the contests
of the soldier.
3. For the shield, for the night, for the month.
4. To (cis) the man, to the harbors, to the army.
5. O satrap, O father, O men.
165. EXERCISES I. 1. τοῖς δὲ φυγάσι Κῦρος παρέχει ἀσπίδας. 2. of ἄρχον- τες ἐκεῖνοι ἤθροισαν στράτευμα. 8. Κῦρος οὐκ ἐπολέμει τῷ πατρί. 4. ἐτίμα γὰρ αὐτὸν μᾶλλον ἢ τὴν μητέρα. 5. συγγενόμενοι Κύρῳ οἱ φυγάδες συνέλεγον ἄλλα στρα- τεύματα.
II. 1.-Cyrus met the men. 2. The commanders gave the fugitive adaric. 8. Artaxerxes honored both his father and his mother. 4. The fugitives collected their armies in the following manner. 5. They deemed it right to give shields to the soldiers.
46 Elementary Greek — $166
LESSON XVIII THIRD DECLENSION. LABIAL AND PALATAL STEMS
Ν - ,΄ 4 166. ὁ δὲ AaBar' τὸ χρυσίον, στράτευμα συνέλεξεν ἀπὸ τούτων τῶν χρημάτων, καὶ ἐπολέμει ἐκ Χερρονήσου ὁρμώ- A Ν a Ὁ ε Ἀ ε ld > lal Ν μενος τοῖς Θρᾳξὶ rots ὑπὲρ Ἑλλήσποντον οἰκοῦσι, καὶ 9 ὠφέλει τοὺς Ἕλληνας.
167. VOCABULARY
διῶρυξ, vxos, ἢ, ditch, canal.
Ἕλλην, nvos, ὁ, Greek.
Ἑλλήσποντος, ov, ὁ, Hellespont.
Θρᾷξ, Opakds, ὁ, Thracian, a Thracian.
κλώψ, κλωπός, ὁ, thief.
οἰκέω, οἰκήσω, ῴᾧκησα, inhabit, dwell; in pass. be situated (generally of cities). [economy, Greenwich — Lat. vicus]
ὁρμάω, ὁρμήσω, ὥρμησα, start, hurry; mid. and pass., set forth, start.
ὑπέρ, prep. (gen.), over, for the sake of; (acc.), over, beyond, above. {hypercritical]
φάλαγξ, ayyos, 7, phalanz, line of battle.
φύλαξ, axos, ὁ, watcher, guard.
χρῆμα, aros, τό, a thing one uses, things, possessions, money.
Xptclov, ov, τό, gold, money. [chrysalis, chrysanthemum]
ὠφελέω, ὠφελήσω, ὠφέλησα, aid, assist, help.
TuirD DecLENsion (continued). Laxsiau (π, B, >) AND PaLATAL (Κ, γ, X) STEMS 168. Learn κλώψ, φύλαξ, φάλαγξ, Θρᾷξ, διῶρυξ (605). Labial and palatal stems are never neuter. 169. DRILL I. Give: (1) dat. sing.; (2) gen. plu.; (3) dat. plu.; (4) gen. sing.; (5) nom. plu.; (6) ace. sing., of νύξ, ἀνήρ, ὄνομα, κλώψ, φύλαξ.
II. 1. The phalanx of the guards, the canals of the Thracians, the gold of the thief.
1From λαμβάνω, 2rois . .. . οἰκοῦσι qualifies @paéi and is best rendered by a relative clause: who dwell (lit. those dwelling).
$172 "
~!
Third Deeclension. Vowel Stems
2. He benefits the commanders and the guards,
3. They are waging war against the Thracians and the Greeks. 4. These men are thieves, not soldiers.
5. They attempted to proceed alongside of (παρά) the ditches.
170. EXERCISES
I. 1. οἱ ὑπὲρ ᾿Ελλήσποντον οἰκοῦντες ἐπολέμουν τοῖς “Ελλη-
st.
σιν. 2. λαβόντες TA χρήματα οἱ φύλακες ὡρμῶντο. 8. οἱ δὲ Θρᾷκες ὁρμώμενοι ἐξ Ἑλλησπόντου ὠφέλουν τοὺς ὑπὲρ Ἑλλήσποντον οἰκοῦντας. 4. οἱ “EddAnves ἐτιμῶντο ἐν ᾿Ιωνίᾳφ. 5. οἱ κλῶπες ἥρπασαν τὸ τῶν ἀνδρῶν χρῦσίον.
1. The Lacedaemonian fugitives took the money and ‘attempted to wage war against Cyrus. 2. Cyrus started from the Hellespont with (having) the Greeks as (as) guards. 3. The commanders assisted those who dwelt inIonia. 4. With this gold they collected ten thousand soldiers. 5. In the ditches there was gold.
LESSON XIX
THIRD DECLENSION. VOWEL STEMS
171. wore καὶ ἤματα ἣν αὐτῷ εἰς τὴν τροφὴν τῶν ΧΡΉΜ 1) ‘ NY τροφὴ
nw 5 ~ ε al , » A > στρατιωτῶν ἐκ τῶν Ἑλλησποντιακῶν πόλεων. τοῦτο δὲ ad
Ν , y 7 A , ΩΣ 5 τὸ στράτευμα οὕτως αὐτῷ λάθρᾳ ἕτοιμον ἦν.
172. VOCABULARY
εἷς, pla, ἕν, one. [hyphen, ace] πόλις, ews, ἣ, city, [polite, cosmo- *EdAnerovtiakss, 4, όν, Hellespon- politan]
tian. τέτταρες, a, four. [tetrarchy] ἕτοιμοφ, 7, ov, ready. τροφή, fs, ἣν, nurture, support. tx 0s, tos, ὁ, fish. [ichthyology) [atrophy] οὕτω, adv., thus; before a vowel, τρεῖς, τρία, three. [tripod]
οὕτως.
1 See 150.
48 : Elementary Greek ; $173
THE THIRD DECLENSION (continued). VowEL STEMS
173, Learn πόλις and ἐχθύς (608).
Observe that stems ending in ¢ and v add ν (not a) to form the accusative singular. Stems in « have ε in place of cin all cases, except the nominative, accusative, and vocative singular. ὡς takes the place of os in the genitive singular, but does not affect the accent. The genitive plural also has the accent on the antepenult. A few stems in v make the same vowel changes, but most are declined like ἐχθύς.
174, Learn the declension of εἷς, δύο, τρεῖς, τέτταρες (626).
175. The names of cities or rivers are in apposition with πόλις and ποταμός: ἡ Κελαιναὶ πόλις, the city of Celaenae; ὁ ᾿Ευφράτης ποταμός, the river Euphrates.
176. DRILL I. Locate: 1. Θρᾳκός, πόλεως, τρισί, τρία. 2. πόλεων. ἰχθύν, ἰχθύων. τεττάρων. 3. στρατιώτῃ ἑνί, θαλάττῃ pia, νυκτί, πόλει. 4. αὐτό, αὗται, ταῦτα. ἐκεῖνα. 5. πόλεσι, τέτταρσι, πατράσι, ἰχθύος, πόλεις.
II. Give: (1) ace. sing.; (2) acc. plu.; (3) nom. plu.; (4) dat. plu., of πατήρ, πόλις, φύλαξ, τιμῶν (in all genders), and of οὗτος (in all genders).
177. EXERCISES
I. 1. ἰχθύες ἦσαν ἐν ἀγορᾷ eis τὴν τροφὴν τῶν “EXXAnvar. 2. συγγενόμενος τοῖς Θρᾳξὶ αὐτοὺς ἔχειν ὡς φίλους ἐβούλετο. 8. ταῦτα τὰ χρήματα ἕτοιμα αὐτῷ ἦν ἐν τῇ ᾿Αβύδῳ πόλει. 4, Κλέαρχος αὐτοὺς ἀπαρασκεύους λαβεῖν ἐπειρᾶτο ὥστε τὰς Ἑλληνικὰς πόλεις ὠφελεῖν. 5. οἱ στρατιῶται ἐκ τῶν πόλεων λάθρᾳ συλλέγονται.
II. 1. He started from the city of Abydos and waged war on the fugitives. 2. In this way he aided those’ who
1 See 166, n. 2.
8179 Uses of the Participle 49
dwelt in the cities. 3. And the cities of the Hellespont furnished money for the support of the armies. 4. He collected another army secretly so as to make war on the Thracians. 5. There were fish in the canals and rivers of that country.
LESSON XX Uses OF THE PARTICIPLE
* 178. ᾿Αρίστιππος δὲ ὁ Θετταλὸς ξένος Gv’ ἐτύγχανεν Lal »“ἢΕΙ 3 ~ αὐτῷ, Kal πιεζόμενος ὑπὸ τῶν οἴκοι, ἀντιστασιωτῶν ἔρχε- μ Ν “Ὁ Ν > Ad es > 6 -\ 7 , ται πρὸς τὸν Κῦρον καὶ αἰτεῖ' αὐτὸν els’ δισχιλίους ξένους »“» A Ἐπ 6 A καὶ τριῶν μηνῶν μισθόν, ὡς" οὕτω περιγενησόμενος τῶν ~ εὐ ~ ~ ἀντιστασιωτῶν. ὁ δὲ Κῦρος παρέχει αὐτῷ εἰς τετρακισ- - ἃ ~ χιλίους καὶ ἕξ μηνῶν μισθόν.
179. VOCABULARY
αἰτέω, αἰτήσω, ἤτησα, ask for, demand.
ἀντιστασιώτης, ov, ὁ, opponent, adversary.
᾿Αρίστιππος, ov, ὁ, Aristippus.
δισχίλιοι, at, a, two thousand.
ἕξ, siz. [hexagon]
ἔρχομαι, ἦλθον, come, go.
Θετταλός, 03, ὁ, Thessalian.
μισθός, οὔ, ὁ, pay.
ξένος, ov, 6, stranger, guest-friend; plu. mercenaries.
οἴκοι, adv., at home. See 13, note.
περιγίγνομαι, περιγενήσομαι, περιεγενόμην, (gen.), be superior, overcome.
πιέζω, πιέσω, ἐπίεσα, press, oppress. [piezometer]
τετρακισχίλιοι, at, a, four thousand.
τυγχάνω, τεύξομαι, ἔτυχον, happen, happen upon, gain.
ὑπό, prep., under; (gen.), from under, by; (dat.), beneath; (acc.), down under. (hypodermic, hypothesis]
1See181,4. 2v76 with gen. witha passive verbexpresses agency. 8366 181, 8, 4Governs two accusatives. δες with numerals means tothe number of, as many as. 64s is very often used with a participle tu show that the participle contains the thought of some other person than the speaker or the subject of the main verb. See 181, ὃ. 7Gen. governed by περί in composition.
ὅ0 Elementar y Gr eek $180
180. Review the participles (155, 156) and learn λύσας (620).
181. The participle is found far more frequently in Greek than in English. The following are its most important uses:
1. The participle is often used as an adjective: πόλις οἰκουμένη, an inhabited city.
2. When used alone with the article the participle becomes a noun. It is then usually best translated by a relative clause: ot ἐνοικοῦντες, the inhabitants; ὁ βουλόμενος, the one who wishes; τὰ γιγνόμενα, those things which are taking place (literally, the happenings).
3. In many cases the idea expressed by the participle is really co-ordinate with that of the main verb, but precedes it in time. The participle in this case is usually aorist. It is generally best translated by a finite verb, co-ordinate with the main verb: στράτευμα ἀθροίσὰς ἐξελαύνει, he collected an army and marched away. This is sometimes termed the preliminary participle.
4, τυγχάνω, happen; χανθάνω, escape the notice of; φθάνω, anticipate, are usually followed by a predicate participle containing the main thought; ὧν ἐτύγχανεν may be translated, happened to be, or was, as it happened; ἔλαθεν πέμπων, he sent secretly (literally, he escaped notice sending) ; ἔφθασεν αὐτὸν ἐρχόμενος, he came before him (literally, he anticipated him coming).
5. The future participle shows purpose: ἦλθον κωλύσοντες, they came to hinder. With ὡς an avowed purpose is expressed: ὡς οὕτω περιγενησόμενος τῶν ἀντιστασιωτῶν, think- mg that he would thus overcome his opponents.
6. For the genitive absolute see 157.
182. The participle does not denote absolute time. The present participle expresses the same time as the verb on which it depends; the aorist, time preceding or co-ordinate with the main verb; and the future, time after it.
§186 Use of Participles. Use of Prepositions 51
183. DRILL
Locate the following forms: 1. λῦσαν, ἔλῦσαν, λύσᾶσαν. 4. ἀνδρός, μίαν, ταῦτα. 2. λῦούσαις, λύσάσαις, ἐλύσω. 5. εἰσί, τρισί, πατράσι. 3. λύσᾶς, λυσάσᾶς, ἔλυσας. 184. EXERCISES
I. 1. ᾿Αρίστιππος πρὸς τὸν Κῦρον ἦλθε αἰτήσων τροφήν.
2. οἱ Ἕλληνες οἱ ἐν τῇ πόλει ἐτύγχανον πιεζόμενοι.
3. ἐλθὼν πρὸς τοὺς ἀντιστασιώτᾶς ATE χρυσίον. 4. οἱ
φυγάδες εἰς τετρακισχιλίους ξένους καὶ δυοῖν μηνῶν μισθὸν ἤτουν. 5. Κῦρος δὲ πολεμῶν τῇ Μιλήτῳ πόλει ἔτυχεν.
II. 1. Clearchus was hard pressed" by those at home, so he
' became a fugitive. 2. The soldiers came to Cyrus and
asked him for three months’ pay. 3. The messengers
happened to be Thessalians. 4. Those who dwelt above
_ the Hellespont happened to be hard pressed by the
Thracians. 5. He collected an army, thinking that he
would make war upon the city.
LESSON XXI Usre oF PartTicipLes. USE OF PREPOSITIONS
185. Review uses of the participle (Lesson XX).
186. The participle is very often used in place of a sub- ordinate clause, either when in agreement with the subject or object of the sentence or in the genitive absolute con- struction. It may show:
a) Time: ταῦτα εἰπὼν ἀπῆλθεν, when he had said this he went away. :
δ) Cause: ὑπῆρχε τῷ Κύρῳ φιλοῦσα αὐτόν, she assisted Cyrus because she loved him.
— es
1 Render by a ppl.; omit ‘‘so.”’
52 Elementary Greek 5186
c) Manner or means: διαπράᾶττει treicas, he oa (it) by persuasion.
d) Purpose, shown by future participle (see 181, 5).-
e) Condition: ἔχοντες τὰ ὅπλα πολεμήσομεν, if we have our arms, we shall make war.
f) Concession: βουλόμενος οὐκ ἦλθεν, though he wished (to do so), he did not come. ;
g) Attendant circumstances: ἦλθεν ἔχων μέγα στράτευμα, he came with a large army.
187. Some prepositions govern one case only (genitive, dative, or accusative) ; some govern two cases (genitive and accusative); others all three cases. Observe the distinctions in the General Vocabulary.
188. Of the more common prepositions, ἀντί, instead of; ἀπό, away from, from; ἐκ, out of, from; πρό, before, govern the genitive only.
189. ἐκ (ἐξ) implies that one starts from within, ἀπό from the neighborhood of: ἐξ οἰκίας, out of the house; ἀπὸ οἰκίας, from the house.
190. ἐν, in, and σύν, with, govern the dative only; ava, up, and eis, into, govern the accusative only.
191. ἀμφί, about; διά promis on account of ; κατά, down; μετά, in company with, after; ὑπέρ, over, govern the genitive or accusative.
192. ἐπί, on, wpon, at; παρά, alongside of, beside; περί, round about; πρός, over against, facing, at, to; ὑπό, under, govern the genitive, dative, or accusative.
193. In general, when used with prepositions the genitive expresses motion from; the dative, the idea of being at or rest at; the accusative, motion toward; 6. g.: παρά w. gen. = from the side of, παρά w. dat. = by the side of, παρά w. acc. = to the side of. Thus, far more than in Latin, the force of the preposition is determined by the case with which it is used.
8195 Use of Participles. Use of Prepositions 53
IL
IT.
194. DRILL
. πρὸς THs πόλεως. παρὰ THY ἀρχήν, παρὰ τῆς ἀρχῆς. . διὰ τὸ χρυσίον, περὶ χρημάτων, διὰ τῆς χώρᾶς.
. ἐπὶ τὴν ἀρχήν, πρὸ τῆς οἰκίας, ὑπὲρ τῆς κεφαλῆς.
. ἀπὸ τοῦ ποταμοῦ, ἐκ τοῦ ποταμοῦ.
oom ON αὶ
. ἐπὶ τῶν ἁμαξῶν, ἀμφὶ τὸ στράτευμα, σὺν τοῖς στρατιώταις.
Give: (1) nom. plu. (masc. fem. neut.) of the active participles of λύω. (2) ace. sing. (mase. fem. neut.) of the middle parti- ciples of λύω.
195. EXERCISES
. 1. ἀπὸ τῆς πόλεως ἦλθον τρισχίλιοι ἄνδρες αἰτήσοντες μισθόν.
2. χρήματα λαβόντες ἦλθον διὰ τοῦ πεδίου μετὰ τῶν ἄλλων στρατιωτῶν. 3. περιγενόμενος τῶν ἐν τῇ ἀρχῇ βασιλεύει Κῦρος. 4. οἱ ποιοῦντες ταῦτα τυγχάνουσι ὄντες “EXAnves. 5. λέγει ὅτι ἐβούλοντο τοὺς στρατιώτας ἐκ τῆς χώρας ἀθροῖσαι. 1. Being dishonored, Cyrus wishes to rule instead of his brother. 2. They came from the city to collect soldiers. 3. Since he was' a friend, Aristippus asked Cyrus for money. 4. When they were present,’ Cyrus spoke as follows.* 5. Though hard pressed by his opponents, he
overcame them.
1Ppl. with pred. nom. 2Gen. abs. 3 Cf. 127.
Fic. 6.—A Banquet Scene
54 Elementary Greek § 196
LESSON XXII THE SUBJUNOCTIVE
196. καὶ δεῖται αὐτοῦ μὴ πρόσθεν καταλῦσαι πρὸς τοὺς ἀντιστασιώτᾶς πρὶν av αὐτῷ συμβουλεύσηταιἣ οὕτω δὲ αὖ To ἐν Θετταλίᾳ ἐλάνθανεν" αὐτῷ τρεφόμενον στράτευμα.
197. VOCABULARY
av, see note 2 and General Vocabulary.
δέω, δεήσω, ἐδέησα, want (gen.); impersonally, be necessary, often with the value of a mere auxiliary, must; mid., want for oneself, need, beg. With gen. or with acc. of the thing, and gen. of the person.
ἐάν (εἰ + dv), if (with subjunctive).
Θετταλία, Gs, ἣ Thessaly.
ἵνα, final particle, that, in order that.
καταλύω, καταλύσω, κατέλυσα, unloose, come to terms with (mpés).
λανθάνω, λήσω, ἔλαθον, be hidden, escape notice. [Lethe]
ph, adv., not.
πρίν (πρό), conj. adv., before, until.
πρόσθεν (πρός), adv., before; πρόσθεν. ... πρίν, before... . until.
συμβουλεύω, συμβουλεύσω, συνεβούλευσα, plan with, counsel (dat.); mid., consult with (dat.).
τρέφω, θρέψω," ἔθρεψα, nourish, support. [atrophy]
198. Only the present, aorist, and perfect tenses are found in the subjunctive. The perfect subjunctive active is very rare and may be omitted.
Learn the present subjunctive of εἰμί (655), the present and aorist, active and middle subjunctive of Avw (638, 639), and the second aorist active and middle subjunctive of λείπω (641).
ly is the regular negative with the infinitive except in indirect discourse. 2av is a modal adv. used chiefly with subj. and opt.; it cannot be translated here. 3When the principal clause is negative, πρίν meaning until is followed by the subj., if the main verb is in a primary tense; by the optative if the main verb is in a secondary (historical) tense. ¢The article belongs to στράτευμα. See 181, 4.
6When ¢ anda unite, they form Ψ (tc). Sometimes, as in τρέφω, ϑρέψω, the aspirate in Ψ is drawn into the initial consonant, giving 9 for τ,
8904 The Subjunctive 5D
ee πὰ δεν
199. Observe that the subjunctive has » and 7 in place of o/e of the present, and that it has the primary endings (97, 105) in all tenses. As in Latin the force of the tenses varies, but in general both present and aorist refer to future time, with the important distinction that the present repre- sents the action as in progress or repeated, the aorist as simply occurring.
200. Purpose clauses are introduced by ἵνα, ὡς, or ὅπως, and take the subjunctive after primary tenses. After sec- ondary tenses the subjunctive may be retained for vividness, or the verb may be in the optative. The negative is μή.
201. The vivid future condition has in the protasis (condition) ἐάν («i+ ἄν, also sometimes written ἤν, av) with the subjunctive, and the future indicative, or some future expression in the apodosis (conclusion). It implies consid- erable likelihood of fulfilment. ἐὰν κελεύσῃ, αὐτοὺς πέμψω. if he orders it I shall send them, or if he will order it I shall send them.
202. In all conditional sentences the negative in the protasis is μή, in the apodosis, ov.
203. A conditional sentence may state what is or will be true on a particular occasion (e. g. the sentence above, 201), or what is always true if the protasis is fulfilled. The latter is called a general condition. The present general condition always has in the protasis the same form as the vivid future particular condition, but in the apodosis it has the present indicative: ἐὰν κελεύσῃ, αὐτοὺς πέμπω. if he orders it, I (always) send them.
204. DRILL
I. Locate the following:
1. καταλύσωμεν, συμβουλεύσωνται, λανθάνῃ.
. λύσηται, λύσητε, λύσῃ (two forms), λύησθε. , λύσαντι, λύσασα, λύουσα,; λύοντα.
Ow NS
OU Oe
Elementary Greek § 204
IL; Give: 1. 3 sing. of the subjs. act. of ἀθροίζω. 2. 3 plu. of subjs. mid. of βουλεύω. 3. 8 plu. pres., fut., and aor. ind. (act. and mid.) of Ave. 205. EXERCISES I. 1. ἐὰν ταύτας τὰς πόλεις λαβεῖν βουλώμεθα, Κῦρος κωλύσει. 2. ἐπιβουλεύονται τοῖς σατράπαις ἵνα βασι- λεύσωσιν ἀντὶ τῶν ἄλλων. 8. ἐὰν μὴ Κῦρος χρήματα ἔχῃ. στράτευμα οὐ τρέφει. 4. συμβουλεύσομαι Κύρῳ ἵνα καταλύσωμεν πρὸς τοὺς ἐν Θετταλίᾳ. 5, ἐδέοντο Κύρου μὴ τρέφειν ταῦτα τὰ δύο στρατεύματα.
II. 1. He arrests Cyrus in order to send him away from the province. 2. They beg Artaxerxes to become their friend. 3. When he had collected an army, he came to terms with his opponents. 4. If Clearchus comes to terms with his soldiers, they will not send for Cyrus. 5. He secretly’ begged Cyrus to support these soldiers.
LESSON XXIII THe PERFECT SYSTEM
206. Πρόξενον δὲ τὸν Βοιώτιον ἕένον ὄντα ἐκέλευσε λαβόντα" ἄνδρας ὅτι πλείστους" παραγενέσθαι, ὡς" εἰς Πισίδᾶς βουλόμενος στρατεύεσθαι. ws* πράγματα παρ- εχόντων" τῶν Πισιδῶν τῇ ᾿Ιωνίᾳ.
207. VOCABULARY
Βοιώτιος, ἃ, ον, Boeotian, an inhabitant of Boeotia.
mapaylyvopat, παραγενήσομαι, παρεγενόμην, be present or at hand, arrive. Πισίδης, ov, ὁ, Pisidian, an inhabitant of Pisidia.
πρᾶγμα, ματος, τό, deed, thing, trouble (usually plural). [practical] Πρόξενος, ov, ὁ, Proxenus.
1See 181, 4. 2181, 3. 8 ὅτι πλείστους = the most possible, adj. modifier of ἄνδρας ; cf. Lat. quam plurimos. 4s, with ppl. gives the alleged reason, on the ground that, asif; cf. 186, ὃ. 5157.
8218 The Perfect System 57
208. Learn the first perfect and pluperfect indicative active, the perfect subjunctive, infinitive, and participle of λύω (638), and the second perfect and pluperfect indicative active, the perfect subjunctive, infinitive, and participle of λείπω (641).
The perfect and pluperfect active have a reduplication at the beginning. If the verb begins with a single con- sonant (except p), the reduplication consists of prefixing that consonant and €: λύω, perfect AédAvea. A rough mute becomes the cognate smooth mute (599, 2): θαυμάζω, τεθαύμακα.
If a verb begins with two consonants (except a mute and liquid) or a double consonant (ζ, & wW), or with p, the syllable ε takes the place of reduplication. If a verb begins with a short vowel or diphthong, the reduplication takes the same form as the temporal augment. E. g. στρατεύω, ἐστράτευκα: ἀγγέλλω, ἤγγελκας A long vowel remains unchanged: ὠφελέω, ὠφέληκα.
209. The pluperfect augments the perfect by prefixing ε. In verbs which begin with a vowel this augment does not have a visible effect.
210. The first perfect adds «a and the first pluperfect adds «n to the reduplicated stem. The first perfect as a rule is found only in pure,’ liquid, and 7-stems.
211. Pure stems add the endings without changing the stem except to lengthen a final short vowel: Avda, λέλυκα, ποιέω, πεποίηκα.
212. Monosyllabic liquid stems change ε to a: στέλλω [Loren |, ἔσταλκα.
213. Verbs with stems ending in a 7-mute (7, 6, 6) drop this mute before κα, xn: θαυμάζω, τεθαύμακα.
1 Verbs whose stem ends in a vowel.
58 Elementary Greek 8214
214. The second perfect adds a, and the second pluperfect 7. Most verbs with stems ending in a 7-mute (7, 8, ¢) or a x-mute (x, y, x) have a second perfect. The final letter of the stem is usually aspirated. τρίβω, τέτριφα; πέμπω, πέπομφα. Note that the ε of monosyllabic stems is changed to o in the second perfect.
215. The perfect tenses have primary endings (97, 105) and a as a characteristic vowel. In the third singular this becomes ε (cf. first aorist). The pluperfect has the second- ary endings (97, 105).
216. The perfect indicative is used to denote the com- pletion of an action or attainment of a state at the present time; the pluperfect denotes the completion of an action or the attainment of a state in the past. The force of the tense is the same whether the form is first or second perfect.
910. DRILL I. Locate the following verb forms: . λελυμένος, ἐλελύκη. λέλυκε. 4. λελοίπασι. λιπεῖν, ἐστρατευκέναι. . ἔλῦσα, λελύκασι, ἐλελύκεσαν. 5. ἐλελοίπη. συγγενόμενος, λελοιπώς. . ἀπέθανε, ἐπείθετο, ὑπήρχετε. . Form first perfects of θύω, ἀθροίζω. κελεύω, κωλύω, πολεμέω, Tipaw, στρατεύω. 2. They had collected, we have sacrificed, you have left. 3. He has honored, he had made war, they have ordered. 4. He had left, you collected, they had made war.
218. EXERCISES
, \ > Aiken I. 1. ἐκεκελεύκεμεν τὸν ἄνδρα παραγενέσθαι. 2. κεκωλύκασι
μι 09 DD μὸ
af.
τοὺς στρατηγοὺς λαβεῖν ἄνδρας. 3. ἡρπάκεσαν τὴν τῶν Πισιδῶν χώραν. 4. ἐστρατεύκη εἰς τοὺς Πισίδας. 5. οὗτοι οἱ ἄνδρες παρεῖχον πράγματα τῇ ἀρχῇ.
II. 1. He has commanded Proxenus to make an expedition against them. 2. They had collected men on the ground that Tissaphernes wished to cause trouble to the Pisi-
§222 The Aorist Passive 59 dians. 3. So he took’ Boeotian men and came (was on hand), 4. He desired him to be present because he was a gocd soldier. 5. He had ordered as many gen- erals as possible to be on hand.
LESSON XXIV THE Aorist PASSIVE
219. Σοφαίνετον δὲ τὸν Στυμφάλιον καὶ Σωκράτην τὸν ᾿Αχαιόν, ξένους ὄντας καὶ τούτους, ἐκέλευσεν ἄνδρας λαβόντας ἐλθεῖν ὅτι πλείστους ὡς πολεμήσων Τισσα- φέρνει σὺν τοῖς φυγάσι τοῖς Μιλησίων. καὶ ἐποίουν οὕτως οὗτοι.
220. VOCABULARY Ἀχαιός, ά, dv, an Achaean, of Achaea. γράφω, γράψω, ἔγραψα, γέγραφα, ἐγράφην, write. (graphic, -graph] Μιλήσιος, ἃ, ov, Milesian, of Miletus.
Lodalveros, ov, ὁ, Sophaenetus, a Greek general. Στυμφάλιος, a, ov, Stymphalian, of Stymphalus. σύν, prep. (dat.), with. [syntax]
Σωκράτης, ov, ὁ, Socrates, a Greek general.
221. Except in two sets of tenses, the first and second aorist and the first and second future, the verb has the same form for the passive and middle, and one can determine which it is only by the needs of the sentence.
222. Learn the first and second aorist passive, in the indicative, subjunctive, infinitive, and participle of io (640) and φαίνω (642). Observe that the stem of the first aorist (also called the first passive stem) is formed by adding Ge. This becomes θη except when followed by a vowel in inflection: λυθε [λυθη]. It is augmented and uses the secondary endings of the active. Thus the passive voice requires no new set of personal endings.
1181,3. 2Modifies ἄνδρας, For translation see 206, n. 3.
00 Elementary Greek § 223
223. A labial mute (7, β, $) before Ge becomes φ; a palatal mute («, y, x) becomes x; a lingual mute (7, δ, @) becomes s.
224, The second aorist stem (second passive) is formed by adding ε (7, when not followed by a vowel or two conso- nants in inflection) to the verb-stem. Its inflection, there- fore, is like that of the first aorist except for the omission of 6. Stems containing ε change this to a.
225. The first and second future occur so rarely that they may be omitted at this time.
226. DRILL I. Review the meanings, learn the aorist passive, and give the complete principal parts of the following verbs (consult the Greek-English vocabulary): 1. συλλαμβάνω, πορεύομαι. τάττω. 3. ἀθροίζω, ἄγω, τιμάω. 2, πείθω, κωλύω, πέμπω. 4, κελεύω, βούλομαι, λείπω. II. Translate, using the aorist of these verbs: 1. He obeyed, they were collected. 2. Cyrus was arrested, the soldiers proceeded. 3. He wished, you were left, he was honored. 4. They were left, we were arranged} they were ordered.
227. EXERCISES
I. 1. ἠξίου καταλύσας πρὸς τοὺς στρατευομένους ἐπὶ τὸν Κῦρον ἐλθεῖν. 2. ἐπέμφθη σὺν τοῖς ἀγγέλοις εἰς Σωκράτην. 8. ἐπειρᾶτο κωλῦσαι αὐτοὺς ἵνα μὴ συλλήφθῃ. 4. ἐκ Θετταλίας ὁρμησάμενος" ἐβουλήθη στράτευμα ἀθροισθῆναι.
II. 1. He has commanded them to come that he may have good men. 2. If they do” these things, they will dis- cover® the plot. 8. They aided those who dwelt* in Ionia. 4. They took counsel with the fugitives.
1181,3. 2Ppl. of ποιέω, 3 αἰσθάνομαι. 4131, nW3,
5231 Liquid Verbs. Future and First Aorist 61
LESSON XXV Liquip Vergs. Future AND First Aorist 228, ἐπεὶ δ᾽ ἐδόκει᾽ ἤδη πορεύεσθαι αὐτῷ ἄνω, THY μὲν lal c - - A
πρόφασιν ἐποιεῖτο ws Πισίδας βουλόμενος ἐκβαλεῖν παν-
τάπασιν ἐκ τῆς χώρᾶς: καὶ ἀθροίζει ὡς ἐπὶ τούτους" τό τε τὰ Ἁ a“ Ἢ » 4 βαρβαρικὸν καὶ τὸ Ἑλληνικόν.
229. VOCABULARY >
ἄνω, adv., up, upward; often of a march, inland.
ἀποκτείνω, ἀποκτενῶ, ἀπέκτεινα, ἀπέκτονα, kill, slay, put to death.
βαρβαρικός, 4, dv, barbarian, non-Greek, foreign.
δοκέω, δόξω, ἔδοξα, δέδογμαι, ἐδόχθην, seem, seem best or good, think; often impersonal. [dogma, orthodox]
ἐκβάλλω, ἐκβαλῶ, ἐξέβαλον, ἐκβέβληκα, ἐκβέβλημαι, ἐξεβλήθην, fo throw out, drive out, exile.
ἤδη, adv., already, now.
μένω, μενῶ, ἔμεινα, μεμένηκα, stay, remain, wait for.
παντάπασιν, adv., utterly, entirely, altogether.
πορεύομαι, πορεύσομαι, πεπόρευμαι, ἐπορεύθην, pass. dep., proceed, march.
πρόφασις, ews, ἣ, excuse, pretext. [prophet]
daive, φανῶ, ἔφηνα, πέφαγκα and πέφηνα, πέφασμαι, ἐφάνθην and ἐφάνην, act. show, make appear; mid. show oneself, appear. [emphasis, phenomenon}
230. Liquid verbs (i.e. verbs whose stems end in A, 4, v, p) form the future by adding €0/e instead of co0/e. The inflec- tion then becomes like that of the present of a contract ¢-verb: μένω | μεν], future μενῶ (μενέω) ; βάλλω | Bar], future βαλῶ.
231. In the first aorist a is added instead of σα, and the last vowel of the stem is lengthened to compensate: a to ἢ (ἃ afters orp),etoe,etot,vtod. μένω [wer], aor. ἔμεινα: φαίνω | dav], ἔφηνα; σημαίνω [σημανἿ, ἐσήμηνα. |
1232, 2 ἐδόκει αὐτῷ, it seemed good to him, he decided. 3 As if against these
(the Pisidians). ὡς, asif, shows that this is only the apparent purpose of gathering anarmy. 4Sc. στράτευμα,
62 Elementary Greek § 231
Learn the future- and first aorist active and middle indicative, subjunctive, infinitive, and participles of φαίνω (642).
The second aorist of liquid verbs presents no peculiar- ities; βάλλω [ Ban], second aorist ἔβαλον.
232. Hiatus occurs when a word which ends in a yowel is followed by a word which begins with a vowel. It is avoided in two ways: (1) by the insertion of v-movable (34), (2) by elision. Elision is the cutting-off in pronun- ciation of a final short vowel. The omission is indicated in writing by the apostrophe (’).
233. DRILL I. Locate the following forms:
1. φανῶσι. φανοῦσι. μενοῦμεν. 4, ἔδοξε, ἠξίουν, ἀποκτενεῖ. 2. βάλλει, βαλεῖ, διέβαλε. 5. ἐποίει. ποιεῖ, μενεῖν. 3. ἐφήναμεν, ἔμειναν, ἔμεινεν.
II. 1. I remained, he will throw, they will show. 2. He threw, they showed, we shall remain. 3. He will traduce, they were slaying, you will remain. 4. He collected, he has collected, they will march. 5. They make, they will traduce, they were slaying.
234. EXERCISES
I. 1. ἐκβαλοῦσι τοὺς κωλύοντας. 2. ἐὰν δοκῇ πορεύεσθαι στράτευμα συλλέξομεν. 3, ἐπορεύθησαν πρόφασιν ποιή- σαντες ὡς βουλόμενοι καταλῦσαι. 4. ἔπεισε τοῦτον τὸν ἄνδρα τοὺς στρατιώτας πρὸ τῆς πόλεως τάξαι. 5. ἦλθον μὲν ἐκβαλοῦντες; τοὺς Πισίδας, οὐ δ᾽ ἐπολέμησαν.
II. 1. They marched inland. 2. After driving the Pisi- dians out of the country they will remain in this city. 3. The generals decided to start out as if against them.
4, This was another excuse. 5. He collected the Greek soldiers with the intention of marching inland.
1181, 5.
8239 Perfect Middle. The Relative Pronoun 63
LESSON XxXVI PerFecT MippLe. THE RELATIVE Pronoun 235. ἐνταῦθα καὶ παραγγέλλει τῷ τε Κλεάρχῳ' λαβόν- TU ἥκειν ὅσον ἦν αὐτῷ στράτευμα, καὶ τῷ ᾿Αριστίππῳ συναλλαγέντι πρὸς τοὺς οἴκοι ἀποπέμψαι πρὸς ἑαυτὸν" ὃ εἶχε στράτευμα." 236. VOCABULARY
ἐνταῦθα, adv., here, there, thereupon.
ὅς, ἥ, 5, rel. pro. (definite), who, which.
ὅσος, 7, ov, rel. pro. (indefinite), how much, many, great, or as much as, all that.
παραγγέλλω, παραγγελῶ, παρήγγειλα, παρήγγελκα, παρήγγελμαι, παρηγγέλθην, pass along an order, command, order (dat.).
συναλλάττω, συναλλάξω, συνήλλαξα, συνήλλαχα, συνήλλαγμαι, συνηλλάχθην, and συνηλλάγην, bring to terms, reconcile; mid., to become recon- ciled with, to come to terms with.
237. Learn the perfect and pluperfect, middle and passive in indicative, subjunctive, infinitive, and participle of λύω (639, 640). The perfect, middle and passive of pure verbs consists merely of the reduplicated stem with personal end- ings, except in the subjunctive and optative where the form is compound, as in Latin perfect passive, consisting of the perfect participle and εἰμί, The pluperfect has the augment.
238. After the passive voice agency is regularly expressed by ὑπό with the genitive (178, n. 2), but with the perfect — and pluperfect the dative is common. |
239. Learn the declension of ὅς, 7, 6, the definite relative pronoun (634). Its forms are like the article, except (1) ὅς for ὁ, (2) no initial 7, (3) all forms are accented.
1The dat. (indirect obj. of παραγγέλει) displaces the subject of the infin. which
would be acc. 2 The English order is ἥκειν λαβόντι στράτευμα ὅσον ἦν αὐτῷ, στράτευμα is incorporated inthe rel.clause. 31460,π.7. 4 Ὠ, ἢ. 2 end.
64
Elementary Greek $240
240. Learn the declension of λύθείς (619). In the same
manner decline φανείς.
ΤΙ,
Τ'
I.
941. DRILL
. Locate the following forms:
. ἐκβέβληται, ἐπεπόρευτο, ἐλέλυντο.
. συνηλλάγησαν, συνήλλακτο, συναλλαγέντες.
. παραγγελεῖς, παραγγελθείς, παρήγγελται.
. ἅ, ἥ, οἵ, φανέντι, φανεῖσι, λύθεισαις.
. We have been exiled, ordered, reconciled.
He has ordered, reconciled, set out.
. They had been reconciled, ordered, they had ransomed. . Having been sent, reconciled, ordered.
. To whom (dat. sing. and plu. in all genders).
TR WN Pwd μα
242. EXERCISES
1. ἐὰν ἐκβάλωσι τοὺς οἴκοι, ἀποπέμψω τοὺς ἄλλους. 2. παρήγγειλε τῷ Κύρῳ ἥκειν ἔχοντι τὸ στράτευμα. 3. τοὺς στρατηγοὺς ἐλάνθανον πορευόμενοι. 4. εἰ Κῦρον ὠφελεῖν βούλεται, ἀγαθὸς φίλος ἐστίν. 5. εἴληφεν ἣν εἶχε στρατιὰν καὶ οἱ “Ἕλληνες οὐκ ἤσθοντο.
1. Thereupon Clearchus took good soldiers and came. 2. For Cyrus sent word to him to collect the men whom he had. 3. If it shall seem best to Cyrus, we shall drive
them from the city.
Fic. 7.—Preparing for Battle
5247 The Optative Active. Purpose Clauses 65
LESSON XXVII THE OptTaTIVE ACTIVE. PuRPOSE CLAUSES
243. καὶ Ξενίᾳ τῷ ᾿Αρκάδι, ὃς αὐτῷ προειστήκει' τοῦ > A , A 9 , ,ὔ 2 Ν ἐν ταῖς πόλεσι ξενικοῦ, ἥκειν παραγγέλλει λαβόντα" τοὺς ¥ Ν ε / ε δ, 44 ἧς > , , ἄνδρας πλὴν ὁπόσοι ἱκανοὶ ἦσαν τὰς ἀκροπόλεις φυλάτ- τειν
244, VOCABULARY ἀκρόπολις, ews, ἣ, acropolis, citadel. ᾿Αρκάς, άδος, ὁ, an Arcadian. ἥκω, ἥξω, only in pres. and fut., come, be present; usually of completed
action: have come, have arrived. ἱκανός, ή, dv, sufficient, able. ξενικός, 4 dv, foreign, mercenary; as neut. noun, a mercenary force. ὁπόσος, ἡ, ov, rel. pro., as much (many, great) as; or how much (many,
great). φυλάττω. φυλάξω, ἐφύλαξα, πεφύλαχα, πεφύλαγμαι, ἐφυλάχθην, watch, guard.
[Ρῃν]Ἱδοίογυ)
245. Many verbs do not have all the tense systems (80). In lesson vocabularies hereafter when parts are not given it means that they are not in common use in Xenophon.
946, In the aorist tense some deponent verbs have the middle forms and some have the passive. The former are called middle deponents; the latter, passive deponents: ἡγέομαι, aorist ἡγησάμην, middle deponent; πορεύομαι, aorist ἐπορεύθην, passive deponent. This distinction is without effect on the meaning of the verb.
247. The optative has the following tenses: present, future, aorist, perfect, future perfect. Learn the present optative of εἰμί (655), the second aorist optative active of λείπω (641), and the optative active (all tenses) of λύω (638).
instead of being attracted to case of Hevia; cf. Κλεάρχῳ λαβόντι, 235. The difference is due to the position of the words. 2Infin. with ἱκανοί,
66 Elementary Greek § 248
248. The force of the tenses in the optative (except in indirect discourse) is the same as in the subjunctive (199).
249, Observe that in all tenses the secondary endings are used, but that the first person singular has wz. The personal endings are preceded by a mood sign « (ve in the third person © plural of the active and the aorist passive) which unites with the vowel of the tense stem to form oz (az in the first aorist, a+ct=at). Irregular forms are used in the second and third person singular, and the third plural of the first aorist active.
250. After a secondary tense purpose may be expressed by iva, ὡς, or ὅπως with the optative, or the subjunctive may be retained for vividness: of στρατιῶται ἦλθον iva φυλάττοιεν τὴν ἀκρόπολιν (or iva φυλάττωσινῚ, the soldiers came to guard the acropolis. Cf. 200.
251. DRILL I. Locate the following: 1. ἥκοι, λελύκοι, Ado. 4. λύσαιμι, φυλάξαιμεν, ἥκοιμεν. 2. φυλάξειεν, λύσειαν, λύσειας. 5. εἴην, εἶεν, εἴησαν. 8. φυλάξαι, λάβοι, λύσαιεν. II. Give:
1. 3 sing. of the optatives active of λύω; 3 plu. of the optatives active of φυλάττω.
2. In order that he, you, they, might be.
8. In order that he might take, come, guard.
252. EXERCISES I. 1. ἔταττον ἄνδρας ἱκανοὺς τὸ πεδίον φυλάξαι. 2. τὰς ἀκροπόλεις πεφυλάχᾶσιν. 8. ἔλαβε ὅσοι ἦσαν ἄνδρες. 4, συναλλαγεὶς πρὸς τοὺς οἴκοι ἧκεν ἔχων τοὺς ἄλλους πλὴν ὁπόσοι ἐν μάχῃ ἦσαν, ἵνα Κύρῳ συμπράξειεν.
II. 1. They were capable οὗ marching. 2. If που guard the acropolis, they will have the city. 3. After announcing these things to Cyrus, he took the army which he had. ; 4, They took the rest in order that they might guard the acropolis. |
8256 Indirect Discourse. Conditional Sentences 67
LESSON XXVIII InpIREcCT Discourse. CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
£ A 253. ἐκάλεσε δὲ Kal’ τοὺς Μίλητον πολιορκοῦντας, Kal Ν 3 (ὃ > aN 2 Ν ees ΄ θ ε ΄ τοὺς φυγάδας ἐκέλευσε" σὺν αὐτῷ στρατεύεσθαι, ὑποσχό- - A «1 ἕ μενος αὐτοῖς, εἰ καλῶς καταπράξειεν ἐφ᾽ ἃ" ἐστρατεύετο, μὴ πρόσθεν παύσεσθαι πρὶν' αὐτοὺς καταγάγοι οἴκαδε.
254. VOCABULARY
ἀεί, adv., always, ever.
el, conj. (proclitic), 17.
καλέω, καλῶ (for καλέσω), ἐκάλεσα," κέκληκα, κέκλημαι, ἐκλήθην, call, sum-
_ mon. [calendar, ecclesiastic]
καλῶς, adv., well, honorably.
κατάγω, κατάξω, κατήγαγον, lead back, restore.
καταπράττω (κατα -ἰ πρᾶγ), καταπράξω, karémpata, καταπέπραγμαι, κατ- ἐπράχθην, do effectively, accomplish.
οἴκαδε, adv., homeward.
παύω, παύσω, ἔπαυσα, πέπαυκα, πέπαυμαι, ἐπαύθην, cause to cease, stop; mid., stop oneself, cease. [pause, pose]
πολιορκέω, πολιορκήσω, ἐπολιόρκησα, πεπολιόρκηκα, πεπολιόρκημαι, ἔπολιορ- κήθην, besiege.
ὑπισχνέομαι, ὑποσχήσομαι, ὑπεσχόμην, ὑπέσχημαι, hold oneself under, undertake, promise.
255. Learn the optative (all tenses), middle and passive, of Avw (639, 640), the second aorist optative middle of λείπω (641), the second aorist optative passive of φαίνω (642), and the future optative of εἰμί (655).
256. A quoted sentence (indirect discourse) may be introduced by ὅτι (that) or ὡς (how). After a primary tense an indicative does not change its mood or tense; after a secondary tense it may be changed to the optative of the same tense or retained unchanged. πέμπω, I send; _ confuse this verb with καλέω. 3Antecedent omitted; it would be ταῦτα, object
of καταπρᾶξειεν. 4 Note vocabulary, 197. 5Cf, 196, n. 3. 6 Note that the « in the stem is not lengthened in the aorist, as is usually the case with vowel stems.
68 Elementary Greek § 256
λέγει ὅτι πέμπει, he says that he sends; ἔλεξεν ὅτι πέμπει (or πέμποι), he said that he sent.
257. Before translating English indirect discourse into Greek, the student should first find the tense of the direct form. This will always be the right tense to use in Greek.
258. The less vivid future condition has εἰ with the opta- tive in the protasis and the optative with av in the apodosis. εἰ κελεύσειε, αὐτοὺς πέμψαιμι ἄν, if he should order it, I would send them.
259. A general condition in past time has the optative in the protasis, but in the apodosis has the imperfect indica- tive. εἰ κελεύσειε, αὐτοὺς ἔπεμπον, if ever he ordered it, I used to send them.
260. DRILL I. Locate the following forms: 1. κληθείη, παύσαιο, ἀγάγοι. 2. ὑπόσχοιτο, καταπεπραγμένοι εἶεν. 3. ἔσοιντο, πολιορκήσοιεν, θύσειεν. 4, παύσεσθε. ὑποσχήσοισθε, ἐσοίμην. lI. Give: 1. (a) 3 sing., (b) 3 plu., (c) 2 plu. of all the middle and passive optatives of λύω. 2. 1 plu. of the optatives middle of κελεύω. 261. EXERCISES I. 1. εἰ Κῦρος ὑπόσχοι παρεῖναι eis τὴν πόλιν, ἔλθοι av, 2. ὁ δ᾽ ἔλεξεν ὅτι καλῶς καταπράξειεν. 3. λέξει ὅτι ἐλθὼν τὴν ἀκρόπολιν ἐφύλαττεν. 4. ἔλεξεν ὅτι τὰ ὅπλα λαβὼν πορεύοιτο. 5, ἔτυχον ὄντες ἀγαθοί. Il. 1. He said that he was restoring the fugitives. 2. If “they should accomplish these things successfully, he would lead them home. 3. He promised to summon those besieging Miletus, if he made an expedition, 4. If he summoned the fugitives, they always came. 5. He says that the fugitives will not pause.
pa "δ - 8264
Comparison of Adjectives 69
LESSON XXIX CoMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES
262. οἱ δὲ ἡδέως ἐπείθοντο: ἐπίστευον yap αὐτῷ. Kai λαβόντες τὰ ὅπλα παρῆσαν eis’ Σάρδεις. Ξενίας μὲν δὴ Ν > A / Ν / Jat | ΄ ε Ζ τοὺς ἐκ τῶν πόλεων λαβὼν παρεγένετο Eis’ Σάρδεις ὁπλί- - > 2 SY ς , \ or. ΕἾ c Z- Tas eis’ TeTpaKioytdiovs, Πρόξενος δὲ παρὴν ἔχων ὁπλίτας μὲν els’ πεντακοσίους καὶ χιλίους, γυμνῆτας δὲ πεντακο- σίους, Σοφαίνετος δὲ ὁ Στυμφἅλιος ὁπλίτᾶς ἔχων χιλίους,
Σωκράτης δὲ ὁ ᾿Αχαιὸς ὁπλίτας ἔχων ws” πεντακοσίους.
263. VOCABULARY γυμνής, Aros, ὁ, or γυμνήτης, ov, ὁ, light-armed foot soldier. εὐδαίμων, ov, gen. ovos, adj., of good fate, prosperous, fortunate. ἡδέως, adv., sweetly, gladly. ndis, εἴα, 0, sweet, pleasant. [hedonism] ὁπλίτης, ov, ὁ, hoplite, heavy-armed soldier. ὅπλον, ov, τό, implement, plu. arms. [panoply] πεντακόσιοι, at, a, five hundred. πιστεύω, πιστεύσω, ἐπίστευσα, πεπίστευμαι, ἐπιστεύθην, trust (dat.). Σάρδεις, εων, ai, Sardis, a city of Asia. Minor. χίλιοι, ar, a, thousand.
264. Most adjectives form the comparative and superla- tive by adding repos and tatos to the stem of the positive. The declension is that of other adjectives of the first and second declensions ending in 0s, ἡ (or a), ov.
If the penult contains a short vowel not followed by two consonants, the final o of the stem becomes ὦ, This is to avoid so many short syllables: νέος, νεώτερος, but πίστος, πιστότερος. The superlative, when not accompanied by the article, may be translated by very, as in Latin.
leis and the acc. are used even after παρῆσαν as though it were a verb of motion. 2 With numerals εἰς means as many as; ws means about.
70 Elementary Greek } § 265
265. A few adjectives add ἔων, ἐστος, to form the compara- tive and superlative. These endings are added to the root: ἡδύς͵ ἡδίων, ἥδιστος.
266. Learn the declension of ἡδίων and εὐδαίμων (615).
267. The most common adjectives with irregular compari- son are:
Positive Comparative Superlative 1 ἀγαθός, good ἀμείνων ἄριστος βελτίων βέλτιστος κρείττων κράτιστος 2 κακός, bad χείρων χείριστος ἥττων ἥκιστα (ady.) 89 καλός, beautiful καλλίων κάλλιστος 4 μικρός, small μείων Ὁ ὀλίγος, little, plu. few ἐλάττων ἐλάχιστος 6 dvs, sweet ἡδίων ἥδιστος 7 πολύς, much, plu.many πλείων or πλέων πλεῖστος 8 ταχύς, swift θάττων τάχιστος 9 μέγας, great μείζων μέγιστος 268. DRILL I. Locate and give the meaning of the following: 1. καλλίονες, ἡδιόνων, μείζους. 4. θάττονος, βελτίονι, κρείττονες. 2. πλεῖστοι, ἀρίστων, ἡδίω. 5. λυθείη, κελεύσειεν, λύσειαν.
8. μέγιστος, πλείονα, κάλλιστα. II. Give: (1) dat. sing.; (2) dat. plu.; (8) ace. sing.; (4) ace. plu.; (5) nom. plu., of εὐδαίμων ὁπλέτης, μεῖζον πεδίον. 269. EXERCISES I. 1. Ξενίας ὑπέσχετο χιλίους γυμνῆτας καλέσαι. 2. ἐκεῖ- νοι καλλίους τῶνδε ἦσαν. 8, εἰ ἔρχοιτο, ἀπαράσκευοι εἴημεν ἄν. 4, Ἐξενίᾶς ἦλθεν ἔχων στρατιώτας πλείστους. 5. ἡδέως αὐτῷ πειθόμεθα, φίλος γὰρ Κύρῳ ἦν. II. 1. Cyrus was the γουησοβύ son. 2. He had the greatest army. 38. The best soldiers did not trust their general. 4. He was younger than Artaxerxes. 5. These hoplites are swifter.
1 Also compared regularly, uixporepos, utxpotartos,
§274 The Imperative Mood 71
LESSON XXX THe IMPERATIVE Moop 270. Πασίων δὲ 6 Μεγαρεὺς τριᾶκοσίους μὲν ὁπλίτᾶς. τριᾶκοσίους δὲ πελταστὰς ἔχων παρεγένετο: ἣν δὲ Kal! e 4 6 , A > Ν A / 2 οὗτος Kal ὁ Σωκράτης τῶν ἀμφὶ Μίλητον στρατευομένων. ι κα Ν > 4 > A3 9 Z οὗτοι μὲν εἰς Σάρδεις αὐτῷ" ἀφίκοντο.
211. VOCABULARY
ἀφικνέομαι, ἀφίξομαι, ἀφτκόμην, ἀφῖγμαι, arrive, reach, come.
διώκω, διώξω, ἐδίωξα, δεδίωχα, ἐδιώχθην, pursue.
δύναμις, ews, ἥ, power, force (of troops). [dynamo]
ἐάω, ἐάσω, εἴασα, εἴακα, εἴαμαι, εἰάθην, allow, permit.
εὖ, adv., well. [eulogy]
θεός, οὔ, 6 or ἣ, god, goddess. [pantheism, theology]
κακός, 4, 6v, bad, cowardly. [cacophonous]
Μεγαρεύς, éws, ὁ, a Megarian, citizen of Megara.
viv, adv., now, just now, at present.
Πασίων, wvos, ὁ, Pasion, a Greek general.
πελταστής, οὔ, ὁ, peltast (one equipped with the πέλτη, a small shield).
Χράομαι, χρήσομαι, ἐχρησάμην, κέχρημαι, ἐχρήσθην (in pass. sense); mid depon., use, employ (dat.). [catachresis]
272. Tue Personat ENDINGS FOR THE ACTIVE IMPERATIVE
Sing. Dual Plu. 2 θι τον τε 3 τω των ντων
273, Learn the imperative active of λύω in the present and aorist (638), the second aorist imperative active of λείπω (641), and the present imperative active of τίμάω, ποιέω, δηλόω (647-49). Observe in the second person singular that θι is dropped, and that the first aorist has an irregular form, 6. g. λῦσον.
274. The negative with the imperative is μή.
1Co-ordinate with καί, both... . and. 2Pred. gen. 3 Dative of advantage.
12 Elementary Greek § 275
-
275. In general, the distinction between the tenses in the imperative is the same as in the subjunctive (199).
276. The imperative expresses command. Negative com- mands (prohibitions) are expressed by μή with the present imperative (implying a continued action) or μή with the aorist subjunctive (implying a single act). μὴ ποίει τοῦτο, do not keep doing this; μὴ ποιήσῃς τοῦτο, do not do this.
277. Exhortations are expressed by the first person of the subjunctive. The negative is μή. καλῶς ἀποθνήσκωμεν, let us die honorably.
278. DRILL
I. Locate the following: 1. Ave, λίπε, EAE. 2. ποιείτω, ἐποίει. ποιεῖτε. . λυόντων, λυσάτω, λύσωσιν. . ἔλυσαν, λύσάντων, λύὕσαιμι. . ἀξίου, ἠξίου, τιμᾶτε. . Let them have, speak, let him watch. . Let no one annoy Cyrus. . Honor the gods. Do not permit. . Do it now. Do not remain.
II.
me WwW Re OR WLW NO
279. EXERCISES I. 1. διώκωμεν τοὺς merTaaTas, of στρατεύονται ἀμφὶ Μίλη- τον. 2. μὴ ἐάσῃς τὸν κακὸν ὁπλίτην λαβεῖν τὰ χρήματα. . νϊκήσατε καὶ διώξατε τούτους εἰς τὴν ἀκρόπολιν.
᾿-
. καλεῖ δὲ καὶ Πἀσίωνα ἵνα στρατεύηται εἰς τοὺς Πισίδας.
5. Κῦρος ὑπέσχετο χρῆσθαι τοῖς φυγάσι τοῖς ἐκ Μιλήτου. II. 1. The power of the gods is not small. 2. Leave the cowardly hoplites, do not honor them. 3. Let us use this money well. 4. Pasion will be present in order that he may meet Cyrus. 5. Do not make known this
plot to the brother of Cyrus.
§283 Nouns in evs. pu-Verbs, ἵστημι 73
LESSON XXXI Nouns In evs. μι- ΈΕΒΕ, ἵστημι
280. Τισσαφέρνης δὲ κατανοήσᾶς ταῦτα, καὶ peilova' > x Ν a - ἡγησάμενος εἶναι ἢ ὡς ἐπὶ Πισίδᾶς τὴν παρασκευήν, , ε ᾿ἀτὰ 2 302 8 ΄, ε f= ¥ πορεύεται ws βασιλέα" 7 ἐδύνατο" τάχιστα imméas ἔχων ε , \ \ \ Ἄν, τ ν 4 ὡς πεντακοσίους. καὶ βασιλεὺς μὲν δή, ἐπεὶ ἤκουσε Τισ- Z
σαφέρνους τὸν Κύρου στόλον, ἀντιπαρεσκευάζετο.
281. VOCABULARY
ἀκούω, ἀκούσομαι, ἤκουσα, ἀκήκοα, ἠκούσθην, hear. [acoustic]
ἀντιπαρασκευάζομαι, ἀντιπαρασκευάσομαι, ἀντιπαρεσκευασάμην, prepare oneself in turn (of opposition).
βασιλεύς, ws, ὁ, king. [basilisk, Basil]
δύναμαι, δυνήσομαι, δεδύνημαι, ἐδυνήθην, be able, can. [dynamite]
ἡγέομαι, ἡγήσομαι, ἡγησάμην, ἥγημαι, ἡγήθην, lead, think.
ἱππεύς, ws, ὁ, horseman.
ἵστημι, στήσω, ἔστησα, ἔστην, ἕστηκα, ἕσταμαι, ἐστάθην, act. (except 2 aor., perf., and plup.), make to stand, station; mid. and 2 aor., perf. and plup. act., take one’s stand, halt.
κατανοέω, κατανοήσω, κατενόησα, KaTavevonka, κατανενόημαι, κατενοήθην, observe well, notice, consider.
μέγας, μεγάλη, μέγα, great. [megaphone, omega]
παρασκευή, ἧς, ἢ, preparation.
στόλος, ov, 6, expedition.
ταχύς, eta, 0, quick, swift.
ὡς, prep. (acc.), to, with names of persons only.
282. Learn βασιλεύς (608) and ταχύς (614).
283. Observe that in nouns in evs the v of the stem is dropped before vowel endings, i. e. in all cases except in nominative and vocative singular and dative plural. a in
1 Pred. adj. with εἶναι modifying παρασκευήν. μείζονα, . .. ἣ ws, lit. greater than as, i. 6. too great to be. The expedition was professedly (ὡς) against the Pisidians. Preparation greater than against the Pisidians would be παρασκευὴν μείζονα ἣ ἐπὶ Πισίδας. 3 βασιλεύς usually means the king of Persia, and may be used without the article like a proper name. 3Inflected like mid. (pass.) of ἵστημι. 4Verbs of hearing govern the acc. of the thing heard (dir. obj.) and the gen. of the source.
74 Elementary Greek τος 8388
accusative singular and plural is long, and the genitive singular has ws in place of os. These nouns are masculine gender and oxytone, and express the agent or personconcerned.
284. Learn ἵστημι in present and imperfect indicative, active and middle (passive) (650, 652). ὁ
285. Observe that the verb stem is στὰ (present stem iota) and the personal endings are added directly to the stem (with vowel lengthened in the singular of the present and imperfect active).
286. DRILL
I. Locate the following: -
. ἱππεῖ ταχεῖ, πόλεις ἡδίους. οὗτοι οἱ βασιλεῖς ς. . βασιλέα, ἰχθῦς, ταχεῖς, ταῖς πόλεσι ταύταις.
. ἵστησι, ἵστασαι, ἱστᾶσι, ἵστασαν.
. ἵσταμεν, ἵστημι, ἵσταται.
σι Ob κα
. ἵσταντο, ἵστανται. ἵστατο. II. Give: 1. (a) dat. plu., (b) gen. sing., (6) ace. sing., of βασιλεὺς otros, φάλαγξ ταχεῖα, πόλις μείζων. 2. (a) 2 sing., (b) 2 plu., (c) 3 plu. pres. and imp. ind. act. and mid., of ἵστημι and λύω.
287. EXERCISES I. 1. Κῦρος μείζονα παρασκευὴν ἐδύνατο πέμψαι. 2. βασι- λεὺς ἡγησάμενος τοὺς Ἕλληνας ἀπαρασκεύους εἶναι, ὡρμᾶτο. 8, ἔχων ὁπλίτας τριάκοσίους ἀφίκετο εἰς Σάρδεις, 4, τῷ στρατηγῷ ἐδόκει ὡς βασιλέα πορεύεσθαι. 5. οἱ τοῦ βασι- λέως ἱππεῖς ἐδύναντο θᾶττον πορεύεσθαι.
II. 1. They reached the plain in the following manner, 2. His brother, noticing this, gathered an army as quickly as he could. 3. They thought the plot was against him. 4. They were able to do this. 5. The horseman is able to go to the king’s satrap.
8292 Third Declension Stems in ες 75
LESSON XXXII THIRD DECLENSION STEMS IN ἐς. IMPERATIVE MIDDLE 288. Κῦρος δὲ ἔχων ovs' εἴρηκα ὡρμᾶτο ἀπὸ Σάρδεων." A. Ὁ , Ν “Ἢ -Qse- Ν A , ~ καὶ ἐξελαύνει διὰ τῆς Λυδίας σταθμοὺς τρεις Tapacayyas » A 4, 5» A A 4 , εἴκοσι καὶ δύο ἐπὶ τὸν Μαίανδρον ποταμόν.
289. VOCABULARY
διά, prep. (gen.), through ; (acc.), through, on account of. [diameter]
εἴκοσι, twenty.
ἐξελαύνω [era], ἐλῶ, HAaca, ἐλήλακα, ἐλήλαμαι, ἠλάθην, drive out; generally intrans., march (of the commander, i. e. drives his army).
ἐρῶ (fut.), εἴρηκα, εἴρημαι, ἐρρήθην, say, speak, tell. Defective verb. The present is supplied from φημί or λέγω and the 2 aor. by εἶπον.
εὗρος, ovs, τό, width, breadth. [aneurism]
Avsla, Gs, ἡ, Lydia, a country of Asia Minor.
Μαίανδρος, ov, ὁ, Maeander, a river of Asia Minor. [meander]
Μένων, wvos, ὁ, Menon, a Greek general.
παρασάγγης, ov, ὁ, parasang, Persian measure of distance (about 815 miles).
σταθμός, οὔ, ὁ, station, stopping-place, day’s journey.
290. Decline εὖρος (609). Observe that the stem ends in eo and that σ is dropped before all case endings. Contraction then occurs. The ε of the stem is changed to o in the nom- inative, accusative, and vocative singular. Nouns like εὖρος are all neuter and have the recessive accent.
291. The personal endings in the middle and passive are:
Singular Dual Plural 2 co σθον σθε 3 obo σθων σθων
292. In the second person singular o is dropped and ov results from contraction; the first aorist has the irregular form σαι, 6. g. λῦσαι. The first and second aorist passive use the active endings, retaining θὲ in the second person singular.
1 Antecedent (obj. of ἔχων) omitted.
=! Oo
Elementary Greek § 293
293, Learn the imperative middle (passive ) of the present, aorist and perfect of λύω (639, 640), of the second aorist middle of λείπω (641), of the second aorist passive of φαίνω (642), and of the present middle (passive) of tivaw, ποιέω, δηλόω (648).
294. DRILL I. Locate the following:
λῦσαι, λύσαι, λέλυσαι. 4. λυθέντων, τιμᾶσθε, ποιείσθω. λιποῦ, λίποι, ἐλύσω. 5. ποιείτω, ἠξίου, δηλοῦτε.
ΤΊ, Let the city be called Sardis.
Soldiers, march to the city and remain one day.
1.
2.
8. λύσατε, λύεσθε, λύεσθαι.
τ
2.
3. Let them be conquered, not honored.
295. EXERCISES I. 1. εἴκοσι παρασάγγας πορευθέντες ἐπὶ ΚΚολοσσὰς adixovto. 2. ἐξελαύνει σταθμοὺς τρεῖς ἐπὶ τὸν ποταμόν. 3, ταῦτα ἀκούσας βασιλεὺς λαβὼν ois εἴρηκα πολεμεῖν ἐπειρᾶτο. 4, ἐπαύσαντο ἵνα Κῦρον πείσειαν. 5, ἐνόμιζον τὸ εὖρος τοῦ ποταμοῦ εἶναι μεῖζον.
II. 1. I heard of the plot from Pasion. 2. If Menon should come with boats, he would guard the acropolis, 3. The citieswere small andprosperous. 4. The Maeander River is larger. 5. They reached Sardis, a prosperous city.
8299 pu-Verbs, δείκνυμι 77
“a
LESSON XXXIII pt-VERBS, δείκνυμι 296. rovrov' τὸ εὖρος᾽ δύο πλέθρα: γέφυρα δὲ ἐπὴν ἐζευγμένη πλοίοις" ἑπτά. τοῦτον διαπορευθεὶς ἐξελαύνει διὰ Φρυγίας σταθμὸν ἕνα παρασάγγὰς ὀκτὼ εἰς Κολοσ- σᾶς, πόλιν οἰκουμένην,᾽ εὐδαίμονα καὶ μεγάλην.
297. VOCABULARY
ἀληθής, és, gen. ots, trae.
δείκνυμι, δείξω, ἔδειξα, δέδειχα, δέδειγμαι, ἐδείχθην, show, point out, indicate.
διαπορεύομαι, διαπορεύσομαι, διεπορεύθην, march through, march over, cross.
ἔπειμι (ἐπί, εἰμί), be upon, be over.
ἑπτά, seven. [heptarchy]
ζεύγνῦμι, ζεύξω, ἔζευξα, ἔζευγμαι, yoke, join together, bridge (with boats). {zeugma]
Κολοσσαί, dv, ai, Colossae, a city of Asia Mincr.
πλέθρον, ov, τό, plethron (about 97 feet).
πλοῖον, ov, τό, boat.
Φρυγία, as, ἣ, Phrygia, a country in Asia Minor.
298. Learn δείκνῦμιε in the present and imperfect active and middle (passive), all moods (650, 652). Observe that the verb stem is dex, and that the present adds vv to this stem. In the singular of the present and imperfect active the stem is devi (not dexvv). In the subjunctive and optative the inflection is like that of λέω. So also outside the present system.
299. Learn μέγας (616). Observe that μέγας has two stems, veya and peyado/a. The latter gives the first and
1It is so customary to connect Greek sentences with a conjunction that its Omission has a name—asyndeton (not bound together). The asyndeton here is lessened by the fact that τούτου (dem. pro.) has some connective force. 2 edpos is subj. of ἦν understood. 3 Dat. of means. 4So many cities of Asia Minor had become deserted that Xenophon often specifies that a city is inhabited.
78 Elementary Greek § 299
second declension forms. μέγα gives the third declension forms—the nominative, accusative, and vocative of the mas- culine and neuter singular.
300. DRILL I. Locate the following: 1. δείκνυσι, ἐδείκνυς, Cevyvins. 4, πόλεων μεγάλων, στρατεύματι, 2. δεικνύωσι, δεικνύασι, ἐζεύγνυτο. μεγάλῳ, γέρουσι εὐδαίμοσι. 3. δεικνύς, δεικνύῃ, ζευγνύοιντο. 5. λύσειεν, λύσειαν, λίποιεν. II. Give:
1. (a) nom. plu., (6) ace. sing., (c) dat. plu., of yépipa μεγάλη, πόλις εὐδαίμων.
2. (a) 8 plu., (b) 2 plu., (c) 3 sing., pres. ind., subj. and opt. act. of λύω.
301. EXERCISES I. 1. πολλοῖς καὶ μεγάλοις πλοίοις ζευγνύᾶσι γέφῦραν. 2. ἐὰν Κῦρος τὸν στόλον τοῦ στρατηγοῦ ἀκούσῃ ἀντιπαρα- σκευάσεται. 8. τούτου τοῦ πεδίου τὸ etpos ἣν δέκα παρασάγγαι. 4. Κῦρος ἔδειξεν τοῖς στρατιώταις ἑπτά πλοῖα. 5, ἡ πόλις ἣν εἴρηκε εὐδαίμων καὶ μεγάλη ἢν.
II. 1. They proceeded two days’ journey. 2. There was a bridge made of (joined by) seven boats. 3. They started from the river when they heard this from Cyrus. 4. The cities of Phrygia were large and prosperous. 5. He took the large boats to make (ζεύγνῦμι) a bridge.
Fia, 8.—Hurling a Javelin
$306 Subjunctive of Contract Verbs
-! Ὁ
LESSON XXXIV SUBJUNCTIVE OF CoNnTRACT VERBS 302. ἐνταῦθα ἔμεινεν ἡμέρᾶς ἑπτά: καὶ ἧκε Μένων 6 Θετταλὸς ὁπλίτας ἔχων χϊλίους καὶ πελταστὰς πεντα- κοσίους, Δόλοπας καὶ Αἰνιᾶνας καὶ ᾿Ολυνθίους. ἐντεῦθεν ἐξελαύνει σταθμοὺς τρεῖς παρασάγγὰς εἴκοσιν εἰς Κελαι- vas, τῆς Ppvyias πόλιν οἰκουμένην, μεγάλην καὶ εὐδαίμονα. 303. VOCABULARY Αἰνιᾶνες, wv, οἱ, Aenianes, a Thessalian tribe. Δόλοπες, wv, οἱ, Dolopians, a people of Thessaly. ἐντεῦθεν, adv., from here, from there, thereupon. Κελαιναί, av, αἱ, Celaenae, a city of Asia Minor. ὀκτώ, eight. [octagon] ᾿Ολύνθιοι, wv, ot, Olynthians, the inhabitants of Olynthus. 304. Learn the present subjunctive active and middle (passive) of tiudw, ποιέω, δηλόω (647, 648). Observe that
a+ «oe = ὦ €+ ὦ = ὦ o+a=e@ at+y=a4 εἰ ἡΞξΞη o+ ηἡΞξεὼ @+y=e¢ ¢+9=2 O+ 9 =o 305. DRILL I. 1. τιμᾷ, ποιῇ, δηλοῖ. 4, μενοῦσι, μένουσι, ἔμενον. 2. τιμῶσι, τιμᾶται, τιμᾶσθε. ὅ. ἐτίμων, ἠξίουν, ἐπολέμει.
8. ποιῆται, ποιῶνται, δηλῶται. II. Give (a) 2 sing., (b) 3 plu. pres. subj. act. and mid., of λύω, Tipdw, ποιέω, δηλόω. 906. EXERCISES I. 1. ἐὰν Κῦρος τιμᾷ τοὺς στρατιώτας πολιορκήσουσι ταύτην τὴν πόλιν. 2. ἐξελαύνομεν ἵνα ὠφελῶμεν τοὺς Κύρου φίλους. 8. μεταπέμπεται τοὺς ὁπλίτας ἵνα τοὺς φυγάδας λαβόντες ὁρμῶνται. 4. ὦ στρατιῶται, τιμῶμεν τὸν σα- τράπην. 5, μενεῖ ἐν Κελαιναῖς πόλει οἰκουμένῃ.
80 Elementary Greek § 806
II. 1. If the king furnishes six months’ pay, the soldiers will set out. 2. The hoplites remain in order that they may be honored. 3. Let us make war on the enemies of the king. 4. The cities are large, and the inhabi- tants are prosperous. 5. Remain three days in this city.
LESSON XXXV
PERSONAL PRONOUNS
307. ἐνταῦθα Κύρῳ βασίλεια ἣν kal παράδεισος μέγας 9 , , , νοῦς 52 7 3. ὃ Ἢ ἀγρίων θηρίων πλήρης, ἃ ἐκεῖνος ἐθήρευεν ἀπὸ ἵππου, ε ’ὔ 2 ’ὔ 4, ε ’ὔ Ν Ἀ 9 ὃ Ν ὁπότε γυμνάσαι βούλοιτο ἑαυτόν τε καὶ τοὺς ἵππους. διὰ
, 8 δὲ A ὃ ΄, (2 Foy 8G , ὃ ld ε μέσου" δὲ τοῦ παραδείσου pet ὁ Μαίανδρος ποταμός: at δὲ ‘ > A > > “ Χ , ela Se Ν ὃ Ν € πηγαὶ αὐτοῦ εἰσιν ἐκ τῶν βασιλείων: pet δὲ καὶ διὰ τῆς Κελαινῶν πόλεως.
908. VOCABULARY ἄγριος, a, ov, of the field, wild. βασίλειον, ov, τό, generally plu, βασίλεια, palace. ἑαυτοῦ, ἧς, reflex. pro., of himself, herself, its. ἐγώ, ἐμοῦ, pers. pro., J. ἐμός, 4, 6v, poss. pro. of 1 pers., my, mine. ἡμέτερος, ἃ, ov, poss. pro. of 1 pers. plu., our. θηρεύω, θηρεύσω, ἐθήρευσα, τεθήρευκα, hunt. θηρίον, ov, τό, wild animal, game. [megatherium] μέσος, n, ov, middle. [Mesopotamia] ol, dat. of 3 pers. pro., indirect reflex., himself. ὁπότε, rel. adv., when, whenever, if ever. παράδεισος, ov, ὁ, park. [paradise] πηγή, As, ἢ, fountain, source. [pegomancy] πλήρης, ες, full of, full. péw,* ῥυήσομαι or ῥεύσομαι, ἐρρύηκα, ἐρρύην, flow. [catarrh, rheumatism] σός, of, σόν, poss. pro., 2 pers. sing., thy, thine. ὑμέτερος, ἃ, ov, poss. pro. 2 pers. plu., your, yours.
1 Adjs. of plenty govern the gen. 2 ὁπότε here = if ever, if at any time; i.e. itis in reality conditional and is so treated. Here the moods of ἐθήρευεν and βούλοιτο follow the rule given in 259, 3Takes pred. position; trans., middle of the park. 4Dissyllabic verbs in éw contract only to εἴ, ῥέει = ῥεῖ, but ῥέουσι is uncontracted,
8818 Personal Pronouns 81
809. Learn ἐγώ, σύ, οὗ (629). The singular, except the nominative and the dissyllabic forms in the first ‘person, are enclitic. The accent may be retained for emphasis. The dissyllabic forms are also emphatic. The nominatives are seldom used except for emphasis.
810. Learn ἐμαυτοῦ, σεαυτοῦ, ἑαυτοῦ (630). Observe that the reflexive pronouns are formed from the stems of the personal pronouns+avtds. In the plural of the first and second persons there is of course no neuter. The plural is expressed in two words.
These are direct reflexives; i. e. refer to the subject of the clause in which they stand. οὗ is generally in a sub- ordinate clause and refers to the subject of the principal clause; i. e., is an indirect reflexive.
311. The possessive pronouns ἐμός, σός, ἡμέτερος, ὑμέτερος are formed from the stems of the personal pronouns and are declined like adjectives in os.
312. DRILL I. Locate the following: 1. ἐμοί, ὑμῖν, of. 4. αὐτούς, αὑτούς, ἡμᾶς αὐτούς. 2. ἡμῶν, ἡμῖν, σφίσι. 5. ἱππέας, μέγαν, πατράσι. 3. ἑαυτοῖς, ὑμᾶς, ἡμεῖς. II. 1. Me, of you, we. 4. To you, to me, to him. 2. Us, they, them. 5. For ourselves, of ourselves, 3. Of us, thee, to us. myself. 313. EXERCISES
I. 1. ἐμοὶ μὲν ἡδέως ἐπείθοντο, ὑμᾶς δὲ ἐξέβαλον. 2. ἔστι δὲ καὶ τὸ στράτευμα ἐν τῇ ἀκροπόλει. 8, εἰ ἐκεῖνοι ἀφίκοιντο ἐπὶ τὰ βασίλεια, δύναιντο ἂν νικᾶν, 4. εἰ βασιλεὺς γυμνάσαιτο, ἔμενεν ἐν τῷ ἑαυτοῦ παραδείσῳ. ὅ. Κῦρος ἔπεισε φίλιος ὧν τοὺς υἱοὺς ἡμῶν γενέσθαι ἀγαθούς.
f 82 Elementary Greek one $313
II. 1. These generals thought you were honorable. 2. The hoplites benefited themselves and their friends. 3. The river flows through a large and prosperous plain. 4. This city was full of men. 5. If he wishes to exercise, he hunts wild animals on (ἀπο) his own horse.
LESSON XXXVI REVIEW OF THE THIRD DECLENSION
314, ἔστι δὲ καὶ μεγάλου βασιλέως βασίλεια ἐν Κελαι- vats ἐρυμνὰ ἐπὶ ταῖς πηγαῖς τοῦ Μαρσύου ποταμοῦ ὑπὸ τῇ ἀκροπόλει.
918, VOCABULARY aipéw, αἱρήσω, εἶλον, ἥρηκα, ἥρημαι, WpeOnv, act., take, seize, capture; mid.,
choose, prefer. (heresy, diaeresis] γυνή, aks, ἢ; woman, wife. [misogyny] épupves, 4, ov, fortified. κῆρνξ, ὕκος, ὁ, herald.
Μαρσύας, ov, ὁ, Marsyas, a satyr of Phrygia.
μάχομαι, μαχοῦμαι, ἐμαχεσάμην, μεμάχημαι, contend, fight.
ναῦς, νεώς, ἢ, ship, vessel. [mausea, argonaut]
dpvis, os, 6 or h, bird. [ornithology]
mais, παιδός, ὁ or 4, boy, girl, child. [pedagogue, encyclopaedia] πόλεμος, ov, ὁ, war. [polemic]
τριήρης; ovs, ἢ, trireme, a ship with three banks of oars.
χείρ, 6s, q, hand. [chirography, surgeon (old spelling chirurgeon)]
316. Nouns of this declension are classified according to the last letter of the stem as follows:
1. Labial or palatal mutes (7, 8, $; κ, Ὑ, x), never neuter.
2. Lingual mutes (τ, δ, 6); δ, 6, feminine; τ, of different genders, except at, always neuter.
3. Liquid (A, v, p), chiefly masculine.
4. co, mostly neuters in eo (nominative, os).
1Nom, plu. in agreement with βασίλεια,
$320 Review of the Third Declension A 88
i 5. ἐς v, feminine; stems in ὁ have recessive accent.
6. ev, masculine, oxytone, denoting the agent.
317. Observe that lingual mute stems whose nominatives end in ἐς (not oxytone) drop the final τ, 6, θ of the stem and add v to form the accusative singular: χάρις [ χαριτ), χάριν, but ἀσπίς [ἀσπιδ])͵ ἀσπίδα.
318. Decline γυνή (610), ὄρνις (604), ναῦς, παῖς. τριήρης, χείρ (611).
819. DRILL
State gender and decline nouns formed from the following stems: ἡγεμόν. dpes, χρῆματ. φάλαγγ. τεῖχες, μάντι, ὄνοματ, ἀσπίδ. μήν, κῆρυκ, ἑρμηνεύ, Aer, γίγαντ, χάριτ. γυμνῆτ. ἀγών. φύλακ. θεράποντ, κρίσι, φῶτ, διῶρυχ.
920. EXERCISES
I. 1. ταῦτα ta στρατεύματα τοῖς ἄρχουσι ods εἴλετο πείθεται.
2. εἰ μὴ τοὺς Ἕλληνας ἐκβάλλοιμεν, πράγματα ἡμῖν παρ-
εἶχον. 8. τούτου τοῦ ποταμοῦ τὸ εὗρος ἦν μεῖζον ἣ ἐκείνου.
4, τοῖς ἱππεῦσι ἐμάχοντο ἵνα Κῦρον βασιλέα ποιήσαιντο.
5. τούτοις τοῖς ἀνδράσι ἦσαν ἄλλαι προφάσεις.
II, 1. They collected the fugitives from the cities in order that they might honor them. 2. The Greeks came from the king to Sardis and remained four months. 3. The land of the Thracians is full of large wild beasts. 4. They sent the money which Cyrus promised to the soldiers. 5. If the satrap should march through the midst of the city, the king would make war on him.
Fic. 9.—A School Scene
84 Elementary Greek § 321
ὡ
LESSON XXXVII THE NUMERALS
321, ῥεῖ δὲ kal οὗτος διὰ τῆς πόλεως καὶ ἐμβάλλει εἰς Ἀν ΄ ὃ A NE ͵΄ \ Ce’. 9 ¥ τὸν Μαίανδρον: τοῦ δὲ Μαρσύου τὸ εὖρός ἐστιν εἴκοσι καὶ πέντε ποδῶν. ἐνταῦθα λέγεται ᾿Απόλλων ἐκδεῖραι = » = 2 = Μαρσύαν, νϊκήσὰς ἐρίζοντά᾽ οἱ περὶ σοφίας, καὶ τὸ δέρμα κρεμάσαι ἐν τῷ ἄντρῳ ὅθεν αἱ πηγαί:
922. VOCABULARY
ἄντρον, ov, τό, Cave.
᾿Απόλλων, wvos, ὁ, acc. wa or w, Apollo.
δέρμα, atos, τό, skin. [epidermis]
ἐκδέρω, ἐκδερῶ, ἐξέδειρα, strip off the skin, flay.
ἐμβάλλω, ἐμβαλῶ, ἐνέβαλον, ἐμβέβληκα, ἐμβέβλημαι, ἐνεβλήθην, throw in (i.e. an army), make an attack, invasion; empty (of rivers). [emblem]
ἐρίζω, only pres. and imperf., strive, contend. [eristic]
Kpepdvvipe [κρεμα], κρεμῶ, ἐκρέμασα, ἐκρεμάσθην, hang.
μηδείς, μηδεμία, μηδέν, not even one, no one.
vikdw, νϊκήσω, ἐνίκησα, νενίκηκα, conquer, surpass. [Nicolas]
ὅθεν (rel. pro. θεν, indicating source), conj. adv., from which place, whence.
οὐδείς, οὐδεμία, οὐδέν, not even one, nO ONe.
πέντε, five. [pentagon]
πούς, ποδός, ὁ, foot. [tripod, antipodes}
σοφία, as, ἡ, wisdom, skill (6. 5. in music). [philosophy, sophomore]
323, Learn the cardinal numbers from one to twenty-one (625). Look over the other cardinals, the ordinals, and numeral adverbs, observing the method of formation, and which ones are inflected. (Hereafter numerals will not be given in lesson vocabularies. )
324, Review declension of εἷς, δύο, τρεῖς, τέτταρες (626). Like εἷς decline οὐδείς (οὐ-δ᾽ -εἷς δῦ, (627) and μηδείς (μή-δ᾽ -εἷς), no one, nothing.
1 Pred. gen. ἢ ἐρίζοντά οἱ περὶ σοφίας, who entered into a contest of musical skill with him (Apollo); lit., as he contended, etc. 4 Se. εἰσί,
i .
§ 326 The Numerals 85 325. DRILL I. Locate the following forms: i, οὐδενί, μηδένα, οὐδέν. 4. τέτταρας, τρία, δυοῖν. 2. ὑμεῖς, μηδείς, τρεῖς. 5. οὐδεμίαν. ἐμέ, μηδεμία.
II.
1
ΤΠ’
3. τρισί, σφῖσι, τέτταρσι.
1. One spring, three hides, two caves.
2. No city, no war, four cities.
3. Eleven soldiers, thirteen bridges, fifteen kings. 4, Ten armies, eighteen heralds, twenty months.
326. EXERCISES
1. συγγενόμενος αὐτῷ περὶ χρημάτων ἤριζεν. 2. ὁ ποτα- μὸς ἐνέβαλε εἰς τὸν Μαρσύαν καὶ τὸ εὗρος εἴκοσι καὶ ὀκτὼ ποδῶν ἦν. 8. ἡμῖν ἔδοξε μαχέσασθαι τόνδε τὸν τρόπον. 4. οἱ δυνάμενοι τὴν ἀκρόπολιν λαβεῖν πειράσονται ἵνα μέγαν βασιλέα ὠφελῶσι. 5. ῥέουσι δὲ ποταμοὶ μεγάλοι τρεῖς διὰ τούτου τοῦ πεδίου.
1. No one conquered the friends of the king. 2. Let us demand a thousand darics as pay. 3. If Apollo flays him, he will die. 4. The width of the river is twenty feet and there is no bridge over it.’ 5. Upon hearing this he proceeded to the park from which the river flowed.
1 Cf. 296.
Fic. 10.—The Contest between Apollo and Marsyas
86 Elementary Greek § 327
LESSON XXXVIII IRREGULAR ADJECTIVES
327. dua δὲ τοῦτο ὁ ποταμὸς καλεῖται Μαρσύας. ἐν- ταῦθα Ἐέρξης, ὅτε ἐκ τῆς Ἑλλάδος ἡττηθεὶς τῇ μάχῃ ἀπεχώρει, λέγεται οἰκοδομῆσαι ταῦτά τε τὰ βασίλεια καὶ
Ν A > , > »“)λ » Ὁ“ e 4 - τὴν Κελαινῶν ἀκρόπολιν. ἐνταῦθα ἔμεινε Κῦρος ἡμέρας
Er 2 ar ee ΄, ε , Ν τριάκοντα: καὶ ἧκε Κλέαρχος ὁ Λακεδαιμόνιος φυγὰς ἔχων ὁπλίτας χιλίους καὶ πελταστὰς Θρᾷκας ὀκτακοσίους καὶ τοξότας Κρῆτας διακοσίους. ;
328. - VOCABULARY
ἀποχωρέω, ἀποχωρήσω, ἀπεχώρησα, ἀποκεχώρηκα, go away, withdraw. ιλλάς, άδος, ἢ, Hellas, Greece.
ἡττάομαι, ἡττήσομαι, ἡττήθην, to be weaker than, be defeated. Κρής, Kpnrés, Cretan.
οἰκοδομέω, οἰκοδομήσω, ὠκοδόμησα, ὠκοδόμηκα, build, erect. ὅτε, adv. Conj., when, whenever.
πᾶς, πᾶσα, πᾶν, adj., all, every. [panacea, Pan-American] πολύς, πολλή, πολύ, adj., much, many. [polygamy]
τοξότης, ov, ὁ, archer, bowman.
Eléptns, ov, 6, Xerxes, king of Persia.
χαρίεις, eroa, ev, graceful, pleasing.
329. Complete tornm (650, 652) in present system, active, middle (passive). Learn second aorist system of ἵἴστημι (active and middle). Note in the general vocabulary the | transitive and intransitive tenses.
330. Learn πᾶς, χαρίεις (614), πολύς (616). Observe that the stem of πᾶς and of χαρίεις ends in vt. When ¢ is added in the nominative masculine, vt is dropped and the vowel lengthened, ἄ to ad, ε ἰο ει. The ε is not lengthened in the dative plural. πάντων and πᾶσι do not obey the law for monosyllables (135).
8388 Irregular Adjectives 87
331. These adjectives are of the first and third declen- sions. Like μέγας (299), πολύς has two stems, πολυ and πολλοΐα. πολυ gives third declension forms—the nomina- tive, accusative, vocative, singular, masculine and neuter. All the other forms are from zroAXo/a, and are of the first (the feminine form) and second (the masculine and neuter forms) declensions.
332. DRILL
I. Locate the following:
1. στάντας, ἱστάναι, ἵσταται. 4, σταῖεν, σταίην. στῆναι.
2. στάντων, ἔστησαν, iorasay. 5. πολλά, πάσαις. χαριεσσῶν.
3. στῶσι, ἱστῶσι, ἱστᾶσι.
1. Give (a) ace. sing., (b) nom. plu., (6) dat. sing., (d) dat. plu., of πᾶς φυγάς, ἀγὼν πολύς, χαρίεσσα ἀκρόπολις. πᾶν στράτευμα.
2. (a) We are placing guards. (6) He was halting (making stand) the horse. (c) The horses stood. (d) The heralds were standing. (e) I am standing.
333. EXERCISES
II.
I. 1. ἦλθεν λαβὼν ἄνδρας πολλοὺς ὡς πολεμήσων Κύρῳ.
2. Ἐέρξης ἐλέγετο ἡττηθῆναι τῇ μάχῃ καὶ ἐξ Ἑλλάδος
ἀποχωρῆσαι. 8. ἐὰν δύνωμαι, πέμψω πάντας τοὺς ἱππέάς.
4. ἀποχωρήσας ἐκ τῆς χώρας ἔστησε τὸ στράτευμα. ὅ.
αὕτη ἡ χαρίεσσα χώρα “Ἑλλὰς ἐκαλεῖτο.
11. 1. The river is said to have been called Marsyas on this account. 2. When the king was conquered in battle, he came to terms. 3. Xerxes is said to have built all these cities. 4. They happened to be standing. 5. There are many large armies which will hinder them.
EAAHNANHPYONT OTEOAY MPIAIHRIKAMOITE TE
ΔΩ ΚΕΝΝΙΚΗ ZAIN PAT ONOAYMTIAS4 [MP οἱ € AOADPOPOIE TOAEAEY TEPONAYTIZEPEZ HE
Impojle ¥ t OL AHNTPAIACEAA K| woo Fie. 11.—A Record of the Olympic Victories of Troilus
88 Elementary Greek 8384
LESSON ΧΧΧΙΧ INDIRECT DIscouRsE. CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
334, ἅμα δὲ καὶ Σῶσις παρῆν ὁ Συρᾶκόσιος ἔχων ε 1 τως - , Ν ΄, fo Ν » ε Ζ ὁπλίτᾶς τριᾶκοσίους, καὶ Σοφαίνετος ὁ ᾿Αρκὰς ἔχων ὁπλί- - Ce Ν > A A Lets Ν > Ν τᾶς χιλίους. καὶ ἐνταῦθα Κῦρος ἐξέτασιν καὶ ἀριθμὸν Ae 2: Ἢ > , b aA , A eee 1 ε τῶν “Ἑλλήνων ἐποίησεν ἐν τῷ παραδείσῳ, καὶ ἐγένοντο᾽ ot 2 A ~ Ἢ σύμπαντες ὁπλῖται μὲν μύριοι καὶ χίλιοι, πελτασταὶ δὲ ἀμφὶ" τοὺς δισχιλίους. ἐντεῦθεν ἐξελαύνει σταθμοὺς δύο , - , > ΄ - ΄ > , > ag? παρασάγγὰς δέκα eis Πέλτᾶς. πόλιν οἰκουμένην. ἐνταῦθ ἔμεινεν ἡμέρᾶς τρεῖς:
990, VOCABULARY
ἅμα, adv., at the same time.
ἀριθμός, od, ὁ, number, numbering. (arithmetic, logarithm]
δέχομαι, δέξομαι, ἐδεξάμην, δέδεγμαι, ex Onv, receive, accept. [synecdoche, pandect, dock]
ἐξέτασις, ews, H, review, inspection.
θώραξ, ἄκος, ὁ, breastplate, corslet. [thorax]
Πέλται, dv, ai, Peltae.
σύμπας, σύμπασα, σύμπαν, all together, the whole.
Συρακόσιος, a, ov, of Syracuse, Syracusan.
σώζω, σώσω, ἔσωσα, σέσωκα, σέσω(σ)μαι, ἐσώθην, save, preserve. (creosote, sozodont, soteriology |
Laos, tos, ὁ, Sosis.
τριάκοντα, thirty.
φημί, φήσω, ἔφησα, say, state, declare. [euphemism, prophet]
336. Review εἰμί (655). Learn εἶμι complete (656). Observe that εἶμι is used in the present system only. It usually has a future meaning and serves as a future to ἔρχομαι.
1Trans. amounted to. 2Trans. all told. ϑ ἀμφί with numerals means about and the numeral takes the article.
8339 Indirect Discourse. Conditional Sentences 89
337. There are three common verbs of saying; of these (1) φημί takes the infinitive in the main verb of the quota- tion; (2) εἶπον (second aorist) takes ὅτι or ὡς; (3) λέγω usually takes ὅτι or ws after an active form, the infinitive after a passive.
338. The infinitive in indirect discourse takes the tense of the finite verb which it represents. For the mood and tense after ὅτι and ὡς see 256. of ἄνδρες 7AOov—direct form; φησὶ τοὺς ἄνδρας éAGetv— indirect form.
339. Four classes of conditional sentences have been given (201-3, 258, 259). There are two others.
I. The simple supposition has εἰ with the indicative in the protasis and any form of the verb in the apodosis. This class states a present’ or a past particular supposition and implies nothing. as to fulfilment. εἰ ᾿Ελληνικός ἐστι, ἀγαθός ἀστι ἀνήρ, if he is Greek, he is a good man.
II. A supposition contrary to reality (present or past) has εἰ with a past tense of the indicative in the protasis and a past tense of the indicative with av in the apodosis. The imperfect usually shows a condition untrue in present time; the aorist in past time. The imperfect sometimes refers to the past, denoting a continued or repeated act. εἰ ᾿ Ἑλληνικὸς ἦν, ἀγαθὸς av ἦν ἀνήρ, if he were Greek, he would be a good man.
ConDITIONAL SENTENCES IN TABULAR FORM
I. Simple supposition (particular): εἰ - present or past indicative — any form of the verb.
II. Present general: ἐάν (qv, av) + subjunctive— present indicative.
III. Past general: et-++ optative — imperfect indicative.
IV. Untrue supposition: et+ past indicative—past indicative with av.
V. More vivid future: ἐάν (ἤν, av) + subjunctive — future indicative or imperative.
VI. Less vivid future: εἰ -ἰ- optative—optative with av.
Elementary Greek
340. DRILL I. Locate the following:
1. ef, εἴη, ἴῃ. 4. ἦσαν, ἦσαν, εἴησαν. 2. εἶσι, εἰσί, εἶτε. D. yet, ἔσει, ἐστί. 3. ἔασι, ἴωσι, ὦσι.
II. 1. He says (φησῶ that the king will go. 2. They said (λέγω) that the general was in the tent. 3. I said (εἶπον) that Cyrus became satrap. 341. EXERCISES
I. 1. ἅμα δὲ καὶ ὁ ἄρχων ἧκε καὶ ἔμεινεν ἡμέρας τριἄκοντα. 2. ταῦτα κατανοήσας, ὑπέσχετο ἐξέτασιν ποιήσεσθαι. 8. ἐτάχθησαν ἐν τῷ παραδείσῳ ὥστε ἔλαθον ἐρίζοντες. 4. φημὶ σύμπαντας εἶναι ἀμφὶ τοὺς τριάκοντα στρατιώ- tas. 5, εἶπεν ὅτι ὁ στρατηγὸς παρείη καὶ ἐξέτασιν ποιή- σειεν. 0. ἐὰν Σῶσις τοὺς ὁπλίτας ἔχῃ, ἅμα πορευσόμεθα.
If. 1. If Cyrus should make a review, he would summon all. 2. If the peltasts were present, the number would be ten thousand. 3. If he made a review all were present.
LESSON XL PRESENT AND SECOND AORIST OF τίθημι 342. ἐν ais' Bevias ὁ ᾿Αρκὰς τὰ Λύκαια ἔθῦσε καὶ
ἀγῶνα ἔθηκε. τὰ δὲ ἄθλα ἦσαν στλεγγίδες ypioat: ἐθεώρει δὲ τὸν ἀγῶνα καὶ Κῦρος. ἐντεῦθεν ἐξελαύνει
‘ , x 4, - 4 > ld > a σταθμοὺς δύο παρασάγγᾶς δώδεκα εἰς Κεράμων ayopar, πόλιν οἰκουμένην, ἐσχάτην" πρὸς TH Μῦσίᾳ χώρᾳ.
1 ὅς, ἡμέραις. 2 Υ̓Βαῦ position does καί occupy as regards the word which it emphasizes? 3 ἐσχάτην πρός, lit. farthest in the direction of, i.e. on the borders of.
$347 Present and Second Aorist of τίθημι. *™ 91 343. VOCABULARY
ἄθλον, ov, τό, prize. [athlete]
ἔσχατος, 7, ov, last, farthest. [eschatology]
θεωρέω, θεωρήσω, ἐθεώρησα, τεθεώρηκα, look at, watch, inspect. [theory, theater]
καθίστημι (see ἴστημι for prin. pts.), act., set down; mid., take one’s place.
Κεράμων ἀγορά, as, ἡ, Ceramon Agora (lit. market for tiles).
Αύκαια, wv, τά, Lycaean festival, festival of Zeus Lycaeus.
Mica, as, ἡ, Mysia.
στλεγγίς, Sos, 4, flesh-scraper, strigil.
τίθημι, θήσω, ἔθηκα, τέθηκα, ἐτέθην, put, establish, institute, station. [{π65ὲ5, theme, apothecary }
χρυσοῦς, ἢ, οὖν, of gold, golden. [chrysanthemum]
344, Learn the present and second aorist systems of τίθημι (650-53). The verb-stem is Je; present stem, τιθε (length- ened to τεθη in the singular of the present active, and in the first person of the imperfect indicative active).
345. The second and third persons of the imperfect active are from τιθέω. The second aorist lacks the singular in the indicative, and the first aorist takes its place and is itself rarely used in the dual and plural. In τίθημι, ἴημι, and δίδωμι the first aorist is an irregular form ending in ka, kas, ΚΕ.
346. DRILL I. Locate the following forms:
bo
1. τίθεσαι, τίθησι, ἐτίθεσο. . ἔθεσαν. ἔθεντο. θεῖντο. 2. τιθείη, ἐτίθει, τιθεῖτο. 5. ἔθετο, ἐτίθετο, θῶσι. 8. τίθεσθαι, τιθέναι, θεῖναι. II. 1. He stands, he set up a prize, he stood. 2. They were setting up a prize, they institute a contest, they set up prizes.
4. If he sets up prizes all watch the contest. 847. EXERCISES | I. 1. τὰ Λύκαια θύσαντες ἀγῶνα ἔθεσαν. 2. ἔλεγεν ὅτι αὕτη ἡ πόλις εἴη ἐσχάτη πρὸς τῇ Ελλάδι. 8. ἐν τοῖς ἀγῶσι τὰ ἄθλα ἣν πολλά. 4. πολλὰς ἡμέρας οἱ φύλακες οὐκ ἐδύ- vavto καθίστασθαι. 5. ἐδέοντο Κύρου μὴ ἀγῶνα τιθέναι.
92 EKlementary Greek § 347
II. 1. He stations guards. 2. After remaining there three days he marched two days’ journey. 3. And the general also offered the Lycaean sacrifice. 4. All the other soldiers watched the contest. 5. There were not many prizes.
LESSON XLI δίδωμι. SUPPLEMENTARY PARTICIPLE
348, ἐντεῦθεν ἐξελαύνει σταθμοὺς τρεῖς παρασάγγᾶς
> oh ’ὔ ’ > , > lew 4)
τριἄάκοντα εἰς Καὕστρου πεδίον, πόλιν οἰκουμένην. ἐνταῦθ
ἔμεινεν ἡμέρᾶς πέντε: καὶ τοῖς στρατιώταις ὠφείλετο
Ν , 1. ἫΝ aA Ay 2 Ss , 27 fee
μισθὸς πλέον᾽ ἢ τριῶν μηνῶν," Kal πολλάκις ἰόντες ἐπὶ
τὰς θύρας ἀπήτουν" ὁ δὲ ἐλπίδας λέγων διῆγε, καὶ
“. > ca > “ 4
δῆλος ἦν avidpevos: ov yap ἣν πρὸς" Tod Κύρου τρόπου
ἔχοντα" μὴ ἀποδιδόναι.
949. VOCABULARY
avidw, ἀντάσω, ἠνίασα, ἠνίακα, ἠντάθην, grieve; pas., be grieved, distressed.
ἀπαιτέω, ἀπαιτήσω, ἀπήτησα, ἀπήτηκα, ask from, demand.
ἀποδίδωμι, ἀποδώσω, ἀπέδωκα (ἀπέδοτον), ἀποδέδωκα, ἀποδέδομαι, ἀπεδόθην, give back (what is due), pay.
δῆλος, ἡ; ov, clear, plain, evident.
διάγω, διάξω, διήγαγον, διῆχα, διῆγμαι, διήχθην, lead through or across; of time, spend, continue.
Καύστρου πεδίον, ov, τό, Cayster plain.
ὀφείλω [ὀφελ], ὀφειλήσω, ὠφείλησα and ὥφελον, ὠφείληκα, ὠφειλήθην, owe; pas., be due.
πολλάκις, adv., many times, often.
350. Learn the present and second aorist systems of δίδωμι (650-53). The present stem is 6:60 from the root 50 (dda in the singular of the present and imperfect active indica-
1 Used as anindeclinable adj. 2Gen.of measure, dependent on μισθός, 8 Note the force of the tense. 4Compound verbs do not allow the accent to go back of the
augment, 5 Note meanings of πρός in Vocab. Trans.: Jt was not like Cyrus not to payifhehad money. ‘®Theppl. has a conditional force; cf. 243, n. 2 for case.
$354 δίδωμι. Supplementary Participle 93
tive). The singular imperfect active is as if from a contract form διδόω. The lack of a singular in the second aorist active is supplied by the first aorist in «a.
351. A participle sometimes forms an essential part of the predicate, and is called a supplementary participle. When followed by a supplementary participle, the main verb is sometimes best translated by an adverb of manner (cf. 181, 4): ἐλπίδας λέγων, speaking hopefully. The participle here defines the scope of the main verb: διῆγε ἐλπίδας λέγων, kept speaking hopefully, or continually spoke hopefully; δῆλος ἣν avi@pevos, literally, he was evident being troubled, i. e. he was evidently troubled, or it was clear that he was troubled. 9
352. οὐ is the absolute negative; μή marks the negative as willed or desired or conditional; so, in general, μή is used with the infinitive (not in indirect discourse), in purpose and conditional clauses, with the participle when it implies a con- dition, and with imperatives. ov is used elsewhere. The same is true of compound negatives, 6. g. οὐδείς, μηδείς, οὐδέ,
μηδέ, ete.
353. DRILL I. Locate the following: ῦ
1. δίδως, δίδωσι, τιθῶσι. 4. δοίη, διδοῖεν, θεῖτε. 2. ἐδίδου, ἔθου, δοῦναι. 5. τιθέασι, ἐτίθει, ἱστᾶσι. 8. διδόναι, ἔθυσαν, ἐδίδοτο.
II. 1. They gave, I was giving, he gives. 2. Cyrus clearly owed pay to the soldiers. 3. If he does not give pay, the soldiers demand (it).
354. EXERCISES I. 1. Κῦρος δῆλος ἣν πειρώμενος ἀποχωρεῖν. 2. ὁ στρατηγὸς ἠνιᾶτο. 8. μισθὸς πλέον ἢ τεττάρων μηνῶν τοῖς ὁπλίταις ὠφείλετο. 4. ἐλθόντες ἐπὶ τὰς θύρας συνεβουλεύοντο. ὅ. αὐτῷ πολλὰ χρήματα ἔδοσαν.
~ |
94 Elementary Greek ᾿ς 88δ4
II. 1. After remaining ten days he marched to Peltae. 2. If he remains there five days, the soldiers will demand their pay. 3. If Cyrus had owed pay, he would have given it. 4. They went to Cyrus many times and at- tempted to persuade him. 5. He gave the soldiers many days’ pay.
LESSON XLII PASSIVE OF λύω. PrrFect or ἵστημι
355. ἐνταῦθα ἀφικνεῖται ᾿Επύαξα ἡ Συεννέσιος' γυνὴ τοῦ Κιλίκων βασιλέως παρὰ Κῦρον: καὶ ἐλέγετο Κύρῳ δοῦναι χρήματα πολλά, τῇ δ᾽ οὖν" στρατιᾷ τότε ἀπέδωκε Κῦρος μισθὸν τεττάρων μηνῶν. εἶχε δὲ ἡ Κίλισσα καὶ
Ν ‘ rN , Aye ΄ + 2 3 φυλακὴν περὶ αὑτὴν Κίλικας καὶ ᾿Ασπενδίους - ἐλέγετο δὲ καὶ συγγενέσθαι' Κῦρον τῇ Κιλίσσῃ.
9560. VOCABULARY
᾿Ασπένδιος, a, ov, of Aspendos, Aspendian.
δίδωμι, δώσω, ἔδωκα, δέδωκα, δέδομαι, ἐδόθην, give. [antidote, dose]
᾿Επύαξα, ns, 4, Epyaxa.
Κίλιξ, txos, of Cilicia, Cilician.
Κίλισσα, ns, Cilician woman.
πράττω [rpay], πράξω, ἔπραξα, πέπραχα or πέπραγα, πέπραγμαι, ἐπράχθην, do, accomplish. [practice]
Lvévverts, cos, ὁ, Syennesis.
φυλακή, fis, ἢ, guard, garrison.
357. Learn the future perfect middle (passive) of λύω (640). Observe that the stem of the future perfect middle (passive) is formed by adding ao/e to the stem of the perfect middle. In inflection it is identical with the future middle, except that it has the reduplication. It represents a com-
1 Retains « of the stem. Cf. πόλις, πόλεως, 26’ οὖν introduces known facts after expressions of uncertainty, here after ἐλέγετο = hearsay or common report; trans. but at any rate. 8 ἐλέγετο is here impersonal, Κῦρον the subj. of infin, 4Trans, συγγενέσθαι, on terms of intimacy with.
Ἂ 8861 Passive of vo. Perfect of ἵστημι 95
pleted action or state in future time, and is usually passive in force. It is rare.
358. Learn the first future passive (all moods) of λύω (640) and the second future passive of ¢aivw (642). The first future passive is formed by adding the future middle endings to the stem of the first aorist passive; the forms of the second future passive bears the same relation to the second aorist passive.
359. Learn the second perfect and pluperfect active (all moods) of fornus (654). Observe the declension of the perfect participle (621), and note the meaning of these tenses. (See general vocabulary. )
360. DRILL Locate the following forms: 1. λύσεται, λέλυσαι, λελύσεται. 4. λυθήσονται, ἐφάνησαν, φανείς. 2. φανεῖται, φανήσεται, ἑστάναι. Ὁ. ἑστᾶσι, ἔστησαν, ἕστασαν. 8. ἑστῶσι. ἑστῶτι, ἱστᾶσι. 361. EXERCISES I. 1. ἡ φυλακὴ εἱστήκει περὶ τὴν γυναῖκα. 2. λέγεται
᾿Επύαξα πεμφθήσεσθαι εἰς Κιλικίαν. 8, εἰ μὴ ἔδωκε ἡ γυνὴ χρήματα Κύρῳ, οὐκ ἂν ἀπεδόθη τῷ στρατεύματι ὁ μισθός. 4. ἐνταῦθα ἑστῶτες ἀπήτουν χρῦσίον. 5. μὴ ἵστασθε ἐπὶ ταῖς τοῦ βασιλέως θύραις.
II. 1. If Cyrus gives money to the army, he will be hon- ored. 2. The hoplites stood around the tent as guards. 3. They went to meet the wife of theking. 4. Epyaxa, standing by the tents, inspected the army. 5. The guard will be sent to Syennesis.
Fic. 12.—A Greek Razor
96 Elementary Greek 8862
LESSON XLIII VERBAL ADJECTIVES
362. ἐντεῦθεν δὲ ἐξελαύνει σταθμοὺς δύο παρασάγγᾶς ,ὔἅ > , , 5 5 lal > 9 4 δέκα εἰς Θύμβριον, πόλιν οἰκουμένην. ἐνταῦθα ἣν Tapa τὴν ὁδὸν κρήνη ἡ Μίδου καλουμένη" τοῦ Φρυγῶν βα- σιλέως, ἐφ᾽ ἧ λέγεται Midas τὸν Σάτυρον θηρεῦσαι οἴνῳ" κεράσᾶς αὐτήν. ἐντεῦθεν ἐξελαύνει σταθμοὺς δύο παρα- σάγγᾶς δέκα εἰς Τυριάειον, πόλιν οἰκουμένην. ἐνταῦθα ἔμεινεν ἡμέρᾶς τρεῖς.
363. VOCABULARY
ἀνάγκη, ns, ἢ, necessity.
Θύμβριον, ov, τό, Thymbrium, a city of Asia Minor.
κεράννυμι [κερα], Kepdow, ἐκέρασα, κέκραμαι, ἐκεράσθην, or ἐκράθην, mia. {crater}
κρήνη; ns, ἣν fountain. [Hippocrene]
Μίδας, ov, ὁ, Midas.
ὁδός, οὔ, ἡ, way, road. [exodus, method]
οἶνος, ov, ὁ, wine. [oenophilist]
Σάτυρος, ov, ὁ, Satyr.
Τυριάειον, ov, τό, Tyridéum, a city of Asia Minor.
Spit, Ppvyds, Phrygian, a Phrygian.
χρή, ἐχρῆν (imperf.), -χρήσει, -ἔχρησε, impers., 7t is necessary, one must.
364, Verbal adjectives are formed by adding tos or τέος to the verb-stem as found in the first aorist passive. φ and x become 7 and « before τ: Adw, ἐλύθην, λυτέος ; ποιέω, ἐποιήθην, ποιητέος. πορεύομαι, ἐπορεύθην, πορευτέος ; διώκω, ἐδιώχθην, διωκτέος ; πέμπω, ἐπέμφθην, πεμπτέος.
365. The verbal in τός (ή, ov) indicates what has been done or may be done: ἡ διῶρυξ διαβατή ἐστιν, the ditch is crossable.
1Note in vocab. all meanings of παρά, 2 The spring called Midas’s; i. 6. the so-called spring of Midas. 3The dat. is that of association.
8.869 Verbal Adjectives 97 366. The verbal in τέος (d, ov) indicates what must be done, and is either personal or impersonal in use. The agent is in the dative (cf. Latin passive periphrastic). αἱ διώρυχες ὑμῖν διαβατέαι εἰσίν (personal), τὰς διώρυχας ὑμῖν διαβατέον ἐστίν (impersonal), you must cross the ditches. Observe that διαβατέον is nominative neuter singular and, though passive in form, governs διώρυχας. 367. Necessity is also expressed by δεῖ (197), or χρή, or ἀνάγκη (ἐστί) with the accusative and infinitive. 368. DRILL I. 1. ἐπὶ βασιλέα ἡμῖν πορευτέον. 4. ἡ φυλακὴ πεμπτέα. 2. δεῖ ras ναῦς λαβεῖν. 5. ἀνάγκη τοὺς στρατηγοὺς ἐξέτα- 3. οἱ πολέμιοι διωκτέοι εἰσίν." σιν ποιήσασθαι. II. Translate in three ways: The soldiers must proceed now. 369. EXERCISES I. 1. ὁ δὲ καὶ ἔλεγεν ὅτι δεῖ Κῦρον αὐτοῖς δοῦναι πολλὰ χρήματα. 2. ἐχρῆν Κῦρον ἐνταῦθα μένειν ἡμέρας τρεῖς. 3. μὴ πειρώμεθα Μίλητον πολιορκῆσαι. 4. Κῦρος ποιητέος σατράπης βασιλεῖ. 5. ᾿Επυάξη τῇ Συεννέσιος γυναικὶ πολλοὶ ὁπλῖται ἦσαν. If. 1. The king had a park there. 2. The beautiful foun- tain was along theroad. 3. They mingled wine with it. 4. We must proceed ten days’ journey. 5. The king says that Midas hunted the Satyr.
Fie. 13.—A Greek Lady in. Her Boudoir
93 Elementary Greek 8870
LESSON XLIV PERFECT AND PLUPERFECT MIDDLE
A Z 370. καὶ λέγεται δεηθῆναι ἡ Κίλισσα Κύρονυ᾽ ἐπιδεῖξαι Ν ,ὔ Gent} / ΗΝ 3 A 907 τὸ στράτευμα αὑτῇ" βουλόμενος οὖν ἐπιδεῖξαι, ἐξέτασιν A 9 ~ , A ε , Ν A ld ποιεῖται ἐν τῷ πεδίῳ τῶν Ἑλλήνων καὶ Tov βαρβάρων. é aN δὲ A ΑΝ ὧ , 2 9 A 9 , κέλευσε δὲ TOUS νας, ὡς νόμος" αὐτοῖς εἰς μάχην, οὕτω ταχθῆναι καὶ στῆναι, συντάξαι δ᾽ ἕκαστον“ τοὺς ε a4 δὲ > 3. ΟΝ 4, 5 > Ν Ν. Ν ἑαυτοῦ. ἐτάχθησαν οὖν ἐπὶ τεττάρων" εἶχε δὲ τὸ μὲν Πα , Ne N 2 κα N ἂν , δεξιὸν" Μένων καὶ οἱ σὺν αὐτῷ, τὸ δὲ εὐώνυμον Κλέαρχος ᾿ εν ΄ Ἂ Ν , CF. , καὶ οἱ ἐκείνου, TO δὲ μέσον οἱ ἄλλοι στρατηγοί.
371. VOCABULARY
δεινός, 4, dv, terrible, severe, skilful, clever. [dinotherium]
δεξιός, 4, dv, right; cf. Lat. dextra, Eng. dexterous.
ἕκαστος, ἡ; ov, each.
ἐπιδείκνῦμι, ἐπιδείξω, ἐπέδειξα, ἐπιδέδειχα, ἐπιδέδειγμαι, ἐπεδείχθην, exhibit.
εὐώνομος, ov, left; lit. of good name; euphemistic for left, the side from which evil omens were supposed tocome. Cf. Lat. sinister.
Kparéw, κρατήσω, ἐκράτησα, κεκράτηκα, ἐκρατήθην, to be strong, rule, conquer (gen.).
νόμος, ov, ὁ, custom, law. [economy]
συντάττω, συντάξω, συνέταξα, συντέταχα, συντέταγμαι, συνετάχθην, draw up in order. [syntax]
372. Learn the perfect, pluperfect middle (passive) of λείπω [rum], τάττω | Tay], πείθω [ πειθῚ (643-45).
373. When the verb-stem ends in a vowel, the perfect middle (passive) is the simplest tense of the verb to conju- gate. When the verb-stem ends in a labial, lingual, or palatal mute, the addition of the personal endings is attended by euphonic changes, as follows:
1 δέομαι, to need, beg of, governs the gen. 2Sc. ἦν, 3I1.e,each general. 4 rov¢ ἑαντοῦ, lit. those of himself = hisown. The noun στρατιώτᾶς or ἄνδρας is thought but not expressed. 5 Four deep, to make the army seem as large as possible. Se. κέρας, wing.
5877 Perfect and Pluperfect Middle 99
874. A labial mute (7, 8, ¢) before ~ becomes u;' with σ᾽ forms Ψ; before 7 or @ it assumes the same degree of roughness. See 599, 2.
A lingual mute (7, δ, @) before μ, τ, or @ becomes σ᾽ and is dropped before σ.
A palatal mute («, y, v) before » becomes y; with o forms ἕξ; before τ or θ it assumes the same degree of roughness.
375. Since the endings of the third plural vtaz, vro could not be pronounced with consonant stems, the third person plural of such verbs in the perfect and pluperfect indicative becomes a compound form—the perfect passive participle and εἰσί in the perfect and ἦσαν in the pluperfect: λελειμμένοι εἰσί; λελειμμένοι ἦσαν.
376. DRILL I. Locate the following:
. ἐπιδείκνυσι, ἐδεήθη, ἔστη.
. τέτακται, τεταγμένοι ἦσαν, ταχθείη.
. ἐπιδείξειαν, ἐχρῶντο, ἐδεῖτο.
. κεκελεύκᾶσι, ἐκεκελεύκη, TGs.
. ἐπέπειστο, ἦγμαι, ἠγμένοι ἦσαν.
He has been left, he had left, we have obeyed.
. They had been drawn up, they stood, he shows.
. You have been persuaded, you had been arranged, he has persuaded.
4, They are showing, he begs Cyrus, he employs Greeks.
377. EXERCISES
\ e \ eT ἢ 3 aging , I. 1. Μένων καὶ οἱ σὺν αὐτῷ ὡς νόμος αὐτοῖς πεπόρευνται.
ΤΕ
wre σι τ τα
2. δεινὸς πόλεμος ἐγένετο, ἀλλὰ οἱ “Ἕλληνες ἐκράτουν. 5. πέπεισται τοῦ στρατεύματος ἐξέτασιν ποιεῖσθαι. 4. βουλόμενος λαθεῖν ἐπορεύετο ἐπὶ μέγα ἄντρον. 5, οἱ ᾿Ασπένδιοι τὸ μὲν εὐώνυμον εἶχον, Κῦρος καὶ οἱ ἑαυτοῦ τὸ
δὲ δεξιόν.
1When μμμ would result one» is dropped. ξσ batween two consonants is dropped, 3Sce. ἦν.
100 Elementary Greek
IJ. 1. The soldiers had been sent to the acropolis. 2. Epyaxa begged Cyrus to arrange his soldiers according to their custom. 3. The Greeks did not use horses in
battle. 4. The soldiers were not able to hear. 5. So they arranged themselves for battle and stood. LESSON XLV 2
REVIEW OF THE INFINITIVE
378. ἐθεώρει οὖν ὁ Hopes πρῶτον μὲν τοὺς βαρβάρους: ot’ δὲ παρήλαυνον τεταγμένοι κατ᾽ ἴλας" καὶ κατὰ τάξεις: εἶτα δὲ τοὺς Ἕλληνας, παρελαύνων ἐφ᾽ ἅρματος καὶ ἡ Κίλισσα ἐφ᾽ ἁρμαμάξης.
Ν “ - “ Ν τὸ Ν Ἂς > / και χιτῶνας φοινικοῦς και κνημιθοας καὶ τὰς ἀσπίδας
i? \ , , A εἶχον δὲ πάντες κράνη χαλκᾶ
ἐκκεκαλυμμένᾶς ὃ 979.
ἅρμα, ατος, τό, chariot. ἁρμάμαξα, ns, ἣ, covered carriage. εἶτα, adv., then, thereupon; πρῶτον «εἶτα, in the first place... in the second place.
ἐκκαλύπτω, ἐκκαλύψω, ἐξεκάλυψα, ἐκκεκάλυμμαι, ἐξεκαλύφθην, wn- , cover. [apocalypse]
iAn, Ns, 9, crowd, band; squadron of cavalry. [homily]
κνημΐς, tos, ἢ, legging, greave.
κράνος, ous, τό, headpiece, helmet; ef. Lat. cranium.
οἴομαι or οἶμαι, olfjropar, wfOnv, think, suppose.
οὐδέ, conj. and adv., and not, but not, nor yet, not even, not either.
VOCABULARY
παρελαύνω, παρελῶ, TaphAaca, παρε- λήλακα, παρελήλαμαι, παρηλάθην, ride or drive by, march by.
πρῶτος, ἡ; ov (πρό), first, foremost; πρῶτον as adv., first. [proto- plasm, protocol]
τάξις, ews, ἢ, Order, arrangement, array, company, line (of an army). [syntax, taxidermy]
φοινικοῦς, ἢ, οὖν (613), purple-red, purple.
χαλκοῦς, ἢ, otv (613), of bronze, bronze. [chalcography]
χιτών, @vos, ὁ, an undergarment, chiton, tunie.
1 The nominative of the article with δέ regularly shows a change of subject and
has the value of a pronoun.
2 By squadrons.
3 The leather coverings, to protect
from the weather or injury in handling, were removed,
8885. Review of the Infinitive 101
380. Review the infinitives of Avo (eleven in all, 638-640), and the present infinitives (all voices) of τέμάω, ποιέω, δηλόω (647, 648); the second aorist of λείπω me
381. Observe that:
(1) The active endings are ev and va. εν contracts with ε of the stem to form εἰν (Aveev, λύειν). vat is found in the perfect active and aorist passive. The aorist active (λῦσαι) is irregular.
(2) The middle and passive (except aorist) infinitives end in σθαι.
(3) The accent is regular (recessive), except that the penult receives the accent (a) in forms ending in vas, (b) in first aorist active, (6) the perfect middle (passive), (d) the second aorist middle and passive. The second aorist active has the circumflex on the ultima.
382. Review the infinitives of ἵστημι, τίθημι, δίδωμι, δείκ- νῦμι, εἰμί, εἶμι (650-56) in the present and in the second aorist (when it exists). Note the accent.
383. The future and perfect infinitives may properly be said to denote differences in time, the future denoting a time after that of the verb on which it depends, the perfect a time prior to it. But the present and aorist infinitives distinguish different kinds of action or condition, not differences in time.
384, The present infinitive expresses an activity or state continued or repeated. The aorist expresses simply occur- rence of a definite kind. ἱκανοὶ τὰς ἀκροπόλεις φυλάττειν, men suitable to guard the acropolis (to guard continuously) ; ἐλέγετο Κ ὕρῳ δοῦναι χρήματα, it was said that she gave Cyrus money (a single gift; kept giving would be διδόναι.
385. Verbs of thinking (οἴομαι, νομίζω, ἡγοῦμαι, Soxdw) regularly take the infinitive in indirect discourse. Review the verbs introducing indirect discourse (337).
102 Elementary Greek § 386
386. In indirect discourse the infinitive retains the tense which the finite verb had in the direct form; but the present represents both the present and the imperfect; the perfect, both the perfect and the pluperfect.
387. The subject of the infinitive is in the accusative case; but when it is the same as the subject of the main verb, it is usually omitted: Κῦρος οἴεται ἔσεσθαι βασιλεύς, Cyrus thinks he will be king.
388. Many adjectives, especially those meaning ability, fit- ness, willingness, take an infinitive to complete their meaning.
989. DRILL
I. Locate the following forms: 1. ἰέναι, στῆναι, λελυκέναι. 4, ἀξιοῦν, λελύσθαι, λιπέσθαι. 2. τάξαι, θεωρεῖν, καλύπτεσθε. 5. δοῦναι, λυθῆναι, λαβεῖν.
3. τιμῶν, εἶναι, θεῖναι. II. Translate: 1. To do, to be, to be about to be. 2. To stand, to use, to honor. 3. To be left, to have been arranged. 4, To leave, to go, to obey. 5. To have ordered, to show, to place.
390. EXERCISES I. 1. οὐκ ἐδύναντο στῆναι οὐδὲ μεῖναι ἐν ταύτῃ TH πόλει. 2. ἐβούλοντο τούτους ταχθῆναι κατ᾽ Ἰλᾶς καὶ κατὰ τάξεις. 8. ἡγεῖται ποιήσεσθαι ἐξέτασιν τῶν βαρβάρων ἐν τῷ πεδίῳ. 4, Κῦρος τῶν βαρβάρων δεῖται παύσασθαι. 5. ταχθέντες ὡς νόμος αὐτοῖς ἣν εἰς μάχην τὴν πόλιν ἐφυλάττοντο.
II, 1. Xenophon says that Cyrus watched the contest. 2. They beg Cyrus to ride by, 3. They thought that Cyrus gave much money, 4. The soldier stood with’ a bronze helmet, a shield, and a purple chiton, 5, Cyrus thought he was able to give pay to all the soldiers.
1Use ἔχω.
8394 Adverbs. Optative of Contract Verbs 103
LESSON XLVI ADVERBS. OPTATIVE OF CONTRACT VERBS 391. ἐπειδὴ δὲ πάντας παρήλασε, oTHoas τὸ ἅρμα ἈΝ ἊΝ , la 8 ΄, - ΄, Ν ε »- πρὸ τῆς φάλαγγος μέσης; πέμψας Πίγρητα τὸν ἑρμηνέα παρὰ τοὺς στρατηγοὺς τῶν Ἑλλήνων ἐκέλευσε προβα- λέσθαι τὰ ὅπλα Kal ἐπιχωρῆσαι olny’ τὴν φάλαγγα. οἱ δὲ ταῦτα προεῖπον τοῖς στρατιώταις" καὶ ἐπεὶ ἐσάλπιγξε," ’, Ἅ Ψ > , προβαλλόμενοι τὰ ὅπλα ἐπήεσαν.
992. VOCABULARY ἐπειδή (ἐπεί + δή), conj. adv., when. προβέβληκα, mpoBéBAnpat, πρου- ἔπειμι (ἐπί -- εἶμι), go on, advance, βλήθην, throw before or forward ; attack. mid. w. τὰ ὅπλα, present arms. ἐπιχωρέω, ἐπιχωρήσω, ἐπεχώρησα, The o of πρό is not elided, but ἐπικεχώρηκα, move on, advance. unites with the augment, e. g. ἑρμηνεύς, éws, ὁ, interpreter. imperf. προύβαλλον. ὅλος, ἡ, ον, whole, entire, in a προεῖπον, 2 aor. to προαγορεύω, pro- body. [catholic, holocaust] claim. Πίγρης,ητος, 6, Pigres, aninterpre- σαλπίζω, ἐσάλπιγξα, cound the ter. trumpet, signal.
προβάλλω, προβαλῶ, προύβαλον, ταχέως, adv., quickly, swiftly.
393. Adverbs usually end in ὡς and are derived from adjectives. Those derived from the vowel declensions have the form and accent of the genitive plural neuter, but with s in place of ν.
πιστός, faithful, genitive plural πιστῶν, adverb πιστῶς δίκαιος, just ie: Ὁ δικαίων ἐ δικαίως
χαλεπός, difficult τὰ “χαλεπῶν “ χαλεπῶς 394, Adverbs formed from adjectives with consonant stems add ws to the stem. This gives the same result as though the ν of the genitive plural neuter were changed to s.
1TIn subordinate clauses, especially in those of time, the aorist is often to be translated by the English pluperfect. 2The Ist aor. of ἵστημι is transitive. 3 See 307, n. 3. ὅλος takes the predicate position; it implies unity more than πᾶς, and means whole rather than all. ὁ σαλπιγκτής, the trumpeter, is to be supplied as subject.
104 Elementary Greek § 395
395. Adverbs derived from adjectives have no separate comparison. The comparative is the same as the neuter singular accusative of the comparative in the corresponding adjective, and the superlative is the same as the accusative neuter plural of the superlative.
πιστῶς πιστότερον πιστότατα καλῶς κάλλιον κάλλιστα
396. The comparison of other adverbs must be learned from the vocabulary. Learn from the vocabulary the mean- ing and comparison of the following adverbs: ἄνω, ἐγγύς, μάλα, κακῶς, καλῶς, ῥαδίως, ταχέως.
397. Learn the present optative active, middle (passive) of Tivaw, ποιέω and δηλόω (647-48). Observe that a+o—=@, e+o1—o1, o+0o1—o1,
398. DRILL
I. Locate the following forms: 1. ποιοίη, ποιοῖεν, δηλοίμην. 2. Tima, τιμῴη, τιμῷτο. 3. δηλοίην, τιμῷντο, τἱμήσειεν.
II. Give (1) 3 sing. opt. act., (2) 3 plu. opt, mid., οὗ νϊκάω, ἐπιχωρέω.
399. EXERCISES
I. 1. ἔλεξεν ὅτι οἱ “EXAnves νικῷεν. 2. ὡς κάλλιστα TO στρά- τευμα ἐτάχθη. 8. μετεπέμψατο τοὺς στρατηγοὺς ἵνα τοὺς φυγάδας λαβόντες ὁρμῷντο. 4. εἰ Κῦρος κελεύσειεν, οἱ στρατιῶται ἐπιχωροῖεν ἄν. 5, ἔστησε τοὺς στρατιώτας πρὸ τοῦ βασιλέως καὶ ἐνταῦθα ἵσταντο.
II. 1. If the trumpet should sound, the phalanx would advance. 2. Sending the interpreter, he bade the army withdraw rapidly. 3. The soldiers gladly withdrew. 4. They presented arms in order that they might honor
Cyrus. 5. He summoned the hoplite from the middle __
of the phalanx.
8402 Review of Participles 105
LESSON XLVII REVIEW OF PARTIOCIPLES
400. ἐκ δὲ τούτου θᾶττον προϊόντων' σὺν κραυγῇ, ἀπὸ A 2 a τοῦ αὐτομάτου δρόμος" ἐγένετο τοῖς στρατιώταις ἐπὶ τὰς A 9 ‘ s σκηνᾶς. τῶν δὲ βαρβάρων φόβος πολύς, καὶ ἥ τε Ki- χισσ ἔφ Pan ange (ἕ \ €4 «9 an > A a ἔφυγεν ἐπὶ TH ἁρμαμάξῃ καὶ ot ἐκ τῆς ἀγορᾶς ’ Ν ¥ ¥ δ᾽, Ὁ Ν 4 καταλιπόντες τὰ ὠνια epvyov: ot Ἕλληνες σὺν γέλωτι Σ x > ἐπὶ Tas σκηνὰς ἦλθον.
401. VOCABULARY
αὐτόματος, ἡ, ov, self-prompted; ἀπὸ or ἐκ τοῦ αὐτομάτου, of one’s own accord, voluntarily. [automatic]
γέλως, wos, ὁ, laughter.
δρόμος, ov, ὁ, a running, race. [hippodrome]
καταλείπω, καταλείψω, κατέλιπον, καταλέλοιπα, καταλέλειμμαι, κατελείφθην, leave behind, forsake.
κραυγή, ἧς, ἣ, cry, outcry, uproar.
πρόειμι (πρό + εἶμι), go forward, proceed.
φεύγω, φεύξομαι or φευξοῦμαι, ἔφυγον, mépevya, flee.
φόβος, ov, 6, fear. [hydrophobia]
ὦνιος, a, ov, purchasable; τὰ va, goods, wares.
402. Review all the participles of Avw (eleven in all), the present participles of tiwaw, ποιέω, and δηλόω, the second aorist participle of λείπω (638-41, 647, 648). Learn the declension of the perfect participle active of λύω (621) and in the same manner the second perfect active participle of φαίνω, and review the declension (617-24) and uses of par- ticiples (181, 186, 351).
1Gen. abs. with αὐτῶν omitted (as often). 26pouos . . . . στρατιώταις, the soldiers began to run; lit. a@ running happened to the soldiers. 8 πολύς has frequently the translation of μέγας; cf. Eng. much pleasure, for great pleasure. 4See 131, ἢ, 3,
106 Elementary Greek § 403
I.
iu
403. DRILL Locate the following:
. Aurov, AdovTwr, οὖσαι.
. τιμῶσαν, ποιουσῶν, λυθεῖσι. λελυκότα, Avouevas, λυθέντι. λελυκυῖαν, ποιοῦσι, λελυμέναι.
συ He Oo DD κα
. ὄντι, λελυκόσι, λυσάμενα.
404. EXERCISES 1. πολὺς τῶν βαρβάρων ἣν ὁ φόβος δρόμου γενομένου τοῖς Ἕλλησιν. 2. σὺν γέλωτι πορευόμενοι οἱ Ἕλληνες ἐπὶ τὴν πόλιν ἦλθον. 3. λέγεται ἀπὸ τοῦ αὐτομάτου δρόμος γενέσθαι τῇ στρατιᾷ ἐπὶ τὰς oxnvas. 4. ἡ Κίλισσα τὴν ἁρμάμαξαν καταλιποῦσα ἔφυγεν. 5. στήσας οὖν τοὺς Ἕλληνας Κῦρος αὐτὴν ἀπέπεμψεν.
1. He commanded them to go forward more quickly. 2. Great fear arose among the barbarians as the Greeks presented arms. 3. The people’ from the city fled and abandoned all their goods. 4. When the trumpet sounded, the Greeks came to their tents. 5. Cyrus came to his tent laughing, upon hearing the outery of the barbarian.
1 See 131, πη. 3.
Fic. 14,—A Scene in a Shoemaker’s Shop
8407 Purpose and Object Clauses 107
LESSON XLVIII PuRPOSE AND OssEcT CLAUSES. FoRMATION OF WorDS
405. ἡ δὲ Κίλισσα ἰδοῦσα τὴν λαμπρότητα καὶ τὴν
’ wn , 5 , » \ 9 Ν ] τάξιν Tov στρατεύματος ἐθαύμασε. Κῦρος δὲ ἥσθη τὸν ἐκ τῶν Ἑλλήνων εἰς τοὺς βαρβάρους φόβον ἰδών. ἐντεῦ- θεν ἐξελαύνει σταθμοὺς τρεῖς παρασάγγᾶς εἴκοσιν εἰς Ἰκόνιον, τῆς Φρυγίᾶς πόλιν ἐσχάτην. ἐνταῦθα ἔμεινε τρεῖς ἡμέρας.
40θ. VOCABULARY δέδοικα 1 perf., δέδια 2 perf, (both used as presents), Selropat, aor. ἔδεισα, fear.
ἥδομαι (ἡδύς), ἡσθήσομαι, ἥσθην, be glad, be pleased.
θαυμάζω, θαυμάσομαι, ἐθαύμασα, τεθαύμακα, ἐθαυμάσθην, wonder at. (thaumaturgy]
*Ixéviov, ov, τό, Tconium, a city of Asia Minor.
λαμπρότης, ητος, q, brilliancy, splendor. [lamp]
ὁράω, ὄψομαι, εἶδον, ἑόρακα or ἑώρακα, ἑώραμαι or ὦμμαι, ὥφθην, see. {[panorama, optics, idea, spheroid]
φοβέω, φοβήσω, ἐφόβησα, act., frighten; φοβέομαι, φοβήσομαι, πεφόβημαι, ἐφοβήθην, pass. depon., fear. [hydrophobia]
PURPOSE AND OBJECT CLAUSES
407. Purpose and object clauses are expressed by:
1. ἵνα, ὡς, ὅπως with the subjunctive after primary tenses. After secondary tenses the optative is used, or the subjunc- tive may be retained for vividness. If negative, μή is used: ἄνδρας εἵλοντο ἵνα γέφῦραν φυλάττοιεν, they selected men to guard the bridge.
1 All which stands between τόν and φόβον, its noun, is in effect an adjective modi- fier of φόβον, The prepositions express the source and direction of the fear. Trans.: The fear which the Greeks inspired in the barbarians. Whatis the literal translation?
108 Elementary Greek 8401
2. The future participle (often with ὡς): ἄνδρας εἵλοντο γέφυραν φυλάξοντας, they selected men to guard the bridge.
3. A relative pronoun with the future indicative: ἄνδρας εἵλοντο οἱ γέφῦραν φυλάξουσι, they