ater ~ he a ee Se ile _ — oad 4 - —_— - “ ila tt ey nel pa a a ang a OP a Se eeeotntee” cid ea ule tome . j - . . - 4 y P ts Men 8 ty ee te Ae et lg nee we manent an petro eet doya woe — . “ pn , ‘ ’ ‘ p Sa os ane OREN eee tam r Mee Gage wo eee” he be arindee . “ 5 ~~ : . ‘ / _— ertonan ~e as ye wih strain wale atiapaie pay) ae » , 7 a o— abe . —T . . -: - - - 2 —_s* “~ ait woe awh hostel ; . pp ntigene ie 1ctemet nied . - : 7 a Totmtrowni es apron es a“ nese ee oa on™ pe Ait peer ee mvem a eae ° . ~ mores “ r : n = . dim eng Aste laine a oo : , sons + ene - . 7 y tn 4 ¥ ewe Mane 9 , 7 : Ae eats | Ro eee eee one ahve ne ‘ ‘ : — : ‘ , : ‘ nde - : eat AS: ™ 4 Pm ; 1 r “ * - : @*u> v > y és ot eal stpetves » . s . , sirmtneners — . c ; ~ > , ~~ - we Pane acer ieee Pe -— : : ne promos ’ ; ; partion : new a a Lael y peoeeveriers an : © 2 s . " . ‘ “ ne eal oaom Ne te = 0° nana ee tar ignites te oan ret _ oe 4 ae ae om a = “ pani apheneneenaiin nent ’ a Ms ve nen age edprearen toe arte? poset d nas” eres : ag ta hm aie r= ats 543 hed oie — wrow ate eye tote t oes my > y Pugin tee i ene ed Ldpvaartll: Ce Nag sty eg Oe oe ge r ’ , aed - nen ee aa GOL “POS be Ne Pre _ ee tages So erenty * paar = ete . ee iiekeebe »oam bs * — we or d na ame ak ae eran in et¥ ars ¢ 2 , died a b . « eer eee ett ae A let =: -—* - ee f ay pd : Pe eae re el aa et OOP Oe +o or ne en one A eS ae Fa OL Oe nen err * Boond IG4b HARVARD UNIVERSITY uy PPB RAR Y OF tHE MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY (\332O ot ia ViLd ais Hashes ig? i) ee yal THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD AND EDITED BY MALCOLM BURR, D.SC., F.R.E.S. T. BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER, R.N., FE. A. COCKAYNE, /A-M., D:M., F.L.S., F.Z.S., F.R.E.S. FLR.ES:, BR-C.B. H. E. PAGE, F.R.E.S. Jin Ee COLLINGN- Pk ReESS. ALFRED SICH, F.R.E.S. H. DONISTHORPE, F.Z.S., F.R.E.S. Rev. G. WHEELER, M.A., F.R.E.S., F.Z.S. G. T. BETHUNE-BAKER, F.Z.S., F.R.E.S., Editor Emeritus, and HENRY J. TURNER, F:R-E:S:, F-R-H-S., Editorial Secretary. VOL. LIII (New Series). JANUARY TO DECEMBER 194]. PRICE 12s 6d. Special Index (with every Reference), 1s 6d. of Camps, sen jee Zoran 13.820 WAN 18 1949 4 pe SPECIAL INDEX. ys ao By Hy. J. TURNER, F.R.E:S., F.R.A.S VOL. LIII. (New Series), 1941. [3 AO pr » Aw? 1 ni” \ , € ces Zoology oN “FEB 24 1943 aoe IBRAE - The Entomologist’s Record and Journal of Variation. Coleoptera arranged in order of Genera. The other Orders arranged by Species. Genera, Species, etc., new to Britain are marked with an asterisk, those new to Science with two asterisks. COLEOPTERA. PAGE ATIVE GALES .eciecteeseccstecstecenseneeeee soto ce eens 84 INTIAL, AUT AVST EOD IS) Ue opGpeceonsecgcooooudEcse 70 AMT MOROMUS) DONMIOLUIM Ai 22-..c.ceesneer 126 JNMUlovanhoHAN Tes UCR RATHI Wsoosencspcbodess 18, 19 TeYaTeNS, TISTOUCI . goscdoanendecénecodobsbbencdosacesa6e 70 TERAKOVOSIes), THUUKOMNEVCWUIENKEY, “Grodededscocanancoate 82 TEVOIUKO CASTES: THENVIL cacéccacessceenconobapascenseccee 133 IGWCNGIS MY | eabsconadaseseadaneedbonesacBecsbuasuaenoe 133 COPMANE ENS GITUAELOIAIS) Boo5sécosecns6oco0sscedsEoo 127 ITGANOIGS | eh a BNeaod astasaesndacesuadadouscagodesesaae 127 Capnodis temebrionis .............-..:..:.00+- 126 (OBIBRAIOMGIDIEY Besdoucaceddsonccocacbodscbddocubbeqaaeda: uD) GAR MOGCADSH. | seeseesesere see cee oe aes eo ccanene 127 Carpophilus hemipterus ...............-... 127 **Cerylon PYLiIMTOSeae ...............22---ees 133 (CHGMMAGSIS, GERI OSSINEIG) Gbecbsesaseecceodosestonc 87 Cryptocephalus bilineatus ................ 69 i), GHEUOCIMNEKCUIS) Aadeascedddasenodecoudadedosse 69 TOTUSTL HUTS aah eM Hes scoueneeraeseeeesbcbecoods. 69 VOW NAS pW leer secs e-cecties tare ce-en-cns= sec cuensnann a: 84 Epicometis squalidus ..............:sesseeeees 126 TTAOSINS TMTIMNIETON, 9 pAgssoceSadedbabcoddbcodeduccsnnd ot Gibbium psylloides ...............-:..-....-:. 51 Gynandrophthalma limbata ............. 126 JRULUGPTICR IN Ti aeegeanesuceosbbesccocecesoccuebeetccto 126 TUSITEGYS "TG (i ieee Seon eSeR aR cesete otto geese ricoconcaror 70 ThilaavOlanwiss TeVeTHSRWLIS) “Gosacdasroosabbdoeqosesceqonc 126 Longitarsus pellucidus ............-:.ees 127 MagdalisS CeLasi .........::.ceeseeseteeee eee ees 126 Malathius bipunctatus ..................0+ 126 IWWESTUTAN SIMIAN ta puabonocSeeecnacsehseqoeosondsocnc 51 INTO UMS a COM COLON eeasccseeesseas sceieee sees r 51 CRCMAGIIGHL necro ee eeee cces oe oten eee 51 LEEVNOCTICYOTTIS) st Gaeeicebeesthooussacbusdoclanbceads 51 BRANT TSN i oc ace cecisietoeelsenaenters eis einenrignsins einai ie 4A Pempheres @mimis’ .-..... 7... ce en. .see ne. 82 PHIOCOdrOMa COMCOLO Secuccpes-eeosesacrer 133 12s; {iTTini(G FE Keen eee ea hehehe oocebe sadbeabpgocodde HO 152 SEED CSCCINS: coecnnccet ere ccm scconssenee 52 ZS-aUNIGI INCU RARRAEA Bee Bonde lie uerasasHeprnoccdsar 51 GEPIMANUS — ou... cesceesceeneesececmesecsserner D1 THAnLT Py SLT Ok ae eee hae cokes deadncoskbaopodte ap) NARI pone Seceeee scree nserarcce seceoe mee sence 52 TIT] MERATE TOT Ae eee AR AA Heh 6 \Goeassosboceebqunod D1 PO ULV AGUS. Pacuctecececns stu steptenvadoas-mewsc ot WUNOSUS: / ae ccescascsesoucputansencceeamecesensers 52 TADUOL) | ccncon corse easeigeeresscdtecsbiewicsisncwaars 51 SOXPUMCTATUS 9... per ecncrecpencerseecvoe 51 SU DULOSUIS) | coer cncceec costae ecnemeerises cc esens 52 VOSUACCUIS Pin we tececcuccep ep met innes ce tiete Nantes 52 83 Pimelia mec ccc r eee e essence nnceecseesesssssseseces® PAGE Phydloizetaecruciierges eee 108 ab. nigrobasis ...... ae ee ORIEL: Se 108 Prenolepis, Meee seen eed eas Meee ee 84 QUTEHINTSS ACTLOMMISH sce eee eee eee 133 IRMA NCIONI SY SCINIUISHO, Seecconenecesosenscuseeé cae 126 GUD OE Qememe eats | aes lk Mate aiey era ts een Ys be 2 126 IRM Aa OAD KS: | OUNCE ANTI) oe cokeneebeakect coke 126 Scolytus* destructor 0. 3 ee 1g. Ag TOMO WTSI TENA AWS y ss ee Se sos a 18 DELO HR DUO LSU Sit’ Sehaas ame it Rees era ER alain 127 SiImOxsvAOM DELO ANS, Scgeeeerieeeeeeeeee ee 126 PSH FEY) Os] Ful LT OND IGF iy A ee elo ed “Ne ae CACSANCIUTS tape cou un sueatee eee ee cee te 42 (SEAN [HL PUTECOY] OLIVE OU ES eee ae See cn ea 42 aC BW LNya ty OVEXSts, le paar wee ls oo 100s een 2D PALUMMATOMENCOSUSH sees eeeeeeee eee 42 DUDESCOM See eee an een a eee 4Q SUCRCOLRAIEHUIS I reece sce escent 42 ABTEEXC! AUIS CESIMENEH AUIS) 4 2 renbenodbaabedasnceecnacacs 108 TUNTTNUNLUISE oes nceeosceee casein eames ees 108 SHAD eMule yywOVMpNMaVeres ISS A AaAcasuadeoae 108 PLO PUGeTMAMUS. MOIR UO GUS eee 126 ZEW OVNOKA, SUOSMEMTO Sa sees eee seen 108 List of Carabidae in the Weald of KEM TEUGS Un At © LOW SON meeeseeee oe 9-10 List of Coleoptera taken on a trip to Leicestershire, H. Donisthorpe 132, 133 DIPTERA. ampelophila, Drosophila ................... 127 bergenstammi, Apiomyzia ................ 127 Capitatay \CCvauitls: =o te cc seasee eee cee 127 DES USTAICG Fx ILS Pa Se SE gg RS a Ft IMAMISe MOLUGEIL A) ev aeenseeoe ceneectaene ‘lal IGAUER ATIVE AG Ly back coe eoseusa- cond one oct ope torte 77 TACO UES IMGT OC Ollk meas eeeeseaeee eee 38 SA ROMY ZUG. i conc ceraerececesces see eee 77 SCA DUOMIIZC Mat ee. sence erseaseetaces see eetee iba SaalGAs WPM RUS weet case hear aaocnasdencneeeee 127 PALS ANS ee Lab yiCMiT WSs ecccce.canccseseeeeeesee 133 List of Lauxaniidae taken in Surrey 78 List of Diptera visiting the Devil’s-bit S Gal DOU S geese cn ca aes eames tee coace weno 134 HEMIPTERA. ASPTLSUTTAUS:» > red bee wee eee etwas Sowodetswcdecssees 127 GWOCCTAAG 4 she DRE ER ols Sos ade 82 COPNUS LeCARI UA ce ccottte esti cede 127 GevVaStans, HM POASEA © occ ceccdoccsecsecsceves's 82 hederac, ASpiGiotUS. ici actin. 127 lanigeraky (BAOSOMIA! . Si aCe. «de dveces 127 TELA aes APIS AIMRS is stec.iew cence swewssicesdac aesseee 127 7 SPECIAL INDEX. PAGE HlCAC.. PALA OVA re ssh esse es coteen cee 127 DELESTCAC MEA CIS a 5ce wi sscascescccateeseeeeee st 127 DOU PAD IS) psec sccth scat cosnes ceslansiee cco seeuetec 127 DV Llny CUM OMS) cae cer tsieae-cuctereceoeces tenes 127 DY TICOLATMIPS yall alo. 2 Bo. Ls osetees seamen 127 TIS CIMMMO CT ODI ASTES) ces sce-t hans eeecesess Gdsocsassadassance cossecboncaspssoase 44 imaeimas EOCAMP OCS wy crea eesecee 128 mandibularis, Neurotoma ................. 72 Myrmammophilus — ............:0.eeeeeee eee 37 DN Toya GUNA ye eo ie tenis seer eee teem Q4 IN GSyTETPONIC RY Oe Saecneetcaysbnbeossonsesa0 aoccdoosdE acoso. 109 niger, AcanthoMyoDs .............----s-1e 109 ELGG IZ), | LEMUSZEMMOIS YM SBapdanBeNagsessoopdjsso2ubaE00R. 73 parietum, OdyNnerus .............-.-.-02.00++ Ad polytoma, Gilpinia ..................-....2++ 12 TRYOTINETRIOIYE, “TMB YWSy* Gadgoooogsesdosossssocansnonoocss 84 TESOWCOMAVTRMNVED — “senpcosacanousoocoasuassus Foil, 238 pubescens, Periclista ................-.20--++ Te quadmmacilatus-Cimbex ones eeece 128 STIMMIOTA INOS, IBYONCM OWES. A eonosessdsosobosoc 87, 119 ST CLEVES 2 2h Maa vt gh Goer cue | Anata AD SHUTATIS AM AMUCIES Se ecnessesncceeseeeet eer 110 syriaca (cyanocrocea ssp.), Arge ...... 128 {MAY OA IAVO DAMIEN UM 1 nanddeoaohoosdasdoaadccoccodesanocuoabse 37 SOWIE. AVESIORY | soasoocebosdoosoondddodant os 20, 44 LEPIDOPTERA. aberdoniensis (grossulariata abD.), AIT ARAS) 0) ool aGeesedo ee sneecueec ss ocereeees (4) ADMUPUALIA. LCMeETODMM a essrce-s rete: (3) ACerS, SACTOMICTA, \s.c:1....aeeer eres owe 34,043) INCLOMUCTA oih.ccccoesccesce ene see eeeee eee eeu acns 90 aaauchas) EVeMWOtMiSh ieee seneere tee seaseee (5) addenda (bellargus ab.), Polyomma- LIDS: 9) BERR nae SRE beat oo cdcasdeod Sodan dos doocopHadc 68 adjunctella, Coleophora ................---- (8) PAGE AGUS Cava dnl Gila eee ene 54) 5S aeveriay (PaTvareew see 18, (2), 4133 aegon (argus), Plebeius ......... (4), 98, 110 aeruginaria = immaculata, Iodis ... 33 aestiva (agestis f.), Aricia .................. 99 aestivaria, “Hiemiltheaye se ee 80 aethiops, Erebia, .. vote (6) agathina, Agrotis 3222s eee 40 AGES EIS! AVICTAl cee koe eee 18, (2), 99 AGATA AE SeyN TS) eee 41, 90, 129 alba (phlaeas, ab.), Heodes ........ 129, 130 albanica, PEOCKIST sc. eee 23 albimaculata (agestis ab.), Aricia .... 98 alcetas, EV@Lre@S) 2::.:.:5: tee ee 43 algae (cannae), Nonagria ...............25 124 algirica, ;PrOCEIS) 4.2:5-2 eee 23, alous (agestis var.),- Aricia, =... (2) alpina (aegon f.), Plebeius ............-... 110 alsoides (minimus /f.), Cupido ............ 88 AMAtTHES. ocoscccccccateacuteenn ee eeeee ene Eee eee 6 ampelophaga, Procris) -er-ceneece eee 22 amurensis, Rhyparoides ..................- (5) anatolica, PrOCrIS) 2s nee ee Lee eee 23 angelicella, DepressSatiai ese eee eee 44 antijuncta (coridon ab.), Polyomma- PWS sikidecdeessccncce sds sce. eee (2) antiopa, Nymphalis ......:-:scee eee (1) antiqua, ORB VIS. ..osss.2c0 he seeee ee eee eee 120 apennina (coridon f.), Polyommatus 69 Aporophyla.. 2.222sccesieieeseeeeee eee none 6 applana, Depressaria, -222eetse eee (7) arcua (icarus ab.), Polyommatus ..... 56 arenella, Depressaria, =2:.cceees eee (7) areola. Xylocampa), 3..c-sescce cence eee 4 areiades, KVereS 0 2..5:2..seeceeeeeree eee 43 argiolus, Lycaenopsis (4), 43, 55, 96, 129 argus = aegon, Plebeius (2), (3), (4), 93, 110 argyrosnomon, Pleberus 2-2-2 110 avion, LeyCaeNa. ifsc. ..-cseceseesecsee eee 43 arragonensis (coridon /f.), Polyom- THVACUS: — ccseieolcseke wus. onhe eee eee eee eee eeneee 69 artaxerxes (agestis 7.), Aricia ........... 98 artemis = aurinia, Euphydryas ...... 40 arundinis, Phragmites ~2i2sece-e--- eee 16 aspersana, Peromea .....se-ssseee sete (7) associata = mellinata, Lygfris ......... 417 astrarche — agestis, Aricia .............. (2) atalantia: ViaNeSSa.) shs.-s-cseeeeeeeee 41, 80, 110 atrata, Ode@Zia ....:.0:-c4ceee eee (6), 107 auricilia, Diatraeal -eeices-sees eee 81 auriflua = Phaeorrhoea, Nygmia ... 94 aurinia, Buphydryas 2.2e.--e: 55, 98, 110 auronitens (phlaeas ab.), Heodes ....... 17 autumnaria, ENnoOmoOs 72eseeeseeeee (5) Ritumnava, (OPOLinita sees eee ee eee eee 4119 aversaua, Acidaliay -oie-ceses see seee ne seaeeee 80 avis, Callophrys <..is..5.2:7--ee=-Ge eee 19 badia, . OFSyiIa ...-....e5- es see 120 badiata, PBurophila 3.-2.2-c-eeescseteeeeeere D4 basalipunctata, Hydroectia) \2.-2 ee (5) basalis (trifolii ab.), Zygaena ............ 113 batis, Thyatita) _......25.-cs.sceser eee eee ot baumanniana, Chiidonia 222-2. 5D bellargus, Polyommatus ...... (3), 67, 68 SPECIAL INDEX. 3 PAGE bellieri = tenuicornis, Procris ........ 23 TOSIDUEE. SIE ANIKOIIY Gasscacena seoscnecccecos 12, 129 lone ie nae, ATOVOWDISY Be hosnohcodosorsousaccntacs (7) DICOLOLAN AS Eayow Nilay recede esseece 29 bicoloriay PWemcodomtany joes sosceeeeesseccr- 73 JONG OMS, (CEIPUNR) conocusedecubsannscceussesccoge 40 loi), | (CKELEWHES) Soneosebecoacouccususeeosseedaaodede 73 bilineata, Huphyiay sybils. .2:.2.2--.----- 29 lor aevieits]s 21 Dh es) Of2h 0k2 ho yeeesneeresanesecscpescaeenasod: 28 bipunctata (maritima ab.), Senta ... 14 blanchardiella, Lithocolletis ............ 126 DOCTECUSS ACOSIMOLY.CE oseees cee eeceeee= are 134 hoxreata, Operophteray e.lsc.s-s-cescsessse-e 107 borussa (coridon ab.), Polyommatus 69 brassicae.) sManMlesiVay | o..csss-ccseeseeeasecheee 94 brassicae, Pieris ... 18, (2), (3), 80, 128, 135 Terelialiley, ANIPHSRIOLIEIIIEY aha sebedoanetesondddoduocse > (8) brumata, Operophtera ............... 94, 107 brunneata (abruptaria ab.), Hemer- DO) AVL St enn ses enh Me I et a at A RN (3) DUWAENSIS SSP LOGGRIS” Bkuscccceceseeeeeesenet ees 22 butlerowi (w-album ab.), Strymon, FIST CCNA Eee oe rset ose eaten eteneten dec eemese 12 CACOECIAn ise: FE CCOR CERO OTR CCE CREO RIOR 125 caeca (coridon ab.), Polyommatus ... (2) caeruleocephailay VON Oba. 25. -..-44224-546 125 caerulescens (coridon @ab.), Polyom- TVA GUS pet Bl ek, SL apt hee cals 69 CACSIAUA MeL SDMA | aeaene ee cmap. sseaeete 119 GAA AT CHA eases sacemece asec seut ays 29, (8), 116 G-AbinMN VE Oly SOMA ee ncaeceee deen: (1), (6) CAGOMI AIA COWS Amiens. assesses seers (7) CRUUNCEY (EISSN) Po) WANTAGE Sdoccpcoocndeced: 99 Camelimaze NOtLOGOMUA) ...csetea et eene esse: (4) GCamelinas LOD ODECHYXiercessnas sec. ey I Canomiullley, IoiienveronnAlsy Waeeosesee-eoceee (4), 92, 129 cancellaria (clathrata ab.), Chiasmia (5) candida (salicis ab.), Stilpnotia ...... (5) CaMauata TUSIPOLUA, Coit sacassses: tee secese (5) canmae = algae, Nonasria =2..)-.c.s 124 capsophila, Monima, Dianthoecia 21, 69 Capiinntcuilan eNOUNEMES) se nseescesasseee eee (6) CALGAMIUMeS, VET CMIOEG He c.ascseccsecsecee yA. is Carduella, Depressaria. ..................0 (7) CALCU PVaAM CSSA) ceo ich vockceetges soqeslon 109, 110 Carmelita MoO DMOMUCIVEX. -5.c.cscte eaceeeee. 73 carpinata, Nothopteryx, Lobophora D4, 107 CAD OCD OSA esis treo accancaseemeenlnr 125, 126 Castanea. INOCUUWAY " cecessccosaueste eee 40, 76 castaneae, Phragmatoecia ............... 5, 6 eastrensis, MalacoSOmd ................ HA tae GATOCAINNA Ch: Masccesicrcssecaccccn canote nanan (5) celina ((icarus ab.), Polyommatus .... 56 ceronus (bellargus ab.), Polyomma- UES MM on onccitcrces cee ae cee MEMO Inacio HE 68 cerridifolia (quercifolia ab.), Eu- GRUCIAR ate cee tare at saree tee (4) certata = cervinalis, Calocalpe ........ ala 7) cervinalis (certata), Calocalpe ......... 117 cervinata = clavaria, Ortholitha ..... 107 CHAOH aaa DG VIMOMLAN poecssmecuceee: scasael ne nec 40 charlotta (cydippe ab.), Argynnis .... 93 chenopodiata (limitata), Ortholitha 107 PAGE (Plow, EXON) Cano Sennccogneacee A Cn ee toc Gon oc ote 39 (SIAIGIEN Mn IBSND RIG oe aopcosotcnsesbedosuacueonee 29 CHTOLROSH WE ROCTISR acces neercaees tee seen eee 23 chretieni (clathrata ab.), Chlasmia (5) christyin Oporabia, Oporiniay -. 2-2-7 53 chinysone IP hyiOme bran esses se s-e eos (5) chrysoprasaria = immaculata, Iodis, EV EMUUSTO LA shee eee tee Sah ORe wD Ciligbla #'\Depressariant...-2- teehee (7) cirtana, Rhagades, Procris ............... 22 CIELAG OM Ma Uae Seat cee eee eence ese 54 citrata (immanata), Dystroma ... 71, 113 clara (icarus ab.), Polvommatus ...... 55 clathina tap hia Smita ret race ores seers se (5) clavaria (cervinata), Ortholitha ...... 107 Clerckelllan WmyOnetiahercse esses cer eetcas 126 coelestis (bellargus ab.), Polyomma- LLU CHAE Re BeBe osc ce inc et iacSSRaS DRE SoHE RBHGSEE 68 coelestissima (coridon 7.), Polyom- VALS! Woes scorer oar amare Pee aec sees 69 GOLN Alay Whew ar eee oseh sates eee: 118 combinata (maritima ab.), Senta ...... 15 COMpPlaMaeelAGMOSTay essere eee eee cer 30 conjuncta (maritima ab.), Senta ...... 15 confluens (paphia ab.), Argynnis ...... 93 CONTUSATISR INOTA) sesh ce caease sed. eens ea 29 coridon, Polyommatus, Lysandra 17, (3), (4), (6), 44, 68, 71, 96 corsica (accon@b.) Plebeus 222-2 110 conylata, (Cidanmilag pies. ees eee cose 118 CORI ts uD CMAS mee. ssseeertree hee reece ee 31, 108 Cravaccella | SCODARI ame ease eaeassaeetae (7) Crataegi,, APOTIA. co eoe.- an ee eee Lee eae CLataeaiy EriChinim@ ay pee eee cee ee 20 Grenata,. Glu Wista ween esses cece eee 73 cretacea (aegon ab.), Plebeius .......... 110 CribruImM,* | COSGIMIa See eee. eee 30 GriNadlis Ele rMiini a eetesese eae ee eee (6) Groceus, Coliasi esse 12, (1), 109, 120, 129 Cuca tela wN Ola yee spss eee eae eee ee 29 CuCcullas THOPNODUCIVEe sate eee eee eee 713 Gri culls | Abe ee. Ge eis0 est eultrarias SDrepanial eeessce- sateen ee 28 GYaiIppPes ALO VMS ee eee (3), 938, 129 Onna Woy OLOVONMIG ENE” 9 8Se 5 osonecsone ssocedoaocoueons as 40 davus = tullia, Coenonympha ......... (6) demoleusw PapillOy is metees pase eee 106 GEMTUMOS Ae SLM abe cececees saeeeeeas seas cle Eta ee | deplana: WitWOSiay 2o5..cs.20 sess sess ee eens 30 GCEDUMGaR, INOGCLU Aig waa see8 once ee teeter 40 GeELASAR ELA TOS WING geeecre cco eee eeeee Si wie GELUVALISS AELOP UMMA S ees ctee engage sedan cater (6) Gesionatay NMaMUnOrNOGs....ca scene eee 118 GIGTAEOLGES- MEMEOSTA te... ccseseceee cose 39 Giavmaba:, KGAULOSHISLA) — cctensssems scopes 119 digitata (coridon ab.), Polyommatus (2) diluta, Asphalia, Cymatophora ........ 31 Gilutaias, OPOLIMILA pie. ncaccey texeceser seu corse 119 GUNA we Atey LODLOCGS arcs sv edscncrner (7) diminutana = biarcuana, Ancylis ... (7) GULPSAClA ELEMOUDISy cesscessheesses «cone (5), (7) Gispar. Diy WMWawBeria dvs cienesusiyess. (5), 125 GitvapeZ uN SINO CUA, -rostebasesecrpec. ears: 40 dominula. (Callimorpha prt: cere. 05e 30 4 SPECIAL INDEX. PAGE drenowskii = statices, Procris ......... 23 dromedarius, Notodonta ....... 3195 AY) 783 dubitata gy Delph oOsa asaseseence eeccsceere eats oles duplaris, Palimpsestis, Cymatophora 81, 46 edusa = Croceus; Colas) Hanssen 97 Ehiowmlabta, | Arata sce ccs eaeeee eee 107 elouUErziGar VA SLOUISE Mie ieee Neer e eens 8 eleus (phlaeas f.), Heodes .................. 42 elongata (icarus ab.), Polyommatus 17 elunata (machaon ab.), Papilio ........ 89 emaria, Hemerophila .........0 ........... (5) ESCHETI EE OlVOMIMNATUS ae eee ee eee 4114 ASU CIN OTIS) tack ac eh beeen edit oe ol ee Meenas once 34 euphorbiae, ACronicta ............-.:-. QS euphrosyne, Brenthis ............ 93, 109, 129 SuiryuiMneni eas C OMS wants cccsssenee eee eee i112 eversmanni (tiliae ab.), Mimas ......... (5) excelsa (undana f.), Dendrolimus ... (5) extensa (icarus ab.), Polyommatus ... (6) GRGUMOMENUS, “ (ONROIENE), -dednocosasonsbocssouedoosse (6) TA CIRM SCAUIEOD UG Gere eee tee te 48 PALACE AY ASC yl IIISH es oa ety ke (7) HAMI@zieweNs),, DIAS OWE) soos cesedoenesonee: bass, ax8) fAlSSMISs CMAMMOUS! ee see te hese eee (6) FEMS AS: BE OViSe MeN ce eke 32 HSTETEUNSN Ee, DENT MONAMOLS \ passococsebanesusdosse 118 fervaidas (rut Wo.) Calophnys. ..-.2.. 12 HOSE), “IPN WOO AVERY oo aad gonencnoareseoco: (5) HES CLVAS: DLATSIAL: Fes ics sea.7 Saeed he sate sees (1) HESLUCAE, VIP IM AT HOMME), Socccanboaucesaderousne: (6) filipendulae, Zygaena ............... isles. IW tava: VDMNER Ar ia neecacsee eae eae (6), 1418 inkenye), (Geol GAO) (CEMIGIOIMNIETS) Sojdoses- Gia) EKG HavicOLrMmis, Poly ploca erases. 2 ole 2) flaviventris, Aegeria, Synanthedon ... 71 inOuelovereeililey, Senne) bos oseceoocadoscooaose \8) CCHOSA,. CymatOphota nets. cele 40 POPMCALISAN IP LOMCES, .ockiaisn eens ele (6) ROM CUA) cA SLOUS, .c.v: 2: ees ee Gy al LOTIMOSAKIA | ASPiGAteS -y) ee eee (3) formosella, Borkhausenia, Schiffer- MOU OL Ai eae tie seae sc Gee ee A 126 TU SUALIS. | OXOSHERE cn eee ee 108 Pihienitarias PATascOtia+ oo. eee rel EWE iGO pyuat sca 01, HL ls Main alee etn ow We, 20 MPL LVCbare MOTO Tt ooh eh neat en te aay ee 117 fumida (dispar ab.), Lvmantria ...... (5) TUES CAC: EOYs nus ahhh Ake naan eet (6) fuscocapraea = fletcherella, Scythra 7, 8 HISCOVEMOSAN NELOAIIA. tere were wee 80 galathea, Satyrus, Melanargia ... 16, 129 Paliica(@aSestis: 7), Alicia ee 99 SIG WOIN G2 hepa Sel UCIT Rian erie ea Spe UR eae ri) PSMA TAU ATI Cals eee mere hw ee em 81 feminipuncta. Nomacria .s5.-74500. (iy ils} RE OMMEURUM ACA: een ee ene ten Hay 4 PeLMIM cana eile One eee seeeeee (7) CPS AMAT ME POCLIS) weit eee eee mae ean anaes 22 rSeH EW UW GreY Fre havent Oy HL Tb. Rammed lla 29 Pvc Ae IUCALCLT A,” 2). cease aeeee Henne 68 gracilis, Monima, Taeniocampa 21, 54 STACCA PPLOCKIS GS mauccos nkche ee eeieern 23 grisea (maritima ab.), Senta ............ 15 PAGE Briseatas INNZeGray eee eee eee (5) Srossulartavas Alprakas lee (4) gueneei (nickerlii 7.), Apamea ......... 24 halterata,) Wobophoray tee oe ALLA hazeleighensis (grossulariata els ADPaXaS (....0nickolse eee hecius, 7 Hepialus (ees ere 75 heegeriella, Lithocolletis (2.2222... (8) hemerohbielila, | Coleopnoray seas 126 Hepial@ae oie sci sctkeosss sees eee 75 FIG@SPETMGAC «desis. dec ceecsccstteeeee eee ee 112 hippoctrepidis, Zycaena -.-e eeee 143 hirsutella.” Steroptery x - 2. (8) Hirtarias WGyiGla sess cee eee ee 40, 53 hispidaria, Apocheima ............... Be a BE hum Hepialtis 5. eee 715 hyalinalis;” Psamimodes 7...) eee (6) hypochiona (aegon ab.), Plebeius .... 111 hypophlaeas (phlaeas ssp.), Heodes ... 43 iberica (quercus 7.), “thecla. =. eee 12 icarinus (icarus ab.), Polyommatus 56 icarus, Polyommatus 16, 17, (2), (3), (4)> ay 56: immaculata (chrysoprasaria), Iodis, Hemistola: - ..260.A..00082. eee 33 immanata = Ccitrata, Cidatiay 118 immundanay Hu cCOSmia) ia: iee eee 54 incerta (nickerlii 7.), Apamea .......... 24 incerta (inornata ab.), Acidalia, SterP a: soyvectdesccsscs sos eee 80 incerta, Monima, Taeniocampa ........ 99 inclara (agestis @0.), SriGiaes ae 95 inconsTuella, Atphishbatis) 5a (7) inframaculata (grossulariata abD.), ADPARAS 00 iio. eee (4) interjectaria = fuscovenosa, Acidalia 80 interjuncta (brassicae ab.), Pieris .... (2) NOS) INALA OMENS So ecdncadhoscosecossccc (4), 54, 140 VOLAS,,, LaVi CHCA soc. .cescoheoosecn eee eOree teeenee 134 TOCA, PIISTAS va... scucag Jcoscsesuceet eee eee eee ener 70 iphis (icarus ab.), Polyommatus ....... 56 ITS, APAlUTA: o..04A..ccccsos spear nee este ee nee 7,8 jacobaeaes (EMipOCriial ese aee ee ee 30 jablusa, (Chataxes 2.0 eee 109 eMC, —— jbueningl, MWiewaOlle, 505... 63, 64 japonica (dispar ssp.), Lymantria ....° (5) juniperata, PMeta (sic2 sce eee 118 JUNO, Dermavlelpa fsssseeeeeeeee eee (5) HUnRbIna. MaAMOLa. .... aaa 1%, Qo he kiimuneliay lachiStal sess (7) kirghisica (castrensis f.), Malacosoma 4, 5 krodeli (bellargus ab.), Polyommatus 69 lacerhimaria Drep analy esses ee Q9 lactalis (salicalis f.), Colobochyla .... (6) lactearia, Euchloris, Iodis ...... 34, 36, ‘79 I-allibua sWeulCanian -cecsssssseeeteeeee eee 129 TaneStris= EO @ASUEIN ase e eee eee eee 20 legatella (spartiata), Chesias ............. 107 lepida (carpophaga), Hadena ............ 69 lepoOrinay Mer OmMNCTA Ler se eeneeneE Eee 31, 40 levantina = anatolica, Procris ........ 93 libanotica, Blastodacna .............. 125, 126 ibatrixs }Scoliopteriyessn- ess sae eee (5) lichenea, VE WMH CHGIS ss 47 SPECIAL INDEX. : 5 PAGE lipula, Conistra, Cerastis s)....1..:.02..... 44 litiheata’,-- CelLeriOy\ cia.csececonceccustobee ebee tesa 109 lineola: Ad ODOCA.) -xierssc.-sueibeadeseea-caates 129 lipsiana,, Peromea, ...niiiiiiidwe ees. desde (7) litoralis, ewcamia ..5..0.ca-c-p seis sc. ses 715 litoralis, Poly GHVOSIS\. ...ax. 245-4 45-543..033 (8) livornicas, Deilepinila, sissetiesssoe-astsetee “4 lengicornis,, Gelecuiari:yh...esce0-- 4-<-24et8 a2 (7) lonicerae, Zygaena. ................ dd, 113, 114 lubricipeda (menthastri), Spilosoma 30 uternea, ASrObIS) 2......00s etek eeds-cceeeter a 40 LMNGiNAa AME ALIS) sees ntetlerssescacts se 18, 134 Man Gania SrA Gy lise csc: deseeeeeneastesss cose tee 54 luridaria (mucronata ab.), Ortholitha Oi, OSG MEN OVARE AGM OSTA mess. tessa sess occateenees: 30 lutea (lubricipeda), Spilosoma ... ....... 30 TTPO, LEIAIZAEO HES), bs dophoobodeeebooncecceodeuoeouls (5) ibyclamntaSs Cu Culley wees eseeee eee ncse eer 130, 131 MrACHhAOMy WapiwlitOy Vee eee 88, 89, 102, 134 MUAY, MELES OTA oe-eeceeneneerecae-nens 18, 129 Mandarina. | CMMEOMMT A terest esac sees +. ce (4) IMS MOU MNL GEN ROY CHRIS), Mh SobeoopdoadedoopacbeccaseeneaoUde 23 Marcaritellus, CramiyousS) fo2..-cecceonssoce es (6) marginana=oblongana, Endothemia 55 AAU Ua MUG Wa EIN Actes ise esecscecems (8) VALUE Ae SCIRU AM ete nook teense see ncteccesee 14 masseyi (aegon ab.), Plebeius ............ 110 LIMB TAS ANO RY 1 IPAMOCTEIS) 6 lose cuubeedosasouuoos 23 medesicaste (rumina f.), Thais, Zeryn- LOGIT be (AM EU Bas EOE Las Soe Dea ve eae te AN 90 medon = agestis, Aricia .............. 18, 98 mecacephala, ACTOMICtA .i2-...021heke.. 31 WUE CET As PAPAL GO. vasacdensssoneeedganedens sees 18 melaina (paphia ab.), Argynnis ........ 93 melaina-ocellata (paphia f.), Argyn- LOWISTAE s Cres 0h cae Coe ABP ee ie Ate Ce mn Aa ea 93 melanaria (pedaria ab.), Phigalia .... 95 INICTHGA CAM Meda Ratosae coac ond MONA othe ceedees 124 mellinata (associata), Lygris ............ 117 MECMAICA, DLA OMOTAl ascacdecooeee 30, 54, 55 menyanthidis, AcrOnicta) 1......4.0s.c... 53 IMMELCUMIA ME EGUGCOSIMA naa innseseactentrer ne (7) MCSEHTM ARE BELEN OMS Himetinieets..c.ceeeners « 108 TMESOMELL AME Gy OSes: -aeek. Leste eee 30 meticulosay PHIOSOPHOTA ~s.-c.-cee, 75 meine, (Papacy fs)e VeVerIS Als. keetk eee 136 IPMN SAD KGL NG Itsy eee per eee ree tn ct enn SU ee 54, 119 MMV Aa, \CUMALWA re beepcseces cde eeoek woes dee cke ees 118 micans = Manni, PFOCTIS’ ......0-......: 23 Muna xe EY PWOTMMAs &ceece he eects eee eee (5) AMON aes VON COCMEISUAe) anenee ote nee cee 30 ineatanaonbisy, (Orn OVC KO) Me ee cane vRandassecactmeciane 5d MUMS ORAaMAy UBUULTAY Suess chee enereasdese esse 55 MONET AAT PMOSLE eile ak tere nacseeeet ty. 47, 80 montana (semiargus 7.), Polyommatus 98 HNO 13 OM Varker cea ee Nc eee (4), (5) mucronata, Ortholitha .... 2%, 26, 67, 80 MuUliStricania, CalOStimvade <..tecsceetereees 118 PMU Gama). NMG ara ee ks. cee tdecece toes 28 MMUMIMBIC ATA, \SUELT ING 7 sa eee caeeooee ener 80 MMISCULOSAx, “OPI "Ne, tyes eee A eeiaeee ee 71 myopaeformis, Synanthedon, Aegeria 125 mamelia, Recurvemria . ..0.ce inet eaeae: 126 PAGE MADL., PICTUS Meise: conse doodes ae taass 18) 54 ING PGTC WAS Soc oscocss osaseeetea sewn sake svoretaas 126 NEL DewWephilal Ventre. ceetee eatee es eae 41 NEUStr lay ial a COSOMay sa) ateneses esas eee 19 TLE. PITS Asa oncwsesectuenacenceammmeemeaeerncc = 70, 80 nickerlii, Luperina, Apamea ...... Pallas ith nictitans = oculea, Hydraecia ......... 71 nigrescens (mucronata ab.), Ortho- WN PEAR SIME BRE ES eee eet %, 26 nigrescens (scotica ab.), Ortholitha 25, 26 nigrocostata (maritima ab.), Senta ... 15 nigrosparsata (grossulariata abp.), ADPAXaS: apie sel: ck MLO CAmMaaeny. (4) nigrostriata (maritima ab.), Senta ... 15 OVO Vel Ake)2 bal Ba ey 0) KOS! aka g aS ReB eee OacSotebacaotoncnos 69 nubeculosa, AsteroSscopus .................. 73 mupta, Catocalaytees---..... iliWAy alahaye alia, slaty! nhyctymerina, Rhyacia ...................... 5), a nymphaeata, Hydrocampa ................ (6) OWEMSCATAIINCES, “5 Lasser cccnsassessueceunacee 118 OMKoTee hag) IBMCKORANEI ONE, Gaede ssanoscbrodcbose 5D OWSGUMA ME EOGTISS taseccates-eeeeens eragnclen ote be 23 obscura (camilla ab.}, Limenitis ....... 93 obsoleta (bellargus ab.), Polyommatus 68 obsoleta (coridon ab.), Polyommatus (2), 68 obsoleta (icarus ab.), Polyommatus (2) obsoleta (maritima ab.), Senta ......... 15 obtuselias Coleophora, {asec (8) ocellana, Depressaria” .....-ieree eee kes (7) Ocellarvuasy SMERUMGMUTS Meese eeeeeete ets (4) ochracia (rubi ab.), Rhyacia ...... Ty Ake QENOLV MA. cssssteecyias CLA eee 6 octogesima, Palimpsestis ................... 31 Oliviatay; Calostiedaly Ae saesseses-ceescee seek 118 opima, Monima, Taeniocampa .... 40, 80 Orana = alsirica, ProcriS, ©......ccesk 23 paleana.. TOrCPI x: - | eee eect. oo (7) pallidactylay Platypus. 5. ssseeee te 96 pallidula (icarus ab.), Polyommatus 17 palpina, Pterostoma ............ Qa eed | LD DaAludatae (CALSIaAy a wvecccccceeoe. tae nCerrere (6) palumbaria = mucronata, Ortholitha 25, 80 pamphilus, Coenonympha ...... 15) 22, (3), (6), 87, 129 Dap hia AG yA: wien ssuseneetess 92, 95, 129 papilionaria, Geometra, Hipparchus 84, 39, 79 DaALUMENIAS: SB LEDMOSWieiecsentecesteeeeneeee eee 39 DAVOMMay IS aUUUPIAUE seaccoceriease tes seeers aan Eee 20 rayevelinientipmeney. (OR NIOSIEMEY, Wea sce ecceo oc: 118 Dedarias, BWI aAla x ncsceccetes ecmceee 95, 120 pedatoria, Eupelmella .............0...0.0 82 DelUIMeray TELCLIOMMIS yy cceteeeceth eases ceeencers 96 . pendW@lanriar CosyanlDlamaenes-cec nessa cesta 55 perfusca (dromedarius ab.), Noto- CLOWGAN esse sackan Haase ceseceepiat cacsieeoin ees 40 DELlLeuiIS es CranibiSen seeseecstcres sh eset (6) perlepidana, Laspeyresia .................. D4 DELBICKelia. BAGS :. wcecu tors ce sont use (7) persica (icarus 7.), Polyommatus ...... 56 pfeifferi = anatolica, Procris ........... 23 phaeorrhoea (aurifiua), Nygmia ....... 94 6 SPECIAL INDEX. PAGE phasianipennella, Gracillaria .......... (8) TOON HT OVORSLS IDIPIWOYSNSEIE | 5. s55snsnecaboon4- 16, U7 philodice (eurytheme f.), Colias ...... 112 phlaeas, Heodes ...... iS apt 2O2) YA a10,8) ° 718%0) IST Bh A a a BN A trad 128 pityocampa, Thaumetopoea ............. 5G DlaAeiata; vAMAUbIS) Pees eh sees eee 107 plantaginis, Parasemia ..................... 30 plexippus (archippus), Danaus ......... 82 OlibeaMiow Wee) OWS PAVOVMAOR) so secasscodscoccoecone 107 PLUM er aE HlODMORA is eae E eee 73 POGAELUST PAP IOge os3% ae cee 125 TOKOML Ie Fas Bee) 2) 01 Ls Win SA Sara ed 5D polonus (bellargus f.), Polyommatus 68 polysperchon (argiades ab.), Everes 43 polyxena, Thais, Zerynthia ............... 89 pomonellay CaTLVpOCAPSA) c..0 eee 125 TOOVOUUIG UIE ILA VPSTETG) “Nee Sa asonedbonseondenasoosoe 117 FOOOWUUT, LEW XCMNC CR MANORY Go anessenenecancnancoons 20 porphyrea (strigula), Agrotis ...:........ 40 potatoria, Cosmotriche ................. 20, 99 DEASIMAa Ma < ayd@rolillian ey ete eee 29 LEA ROY STEIN Aes D3 is Bee slo a 22 pLodromMana. PAMedomene. ....40.50 D4 ROMMSS AR KC aLOCAA sete) ton aa 115 DLomuba, MeplWavemaeec ee... ee 11 propinquella, Depressaria ................. (7) Protea wHadenays, cn Syl) teks 113 pruinata, Pseudoterpna ..................... 79 PAMUMA LAS VIG VOTES ya ae eee eee REE 117 LUI ELOCRISY 4.4. ete. oll 22, 129 pEeUMiY Theelas An eae eee Tae 12 promiana, \Carpocapsal soso. oe 125 SIAC OMICLAY =: vesicle een ee 31, 108 pulchella,, ADeiopeldy ess eee 30 puncta (bellargus ab.), Polyommatus 68 punctifera (bellargus ab.), Polyom- MVE TUS) core AS ee ae ork ad 68 PUsStwlata, WSuchloriss 4 eee ye meee 34 pustulata, “Comibaenhis.2.. 4 eee 79 putaminana (pomonella ssp.), Carpo- GAMO SAR Lyi hac heres cles A Sie OG a Ren GR aie 125 YSN ACA Ane A COSIM alee eee ees (7) Dyeimdeata, Hupithecia..2.) ee D4 DYyxaidta. \Cldarian oe 117 DY MAN ae. COs th in lew sie aie 109 ORIG ye RLY AeY VAS) che Ka EN Eee eG Uy 125 quadratum (rubi ab.), Rhyacia ........ 715 quadrifasciata, Xanthorhnoé 2... 7 118 quercifolia, Gastropacha ............. 20, (4) CRUMIKCUIS, “AMavereligy,, IBIRTMAYS) sos5500- 12, 42, 129 CUMEHCHS,, ILC CSIINOR, Seossaeccccbnsacsseshosce 20 TPB ORNS 0 IP INS AUS) de, ne caeaoahase 18, 102, 128, 136 LEE) sO be WARS ICG 16 54 es a Rem nee NED AAR yall 81 rehnensis (nyctymerina ssp.), Rhvacia 5, 7 EWE AUME) PSEMPCON MONON) sos cnosdonnscocoaconn 29 rhamnata = transversata, Philereme, SCOUOSTIAN ei vee.h MeN arn Ontet mCHLar 1B, ke PICKINGS, IPOUNTONOCEY, gdecdancossdbocaseoaoosseseoce: 31 roseofilava ‘nyctymerina ssp.), Rhyacia 5 rothschildia (ocellatus ab.), Smerin- EL OSTD ISS ee ae SEEN So ae EY oS 5 oe EAN) Uh (4) ruberata, Hydriomena, Ypsipetes 55, 119 mobi Callopimvse sees i) ash, fir, Gis}, aOdg) PAGE rubi,. Macrothylacial =... {Sea 20 rubi, -Rhyacias:..2.5.,... 4 ee 75 rufana,. Peronea......:.....:2) ee (7) rufana, Argyroploce 2.2.23 32) ] (7) rufata,:Chestas. |...) ee 107 rufina (icarus ab.), Polyommatus ... (4) TADEMOUUCTIS\. ANCIAOIOUU OEY Soncsacoscncsocone 3la38y 12 rumina, Thais, Zerynthiays see 90 rupicola, Phalonia. .....82.22—..5e (7) rustica (mendica 7r.), Diacrisia .... 54, 55 Sacittatay, Cidaria: eee abo. RE 118 salicalis, Colobochyle 2 (6) Salicata, Calostigia. .2... 582.25 nope Osmeels saliciseStilpnotial) 25.45. {5) Sanioy DiaCviSias co:sc...sscecs eee ee eee 30 saucia;, AS@OUIS: s..c.cssssscassheer ree te eer dul Saxiirasaes I Sten Op iii sae 85, 86 Sscoticas ,Ortholibhays..- eee Da Oe Scrophullanian Cucullliaee-eeeereee 130, 131 secalis, .AD@MCA | 2. cccc.ccosspeee eee renee (1) Selene, Brenthis (5. (2), 90, 93 Semele; EU CMS eee 30 ae 18 semiargus, Polyommatus .................. 98 semidentaria, Xanthorhoé ................ 118 semi-nigrina (camilla ab.), Limenitis (1), 93 semipersica (icarus ab.), Polyomma- TUS | sincskectocaba died s Bihasce a eee eee D6 Semiramis, acGydes) ieee Mee ays 7h seminubellas) iithiyiia eee eeee (6) semisyngrapha (coridon ab.), Poly- OMIM AUS aes hohe seeeR eee eee 68 semivedrae (agestis ab.), Aricia ......... 98 Senex, (Comacla: : ccnci.c0sceeee ee 30 Sepilum, = chloros.| PrOckwisee 23 Seriata » ACidalia,) 3250.5 eee 80 sexalata, Lobophora, Mysticoptera WT, oe Simapis,, Weptideal f2c) eee eee 102 smaragdaria, Euchloris ................ 4, 19 SOCIA XOVAING. -.o...0) :c0.c6 ss cee 39 solidaginis, Calocampayee. sso 40 Sororculla, WilWOsiaeesscssetee tee eeeeee 31 Spargani. INOMAS Cia eee eee eee 6. 16 sparrmanni (maritima ab.), Senta ... 15 spartiata = legatella, Chesias .......... 107 spectabilis, Volgaretica ............ hy (OU sponsa,.Catocala, ......¢.s0.86-e eee 115 Statices, ProOcrisS) 5... ...sseee eee eee O33}, OS Sticticraspis, Age yillalt...23 eee 81 straminata (sylvestraria), Acidalia .. 80 striata (coridon ab.), Polyommatus (6) striata (semiargus), Polyommatus .... 98 striata (icarus ab.), Polyommatus (5), (6) striata (Semiargus), Polyommatus ... 98 strigata = aestivaria, Hemithea ...... 80 strigilis, Oligia, Procus ............... SO eel strigmllaa NOVA: | .2:<0220 Saenger: ce eee 29 subalbidella, Elachista ............... (7), 96 subsericeata, Acidalia ..........1.....--.:-.-- 80 SullumMata, Lam propteryeaeseeeesese eee 418 suffusa (crataegi ab.), Aporia ............ 135 suspecta,, ADBARAS se cc eee (8) sylvanus (venata), Adopoea ............... 129 SPECIAL INDEX. Fi PAGE Srylly@seaweney, ANCHIG MINE Ys ncoetocasenocéoodosnd 80 syngrapha (coridon ab.), Polyomma- LLU Sh) eee ane niga tiene aarp Se CoRR Ae aCe EPMA 5 69 SVPIACAR we PROCS eo erke secsce see sececaaseee sete 23 CASES FAG YMAMS, Weel eke aeceescasncanes 18, 129 tarsipennalis, Zanclognatha ............. (6) atari vale Callillaialo Ullsyaxemsseseeeeseeee cere (5) TEMULCORMIS S120 CSe eeeseeeeee coerce ee cece 23 territa, Phragmatoecia ................. by, @, 7 testacea, Luperina, Apamea ......... Pal, “al THOSE NY © JUN ER ISS 82 caso betas obese sapaocqsuaeceoseS ata Mae HIGy es ay Aen casa ane aI) We a eee noronaciadcaenee 89 Thaumetopoea (idae) .................. By, Gs. slits! thaumas (sylvestris), Adopoea ... 39, 129 thersites, Polyommatus ....................5 56 (HULA e GMONTOEIS | se cosb sonononsecebasenanobece SSE Ae aE (5) TMUENOMN OS, IMWONOUB, jssccosccsocnsbc0ns 7, Cpe 1049) TRON AT CIM AG ar es ce ante meme sac Seoainsennisce raise sahara 125 transversata (rhamnata), Philereme 117 TRIPE OSVAUME), (CRUD TMA), Gascosepesoccucegcoousober 99 trepida, Notodonta ............ 39, 40, 41, 73 {enG Vera ANCIKO TANCE), GonoconsdoasncnseconcoSaenade ol IPO NL, ZAVEREKEING) | Gacéedsouqcodencescooo0ee 113, 114 eit ntre vere Whi NGA AIG) Sea cacanesaucadoceoncduaasonee (6) irivian IMelihae as eaesnactenccsecsecst dense des cacce 102 HOUUOCZ NIG), IBIREWULES «scconssancooscodocteonsedcons 109 (HOUNMVOR NIE, IDNVSSIMROUME), Sedscccosnceuoss0ese 71, 118 THICUIMCHCONEIIFY, COTE WANIOUIS Sosdescoscososooncece (7) TV IO CUE Sey CM Oe ncsrerens cena aes SN aatnehiantenunt 81 tullia (davus), Coenonympha ............ (4) turatii = tenuicornis, Procris .......... 23 TNVIGINENS., INKOMMBVETEIE) coodcocodoguesosdaoonggcesdooad 53 UAE, IPlaresysamNjOOVUIE), pooodcoososossoonu 5: 6 umbrifera, Ortholitha ...... 0G), PD, BS. 67, 107 WIMNCGWINA,- TWISUTROUNE, gascoscedsancocacdasaucoosudse (5) WUNGENME),, IDYSraVeHROMATTONWIS, coocorsoscacoodesoesces (5) aamGlolenis), (CEAKOXCENTOS: Zactccspesonosoccosucdodese 117 TUN CAC PANU AISY cease seitacaeconeeee no mnee 54, 129 WHEUTCB®, STOUWNOSOMNE). -so5cnesconsoeoobocHsoaononce 30 WHENCEUNNNS,, IBWUPOAVORNEE) Socsscccasecosonensapcace (6) WENOCHIMIBVNE), ~ IBIOVOOSINNE:, 4 asseonctoncosassnooooe (7) WAGE, * (CYOTMISHTEE), Sosocsuoosousbsacdooauedcores 44 valezina (paphia f.), Argynnis .......... 95 IVIAMIESSA an (MCLE) eee sacs elon wauecosmoscoss as 18, 97 NUCERIGUIE LIS hs UI MAS Gee Pe arene eoccanmer anc Roreee Tal, aks variegana, ArgyroplOce .............«c.-+- 125 WEVPI@SB IME), IEXSIOINGE Copssnoosododedasondeosneocs 125 WECUNS RABY, TRING WIGIANIE), Ao sccdaasoosceoanmacHsooee (8) vedrae (agestis ab.), Aricia ............... 99 velocellan (GOleChiai ee ee teense eee (7) VENOSAta. IDVALFACA: Seis enenentesstecetee: 81 Wieidoesen, (CWC WHINE), joonocoecneonee Be by, SO. ail VELMA NO GIS: pvcts stone -car aan dateewesec sees 33 vernaria=chrysoprasaria, Hemistola ‘79 VETSTCOLOM mE LOCUS mictseinececeecteeeeascee deer (4) versicolora, Endromis VELUICALIS SLO XOSLCRC sas ccck oc eee eee (6) vetulata, Scotosia, Philereme ...... By, lily gyal Wore ie De W616) rs Cad le SR ae ae nae 29 Wane), “ID WCTERMTPAY oo sAcnasncescontopecsne 73, 119 Nair Pata sVECSOUMDO) teres ey ee eee 107 virgatus (podalirius f.), Papilio ........ 125 virgularia = seriata, Acidalia ......... 80 viretata, Acasis, Lobophora ............... 107 viridaria = pectinitaria, Calostigia 118 Vil Et@aitas s CHLORISS ay © le, forest serie ae 79 VISCanIellay Pnthorimaecae see (7) VOSIELIA NC neTronilaey- see ee eee 136 Wallowa, IMAC) -sscccooddencessasocasceses 12, 96 warringtonellus (perlellus f.), Cram- US 2 ee ce Se a te are (6) wilkensonii, Thaumetopoea ............... 141 wismariensis (maritima ab.), Senta 15 xanthe (castanea ab.), Noctua, Rhy- oa) (Gi lks eeaa ae Sane oe See ess auth eh eee ae 76 ANOS. INIOWOCWINUG. - dacoacnacnacdcocoasonconsecbese 73 ZOMAT IAG INIVSSIAn esc. cset ca ecetsetecee ene Bu PAGANS) I DUS ACO). meeanaca meet onesealedusanonacauase 81 PESOS SN Ua Th wea e ae eee a aa Be a) ui a De ee bs} List of species exhibited by, Dr G. V. Bull). AY leeds! (2)- Rew J: N. Marcon, (3); Messrs W. E. Min- nion and B. S. Goodban, (3): K. Wivio Sei, (4s Iehy, do “ubwueneie, (Ae Baron de Worms, (6); L. T. Ford, (6) hist; of hairstreaks.? ss copperse: and “ blues ’”’ considered from a colour point of view, Rev. G. AYA Gey 5) ot OR Ne ene cence AN eye DE ee 121 List of Butterflies of Wood Walton Tein) Thal aya IBIS JN. IUSETIS coccsceadeb: 128 List of Irish Lepidoptera, B. P 1 BYSNI Da eee rein A cetace ere Cee Ne eh) 47-56 ILA Oi IPSC WKOKOTTOR AINE, Soncosceconcnoon. Pala OAS ODONATA. depLEeSSamp lee lhl anes cea cacceeeneeeeeee 95 NaAvescens, antalaiiesscc- ce eeeeeeee eee 95 STADE ANNA BUSY VG OG ND Connie Ns ELA eee ee ee 95 Pe SUDAN ACs ye ee ee ee Re AO a 95 rubicundulum, Sympetrum .............. % quadrimaculata, Libellula ORTHOPTERA. BISA OUMCUNCT, AMMEXCTONONNINOT Saasassuedceeosoce 128 1 ICTR ho! eae pee nacence ner amobar ncn csbeansreadteeaséne 84 CVLELALAn WSCOISUOCEEGA, ars cceeucetteeetcente 82 List of Orthoptera from Macedonia, DPS Mie BU Ra ee sect aere nee 57-63 Subscriptions for Vol. 53 eta are now due. Please send promptly. Vol. Lil. No. 1 JANUARY 1941. ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD Le Lovlegy FEB 13 194) LiBRAKS JOURNAL OF VARIATION EDITED with the assistance of > Z oO MALCOLM BURR, D.Sc., F.R.ES. T. BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER, R.N., F.L.S., E. A. COCKAYNE, A.M., D.M., F.R.E.S., F.Z.8., P.R.E.S. FRCP. H. E. PAGE, F.R.ES. J. E. COLLIN, J.P., F.R.ES. ALFRED SICH, F.R.E.S. H. DONISTHORPE, F.Z.S., F.R.E.S. Rev. G. WHEELER, M.A., F.R.E.S., F.Z.S. Editor Emeritus—G. T. BETHUNE-BAKER, F.Z.S., F.R.E.S. By HENRY J. TURNER, F.R.E.S., F.R.H.S., Editorial Secretary. CONTENTS. nei A MATTER OF LIGHT. Az: OU BMoth-HUnter iin as ees ha ce hadiens 1 THE REPUTED HYBRID NYSSIA ZONARIA, SCHIFF., ¢ x APOCHEIMA HISPIDARIA, SCHIFF., 9, EF. A. Cockayne, D.M., F.R.C.P., F.R.ES. ..... 3 THE SUMMER FLIGHT, IN COLD CLIMATES, OF VERNAL AND AUTUMNAL TAP EOE RAS CRP oh WALES IRORE TR SH BS hk yc ocbdos Vis ictedeivad tngntaevuabesdastueeien ys 4 LARVAL HABITATS OF APATURA IRIS, A. J. Wightman, F.R.E. S. Ree TS he 7 ON THE OCCURRENCE OF NORTHERN AND SOUTHERN SPECIES OF CARABIDAE IN A SECTION OF THE WEALD, R. A. Crowson, B.SC. ......... 8 COLLECTING NOTES: Smodicum cucujiforme, Say. (Col. Cerambycidae) taken in England, Horace Donisthorpe; Staphylinus fulvipes, Scop., in Winodsor Forest, Jd.; Agrotis saucia: an Attempt to Survive the Winter, C. Q. Parsons: Volucella inanis, L., at Bexley, Kent, H. W. Andrews, F.R.E.S.; Notes on Variation from the Worthing Museum Collection, Rev. Gi Whéeter, MAL PARE Soe oe oe, Deas DUS LU beh acute eet e oon Pad ae as 5 Wc aie 10 Br POURRENT. NOTES foi icick es doce dcega lacey sanahece gavseadsdppeddans ederosengeererginesssbecaseautes estes 12 K SUPPLEMENT - wy) The British Noctuae and their Varieties, Hy. J.. Turner, F.R.E.S., FR PY 6 i a aan Msn BUCA Iepliny eS UNUM D pba a POY iG yD atk SUD Bi aD ARE Pea ORY B DEERE (265)-(268) SPECIAL INDEX. Subscription for Complete Volume, post free, TEN SHILLINGS, to The Hon. Treasurer, H. W. ANDREWS, F.R.E.S., 6 Footscray Road, Eltham, S.E.9. WATKINS & DONCASTER CAN SUPPLY EVERYTHING NEEDED BY THE COLLECTOR, At Keenest Prices. Large Stocks always maintained for quick service. Full Catalogue post free, per return. Agents for Dr Seitz ‘‘ Macco-Lepidoptera of the World.” 36 STRAND, LONDON, W.C.2., ENGLAND. P.O. Box No. 126. TELEPHONE—TEMPLE BAR 94651. J. J. 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By st J. Turner, F.R.E.S., FROWS.. (Volo TT dn courses ek ee ee 10s 6d Butterflies of the Upper Rhone Valley. By Roger ‘Verity, F.R.E.S. ;. $88 6d FOODPLANTS OF THE LARVAE OF BRITISH TRYPETIDAE (DIPTERA). BY IM: NIBLETT.) VACPEW-COPTBS ONLY oiisicccisscss.esede seseoeceee eee is 0d To be obtained post free from H. W. ANDREWS, 6 Footscray Road, Eltham, S.E.8. THE MICROSCOPE MADE EASY. By A. LAURENCE WELLS. The purpose of this book is to show that a Microscope can be purchased without great expense and easily handled. ‘‘ Here is a useful introduction to an attrac- Pe ae keh 5 RLS be tive subject, with practical advice on rough mounting, pond life cate t } mounting materials and methods.’’—The Times. FULLY ILLUSTRATED. CLOTH BOUND, PRICE 32 i 6 NET; BY POST 3/4 40. | FREDERIGK WARNE & CO. LTD., 1-4 BEDFORD COURT, BEDFORD STREET, STRAND, W.c.2. Che Cntomologis?s Record AND Journal uf Wariation. VO bli 15th JANUARY 1941. A a a cea No. 1. * FEB. 13 1947 LIBRARY 13,820 = 5 A MATTER OF LIGHT. By An Outp MorH-HUunNTER. He who breeds larvae for the sole purpose of observing and studying their habits is debarred from ‘“‘ sleeving ’’ them, and some species are exceedingly difficult to rear in a wooden cage no matter how large the cage may be. But you will sometimes find that such species can easily be brought to maturity in a cage of the round celluloid type. Ptero- stoma palpina, L., the Pale Prominent, is a case in point. For some years | had reared larvae of this species in wooden cages and: I found that a percentage of them always left the foodplant and climbed to the roof of the cage, where they remained till they died. Then [ tried rearing them in round celluloid cages placed in the open, and at once reared practicaliy every larva that was not ichneumoned. Unfor- tunately, I was content with the result achieved and did not trouble about the why and the wherefore. I[ had long since found that palpina appreciates being sprayed with tepid rainwater; but as the larvae in wooden cages left the foodplant whether they were sprayed or not, it could not be a matter of dew. Nor was it a matter of fresh air, for my larva. cages are always placed where the wind blows through them day and night. So J put it down to the natural cussedness of the beast. Then, quite by chance, I stumbled upon the reason why palpina so often refuses to remain upon his foodplant when confined in a wooden cage. It happened like this. One day Gt was 20th July) I found on Salix cinerea, L., a palpina larva in its prepupal instar. All my celluloid cages were in use, so f put the larva on Salix cinerea (gathered from a bush in my garden) in a wooden cage, hoping that as he was so near pupating time he would put up with the inconvenience for a day or so and complete his stadium like a respectable caterpillar. Half-an-hour later I saw that he was on the roof of the cage. With camel hair brush and dessert spoon I re- moved him and replaced him on the sallow. Thirty minutes later he was on the roof again. Once more [ put him where he ought to be. When I visited him half-an-hour later he was slowly perambulating the ceiling. There was only one thing to be done: [ should have to remove some larvae from a celluloid cage and deposit him therein. So I pushed him into the spoon once more and carried him a few yards to a trim bush of Salix cinerea which had been planted near my larvarium with entomo- logical design, intending to transfer the larvae in the celluloid cage straight into the wooden one. He could crawl slowly about the bush while I effected the transfer. 2 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, 15/1/1941 I held the spoon against a leaf at the top of a shoot. He crawled on to the leaf and looked it over carefully. It was no good to him. He marched, via the leaf-stalk, to the main stem and turned down this. At the first leaf-stalk he came to he stopped, then marched along it to the leaf. To and fro he swung his head, crawled half on to the leaf, then turned round and walked back to the stem. He did this with four consecutive leaves, and I was completely mystified. There was nothing wrong with the leaves; they were, in fact, identical with all the other leaves on the bush. I pulled out my pocket lens and scrutinised these rejected leaves; they were good healthy leaves, exactly like the leaf upon which I had found him feeding only a couple of hours before. What was his game? When he had prospected six leaves and rejected them all he turned round and marched up the stem again. ‘ Silly ass,’ | murmured; ‘“you’ve already looked at those.”’ At that moment someone called me and | turned away. I -was absent little more than two minutes, but when I returned P. palpinu had disappeared. There was the twig and there were the rejected leaves, and no larva. One of those accursed sparrows that inhabit the maytree by my larvarium must have seen me stooping over the bush and have tumbled to it that I was watcling a caterpillar, thought I; the moment my back was turned the wretched bird must have hopped down and eaten my palpina. I walked round the bush to go indoors. As I did so I caught sight of P. palpina. Not only that, but in a flash discernment came to me. I saw it all. I saw the reason why he had rejected toothsome leaves, the reason why he dies so often in wooden cages. It is a matter of light. P. palpina is hypersensitive to light, and for this reason. His ves- ture is so arranged that when the light falls upon his back he is the most conspicuous caterpillar in the universe. Walking along a stem of sallow (or aspen or willow) with his back to the light he could be seen a mile off. Any bird within half-a-dozen yards would have him. Therefore he is particularly careful never, never, never to walk any- where with his back to the light. Why, then, you may ask, has Dame Nature garbed him with such a suicidal suit of clothes? The answer is that, so far from being suicidal, the cclour of his back, so conspicuous against a dark background, is the exact tint of the underside ofa leat of Salix cinerea (or aspen or willow). In fact, if you skinned him and stretched his skin on the underside of a leaf of his foodplant I don’t believe you could tell where skin ended and leaf began if you were standing six feet away. Now comes the interesting part. The waistcoat of P, palpina is a dull green, the ground colour being a pale green which is reticulated with a rich green exactly the colour of the wpper surface of a leat. Here and there among the reticulations are minute black spots—such as you will often find on the leaf-stalks of Salix bushes and trees. But there is more in it than that. The powdery white of his back is sharply cut off from the green of his underside by a cunning spiracular line, which is pale yellow edged above with black and below with pink. This not only prevents any merging of the colours on back and belly but creates an illusion of light and shade. It is camouflage at its very best. His underside exactly matches the upper surface of the petioles or & wa & Py y Biehl. ft NYSSIA ZONARIA, SCHIFF., G X APOCHEIMA HISPIDARIA, SCHIFF., 2. 3 leaf-stalks of Salix cinerea, So that when he is in his customary posi- tion, half on the lower surface of the leaf-stalk and half on the lower side of the leaf, with his tummy to the light, viewed necessarily against the green background of the bush, he just disappears from sight. It doesn’t matter a bit if the wind blows the leaf about; he will be viewed, as to his anterior segments, against the underside of the leaf (which his back exactly matches), and as to his posterior segments against the leatf- stalk or stem, always against the gradations of green which compose the hackground, namely, the bush. That was why he rejected leaf after leaf, vet returned towards the top of the stem. It wasn’t the leaves that were wrong but their position. The setting sun was on one side of the bush, the dark wall of a barn on the other. He wanted a leaf that pointed in such a direction that, when he had taken up his position upon it, he would be head-and-tail to the sun, which would then be shining upon his feet. As soon as he found the right leaf he took up his position upon it and vanished into the blue. Next day I confirmed all this—as I hope you will; for it is really most interesting to watch—and IT twisted the leaf-stalk upon which he re- clined so that the sun irradiated his side. You would have chuckled as I did when he at once moved sideways and brought his camouflage into play. So remember that if you have difficulty in rearing certain species in a wooden cage, try a round celluloid one. It may be that these par- ticular larvae leave the focdplant because Nature has bidden them orient themselves in a certain way to the light and in your cage they are unable to do so. In the meantime you can speculate on the physio- logical mechanism that actuates P. palpina in finding, and taking up the correct position on, the correct leaf. THE REPUTED HYBRID NYSSIA ZONARIA, SCHIFF. ¢ x APOCHEIMA HISPIDARIA, SCHIFF. ©. By E. A. Cockayns, D.M., F.R.C.P., F.R.E.S. In the Proceedings of the South London Ent. and N.H. Society, 1914-1915, -p. 90, Mr A. A. W. Buckstone reported that he had bred one crippled male and four females of the hybrid Nyssia zonaria g¢ x Apocheima hispidaria 2. He has kindly sent me the male and three of the females. J have examined them microscopically, though without dissecting the genitalia, and they differ in no way from normal his- pidaria. The curious spines on the dorsal surface of the abdomen of the female are in size and number like those of normal hispidaria. I showed them to Mr Ll. B. Prout and he agreed that to the naked eye they had no trace of any of the characters of zonaria. I then wrote to Mr Buck- stone to ask him if there had been any possibility of the female having paired previously with a male of its own species, and he replied giving the following history of the specimens: ‘‘ May 11, 1912.-—Larvae of kispidaria taken at Wimbledon. January 5, 1913.—Moths began to emerge and apparently all had emerged by the end of the month. Feb- ruary 4, 1913.—Imagines of zonaria began to emerge in another pot. February 5.—I was surprised to find that a female hispiduria had 4 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, 15/7/1941 emerged in the pot containing pupae of zonaria. The larva must have been placed there by mistake. This female was ovipositing between the flower pot and the leno cover. There had been zonaria males in the pot with the female hispidaria, but I am quite sure there had been no male kispidaria, for all of them had heen killed before the end of January. No pairing between a male zonaria and the female hispidaria was seen.” From this account there can be little doubt that the reputed hybrids are parthenogenetic specimens of Apocheima hispidaria and it is not unlikely that a pairing with a male zonaria did take place and that the foreign sperm stimulated the development of the eggs. On the other hand it may be a simple case of parthenogenesis, though it is a rare phenomenon in the Geometridae and no example of it occurring in this species is given by Tutt. THE SUMMER FLIGHT, IN COLD CLIMATES, OF VERNAL AND AUTUMNAL LEPIDOPTERA, By EK. P. Witrsutre, F.R.E.S. My previous paper, ‘‘ Notes on the winter flight, in mild climates, of vernal and autumnal moths ” (Hnt. Rec., 15.xi.1938), drew attention to the convergence and overlapping of the time of flight, in Syria and Palestine, of certain moths whose time of flight in more strenuous climes was separated by winter. The converse phenomenon, that is, the con- vergence of the time of flight, in northerly latitudes or at high eleva- tions further south in the Palaearctic zone, of species whose time of flight elsewhere is separated by high summery, can also be remarked, though the overlapping is in most of these cases less complete. Early August 1s the ‘‘ separating season ’”’ for this second phenomenon, just as late January is the ‘‘ separating ’’ time of the species mentioned in the first article, where they do not overlap. Phenological tables, drawn up on the analogy of the previous table, illustrate this tendency. I here regard as vernal not only the very vernal species, which both aestivate and hibernate in the pupal stage (e.g., CO. verbasci, D. areola, S. dentinosa), but also the numerous early summer insects whose larvae hibernate; and as autumnal, not cnlv those that pass the winter in the egg stage, but also the late summer species whose larvae hibernate. T do so because the high summer’s heat, in warm climates, may be as im- portant an obstacle in the life-cycle as winter’s cold in other climates; the fact that a species prefers to fly well before or well after early August puts it in quite a different class from those that appear, in spite of the heat, exactly at the hottest part of the summer (a smal! class) or those which appear in successive broods throughout the summer (a more numerous class). These two classes alone really deserve the name ‘“summer insects,’’ and most single-brooded insects can without diffi- culty be divided into vernal or autumnal from a knowledge of their time of flight throughout their range. The species discussed in this and the previous article are all single-hrooded. The species considered in the tables are: —A poria crataegi, L., Mala- cosoma castrensts, L. (Europe) and castrensistkirghisica, Stgr. (Iran), Lacydes semiramis, Stgr., Volgarctia spectabilis, Tausch, Thawmetopoea a SUMMER FLIGHT OF VERNAL AND AUTUMNAL LEPIDOPTERA. 3) pityocampa, Schiff. and wilkinsont, Tams, Simyra dentinosa, Frr., Agrotis forficula, Ey. and elbursica, Drdt., Rhyacia mnyctymerina, Steger. (ssp. roseoflava, Cti. in Syria, ssp. rehnensis, Wagn., in Iran), Cucullia verbasci, ., Phragmitiphila typhae, Thnbg., Phragmatoecia custaneae, and Phragmatoecia territa, Stegr. In the tables, closely-related species or subspecies of the same species are, for the sake of brevity and also to illuminate the comparison, in- cluded under one name. PHENOLOGICAL TABLES, jllustratine article on The Summer Flight, in Cold Climates, of Verna! and Autumnal Lepidoptera. HOT S65 = 2 2m Ss SS saad ore D4: ics Fas) 28 se =[ a a ap Ze oe ze ele aq oF Belay fa = (CVD LA OH AG | Spe mame eae ee ite tetra tet ait a Ca ieee = — TV-V COSEREMSISM © SEAS TRA VEE EASE RE age — — W SCMULTOMUUSD Meteors feet ae -- — 28.1V-V SC CUMOUES eo ee eee ee a ere tle c e -- — IX-X LEQ OLMMMODIDOCT ba jcseheebooseccasanbeccenosec = x = EICETTUG'S CRONE 2 NCAR SS RES | a eee. eae — IV IV GTTUCTELOM) HAVER: 20 SVE SRS SS ES re oe V V-VI IvV-V UU LETES 1 Opt mae sao th ee as Ee a oS 3 = —~ V-VI TU GEURTUCIATUA ae gasses ode ccnesnesecsssceeeioes — — Vv? DCO ES CI Sa OE eo meee oc Ree ne, Sele — te ? CU DTUGOM att TET Ls cae Part Oe AEE Ne a VI VI-VII Vil GUSTAVE DC, wed A as cee Roe IV -— 2 UOT Gwe Fe he eco ee sia hos doses eset — — TEX COLD SF Ne a 22 oy, . oD i Ge OO 5 aS oO + re Sanne wn 4s oS ice 6p & ; ao =e ITH rie =a) Z aan! ae ayes ieee Se 8 oo aS Pas Sis eRe ®o © ion oo ANS aS eS Co: ey =) = +5 = oD ai hy (=) ==, pe ES a 2 =~ & =~ as = 5 By Ss cS ge CROLACGL. “aeeueceees V-VI V VI 2 V-VII VI GCUSULENStSO — 2 ? ? VII VII-VIII SCUUIT GIVES | Weta. — ? VI-VII VI VI-VII _ SDECTODILUS |) has scece — ID v ? VIII-IX a Thaumetopoea ... 4.VIII ~- — _- VII-VIII QEVuUnGSGa tee Vv ? -- V-VI ? -- TOTMCUOUU Sete VI-VII VI-VII VI-VII VI V-VII _- CUOUTSUCOM A. 2heae ee —_ % ? 2 VII-VIII — ny ctymerina So AAMT 2 VI-VII VI V-VII — DETOGSCIn a) cecueeeeee VeVi ? ? 7 v* IV-V GUDINOE neente eee ? ? -- — ? VIII-IX GUSTANECE Eas — =: — — ? VI-VII CONT eee needs. eee — ? VII 2? VII —- *Times of wild emergence calculated from wild larva’s size. 6 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, 15/1/1941 Under the heading ‘‘ Mesopotamia ” are included records both from the plains and the lower Zagros hills. Mt. Alvand and the Barfkhaneh (near Yezd) are both high Persian peaks; the latter has only received one visit, in early June, while the former has only been worked in June and July. The other localities in the tables have been the subject of longer attention. Most of the biological facts in this article and most of the dates given in the tables are from my own records, but some are taken from stock reference books such as South and Blaschke, or from recently published works by other authors, such as Schwingenschuss’s Beitrag zur Lepi- dopterenfauna von Tran (Ent. Zeit., J., 52-53, Nos. 46 ff). In the first table (the hotter localities) the respective times of flight of vernal and autumnal species are well separated ; the tendency to over- lap may be traced in the remaining columns, the colder localities. In ‘general, the first table clearly indicates whether a_ species is vernal or autumnal, the notable exception being typhae, which has a marked vernal tendency in hot climes. Jn briefly considering this case in my previous article I suggested that the oval hibernation, being un- necessary in a hot climate, suggested typhae's having originated in a cold climate; I still consider this argument sound, and regard typhae as normally an autumnal species. The other autumnal species on our list do not occur at all in northern latitudes, and are far less stenoecous than typhae, which in hot climes is only to be found along perennial streams and springs. With typhae must be classed the other Archanaras which react in the same way to hot climates (geminipuncta and spar- gant). Castaneae, on the other hand, is known to take two years to mature in cold climates, and is evidently not in the same class; it may be regarded as vernal, in contrast to its congener territa. (I should perhaps here mention, in view of Schwingenschuss’s record of the presence of reeds at one of territa’s Elburz habitats, that this moth flies in profusion high up on mountains in Persia, where there is no sign of any Phragmites-growth). Are there any cther cases where speculation is profitable as to the possible place of origin of the species, or at least the sort! of climate in which their specific characteristics crystallised? Does a study of the time of flight and life-history of other species beside typhae shed any light on such a hazardous question? Jn the previous article I suggested that the pupal or larval aestivation of autumnal species whose larvae hibernate, being unnecessary in colder climes, suggested a southern or warm climate origin, such species being the Amathes, Aporophyla and Ocnogyna species named in that article. To them we may now add spectabilis and (probably) territa (whose early stages are not yet known) and the pine-feeding Thawmetopoea group. In this last case, the fact that pityocampa sometimes in Europe fails to emerge from the pupa till the following year is surely an expression of the group’s ingrained habit of pupal aestivation, such as occurs in 2 more normal wavy in wilkinsont. The previous article also suggested a warm climate origin, on account of their pupal aestivation in England, for the vernal anthemis-feeding Cuculua group. As for castaneac, which, as already stated, takes two vears to develop in N. Furope, we may conclude that it originated in a warmer climate if we regard the annual cycle as the norm in lepi- doptera in cool climates. There is not room, however, here to discuss LARVAL HABITATS OF APATURA IRIS. / the mullein-feeding Cucullia. group or the case of castrensis, whose egg overwinters in Europe and also (presumably) in Persia; a confident in- ference of their origin seems impossible. There remain a number ot species of more restricted range which, not occurring in very different climates, offer no chance of comparison in their reactions to local climate; for these, therefore, also no suggestion, based on the above criteria, is here offered as to their origin; we should, however, probably not go far wrong in postulating for territa, semiramis, spectabilis, elbur- sica, forficula, nyctymerina, and dentinosa an origin on the steppe moun- tains of Anatoha and Iran, beyond which their range does not extend very far. Such a postulation, however, will rest on zoogeographical grounds, It is indeed interesting to compare the guesses made above on the basis of biological and phenological criteria with the zoogeographical classification of the same species. For instance, the vast range otf castaneae puts it almost in the Geopolitan category; it seems to be a primitive species of great adaptability that originated in a tropical or semi-tropical climate. LARVAL HABITATS OF APATURA IRIS. By A. J. Wieurman, F.R.E.S. Having been officially requested, in common with the rest of the public, to keep off the roads on Easter Monday last, I abandoned a projected trip to Kent for pupae of A. cinerea and found myself at a dead end in my home locality, with a whole day in front of me. I had for several years intended, when the time and mood should be upon me, to try and find just how widespread and plentiful A. aris was around this area. Occasionally, when beating for other things, I have found the larva of iris on the sheet, but always singly (and the idea being at the moment in mind, as a result of finding a small larva of the species among sallow catkins J had taken for larvae of Xanthia fulvago), I spent the day among the sallows in the woods. JI used a car to get from one place to another and so covered a considerable area, sampling rather than searching each selected locality. I had been advised to ignore sallows in open and dry situations and so spent most time in damp and narrow rides in rather heavily wooded country. I worked only large-leaf sallows, not because all the ‘‘ books ”’ say this is the right thing to do, but because those of the small-leaf varie- ties, in common with all the foliage around, had been stripped by thousands, probably millicns, of larvae of Geometers, Noctuae, and Micros. It was May, but most trees and shrubs were as bare as in mid- winter. I have never seen such devastation before. I first searched the selected bushes and then beat them and in this way had taken several half-fed iris larvae, widely separated from each other, when I chanced upon an old stone quarry, in which there was a large tree-like sallow, the branches of which were 20 feet from the ground and out of reach except at one spot, where a high mound of earth made it possible to clamber up and hook down a single fair-sized branch. 8 . ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD, 15/1/1941 This I carefully searched and was about to release, when I noticed a half-grown larva of iris near the extremity of the branch I held in my hand, and when taking this found two more on the same shoot, on adjacent leaves. I was now satisfied that the insect is widely spread and by no means rare around this area, and so gave up active search and merely wandered around to see if there were any similar sallows in near- by areas. I found several very similar indeed, but no larvae, so | am still no wiser as to what the special requirements of this species are. Indeed, on the way out of the woods I beat a fallen sallow which was lying prone and took a larva from it. This fallen sallow was absolutely in the open. These larvae were kept in a leno cage 24 by 18 by 12. I provided them with a fresh small branch of large-leaved sallow daily, and they changed from the old to the newer branch about every other day. This larva is hard to see. I knew there were eight larvae in the cage, but could seldom see more than five or six, even when I took the branches out and looked them over, until the second or third try. One larva was always on the underside of a leaf. All pupated the same week and all used a sallow leaf to pupate on. They pupated about sundown and IL watched several ef them go through this stage. The previously inactive larva would suddenly begin to sway from side to side violently and at the same time to expand itself from the normal larval shape to that of the pupa. This caused the larval skin to spht at the bottom (head) and from this stage until the pupa was completely free averaged three minutes. The violent movement was continued after the pupa was free until the larval skin had actually fallen and even after, apparently to make sure that the skin was gone. I saw no sign that this pupa is especially liable to fall at this time; they all seemed well anchored, and to know it. The imagines all emerged befcre mid-day and there were 6 ds to2 Gs. The season was early, all out by July 20th, and all of large size. Being used to dealing with Nectuae, | was not equal to dealing with this species. Three emerged one day and while I was taking one out of the cage the other two, as quick as thought, were out and away through the outhouse door. ON THE CCCURRENCE OF NORTHERN AND SOUTHERN SPECIES OF CARABIDAE IN A SECTION OF THE WEALD. By R. A. Crowson, B.Sc. For the last three years I have been engaged on a detailed study of the beetles of the district around Tunbridge Wells. The precise area covered by my investigations is as follows: —Northern boundary—the top of the escarpment of the North Downs hetween Westerham and the Medway gap; Southern boundary—the Forest Ridge of Sussex between West Hoathly and Mayfield; Western boundary-—the road from Wester- ham to East Grinstead and West Hoathly ; Kastern boundary—the River Medway between Halling and Yalding, the river Teise to Goudhurst and the road to Kilndown, Flimwell, and Mayfield. It will be seen that this defines a sector of the Weald with the outcrops of all the Geological NORTHERN AND SOUTHERN SPECIES OF CARABIDAE. 9 formations from the Chalk to the Ashdown sands. I have subdivided the area into the following Geological parts: the Chalk escarpment, the Gault valley (or Holmesdale), the Lower Greensand ridge, the wide low- lying marshy Weald Clay belt, and the diversified hilly Hastings beds country. The Chalk forms a steep scarp facing South and mostly covered with grass and scrub with some Beech-woods; the Gault is mainly covered by lush pastures with many Elm trees; the Lower Greensand supports woods and heaths, and to the South forms a bold scarp which is largely wooded ; the Weald Clay belt is mostly pasture with stretches of damp Oak-wood and marshes, while the Hastings beds include small-scale examples of almost all types of scenery. As the latter group covers the largest area of my subdivisions, and I live in the middle of it, it has naturally provided much the largest number of the specimens collected. But even allowing for this, my records suggest that a greater number of species occur in the Hastings beds area than in any of the others. I had more than once noticed that species of beetle occurring on the Chalk downs and not elsewhere in our area were recorded by Joy as lhmited to S.E. England, while species frequenting the wet cold soils of the Weald Clay were recorded as ranging up to the North of Scotland. This prompted me to try to find out which species were, in cur area, near the northern limit of their range (Southern species) and which were near their southern limit here (Northern species). Using the Calwers Kaferbuch (Stuttgart, 1893) on the European forms and Joy’s Handbook for the British species, I listed those species which were re- corded from Scotland and Scandinavia but not southern France or Italy, and those whose range included Italy, southern France, and South Ger- many but not Scotland or Scandinavia. The occurrence of the species of each group in our area was then analyzed. In the Carabidae the re- sults may be summarized as follows:—Southern Species: Chalk, 4; Lower Greensand, 7; Hastings beds, 21; Weald Clay, 2. Northern Species: Chalk, 1; Lower Greensand, 1; Hastings beds, 18; Weald Clay, 11. The Gault Clay belt is omitted as I have almost no data from it. The results may be tabulated as follows :— NORTHERN SPECIES. Species. Cen Ge PE: Elaphrus riparius, a. — — Bie MGUDTCQUSE: MU UMIG 3 a han Pete Atak ede meetee = = ISOCAM: GHOUMUCOTHNUDS IRE ciseeseesocbenoncdcee. = — Clivina: fossori rT. ..Ut..0e een za a. DAYS GASTON LIE (CMM saceerace oucheens saceoeae = - LCUMOCIIOO, CIOLOS., JB%s” ceacondocoreoactesee Arik — — BST OULU EUULITE Ms Ae eRe esate eas tee ciate = EP = TU CCLUOLOUT Uses Rene an mee eee ay BATUDESEREN TAPERE PR Pa teh eet dette cot == = BS UiSTUUG UUTU ast loe, saeeck ten ceean. «facet teens sods — _ BOGUSterVOUDUSUUECTUS ME seen eee eee — — POU OOUS) CGCODCUUSAe Kee eee _ ~ BRAGUGECUUUS SUITUULUSHED Ie acco nee eee = Ee ACUPAGLPUS MeETLAtaNUS) Thats eek a _ AMOLD(GCTUCU. MIG 1Gr . wa. tet acs. eetieas aes — af Rlernosvichus mviger, Schall... = = Ps eTUiG hits Bhi Ok SAO ae = — BUTODRUUS OTACUUSS Giylle parece seaeneee — - VEO TULUS AUG UULS sa Beg iieet trecneten inn ek eta ces ~ MWCTOOUCUUS TTUTUCALCLIUS. Tae sect eccceseeene Be == _ — ee Ss Pitti iti ttee so +H+tt+t+tets+ i t4+t¢ttet 10 ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD, 15/1/1941 SOUTHERN SPECIES. Species. C..- iG. Hee, Wate Carabus monilis, F. WE COUSUUS SAUL ODT OFS 1D et te eee een ee nee Notiophilus aquaticus, L. N. palustris, Dj. Nie EY CUM EHO AUIS! AD) eee daneoseooadnedeasssc08en = INES RUTUDES. GUUS: isis Se ccccseens seeieeaes D4 TANWUNCIEWNS), INWICIETENB), — s .nooncosonceonocesaese0008 62 MONUSCWUOSE,, Orel, AMNG, ssncsosoncccnee Ole MAINE), BOYOMIMEEME, connanascconsncoo once 15, ‘a IQUEWONL © SL EAIGN GIRO NaNG Manan Spee nae Shen c mmn on aon 31 TACIOWUOSA,, “ANIDICCUEY Sasosocoavesces0sscnesecceccoc 74 TMOONGIAS, IBISOME) sosscancosscnoneonnoopcsnac De | 2S) nereine (styg@ne), Erebia ................... 59 INGIONMNE == SUS, INASIONE) Gecononosaee 59, 61 TUSTONCEMMS, ANGAPOUIST "Apananccsopogsedceeeosnonsa. oc i nigricans (filipendulae ab.), Zygaena 91 IMIAVOSNME) 5)” IEXETRONAUEEE) | Goncoontanosaunotonacnoceonsde D4 norbertaria (lactearia ab.), Iodis ...... 110 nubeculosa, Brachyonicha, Astero- SC OJOS nese in PN Bioee ee Hateiericeoms Raw mabeiack D4 o-album (l-album a@b.), Leucania ...... aly OLOSCWILAIE, GCHMOMMOS srococorcosconcsscoavsecase 76 OCOWEAL MENU OIS Gare ets acer eee enee canteens 55 ocellaris (euryale /.), Erebia ............ 30 oditis, Hadena, Heliophobus ...... 118, 119 OEMNES MEET, CeeneeC Aero Wan eee ene mente 29 OlleraGeans Maile Shta were eee eee T Olivacea (vestigialis ab.), Agrotis ...... 418 Omens, GCresvCwMAiAS, — ccaccsosonacsconsnanc 9 onobrychidella, Leucoptera .............. 1 OmMUSueley, GAPVCWMATAIBY sosccoscooaccosnoscsoec. 9 OOP PID ING Vi CT Aeterna eR Re 134 OIDCCIIMBY IESKTCIME) she dacheSnctocvonosovoocdocouss 104 OUIDOME),, “AMENOINEVSING), ga. saccadeaasacosvedases060 76 orientalis (australis f.), Aporophyla 33 OUUAS, COUSOMINOHA, sherdsoonacooncassccsotosdoce 115 DAUM CMSH RSC UCANNT a ahh cee qo ak Sone ee 75 OAVEMChwHAMN. APTENCIMNGVOUTUNOISS ~ cooacececooscsoononace 10 pandrose = lappona, Brebia ............ 60 papilionaria, Geometra, Hipparchus Hilal, abil), 1198}. 138) JDAWCINIBY, ANPOAVIMIANIS) ~“Goonbosecosconeesadcoocee soos WD paradoxa (caesiata ab.), Entephria 86 (ORV MSTOMES), IBIPSOINOS cooooconsssosccseoces bys, (65) AU, NAMA TIMES i sere. ecacaseeecen ee cee ne en 69 pavonia, Saturnia, Eudia ...... A NS, BY joeGlevrigy, IPI INE, sacesancsasceseooc GD, eo, ys} pelle dalciylawIStEMO DAA eee: 28 elite eras ELCIOtIMTS eee eae alae. lal (OSIMIMB TENS), TENUIMEIFE), | cododcccouscoonoon eoosuoadeln 99 phaeorrhoea (chrysorrhaea), Nygmia ‘5 Dharte, Hrebia |. ost nese ieee eee Q pheretes, Plebeius — peiteene.. eased Q DINU, (COSIMOMVAINONGY, scsnscccnccnsessoconeser Dy philippsi, Eriogaster ......... 69, 70, 87, S8 PAGE phlaeas, Heodes, Chrysophanus 51, 128, 129 pinastri, Hyloicus .. 2 51, 104 piniaria, Bupalus? 233222 81 PlatYSaMia) .n0.ic:ccckos eee eee eee 82 plume se Tilo NO 80 pluto, (glacialis), Erebia) 2222. 59, 60 pneumonanthis, Stenoptilia ...... 28, 29 podalirins, VPapillion ee 89 polielinss (Cram iiSi) see 3 popull (eti), Laeniocampass eee 55 DoW SMiareuinaly a eee 48 POtLAtOnIAy OdONESUISi see eee eee 12 praegalliensis) Eeliovhelayeee eee 1 prasinaria = pruinata, Pseudoterpna 121 procida (galathea /f.), Satyrus, Mel- ANALLILA, ..ccsaciunyyeocee eee eee ee 31 progemmaria = marginaria, Erannis 36 PLOmIISsay Cavocallay ieee eee TD provincialis (apollo 7.), Parnassius .. 31 proxinnia, Chillenayeee ese ily Te pruinata, Pseudoterpna ...... AES ali 1198} DRUM. (Ste yAMNOM) | sess eee eee 36 pseudolatruncula (versicolor ab.), U7 21 6 ke ee et ee Scogoaaasane 20 pseudopretella, Borkhausenia .......... 106 plerodactyla. StTeNOpiillilayesseeeteeees 29 pudibunda. Dasy,chista sess 86 pulla, | Epichnopienyexc ieee 125 purpuralis, Zygaena ........ 2) eos alo Osman pustulata, Comibaena ......... AOD. AS titel pycenacella, iGracillanian eee 8 TONAMOUOMDNAN, ISTMMOVAWANE) sees s.cccsceceonc sce 1192 quadra,, OCOMESELIS, sascce-seneeee eee eee eee 77 quercus, Zephyrus, Thecla ......... Bye 1919) radiatenuss \CeroOStOni ates tess eta 63 radiella = pulla, Epichnopteryx ...... 125 IPS OVE, = IRAETEIG So onsancepdouscodcoconnee 52) LOG alates Repandaliss GE yira Sita esses eee ee eee 3 Liam elia, Chin SO.ClS i ah ———===—= a 105 ridens,, ACromictia, foicss-e eee eee eee 2) PIP ACs» AST OUMS) ..s.cececceo eee eee eee 22, 119 rossica (lapponaria f.), Poecilopsis ... 34 THOPSMMENINOIS, — (OTENMMUOWIS “Gocscscccoass2ccnccnccacoc Q ruberata, Cidaria, Hydriomena ...... 1194 nubescana. (Cavophiciay see 15 PUL BOMBYX. | vceeos cee eeceee ee eee 129 rubi, Callophirys » i435. eee 437 wuibricosa, Pachnobiaiie ee 3 TETVNOOMCHES, VANCTEOVOUUCUZY 5055 nceccsscsc2-seorscec6~ 129 Piplcaprancial. ah eisia esse 36, 54 Salicis, ILeuCoOmMal: 3s... eee 7D Salauneliws) (Cram ibtiSi ese eee WB Saiellitia, “Scopelosomal es eee 99 SA@tUINIIGAGC. . asccassacmens sss seeE ee eee 12 satyrion (philea f.), Coenonympha ... 2 SAUGia,,, ASTOLIS. | A sasceteneieeeeeee oo eee 104 **saxifragae, Stenoptilia 5, 27, 28, Ze (Bil scabiosata, Bupithecia 2.0.5.2... GER TS) scabriuscula, Dipterygia ...... AOS VELA. (7A schwingeschussi, Libanopacha ......... 7 SCIPIO... Wr ebia sc cecsascccseeeee eee 1 SO ire Scitella, piceuicoplierayi esac te eee 24 SCOea), > TER CWbaA Aocccassanccees shee 60 SPECIAL INDEX. 5 PAGE scriptura (australis f.), Aporophyla .. 33 S@@alliis,, ANOBII, cccccssocecoobaobscanqoao00aeCods 85 semele, Eumenis, Hipparchia 20, 76, 130 SeSimmilorewnmiaes),, MAAN, coosddccoacsadcosnon65c0 133 SSSIM,, IBICRNWEIEE),- Scagoasocacnonconso 0000806000 74 SSTENCSAL, ILINHOVOISTIE), cooccoqcooesccq0nnsecdcseqc94000 62 SKiNayoNS, ILSOVNOlEk). — caoceecassososboooeonoobapeced 31 SIVA, LAPASOMA ...2......ccceocesereresss 0, 7 smaragdaria, Euchloris, Phorodesma US, WC, aslo, all, aOaL GOTMINS., OiweOMEINE), Gsoancavsooceousonanc0cen68 3 SOIC, IBXOTE Ko, IslEWONE) socagsucsscoccnconodooeee 75 SOMO, Wiesel, Clowns), scoscocoososecooanue 71 SOR ONCEUIE, SSIBVESIE), “Gospsecnonccooseoubaccccoand 3 SOSTeTE ON, AACINENMENRE, Gooccaoogobcoccon000800 50 SHSCWAIONINIS, ILBVCAGCIES. scosnasccossosdeo0n0 69, 74 Soman: “AN GVeellp yi sa aancesshconccrasrceesnEeencasocter 514 splendida (jurtina ab.), Eumenis ... 20 SUOMI, IPIKOOOIIS, oopocoadeneqeocoos0or 50 stirius (merine), BErebia ................. Gil SMA Aes USCOME cresivescesesteedcectisne seeeeer 35 SIELCAUNTS, INTIME, IPIROCTAIS) 5. cocensncnop00000 20 SEUNG IPGIRCONMIIG) soooceessconsocpcecconeT (4 SUIS), ANGIROIIS: sosoccnscsesscocnabsccase0N SG stygne = nereine, Erebia ...... 29, 59, 60 SUOMI EIS, Oy ONMBISIIG) concbsancooasooobosues 75 SUUTTOMANEHIs), ILBuTA ORO) OKSIEVAS “Gosasncnocoodooc 4 suffusa (lineola f.), Adopaea. ............ 30 Waalorel, (OBTECIETOIE, © Gassentoopncconscasuscobacoso: 72 PING IA eae ee eas su Ul cctnath maeilsasemiatestelviebiaaueiecet 104 NING CAM ANIE CHAN re cei oecligataeracamenbieneenue 74 tiphon = tullia, Coenonympha ....... 63 UEC IMSEN onal, ZAM INE) - “coososcpooaneeosboeoeobe 91 WEB OSVAUMEY. 1 COSINE), WaR hon Antesnapaeanseasenesouce 99 Pema raul MmOCOMEGISN sae ceesetetee see eee 3 EIRETONGIS),. INO WOCIOMNEEY socsacoacosnoonsoodeancosear D5 ULES TENG (EXEIS)), IBTRSIONIBY anoucecuasenaseance 60 IPMN YOUU), IDF WATNOIMIG), sosccboonsoscnccec 62, 74 HEUIOILL, SOCOM ONIINE, scocoscacoeondooue We, WE IPO), AN ONORIKONE), sccoscsssosoosudboeueosoe 134 ast CT ACOs OUISy. o5.15-4 cee aecssoec ene e suas eoasenouns 76 twekernin MMietTArWEIE: iecc.c.ccccecnece: 125, 126 tullia (tiphon), Coenonympha ......... 60 UAVINCIAIAUIS,, IBTREIOIBY Sorossosonscosdsousoononoacoces 29 iynbacweehracmeatiplilay sete: 50 MIM OTFENAICE), WIC WIIIMNE) \sconsassocoosponones 74, 134 IMMA, ANTOBVIMES), Secbocccooanedosooooonsbones 134 urticae, Aglais ... 19, 51, 65, 116, 125, 130 WIPENCE YE, pSOWWOROMME), coccecooceseoodosoconon 141, 129 WISHES, MGOSONGTMIMTIS » coconcocsscooasononsceoe 63 valesina (paphia f.), Argynmnis ......... 78 VCTIUIS MIE CLO cass sacse ai ace camecmecuntae eet area 67 WIEN). JOH ONNOONE), Soncescconuenonooconor 2 vernaria = chrysoprasaria, Geomet- ae SEVETMUSTOLAY sce. ciosccesteenne ADI 102 121 versicolor, Miana, Procris ..... 19, 86, 129 NELSLCOLOLAN SE MOLOMIUS: s.ccc.udcernceteseatenee 54 PAGE vespiformis, Synanthedon ........... 5p, U4 vestigialis, Agrotis ................ 165 148 1133 WEIS, CEIIGCANIMNDE, GoccascosdooesseuoKesocddue 54 Vib Gay, AA Caius etce nanench saccieeoseseaeas 99 Vailltosellan, (PSyCHiey eeisnesceetecsescteoneencaee 104 violescens (vestigialis ab.), Agrotis .. 118 virellata (pruinata ab.), Pseudoterpna 122 virgaureae, Heodes, Chrysophanus .. 2 Varidata, INCMOLIay The whole account is packed with personal details of all contemporary entomologists, who were in any way connected with these various societies, extracted from their letters, their writings, private minutes kept by individuals, the minutes whenever kept of the different Societies, financial statements and documents of various sorts, most of which are now kept in the Library of the present Royal Entomological Society of London. ‘The memoir is a very fine selection of mat- ters of note compiled by a masterly hand into a record of attempt after attempt, to be finally stabilized and welded into the present R.E.S. of London, now of wide fame in the world of Science.—Hy. J. T. ‘“ THE BRITISH NCCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES ” (J. W. TUTT). SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES. III. i By Hy. Ji Turner, FORE.S), FR BUS: zon of Compara» m se” =Zoology en “MAR 24 1941 LIBRARY |, cae CLASS .—NOCTUAE, LINN. Orrhodia, Hbn. (1821), Stdgr., Splr., South, Culot [Glaeu, (Hb.), Steph. (1829), Wood: Cerastis, Hb. (1821), Frr., H.-S., Barr.: Conistra, Hb. (1821), Meyr., Hamp., (South), Warr.-Stz., Meyr., Drdt.-Stz. ] vaccintt, L. (1761). Glaca, Hb., was a Tentamen name, discarded wrongly as many 92f us think. Tutt, Brit. Noct., III, 1 (1892): Meyr., Hamd., 66 (1895): Barrett, Lep. Br. Is., VI, 12, plt. 284 (1900): Stdgr., Cat., I1led., 209 (1901): Hamp., Lep. Phal., VI, 454 (1906): Splr., Schm. Hur., I, 255, plt. 46, to, (1907) 2 south, MOBI, ll 24) pit Gt 2-6 (907)e . Wear. Suze Pal. Noct., 111, 147, plt. 36 abe (1910): Culot, N. et G., I (2), 12, plt. 39, f. 16-18; plt. 40, f. 1-8 (1913): Meyr., Rev. Hand., 119 (1827-8): Drdt.- Stz., Pal. Noct. Supp., III, 149, 258 (1934) (1937). Schiff., Verz., p. 85, R. 2 (1775), listed vaccinit, the Preusselbeer- Rule: /.c., 85, R. 3, polita, the Dunkelbraune, glanzende EKule, the dark brown glossy Noctua: [.c., 86, R. 4, nitida, the Ehrenpreis EKule: and also [.c., R. 10, glabra, the Blass honigbraune, diisterstriemige Eule, © the pale honey-brown dark-streaked Noctua. Tutt, Brit. Noct., III, 1 (1892): Meyr., Hand., 66 (1895); Barr., Lep. Brit. Is., VI, 12, plt. 234 (1900): Stdgr., Cat., IIled., 209 (1901): Hamp., Lep. Phal., VI, 454 (1906): Splr., Schm. Eur., I, 255, plt. 46, 32a (1907): South, M.B.JIs., II, 24, plt. 11, 2-6 (1907): Warr.-Stz., Pal. Nocis Miienia7 yy plt: 36-abe (910)-" Culet, Nives Gs 1 2), 12 pli. 39 f. 16-18; plt. 40, f. 1-8: Meyr., Rev. Hand., 119 (1928). KEspr., Abbild., IV, plts. 161 and 162 (1789?—), gave 12 figures which he labelled as varieties of vacciniti. Werneb., Beitr., 11, 48 (1864), ac- cepts plt. 161, f. 1-6, as giving varieties of vaccinii; but plt. 162, 1-4, he called crythrocephala (3 and 4 var. glabra) and f. 5-6 named canescens by Esper he called dolosa. Plt. 161, f. 5, has been named mixta by Stdgr. It is the most variegated form on the plate. The figures are quite recognisable. Ernst & Engram., Pap. d’Hur., VII, 153-4, f. 514 ab, 515 ac, 516 b (1790), gave good figures which one can identify as v. polita, v. spadicea, and vaccini f. respectively, teste Werneb., Beitr., II, 122 (1864). Bork., Naturg., IV, 739 (1792), referred to the variation but named no forms. He treated the forms nitida, p. 744; spadicea, p. 748; polita, p. 743, of Schiff., as separate species. Fab., Ent. Sys. emend., III (2) (1794), treated p. 20, polita; p. 23, vaccinu; p. 31, nitida, as separate species. (2) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/11/1941 Illiger, Verz. New. Ausg. (1801), pp. 297, 301, referred the above four te the first, viz., vaccinii, as varieties, citing Fab. and Bork. in each case except glabra; nitida was bred from vaccini [?]. Hiibner, Samml. Noct. (1800-3) gave figures 177, vaccinit; 178, polita; 179, spadicea (a form of vaccinit); 180, nitida. The ground colour of spadicea. is very dark red almost black, that some authorities have taken it for ligula, but the latter has no red form. The figures are ‘ery good. | Haw., Lep. Brit., 233 (1809), described vaccinu, No. 212, and polita, No. 213, with which he included nitida as a synonym. Of polita he said ‘‘ praecedenti omnibus simillima.’’ Treit., Schm., V (2), 401 (1825), included polita, Schiff., spadicea, Hb., Schiff., ligula, Esp., but not glabra, Schiff., nor nitida, Schiff. Esper’s ligula was considered a vaccinu form. Dup., Hist. Nat., VI, 92 (1826), has given a good figure of the dark spadicea, Hb., form of vacciniu ‘‘ because it is the commoner form with him.’’ He treated glabra and erythrocephala as two forms of the same species. The figures of glabra and erythrocephala are too deep in ground colour. (The plate is very dark as a whole.) Stephens, Jll., II, 161 (1829), considered vaccinti, spadicea, subnigra, and polita a single species, but as previous authors had held them to be distinct species he described them separately although he had taken all four together when collecting, subnigra being the least plentiful. In l.c., iv, 389 (1835), he corrected the above, ‘‘ I have no doubt but that sub- nigra and the two following Glaea are referable to one very inconstant species.’ Frr., New. Beitr., I, 87, plt. 46, 1-2 (1833), gave two figures, both good, one vaccini the other similar to f. spadicea, Hb. He placed the figures 177, 178, 179 of Hb. to this species. Glabra he would attach to potita, Hb., 178. Wood, Ind. Entom., p. 45, plt. 11, 209-212 (1884), gave four good figures illustrating Stephens species of Glaea, viz. vaccinii, spadicea, sub- nigra and poliéa. H.-s., Sys. Bearb., II, 322 (1850), considered the three figures =f Hb. 177, 178, 179, all good. That of Frr., Neu. Beitr., I, 46, as useless. His own fig. 459 is abnormally large = v. brigensis [ 7]. Gu., Hist. Nat. Noct., V (1), 379 (1852), included only polita with his vaccint, but described two other forms, a yellow one, which Tutt subsequently named ochrea, and a yellowish marbled form, which Tutt named variegata. The spadicea, Hb., is placed with ligula. Stdgr., Cat., IIled., 209 (1901), gave ab. signata of Klem. as a synonym, named the vaccinia of Esp. 2 (3) as ab. spadicea, Hb., 179; the vaccintt, Esp. 5 as mixta, Stdgr., Cat., Iled., 118; added ab. seb- douensis, Obthr. Hamp., Lep. Phal., IV, 454, considered the spadicea, Schiff., and spadicea, Hb., as the same form. South, Moth. B.1., U1, 24, plt. 11, figs. 3-6 (1907), gave four very good figures. 3, typical; 6, spadicea; 4, mixta; 5, suffusa. Splr., Schm. Hur., I, 255, plt. 46, f. 32a, 32b (1907), gave ten aber- rational forms of which ocellata was new. The figures are not good, much too dark and indistinct, somewhat larger than average British examples. THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (3) Warr.-Seitz, Pal. Noct., III, 147, plt. 36 abc, gave thirteen figures, vaccnu Sg and 9, mixta, glabroides 3 and 9, spadicea 2 ¢ and 2 9, signata S and Q, rufa, and suffusa, all quite useful. Culot, NV. e¢ G., I (2), 11-18, plt. 39, 16-18; 40, 1-8 (1918), gave an excellent series of eleven figures after discussing the variation at length. His figure 16 of the typical form has fawn forewings with hghter lines and in parts darker; but all the lines are well expressed and quite de- finite. His first aberration is grisescens, Obthr., f. 17, of a uniform ferruginous red, with markings only very slightly expressed, the fore- wings are concolorous; plt. 39, f. 18, is polita, Schiff.; plt. 40, f. 1, is robusta (Engr.) Obertr.; f. 2 is spadicea, Hb.; f. 3 is spadicea-grisea, Obthr.; f. 4 is mixta, Stdgr. = vaccinii, Hb., 177 (Hb. 177 is not typi- cal); f. 5 and f. 6 are two forms of mixta, with nervures lost in the eround and with finely expressed nervures respectively; f. 8 is the polita, Hb., renamed by Oberth. hiibneri (nec polita, Schiff.); f. 7 is another form of hiibneri, transitional (mixta-hiibnert). These results are somewhat confusing by the mixing up of the names as previously defined by the older authors. Corti-Drdt.-Stz., Pal. Noct. Supp., III, 149, 258, added ten addi- tional aberrations on p. 149 (1934), and one more on p. 258 (1937). Tutt, Brit. Noct., III, 4, called attention to the three almost uni- colorous forms of vaccinit, viz., (1) the dark reddish vaccinti, Linn. ; (2) the bright reddish rufa, Tutt, and the blackish uwnicclor, Tutt. Of the Variation Barrett wrote :— Variable in the depth of the ground colour and in the degree of marbling, or rippling of purple-brown; often this darker colour suffuses the whole surface except the hind margin, and the forewings become of a very smooth uniform dark purple-brown, or the whole is of an equally smocth chestnut-red; or it is ornamented with short white lines upon the nervures.. When this last character is added to the usual typical form the variety seems to be called var. mixta; when to the very dark form, var. spadicea; but these names are somewhat arbitrary, all the variations being inextricably intermingled. He spoke of a “‘ curious specimen of an unusually bright red-brown, shading off to drab.’ Bred. Another ‘The darkest purple brown form with the hind-margin normal is usually a Western variety, from South Wales especially.’’ Spuler, in Schm. Eur., I, p. 255 (1907), gave a good summary of the significance of the various aberrational names which were then in use— ‘¢ The sparsely marked form, which is uniformly rust-brown on the forewings, is Linné’s type. The ground colour of the forewing can be- come rosy-red, and, according to Gn., become wholly ochre-yellow, ab. echrea, Tutt, with rosy transverse and marginal marking; one finds the underside dark red-brown and red-brown, black. In the dark uni- colorous forms the surround of the stigmata, and the veins become yel- lowish-white, and frequently well in evidence: ab. canescens, Esp. The ab. obscwra, Tutt, is the extreme form, which I have never seen. In the form in which the forewing has lost its ochreous or reddish colour and has become greyish or greyish-black, the veins, the stigmata sur- round, etc., are usually very pale. From Basel Seiler reports a black (4) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/11/1941 aberration—in which case one probably meets with a ligula form with a blunted apex. The waved line and a parallel streak inside the dark marginal dots (the so-called watered band), part of the marginal area and most of the discal area can often be lightened up yellowish: ab. miata, Stdgr.; for the most part the veins are appreciably lighter also. The mixta-form with darker ground up to the sharply margined clay- yellow ‘ watered band’ and with clear stigmata, costal and marginal marking is ab. glabroides, Fuchs. It becomes quite distinct when the watered band becomes merged with the dark veins into a row of reddish- vellow-ochre black centred «yes, the dark red-brown colour which ex- tends to the base of the wing and its out-lying portion well emphasised by the rhomboidal blackish spots on the veins: ab. ocellata. In an- other form one finds inside the inner and outside the outer transverse lne an intensely blackish transverse band of varying width, sometimes, but not always, blackish or blackish-grey spots, isolated or as a band outside the waved line, the ground is uniform: ab. spadicea, Hb. The ab. signata, Klem., has only the band of black spots before the margin according to Stdgr. The costa as well as two-thirds of the discal area are darkened grey or blackish evenly, and the transverse lines and the discal veining are distinctly paler in the ab. suffusa, Tutt, but in which also the black spots of the marginal band can be well developed. This form will show the mixta character when it has the pale markings near the black-grey cross band: ab. mixta-spadicea.”’ The List of Names and Forms to be considered : — COCCHI, Ming JMils Sle 3V40) (Glob): f. spadicea, Hb., Samml. Noct., 117, 179 (1800-83). vaccinit, Esp., Abbild., IV (1), 549, plt. 162 (1789-?). ab. mixta, Stdgr., Cat., IIed., 118 (1871). r. sebdouensis, Aust., La Nat., 221 (1880). ab. ochrea, Tutt, Brit. Noct., III, 3 (1892). ab. variegata, Tutt, l.c. ab. rufa, Tutt, l.c. ab. unicolor, Tutt lee4. ab. NStUusas suibteitacas ns ab. obscura, Tutt, l.c., 4. ab. signata, Klem., Spraw. Kom. Fiz., XX XIII, 141. ab. conspadicea, Fuchs, Stett. e. Zt., XLII, 130 (1901). ab. glabroides, Fuchs, l.c., 131. ab. ocellata, Splr., Schm. Eur., I, 256 (1907). ab. mixta-spadicea, Splr., l.c. ab. nigra, D. Luc., Ann. Soc. ent. Fr., 483 (1910). ab. flavofasciata, D. Luc., L.c. ab. grisescens, Obthr. (Culot), N.-et G.; 1 (2), 12) pit2 30s iy aes, ab. robusta, Hrnst! & Ener. (Obthr.) Gries ex plt. AO, f. ile ab. hiibneri, (Obthr.) Culot, t.c., f. 7-8. ab. polita, (W.V.) Culot, l.c., plt. 39, f. 18 (nec Hb.). ab. obsewro-spadicea, Heinr., Deut. ent. Zt., 521 (1914). ab. caerulescens, Preiss. et G., Verh. Ges. Z.-b. Wein, LXX (85) (1920). ab. fusca, Lenz., Osth. Schm. Sudbey., TI (2), 320 1927). ab. mixta- _grisea, Lenz., l.c. ab. elegans, Horm.., Bit: Zts., V1, 359 (1936). ab. albovenosa, Soe. Ent. Rund., LV, 524 (1938). THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (5) Tutt dealt with (1) vaccinu, L., the dark reddish, almost unicolorous type of Linn. (2) unicolor, the blackish-red almost unicolorous form. (3) ab. suffusa, with base and central area blackish-grey. (4) obscura, whole area blackish-grey, with pale nervures. (5) ochrea, yellow-ochre- ous, reddish transverse lines. (6) variegata, yellow-ochreous, marbled with red, and pale nervures. (7) vufa, bright reddish or chestnut, almost unicolorous. (8) spadicea, reddish or with dark transverse lines. (9) mixta, reddish with paler subterminal area, and pale nervures. ab. mixta, Stdgr., Cat., Iled., 118 (1871). Orc. Descrip.—‘‘ Al. ant. exterius (et in medio) dilutius. fasciatis.”’ In ab. mixta, Stdgr., the two shades (chestnut-brown typical Hb. and ochreous light-brown ochrea, Tutt) become prominently mixed, hindwings paler, and a diffuse rufous outer band, and terminal area as well as fringe. cf. Warr.-Stz. race sebdowuensis, Aust., Le Nat., 221 (1880). Ortc. Descrip.—‘‘ It is a little smaller than rubiginea and of quite a different appearance. Forewings narrow, of a hepatic brown, shining above with all the lines and spots obsolete. One notes, however, readily, some black dots grouped at the base and along the inner margin; a double row of black dots, one along the edge of the wing preceding the fringe, the other in place of the subterminal; another dot of the same colour at the lower portion of the space, which is occupied by the reniform if it were visible. Costa blackish in the middle with a white dot badly arrété at the origin of the elbowed line. Fringe mixed with brown. Lower wings of a uniform blackish with the fringe reddish. The underside of the forewings is deep grey on the dise with the costa and external margin reddish. The latter is marked by a line of brown dots which reproduce those of the above. The underside of the lower wings is of a somewhat clear flesh brown. One notes on it with much clearness a median row of dots and antemarginal lunules of a deep grey. The body is brown with the head a little yellowish.’ Algeria. Hamp., Cat. Lep. Ph., VI, 454 (1906), described it briefly, ‘‘ Fore- wing with the lines hardly traceable, subterminal and terminal series of black points.’? Algeria. ab. conspadicea, Fuchs, Stett. e. Zeitg., XLII, 130 (1901). Ortc. Descrip.—‘ Forewings red-brown, darkened, with two black transverse lines, the second widened on the costa. The margin below the apex is somewhat cut in and then more strongly curved out than in vaceimit, and thus the apex appears a little produced. That of the hindwing is narrow and long. But ligula varies somewhat in this re- spect. I have Hungarian specimens in which the wing shape is not different from that of our vaccinti. Hence the determination is ren- dered more difficult. In both species the markings vary in the same direction, producing parallel forms, so that the correct determination often lies only in the somewhat more noticeable size of ligula, the breadth of the forewing and its usual denser colour, on which the black trans- verse lines are mostly less apparent. Usually the lower part of the reniform has a round black central spot.”’ This form was described by Fuchs as an ab. of ligula. Warr. deter- mined it as belonging to vaccinii (Pal. Noct., III, 147), a development (6) ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD. 15/11/1941 of spadicea, Hb., a red form with distinctly darker transverse lines, and which has the median and submarginal areas paler, the shade before the inner line generally more or less reaching the base and which be- yond the outer line as well as the narrow terminal space become black- brown or black. » ab. conspadicea, Fuchs, is the form spadicea, Hb., where the ground colour is sometimes dark brown, or grey-brown, as well as hght. (Hamps.) ab. signata, Klem., Spraw. Com. Fiz., XX XIII, 141 (Seitz, l.c., 148). Ficg.—Seitz, LI, plt. 36 be. Descrip.—‘ When the form conspadicea, Fuchs, has the black shad- ing restricted to the outer band and stigmata only with ground colour pale or dark grey.”’ ab. glabroides, Fuchs, Stett. ent. Zeit., XLII, 131 (1901). Orte. Derscrip.-—‘‘ Bright red-brown, with a bluish sheen, lighter on the costa, with light leather-yellow stigmata, and bright Jeather- vellow waved line before the margin. The distinction on which this aberration relies is signified in the name: it bears the characteristic of the well-known erythrocephala aberration glabra.’’ This form was described by Fuchs as an ab. of ligula. Warr.-Stz. determined it as belonging to vaccinti (Pal. Noct., III, 147), a develop- ment of mixta, Stdgr., a form with the two shades prominently inter- nixed, hght brown and darker shadings, and ab. glabroides, Fuchs, is one development of mixta, Stdgr., where the whole of the forewing, except the pale band containing the sub- terminal spots, 1s suffused with dark rich brown, sometimes mixed with blackish. ab. ocellata, Splr., Schm. Eur., I, 256 (1907). Orte. Drscrir.—-‘‘ This form is quite distinctive; the waved band becomes broken up by the dark veins into a row of reddish ochre-yellow black-centered eyes, which stand out plainly on the veins, through the dark red-brown suffusion which reaches to the base of the wings, and their blackish, rhombic small spots lying on the outside.’’ ab. mixta-spadicea, Splr., Schm. EHur., I, 256 (1907). Orie. Descrip.—‘‘ In ab. suffusa, Tutt, the costa as well as the out- ward two-thirds of the disc are evenly darkened grey or blackish, the cross lines and veins of the central area are lighter, but in this form the black band of marginal spots can be well developed. This form thus by the clear markings on it, shows by the black-grey transverse band the mixta character ’’ = mixta-spadicea. ab. nigra, D. Luc., Anm. Soc. ent. Fr., 483 (1910). Ortc. Descrip.—‘‘ Alis anticis supra fere totis nigris.’’ Tarf, Algeria. ‘‘ Frequently the forewings are of a uniform black. The thorax and head the colour of the forewings. The antennae are slightly darker than in the reddish forms. There exists a whole series of transitional forms between nigra and mixta, passing from red to grey, then to brown, finally to black.’’ THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (7) ab. flavofasciata, D. Luc., Ann. Soc. ent. Fr., 483 (1910). Orig. Descrip.—‘‘ Alis anticis brunneis fuscis vel nigris; proxima marginis, sinuosa linea punctorum flavorum.’’ Tarf, Algeria. ‘“The forewings are brown mixed with reddish, or completely black, and possess parallel to the fringe, and not far from it a sinuous line very clearly composed of a series of yellow dots. The upper portion of this line is expanded into a very clear yellow spot which is extended to the apex.’’ ab. grisescens, (Obthr.) Culot, N. et G., I (2), 12 (1918). Fre.—t.c., plt. 39, f. 17. . Orte. Descrip.—‘‘ Differs by the grey colour largely suffused or spread over the reddish-brown ground of the forewings; the thorax remains a little red as in the type; sometimes clearer.’’ ab. robusta, (Engr.) (Obthr.) Culot, N. et G., I (2), p. 12 (1913). Mane Var. CC.) Bree Gl pite4)) toh. Ortc. DEescrip.—‘‘ The wings are entirely of a fawn-yellowish with only the lines and the outer margin ferruginous.”’ ab. hiibnert, (Obthr.) Culot, N. et G., I (2), p. 12 (1913). Fie.—l.c., plt. 40, f. 7-8. Oric. Descrip.—‘‘ This var, which has the ground of the wings more or less blackish, is the polita, Hb., which is in no way referabie to the polita, Schiff. Hiibner did not refer it to the polita of W. V. (Schiff.), although apparently belonging to the same stem species, and Obthr. has called it hiibneri to avoid confusion. It is certainly in error that Stdgr. & Reb. have attributed polita, Hb. (178) to ligula. They have confused vaccinu-polita and staudingeri-polita; there is no ligula- polita.”’ ab. polita, (W.V.) (Gn. var. A.) Culot, N. et G., I (2), 12 (1918). Fie¢.—t.c., plt. 39, f. 18 (nee Hb. 178). Oric. Descrre.—‘‘ Of a uniform ferruginous red with the marking very little apparent; the upper wings are unicolorous.’’ ab. obscuro-spadicea, Heinr., Deut. Ent. Zts., 521 (1916). Ornic. Descrip.—‘‘ Uniting the characters of obscura, Tutt, and of spadicea, Hb.”’ ab. caerulescens, Preiss. et Galv., Verh. z. b. Wien, LXX (85) (1920). Oric. Descrip.—‘‘ According to Warren in Seitz, Pal. Noct., III, 148, this appears to be a divergence of ab. glabroides in which the dark suffusion of most of the central area of the forewings has decreased, but the suffusion is not deep brown, but slate-grey or black, for which we suggest the name caerulescens.’’ Klosterneuberg, near Vienna. ab. fusca, Lenz, Osth. Schm. Sudbey., II (2), 330 (1927). Orie. Descrip.—‘‘ Ground colour blackish-brown without the light bands.”’ ab. mixta-grisea, Lenz, Osth. Schm. Sudbey., II (2), 330 (1927). Orig. Drscrip.—‘‘ Forewings with light marginal border, and with grey discal suffusion.”’ (8) ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD. 15/11/1941 ab. elegans, Horham, Ent. Zts., L, 359 (1936). Orte. Descriv.-—‘‘ The ground colour is dark chestnut-brown. The band marking is clear blackish as in ab. spadicea, Hb. But to this is added the marking of ab. glabroides, Fuchs, the clear yellow margined orbicular, the clear yellow filled reniform and the broad yellow marginal band.”’ §S. Bavaria. ab. albovenosa, Schwda., Ent. Rund., LV, 524 (1938). Oris. Descrip.—‘‘ A completely unmarked dark red-brown male with fine white vein marking takes the name albovenosa, n. ab.’’ Albarracin, Spain. Orrhodia, Hb. (1821), Stdgr., Splr., Sth., Culot [Glaea, Hb. (1806), “ Tent.’? = Glaea, Steph., Curtis (1829): Cerastis, Hb. (1821), Dup., Barr.: Conistra, Hb. (1821), Meyr., Hamp. (Sth.), Warr.-Stz., Meyr., Drdt.-Stz.] ligula, Esp. (1788-?). Tutt, Brit. Noct., III, 4 (1892), IV, 121: Meyr., Hand., 65 (1895): Barr., Lep. Br. Is., VI, 17, plt. 234, 2 (1900): Stdgr., Cat., Illed., 209 (1901): Hamp., Lep. Phal., VI, 455 (1906): South, M.B.J., Il, 25, plt. 11, 7-10 (1907): Splr., Schum. Eur., I, 256, pit. 46, 33 (1907): Warr- Stz., Pal. Noct., III, 148, plt. 36 ed (1910) :, Culot, Neh Gani plt. 40, 9-13 (1914): Meyr., Rev. Hand., 119 (1928): Drdt.-Stz., Pal. Noct. Sup., ITI, 149 (1934). Reliable differentiation of the named forms is practically impossible. Scarcely any author can be sure of what form is meant by the name. The same name has been used for more than one form. The collation of the various forms has not been possible so that Warren and Draudt in both volumes of Seitz have simplified their summaries omitting much that was inexplicable. The older authors seemed to confuse the two species so much that it appears futile to give notes on the illustrations or on the descriptions. Even Herrich-Schaeffer in his figure labelled brigensis, 459, said to be an ab. of ligula, has not the distinctive shape of ligula. He does not consider the species in his text. Esper, Abbild., IV, plt. 162, f. 6, gave a figure of an insect he called var. vanescens of vaccinti, LL. Wernebg., Beitr., II, 48 (1864), generally very reliable in judgment, places this form to dolosa, Hb., but Draudt in Stz. (1931) considered it a form of ligula. The build of canescens is not that of ligula, which has a more pointed forewing and is slightly hollowed out below the apex, nor has it much resemblance to dolosa, Hb., which has more and different marking. According to the figure of Esper the striking feature is the radiation of the marginal markings of the underside forewing, with a much lighter ground of the hindwing below amd contrasted darker markings. H.-S., Sys. Bearb., II, f. 459, named brigensis, is stated by Culot to be referable to vaccinii-polita, Hb., 178, and not to ligula-brigensis, Bdv. H.-S. gave no letterpress on ligula. Gn., Noct., V (1), 381, did not recognise ligula, Esp., as the typical figure, a form practically unknown in England, but took the spadicea, i Fo-penaietiog as 8 oy Beare i. All MS. and EDITORIAL MATTER should be sent and all PROOFS returned to ; Hy. J. TURNER, ‘“‘ Latemar,” 25 West Drive, Cheam. We must earnestly request our correspondents NOT TO SEND US COMMUNICA- TIONS IDENTICAL with those they are sending to other magazines. REPRINTS of articles may be obtained by authors at very reasonable cost if ordered at THE TIME OF SENDING IN MS. Articles that require ILLUSTRATIONS are inserted on condition that the | AUTHOR DEFRAYS THE COST of the illustrations. TO OUR READERS.—Short Collecting Notes and Current Notes. Please, | Early.—EDs. 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SOCIETY FOR BRITISH ENTOMOLOGY.—All meetings suspended Ge notice. Hon. Sec., E. Rivenhall Gojfe, 102 High Street, Southampton. i Green, H. Donisthorpe, P. BM: Allan, “Rev. G: Wheeler, (The He Rev. c ‘N Burrows, H. W. Andrews, 8. G. Castle Russell, Dr E. A. Cockayne. ta ‘ AWA tka “ Latemar,’’ 25 West Drive, Cheam. BACK VOLUMES OF The Entomologist’s Record and Journal of Variation (Vols. I-XXXVI.) CONTENTS OF VOL. I. (Most importani only mentioned.) GENUS Acronycta and its allies—Variation of Smerinthus tiliae, ey coloure ee plates—Differentiation of Melitaea athalia, parthenie, and aurelia—The Double day BOO lege Bo a ae eo on Tacnocanpiae ae etc., etc., 360 DD. CONTENTS OF YOL. II. Ms ing Amphidasys Modnenenin and A. peilana Melawiee and. Taniperatn ed Differentiation of Dianthoecias—Disuse of wings—Fauna of Dulwich, Sidmou A Si London—Generic nomenclature and the Acronyctidae—A seach nh at | Ran. —Hymenoptera—Life-history of Gonophora derasa, etc., ete., 312 PP. 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LTD., 1-4 BEDFORD COURT, BEDFORD STREET, LONDON, W.6.2 . ‘ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD” Publications. List of British Geometers: with named varieties and synonyms. By Hy. J. Turner, F.R.E.S. Price, one copy, is 0d; two, is 6d Supplement to Tutt’s British Noctuae, Vol. I. By Hy. J. Turner, F.R.E.S., FEROS.) CVols TT ins COURSE) | 552 csioec cack aasonodsnee use oe ee ee eee ne eee eee ee 10s 6d Butterfiles of the Upper Rhone Valley. By Roger Verity, F.R.E.S. ......... 98 6d FOODPLANTS OF THE LARVAE OF BRITISH TRYPETIDAE (DIPTERA). BY M: -NIBLETT::~ A) FEW “COPIES ONLY sicckiiiiieestccasesuaeccts nucceaesnieeee is 0d To be obtained post free from H. W. ANDREWS, 6 Footscray Road, Eltham, S.E.9. a ee eS a. THE MELANIC FORMS OF ORTHOLITHA, MUCRONATA, SCOP. 25 THE MELANIC FORMS OF ORTHOLITHA MUCRONATA; SCOR, ~ AND O, SCOTICA, COCKAYNE. ee Zoeloay "2\ = 12820 By E. A. Cockayne, D-M., A.M., F.R.C.p( AUG 221941 LipRaR* Since I wrote my paper showing that three species, all found in Great Britain, were included under the name Ortholitha mucronata (Proc. South, Lond, Ent. and N.H. Soc., 1939-40, p. 59) I have seen melanic forms of both O. mucronata and O. scotica. The recognition of 0. wmbri- fera, Prout, and O. scotica as species distinct from mucronata has made the names applicable to the melanic forms uncertain. Hitherto both ab. luridaria, Bkh., and ab. nigrescens, Cockerell, have been regarded as synonyms for the melanic form of mucronata, the former accepted as its correct name in the original edition of Seitz and the latter in the Supple- ment. I appealed to Mr L. B. Prout for help and he kindly wrote as follows: —‘* You will notice that Cockerell’s name (Entom., 1889, xxii, 55) is founded solely on a bibliographical reference (Entom., 1883, xvi, 188), and that therefore the indisputable type is a specimen, which Porritt took on Strensail Common, July 14th, 1883. It is described as almost uniformly sooty-black. The rust-coloured lines, which in the ordinary type are so much darker than the ground colour, are paler in the variety. It is erected as an ab. of palumbaria (mucronata) and should under normal circumstances be attached to that species, unless the plac- ing can be proved erroneous.”’ Fortunately, the type is in the Tolson Memorial Museum, Hudders- field, and Mr Aubrook, the Curator, very kindly sent it to me for identi- fication. It is the only melanic specimen in the Porritt collection and isfaemales ivir’ WBS Prow:s Mr W-. H) T. Tams, and i agreed ain- dependently that it was a form of mucronata, and Mr Tams confirmed this by an examination of the genitalia in situ. Ab. nigrescens, Cockerell, is therefore a form of mucronata. The figure in Barrett’s British Lepidoptera (Pl. 378, fig. 1c), although it does not agree very well with Porritt’s description, must be a figure of the type, since Porritt only possessed the one specimen. Borkhausen’s types are lost, so that it can never be proved to which species ab. luridaria belongs. All we know about Borkhausen’s palum- baria is. what is found in his own volume (vol. v, pp. 59-61). Its two lines were almost straight, and it was common with him and flew twice in the year, in May or the beginning of June and again in July and the beginning of August. As to luridaria as a new species (p. 62), Bork- hausen had taken it only once at the beginning of June in a wood near Darmstadt, where it flew with the palumbaria. Mr Prout says that if we could find out that both species occur there and are tolerably regular as to their times of appearance, we might from the date early June find a definite argument for making luridaria = melanic umbrifera or scotica. The former is the more likely, since it is doubtful if scotica occurs in Ger- many. Unfortunately, Mr Prout has no material from Darmstadt and if is uncertain whether only one species occurs there or whether both mucronata, and wmbrifera are found there in the same locality. Most of the central European material, so far as tested, seems to be muc- ronata, and as Heydemann was the first author to attach it in any critical sense to mucronata rather than to wmbrifera or scotica, it may 26 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/117 /1941 be allowed to rest there unless the determination can be proved erroneous. Borkhausen’s lwridaria had ‘“‘ dull black glossy ground colour nearly as in Ph. Bombyx jacobueae, the hindwing becoming lighter at base, shading off in some measure to black-grey. Lines of forewing straight, on their reverse sides light-edged; in addition traces of a sub-basal line. Hindwing unmarked.”’ The melanic form of O. scotica is as yet unnamed, and I propose to name it ab. nigrescens n. ab. The large discoidal spot often separated into two parts and the wavy lines of typical scotica are visible. In some specimens the antemedian from the costa to the subcostal nervure runs towards the base and not towards the apex as in mucronata. The ground colour is blackish grey, not so dark as in melanic mucronata, and the lines are blackish, show- ing little or none of the rust colour so characteristic of melanie muc- ronata. The sub-basal line is edged distally by a clear light line and the antemedian is edged proximally and the postmedian distally by a line equally pale and clear. In some specimens the line distal to the postmedian is not sharply defined, but merges into the ground colour, which becomse gradually darker towards the termen. In such speci- mens the submarginal line is clearly visible. The ground colour in some is darker in the basal and median areas, so that the space be- tween the sub-basal and antemedian appears distinctly hghter. The light edges to the lines are much more conspicuous than in melanic mucronata. The hindwings are grey with a darker grey transverse line edged by light grey, and the discoidal spot is more distinct than in melanic mucronata. Like typical scotica, it is smaller and has narrower wings than melanic mucronata. There are 9 males in beautiful condition in the British Museum (EK. R. Bankes Coll.) taken at Aviemore, Inverness-shire, 9-22,vi.1909, by E. R. Bankes. I have a slightly damaged female without abdomen with no data from Canon Cruttwell’s collection. All these can be taken as syntypes. I have a male also without data from Canon Cruttwell’s collection. This 1s darker without light lines, but with large discoidal spots in both fore and hindwings. The lines, though straighter than in most scotica, are not rust coloured. It is probably a melanic scotica. It is not unlikely that these came from Rannoch, where Canon Cruttwell used to collect. We have, therefore, Ortholitha mucronata, Scop., ab. luri- daria, Bkh., 1794 (ab. nigrescens, Ckll., 1889) and O. scotica Ckyne., ab, nigrescens, n. ab. So far no melanic form of OU. umbrifera, Prout, has come under my notice. O. mucronata, ab. luridaria appears to be rare, but widely spread. There are three in the Zoological Museum, Tring, a male labelled New Forest, 15.vii.1886, and two females, one from the O’Reilly collection, labelled Tunbridge Wells, 1868, and the other without data. Mr CG. N. Hawkins has a fine male from the New Forest, and Mr A, A. W. Buck- stone has some taken the first week of July at Headley. Apart from those mentioned above, I know of no O. scotica, ab. nigrescens. GLANURES MYRMECOLOGIQUES. 2 GLANURES MYRMECOLOGIQUES. By Horace DontstHorpez, F.Z.S., F.R.E.S., ete. HyYMENOPTERA—F ORMICIDAE. In Dr F. Santschi’s ‘‘ Fourmis d’Indochine. Faune Entomologique de L’Tadochine Frangaise, 8, 95-117 (1924),”’ all the species and varieties described, and recorded as new, had already been described by him in Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., 60, 158-176 (1920). In fact, the two papers are almost identical, except that the figures in the 1920 publication do not appear in that of the 1924; and in the latter a few forms are recorded from Indo-China not mentioned in the 1920 paper! This is very misleading, as, of course, the dates for the publication of the species are incorrect when recorded again in the Zoological Record for 1926 (in which the 1924 names appear). PSEUDOMYRMINAE—TRIBE PsEUDOMYRMINI---PSEUDOMYRMA. De Dalla Torre (1893) and Wheeler (1911) give Lund as the author of this genus, and Emery (1921) gives Latreille. As neither of these views is correct, I have gone into the matter, and give the results of my investigations in full as follows :— Lunn [Annales des Sciences Naturelles, 23, 137 (1831)] in a letter addressed to M. Audouin on the habits of some ants from Brazil, after rnentioning some species with very large eyes and solitary habits, says— “ M. Latreille, 4 qui j’ai fait part de ces individus, a proposé de leur donner le nom de Pseudomyrme qui leur convient en effet parfaitement. J’en ai rapporté cing & six espéces.’’ EF. EK. Guértmn Ménevitze [‘‘ Iconographie du Regne Animal de G. Cuvier,’’ Insectes, p. 427 (1844), Paris, 1829-1858. Sub. ‘‘ Sous-genre Pseudomyrma’’] gives a good description and writes—‘‘ Aprés avoir écrit ces lignes, nous trouvons a la fin d’une lettre de M. Lund sur les habitudes des Fourmis du Brésil (Ann. des Sc. Nat. ist Série, t. 23, p. 137) Vindication d’un groupe de Fourmis solitaires, dont les yeux sont erands et dont le pédicule de Vabdomen est formé de deux noeuds. Latreille, a qui M. Lund avait montré cing & six espéces différentes, a en la méme idée que nous, et il se proposait de créer un genre avec ses especes sous le nom de Pseudomyrme. Nous adoptons cette dénomi- nation.” Smitu [Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 3, 156-7 (1855)] in a paper on some ants from Brazil under Pseudomyrma, writes ‘‘ Genus Pseudomyrma, Guér. The name Psewdomyrima. is proposed for the insects comprised in this genus by Lund in the Annales des Sciences Naturelles, 1831; but the only character there given is the extraordinary size of the eyes; the genus is fully characterized by Guérin in the Iconographie du Réegne Animal.’’ SmirH [Cat. Hym. Ins. Brit. Mus., 6, Formicidae, 153 (1858)— “Genus 9, Psewdomyrma. Pseudomyrma, Guér., Icon. Reg. Anim., 427 (1835-8).”’ De Datta Torre [Cat. Hym., 1, Formicidae, 55 (1893)]—‘‘ Pseudo- myrm2, Lund, Ann. Sc. Nat., 1831, p. 137.” 28 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15 /TI1/1941 WHEELER, in a paper ‘‘ A List of the Type Species of the Genera and Subgenera of Formicidae’? :Ann. New York Acad. Sci., 21, 171 (1911)]. sives “ Pseudomyrma, Lund, Ann. Sci. Nat., xxiii, p. 137, 1831.” Emery, Genera Insectorum, Fasc. 174 A, p. 28 (1921), gives ‘‘ Pseudo- myrma, Latreille, in Lund. 2sewdomyrme, Latreille, in Lund, Ann. ScmeNate Vol) 23. Isles) Suprporn, Index Animalium, 1801-1850. March, 1929, p. 5196, gives ‘© Pseudomyrma, F. FE. Guérin, M. Iconographie, 1844, Ins. 427, Hem. (sic!). Pseudomyrme, Watreille, Ann. Sci. Nat., xxiii (90), June, USS Sys lela NoMENCLATOR ANIMALIUM, 1758-1922, Preus. Akad. Wissens. Zw. Rerlin, Bd. 4, N-P., p. 2916 (1935). Berlin, 1932-35, gives “ Pseudo- myrma [pro. Pseudomyrme, A. W. Lund, 1831]. F. E. Guérin, Méne- ville, Tconogr. Régne an., V. 3, Ins., p. 427, 1844, Hym. Form.” Neave, Nomenclator Zoologicus, Vol. iii, M-P., p. 998 (1940) :— “ Pseudomyrma (pro. me, Latreille, 1831). Guérin Meéneville, 1844, Iconographie, Ins. 427, Hem. Pseudomyrme, Latreille, 1831, Ann. Sct. Nat., 33 (90), 137, Hym.”’ Lund (1831) did not describe the genus sufficiently; furthermore, ‘* Pseudomyrme ’’ is in the vernacular and cannot stand. Latreille did not describe it at all. Guérin (1844) gave a good description, and was also the first to latinize ‘‘ Pseudomyrme *’ into Pseudomyrma; therefore he is the author of the genus. Smith was correct (1855), only he overlooked the fact that in Lund ‘“‘ Pseudomyrme ”’ was yroposed, not Pseudomyrma. Smith (1858) correct, except for the date. It is curious that such authorities as Dalla Torre (1893), Wheeler (J911), and Emery (1921) should go >ack to Lund, and Latreille, as the authors of this genus. Sherborn (1929) showed that the part containing Pseudomyrma was published in 1844. He unfortunately writes ‘‘ Hem.’’ (Hemiptera) in- stead of Hym. (Hymenoptera), no doubt as a slip; and Neave (1940) repeated the error by “opying Sherborn. I should quote the reference to this genus thus :—Pseudomyrma, Guér., Iconogr. Reg. An. Ins., 427 (1844). (To be continued.) COLLECTING NOTES. Notes oN Britiso MorHs.—Continued from page 20. Drepana falcataria.—I have taken these larvae, fairly commonly, on young Birch bushes, from July to October. Moths have emerged as early as the 17th May; but the main emergence appears throughout June. Stragglers (of ? a second brood) have come out in July and August. Drepana binaria.—I have beaten full-fed larvae, from Oak trees, throughout September. Moths have emerged, in iny cages, during the following May. [I caught a female, in my moth-trap, on the 28th of August. Drepana cultraria.—\I have never succeeded in finding the larva of this beech-feeding species; but I have disturbed the moths from Beech COLLECTING NOTES. 29 trees in May and June and, again, in September. When on the wing, the moth might be mistaken for the common ‘ Yellow Shell ” (C. bilineata). Drepana lacertinaria.---I have found full-fed larvae of lacertinania throughout August and September, up to early October. Moths usually emerge in May, but have appeared as early as the 17th of April. A second brood is ‘‘ on the wing ”’ in July and August. The earlier emer- gencies produce moths of a browner colour and more closely striated pattern. Moths of the second brood are of a more uniform tawny colour. Oiiz glaucata.—Full-fed larvae oceurred in September, on Crataegus oxyacantha. Their presence is indicated by the skeletonization of the upper surface of the leaves. Moths have appeared in May and—again— in July and August. Earias chlorana.—l have usually found these larvae within leaves cn the terminal shoots of willow. But, when collecting Tortrix larvae on Sallow bushes, in a swampy field near Aldershot, I was surprised to find a larva of this species amongst my collection of Sallow shoots. This larva formed a boat-shaped cocoon on the 18th of August and the moth emerged on the 22nd of the following March. JLarvae found on willow, in July, have not appeared, as moths, before May Hylophila prasinana.-—Full-fed larvae are common on the underside of Oak leaves, towards the end of September. They are recognizable by the crimson line on each side of the anal claspers. Moths have appeared, in my cages, towards the end of April up to mid-June. Hylophila bicolorana.—l have beaten out young larvae, from Oak trees, in September and October; but have never brought them throngh to the adult stage. I have taken the moths, at light, in June and July. Sarrothripus revayana.—Larvae are abundant on Oaks during July and—again—in September. They may ke recognized by the sparse white hairs on the back. I have found the boat-shaped cocoons, surmounted on a short pedicel, attached to Oak leaves in June. Moths have emerged towards the end of July and during August. The moth apparently hibernates as I have beaten it out from bushes quite late in the year. Nola cucullatella.—I have not seen the larva of this species; but have, on several occasions, found the cocoons attached to twigs of hawthorn. The resulting moths have appeared in July. Nola strigula.—I have collected moths, on tree-trunks in the New Forest, in July. Nola confusalis.—This species is common at Camberley, where J have taken it, on tree-trunks. in May and June. TI have also taken it, at light, early in July. Arctia caja.—lLarvae of the so-called ‘‘ Garden Tiger ’’ are common ohjects in most gardens. My first interest in entomology dates from when, a child of six vears, I was allowed to keep une of these cater- pillars in a cardboard box, with a panel cut out of it and muslin pasted over it, and was encouraged to watch its transformations from larva to cocoon and then to the gorgeous moth appearing in July. JT have never succeeded in raising any of the remarkable varieties that appear in many collections. Arctia villica.—A friend (Mr Gordon Cuff) raised, from ova, a series of larvae, which he fed throuch the winter on ‘‘ Chickweed.’’ He gave me some of the cocoons, which produced moths in April and May. 19) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15 / TIT /1941 Callimorpha dominula.—I have taken this moth at Bere Regis, in Dorset, and have received larvae from the neighbourhood of Dover. These latter emerged in mid-July. JI have also had larvae from Stroud (Glos.), which I turned down in my garden at Camberley, in a thicket of nettles and Comfrey (Symphytwm), hoping to establish the species here, but with no success. Spilosoma lubricipeda (menthastri).—Larvae of this species, to be recognized by the reddish stripe along the middle of the back, are abun- dant in my garden. It is not particular upon what it feeds; but I have usually found it upon Tropaeolum. The moth flies readily to light and I have taken it from April to June. Spilosoma urticae.—I have received young larvae of the ‘‘ Water Ermine,”’ raised from ova by. Mr Charles de Worms. The moths hatched out (in captivity) during May and early June. TI have taken other moths at Wicken Fen. Spilosoma lutea (lubricipeda).—This larva, marked by a whitish line on each side of the back, is equally common on low plants in my garden. I have reared it many times but have never obtained any striking varie- ties. Moths are on the wing in June and July. Diaphora mendica.—I have bred the larvae from ova. The resulting moths appeared in May. Parasemia plantaginis.—l have taken the bara on the wing, at Emsworth, Hants, early in June. Diacrisia sanio.—] have never taken the larva of this species, but have, occasionally, found the cocoons amongst heather. The moth, which is abundant on heaths around Camberley, is on the wing in June and July. The males are seen more commonly than the females. Coscinia cribrum.—I have taken the moths, at light, on a heath near Wareham, in July. Deiopeia pulchella.—The only British caught that I have seen was shown me by a school-boy who knocked it down with his hat, on a cricket- field at Eastbourne, in the year 1917. Hipocrita jacobaeae.—The larvae of this species are abundant wher- ever ‘‘ Ragwort ”’ occurs. Nudaria mundana.—I found moths, at rest, in Wales, at the end of July, and I have raised it from larvae taken at Stroud (Glos.). Comacla senex.—The moths were common at light, in the Wicken Ien, in early July. T have seen it at Camberley on one occasion only, when a single specimen came to light in my moth-trap. Miltochrista miniata.—This pretty little rosy moth is common in the Camberley district. JI have beaten it out from shrubs and trees in July and August. Cybosia mesomella.—The ‘‘ Four-dotted Footman ’’ occurs, commonly, amongst heather around Camberley, where it may be disturbed through- out the month of June. Inthosia deplana.—I have taken this moth frequently, in my moth- trap, in July, and, occasionally, the varieties ochreola and wnicolor. Inthosia lwrideola.—Abundant everywhere. The moth is on the wing in July and August. Inthosia complana.—I have found the so-called ‘‘ Scarce Footman ”’ to be equally common, at Camberley, as the previous species. COLLECTING NOTES. SIL Lithosia sororcula.—I have taken this species only in the New Forest, in June. Habrosyne derasa.—lWarvae of this species may be beaten from Rasp- berry and Bramble bushes, at night, in September. The resulting moths emerge the following June and July. Thyatira batis—Larvae of the pretty ‘‘ Peach-blossom ’’? moth have the same habits as the preceding species. In beating brambles it 1s advisable to be provided with a beating-tray armed with corners of tin. Palimpsestis octogesima.—Almost fuil-fed larvae were taken on ‘‘ Silver Poplar ’’ on 28th August. The resulting moths emerged early in the following June. Others have been taken, in my moth-trap, in July. Palimpsestis duplaris.—I have not found the larvae of this species, but the moths frequently come to light in July. Asphalha diluta.—I have taken the moth on street lamps on the out- skirts of Camberley, in September. Polyploca ridens.—I have frequently beaten full-grown larvae of this species from Oaks in the Camberley woodlands, towards the end of June. The larvae are unusually flaccid and might be mistaken for diseased caterpillars. But they pupate and have emerged, in due course, in March and April. Polyploca flavicorms.-—Larvae of the ‘‘ Yellow Horned’’ may be beaten from small Birch bushes in June, and the moths are common, at light, in March. Demas corylt.—-I have found larvae in various months from June to October. A half-grown larva was beaten from Beech on 10th October. Moths have emerged, in my breeding cages, as early as the 20th cf April, and, again, in the middle of July. Acronista leporina.—These larvae occur commonly around Camberley, in all stages, from July to late September. The resuiting moths have emerged throughout June and I have taken fresh examples, at light, towards the end of July. Acronicta aceris..—I have not seen the larva in the neighbourhood of Camberley, but I have taken it elsewhere. The moths have appeared early in June. Acromcta megacephala.—I find the larva commonly on Aspen and ‘Silver Poplar.’? They often rest on the stems of these trees where their colour harmonizes with the bark. I have taken the moth, at light, in June and July. Acronicta psi.—Larvae of the ‘‘ Grey Dagger ”’ are abundant every- where, on the foliage of various trees. They may be known by the tall and slender hump near the front of the middle of the back. I am quite unable to distinguish between the moths of psi and tridens. I admit, in my cabinets, only such as have been bred by myself. Moths appear in June and July. Acronicta tridens.—The only larvae of the ‘‘ Dark Dagger’ that | have seen were given to me. They are distinguished by a smaller and tufted hump in the same place. Acronicta rumicis.—I used to find larvae of this species in Kent, feeding on thistles. The resulting moths emerged towards the end of May.—E. Ernest Green, F.R.E.S. 39 ENTOMOLOGIST’ $ RECORD. 15/111/1941 Heopes (LycAENA) PHLAEAS IN NortH Scortsnp.—Though this species was reasonably common at Keiss in the autumn of 1935, not more than two individuals were seen in each ot the following four years. I could find no explanation for this sudden disappearance, and I can offer none for its reappearance in 1940, when about forty were seen. I saw one in good condition ou the moors on 11th June, and, during the following two days, four more in widely separate places of differing character. This first brood lasted until 25th June. On 12th August, two fresh specimens were seen at the seashore, and a week later five, in fine condition, on the moors. During the rest of the season nine more were observed, the last being among sand dunes on 2nd October. This note should dispose of the widely-held theory that phlaeas does not occur north of Forres.— Sincuatr Swanson, M.A., Keiss Village, Wick, Caithness. Varyine Actions oF Brzs.—dth April 1940, being a very fine day, I decided to try some experiments with bees suggested by Frangon’s book. Accordingly I primed three bees on a mixture of sugar and water, and observed the results. As soon as I marked the first bee, it flew away hastily, but returned to the sugar after 144 minutes (the hive was about three hundred yards distant). It remained for 14 minutes, then flew to the side. It returned for a few seconds, after which it again flew to the side and cleaned itself. Tinally, it flew away and did not return for 23 minutes. It visited the sugar several times for a few seconds, and also visited flowers nearby. Ten minutes after returning it flew away and did not come back. The second bee did not return to the sugar, though I saw it several times visiting flowers. Perhaps it was not properly primed. With the third bee there was no such doubt, yet it did not return to the garden. While I was making these experiments, other bees from the same hive, which were visitiug flowers in the vicinity completely ignored the sugar.—SINcCLAIR Swanson, M.A., Keiss Village, Wick, Caithness. Borys FERRUGALIS, H8., IN CUM3ERLAND—NEWwW County ReEcorp.— This moth appears to be somewhat erratic in its occurrence and there are also wide gaps in its recorded distribution in the British Isles. Barrett (Vol. 1x, p. 215) says it is ‘‘ scarcer in Durham, possibly ab- sent from the three other northern counties.’’ Over the border, how- ever, he mentions it from Kirkcudbright. Nothing was known of it in Cumberland, when the Carlisle Natural History Society published its ‘ Catalogue of the Lepidoptera ”’ of the county a few years agu in Vols. i to v of its Transactions. It will therefore be of interest tc record that it can now be added to the Cumberland list. I tock a specimen in September last in my garden in Carlisle, presumably an intruder from outside, as this small plot of giound nas been under observation for many years and I have never ncticed the species before. A casual sccurrence like this is, however, in keeping with the moth’s erratic habits.—F. H. Day, 26 Currock Road, Carlisle, February 5, 1941. CURRENT NOTE. We regret to record the death of Mr P. M. Bright, of Bournemouth, as the result of an accident. AUG 22 i944 LipbkAKL- 13620 RECORDS AND FULL DESCRIPTIONS OF VARIETIES AND ABERRATIONS, intended for the Annual Exhibition of the South London Entomological Society which, owing to the war, could not be held. Compiled by S. G. Castre Russevt and Hy. J. Turner for publication in the Entomologist’s Record and for the Proceedings of the Society. Mr J. L. Atkinson.—Nymphalis antiopa, L. A specimen taken by the exhibitor sunning on a fence in his garden at Tankerville, Kent, at 6.30 p.m. on the 8th November 1940. Mr F. W. Andrews.—Polygonia c-album, L. LONDON, w.c, 2. - English and Continental Pins. Stainless Steel Pins. Label Points. Relaxing Box--ready for use and long lasting; re=charge, 6d. ALL ENTOMOLOGICAL & BOTANICAL APPARATUS. : "Phone: TEMple Bar 1849. B K ON THE eae 00 BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES H. K. LEWIS & Co. Ltd., 136 Gower Street, London, W.C.1 LARGE LENDING LIBRARY __ SELECTION AVAILABLE Prospectus and list of recent Catalogue post free on request. additions on application. , Telephone: EUSton 4282 (5 lines.) INSECTS OF THE BRITISH WOODLANDS. By R. NEIL CHRYSTAL, M.A. (Dept. ef Forestry, University of Oxford). Illustrated with 12 half-tone, 72 line plates, and text illustrations. “Will certainly appeal strongly to Entomologists and to lovers of nature ”’— Entomologists’ Weekly. ‘““A veritable mine of information on insect life in general ’—Journal of R.H. Society. ‘ This hook combines an excellent introduc- tion to Entomology with the application cf science to Forestry ’’—The Naturalist. Price 8/6 net. By post 9/-. FREDERICK WARNE & CO. LTD., 1-4 BEDFORD COURT, BEDFORD STREET, LONDON, W.C.2 ““ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD” Publications. List of British Geometers : with named varieties and synonyms. By Hy. J. Turner, F.R.E.S. Price, one copy, is 0d; two, is 6a Supplement to Tutt’s British Noctuae, Vol. I. By Hy. J. Turner, F.R.E. S., BROS. > (VOL. STD AM OCOUTSE) oie oo cn ckecscesnssdagcthentvcoctanunecchasehsieepaanseteneas eee en Butterfiles of the Upper Rhone Valley. By Roger Verity, F.R.E.S. ......... $s 6d FOODPLANTS OF THE LARVAE OF BRITISH TRYPETIDAE (DIPTERA). BY (M, NIBLETT:..: A> FEW 1IODIS CHRYSOPRASARIA, ESP. A Zo0l0gy “7S By the Late Rev. C. R. N. Burrows, F.R.E.S. \ MAY 9 194g LIBRARY Again I have to introduce the insect, which we have to consider, by _ a somewhat unfamiliar name—unfamiliar inasmuch as it has not as yet come into common use. But Mr Prout in his paper on the ‘‘ Synonomy of Some of the Emerald Moths ” (Hntom. Record, 1900, p. 180), threshed the matter out, rejecting vérnaria of Schiffermiiller (1775), volulata, of Fabricius (1775), aeruginaria of Borkhausen (1794), as all invalid, leav- ing chrysoprasaria, of Esper (1794), as the correct name. Prout has now revised this name to immaculata, Thnbg. (Seitz, Pal. Geom. Supp., iv, 219). The passage to which I have been so much indebted is too long to quote, but is well worth bearing in mind when dealing with this ‘‘ Emerald.’’ Staudinger in his last Edition of the Catalog, 1901, re- tained the name vernaria with which we are so familiar, and gave chrysoprasaria as a synonym. In Buckell and Prout’s ‘‘ List of the Fauna of the London District ’’ lodis chrysoprasaria is substituted for vernaria. So far for the name. Mr Prout in his paper before quoted from the Hnt. Record speaks of this insect as a ‘‘ non-variable species.’’ I have certainly not myself observed any signs of variation, although, judging from several of its relatives, it would appear not unreasonable to expect such. The two lines upon the upper, and the single line upon the under-wings, appear to be invariable, so far as published records go, and I would sug- gest to those who are so circumstanced as to be able to collect this insect, that it might be worth while to rear it for aberrations, and aberrations would be worth having. I confess that I have become somewhat impatient of colour varia- tions of this most delicate group of insects. Suspicion arises—the loss of colour through fading or change of colour through accidental stain- ing. The ‘‘ Emeralds ” are sometimes given to producing individuals in which mal-nutrition or some purely accidental cause has reduced or possibly removed entirely the normal green colour. I feel some sort of respect for a white ‘‘ Emerald,’’ but none for a yellow one. The colour of our present species must be fairly permanent for my very ancient specimens still retain almost their original appearance. I am not then surprised when turning to my ‘‘ Index Entomologicus ”’ (which is, however, not brought up to date by many years) that aber- rations of [odis chrysoprasaria are not often recorded. In the Ento- mologist for 1873, p. 363, Mr H. W. Green records a specimen of “‘ a pale yellowish green.’’ And in the same magazine for 1889, p. 212, the Rev. G. M. A. Hewitt records the capture of ‘‘ a variety of G. vernaria, pale salmon colour, with the green tint showing in a dash on the two under-wings only.’’ To this is appended an editorial note, suggesting that the effect was brought about by the result of moisture upon the fugitive green colour. I am not able to say much about the life-history or habits of this insect. For a great many years I have lived away from its haunts, although I believe that it generally occurs at least in the South of England, where its food plant, Clematis vitalba, is fairly common. This plant chiefly affects chalky districts, but is by no means rare in 34 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/TV /1941 places which cannot be called chalk localities, and I believe that where Clematis occurs there our insect is also found. The food plant 1s some- what rare in the Mucking district, especially on the low lands, and I have not so far taken this ‘‘ Emerald ’’ thereabouts. Meyrick gives its locality as South England and Hereford and Norfolk. Kanes gives one specimen from Ireland, ‘‘ probably imported with a plant of Clematis.” The life-history was published in the Hntomologist for 1872, p. 168, and from time to time there have been notes in this magazine upon the wonderful protective coloration of the naked larva. I have beaten the larvae from Clematis from 1st September until 4th June. A little later, about the middle of June, it pupates, and the moth emerges in captivity before the end of June—but wild about the beginning of July. It can be beaten out of Clematis during the daytime, or netted at dark. It also flies freely to light, but I have no record of its capture at sugar. The male assembles freely to a virgin female, and has been observed (L. W. Newman, etc.) to evolve a strong scent. When I commenced my examination of the early stages of the Emerald Moths I scarcely realised the importance of the work which I had taken in hand, nor have I yet been able to sift and systematize the information which I have obtained, and J feel, now that I have arrived at the end of the eight British species upon which I set myself to work, that there is still a vast field of work needed to bring the whole into line. I had asked myself whether it would not be possible to use the evidence of the early stages of the larvae to amend or re- arrange the generic distribution of the species. Now at the end I feel it safe to remain dumb until I have been able to put together the result of the examinations. The unwisdom of jumping at conclusions is very evident when one takes in hand the present species, which, although lumped with papilion- aria in the genus Geometra, by Staudinger, and in Huchloris with pus- tulata, smuragdaria, and lactearia, by Mevrick, appear to be separated widely from all these by the structure and form of the egg, as well as the habit of oviposition, and from all but lactearia by the larval struc- ture. The eggs of this species are laid upon the leaf stalks or stems of the food plants in columns. I believe a most unusual method of oviposi- tion amongst Lepidoptera (Figure VII of my drawing) will give an im- pression of this habit. The series figured is a column of 7 eggs which have been vacated by the larvae. The eggs are set cross-wise on the base, so that they present the end view of the egg. It will be seen that the larva has not always emerged at the centre of the egg. So regular is the position that there is not one egg but is placed in an exactly parallel position. The number of eggs laid in series varies according to the will of the mother; sometimes only one or two, but sometimes as many as 12 to 14 (E. Newman, Hntom., 1865, p. 314). I have myself counted 13 in one column. I have represented (Figure VIII) a short series of eggs actually at the point of hatching. Unfortunately, I cannot say—for the series was broken from its support when it reached me—which is the top and which is the bottom of the column, but that point does not seem very material. It will, however, be observed that the highest egg is a failure IODIS CHRYSOPRASARIA, ESP. 35 —either infertile or injured, or not ready to emerge. The yelk-mass has collapsed and split; no larva has been formed within. The second is intended to show the larva which has emerged to the greatest extent, and I have indicated with some lack of success how of these three fully- formed larvae there is a distinctly—though infinitely small—progression in the advance of the larval head from below, as also in actual develop- ment. The fourth egg is another failure and the fifth appears not to have become sufficiently developed to begin its exit. But it is not only in the matter of oviposition that this insect is so abnormal compared with the rest of the ‘‘ Emeralds.’’ The shape of the egg itself is (Figure V) quite different, resembling more the ‘‘brick”’ form of some of the “‘ Thorns.’’ The severely flattened sides are, of course, a matter of necessity; while the square base—if one may call it the base—compared with the rounded micropylar face is more or less abnormal. In the rest of the group the sculpturing of the egg surface is more or less regularly and distinctly hexagonal, without any additional irregularities. In our present insect, however, the sculpturing is ex- tremely indistinct and difficult to detect, for it is dominated and obscured by the multitude of pits (or points) which cover the surface of the egg and between which the hexagonal sculpturing is only by care- ful foscussing to be seen (Figure VI). The freshly-hatched larva is not a very remarkable creature, and does not differ much from that of the other ‘‘ Emeralds.’’ It is chiefly remarkable for the prominence of the subsegments, which bave given me the greatest possible trouble and anxiety. The figure (1) proves (as is very often the case) to be unsatisfactory, as it has taken upon itself a nasty tilt which throws the parts out of their relative position. As a result the spiracles and their tubercules are not represented as they should be. There are no remarkable hairs. The body is wrinkled longitudinally, so closely and intraceably that I have been unable to follow the convolutions, while the before-named subsegments intrude themselves, hopelessly obscuring the lateral flange, which, however, exists. I can find but one tactile hair upon the first thoracic segment and one upon the second, but both are thick and blunt. Again on the sixth and seventh abdominal segments are to be seen these same thick-blunt hairs. The bifurcated front of the first thoracic segment seems rather remarkable and I have drawn it sepa- rately and in larger scale (Figure IV). This great projection is in dupli- cate, that is to say there are two projections, side by side, separated by the central ridge, which is shown in part. I may remark that the sculptur- ing upon this figure represents the larval countenance or complexion, whichever you like to call it. I can imagine no more terrifying feature than this seen at close quarters by the eyes of another larva. The en- larged first abdominal segment is shown in Figure IT. A more advanced larva in the first stadium is represented in Figure III. There is nothing much to remark about it. It is larger and older. The same hairs are present in the same positions. The bifurcate front of the first thoracic sezment has given me some anxiety, for in all my speci- mens arrived at the same stage the points have disappeared. I conclude that they have become modified, and tend towards a simple bluish bifid 36 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/1V/1941 ‘‘ frons’’’ so usual in the ‘‘ Emerald’’ larvae. I would also ask atten- tion to the subanal organ whose presence I first noticed in the larva of I. lactearia. My material fell short of my requirements, and I was, therefore, unable to follow the larval development further, much to my regret. I feel that I owe some sort of apology for the poorness of my re- marks. I have perhaps given more attention of late to other matters, and I find that I have most certainly got out of touch with fine micro- scopical details. Working, as I have been for months with objectives of small enlargement, has more or less unfitted me for minute investi- gations. EXPLANATION OF PLATE, IODIS CHRYSOPRASARIA, ESP. I. The larva newly emerged. a. Tactile hairs on Ist and 2nd thoracic segments. b. Tactile hairs on 6th and 7th abdominal segments. e. Bifid front of Ist thoracic segment. II. 1st abdominal segment. III. Larva further developed, but in same stadium. f. Buifid front of 1st thoracic segment modified. j. Sub-anal organ. IV. Bifid head of newly emerged larva further enlarged. d. The frontal projection. e. The complexion or countenance. V. The egg. VI. The egg sculpturing. VII. Series of eggs. @. Emergence holes. VIII. Eggs hatching. h. Dead egg. 1. Larva emerging, more advanced. GLANURES MYRMECOLOGIQUES. By H. DonistHorps, F.Z.S., F.R.E.S., ete. (Concluded from p. 28.) MyRMIcINAE—TRIBE CREMATOGASTRINI. Crematogaster, Lund, Ann. Sci. Nat., 23, 132 (1831), is given by De Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., 7 (Formicidae), 79 (1893), as Cremastoyaster. Lund, however, did not spell it with two s’s; therefore Crematogaster is correct. F. Smith, Cat. Hym. Brit. Mus., 6, 134 (1858), gives it cor- rectly, as does Emery, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., 56, 272 (1912): Gen. Ins., 174B, 127 (1922). Emery (1922 l.c.) gives the type of Crematogaster as Formica acuta, F., because Lund was writing about species from Brazil; but as Bingham had definitely cited C. scutellaris, Oliv., as the type, Faun. Brit. Ind. Hym., 2, 124 (1903), that species must stand. GLANURES MYRMECOLOGIQUES. 37 TrisE LEPTOTHORACINI. Myrmammophilus, Menozzi, Atti. Soc. Nat. Mat. (6), 3, 32 (1924). Modena, 1925. Subgenus of Leptothorax. The reference to this sub- genus is not given as such in the Zoological Recerd (1925), nor is it mentioned at all in Neave, Nomenclator Zoologicus (1940). DoLicHODERINAE—TRIBE TAPINOMINI. Tapinoma erraticum, Latr., subsp. ambiguum, Emery, ‘‘ Revision des espéces paléarctiques du genre Tapinoma,” Rev. Suisse Zool., 32, 57 (1925), rests on the characters of the male ant, for Emery states that the only differences between it and the typical form in the worker and female are the smaller size, especially in the 2. Concerning the ¢ he writes as follows:—‘‘ Le caractére le plus remarquable de cette sous espece réside dans la lame sous-génitale, qui est large du point qu’elle apparait, dans la vue dorsale de l’armure génitale, lateralement a la squamula; l’échancrure de cette lame est large, évasée et séparé des lobes latéraux étroits et arrondis comme chez nigerrimum. \/’armure génitale est faite d’ailleurs a peu pres comme chez le type d’erraticum ; le stipes est un peu plus petit et moins courbé. fongeur = 4 mm. a 4 mm., 5.’’ One of the localities he mentions for this ant is—‘‘ Sud de Angleterre (Donisthorpe) ¢,’’ and he adds it is probable that a small 3 and 9, given to him by Crawley, also belong to this same form. This subspecies, therefore, must be added to the British list. I gave him males from the New Forest. FoRMICINAE—TRIBE LASTIINTI. Chtonolasius, Ruzsky, Kas. Zap. Vet. Inst., 29, 630, 633 (1912), is spelt incorrectly by Emery, Gen. Ins., 183, 228, 231 (1925), as Chthono- lasius hy adding a second h, which was not used by Ruzsky. Emery also gives the reference as Arch. f. Naturg., 79, 59 (1913), and states that Ruzsky did not cite a type for this subgenus of Lasius; giving L. wm- bratus, Nyl., as type. In the reference given by us, however, Ruzsky distinctly cites L. flavus, De G., as type; which must stand. TRIBE FORMICINI. Adformica, Lomnicki, Polsk. Pismo ent., 3, 164 (1925), founded the subgenus ‘‘ Adformica’’ for the species of Formica in which the head is excised posteriorly in the worker, female, and male. He did not, how- ever, cite either as type, but he had overlooked the fact that Miiller, Bol. Soc. Adriat. Sci. Nat., 28, 133 (1923), had already founded a sub- genus Coptoformica for the same two ants—F. exsecta, Nyl., and F’. pressilabris, Nyl., but he also did not cite a type. I cited F. exsecta, Nyl., Brit. Ants, 2nd Edition, 316 (1927), as the type of Adformica, Lomnicki, but as that subgenus falls into the synonymy, I now propose F, exsecta, Nyl., as the type of Coptoformica, Miiller, by present desig- nation. TRIBE CAMPONOTINI. In 1926 Wasykiewicz gave the name of barbatus to a subspecies of Camponotus :—Camponotus (Myrmentoma) fallax, Nyl., subsp. barbatus, Wasyk., Trans. Tomsk. St. Univ., 17, 118 (1926); but Menozzi had already given the same name to a species of Camponotus in 1925 ;-- 38 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. . 15/1V/1941 Camponotus (Myrmotarsus) barbatus, Menoz., Atti. Soc. Mat. Nat. Modena (6), 4, 94 (1925). As Wasykiewicz’s name sinks, I propose the name of barbiger nom. nov. for this subspecies. DIPTERA—SYRPHIDAE. Microdon: M. H. Maneval, Bull. Soc. Ent. France, 42, 67 (1937), says that the myrmecophilous larvae of these flies live at the expense of the plant-lice cultivated by the ants. This, however, is quite incorrect for, as pointed out by Wheeler, Nat. Acad. Sci., 10, 244 (1924), ‘‘ The nature of the food of the Microdon larvae in the ants’ nests was for a long time problematic till Donisthorpe [Ent. Record, 24, 36 (1912)] succeeded in proving that the British species, M. muwtabilis, which lives with ants of the genera Formica, Lasius, or Myrmica, is a scavenger and feeds on the minute pellets expelled by its hosts from their infrabuccal pockets.”’ I reared a very young larva of this fly in a colony of Formica fusca housed in a ‘‘ Janet ”’ plaster nest. It became full grown, hilernated during the winter, pupated at the end of April. and emerged in May, having lived in the observation nest for just over twelve months. I pointed out that it was quite clear that the food of the larva consisted of the droppings and pellets (‘‘ Boulettes de nettoyage ’’) of the ants. See ‘‘ Guests of British Ants,’’ 126 (1927). Hntomological Department, Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), 10.11.41. LOOKING FORWARD. By An Otp MotrH-HunTEeER. January 19th. Two days ago the barometer, after standing high for several days, due to an east wind which brought twenty degrees of frost at night, fell to 29.2, and it began to snow. It has been snowing ever since. Snowing heavily and incessantly. The hills, which rise steeply to 1750 feet about the house, are blotted out and J might be living on an. ice-floe. The lane down to the village two miles away is impassable, for it is sunk below the level of the fields and the snow has now topped the hedges. There is no telephone; I am cut off from the world—or should be were 1t not for a strange voice which remarks, at monotonously regular intervals, ‘‘ This is the B.B.C. home service.”’ Supplies? J have plenty of tobacco. I have the wherewithal to re- fresh the inner man several times a day and to give him a grateful feel- ing amidships last thing at night. The cows are munching contentedly in their byre. We killed a pig not so long ago. From the kitchen de- partment comes the scent of freshly-baked bread. The churn was busy this morning long before dawn. But I cannot go to the village for my weekly ration of margarine: I shall have to eat butter instead, per- haps for weeks on end. Such is war. Like many another I have been driven far afield. Fate has set me down, nolens volens, in a country like that of my birth but utterly un- like my habitat of fifty years. Entomologically it is, for me, terra incognita. Indeed, I cannot find that an entomologist has ever ‘‘ worked ”’ this particular part of our island: the aged librarian in LOOKING FORWARD. 39 the nearest town has never heard of such a being. The textbooks ignore it. What, then, shall I find here in the way of moths when spring and summer come? Polia chi is, I know, as common as a barndoor fowl, for a boxful was sent to me, in Hertfordshire, last summer. Socia was found, in autumn, roosting high up in the chink of an oak. Trepida—trepida ot all moths—occurred in the shape of a full-fed larva beneath an oak hard by the front door, after a torrential downpour. And who, before, ever heard of trepida at his very doorstep? These things, sent to me by a forerunner (gifted with such eyesight as can spot a sleeping socia in a chink of oak-bark ten feet from the ground) have set me wondering. - What else shall I find if Fate keeps me prisoner for spring and summer in such a wonderland? There is no poplar nor aspen, but much alder, sallow and willow. Ash grows everywhere, in the valleys and up on the hills. Hazel is the chiet hedgerow plant, hawthorn being almost uncommon and blackthorn rare. Oaks, ancient oaks, are still unfelled, with plenty of beech and an occa- sional elm. Higher, on the hills, there are birches, both trees and bushes, and, of course, heather and bilberry. Scots pine and larch are now the chief forest trees in a land that once was famous for its oaks. It is, of course, the birches that will claim my first attention in the spring. Moonlight aiding me I shall, I am sure, gather tincta larvae from them and, later, ova of both dromedarius and dictaeoides. And I shall find the wee larvae ot papilionaria, awakening from their :ong win- ter sleep, no matter how cunningly camouflaged they may be. I may even find versicolora—no, not the silly little moth that most of us still call strigilis, but the great, the noble, the handsome Glory of Kent, as old Moses Harris delightedly dubbed it. For these birches on the hillsides are sturdy bushes five and six feet high, such as versicolor hikes. They are sprinkled among the bilberry and hracken which add ochre, brown and purple tints to the grey limestone of the crags. Surely versicolor must be here. In April, too, perhaps even at the end of March if the Gods are benign, I shall find flavicornis perched at all sorts of angles on twigs and bark and dead bracken stems. Parthenias would not be out of placa in-such a spot, and if indeed he be here [ shall need no net: I shall try again, as I have tried so often in the past, to box him as he sits, his wings a-pent like a sleeping thawmas (but right way up), on a twig within easy reach. For it is one of my ambitions to box a roosting parthenias. He has eyes all over his wings, and in his tail, too, I think: one inch is the nearest I have ever come to him with a box. Like a hare in her form he watches me approach, notes the stealthy movements of my hands, eyes the nearing box, measuring its distance with critical eye, and then, just as I am about to cry Got him! he takes the words out of my mouth and sideslips off his perch in the twinkling of an eye. Notha, is just the same; a family trait I suppose. But notha will not be here: aspens are non-existent. Perhaps the birches will also provide me with Pebble Hooktips; for falcataria hits it off well with parthenias and indeed rivals the Orange Underwing in its dislike of pill-boxes—when it condescends to fly low. Happily its larva is easy to find and often prefers ridiculously small 40 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/IV/1941 bushes, whereon, full-fed, it is as conspicuous to the entomologist’s eye as is a unicorn in a water-meadow. Three of the Cymatophoridae should come my way in addition to flavicornis—duplaris, dilutu, and fluctuosa ; and since trepida is here J see no reason why ridens should not be pre- sent as well. Not that I am particularly fond of this family, for the larvae of all of them, except perhaps ridens, are wrigglers, and I prefer a caterpillar to move with becoming dignity. But it is pleasant to pit one’s wits against their attempts to defy inquisitive eyes. In the valleys, and indeed in every little bottom among the hills, alder and sallow flourish. Furcula, doubtless, I shall find; but biscuspis? Never yet have I taken bicuspis. Shall I indeed have the thrill this year of seeing my first bicuspis larva browsing or sleeping on an alder leaf swaying gently in the hot August breeze? And JI shall expect fagi too; for there are beechwoods in plenty, just the kind of woods that fagi iikes. Will he, I wonder, be of the palest grey, like some of those which, years agone, we took from sapling trunks on the Oxfordshire bank of Father Thames; or will he be as dark as Erebus, akin to ‘us Epping brethren? Whichever he be, he w2ll be weicome; for fagi has a personality. He sits as no other British moth sits, and he sleeps ike Rip van Winkle. Not even jirtaria sleeps more deeply. He eschews, too, the great beeches of his wood, preferring a sapling that can lull him to sleep as it sways in the morning wind. He is a most digni- fied insect. The alders will, I know, yield me dromedarius in perfusca form, for I have found this moth in plenty on the hills of a neighbouring county. On birch, too, I shall come across him and, what is more, high up on wind-twisted trees close to the 2000-foot contour. Leporina should gladden me sometimes, and surely the abundant hazels on the hillsides will harbour coryli. Chaonia I shall find at half-past four, as he runs a foot up the trunk of some ancient oak to dry his wings before seeking safety aloft. And in June I shall cut a hazel wand from a neighbouring hedge, strap my walking-stick to one end, and, hooking the crooked handle over high branches, shake his larvae from their lofty seats. On the 7th June I shall look for the Wood Tiger. He may be, as he so often is in the south, local, occurring in swarms in some grassy hollow of the hillside and nowhere else for miles. The Ruby Tiger, too, buzzing along in the sunshine for all the world like a red beetle a-wing, should remind me of his presence in the first week of May. He isa cheery little fellow and can sham dead as well as any beetle. Emperor moths there will be in plenty, and Fox moths and Oak Eggers will career about me when J cross the hills in June. And what of the Noctuae? Nearly forty that I have never set eyes on in Hertfordshire. Porphyrea, lucernea, pyrophila, agathina, castanea, depuncta, ditrapezium, sobrina, contigua, glauca, furva, nigra, turca, anomala, leucographa, opima, fulvago, solidaginis, both the Swordgrasses—all these and many others are ‘‘ possibles.’’ Butterflies? They do not interest me; but I shall notice small brown hairstreaks with green undersides flitting about the brooms that grow so freely on some of the hills. And on scabious plants in the meadows I expect to see, presently, nests of artemis. The Marsh Ringlet I shall COLLECTING NOTES. Al look for high up in the mountain bogs where cotton-grass abounds. Aglaia, of course, will be everywhere in July, on both low ground and high. There will be Blues and Graylings and Vanessids and Skippers . . Will be? Who knows what Fate hag in store for us in these times? We live from day to day, and when spring comes I may be far away from these lovely hills, these ancient oaks, these shaded beechwoods. But not even Fate herself can rob me of my daydreams, and come what may I shall go on dreaming until... It is still snowing? Then hand me that tumbler; put two lumps of sugar in it and a small stick of cinnamon; and give me that bottle. _ Now put the kettle on. To-morrow I shall clear the snow from that oak on the lawn and dig for trepida. COLLECTING NOTES. HIBERNATING P. ATALANTA.—A boy told me to-day (24th February) in the museum that he had that morning caught a ‘‘ Red Admiral.” On making enquiries I found that it had been taken in his father’s yard when a quantity of scrap iron was being overhauled. It is quite obvious that this specimen could not be a this year’s immigrant; it had evidently hibernated among the scrap iron and had been disturbed when this was being sorted.—Rev. GrorGE WHEELER, Worthing. SPHINGIDAE FROM THE BourNeMoutH District, 1940.—Sphinx pin- astri, Linn., was seen as early as 19th May, when a male was found drying its wings at the foot of a Scots Pine. This species was fairly common during 1940. A specimen of Deilephila nerti, Linn., was found at rest on a fence at Southbourne on 14th September. It was a fine female. I have seen the moth. It is in the possession of a local collector. Another nerii, also a female, was found at Fawley, near Southampton, and sent alive wrapped in cotton wool to a friend of mine. Consider- ing how it was sent, it is not in bad condition. This one was taken on 16th September. Deilephila livornica, Esp., has been noted twice in the district. One taken at Southbourne on 21st July and another taken in May at Hengistbury Head by Mr R. L. Ford ot the Imperial Institute of Entomology.—S. C. S. Brown, Bournemouth, 14th February. Errecr or Rain on Cetus oF ODYNERUS PARIETUM.—Last July cells of this species were lashed by heavy rain (aided by a stream of water from a roof). Half-completed cells were washed away, but the finished ones were unharmed. A few days later the wasps had made new cells to re- place those destroyed.—Sincuairn Swanson, M.A., Keiss Village, Wick, Caithness. Notes ON THE GENUS STaPHyLinus, L.—Fowler restricts this genus to six British species, but Beare’s Catalogue of 1930, by incorporating the genus Ocypus, Er., enumerates sixteen species. Following Fowler I find that five of his six species occur in Cumberland, two being fairly common, one of infrequent occurrence, and two rare. 42 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/1V/1941 S. pubescens, De G. I meet with almost every season in dry horse dung, which in colour it very much resembles. I have seen as many as half-a-dozen on one heap of droppings in a field in which horses were grazing, and the beetles were well-nigh invisible until they moved. S. erythropterus, L., is often picked up running on roads in spring and under stones on mossy hedge banks, while later in the year it may be found in flood rubbish and in tufts of herbage and at tree roots. S. stercorarius, Ol. I do not often see in Cumberland but have taken a few in the entrance to rabbit burrows on the coast sandhills, and also in the Eden Valley. A year or two ago I met with it in Ross-shire near Loch Maree, and also have a specimen from the Isle of Skye. S. parumtomentosus, Stein. (caesareus, Ceder.—of Fowler’s book) appears to be a southern species. The only Cumberland specimen I have seen is one [I captured on the wing in Carlisle in 1931. S. fulvipes, Scop., which Mr Wonisthorpe recorded from Windsor Forest in the January number of the Hnt. Record, p. 10, is rare in Cum- berland, as it is everywhere. I took one under a stone near Keswick, while working nests of the Wood Ant, so long ago as 1898. Some years later (1912) my old friend, the late W. E. Sharp, took another near the west end of Buttermere, so the Lake district is evidently where further cecurrences may be expected.—F. H. Day, 26 Currock Road, Carlisle, February 5, 1941. Notes ON VARIATION FROM THE WoRTHING Musrtum.—Z. guercus.— The specimen of ab. fisoni 9, with yellow replacing orange, not being very fresh, might be supposed to be merely faded. This is not so, as the eriginal specimen in Mr Fison’s collection is very fresh. R. phlaeas.—The first brood specimens in England are lighter than those of later broods. There is one August specimen from Scotland (Fife) which is very bright. The French spring brood specimens are not so bright as the English; the summer brood from Digne, though definitely eleus, have only short ‘‘ tails.’ June specimens from the Tyrol are very bright, as is also an Italian spring specimen, which has also a very broad border to the hindwing. The Italian examples from Fiesole, both in the summer and September broods, show a dark suffusion but are not eleus, they might be described as suffusa, Tutt, but not with ‘‘ ab.”’ before it. The Corsican specimens are puzzling. July specimens from Corte are mostly eleus, but one is very bright without suffusion; others, both June and July, from Corte and Vizzavona are also bright and show no suf- fusion. The Swiss spring brood are much like the English, but rather paler; the second brood from Berisal are dark, and though one shows much suffusion, they generally show very little. Summer specimens from Reazzino and the Val Naggia vary a good deal with regard to the amount of suffusion they show, some being quite of the elews form, while others of the same date show no suffusion at all. Specimens of the early brood from Cyprus are less bright than the Kinglish ones, the summer brood are of the eleus form. April specimens from Greece are much like English ones but rather lighter and with much duller border. There is one April specimen from Palestine, small, with a rather dull broad border to the forewing, while May, June and July specimens are much suffused on the upper side while the under side of the forewings is of a pale buff colour. There are two specimens from S. Finland both of a pale colour. This is CURRENT NOTES. 43 somewhat remarkable, as further north the bright hypophlaeas occurs. L. arion.—This species is not very well represented from the Con- tinent. There is a good series of Cornish specimens all lighter and brighter, and on the average smaller, than any other specimens in the collection. Those from the lower levels in Switzerland, e.g., from Weson on the Walinsee, approach them most nearly; those from Alpine locali- ties are generally of the form obscura, the blue, though bright, being almost covered with black. These are generally of large size on the Simplon, but smaller from other mountain localities, some from the Laquinthal being decidedly small. There is one very large specimen from Iselle entirely black and another from the Sarnthal in the Tyrol almost as dark. One small specimen is from the Pyrenees (Vernet), and a few from the Abruzzi almost as small as the English, but dark and dull. There are only two french specimens, a ¢ from La Grave and a ¥ from La Chambotte, above Lae Bourget, both large and bright, especially the @. L. .rgiolus.—I do not find the border of the Q noticeably broader in the second generation, though slightly so in one Q from Royston, but the under side is less spotted in both sexes in most cases. In the case of Italian specimens, all of which are less spotted, those of the second brood are generally almost without. Further south the border of the 9 becomes much broader, e.g., from Digne and Corsica, and in Cyprus it covers most of the disc. Most specimens from France, Switzerland and the Tyrol are large. In Italy the specimens of the first brood are small, those of the second brood are large. This species is generally quite common in my garden at Worthing in both broods, and I have taken it as early as March 31st. Outside the town it seems to be rather scarce, but I have taken it on the way up to Chanctonbury. E. argiades.—It is hardly necessary to say that there are no English specimens in this collection. At Mendrisio (S. Switzerland) the 9 is brown with two orange spots on the upper side of the hindwing. At Hautecombe on the Lac Bourget I have taken this species and the closely related E. alcetas at the same time in the same field. Here the 9 argiades is blue and suffused with black and easily separable from @ alcetas which is entirely brown in all specimens from France, Switzer- land, Italy and the Tyrol. All the small specimens of the latter are of the second brood, so if polysperchon belongs to alcetas it is quite wrong to speak of this as a spring brood. The first brood specimens of argiades from Hautecombe are also at least as large as the summer brood from Mendrisio.—Rev. G. WuHertErR, M.A., F.R.E.S. CURRENT NOTES, We are very pleased to record the election of Dr Hugh Scott, an Assistant Keeper of Entomology, British Museum (Natural History) to the Fellowship of the Royal Society. It will be remembered that some years ago Dr Scott went on a Natural History Expedition to Abyssinia. We have just received notice of the early issue of the final volume of the series commenced by Mr F. N. Pierce, F.R.E.S., and the late Rev. 44 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/1V /1941 C. N. Burrows, F.R.E.S., on the Genitalia of the Lepidoptera of the British Isles, viz., ‘‘ The Genitalia of the British Butterflies and Larger Moths.’’ Subscribers in advance can obtain a copy for 12/6, by sending to the Author at’ The Old Rectory, Warmington, Peterborough, Northants. Dr Bryan P. Beirne, F.R.E.S., of the Dublin Museum, is joint author of this present volume. In the Jast number we regretfully reported the death, by an accident, of Mr P. M. Bright. Our readers will doubtless remember that an in- tensive study of the Variation of Polyommatus (Lysandra) coridon was issued by Messrs Bright and Leeds a while ago. We now have to report that the whole of the specimens detailed in that work contained in a cabinet of 52 drawers has been bequeathed to the well-known and popular South Londen Entomological and N.H. Society. The collection will be on view in the Hope Museum, Oxford, under the care of Frof. Hale Carpenter for the duration, after which it will be housed in the rooms of the Society at the Chapter House, St Thomas Street, Southwark. As a member of this Society for over 50 years we can be a witness to its continued steady stability and advance. It has a most useful Lib- rary for those interested in the British Fauna and Flora and its collec- tions of all orders are very complete. Just at present, of course, its activities are somewhat restricted, but still a limited number of meet- ings, both indoor and in the field, are in the printed programme for the summer sessions, and several papers are to be read as is usual. EXTRACT FROM A LETTER FROM A. H. Hamm.—‘‘ [ have just been read- ing your note in the current number of the ‘ Record’ on V. wants in Kent, which caused me to remember that I once took a 9 sitting in the entrance of a wasp’s nest, and on looking it up in my collection found the specimen mounted with the wasp that I caught by placing my net over the entrance of the nest. Here is the note copied from the label: ‘© V. inanis, sitting in entrance to nest of Vespa vulgaris in bank, Hollands Wood, New Forest, August 16, 1908. Fly anc wasp caught in nest together.’ Two others were captured near Brockenhurst, cne 6, 14th August 1914, and a 9 16th August 1908. Have also taken it in §S. Devon, Newton Abbot. ¢ 11th Avgust 1900, ¢ 8th August 1902. I be- lieve hornets are scarce in Devon. Have only once taken it here at Oxford, Shotover Hill, ¢ August 1897. If you care to supplement your note with the above or any portion you are welcome to do so.’’—A. H. Hamm. [I think the facts in Hamm’s letter about the association of V. inanis and Vespa vulgaris are worth putting on record. I do not think we have any ‘‘ direct’ evidence that it breeds in nests of that species in this country, and his capture is fairly strong ‘‘ circumstantial ’’ evidence, much more so than my record if the capture of V. inanis in a locality in which I have not noticed hornets.—H. W. A.] Our correspondent, Mr A. J. Wightman, writes me: ‘‘ As regards vaccinu and ligula, in Nature they are unmistakable. I never saw a specimen which could equally well be either species. Vaccinti is a wood- land insect, ligula a low country species, most abundant just above the marshy wet ground, but it occurs in most places outside the woods.’’ THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (269) ssp. solimana, Drdt., Mitt. Miinch., XXVIII, 29 (1938). Orie. Descrip.—‘‘ Forewings clear soft bluish-grey; markings fine, especially the very narrow black basal streak. Quite distinct from pst by wholly dark brown-grey hindwings. Hindwing fringes esj-ecially white with indistinct fine blackish streaks between the veins. Underside strongly suffused with black.’’ Elburz. race crassistriga, Latt., Zeit. Oestr. Hnt. Ver., XXIII, 96 (1938). Fie.—l.c., plt. 8, figs. 1-12. Orte. Descrire.—‘ The ground colour of this race is a pure clear ashy-grey, which only in the female appears somewhat brownish; the transverse lines and marginal dots are only slightly developed, etc.’’ Corsica. This is a long comparative description, the sum total of which is that the markings and emphasis, are moderately increased in all the Corsican specimens as compared with a series of typical forms. P. (66) Add to the List of Forms of A. auricoma, Schiff., ab. virgo, Lempke, and ab. obscura, Lempke. P. (852) Add the Orig. Descrip. of these two forms after line 16 from the top. ab. virgo, Lempke, Tids. (1939), 206. . Orta. Descrie.—‘‘ The marginal area of the forewings is darker than the rest of the wings.’’ Breda. ab. obscura, Lempke, Tijds. (1939), 206. Orig. Descrie.—-‘‘ Ground of the forewings of a very dark blackish- grey-brown, markings in general less in evidence.’’ Groningen, etc. P. (71) Add to the List of Forms of A. euphorbiae, v. andalusica, Schwrd. P. (352) Add the Orig. Descrip. of v. andalusica at the bottom of the page. var. andalusica, Schwrd., Int. Ent. Zt., XXVIII, 416 (19384). Fies.—l.c., 7, .10. Ortg. Descrip.—‘‘ Many oo near Algeciras have somewhat nar- rower and more pointed wings, a brownish tone of colour of the fore wing and the inner marginal portion of the darkened discal area, which suggest at first that there is a new species. Examination of the geni- talia shows that it is ewphorbiae.”’ ‘‘ Interesting from the contrast in marking of the forewings. Around the stigmata and in the inner marginal area there appears a strong black coloration, especially in the basal and the outer area. Between the stigmata at the base, on the costa in the transverse double streak and in the stigmata whitish-grey. The fringes strongly chequered black and white. Distinguished from montivaga and acerbatu by the strong whitish-grey, from ewphorbiae by the decided black. This form and the typical form do not have the black spots on the forewings.’’ Algeciras. (270) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/1V /1941 P. (79) Add to the List of Forms of A. albovenosa, ab. tjurana, Drdt., and ab. geminipuncta, Boldt., after line 12 from the top. P. (354) Add the Orig. Descrip. of these two after line 7 from the top. f. tjurana, Drdt., Ent. Rund., LIII, 457 (1936). Fie.—l.c., plt. a 1. Ortc. Drescrip.—‘‘ Forewings white sparsely brownish powdered, the dark, longitudinal streaks bronze-brown, that below the median extends from base to margin and touches the length of the white vein 5. Veins are streaked with bronze-brown. Marginal dots absent. Hindwings white with brownish veins and marginal line.’’ Central Asia. ab. geminipuncta, Boldt., Tiyds. (1939), 199. Orta. Descrip.--'° The forewings have two black dots in the upper and lower corners of the median cell.’’ Amsterdam. P. (85) Add after line two the Orig. Descrip. of ab. concolor, Lempke. ab. concolor, Lempke, Tijds., 81, 245 (1938). Orie. Drscrip.—‘‘ Ground colour uniform deep grey, no white, nor- mal marking.’’ Holland. P. (146) Add to the List of Forms of N. dissoluta, Tr., ab. brunnescens, Rang. P. (147) Add the Orig. Descrip. of ab. brunnescens, Rang., after line 15 from the bottom. ab. brunnescens, Rang., Int. Ent. Zt., XX VII, 531 (1934). Orie. Descrip.—‘‘ Has black sealing in the discal area of the fore- wing and a very prominent black discal spot on all four wings, as well as a more distinct row of black dots just before the margin. Further, the underside is much more glossy.’’ Vienna. P. (151) Add to the List of Forms of N. algae, Esp. (cannae, Ochs.), ab. fusca, Bowles, ab. rosea, Bowles, and ab. obsoleta, Bowles. P. (152) Add the Orig. Descrip. of the above three forms after line 7 from the bottom. ab. fusca, Bowles, Ent. Rec., X, 287 (1898). Ornic. Drscrip.—‘‘ Anterior wings very dark fuscous-brown, with the markings scarcely visible. @ Fuscous-brown, the markings distinct.’’ Norfolk Broads. ab. rosea, Bowles, Hnt. Rec., l.c. Orica. Derscrip.—‘‘ Anterior wings and fringe of hindwings of a warm red in the males, and suffused with a rosy shade in the females. This is much brighter in fresh specimens, and after drying fades away slightly.’”’ Norfolk Broads. ab. obsoleta, Bowles, Ent. Rec., l.c. Orie. Descrip.—‘‘ Anterior wings pale yellow, with wainscot mark- ings wanting, except the two lowest black dots.’’ Norfolk Broads. THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (271) P. (154) Add to the List of Forms of N. sparganit, Esp., ab. immacu- lata, Dufr., ab. uniformis, Dufr., and ab. obscura, Duir. P. (356) Add the Orig. Descrip. of the above three forms after line 6 from the top. ab. immaculata, Dufr., Lambill., XXXV, 54 (1935). Ortc. Drescrip.—‘‘ Like the typical form, but on the forewings the dots forming lines, even those of the outer line, have completely disap- peared.’’ Vallée de la Sambre, Belgium. ab. uniformis, Dufr., Lambill., XX XV, 54 (1935). Oric. Descrip.—‘‘ Like the typical form but less dark, with less red- dish ; the only remaining, as markings, are the dots forming the external line of the forewings. The hindwings deeper than in the forewings.’’ Vallée de la Sambre, Belgium. ab. obscura, Dufr., Lambill., XX XV, 54 (1935). Orica. Descrie.—‘‘ The forewings are regularly strewn with reddish- grey atoms, and among them are easily seen the dots forming the external line. Hindwings very dark.’’ Vallée de la Sambre, Belgium. P. (176) Add to the List of Forms of H. crinanensis, Burrows, ab. jut- landica, Hoffmr. & Kndn. P. (176) Add the Orig. Descrip. of ab. jutlandica after line 18 from the bottom. r. jutlandica, Hoffmr. & Kndn., Flor. og Fn., 65 (1935). Descrip.—Stz., Pal. Noct. Supp., III, 262 (1987), ‘‘ is the Danish form; specimens with small dark and narrow wings.’’ P. (178) Add to the List of Forms of H. micacea, Esp., ab. discolor, Krul. P. (179) Add the Orig. Descrip. of ab. discolor, Krul., after line 6 : from the top. ab. discolor, Krul., Bull. Soc. Mosc. (1893) sep., p. 60. Descrip.—Stz., Pal. Noct. Supp., III, 188 (1935)—‘‘ Specimens with grey or black-brown colour, frequently with greenish, but not coppery, sheen.’’ Wiatka. P. (181) Add to the List of Forms of H. lewcostigma, Hb., ab. pallida, Heydm. P. (182) Add the Orig. Descrip. of ab. pallida, Heydm., after line 11 from the botton:. ab. pallida, Heydm., Ent. Zt., LIT, 47 (1938). Bies—l-¢., 1st Orig. Descrip.—‘‘ This Dutch (Lobith) captured, with perfect fringes, is wholly pale reddish-brown, the dull grey marginal area having wholly disappeared, so that the forewings show only the yellowish-white reni- form stigma. Hindwing dusky-white, equally paler than in the typical form, with dull grey veins and marginal line. (272) . ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/1V /1941 P. (184) Add to the List of Forms of A. putris, L., ab. jwncta, Lempke. P. (185) Add the Orig. Descrip. of ab. juncta, Lempke, after line 13 from the bottom. ab. juncta, Lempke, Tyds. (1939), 237. Orica. Drscrip.—‘‘ The two stigmata touching, but with unbroken encirclement.’’ Holland. P. (187) Add to the List of Forms of X. conspicillaris, L., ssp. ankar- ensis, Hrng. P. (189) Add the Orig. Descrip. of ssp. ankarensis, Hrng., after line 2 from the top. ssp. ankarensis, Hering, Int. ent. Zt., XXVI, 412 (1933). - Oric. Drscrip.—‘' Recognizable by the slightly contrasting colour. The ground colour is almost pure grey, without the brownish toning of the typical form, but not so black-brown as in the likewise distinctive form melaleuca from Ankara. The somewhat brownish toning is found chiefly in the paler costal area before tne apex. The new subspecies differs from the otherwise almost unicolorous European examples easily by the pure grey colour and more distinct marking. The thorax has dark grey hairing. The underside of the forewing and the costal marginal area of hindwing is strongly powdered grey as in our native specimens. The male has much less contrast of marking than the female.’’ Ankara. P. (243) Add to the List of Forms of M. furuncula, Schiff. (becoloria, Vill.), ab. pseudonychina-striata, Schultz, and ab. antitherts, Schultz. P. (246) Add the Orig. Descrip. of the above two forms after line 9 from the bottom. ab. pseudonychina-striata, Schultz, Int. Ent. Zt., XXVIII, 419 (1934). Oric. Drescrip.—‘‘ [See Int. Ent. Zt., Heydemann, XXXVIT, 331 (pseudonychina)| with the following very conspicuous marking: from the fine black basal streak there extends a straight-line black longitudinal streak through the whole of the forewing to the margin. This is the same marking as given by Warren in his form longistriata (Seitz, Pal. Noct., III, 173, plt. 40 1).” ab. antitheris, Schultz, Int. Ent. Zt., XXVIII, 419 (1934). Orig. Descrip.—‘‘ The outer half of the forewing chalk-white, the marginal portion of the whole slightly tinged brownish. The waved line on the outside slightly margined with brown. The fringes sharply chequered pale and dark. The inner haif of the forewings light brown- ish with darker marking. TES Anh 0 0u ree) oo nc nah sacsnnnstoonccseapgent enna comedians : ‘1056 Butterfiles of the Upper Rhone Vailey. By Roger Verity, F.R.E.S. ........ 9s ue FOODPLANTS OF THE LARVAE OF BRITISH TRYPETIDAE (DIPTERA). as BY M. NIBLETT. A FEW COPIES ONLY ........csccsccessess ssvicesesbapsuicetpan areal ca To be obtained post free from H. W. ANDREWS, 6 Seay noe Eltham, SED FOUR YEARS’ CAPTURES OF INSECTS IN LIGHT TRAPS IN IRELAND. 45 ¥20 | FOUR YEARS’ CAPTURES OF INSECTS IN LIGHT TRAPS IN IRELAND, By Bryan P. Berrne, Ph.D., F.R.E.S. During the years 1936-39 I have regularly used a moth trap during the summer months for collecting specimens, particularly Microlepidop- tera, but unfortunately, beyond noting the different species that came to the trap, no detailed records as to the number of specimens, weather conditions, etc., were kept. The trap used was of the box type, four and a half feet square and open at the front, the insects entering through a vertical slit between the edges of three sheets of glass, two at one side and one at the other, extending vertically from floor to roof and inclined inwards and slightly overlapping, but not touching, in the mid line, leaving a space of an inch or so between their inside edges. The inside of the trap was painted white and illumination supplied by a 100-watt pearl electric bulb suspended in the middle near the back. The primary disadvantage of this type of trap is, of course, that the illumination is given out, and the insects enter, at one side oniy and for this reason the type of trap described by Williams (Trans. R. Ent. Soc. Lond., 83: 523) and de Worms (Hntom., 63: 226), in which the insects enter at all four sides, would probably be more efficient. The chief ad- vantage of the large box type is that there is plenty of room inside for the insects to fly around and consequently less chance of their escaping, as nothing was used to kill or quieten them once they were inside the trap. I also used a smaller trap, two and a half feet square and il- luminated by a 40-watt bulb, but this was much less efficient. In pre vious years I had experimented with different sizes and arrived at the conclusion that the larger the trap the greater its efficiency, rot merely for attracting the insects, but for retaining them after their entry into the trap. Even in the large trap the proportion of escapes was probably high, perhaps 15-30% of the moths; or, at least, the larger and more active species, entering the trap, were not there in the morning, but in the smaller trap perhaps at least half, if not more, escaped. Natur- ally, the proportion of escapes was higher amongst the larger and more active Agrotidae than amorgst the Microlepidoptera and probably few of the Tineina ever escaped. In the trap the moths tend to fly up and down the glass and for this reason there is probably less chance of their escaping from a trap with a vertical aperture than from one in which the entrance is horizontal. The large trap was in use in my garden at Szapoint, Co. Dublin, during the summers of 1936-39 every night from about the middle of April to the end of October and in it were captured 310 species, or 28% of the total definitely recorded Irish Lepidoptera. The small trap was in use at Flesk, Killarney, Co. Kerry, for about ten days during August 1936 and 1937, and from the middle of June to the middle of July 1939. In this 41 additional species were taken, bringing the total up to 348, or Sito Z : The Seapoint trap was elevated about five feet from the ground on four railway sleepers and faced north, over Dublin bay. It overlooked a garden, with fruit trees and various shrubs ard plants, at the end of which there is a sloping grassy bank, about thirty feet high, followed 46 ENTOMOLOGIST 8 RECORD. 15/V/1941 by a small area of waste ground bordered on the far side by a railway, on the other side of which there is a high wall separating it from the sea. On either side of the trap, about 15 yards away, was a house with a road in front, the garden being situated between the ends of two blind roads which were strongly lt with arc lamps until 0.30 a.m. every night. One of these lamps shone directly on the front of the trap from each side, with the result that they probably attracted the majority of insects before 0.30, and most of those entering the trap must have done so between that time and dawn. About 30 vards be- hind the trap was another house and behind, or rather in front of, this main road which was well hghted all night. The situation was by no means tavourable for Lepidoptera, as the nearest open country is at least two miles away behind the trap, the nearest woodland and heath over three miles to the south, and the nearest ponds or streams about two miles away in any direction; there are no sandhills on this, the south, side of the bay, but there are extensive areas about five miles away directly across the bay and ex- tensive heaths and some woodland at Howth, also on the north side of the bay and about six miles away. I consider it probable that many of the heath and sandhill species came directly across the bay from Howth rather than up along the coast from Killiney or other locality. The species of Lepidoptera captured during the four years were made up as follows, the figures in brackets representing the number of species, taken in the trap at Killarney, which were not taken at Sea- point : Total %, of total Spp. captured. Irish spp. Trish spp. BOmlbyGeS WietGe \csees ee 20 (+3) 90 22 (+8) Noctuidae (Agrotidae) ..... 82 (+3) 220) 37 (+1) GEOnvehiG@aee sy. ceceeet eee 44 (+15) 204 24 (+8) Py Tadae ete. odes cee 42 (+8) 98 42 (+8) MOTEELCIIVAN oe ee eae vee 51 (+2) 194 26 (+1) ONPG ETO sian Regnee Peter anemia we 8. 71 (+10) 300 24 (+8) AMG H UM i ea enn 1 ae 310 (+41) 1106 28 (+8) In addition, ten species of Trichoptera, all Limnophilidae, were taken at Seapoint and two more, both Leptoceridae, at Killarney. As stated above, the nearest breeding-ground for these insects is about two miles away from Seapoint. ; The species of Lepidoptera may be divided into four greups: 1. Rare: those of which not more than three specimens were taken over the period of four years, ana in most cases only one or two specimens; 121. Occasional: those of which more than three specimens were taken but which did not occur every year; it2. Frequent: those whick occurred every year but not in any numbers; iv. Common: these which securred in considerable numbers every year. The following are the proportions taken in the Seapoint trap: Rare. Occasional. Frequent. Common. Bombyces, ete. 2.2... 35 Y 20 % 30% 15 & Noctuidae (Agrotidae) 28% 20% 33 °/ 18 ¥ Geometridae ............. 25 144 41 % dSe Pyralidaics Mere y meee: 1977 26 14 °% 4ty POTETIUCIBA) Wha. Aes a eee 37 18 227, 24 9 AACA | Fea Sepak sodaks. eee 24 Mh 28 32 ' FOUR YEARS’ CAPTURES OF INSECTS IN LIGHT TRAPS IN IRELAND. AT Over half (53%) of the species taken at Seapoint came in each of the four years, but only about 45% of the Bombyces and Tortrices were re- gular visitors, while about 60% of the Tineina and Geometridae were regular. The fact that the Geometridae in genera! fly early in the night probably accounts for the fact that only 24% of the total Irish species appeared, as compared with a general average of 28%. The low pro- portion of Bombyces (22%) was probably due to the general scarcity of most of the species in Ireland, and the low proportion of Tortrices and Tineina to their weaker powers of flight and more localised distribu- tion, while the large proportion of Noctuids (837%) may be due to their strong powers of flight. Many interesting species were captured, including a number new to the Irish list, all Microlepidoptera with the exception of Plusia moneta. A particularly interesting species is Hwmichtis lichenea, which occurred in large numbers every autumn, as many as 147 in a single night—far commoner than any other species of Noctuid during September. There were only four previous Irish records for this species, odd specimens from three localities in Co. Dublin and a record from Rossbeigh, Co. Kerry. It apparently flies very late at night, perhaps just before dawn, and certainly. later than 0.30. The Irish specimens are green and strongly marked and tend to be large in size. The following is a list of the species captured, specimens marked “ Killarney ’’ were taken in the Killarney trap, but not at Seapoint, the remarks as to the abundance or otherwise of each species apply to Seapoint only: 1 sp. A. trux jlunigera). Rare. A. exclamationis. Common. A. ipsilon (suffusa). Frequent. A. ripae. Rare. Euxoa nigricans. Rare. E. tritici. Frequent. Sphingidae. Laothoé populi. Frequent. Notodontidae. 5 spp. Pheosia tremula. Rare. P. gnoma (dictaeoides). Rare. Notodonta ziczac. Rare. Lophopteryx capucina (camelina). Rare. Phalera bucephala. Frequent. Thyatiridae. 2 spp. Habrosyne derasa (pyritoides). Rare. Thyatira batis. Rare. Drepanidae. 1 sp. Cilix glaucata. Frequent. Nolidae. 1 sp. Celama confusalis. Occasional. Arctiidae. 9 spp. Spilosoma lubricipeda (menthastri). Common. S. lutea (lubricipeda). Common. Diacrisia sannio. Killarney. Arctia caia. Occasional. Callimorpha jacobaeae. Occasional. Nudaria mundana. Frequent. Lithosia quadra. Rare. Eilema liurideola. Frequent. E. deplana. Killarney. Noctuidae (Agrotidae). 85 spp. Apantele (Acronicta) psi. Frequent. Cryphina (Bryophila) perla. Com- mon. Agrolis segetum. Frequent. A. vestigialis. Occasional. Lycophotia varia (porphyrea). Fre- quent. Graphiphora augur. Rare. Amathes c-nigrum. Frequent. A. xanthographa. Common. A. sexstrigata (umbrosa). Frequent. Diarsia brunnea. Frequent. D. festiva. Frequent. D. rubi. Frequent. Ochropleura plecta. Rare. Azylia putris. Killarney. Triphaena comes. Frequent. T. pronuba. Common. T. ianthina. Frequent. Mamestra brassicae. Frequent. Diataraxia oleracea. Common. Hadena nana. Occasional. H. cucubali (rivularis). Occasional H. bicruris (capsincola). Occasional. H. lepida (carpophaga). Occasional. Tholera popularis. Occasional. Cerapteryx graminis. Frequent. Eumichtis adusta. Frequent. E. lichenea. Common. Dryobates protea. Rare. Luperina testacea. Common. Apamea obscura (ravida). Occasional. 48 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. . Sordens (basilinea). Occasional. . secalis. Frequent. . ophiogramma. Rare. . crenata (rurea). Frequent. . lithoxylea. Occasional. . monoglypha. Common. Procus strigilis. Occasional. P. fasciuneula. Occasional. Antitype chi. Occasional. Meganephria oxyacanthae. Rare. Euplexia lucipara. Rare. Phlogophora meticulosa. Frequent. Naenia typica. Frequent. Hydroecia oculea (nictitans). Fre- quent. H. micacea. Common. Arenostola pygmina (fulva). Rare. Rhizedra lutosa. Rare. Leucania pallens. Common. L. impura. Common. L. comma. Frequent. L. lithargyria. Occasional. L. conigera. Frequent. Meristis trigrammica. Frequent. Caradarina clavipalpis. Occasional. Amphipyra pyramidea. Rare. A. tragopoyinis. Frequent. Orthosia gothica. Common. O. stabilis. Common. O. advena (opima). Rare. Cosmia trapezina. Rare. Omphaloscelis lunosa. Common. Agrochola circellaris. Rare. A. lychnidis. Rare. Citria lutea (flavago). Killarney. Xylocampa areola. Occasional. Cucullia umbratica. Occasional. Pyrrhia umbra. Occasional. Eustrotia uncula. Killarney. Rivula sericealis. Frequent. Scoliopteryx libatrix. Rare. Polychrysia moneta. Rare. Plusia chrysitis. Frequent. P. bractea. Rare. P. festucae. Rare. P. pulchrina. Rare. P. ni. Frequent. P. gamma. Common. Abrostola triplasia. Rare. A. tripartita. Rare. Hypeninae. 3 spp. Zanclognatha tarsipennalis. Rare. Z. grisealis. Rare. Hypzna proboscidalis. Occasional. Geometridae. 59 spp. po Pe PP Pseudopterpna pruinata. Killarney. Hipparchus papilionaria. Killarney. Hemithea aestivaria. Common. Sterrha aversata. Common. S. biselata. Frequent. Larentia clavaria (cervinata). Com- mon. Ortholitha mucronata (plumbaria). Killarney. O. chenopodiata. Frequent. Andaitis plagiata. Rare. 15/V/1941 Operophtera brumuta. Frequent. Ecliptopera silaceata. Killarney. Lygris prunata. Rare. L. testata. Killarney. L. pyraltiata. Occasional. Cidaria fulvata. Rare. Dysstroma truncata. Frequent. Chloroclysta miata. IFrequent. Thera firmata. Killarney. T. obeliscata. Killarney. Xanthorhoé ferrugata. Frequent. X. designita. Occasional. X. montanata. Common. X. filuctuata. Common. Colostygia pectinataria. Killarney. Epirrhoé alternata (socia). Frequent. Euphyia unangulata. Killarney. Lyconometra ocellata. Killarney. Perizoma alchemillata. Rare. P. albulata. Frequent. P. bifaciata. Rare. Euphyia bilineata. Rare. Hydriomena coerulata (impluviata). Frequent. Earophila badiata. Frequent. Caenotephria derivata. Rare. Eupithecia centaureata. Common. E. pulchellata. Frequent. E. absinthiata. Occasional. E. vulgata. Occasional. 3 other Eupithecia spp. 1 frequent and 2 rare. Chloroclystis rectangulata. Frequent. Orthonama lignata. Killarney. Abraxas grossulariata. Frequent. Cabera pusaria. Killarney. C. exanthemata. Killarney. Anagoga pulveraria. Rare. Campaea margaritata. Rare. Deuteronomos ulniaria. Rare. Selenia bilunaria. Common. Gonodontis bidentata. Common. Colotois pennaria. Occasional. Crocallis elinguaria. Frequent. Ourapteryx sambucaria. Frequent. Opisthograptis liteolata. Frequent. Cleora rhomboidaria. Occasional. C. lichenaria. Killarney. Ectropis crepuscularia. Killarney Itame wauaria. Frequent. Phycitidae. 7 spp. Pempelia dilutella. Rare. Salebria fusca. Rare. Ephestia elutella. Occasional. E. kuehniella. Occasional. Homoeosoma binaevella. Killarney. H. saxicola. Common. Galleriadae. 2 spp. Achrooia (Meliphora) grisella. Oc- casional. Aphomia sociella. Common. Crambidae. 9 spp. Crambus pascuellus. Common. C. culmellus. Common. C. pratellus. Common. C. hortuellus. Common. FOUR. YEARS’ CAPTURES OF INSECTS IN LIGHT TRAPS IN IRELAND. . perlellus. Common. . inguinatellus. Killarney. . geniculeus. Common. . tristellus. Common. . selasellus. Rare. Pyraustidae. 21 spp. Schoenobius mucronellus. Killarney. Cataclysta stratiotata. Rare. ge) Sa) (Says) 9) Hydrocampa nymphaeata. Killarney. Notarcha ruralis. Frequent. Eurrhypara hortulala (urticata). Frequent. Phlyctaenia lutealis. Common. P. ferrugatlis. Common. P, prunalis. Occasional. P. fuscalis. Occasional. P. sambucalis. Frequent. Nomophila noctuetla. Common. Pyrausta purpuralis. Killarney. P. cespitalis. Killarney. P. olivalis. Frequent. Scoparia angustea. Occasional. S. resinea. Rare. S. cembrae. Occasional. S. dubitalis. Common. S. ambigualis. Common. Evergestis straminalis. Killarney. Mesographe forficalis. Common. Pyralidae. 1 sp. Pyralis farinalis. Alucitidae. 7 spp. Platyptilia gonodactyla. Frequent. P. pallidactyla. Occasional. Alucita pentadactyla. Occasional. Rare. Pterophorus monodactylus. Common. Stenoptilia bipiunctidactyla. Com- mon. S. saxifragae. Common. S. pterodactyla. Frequent. Phaloniadae. 5 spp. Phalonia cnicana. Rare. P. atricapitana. Common. Euxanthis straminea. Frequent. E. zoeqana. Common. E. hamana. Common. Tortricidae. 19 spp. Cacoecia oporana (podana). sional. = C. rosana. Rare. Pandemis ribeana. Common. Tortrix paleana. Common. T. viburniana. Rare. T. forsterana. Occasional. T. costana. Rare. T. unifasciana. Frequent. Cnephasia chrysantheana. sional. C. conspersanda. C. incertana. Occa- Occa- Frequent. Common. Argyrotoza bergmanniana. Frequent. A. conwayana. Occasional. Peronea holmiana. Frequent. P. contaminana. Rare. P. latifasciana (schalleriana). mon. P. variegana. Com- Common. P. hastiana. Rare. P. sparsana (sponsana). Rare. Eucosmidae. 29 spp. Spilonota ocellana. Common. Acroclita naevana. Occasional. Ancylis lundana. Frequent. Notocelia uddmanniana. Occasional. N. rosaecolana. Killarney. N. suffusana (trimaculana). Rare. N. aquana (roborana). Frequent. Eucosma trimaculana. Rare. E. cand. Common. E. hohenwarthiana (scopoliana). Rare. E. tripunctana. Common. ~ E. solandriana. Rare. BE. semifuscana. Rare. Bactra lanceolana. Occasional. Polychrosis dubitana (littoralis). Common. Endothenia ericetana. Occasional. E. antiguana. Occasional. Argyroploce nubiferana (varieganda). Frequent. A. pruniana. Frequent. A. Striana. Rare. A. lacunana. Frequent. A. decrepitana (bifasciana). Rare. Pammene fasciana (juliana). Kéil- larney. Pammene regiana. Rare. Laspeyresia formosana (woeberi- ana). Rare. L. pomonella. Rare. L. succedana (ulicetana). Gelechiadae. 16 spp. Telphusa fugitivella. Rare. T. vulgella. Rare. Bryotropha domestica. B. terrella. Common. Gelechia diffinis. Occasional. G. mulinella. Occasional. Phthorimaea plantaginella. P. obsoletella. Occasional. P. instabilella. Rare. P. costella. Common. P. leucomelanella. Rare. Stomopteryx anthyllidella. quent. S. sangiella. Acompsia cinerella. Anarsia spartiella. Frequent. Brachmia rufescens. Rare. Cosmopterygidae. 2 spp. Blastodacna atra (vinolentella). Common. Batrachedra praeangustda. sional. Blastobastidae. 1 sp. Blastobasis lignea. Oecophoridae. 12 spp. Endrosis lactella. Common. Borkhausenia fuscescens. Common. B. pseudospretella. Common. Carcina quercana. Frequent. Depressaria heracliana. Rare. Common. Rare. Fre- Frequent. Killarney. Occa- Common. Occasional. 49 . badiella. Occasional. . costosa. Frequent. . umbellana. Rare. . liturella. Rare. . assimilella. Killarney. . propinguella. Occasional. . yeatiuna. Rare. Orneodidae. 1 sp. Orneodes hexadactyla. Elachistidae. 6 spp. Elachista cinereopunctella. ney. . atricomella. . kilmunella. Rare. . obscurella. Killarney. . rhynchosporella. Rare. . cygnipennella. Common. Hyponomeutidae. 6 spp. Argyresthia semitestacella. ney. SIS HIS) Ss) Rare. Killar- Common. See & Killar- Swammerdammia lutarea. Common. S. pyrella. Frequent. Prays curtisellus. Frequent. Hyponomeuta padella. Frequent. H. cognatella. Frequent. 50 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. Acrocerops brongniardella. Fre- quent. Ornix guttea. Rare. O. anglicella. Common. O. scoticella. Common. O. betulae. Killarney. Gracilaria phasianipennella. Kil- larney. . syringella. . tringipennella. . elongella. Rare. . alchimiella. Rare. . sStigmatella. Killarney. Epermeniadae. 1 sp. Epermenia chaerophyllella. quent. Plutellidae. 4 spp. Cerostoma xylostelia. C. vittella. Frequent. Plutella porrectella. Occasional. P. maculipennis. Common. Lyonetiadae. 4 spp. Opostega salaciella. Killarney. Leucoptera laburnella. Frequent. Lyonetia clerckella. Occasional. Occasional. Common. RAAQAR Fre- Common. 15/V/1941 Eupistidae (Coleophoridae). 8 spp. Tischeria marginea. Frequent. Eupista (Coleophora) spissicornis. Tineidae. 6 spp. Frequent. Monopis rusticella. Frequent. FE. deauratella. Frequent. M. ferruginella. Common. E. frischella. Frequent. Tinea cloacella. Common. E. pyrrhulipennella. Rare. T. insectella (misella). Killarney. E. discordella. Frequent. T. lapella. Frequent. E. annulatella. Common. T. semifulvella. Common. E. apicella. Rare. Hepialidae. 4 spp. E. glaucicolella. Occasional. Hepialus humuli. Frequent. Gracilariadae. 13 spp. H. fusconebulosus. Occasional. Lithocolletis messaniella. Common. H. lupulinus. Frequent. L. mespiliella (pyrivorella). Com- H. hectus. Killarney. mon. TRICHOPTERA. Limnophilidae. 10 spp. L. sparsus. Glyphotaelius pellucidus. Stenophylax permizta. Limnophilus lunatus. Micropterna sequax. L. vittatus. Halesus digitatus. L. auricula. Leptoceridae. 2 spp. CL. hirsutus. Leptocerus albifrons. Killarney. L. luridus. Mystacides azurea. Killarney. ‘THE PTINIDAE OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE.” (By H. E. Hinton.) Bull. Ent. Research, 31, 331-81, 59 text figs. (1941). This paper appears to us to be well written; the key to the species mentioned seems to be sound; the descriptions good; and the figures and dissections, of the genitalia excellent. This review must, of necessity, be imperfect, for we do not profess to possess the knowledge required to criticise the morphological part of the paper. To do this properly a study of the Ptinidae would require to have been made, extending over a period of many years. We are ‘‘ THE PTINIDAE OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE.”’ 51 only more or less well acquainted with the British Ptinidae, having taken all the well-established species and all but one or two of the more recently imported ones ourselves Therefore, we can only accept the species mentioned to be such as the author considers them to be. The paper, we believe, is chiefly based on the specimens in the fine general and British collections in the British Museum, so weil arranged by our Dr Blair. Considering this fact, the principal criticism we have to make is that the British point of view of the subject has not been sufficiently ventilated, and considerable information that the British coleopterist might ask for is wanting. | We propose to add some small details, which may be of interest, on some of the species dealt with. Mezium affine, Boield. In fresh specimens the elytra are covered with fine yellow hairs. We have taken it alive in a sugar castor in a hotel at Windsor, Gibbium psylloides, Czem. The Gibbium scotias, F., of nearly all the British catalogues, etc., was found by B. G. Rye, in 1893, in a beer cellar in a public-house in Shoe Lane in some numbers, and where we had the pleasure of taking it with him. The insects occurred in saw- dust, etc., damp with the drippings from beer casks. Niptus wnicolor, Pill. & Mitterp. The Niptus crenatus, F., of nearly all the British catalogues, etc., occurred on the wall of an out- door lavatory in a hotel at Windsor and in a bedroom at Old Windsor. Niptus hololeucus, Fald. It has been found in some numbers in ‘““ nenny-in-the-slot ’’ meters, which seems curious. We took a speci- men in a fungus dump in Windsor Forest. The only explanation ap- pears to be that it had been introduced in the food for pheasants. Trigonogenius globulus, Sol. Was first taken in Britain in corn refuse in a mill at Oldham in 1900 (Tomlin), and has since been spread- ing, occurring at Hoylake, Manchester, Birmingham, Gurningham, etc. Eurostus hilleri, Reitt. Had not been recorded in Great Britain be- fore 1939; Scotland (Howe, 1940); England (Blair, 1940); London, Liverpool, Newcastle, etc. Mr Hignett took it last year in a granary at Oswestry. Ptinus raptor, Sturm. This species is not recorded as British by Hinton. It was recorded from Harrietsham, Kent, by Stephens in 1841, and there is a specimen in the National Collection labelled ‘‘ Pentland.’’ Ptinus palliatus, Perris (1849). As this beetle has always been re- corded as P. germanus, F., in British literature (except in Beare Cat., 1930, and Newbery and Sharp’s exchange list, 1915) the synonyniy should have been given. Ptinus lichenum, Marsh. Pool took it in the green mould (on which we believe it was feeding) on an old fence at Enfield, and where we also obtained it. Ptinus exulans, Er. The late Frederick Bates took a number of specimens feeding in the dry carapace of a crab (Tropical) at Chiswick, and Tomlin records it in imported shells from Ealing and St Leonards. Ptinus sexpunctatus, Panz. Is said to be ‘‘ of no economic import- ance,’’ but we doubt this, as Laing records it as damaging a lead roof and it is also often found in houses. We have taken it in houses at 52 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/V /1941 Putney and in the tower of a house (‘‘ The Mansion,’’ our father’s country house) at Earls Shilton, Leicestershire, 1879. Ptinus hirtellus, Sturm. The author gives the synonymy as P. testaceus, Oliver (1790), P. brunneus, Duftschmidt (1825), P. hirtellus, Sturm (1837), and points out that as P. testaceus, Oliv., is a homonym of P. testaceus, Thunb, 1784, and P. brunneus, Duft., is a homonym of FP. brunneus, Gemelin, 1789, P. hirtellus, Strm., is the earliest available name for this species. This is the insect taken in some numbers by Hignett by beating dry skulls of cattle in a tannery at Oswestry, and where we took it with him in 1935. In the British Collection, beyond the specimens presented by Hignet and oneself, there are only two others, 99, taken by Power at Birdbrook and Mickleham, and con- sidered by Hinton to be this species. One bears a label brunneus in pencil. A specimen which we recorded as P. brunneus, Duft., on the authority of Fowler and Gorham, was taken by us on Purley Downs among dead leaves in 1892. This we had personally determined as P. subpilosus, Sturm, and Hinton agrees with this determination. DP. brunneus, Duft., has also been recorded in Britain from Bermondsey, Smallheath, Knowle, Edmonton, Oxford district, and Reading. It is decidedly doubtful if these are all P. hirtellus, Sturm. Ptinus latro, F. There are only two specimens in the British Col- lection now standing under that name (teste Hinton) from Symons Tolley. Fowler states that on the authority of two examples in Mr Waterhouse’s Collection, one from an old Collection with no history, and the other labelled ‘‘ Scotland, Turner,’’? Waterhouse apparently in- troduced the species into his catalogue. These specimens should be in the Royal Scottish Museum, Edinburgh, now. The specimen we took in a bathroom in Kensington Mansions, and recorded as P. latro, F., Hinton considers to be a large form, or var., of hirtellus, Strm. To our mind it is certainly not a typical specimen of hirtellus, even if it is that species at all; though, of course, it is not the latro of Hinton’s paper. It agreed exactly with a foreign speci- men of latro in the collection of the late Frederick Bates. Ptinus pilosus, Mill. This species is left out of Hinton’s paper alto- gether. Fowler records it as from Horsell and Enfield (Power), Chat- ham, and Tilgate. Hinton has determined the two Power specimens as subpilosus, Strm. It stands in Beare’s Catalogue (1930) as a British species; and, in any case, as our author states, that ‘‘ embodied in this paper is a revision of all the British species of the family Ptinidae,”’ it should at least have been mentioned.—Horace DonistHORPE, Hntomo- logical Department, British Museum (Natural History). COLLECTING NOTES. ACRONICTA EUPHORBIAE, I'as., IN RoOSS-SHIRE.—-Some time ago I had occasion to cross Ross-shire and, in doing so, was compelled to camp just under Ben Wyvis. Naturally, I took advantage of the fact to study the insect fauna of the adjoining moorlands, when quite a number of larvae rewarded my efforts. Amongst these, I was greatly surprised to capture all three members of the Acronicta euphorbiae group feeding on COLLECTING NOTES. 53 the same patch of ‘‘ Eared Sallow ”’ (Salix aurita) bushes. Of the three species concerned, I have taken A. euphorbiae itself from birch, sallow, and heather on the Isles of South Rona and Raasay and from sweet gale in Coll. A. menyanthidis, for the most part, has been obtained from birch, although captures from sweet gale, heather, and sallow formed the bag in the Outer Hebrides; whilst at least 80% of the A. rumicis larvae came from Iris, both in the Inner and Outer Isles.—Prof. J. W. Hestop Harrison, King’s College, University of Durham. LyciA HIRTARIA, Ci., IN MoraysHtre.—For many years I was ac- quainted with the existence of a colony of this insect on birches on the Culbin Sands a mile of two from Forres. However, I fear that this insect no longer exists there—a state of affairs brought about by the felling of the bulk of the birches and their replacement by conifers. Still, it is pleasant to be able to record that the species may still be obtained in the district for I have beaten larvae from ash (Fraxinus excelsior) in an old quarry lying south of the Altyre Woods, themselves two or three miles south of Forres.—Prof. J. W. Herstop Harrison, University of Durham. A ScotrisH OccurRrENCE OF NONAGRIA TYPHAE, THUNB.—If one is to believe Meyrick, the British range of this insect is ‘‘ England, Ireland, local.’”’ This, however, seems to be almost impossible in view of the fact that the insect exists in every suitable locality with which J am ac- quainted in Northumberland and Durham. Moreover, to my certain knowledge a strong colony exists far to the north of Scotland on a large bed of Typha latifolia growing in the old course of the Findhorn river, a mile or two west of its present mouth. Sureiy other labitats exist in the area between Northumberland and Morayshire? That the insect is overlooked is amply demonstrated by the fact that, for Non- agria typhae, Robson, in his ‘‘ Catalogue of the Lepidoptera of Northum- berland and Durham,’’ was only able to report it from North Northum- berland in our area. In spite of this, it occurs in many parts in both counties, one within the Borough of Gateshead!—Prof. J. W. Hrstiop Harrison, University of Durham. THE NortrHern Limits oF APOCHEIMA HISPIDARIA, F'.—For this in- teresting insect Meyrick supplies the range ‘‘ England to York, local.’’ In making this statement he has evidently overlooked Robson’s record in his ‘‘ Catalogue ’’ of an occurrence in Chopwell Woods, Co. Durham, in which station it still exists. In addition, I have detected it in two Northumbrian localities, one on each side of the Tyne. In one of these, at Styford, I beat larvae from oak whilst in the other, in a wood lying along the Devil’s Water, larvae were secured in numbers from wych elm. As they came down a curious combination of captures was obtained in the form of Oporabia christyi and A. hispidaria. The hispidaria forms bred were very light examples, indeed; in fact they were the palest I have ever seen!—Prof. J. W. Hrstor Harrison, King’s College, Uni- versity of Dudham. CaLLOPHRYS RUBI, L., IN THE TWO NoRTH-EASTERN CountTiEsS.—Of the “Green Hair Streak ’’ Robson’s ‘‘ Catalogue ’’ remains silent. Until recently it was supposed to be absent from our district although far from rare in the Vaccinium areas of the adjacent Cleveland district of 54 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/V/1941 the North Riding of Yorkshire. The “ ice’’ was broken by my detec- tion of the insect on Waldridge Fell in Durham followed almost imme- diately by its discovery in Dipton Woods, Northumberland, by Mr J. R. Johnson and Major F. W. Gardner. Next, it turned up in the Shull area of Durham, and lastly, its occurrence last season in Redes- dale in North Northumberland provided a station for the Watsonian vice-county 68. In my opinion it will be found to exist in many other places where bilberry grows in sufficient quantity.—Prof. J. W. HEsLop Harrison, King’s College, University of Durham. Tur RerutED OccURRENCE oF LiIgpIA ADUSTATA, SCHIFF., AND OF XANTHIA cITRAGO, L., IN THE OUTER HeBripes.—Meyrick and South both report these two insects from the Outer Hebrides, and there can be no doubt but that they are relying upon the material discussed in the paper appearing in the 1888 Entomologist (Vol. xxi, pp. 24-27). Frankly, IT cannot understand these records, for the first named insect feeds on Spindle-tree (Huonymus europaeus) and the second on lime (2ilia ewro- paea), neither of which plants grows, or is likely to grow, in the Outer Isles. Can anyone throw light on the matter If they can, are they able to supply the exact localities of the captures? As is probably well known, this Department is preparing a Flora of the Inner and Outer Hebrides, and it will be seen that the reported occurrence of these species there, if not a mistake, has a direct beaiing on our work.—Pref. J. W. Hestop Harrison, King’s College, University of Durham. Ranpom Notes From East Tyrone, 1940.—After a very hard winter with much frost and heavy snow, Philedone prodromana first appeared on 5th April, the ds flying in plenty over the heather; Nymphalis io and Aglais urticae were observed. On llth April at the sallows Taeniocampa gracilis was fairly com- mon and varied from almost white to a deep pink form; Nothopteryx (Lobophora) carpinata and Earophila (Anticlea) badiata were flitting around the bushes. On the 24th, the first of a brood of Diaphora mendica race rustica emerged; some of the ¢s with forewings light buff and hindwings smoky- grey; later Qs were fairly common flying in the afternoon sun. The fcrm named venosa by the late Robert Adkin (Hntom., 59, 1922, p. 79) came from this district; a worn Q obtained in May 1918, which laid a few ova, when boxed (Entom. Record, 31, 1919, p. 73) was sent to T. Salvage of Arlington, who supplied Mr Adkin with this form. Needless to state, this streaked form has not been found at large since. On 4th May Hucosma inmundana, Spring emergence, were flying in numbers around birch and alder; and Ancylis lundana and Laspeyresia perlepidana were abundant in rough meadows among Lathyrus pratensis. An aberration of Huchloé cardamines ¢ was taken on the 7th with dis- coidal spot very small on left forewing and large on the right. Near Pomeroy, on the 28th, in a deep valley beside the railway which here has a stiff rise of 650 feet to overcome on its passage through the Tyrone hills on the way to Omagh, in damp meadows Pieris napt was flying in swarms and some nice dark forms were selected. Heodes (Lycaena) phlaeas was also abundant, but with little variation; it was here in May 1939 that a fine golden aberration was found; Huclidia mi was frequent, and a number of Eupithecia pygmaeata were netted flying COLLECTING NOTES. 55 over Cerastium, the food plant here; several Ortholitha wmbrifera were disturbed from gorse. Just before leaving a nice pale yellow ¢G EH. cardamines was taken. On Ist June Euclidia glyphica was observed in a boggy meadow with numbers of Procris statices. At Cregganconroe a heather covered hill crowned with a rocky out- erop, on the 2nd, Calostigia salicata was in numbers at rest on the rocks, Tortriz rusticana was flying over Myrica gale, and Eulia politana among the heather. D. mendica race rustica 9 was again observed on 3rd June, a very late date; and os of Euphydryas (Melitaea) aurinia freshly emerged were flying in a damp meadow, other scabious frequenting lepidoptera - present at the same time were Chlidonia baumanniana and Endothenia ablonguna (murginena). On the 5th Ligdia adustatu. and Hydriomena ruberata were beaten out of rough hedges consisting mainly of sallow and some Huonymus; birch scrub produced Cosymbia pendularia and numbers of Hulia minis- trana. At Altadiawan glen on the 6th Lycaenopsis argiolus was common flying over hollies on the steep hillside. On the hills near Pomeroy on the 16th the ds of Polyommatus icarus race clara were just out, and the first Zygaena lonicerae emerged from collected cocoons; these later pro- duced several confluent aberrations. The habitat here is a very swampy meadow often flooded; the cocoons are generally formed on rushes; if left in situ a great many are destroyed by the Reed Bunting, which tears them open and eats the enclosed pupae.—THomMAs GreER, Dungan- non, 0. Tyrone. (T'o be continued.) Notes ON VARIATION FROM THE WorTHING Musrom Coutection. II. —C. minimus.—Specimens from France and Switzerland differ slightly in size from the English, being on the average rather larger. In Italy T have always found this species scarce. Three specimens which I took at Bédé in the Arctic Circle came rather as a surprise, one of these is very small. The form alsoides, which is racial in the Laquinthai on the Simplon Pass, is very large, the largest specimens being quite as large as an average English icarus; those which I have seen from the other side of the pass near the 6th Refuge are not quite so large. P. icarus.—There is a long and very varied series of Qs from the N. and S. Downs, the Chilterns, the Cotswolds, Royston, Witherslack, and Bude, ranging from entirely brown to entirely blue up to the border of orange spots; the finest of all are from Grange-over-Sands. Specimens of the 2nd brood always average smaller than those of the Ist brood, the blue ¢s being also commoner in the latter, though the blue, when it occurs, is quite as bright in the former. In the N. of England where it is single brooded the specimens are considerably larger than those of the double-brooded areas. The finest of all come from Borrowdale, those from EK. Durham are not quite so large, especially the Qs; all of the latter show a good deal of rather dull blue. In single-brooded areas they are out in July. Qs from Derry, though larger, are no brighter than those from the N. Downs, Chilterns, and Cotswolds. French speci- mens from Aix-les-Bains are very much like English ones except that blue on the Qs is rare and dull. The same is true of most of the Swiss forms, but those from the Rhone Valley are larger. Further sovth the 56 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/V/1941 Qs show no blue except for one 2nd brood 9 from Digne, though there is also a very slight trace of dull blue on two small 9s from Granada. This holds good for all those from the Lido and elsewhere in Italy (three broods), from Corsica, the Tyrol, Cyprus, and Palestine, the last two are rather small, and those from Palestine have small spots on the underside, which is unusually lizht. Amongst the Italian specimens those from Assisi, Palena in the Abruzzi and Subiaco are generally large except for the 3rd brood which is small. The underside of Italian ds varies much in colour, but a beautiful golden-brown is quite common. There is also a ¢ from Guernsey with a deep brown underside having quite the appearance of a 9. Specimens from Finland and Scandinavia are generally large, but one or two from within the Arctic Circle are small, though this is ex- ceptional. There is a very fine ab. striata from Veytaux, a good ab. semi-persica from Bex, and a good ab. persica from Altmatt. Ab. arcua is frequent; there are specimens froin Engl.nd, France, Switzerland, and Italy. Neither ab. iphis nor ab. tcarinus is at all uncommon, most of the specimens however come from England and Switzerland. The ¢ form celina is a southern one and does not appear to be racial anywhere. It occurs in specimens from Corsica, Turkey, Cyprus, and Paiestine, and is common in some parts of Italy, e.g., Assisi, Sulmona, and the Lido, but the black spots vary very much in size and distinct- ness, those from Palestine look as if they showed through from the underside. The mest strongly marked specimens come from the most northern locality, Faido, the oniy Swiss specimens J have ever seen. A. thersites.—This species has never so far been taken so far north as England, but was for so long looked upon as P. icarus ab. icarinus, that it would be quite worth while keeping a look out for it. The simplest means of distinguishing the two is to be found on the underside of the hindwing. In icarus (and of course icarinus) the first orange spot is much further removed from the ist of the post-discal row than in ther- sites, or to put it in another way, if lines were drawn making a triangle with the Ist orange spot and the first two of the post-discal row, it would be an acute-angled, or at the most a right-angled, one in thersites, whereas in icarus it would be definitely obtuse-angled. The specimens in this museum show how one may be deceived by those in any one collec- tion. There are a number of specimens here from France, Switzerland, Italy ‘San Gimignano) and Bulgaria, and one would say that the Qs very rarely exhibited any trace of blue, whereas both Mr Warren and Mr Temperley (Hnt. Rec., xxv, p. 255) have taken in the Rhone Valley specimens showing almost as much variety in this respect as icurus in the same district. The series here shows great variation in the matter of size; the largest is from Bourg-St-Maurice, where it is probably single brooded. In lower localities it is regularly double brooded.—-Rev. G. Wueeter, M.A., F.R.E.S. | CURRENT NOTE. Recent obituaries of well-known Entomologists include Dr Hans Rebel (born 2.1x.1861, died 19.v.40), the eminent Austrian lepidopterist; Dr Felix Santschi (born 1.xii.1872, died 20.xi.1940), the Swiss myrme- cologist ; and William Holland Ballett Fletcher (died 4.iii.1941, aged 88), who was the most senior Fellow of the Royal Entomological Society. THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (13) var. intrieata, Gn. (Culot), V, 388, ‘‘ Noct.’”’ Atlas, plt. 8, f. 18 (1852). Fic.——Culot, N. et G., I (2), p. 7, plt. 39, f. 2 (1914). Orig. Descrirp.—‘‘ The form intricata (which it is not necessary to confound with intricata, according to Duponchel, this latter being a variety of vau-punctatum), has almost no markings on the upper wings which are of a uniform reddish-brown. One can see, however, a darker subterminal series of dots.”’ The form considered as the type and which has been represented by Hiibner under No. 176 has the markings of the forewings thinly em- phasized, but clear. Culot adds the following :—‘*‘ Hora one can place to erythro- ccphala a variety whoily black, of an Orrhodia which has been met with at Tarf, near La Balle, on the Algerian littoral. This is probable but not certain.”’ ab. impunctata, Splr., Schm. Hur., 1, 254 (1907). Orig. Descrirp.—‘‘ The black spots in the reniform may be wanting.”’ ab. glabra-impunctata, Splr., Schm. Hur., I, 254 (1907). Orig. Descrie.—‘‘ The black spots may be wanting in the ab. glabra, Bb., but very seldom.”’ f. unicolor, D. Luc., Ann. Soc. ent. Fr., 482 (1910). Oris. Descrip.—‘‘ Alis anticis supra unicoloribus nigris.’’ Tarf, Algeria. ‘‘ Forewings above unicolorous and of a very clear black.’’? Some examples have the stigmata distinct as well as the black line near the apex, and some examples are clouded with a reddish-brown in place of a uniform black. This is a melanic form. r. lucasi, Culot, Obthr., Lép. Comp., XVI, 119 (1918). Fic. —Culot’s fig., NV. et G., I (1), plt. 39, 5. Oric. Descrip.—‘’ Of a very deep and shining black-brown, with the subterminal dots and some small spots near the reniform of a dull black.’’? Algeria. Culot said:—‘‘ This is an extreme melanic aberration of the Al- eerian form. The upper wings and the thorax are of a very deep black- brown and glossy, with subterminal dots and some small spots near the reniform of a dead black. lt is quite possible that lwcasi constitutes a distinct species. Analogous melanic forms, but specifically different, have been found at Aflou in the S. Oran.”’ ab. caeca, Lempke, Ent. Rec., XLVI, 89 (1934), Onze Vlinders, 215 (1902-3). Orica. Descrrp.-—‘‘ The lower halt of the reniform is usually sharply filled with hack, but not always. These sub-varieties could be named caeca.’ Holland. This is a redundant name for impunctata. Dasycampa, Gn. (1852), Dup., Barr. (Sth.), Culot [Cerastis, Hb. (1821), Frr.: Conistra, Hb. (1821), Meyr., Hamp., Warr.-Stz., Meyr.: Orrhodia, Hb. (1821), H.-S., Stder., Sth., Splr.: Glaea (Hb., 1806), Steph. (1829)] rubiginea, Fb. (1787). (14) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/V/1941 Schiff. Verz., 86, R. 8 (1775), first introduced the name rubiginea for a Noctua whose larva fed on the wild apple (Pyrus malus). Fabricius was the first to describe it and adopted the name from Schiff., who gave no description. Also l.c., S. 8, Schiff. gave the name sulphurago to a Noctua whose larva fed on Betula alba. This name was stated by Illiger, Rev. Verz., I, 507 (1801), to be the tigerina, Esp., which latter name would fall to sulphurago, were there any description by Schiff. But sulphwrago is, teste Werne., l.c., I, 212, the fulvago of Clerck, and now held to be a good species. Tutt, Brit. Noct., III, 7 (1892): Meyr., Hamd., 65 (1895): Barr., Lep. Br. Is., VI, 6, plt. 233, f. 2 (1900): Stdgr., Cat., Ifled., 210 (1901): Hamps., Lep. Phal., VI, 457 (1906): Splr., Schm. Eur., I, 287, plt. 47, 1 (1907): South, M.B.1., 11, 26, plt. 11, f. 11-12 (1908): Warr.-Stz., Pal. Noct., III, 148, plt. 36 e (1910): Culot, N. et G., II, 15, plt. 40, f. 14-16 (1914): Meyr., Rev. Hand., 118 (1928). Ernst & Engr., Pap. d’Eur., VII, 19, fig. 418, and p. 150, fig. 512 € (1790). The former figure is a fairly good figure of rubiginea; the latter is said to be a f. of tigerina, Esp., but it is doubtful as a rubiginea form. Werneburg, Beitr., II, 115 (1864), considered f. 41S as rubiginea, and also f. 417, but this is probably a form of vau-punctatwm, there is no tint of rubiginea shown. He also considered f. 512 as the form tigerina, a rubiginea form. Esp., Abbild., IV, 330, plt. 128 (1788-?), gave two figures (3 and 4) labelled tigerina, which have been considered as forms of rubiginea, Fb. The colour in my copy is too ochraceous without any of the usual deep red-brown. Fig. 3, gd. Wig. 4, 9. Esp. said figs. 5 and 6 resembled the same species, and were very closely related to vaccinu. In his text Esper gave the description of rubiginea, Fab. (1787), and thus his text and plate were published after that appeared; he gave the Verz., Schiff., as a reference. | Werneb., Beitr., II, 41 (1864), considered figs. 3 and 4, tigerina, as a form of rubiginea, but figs. 5 and 6, conigera and trigraimmica re- spectively. Bork., Naturg., IV, 679 (sulphwrago): 750 (rubiginea) (1792), said that the former was the tigerina, Esp., 1.e., a form of rubiginea, and not a separate species. Hb., Samml. Noct., pulverea, Hb., 169, and neurodes, Hb., 568, are certainly not rubiginea, but probably dolosa, Hb., or veronicae, Ub. Fig. 183 is a good average of the typical form. Gn. suggested pulverea, Hb., was dolosa. Dup., Hist. Nat., VIL (),\ 1387, plt. 109, £..6 (1827)6 save ame cellent figure of a somewhat sparsely marked form of this species. He save sulphurago and tigerina as synonyms, probably from Esper’s work. Frr., Neu. Beitr., I, 84, plt. 45 (1838), gave a figure of an unusual form, a transition to the ab. unicolor, Tutt, in which there are very sparse markings. Jt is quite good, H.-S., Sys. Bearb., II, 322 (1850), said that Frr., f. 45, was recog- nizable; that Hb., 188, was a small and sharply black-dotted example ; and that sulphurago, Bork., was a form of rubiginea, W. V. THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (15) Stdgr., Cat., IIIed., 210 (1901), queried the forms neurodes, Hb., pulverea, Hb., and rubigo, Rmbr. (1871), also ab. vaceinit, Gn., var. D, V (1), 380. Splr., Schm. Eur., I, 257 (1907), 363 (1908), said that the figures on plt. 8, 4-5, in Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., could, in his opinion, oniy denote a form of ligula referred to on I.c., p. 314, as stawdingert, Gras., and he could not see that the text on l.c., pp. 318-319, referred to anything but a rubiginea form, therefore he substituted the name obscura, Splr., for the name staudingeri, Grasl., of the corresponding form in the species rubiginea, Fb., which had also been referred to the same figures, and causing confusion. Splr., Schm. Eur., I, 257, plt. 47, f. 1, gave a dark figure of the typical form but too much influenced by the dominant rich brown colour of the plate. South, M.B.I., II, 26, plt. 11, f. 11-12 (1908), gave two good figures, 11 typical, and 12 transition to wnicolor, Tutt. Warr.-Stz., Pal. Noct., I1I, 148 (1910), considered pulverea, Hb.., neurodes, Hb., and rubigo, Ramb., as representing typical forms, and only recognized the four forms tigerina, Esp., wnicolor, Tutt, modesta, Hamps., and completa, Hamps. (note the error in the authors of the last two). They gave four good figures: rubiginea ¢ and Q, tigerina, and completa on plt. 36 e (1910). Culot, N. et. G., II, 15, pit. 40, f. 14-18; plt. 41, f. 1-4 (1914), gave a series of excellent figures. Oberthiir had in Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr. (1900), p 352, etc., discussed the variation of this species and in some cases the Stdgr., Cat., IlIed., 1901, is in conflict owing, no doubt, to the death of the latter author before he had finished his final revision of the Catalog. Culot said that Oberthiir and Staudinger had been in col- laboration shortly previous to the death of the latter. Culot’s figures were rubiginea, plt. 40, f. 17; modestina, f. 14; modesta, f. 15; fere- unicolor, f. 16; completa, f. 18; delicatula, plt. 41, f. 1; favre, f. 2; graslini, f. 3-4. He named one of Barrett’s figures, viz., plt. 283, f. 2b, from the collection of Sydney Webb, as ab. barretti. Barrett summed the Variation as follows :— Slightly variable in the degree of black dotting over the surface of the forewings and rather more so in the orange red dappling; sometimes this colour in a great measure suffuses the whole surface, in which case the black dots are diminished in number or almost obliterated, and in a form, well known on the Continent, the colour is smooth orange- chestnut without other markings except small black dots in the reniform stigma and along the hind margin. He referred to ‘‘ a somewhat similar, but deeper red form, almost unicolorous but having one or two white dots on the costa.”’ And ‘‘ Another suffused with red-brown.”’ The Names and Forms considered are :— rubiginea, Schiff. (1775), Verz., 86, R. 8. (No description.) rubiginea, Fab. (1787), Mant., II, 142. tigerina, Esp. (1788-?), Abbild., IV, 330, plt. 123, f. 3-4. pulverea, Hb. (1800-3), Samml. Noct., 169. neurodes, Hb. (1809-13), l.c., 568. ab. vaccinit, Gn. (1852), Hist. Nat., V (1), 380, 387. (16) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/V /1941 staudingert, Gras. (1863), Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., 314, plt. 8, f. 4-5. rubigo, Rmbr. (1871), Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., 317. fornax, Btlr. (1878), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., V (1), 168. ab. wnicolor, Heylearts (1889), Tjds., XX XIII, 38. ab. unicolor, Tutt (1892), Brit. Noct., II, 7 (invalid). ab. graslint, Stdgr. (1901), Cat., [Iled., 210. ab. obscura, Splr. (1907), Schm. Eur., I, 287, plt. 47, 1. ab. lusitanica, Splr. (1907), l.c. ab. modesta, Obthr. (1904), Ht. Lepid. Comp., 63, plt. 4, 42. ab. completa, Obthr. (1904), l.c., f. 48. ab. modestissima, (Obthr.) Culot (1914), N. et G., II, 16, plt. 40, 14. ab. fereunicolor, (Obthr.) Culot, l.c., plt. 40, 16. ab. delicatula, (Obthr.) (1914) Culot, J.c., plt. 41, f. 1. ab. favrei, (Obthr.) Culot, l.c., plt. 41, f. 2. ab. barretti, (Obthr.) Culot, l.c. (Barr., Lep. Brit. Is., plt. 233, f. 2 b.) ab. albistigma, Danhl. (1925-6), Ent. Zeits., XX XIX, 197. ab. euanthes, Schultz (1930), Int. Ent. Zts., XXIV, 167. ab. elsa, Schultz (1930), l.c. ab. antimarginalis, Dnhl. (1932), Ent. Zeits., XLVI, 260. ab. albipuncta, Thurm. (1938), Mitt. Inst. Sofia, XI, 155. Tutt dealt with (1) rubiginea, Fab., the deep red and black spotted form; (2) ab. tigerina, Esp., a dark red-brown form, much more deeply marked ; (8) untcolor, an almost unicolorous red-brown form. rubiginea, Hb., fig. 183 [Culot, N. et G., I (2), 15 (1914)]. Fig.—l.c., plt. 40, f. 17. Orie. Drescrre.—‘ This form Guenée described as typical: it is the most common everywhere. The forewings are of a fawn-yvellow with the transverse shades deeper and the dots black. The lower wings are a blackish-brown, margined by a somewhat long fringe of a rose-fawn.”’ ab. fornax, Butlr., Ann. Mag. N.H., V (1), 168 (1878). Drscrip.—Warren in Stz., Pal. Noct., III, p. 146 (1910), redescribed this under Motschulsky’s name castaneofasciata. ‘‘ Very like 7ubiginea, Fb., perhaps only the larger Japanese form. Stdgr., as usual, ignores Motschulsky and sinks fornax, Bilr., as a synonym of rubiginea, Fb.” ‘‘ The ground colour warmer, more fulvous rufous, the spots forming the lines more fuscous than black; the terminal area not so dark; hind- wing paler, rufous along costa and termen, before which there is a distinct grey submarginal band. In the European rubiginea the hind- wing is uniformly dark fuscous,”’ plt. 35g. Japan, etc. The figure looks like a large example of rubiginea. var. graslini, Stdgr., Cat., I[IIed., 210 (1901). Fig.—Culot, N. et G., 17-18, plt. 41, f. 3-4 (1914). Oric. Descrrp.—‘‘ Alis aut brunneis vel castaneis, albido vel flaves- cente pictis.”’ Culot said: ‘‘ This diagnosis includes several forms, those marked with white, and those which are marked with yellow, those with ground more or less light or dark.’’ ab. unicolor, Heylaerts, Tijds. v. Ent., XXXIII, 38 (1889). THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (17) Orig. Descrip.—‘‘ Among a large number of specimens of this species bred ab ovo, I have obtained some examples without the ordinary mark- ings and spots.’’ ab. unicolor, Tutt, 1892, falls as a synonym. ab. obscura, Splr., Schm. Eur., I, 257 (1907). To replace staudingert of Graslin. ; Orie. Descrrp.—‘‘ The dark blackish-brown form with bluish-grey spots, a subvar. of ab. graslini, Stdgr.’’ Andalusia and HK. Pyrenees. ab. lusitanica, Splr., Schm. Eur., I, 257 (1907). Ortic. Descrip.—‘‘ Head and neck partaking of the ochre-yellow at the base of the wing. The forewings dull dark ochreous and dark brownish mixed, only the central spotting of the base, the lower spot of the reniform, as well as the row of dots in the narrow waved band and on the margin, blackish.’’ Portugal. | ab. modesta, Obthr., Ht. Lep. Comp., I, 63 (1904): Culot, N. et G., 1 (2), plt. 40, 15 C1914). Fie.—l.c., plt. 4, 42. Orta. Descrte.—‘‘ Alis anticis brunneis, ochraceo-lavescenti-pictis.”’ Of ab. modestu, (Bng.-Hs.), Hamp., Cat. Lep. Ph.. VI, 458 (1906), said: ‘‘ Thorax and forewing suffused with dark red-brown, having the basal area and stigmata yellow.’’ var. fereunicolor, (Obthr.) Culot, N. et G., I (2), 16 (1914). ab. completa, Obthr., Ht. Lep. Comp., I, 63 (1904). Fie.—-l.c., plt. 4, 43 (1904): Culot, N. et G., 1 (2), plt. 40, f. 18 (1914). Orta. Descrtp.—‘‘ It is really a transition between true wnicolor, Tutt, to which it is united by insensible transitions, and the typical form.” Stder. labelled the specimen ‘‘ ab wnicolor, Tutt, transitus.’’ ab. completa, Obthr., Ht. Lep. Comp., I, 63 (1904): Culot, N. et G., 1@)siploe4y, £18 914). Fig.—t.c., plt. 4, 43. Orta. Descrip.—‘‘ Alis anticis obscure castaneis, fere unicoloribus, nitentibus.”’ Of ab. completa, (Bng.-Hs.) Hamp., Cat. Lep. Ph., VI, 458 (1906), said: ‘‘ Thorax and forewing entirely suffused with dark red-brown.’’ var. modestissima, (Obthr.) Culot, N. et G., I (2), p. 16 (1914). Fig.—l.c., plt. 40, f. 14. Orig. Drscrip.—‘‘ Forewings of a pale yellow-cchre; the transverse shade is narrow and elbowed midway.’’ ab. delicatula, (Obthr.) Culot, N. et G., 1 (2), 17 (1914). Fie.—l.c., pit. 41, f. 1. Ortc. Drscrip.—-‘‘ The example is in bad condition; seeing that the tint is somewhat uniform on the upper wing, it could be put near ab. unicolor; yet it shows a submarginal series of small markings of a bright white, which is an ornamentation quite unexpected and very delicate.”’ Martigny. var. favrei, (Obthr.) Culot, N. et G., I (2), 17 (1914). Fig.—tl.c., plt. 11, f. 2. (18) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/V /1941 Or1c. Descrirp.—‘‘ Is a completa of an obscure chestnut-brown, with a brilliant reflection; the whitish parts are beginning to appear on the forewings.’ , Martigny. var. barrettt, Obthr., Lep. Comp., I, 63 (1904). Fic.-—Barrett, Lep. Brit. Is., plt. 233, f. 2b. Orig. Descrip.—‘‘ Alis anticis rufo-brunneis, fere non -nigro-punc- tatis; alis infer. late ochraceo-flavescenti marginatis.”’ ab. albistigma, Dnhl., Ent. Zeits., XX XIX, 197 (1926). Orig. DEscriv.—‘‘ Completely unicolorous examples, clear-yellow to black-hbrown and black red-brown in which the inner half of the not well defined stigma is marked by white dots on each side of the centre, and gives the insect a wholly distinct appearance.’’ EK. Tyrol. ab. elsa, Schultz, Int. Ent. Zeits., XXIV, 167 (1930). Orig. Descrip.—‘‘ Recognized by the extreme increase in the cream- yellow portions of the wing, se that the brick-red ground colour is con- fined almost entirely to the discal area. In the typical male the clear red-brown ground colour is dominant; here this is so far almost all con- fined to the lower half of the discal are. The fringes are of reddish to vellowish-brown colour.’’ Bred from near Bozen. ab. euanthes, Schultz, Int. Ent. Zts., XXIV, 167 (1930). Oris. Descrtp.—‘‘ Ground colour of forewings brick-red; marginal band and stigmata cream-yellow, a few spots in the basal part as well as the outer surround of the reniform also cream-vellow.’’ Bred from ova, near Bozen. ab. antemarginalis, Dnhl., Ent. Zeits., XLVI, 260 (1933). Orig. Descrip.—‘‘ Ground colour a fresh yellow-red, without cloud- ing, also wholly unicolorous throughout, although a sparse very uni- formly spread fine puncturing is present. The reniform stigmata are not changed in appearance by the two black dots placed close te one another, often there is placed a third in the middle. In this case the white shows out clearly in the triangular dots. The mest censpicuous character of this form is the clear concentration of black spots before the outer margin, which usually form a distinct band. not reaching to the costa and inner margin and joining them. The margin is spotted clear black.’? Hanover. Scopelosoma, Curt. (1837), Gn., Barr., Stdgr., Splr., South, Culot: [Orthosia, Ochs.-Treit. (1816-25), Meyr., Meyr.: Cerastis, Hb. (1821), Tr., H.-S. text, Dup. text: Orrhodia, Hb. (1821), H.-S. cat.: Hupsilia, Hb. (1821), Hamp., South, Warr.-Stz., Drdt.-Stz.: Glaea, Steph. (1829): Mecoptera, Gn. (1837)] satellitia, L. (1767) = transversa, Hufn. (1766). Up to the end of the last century our Animal Nomenclature took as its earliest date, 1767, the date of publication of the XIIed. of the Systema Naturae of Linn. The recognition many years after of the Ned., and the dating back to 1758 for priority of names, was the cause of never THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND. THEIR VARIETIES. (19) ending correction of specific names, as little or no adjustment was at- tempted until quite recently. Thus it is necessary to replace the name satellitia, L., of the XITea. (1767) by the name transversa, Hufn., in the Berlin Mag. (1766). futt, Brit. Noct., Wl, 7 (1892): Meyrs Hand. 64, (1895): Barr. Lep. Brit. Is., VI, 20, plt. 234, f. 3 (1900): Stdgr., Cat., IIled., 210 (1901): Hamp., Lep. Ph., VI, 437 (1906): Splr., Schm. Fur., I, 258, plt. i, 8 (1907): South, M.BW., TW, 27, pli. We, 1-3.(1908): \Warnr.-Stz., Pat, Noct., III, 144, plt. 35 ce, d (1910): Culot, N. et G., I (2), 91, plt. 56, f. 5 (1914): Draudt-Stz., Pal. Noct. Supp., III, 148 (1934). Rosel, Jns. Belust., III, plt. 50, 1-4, gave a good but very dark figure (1756-60). ; Esp., Abbild., IV, 618, plt. 169, f. 6-7 (1790-?), gave two figures named satellitia, recognizable as intended for the species, but very badly executed. Ernst & Engr., Pap. d’Eur., VII, f. 511 (1790), gave three good figures and in the text recognized the transversa, Hufn., as this species. Hb., Samml. Noct., 182 (1800-3), gave a good banded dark brown figure with a white spot. The central band encloses the reniform spot, is wide on the costa and narrow on the inner margin, the submarginal band is uniform in width, both are more or less double lined on each side by darker lines. The bands are darker, as is the basal area although not so definitely defined. Dup., Hist. Nat., VI, 116, plt. 80, fig. 4 (1826), gave a good figure. Splr., Schm. Eur., I, 258, plt. 47, 3 (1907), gave a figure which the author claims as representing the grey-brown typical form of Linn. The figure strikes one curiously as having the forewings not in correct pro- portion to the hindwings, otherwise fairly good. South, M.B.1., II, 27, plt. 12, 1-8 (1908), gave three figures, fairly good in colour. Fig. 3 is suggested as the brunnea, Lampa, but pro- bably not dark enough. Warr.-Stz., Pal. Noct., I{I, 144, plt. 35 c, d (1910), gave transversa, Hufn., as a synonym, and only recognized three forms; brunnea, Lampa, ‘‘ when the three discal spots are deep reddish-yellow ”’; albi- puncta, Strand; and rufescens, Tutt. They ignored all the ‘ sub- varieties ’’ of-Tutt. They gave six figures: satellitia 5 and 2, brunnea c and Y, albipuncta ¢ and 9, the marking and ground colour not satisfactory. Culot, NV. et G., II (2), 91, plt. 56, f. 5 (1914), gave a very good figure. Barrett summed the Variation as follows :— Not very variable beyond the constant alternation of the reniform stigma and its attendant dots between pure white, and deep yellow, orange, or even chestnut—in which last case these markings are very obscure—but in Yorkshire specimens are obtained which are much suf- fused with black-brown, or even black, and others dull brown with very little of the usual chestnut colouring. Scotch specimens are rather richly coloured. He referred to a specimen ‘‘ of a wonderful crimson-red, especially crimson towards the base.”’ (oo) ; ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/V /1941 The Names and Forms to be considered are :— transversa, Hufn. (1766), Berl. Mag., III, 418. — satellitia, L. (1767), Syst. Nat., XIled., 855. [f. tripuncta, Btir. (1878), Ann. and M.N.H., 5 (1), 168], a Japanese sp. (?). f. brunnea, Lampa (1885), Hnt. Tid., 76. (r.) f. rufescens, Tutt (1892), Brit.-Noct., III, 8. ab. flavo-satellitia, Tutt (1892), l.c. ab. rufo-satellitia, Tutt (1892), l.c. ab. albo-rufescens, Tutt (1892), l.c. ab. flavo-rufescens, Tutt (1892), l.c. ab. rufo-rufescens, Tutt (1892), l.c. ab. trabanta, Huene (1901), Stett. Ent. Zing., LXIT, 158. ab. albipunctu, Strnd. (1903), Arch. Math. Natwr., V (25), N, 9, p. 14. ab. juncta, Splr. (1907), Schm. Eur., I, 258. ab. wnicolor, Schultz (1909), Berg. Rebel., 251. ab. nigricans, Schultz (1910), Int. Ent. Zt., IV, 6. ab. brunneor, Strnd. (1915), Arch. f. Naturg., A. 12, p. 149. ab. olivacea, Porritt (1923), H.M.M., LIX, 87. ab. ochrea, Lenz. (1927), Osth. Schm. Sudbey., II (2), 331. ab. flavimaculata, Lenz. (1927), Osth. Schm. Sudbey., YI (2), 3381. Tutt dealt with the typical form (1) the grey continental form satel- litia, L.; (2) the red form which he named rufescens, and its sub- varieties; (3) albo-rufescens, with white reniform; (4) flavu-rufescens, with yellow reniform; (5) rufo-rufescens, with red reniform; (6) flavo- satellitia, the typical form with yellow reniform; (7) the typical form with red reniform, rufo-satellitia; (8) form brunnea, Lampa, probably a deeper red form than rufescens. transversa, Hufn., Berl. Mag., III, 418, No. 102 (1766). Orig. Drscrip.—‘’ Red-brown, with many darker transverse mark- ings, and a white-yellow spot in the middle of the wing, around which two other small ones stand.’’ Rottemb., Naturf., IX, 143 (1776), called this satelliiia. ab. trabanta, Huene, Stett. E. Zing. (1901), LXIT, 15S. Orig. DEescrip.—‘‘ With the spot at the base of the reniform pure white.’? This was subsequently renamed by Strand (1903) albipuncta. ab. albipuncta Strand, Arch. Math. Naturv., XXV, 9, p. 14 (1908). Derscrip.—In which the midale spot is white in place of being yel- low. It occurs in both the typical form and in var. brunnea, Lmpa. (invalid). ab. juncta, Splr., Schm. Hur., I, 258 (1907). Ortc. Drscrip.—‘‘ Often the group of small spots in the reniform are bound together by a curved similarly coloured marginal line inside.”’ ab. unicolor, Schultz, Berge. Reb. (1909), 251; Verbt. et M.R., I, 391. Orie. Descrip.—‘‘ Unicolorous grey, with very obsolescent stigmata.”’ Elgy. ab. nigricans, Schultz, Int. Ent. Zeit.,’’ IV, p. 6 (1910). ' MS. and EDITORIAL MATTER should be sent and all PROOFS returned to ; -*‘#Hy. J. 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Re FUR FS (V0). BE An CCOurse) eee Ae SR ee as ee Butterfiles of the Upper Rhone Valley. By Roger Verity, F.RB.E.S. .... me as FOODPLANTS OF THE LARVAE OF BRITISH TRYPETIDAE (DIPTERA). BY M. NIBLETT. A FEW COPIES ONLY ......... pracies <7 setecsessearsnentets To be obtained post free from H. W. ANDREWS, 6 Footscray Road, El MORE FIELD NOTES FROM MACEDONIA. : ine MORE FIELD NOTES FROM MACEDONIA. le? Lootesy 2 )} > ,8%° By Mazcomm Burr, D.Sc., F.R.E.S. \ JUL 18 1941 R ; py _S iBRARY Nearly a quarter of a century ago I was writing home to The Ento-—_ mologist’s Record some Field Notes from Macedonia while the impres- sions were still fresh. How little did I think then that the wheel of chance would bring me back, almost to the same scenes, to meet many of the same friends, both bipeds and hexapods! In those days the war was in full swing in grim earnest. This time it was looming very near, and the tense air added a zest to travel. It was past the middle of August 1939 when I arrived in €koplje, and the countryside was burnt up. I was used to that, but surprised at the poverty of insect life. The valley of the Vardar here is broad and entirely given up to cultivation. Over those acres of kukuruz, or maize, stubble there was little hope of finding interesting Orthoptera, and no eround is more irritating or fatiguing to tramp across. In the agree- able park I met Dr Karaman, Director of the Skoplje Museum and Zoo, a distinguished ichthyologist, interested in freshwater Amphipoda and Isopoda, on which subjects he would be glad to enter into correspondence and exchange with colleagues in Britain and elsewhere. In the dried grass in the park I found but a few Stenobothrids, like Ch. biguttulus, a single small Metrioptera and the universal, irresistible Atolopus, perhaps the same species that I had taken at sea, flying to lhght, off the Angola coast. The next day I hurried on to Gostivar, a pleasant little township near the Albanian frontier. The only fault I had to find with the friendly little inn was that the wallpaper was brown, which is a dis- advantage as it does not shcw them up, but, to my relief, they did not put in an appearance. As at Skoplje, the only ground near the town that looked promising was the park, where in the dried grass I picked up a few Stenobothrids, Tetrix sp. and a Pachytrachelus, an old friend I had not seen for very many years. Behind the pleasant village of Vrutok, where the Vardar rises, there are beech woods on the hills not yet entirely deforested for firewood, but the lfelessness was relieved only by a few Oedipoda caerulescens, a Stenobothrid or two, and a Tylopsts. On the far side of the river, past the hamlet of Ballin-do, through rich gardens full of magpies, chaffinches and goldfinches, out on the parched hillside, with a few stunted beech and juniper; a few small Omnocestus, which may prove interesting, Chorthippus suggestive of mollis, and a small Platycleis. Jt was a rather depressing scene, relieved only by the plaintive pipes of the young goatherd, whose charges were responsible for much of the barrenness. As I strolled back to the town I was amused to see a big ficck of jackdaws playing at being starlings; their aerial stunts are not half so effective and their chatter robs them of dignity. The chief of the police took me for a drive and a picnic to Zubovtse, a big village with the usual gardens and vineyards on the hillside, de- corated with red admirals, painted ladies and fritillaries. I added, though, but little to my meagre list, Twlopsis and Phaneroptera falcata. No stridulation audible, till my lttle friend Oecanthus, the cricket of the vines, struck up his lilting evening chorus. The Turkish mayor of the prosperous village of Vrapchishte enter- tained us to coffee and water-melon while we rested. He told me that 58 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15; VI/1941 the village pocketed three million dinars for its tobacco crop the pre- vious season, a welcome relief after a spell of depression. In some boggy flats below I found Conocephalus fuscus and the S. Kuropean ssp. bisignata of the African Paracinema tricolor, So far my wandering had brought me but little Entomology, although delights in other form, above all, that of meeting many old comrades from the last war, some showing the twenty odd years that had passed, but some seemed hardly older, which gave one a pleasant feeling of re- juvenation. So, after spending a few days in such cheerful company in the picturesque old Serbo-Turkish town of Tetovo, I mounted a white Albanian pony and rode up to the Shar Planina. This seemed reali romance. As a boy I had often gloated over the maps of this district, but in Turkish days it was remote, inaccessible and dangerous. In Skoplje I had heard that Dr Willy Ramme, of the Berlin Museum, bad spent some time collecting on the mountain, and he had told Dr Karaman that he had taken an interesting new species of Orthoptera. It seems that we had missed each other by but a day or two, and I heard that with mixed feelings. Half-an-hour’s ride up took me out of the zone of the vine. There was an English look about the woodlands, with their chestnut, hawthorn and many familiar wild flowers; then through groves of hazel, sycamore, oak, beech, then that wretched maize stubble, to the Albanian eyrie of Lisac, perched at the edge of the plateau, picturesque, of course, but poverty-stricken, the houses built of mud and beech branches, or lumps of rock and roofed with slabs. An hour or more through sub-alpine crops, chiefly oats and rye stubble, with stunted clumps of beech, with flocks of tiny goats and tinier sheep, out on to the grassy plateau, with springy turf like our Downs, studded with woody clusters of Juniperus nana. A few miles further on, it was truly alpine, the peaks rising to 8000 ft., with here and there upon their flanks a patch of Abies pectinata. Down below it was hot, as it can be in a Macedonian August, but up here it was cool, chilly at dusk and really cold at night. The Yugoslav Tourist Association have built a hostel here, which is thronged in the ski-ing season. Now, to my relief, it was practically deserted. The manager, a Greek, spoke defective English, but recited the speech of Henry V on the eve of Agincourt as well as Lewis Waller ever did, and every evening would read out to me a passage from some Epistle of St Paul, with a perfection of diction that was almost professional. He told me he had learnt his English at Robert College, that amazing Ameri- can university on the banks of the Bosphorus. It was a very different world up here. The hostel, under a hillock called Popova Shapka, stands about 5500 ft. above the sea. Springs burst out all around it, enlivened by dippers and yellow-bellied wagtails. In the sky the chief birds were the eagles. The peaks around drew the clouds, and during my short stay up there want of sunshine dogged me. I collected assiduously, knowing that almost every specimen would have its story to tell, buoyed up through the drizzle and mist in the hope of finding something of special geographical interest, for I knew there are boreal relicts up these little known Macedonian mountains. Among the junipers anc the whortleberry by careful search I took a few handfuls of several Stenobothrids. I would not venture to name them, as they may weil be critical species, but they looked like Chorthippus MORE FIELD NOTES FROM MACEDONIA. 59 parallelus, Ch. bicolor, Ch. pullus, Stenobothrus stigmaticus and Myrmeleotettix maculatus. And at last my patience was rewarded when I heard a squeaky chirrup from a Juniper. I could hardly beleve my ears. Could there be an Hphippigera here? I stalked it down, and caught it. It looked exactly like Eph. vitium. If it is, this must be its eastern, and south-eastern, limit. Or else a localised, closely related species. In any case, it was an interesting find. I hunted by the hour for more, but in vain. Like me, they were discouraged by the low, black mist looming angrily up the valley. Still, beyond, I could see the sun shining in the valley down there in Tetovo. So I decided to stay yet another day. And I had my reward, for next morning the sun shone brightly, at least for a few hours. I walked across to a patch of whortleberry, and there was gladdened by a sight I had not +een for many years, grasshoppers in swarms, the kinds men- tioned already plus one. That had those grotesque, pear-shaped, inflated fore tibiae in the male, which is only known in Aeropus sibiricus. The altitude at this spot must be about 6000 ft., and this truly alpine form did not occur below. I sat down to revel in the sight, when something moved, and I watched a small viper slide into its hole, with a cheeky flick of its tail as it vanished. I looked around for its mate, and a foot or two away there she was. I watched her; she did not go straight to the hole, but by a detour. The local folk tell me that vipers, which they call sharka, are very common up here, and I learnt afterwards that it is not the general V. berus, but V. ursinii, a species peculiar to the Shar mountains. It is reputed to be a gentle creature that does not attack man. In a juniper bush [ found a large female apterous Poecilimon sp., and among the whortleberries some small grey brachypterous Decticids. But the sunshine was fleeting. In a few hours the clouds came back and did their dirty work; it remained warm on the hillsides, but a cold, damp breeze blew up the valley of the streams. By patience and luck I got a second Ephippigera, but never a sign of a Blattid, nor of an earwig. The place must be interesting botanically. The sheep and goats trim down the grassy areas closely, of course, but under the shelter of the juniper bushes there is a fairly rich flora and fauna, just as there is under the stunted chermes oaks in Greek Macedonia. A common plant is Daphnea, with a long, woody root and a high stem crowned with bunches of long, soft, narrow leaves and a few soft scarlet berries at this late season, for 1t was the last week in August when I was up there. There were remains of an Arwin, an undergrowth of V. myrtillus, some bramble leaves, a leaf suggestive of wild strawberry, and, to my sur- prise, red clover. There were hairbell, eyebright, and a few gentians, of which I have brought away specimens in the-hope that they may turn out to be interesting. Grass of Parnassus enlivened a bit of bog below the hostel, where there was V. beccabunga and a Silene. Also an un- familiar little pink flower recalling Calluna. Afterwards my friend, O. S. Grebenchikov, told me this is Brouckenthalia spicuifolia, one of that interesting group of plants peculiar to the mountains of Southern Serbia. A group of Albanians were burning the juniper clumps to make more grazing for their flocks. | watched, hoping to see a number of interest- 60 ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD. 15/VI/1941 ing Orthoptera come out, as they do before bush fires in Africa, but not a specimen did I catch like that. By chance, though, at that spot, I picked up a female Arcyptera, a most handsome creature. To me it looked like A. fusca, a striking, yellow, black and crimson grasshopper that I had taken in the Alps of Savoy and in the North of Siberia and the southern Pyrenees, but it 1s as likely as not that this will turn out to be a distinct species, or at least a localised form. It seemed numbed and sluggish. In a sheltered dell J found a colony of Anterastes serbicus, a small Decticid, and a single female of Psorodonotus fiebert, and had the luck to chance on another female Ephippigera crawling on a juniper, and another, a male, of the big, plump Poecilimon. Then again a pair of those little adders. On being disturbed, they hunched up, and peered at me; then, satisfied that there was a danger- ous look about me, the first slunk in a roundabout way to its hole, and slithered in, with an uncanny reptuian movement. I suppose they widen out their home inside, as otherwise they must come out tail first. On 31st August the weather looked so threatening that I decided to go down, for my time was not unlimited. As I was leaving the hostel an Albanian rode up, bringing a batch of telegrams for me and some local letters, sent up by my friends in the valley. The first cable gave me instructions impossible of execution, but that did not matter as the second cancelled it. A forest officer, whom I met, told me that the reason the high beech forests are so stunted is not climatic, but because the inhabitaiuts cut them down as soon as they are thick as a man’s thigh. As L rode down through the village of Lisac the folk were threshing their oats by picking up armfuls and beating them en the ground, and winhnowing them with their hands. The natives of these sub-alpine vil- lages are almost all Albanians, but as the village names are Slavonic, the Albanians are an intrusive element, who penetrated during the Turkish period. They are fine fellows, honourable, trustworthy and in- dustrious, but very backward. This village of Lisac, on the edge of the plateau, is bright with cottage flowers and well-watered. A little fur- ther down all is arid. A couple of days later I was back in Skoplje. The place seemed drier than ever. The hills around, the so-called Montenegro of Skoplie, Skopska Crna Gora, with its pretty villages and Serbian peasants in white costumes bordered with black braid, are dry, with scrubby, scraggy trees. The people must have firewood. The vegetation had a central Kuropean look, with oak, beech, poplar, wild pear, and wainut, but there were here and there a fig tree, and plenty of Christ Thorn, Paliurus spina christi. The universal, commonest wild flower around this part of the Balkans, seems to be a mullein. Not many birds. No starlings, but plenty of jackdaws, and I did not see any of the charac- teristic birds of the south. A week later I stopped at the alpin2 village of Mavrovo, high above Gostivar, and a lovely spot it is. It has great attractions for ski-lovers in winter, but I prefer it in summer. It is certainly splendid country. A local sportsman told me that the high ground between Mavrovo and the Shar is the last place in the Balkans where the lynx is still to be found. It is rigidly preserved. MORE FIELD NOTES FROM MACEDONIA. 61 The hills around Mavrovo are pleasantly wooded, but there is no big timber. Orthoptera were not numerous. The usual Oedipoda caeru- lescens and O. germanica, Omocestus (ventralis ?), some small Chorthip- pus and a few Dociostaurus genet, with Ch. parallelus and Ch. pulvinatus. In a clump of trees I heard suddenly a loud, penetrating, shrill call, some- what like that of Tettigonia viridissima but with a different timbre. I worked for a long time, but all I found were two females of a big, fat, apterous Phaneropterid. JI picked up a pair of Leptophyes albovittata, a female Platycleis, and Parapleurus alliaceus on the banks of a stream. The next day a wonderful drive down the magnificent gorge of the Radika, stopping for refreshments at the frontier town of Debar, rich in memories of Turkish days when the local robber barons were prosper- ous, along the Black Drim, that admits Atlantic eels to Ohrid, and then out to the shores of that wonderful lake, that I had longed for so many vears to see. The approach is over an expanse of boggy flat, clearly but recently reclaimed, enlivened by peewits and white herons, through the once prosperous old market town of Strua, to the edge of the lake itself, fading mistily to the horizon, encircled with grey, stony mountains. The ancient town of Ohrid, with its old, oriental quarter, and the ruins of a mediaeval fort upon a small ridge dominating the place, is spread- ing eastwards along the shore in a more modern style. A breeze was blowing. as I found is usual, fretting the water into ‘‘ white horses,’’ to match the terns skimming over them, all standing out against the bluish haze of the distance, just as Nazaroff describes of Issyk Kul. Feeiing as though fulfilling a dream of boyhood, I dropped that night into a deep, long sleep. JI dreamt about British Grenadiers. I sat bolt upright in bed, astonished. Yes, ‘‘ and a tow row row row row... . !’? and then an unmistakably English voice... . Yes, I was in Ohrid really, so why was this Englishman shouting at me at six o’clock in the morning? It was a loud-speaker, giving the news from ... . Sofia. That comes on at six, when the air is fairly clear. The war had begun by then, and the Ohrid public were deeply interested. In a couple of hundred vards along that front there were three loud-speakers, which vied with each other to proclaim the news of the progress of the in- vasion of Poland. The name of Ohrid is famous throughout the Balkans for many rea- sons. Apart from its beauty, there is a famous ballad, how Bilyana was washing her linen white, by Ohrid’s limpid springs. These burst exu- berantly out of the foot of the mountains to the East of the town, and they are always called Bilyana’s Spring. Alongside them is a hydro- biological station, where they breed the famous Ohrid trout of which they turn out millions annually to feed the fishing industry. Tor since it was Lake Lychnis. as the old Greeks knew it, Ohrid has been famous for its fish, above all for its trout. There are eighteen species of fish known in the lake, including the eels. I believe it is the only Balkan lake that has eels. They come up from the Adriatic, up the Boyana through the Lake of Skadar. up the Drim into the lake. Of the trout there are two species, Trutta ohridana and T. balcanica. The sterile form of the latter, known locally as letnitsa, is one of the most delicious fishes of the world, rivalling the sig of the Neva. 62 ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD. 15/VI/1941 I climbed up the rocky mountain behind the station and the spring, where stands a small, isolated obelisk, with the simple inscription. ‘‘ 400 Martyrs.’’ These were Serbian schoolboys, struggling to safety in Greece in the winter of 1915, but overtaken by the enemy and done to death in a common grave. Treeless, with a bit of scraggy scrub, and a few wild flowers, larkspur, mullein and succory. It all looked poverty- stricken, and so did the big villaze of Velesttovo, where I hoped to buy a chunk of cheese and a mug of wine, an hour’s rest, and then a climb to the top. But I had reckoned without knowledge. If found an old lady, a girl and a lad beating rye on the threshing-floor. When I asked if they would sel! me a chunk of bread, the old lady burst into tears. No bread had they for sale, she said, barely enough to eat themselves, and cheese was almost unknown, wine quite. But the lad shared with me his lump of dark bread, flavoured with roast hot peppers, to make it go down. And the water was cold and clear. I sat and varned with them for an hour, grieved to learn of their poverty, when life was at least endurable at the foot, and a little further cn almost prosperous. The explanation was that there was no justification for a village at that spot. It was too high, too dry, too barren. As we sat, the boom of guns wafted over the lake. The manoeuvres. Very near the Albanian frontier. Daily a thrust was expected, from the Itasians; troops, they said, were massed on the other side of the lake, which the frontier crosses, 12nd the Greeks, too, they said, were ready. My lunch was inadequate for high climbing, so I strolled down. The Orthopterous fauna seemed as poor as the village, an odd Chorthippus or so and a few Oedipoda. On my way down I met some of the menfolk coming up. They had been selling a few loads of firewood down in Ohrid. They asked me to explain the war in Poland to them, so I drew maps in the sand. They told me in Ohrid that in Struga there was . . . of all improbable things . . . a zoological museum. Still, at Ohrid there is a hydrobio- logical station, so I jumped on to the ’bus and popped over to Struga to lunch. It was true, there 7s a zoological museum in Struga, a fine collection of stuffed animals and good collections of insects, It had been formed by a Russian refugee doctor, who was an enthusiastic naturalist, with the energy to enlist government support, and, I was told, he had made a very good job of it. Unfortunately, at the time of my visit all the collections were packed up for removal to a new build- ing specially put up to house them. The flats outside the town were rich lands covered with crops wf maize, fruit garcens, and particularly peppers, which are an important local produce, and plenty of cattle grazing. A couple of boys told me that 1t was usually flooded in the winter, and that a hundred and five years ago, for they were curiously exact, it was permanently under water. The truth is that they have been clearing the channel of the Drim, which drains the lake, so that the water flows more freely and the level of the lake has been lowered a couple of feet in a year or little over. That was illustrated by the director of the hydrobiological station, who told me that on fields where I saw cattle grazing they had caught carp twe years ago. NOTES ON NOMENCLATURE. I. 63 I found very little insect life on the flats, where the chief living things, apart from the cattle, were countless frogs with green stripes down their backs. No Tetrix or Paracinema to my surprise. In a moist corner, where there were some shrubs and long grass, was Tetrix depressa, Conocephalus fuscus, Aiolopus strepens, Omocestus ventralis, Pezotettix giornae, Oecanthus pellucens. The place seemed rich in tree frogs and big spiders. Then to Bitolj and on to Skoplje, where I took ai farewell walk up to a village called Vodno. On the path were the two common Oedi- podas, A. strepens, and the usual Stenobothrids; Acrida turita low down, of which I had seen little in these parts, and Tetrix depressa. In the village I found a bed of nettles, somewhat unusual here, where by sweeping I got the only earwig I have seen in Serbian Macedonia. It was a female, so I cannot say if it were Forficula auricularia or F. lurida. By that time the end of September was approaching. I went by the night train to Belgrad, still wearing whites. The next day winter set in. From the point of view of Orthoptera, my six or seven weeks in Southern Serbia were disappointing. I was evidently too late in the season. I did not find anything like the wealth of species I had known in Greek Macedonia, on the other side of the gorge of Demir Kapu, which seems to mark a zoological boundary. Still, I can fairly hope that the few things I managed to take on the Shar may redeem the excursion, NOTES ON NOMENCLATURE. I. [A statement, not an argument, of the general pusition of the in- stability of our specific names and a summary of the factors which ap- pear to have been the partially unavoidable causes of the position. ] In 1758 Linné followed up what he had already done in the Nomen- clature of Botany, 1753, and applied his Binomial method of Naming to the Animal Kingdom in his famous Systema Naturae. The older authors, although they readily adopted the Binomial System of Nomenclature from Linné, gave references to names, de- scriptions and figures of authors previous to 1767, the priority date first adopted, but did not further adopt the name of any species, or if they did they sponsored it as their own, just as did the authors immedi- ately sueceeding Linné and before 1767. The only remarks on the specific names for many succeeding years may be summed up in the fact that workers in one country did not get to know what was going on in another and we find the same species getting a fresh name from ignorance of its recognition and name in seme other country. Hence some species have obtained a string of names. Also we get a sexually dimorphic form treated as a separate species and named so. Even Linné treated janira and jurtina as two species, and the curious fact arose that although jwurtina was the prior described and named, it was a female and hence the correct name of the species was taken to be janira, that of the male form, and so it remained until com- paratively recently, when strict priority was adopted by the 1901 Com- mission, 64. ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/VI/1941 In 1871 the 2nd edition of the famous Staudinger’s List of European Lepidoptera was issued aud the authors made no general change in the customary starting point for synonymy, the XIled. of the Systema Naturae of Linné, which was pubvlished in 1767. The only references used of that date, besides Linné, were those of Hufnagel in the Berlin. Magazin, under the date presumed to be 1767, unless they clashed with a name in Linné’s Sys. Nat., when the latter was taken. This initial error in the reference to Hufnagel, strange to say, was not discovered until 1921. Of course, Stdgr. included many names and references like machaon, rhamni, apollo, rapae, napi, etc., ete., etc., not because they. were in the Xed. but because they were in the XIled. and were in general use. In course of time, more particularly towards the end of the nine- teenth century, with a deeper knowledge of the literature, it became evident that there were several important systematic works, between 1758, the date of the Xed. of the S.N., and 1767, the date of the XIJed., in which the binomial nomenclature was used, and entomologists began to urge that the priority date should be that of the Tenth Hdition of the Systema Naturae, viz., 1758, and to use works published between 1758 and 1767; some quoted names introduced in the pre 1767 period, e.2., Wocke in part IT (micros) of Stdgr. 1871 List. Kirby in his Synonymic Catalogue of Diurnal Lepidoptera of 1871 adopted the usual custom of recognising only as far back as the XIled. of the Sys. Nat., 1767, but in his ‘‘ Supplement ’’ of 1878 said, “ I now consider the Xed. of Linné’s Sys. Nat. and not the XIJed., as the only tenable starting-point,’? an opinion strongly renewed in his ffandbook of the Order Lepidoptera, Vol. iii, 1896, where he expressed the absolute necessity of strict priority in specific names in a discussion of the name of edusa for our ‘‘ clouded yellow,’’? which he regrets that he must re- place by the prior name croceus, Frery. WKirby was one of the first to give strong expression to the necessity of Priority in Nomenclature. which attitude, no doubt, was brought more closely to his notice by the Catalog of Staudinger, and he lost no opportunity in supporting his opinion and action. The late Lord Walsingham and his energetic secretary, John Hartley Durrant, also did a great deal to push forward these nomen- clatorial matters in the beginning of the present century. Tt was about this time that attention was gradually again being turned to the Genera of Lepidoptera. Genera stand on a different basis to that of species and their content must vary from time to time as we gain a greater detailed knowledge of the life-history and genetic re- lationship of the various species, coupled with the insertion of new species. Each genus must have a selected representative ‘‘ type”’ species, around which related species are grouped, but subject to re- moval if compared with species of another genus and found incom- patible with the first genus. The genus and its name may even disap- pear from use. . One of the most important publications on genera at this period was Scudder’s Historical Sketch in 1875, which had been preceded by a limited preliminary Systematic Revision of North American Butterflies, 1872. Perhaps we may be allowed to quote from a passage on Priority from the Historical Sketch. Scudder said, on p. 95 et seq., ‘‘ Butterflies NOTES ON NOMENCLATURE. TI. 65 have suffered from the writings of uneducated naturalists,’ ‘‘ more perhaps than any other class of animals.’’ He went on to speak of the ‘tedious and painful’’ work of reducing the ‘‘ mass of chaotic facts te order,’ and ‘‘ The result reached in some cases will surprise many entomologists, as it has myself, and in not a few instances I would gladly see a logical way out of the necessity of change among names which have had long usage; but the law of priority is and would best be in- exorable, and the action of those who decry it would relegate our nomen- clature to an increasingly chaotic condition. 1 therefore hold to it as of the utmost importance in nomenclature, as the very foundation of its stability. The changes now required by its strict application are selely due to the neglect of the past.”’ May we point out to our readers that this neglect has gone on and on for more than half-a-century since the above was written, and when change is attempted the neglect is worse still, for the supplanted name has sel- dom been indicated with the prior name to give the reader a chance of understanding about what he is reading, and he is choked off by a naked unknown, which many probably have no means of finding, ameng their usually scanty literature, nor have the time and opportunity te work out. To quote an instance, I had a MS. submitted to me with the specific name gnoma, without any indication as to what species was meant. IT had never met with it before; it was given as a main specific name. It occurred in no British List, nor in the various books used by the amateur such as South, Newman, Stainton. Was it a wanderer from abroad? No. At last. consulted Staudinger’s Catalog (1901) and Seitz, both works not likely to be in the hanc’s of many of our readers. In both I found under dictaeoides, ‘‘ ? gnoma, Fb.’ Tt is brutal to shirk the duty of editor in such cases. A name is used to help the reader to understand what is under discussion, to help him, and not to bewilder him and to spoil all interest in the subject he may have selected as a pleasant hobby for his hours of ease. The amateur entomologists of this country have been always very conservative in their opposition to even necessary changes. No doubt this attitude was partly due to the dictatorial method of introducing new (i.e. old) names without reference to the name hitherto in general use. In 1901 the 3rd edition of the Catalog of Staudinger was published and we find that the priority basis was in most species altered to the 10th edition of the Systema Naturae of Linne (1758) and that for the most part the names that were used in the 1871 Catalog were now, if necessary, adjusted. It was not until 1901 that definite steps were taken to get the general adoption of strict Priority in Spec:fic Names, when a Com- mission of naturalists was held, and it was adopted unanimously that this principle should come into general use. Hitherto the priority rule kad been individual and sporadic in its application. There arose considerable opposition to this vrinciple and a ‘‘limited”’ Priority was advocated, that when a name had been in use for a long period, say 100 years, it should stand, but it nas found small support, and the result would probably in many cases be worse than the adoption of absolute priority. 66 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/V1/1941 The more important works between 1758 (Linné) and 1767 (Linne) were (1) Linné, Systema Natwrae, 1758; (2) Clerck, Icones, 1759-; (3) Linné, Fauna Suecica, 1761; (4) Poda, Insecta Musci Graecensis, 1761; (5) Seopoh, Entomologia carniolica, 1763; (6) Miull., Fn. Ins. fridrich., 1764; and (7) Hufn., Berlinisches Magazin, vol. ii, vol. i111, vol. iv. The dates of these volumes were, in error, taken as 1766, 1767, 1768 respec- tively, and not until 1921 was this error, so simple but so fruitful for error, discovered; and the dates corrected 1766 to 1765, 1767 to 1766 (Noctuae), 1768 to 1767. This meant that where Linné described an insect in the XIJed. of the Sys. Nat., 1767, and the same insect was described by Huinagel re- putedly in 1767, the former had been in use for 150 years, but the latter description was the prior with the corrected date 1766, e.g. sutellitia, (Linné) (1767) = transversa, Hufn. (1766), an actual case in point. As one instance of the effect of the adoption of the Xed. of the Sys. Nat. of Linné, 1758, in place of the XIIed. of 1767 was the spelling of the name of our ‘‘Kentish Glory’? Moth, which had been in Linné, Fn. S. (1761) versicolor, but which should have been versirolora as originally in the 1758 work. I think Staudinger, in his Catalog, 1901, was the first to list the name with ‘‘a’’ when be adopted the Priority of 1758. J. W. Tutt followed in his Brit. Lepidoptera. The influence of Seitz’ works doubtless has been the greatest impetus in effecting the adoption of prior names and prior spelling. EHvery centre of Lepidopterological work in all countries is compelled by neces- sity to consult this encyclopaedia with its wonderful fitment of coloured plates. All the various authors of the sections have done their utmost to carry out the principle of Priority of specific names so that an exceed- ingly strong basis is afforded for further progress to follow. The dates of publication of many works were very approximate for many vears and in fact even now are a matter of indecision. Esper, Hiibner, Herrich-Schaeffer are perhaps the worst. Only within the last few years, since the Royal Entomological Society obtained a mass of Hiibner material, hitherto unknown to exist, from a private source, have the dates of his various publications been ascertained with all probable certainty. With the same material the dates of Herrich- Schaeffer were settled with the same certainty. With the works of Esper each volume began with the title-page and it has been customary to date each volume from that date, whereas after the first part the date does not apply to any other portion. For instance, vol. iv, in which the Noctuae are described, is dated 1786, but it is known from con- temporary literature and from internal evidence in the text, that much of the matter and some plates did not appear until years later, and dates now ean only be approximate. As an example of the effect of the uncertainty of the dates take an example quoted from Hampson in his Lepidoptera Phalaenae in dealing with the Noctuid, Scopelosoma satellitia, vol. vi, p. 487 (1906). He gave the reference to the name transversa, Hufn., for this species, Berl. Mag., iii, 418, but he dated it (1769). Why he did not quote the then accepted date ‘1767) we do not know.* Reference has been made to the error in the recognition of the dates of publication of the volumes of the Berlin. Magazin of Natural History, to which Hufnagel contributed articles on the Lepidoptera of the neigh- COLLECTING NOTES. 67 bourhood of Berlin. This magazine was issued in six parts per year. Fach part was enclosed in an illustrated cover which was dated. The six parts were subsequently bound with another but quite different title page, with a different illustration and the date of the year following that of the six parts. For instance, the parts of vol. iii (which contain notes on the Noctuae) were published in 1766, but when bound up had the new title page dated 1767, those of each part, no doubt, having been dis- carded. The work is very rare, only a few copies existing, chiefly in museums. This fact of date was only discovered in 1921; the tacsimiles of the covers were given with the above particulars in Ohentnar? S Lepi- doptera. comparée by Houlbert. Thus it is imperative, if further progress is to be carried on at any reasonable rate, such changes as are necessary should be made, not in a dictatorial way but in an educative way. And, in addition, no further books of the pre-19th century beyond those already in use in synonymy should be brought into nomenclatorial matters to eflect as far as is humanly possible what all are erying for, stability in our names.— Hive). hi. *In fact, he made blunder after blunder in respect to this species. In his de- scription of the typical form he stated “ reniform represented hy a white lunuiate or elliptical spot,’’ “- with white points beyond its upper and lower extremities.”’ Lower on the page he gave ‘ ab. satellitia. Forewing with the spots at end of cell yellow.’’ Then his reference to the ab. albipuncta, Strand, form (1903) was antedated by the ab. trabanta, Huene (1901), which reference in the Stett. e. Ztng. (1901) he overlooked. COLLECTING NOTES. — ORTHOLITHA UMBRIFERA, PROUT, IN GLOUCESTERSHIRE AND SOMERSET. —-I have been carefully examining a series of insects in my cabinet pur- porting to be Ortholitha mucronata and have come to the conclusion that sixteen of them are undoubtedly examples of O. wmbrifera, Prout. These were obtained in the counties of Gloucestershire and Somerset. I was interested to find that I had not a single example of O. mucronata amongst the specimens [ had collected some 30 years ago in the Wye Valley, so imagine that this is an instance of an isolated colony of O. umbrifera alone. The Somerset specimens were obtained about 25 years ago on moorland in the Minehead-Dunster district, where they were to he found in the same locality as O. mucronata. The earliest and latest times of capture, as shown on my labels, are as follows: O. winbrifera.— Gloucestershire, 13th May-5th June; Somerset, 24th May-10th June. O. mucronata.—Somerset, 16th June-15th July. Also odd specimens of the latter from other districts: Sussex, 25th June; Hants, 15th July, and Bucks, 4th July-19th July. From this it would appear that wnbri- fera is probably on the wing quite three to Sour weeks earher than mucronata,—J. F. Biro, Redclvffe, Walton Park, Clevedon, Som., 17th May 1941. NOTES ON VARIATION FROM THE WorRTHING MusrEumM COLLECTION (con- tinued from p. 56).—A. bellargus.—In the English specimens there is little or no difference in size between the two broods. There are several 68 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/VI/1941 specimens of the ab. wrania, still quite unmistakable though the black has shghtly faded. These were all taken at Gomshall on May 15th, 1929; I have never seen this form again though I have hunted the same hillside many times. There are several examples of the ab. puncta (also from France, Switzerland, and the Tyrol), several also of the abs. ad- denda and obsoleta. Specimens from abroad are nearly all larger ex- cept for some of the mountain ones, though one ¢ from Zinal is one of the largest in the collection; it is also the finest specimen of ab. puncta. The largest of all come from Mt. Olympus in Greece. The © form, ceronus, only comes from Pugny on the side of Mt. Revard and from Bex, though many of the Swiss 9s show some blue. There is a good ab. krodeli from Martigny. There is a good series of both broods of the coelestis form from Dompierre and Angouléme; the other French speci- mens are in no way remarkable except that those from Auzay are rather small. It is curious that Qs from Dompierre, unless definitely of the coelzstis form, show no blue at all. This is the case with all Qs in Italy and the Tyrol; these, however, often show a broad band of orange on all wings on the upper side, especially those from the neigh- bourhood of Florence. The Algerian race punctifera is wel! represented in both broods. The Qs of the first brood from Algiers vary greatly in the amount of blue they show, and the ds are very large; the Qs of the second brood show no blue at all. The 9s of the second brood from Morocco are small but show some blue, especially on the hindwings. A. polonus.—There are no less than eight of this form in the col- lection ; five of these came from Assisi, three being taken among bellar- gus some time before coridon came out, and the other two among coridon after bellargus was quite over. This certainly points to their being hybrids, but the other three are rather puzzling. Of these two came from Pugny (near Aix-les-Bains) and the other from Oberbozen in the Tyrol. I have never taken coridon in either of these localities (I am not suggesting that it does not exist there), but while the upper side in all three is nearer to bellargus, all the under sides are much closer to coridon. A. coridon.—The English series consists of a row and a half from the N. Downs, chiefly from Guildford, a short series from Alton Barnes near Devizes, a row from the 8. Downs, a short series from the Cots- wolds, a longer one from the Chilterns, and a long series from Royston collected between the years 1908 and 1915. These vary much in size in the ds, very little in the Qs, those from the Chilterns and Cots- wolds average rather smaller than the others. There is no blue on any of the @s from the S. Downs and Cotswolds, and only slight traces in one @ from Guildford and in three from the Chilterns. From Royston there is a fine series of semisyngrapha, and nearly all the forms so often mentioned elsewhere from these fields are to be found in this collection. The spotting of the under side varies much more in this species than in any other, especially in the matter of extra (or fewer) spots and in the coalescence of those on the forewing The number of basal spots on the forewing varies from 0 to 4. There is one @ from Guildford with lanceolated spots. From France there is a series from Digne and one from Larche, the latter are small, the former about the size of those from the N. Downs. Also a short series from Clelles and from La Grave, the latter with small COLLECTING NOTES. 69 Qs. Those from Vernet are large, on the other hand those trom Cau- terets and Gavarnie are rather small. Those from Dompierre and An- gouléme show a short series of brown @s and a fine lot of syngrapia. Those from Switzerland show a tendency to a broader border in the ds, especially from the Val Maggia, and there is one much sufiused from Goldau. Mountain specimens from Bergun, Bérisal and Barmaz on the Dent du Midi, especially the latter, are small, but those from Fusio on the S. slope of the Alps are large. All, except those from the Jura, show small spots on the under side. All the Italian specimens are inclined to show small spots on the under side. Those from the Apennines (Assisi, Mt. Oliveto) and from Mt. Meta are pale both upper and under side, those from the Mt. Abruzzi (Rocearaso and Palena) especially so; these latter correspond exactly with Zeller’s description of apennina, though not so well with his type specimens. They are far the lightest I have seen. The most remarkable of all are those from the neighbourhood of Berlin (race borussia, Dadd); these are veritable giants, larger than any arion in the collection. With regard to the closely related species, so long regarded as races of coridon, all we represented except caerulescens. In the case of /is- yana the second brood is rather larger than the first, though both are rather small; those from Fiesole are rather larger than from the Piano di Mugnone in the same neighbourhood ; striated forms and extra spots are common, some of the former being very striking. Those from the French Riviera are larger and much darker and duller in colour than those from Italy; I feel a little doubtful whether they are really the same species (if these others are all different). Arragonensis are all very pale, the race albicans being also very large and very faintly spotted. Ooelestissima has a bright deeply coloured upper side, with the under side very pale and with small spots. (To be continued).— Rev. G. WHesEtER, M.A., F.R.E.S. CaptuRES oF INsEcTS IN [RELAND.—I was, of course, very interested in Dr Bryan Beirne’s contribution in the Record for this month on the Four Years’ Captures ct Insects in Light Traps in Iveland. Among the so-called Macrolepidoptera I find some of the entries must be mis- takes. For instance: —‘‘ Hadena lepida (carpophaga). Occasional.’’ Should be the species capsophila. ‘“ Apamea obscura (ravida), Occa- sional.’? This Noctua, not recorded from Ireland, should be A. gemina. ‘ Plusia ni. Frequent.’? There is something very wrong here. Was P. interrogationis meant?—C. Donovan, Lt.-Col., I.M.S. (Retired), Bourton-on-the-Water, Glos., 19th May 1941. A Few Wicken Co.LreoprerA.—On the excursion to Wicken Fen, Cambs., on the 28th of June 1936, arranged by the Society for British Entomology during their Congress at Cambridge, I obtained a number of Coleoptera. Few of these turned out to be of any interest, but three species, marked * below, are not recorded in the Wicken List (Omer- Jjooper and Tottenham, Natural History of Wicken Fen, 6, 1932, 521- 537). Cryptocephalus bilineatus, L., was abundant together with ab. armeniacus, Fald., on a small patch of (?) Galiwm in Harrison’s Drove. This species is once recorded in the above list. Of *C. pusillus, F., 1 70 ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD. 15/VI/1941 took a single example by general sweeping. Similarly Anthicus antherinus, L., *Laria loti, Pk., and *Baris lepidit, Germ., were taken singly by sweeping mixed herbage probably near Sedge Fen Drove.— W. D. Hinoxs, 46 Gipton Wood Avenue, Leeds, 8. CURRENT NOTES, Rep Locust ContrRoL OrGganisaTion.—The Colonial Office announces that Mr A. P. G. Michelmore has been appointed to the new pest of Locust Officer in Northern Rhodesia and that he will shortly be proceed- ing to Abercorn in that territory to take up his duties, which are con- cerned with the carrying out of a scheme for the control of the Red Locust. Mr Michelmore, who has been serving with the Forces, has already devoted some years to the study of the Red Locust and in view of the importance of locust control, the military authorities have re- leased him for this work. The desirability of establishing Contro] Organ- isations in breeding areas of certain species of locusts was considered by the Fifth International Locust Conference, which was held in Brus- sels in 1938, and subsequently proposals for establishing these Control Organisations were put forward. It became evident that in present circumstances the Red Lecust, the known breeding areas of which were in Northern Rhodesia and Southern Tanganyika, was the only species for which it was practicable to establish a control scheme and that the original international scope of the scheme must for the present be dis- regarded. Hence it has been decided to proceed on the hnes which were laid down by the Economic Advisory Council and to establish a Control Organisation on the lines agreed by the Belgian and United Kingdom Delegations at the International Conference, slightly modified in view of present circumstances... . —CoOLONIAL OFFICE. An Error.—Owing to postal delay in not receiving corrected proof returned from Dublin, an unfortunate error of identification crept into the very fine record of Lepidoptera recorded by our correspondent, Dr Bryan P. Beirne, on page 48 as occurring at light. ‘‘ Plusia m’’ would have been either queried, or deleted editorially, had not the following record been consulted in Lt.-Col. C. Donovan’s recent Catalogue of the Macrolepidoptera of Ireland, where it is stated that :—- ‘* Eleven specimens taken by Miss B. Donovan, at Ummera, Co. Cork, at flowers of Silene inflata and Centranthus ruber. Four worn indi- viduals in June and seven perfect in September 1931. The earlier lot undoubtedly immigrants, the latter assumed to be local bred. The identity of the species was verified by Mr Hamm, of the Hope Depart- ment, Oxford.”’ The present record should be Plusia iota. Norrt.—Will all those contributors who have proofs kindly send them as near ‘‘return’’ as possible, otherwise delay in issue is caused or some annoying error creeps in uncorrected. The post takes nearly 48 hours to reach the publishers and may be longer. Normally one likes to pass for ‘‘ press ’’? nearly a week before issue on the 15th of the month. The week-end often takes its toll of time. REVIEWS. vial Tue South London Entomological and N.H. Society had a very good meeting on May 8th in the Chapter House, Southwark. Some thirty members were present and a paper was read on ‘‘ Hibernation.’’ The ensuing discussion was very informative. The Bright bequest of Polyommatus coridon has been added to by the purchase of the second cabinet containmg the remainder of the collection; thus it now com- prises nearly a hundred drawers Both cabinets are safely housed in the Hope Museum at Oxford for the duration, and can be seen by ap- plication to the Museum custodians. On 11th May the first Field Meet- ing of the year took place at Slough in Berkshire. These meetings have heen much curtailed this year. REVIEWS. We have just received Vol. v of the Amateur Entomologist, the Jour- nal of the Amateur Entomologists’ Society. The enthusiastic Secretary, Mr B. A. Cooper, 1s largely responsible for a fine atten:pt to hold his scattered flock together. A small volume; but 64 pages with 4 plates (56 figures) and about 90 text figures with appropriate text have resulted in a very useful volume, which all, Lepidopterists at least, should possess for reference; Coleopterists, too, are not forgotten; useful matter for them is included. The two main articles deal with what has elsewhere been termed ‘twin’? or ‘‘ multiple ’’ species, that is species of such extreme simi- larity of facies that it is practically impossible to separate without a more detailed and anatomical investigation. Recognizing that many collectors are without the facilities for mak- ing preparations such as those of Mr F. N. Pierce, Mr W. H. T. Tams has shown how, by a simple method of brushing the scales frem the ex- tremity of the abdomens and then making comparisons of structure, in many cases a satisfactory differentiation can be obtained. There are nearly 70 figures of such comparisons with reference to species of a dozen genera, e.g., LD. testacea and L. nickerlu, the Procus group strigilis, ete., the Hydraecia group nictitans (oculea), the Heliothis group dipsacea, etc., the Thera group variata, etc., and so on. Dr E. A. Cockayne, in the ‘‘ Habits of some British Moths,’ gives life-history details of practically the same species with that of some species recently worked out like Oria musculosa, Parascotia fuliginaria, Aegeria flaviventris, the Dysstroma truncata, D. citrata, ete., group. The four plates relate to the species in this paper and 48 of the 56 figures are of imagines. Mr A. F. O’Farrell gives a page of 8 diagrams and text explaining the various technical terms used in the study of the genitalic structures of the Lepidoptera, with text describing the ‘‘ Func- tions of the Organs,’’ and the methods of mounting and examining them. This forms a very usetul article which has long been wanted by the student. Unfortunately the figures are much too crowded to consult easily. The Secretary fills more than 8 pp. in his description of and suggestions on the setting of Lepidoptera, and includes useful dia- grams. Mr W. J. Finnigan, so well known locally for his photography of natural history objects, gives a series of notes on ‘‘ The Photography 72 ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD. 15/V1/1941 of Insects,’’?’ and Mr G. B. Walsh in two short articles treats of the Collecting of the Coleoptera, and the killing, setting and dissection of them. A summary of the so-called ‘‘ Migration ’’ of Insects in the past year is contributed by Mr B. A. Cooper. Mr H. M. Edelsten has com- piled an account of the ‘‘ Large Copper ’’ in Britain, and *‘‘ Suggestions to the Lepidopterist for his garden in Wartime ’”’ are by Mr R. C. Dyson; both articles are quite interesting. Short Notes on various subjects are for the most part practical and useful. With such applica- tion to our study of Kntcmology, we older followers of the net and pin need have no fear of the future for our Science, Societies, and Museums and the furtherance of the economic side, which last will become a neces- sity more and more as time goes on.—Hy. J. T. | ‘“ SAWFLIES OF THE BERKHAMSTED DistRict, with a List of the Saw- flies of Hertfordshire and Buckinghamshire and a Survey of the British Species (Hymenoptera Symphyta).” Trans. Herts. Nat. Hist. Soc. and Fld. Club, 21, 177-231 (1940). By Robert B. Benson, M.A., F.R.E.S. This is a very useful paper and deals with a very large local fauna. Mr Benson has done for the Sawflies of the Berkhamsted district what we have done for the Beetles of the Windsor Forest area. Of the 456 British sawflies he enumerates no less than 313 from his area, which is equal to 72% of the whole list. The food-plants of all the larvae are given, and some five pages are devoted to the Ecological aspects of the subject. The earlier lsts and records of British sawflies are referred to. Furthermore, a survey of all the known British species is given, which should prove to be of great use to the student of the fauna of our country. Two pages ot references are appended. This publication is essential not only to the student of British sawflies, but to anyone interested in our Hymenoptera in general. It can be obtained from Miss Gibbs, Houndspath, St Albans, for the moderate sum of 5/-. Just to mention one or two species :— Neurotoma mandibularis, Zadd., is only known from two specimens captured in the New Forest. Jt was first recorded as British on the specimen we took in the New Forest on 28th May 1910 (not 1916 as stated by Benson). Periclista pubescens, Zadd., is recorded from Bricket Wood, and is said to be only known now from two other counties elsewhere, i.e., Devon and Surrey. The first British specimen was taken by us at Porlock, Somersetshire, on 28th April 1911. Gilpinia polytoma, Htg. Only one specimen is known from Benson’s district, which he bred from a larva taken in Whippendell Wood, Herts., in June 1940, We beat the third British specimen off spruce in Windsor Forest on 6th May 1934. Fortunately, no further specimens have been found, for it might easily become a serious pest. In Canada, where it has been introduced from Kurope, immense damage has been caused to the spruce forests. [Hnt. Record, 4€, 94 (1934); Windsor List, p. 8 (1989)]. It is almost a pity that the Sawflies of Berkshire are not also in- cluded in Benson’s publication, for then the numerous species from Windsor Forest would be incorporated.—Horacr DonistHoRPE, Ento- mological Department, British Museum (Nat. Hist.), 4.v.41. THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (273) P. (253) Add to the List of Forms of C. haworthit, Curtis, ssp. sachalin- ensts, Mats., after line 15 from the bottom. P. (254) Add the Deserip. of this form after hne 16 from the top. ssp. sachalinensis, Mats., Jr. Coll. Agri., XV, 140 (1925). Descrie.—Stz., Pal. Noct. Supp., IlI, 160 (1934)—‘‘ Much larger reniform stigma, which is extended along veins 3 and 4 in long denta- tions, a wide oblique black-brown spot is situated outwardly thereof. Between veins 3 and 5 are two black-brown spots on margin. Marginal band is wide and blackish. The yellowish fringes have a dark dividing line.” S. ee Ke segs iy Re > Wadaads head Aes Ce ote \ “ip tay, 24 P. (261) Add to the List of Forms of M. sordida, Bork>-f segethartii, Duurloo. P. (263) Add the Orig. Descrip. of this form after line 14 from the top. f. engelhartu, Duurloo. (Warnecke, Int. Ent. Zts., XXVIII, 370 (1933)). Fieg.—l.c., plt., fig. 8. Oric. Descrip.—A ‘‘ pale yellow-grey ’’ sandhill form is figured on the plate; from the West-Coast of Jutland. P. (276) Add to the List of Forms of C. exulis, ab. obscura, Wehrli. P. (280) Add the Descrip. of the above form after line 16 from the top. ab. obscura, Wehrh, Mitt. Ent. Ver. Basel, XI, 2 (1919). Descrip.—Stz., Pal. Noct. Supp., III, 161 (1934)—“ are completely grey-black specimens without any brownish hue, and scarcely visible paler transverse lines.’’ P. (282) Add to the List of Forms of P. leucophaea, View., ssp. melanophaea, Zerny. P. (284) Add the Orig. Descrip. of the above form after line 14 from the bottom. ssp. melanophaea, Zerny, Zeits. Oester. Ent. Ver., XIX, 45 (1934). Fic.—l.c., plt. V, 9, 10. Orig. Drescrip.—‘‘ Noted by its striking size [forewing length, ¢ to 22, @ to 24 mm.: expanse, ¢ to 48, 2 to 51 mm. (only one © is con- spicuously small, expanse 33 mm.)], dark grey-brown ground colour and the conspicuous size of the stigmata, of which the reniform is deep white. The transverse lines remain distinct, and the arrow spots are developed before the subterminal line. On the underside of the hind- wing the costai portion remains strongly dark suffused and the discal spot is very large and round (in the typical race mostly Iunular).”’ Morocco, Tachdirt. P. (290) Add to the List of Forms of N. popwlaris, Fab., ab. pallida, Cockayne. (274) ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. 15/V1/1941 P. (292) Add the Orig. Descrip. of ab. pallida, after line 12 from the top. ab. pallida, Cockayne, Ent., LXX, 193 (1937). Fie.—l.c., plt. IV, f. 3-4. Orig. Descrrp.—‘‘ Forewings very light brown, almost concolorous with the nervures. Anti- and post-median lines dark brown; 3 stigmata outlined with brown; the row of wedge-shaped marks parallel with the termen dark brown, but lighter than in normal specimens and showing very clearly in the pale submarginal band; marginal band light brown; fringes like ground colour but with slightly darker edge. Hindwings greyish-white with a faint grey submarginal band and a line of the same colour internal to it.’? Lizard, Cornwall. P. (298) Add to the List of Forms of C. graminis, J.., ab. friesica, Bryk., and ab. radiata, Bryk. P. (300) Add the Orig. Descrip. of these two forms after line 16 from the bottom. ab. radiata, Bryk., Ent. Rund., LUI, 160 (1936). Fig.—l.c., fig. 4, good. Orig. Descrip.—‘‘ which is an extreme form of ab. ulbineura, Bdv. The markings of the forewings are quite re-arranged. The central and terminal cell-spot have disappeared and together with the extended outer portion of the discal area form a large and long ray of light coloration.’’ Berlin Museum. ssp. friesica, Bryk., Ent. Rund., LIII, 159, fig. 1-2 (1936). l.c., 188. Dr Heydemann discussed this form and showed that to name it is an error, and, at considerable length, that the forms named by Bryk. were already included in other named forms although they were perhaps extreme forms. He based his remarks upon a very large series of Northern forms from Sweden, Lapland, Iceland, Schleswig- Holstein, and those from all parts of Germany, in addition to the very numerous examples from the North Friesian Islands. Thus both the above names fall. Drdt. in Stz., Pal. Noct. Supp., III, 255 (1937), says this name is a synonym to the type name. P. (311) Add to the List of Forms of LD. cespitis, Schiff., r. carboniosa, Trti. P. (312) Add the Descrip. of the above form after line 24 from the top. r. carboniosa, Trti., Nat. Sic., XXIII (1919), Sep., p. 102. Fig.—l.c., plt. TV, 22, b. and w. excellent. Drscrip.—Stz., Pal. Noct. Supp., III (1934), 109—‘‘is a deeply black-brown race, the velvety black transverse lines stand out from the dusky ground colour of forewings and only the subterminal fine and surrounds to the stigmata are finely yellowish white.’’ Monte Rosa area, Macugnaga. THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (275) (313) Add to the Comments on Authors, a note on figures in C. G. Barrett’s Lep. Barrett, l.c., plt. 173, gives eleven figures, three of which are labelled gueneei, but which do not represent the delicate colour ot that species, and were probably only the lighter forms of true testacea, as all but one (1g) of the other forms depicted are more or less dark, including two very dark examples from Ireland, West Coast and Dublin Coast. P. (320) Add to the List of Forms of G. trigrammica, Hufn., ab. nigropunctata, Krom. P. (322) Add the Orig. Descrip. of this form at the bottcm of He page. ab. nigropunctata, Krom., Int. Ent. Zt., XIII, 180 (1920). Ortc. Descrre.—‘‘ Reniform and oapienllan Peon a black spot.’’ P. (28) To the List of Forms of A. diluta add ab. asemata, Duhl. P. (29) Add the Orig. Descrip. of the form, 11 lines from the bottom. ab. asemata, Dnhl., Ent. Zeits., XXXIX, 12 (1925). Oric. Descrip.—‘‘ Dark grey specimens without markings. Rare among other forms.’’ P. (44) To the List of Forms of D. caeruleocephala add ab. infumata, Schwing. P. (850) Add the Orig. Descrip. of the above form, line 18 from the top. ab. infumata, Schwing., Verh. z.-b. Wien, LXVIIT (150), 1918. Orc. Descrrp.—‘‘ A 2 of D. caeruleocephala was taken by me in Wien-Gersthof with the fore and hindwings, thorax and abdomen darkened black-brown, and the usual grey-white spots on the forewings yellow.’’ P. (69) Add to the List of Forms of A. strigosa, ab. destrigata, Latt. P. (61) Add the Orig. Descrip. of the above form after line 20 from the top. £. destrigata, Latt., Zeits. Wien Ent. Ver. (Zts. Oestr. Ent. Ver.), XXV, 17 (1940). Oris. Descrip.—‘‘ This form differs from the typical forms in the first place by the complete absence of the black longitudinal streak over the inner margin of the discal area. Moreover the space over the arrow streak is much extended.’’ 2 Regensburg. P. (69) Add to the List of Forms of A. menyanthidis, ssp. fennica, Latt. P. (70) Add the Orig. Descrip. of the above form, line 14 from the bottom. (276) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/V1I/1941 ssp. fennica, Latt., Zts. Wn. Ent. Ver. (Zts. Oestr. Ent. Ver.), XXV, 17 (1940). Ortc. Derscrip.—‘‘ A short series from Finland, ottained from Staudinger, shows a constant difference from the mid-Kuropean speci- mens. It is characterized by the dark bluish-ashy-grey ground tone of the forewings and the similarly strong black-grey much darkened ground colour of the hindwings. All forewing markings are clear and the white covered distal transverse line contrasts strongly with the darkened ground; the stigmata are distinctly marked out in black. The underside is strongly blackish-suffused especially in the costal half of the wing. Forewing fringes chequered, even those of the apical third of the hind- wing, were distinctly obvious on the underside. Head and thorax cf the same colour as the forewings.’’ Seinupoki, Finland. P. (75) Add to the List of Forms of A. rumicis, ab. nigerrima, Latt. P. (853) Add the Orig. Descrip. of the above form, 4 lines from the bottom, p. (87). f. nigerrima, Latt., Zts. Wien Hnt. Ver. (Zts. Oestr. Ent. Ver.), XXV, 17 (1940). Orig. Descrip.—‘‘ A true melanic form comparable with the blackish form of salicis, Curt., in which the light white end of the inner marginal spot of the whole forewing has become entirely black; all marking are absorbed. On the hindwings the dark marginal band is somewhat widened.’?’ © Machnow, near Berlin. ‘All MS. and EDITORIAL MATTER should be sent and all PROOFS returned to ped it ay? J. TURNER, “ Latemar, @: & West Drive, Cheam. _ ordered at THE TIME OF SENDING IN MS. ‘articles that require ILLUSTRATIONS are inserted on condition that the AUTHOR DEFRAYS THE COST of the illustrations, fem t3 70 OUR READERS.—Short Collecting Notes and Current i Notes: Please, Batly EDP. will any subscribers who have changed their addresses recently and not notified the Hon. Treasurer please do so. Several subscriptions have been received . this year from addresses other than those in his books, causing delay in receipt of their copies of the magazine, which have been sent to the old addresses. EXCHANGES. sia Site Rc aaa Hee SS tie aa ar a Subscribers may have Lists of Duplicates and Desiderata inserted free of charge. They should be sent to Mr Hy. J. TURNER, ‘* Latemar,” West Drive, Cheam, $ Destderata—British dominula varieties with full data other than var. lutescens and var. lineata. Other vars. acceptable. Duplicates—British £. l-album, exigua, cribrum, ocellaris, and intermedia, etc.—Dr H. B. D. Kettlewell, Cranleigh, Surrey. - Desiderata—Trypetidae (Diptera) from Scotch, Welsh, and Irish localities. H. W. Andrews, 6 Footscray Road, Eltham, S.E.9. Wanted—American Hesperiidas, especially from Costa Rica, West Indies, the Guyanas, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Venezuela, Colombia and Bolivia. Write K. J. Hayward, Estacitén Experimental, Casilla Correo 74, Tucuman, Republica Argentina. ee ee fe a ie 58 by Pe ’ | ey _ Duplicates.—Several thousand British Macro-Lepidoptera jn perfect condition; full data. Desiderata.—British Micro-Lepidoptera in similar condition.— S.C. S. Brown, Kingsholme, 454 Christchurch Road, Boscombe, Bournemouth, IRISH NATURALISTS’ JOURNAL. A MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY, ANTIQUITIES AND ETHNOLOGY Published Quarterly. Edited by J. A. S. STENDALL, “M.LR.LA., M.B.0.U., Assisted by Sectional Editors. Annual Subscription, 6/- post free. Single Parts, 1/8. All communications to be addressed to :— W. M. CRAWFORD, B.A., F.R.E.S., F.Z.S., Hon. Secy., Orissa, Marlborough Park South, Belfast. -WAR-TIME ARRANGEMENTS. THE ROYAL ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON : 41 Queer (Nearest stations: S. Kensington and Gloucester Road.) - Genera p.m., on the first Wednesdays of the month, Dearest st Annual Meeting, third Wednesday in January. eh THE SOUTH LONDON ENTOMOLOGICAL AND NATURAL Hon. Sec., F. stantey-Smith, PRE S3°" Haten House,” ule wood, Essex. : ‘THE LONDON NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY. Indoor Meet Green, H. Donisthorpe, Rev. G. Wheeler, H. W. Andrews, Ss. G. ste Dr E. A. Cockayne, Prof. J. W. Heslop Harrison, Thos. Greer, Dr Mal I Abdul Talhouk (plate), E. “5 Wiltshire (2), Rev. LD P. Murray ‘plate).- All communications should be addressed to the Acting Baitor. 3 TURNER, ‘‘ Latemar,"’ 25 West Drive, Cheam. BACK VOLUMES OF The Entomologist’s Record and Journal of Variation — (Vols. I-XXXVI.) CONTENTS OF VOL. I. (Most important only joa x GENUS Shisle cet and its allies—Variation of Smerinihus | tilt etc., etc., 360 Dp. CONTENTS OF VOL. i. Differentiation. of Dianthoecias—Disuse of. situs Facen of: Dulwich e S. London—Generic nomenclature and the Acronycttdae—A fortnig noch—Heredity in Lepidoptera—Notes on Genus Zygaena. (Anthr —Hymenoptera—Life-history of Gonophora derasa, etc., etc., To be obtained from :-— me We. Mr H. E, PAGE, 9 Vanbrugh Hill, Blackheath, London, SES, to whom Cheques and Postal Orders should be made pay eer Printed by oT. Buncle & Co. Ltd., Arbroath, : aN LISR aay JOURNAL OF VARIATION hs _EDITED with Ne assistance of 3 ny ‘MALcoum BURR, D.Sc., F.R.E,S. T, BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER, R.N., F.LS., ‘A. COCKAYNE, A\M., D.M., F.R.E.S., F.ZS., F.R.ES, B.R.C.P. hi H.. E. PAGE, F.R.E.S. , B, COLLIN, J.P., F.R.E.S. . ALFRED SICH, F.R.E,S. . . DONISTHORPE, F.Z.S., F.R.E.S. “Rev. G. WHEELER, M.A., F.R.E.S., F.Z.S. Editor Emeritus—G. TT: BETHUNE-BAKER, F.Z.8., F.R.E.S. . ~ By HENRY J; TURNER, F.R.E.S F.R.HS., Editorial Secretary. CONTENTS. : BECONDARY SEXUAL CHARACTERS IN BRITISH MOTHS, Desmond Murray. 73 THE GENETICS OF RHYACIA RUBI, VIEW., AB. OCHRACEA, WALKER, AND AB. FLAVA, WALKER, E. A. Cockayne, D.M., F.R.C.P., F.R.E.S. 15 - ‘ORE NOTES ON ERIOGASTER PHILIPPSI, BART., Abdul Mon’im S. : Talthouk Pe DOM UC he MAI HE Saad tla aah ae ORG REH cena rd Nyhuas ashok sc ph ac aedaies we nk 76 UXANIIDAEK = SAPROMYZIDAE [DIPT.] TAKEN IN SURREY, JL. . Par- MONET, BARBS. terres eer ers bistedeeceneneeegetteers cg esusesseectens ec anenaseneeenesetagaeerses 77 COLLECTING NOTES : Notes on British Lepidoptera (Gaonmeneinkey: E. f Ernest Green, F.R.E.S\; Plusia moneta, F., in Perthshire, E. 4. Cockayne; Dates cf Appearance at Eastbourne, G. T. B.-B.; Monima (Taeniocampa) opima, Hb., in. Wiltshire, Rev. Walter L. Freer: Captures of Insects in . Treland, Bryan Be BRAT TAG ake oj vige oe dake Wonka ccueda eVhaesaee Sage sundae sn tneyenargyeategshas'oguans 79 Ursa oven aca a i, BAAR a Bip LL AL TN SECU AME otleaisale's baloaldgawiat pete Wiha desu tacdass 81 ENA vin eee Be SOCEM gece wee UL wae LURE SCR AL ALR AS eas Slew Wah poe hae. oe dante van waadthe « 83 Bai: | SUPPLEMENT. vA The British Noctuae and their Varieties, Hy; J; Turner, F.R.E.S., F.RH.S, (21)-(24) Subscription for Complete Volume, post free TEN SHILLINGS to The Hon. Treasurer, H: W. ANDREWS, F.R.E.S 6 Footscray Road, Eltham, §S.E.9 J. J. 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The purpose ‘of this book is to show that a Microscope can. be’ Gipcnaa without great expense and easily handled. “ Here is a useful introduction. to an attrac. tive subject, with practical advice ‘on rough mounting, pond, life > microscopy mounting materials and methods. "Phe. ‘Times. a . Sa a eek FULLY ILLUSTRATED. ‘ CLOTH. BOUND, PRICE 4 ae ner; BY r POST un ; FREDERICK WARKE a 60. 0, 14 BEDFORD COURT, BEDFORD STREET, toooN, ne List of British Ganieeiere: with named varieties and synonym? e By Hy. J. Turner, F.R.E.S. Price, one copy, is 0d; two, Supplement to Tutt’s British Noctuae, Vol. I. By Hy. J. Turner, F.R. eis i i f F.R.H.S. (VOL. TE 1 COUPSC) osc sccceesssecceeeereeeseeerseenens soseerdesesaseoseseenese. is Butterfiles of the Upper Rhone Valley. By Roger Verity, F.R. E. s. ae Be eb FOODPLANTS OF ee LARVAE OF BRITISH TRYPETIDAE (rrTERW), PLATE II. VOLE. Lanide SECONDARY SEXUAL CHARACTERS IN BRITISH MOTHS. 73 SECONDARY SEXUAL CHARACTERS IN BRITISH MOTHS. LO tht LEP ps By Dresmonp Murray. LF" Zoote oA teed. Plate II. | AUG 7 i94f : ; raRaRt— That many moths as well as butterflies possess special organs for the” — diffusion of scent, specialised scales, hair-brushes, plumes on the wings and in some cases on the legs or other parts of the body, has been known for a number of years. As far back as the year 1876, Fritz Miiller made some valuable observations with tropical species. His papers, translated into English, are given as an appendix (with some fine plates) by Longstaffe in Butterfly Hunting in Many Lands, 1912. Though, no doubt, there have been other contributions to this in- teresting. subject, these are scattered in various journals and are not easy to find. Two small books by Eltringham, Butterfly Lore and The Senses of Insects, are a good introduction to the subject. Tutt gave us a paper on the subject in 1892, which helps us further. It is true to say, however, that the subject has not received the close attention it deserves. With our own native species, very few observa- tions have been made, as far as one can ascertain. The Notodonts have many peculiar features not found in other groups. With most of them the hind claspers of the larva are wanting, the body being held up in a peculiar fashion. Sometimes the end of the body is edorned with long whip-like processes, as in vinula, furcula and bifida. In others the larva takes on a most extraordinary form, as in fagt. There ig a species in S. Africa, Rigema ornata, Wlkr., in which the larva is covered with clubbed spines down each side of the body. If you had seen it trying to change its skin, a seemingly impos- sible task, you would say it was well worthy of a cinema picture. The amazing contortions which it is obliged to go through to accomplish its object are truly extraordinary. In the larval state some are also found to have an organ between the prolegs, which ejects a lquid—‘‘ formic acid ’’—as a deterrant to enemies. This organ has been noticed in the case of vinula, plumigera, nubeculosa and crenata (vide Buckler’s Larvae, Vol. ii, p. 156). Kven in the pupa state this group is peculiar, though this particular habit is not confined to them. The empty cocoons of bifida and allied species may.sometimes (perhaps) be found, as they can be seen more easily by their lhghter colour, the change being caused by some form of caustic potash, ejected to soften the hard cocoon, before the moth emerges. In all its early stages therefore, this family appears singular. In the perfect state the peculiar shape of the forewing is found to be, on closer examination, not just a curve in the wing, but some form of sense- organ, either for the diffusion or for the reception of scent. This organ is noticeably present in palpina, trepida and drome- darius, and of the same formation in camelina and ziczac. In cuculla, carmelita and bicoloria it is present, but smaller. Even in plumigera, the organ of specialised scales is present, though the male insect is adorned with such wonderfully plumed antennae. When the patch on the forewing, is magnified, it is seen to consist of a mass of clubbed setae, which stand up prominently when the wings © 74 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/ VII/1941 are closed over the body. The name ‘‘ Prominent ”’ was no doubt given on account of the humps possessed by many of the larvae, but it is equally appropriate with regard to the perfect insect. What function then does this organ fulfil? It has yet to be realised how perfectly adapted and how well equipped many of these tiny in- sects are in the various stages of their peculiar economy and how very little we know about them. The organ is either for the diffusion of scent to attract the partner or it is a receptive organ of scent, which helps in finding the where- abouts of the other sex. In many instances, notably in certain tropical butterflies, a similar organ is found on the wing of the male insect. In most of the species mentioned in the present instance the female also seems to possess the organ, though it is less prominent and generally smaller. If the scales give forth a scent in both sexes this mutual] inter-communication would most probably be received by the antennae. If, on the other hand, it be a receptive organ it could function for the same purpose, 1.¢., as a means of communication, When the wings are closed, the specialised scales stand up straight over the body, like a cluster of so many tiny pylons, to give forth or to receive the waves of scent through the ether. The organ is directly connected with the nervures of the wing and therefore with the thorax and the antennae, so that stimulus and direction would thus be given. Certainly the organ must have some such function, acting as a secon- dary sexual character. Many butterflies are furnished with scent-brushes, of which Muller says: —‘‘ These are usually sheltered from exposure to the air, enclosed between the fore and hindwings or in some other manner, or at least while at rest enclosed between the closed upright wings. The scent is not diffused at the wrong time and so wasted but collects between the densely packed scales among the hairs, brushes and manes. One could hardly find a more effective method of employing any oderiferous sub- stance than that of saturating with it the hairs of a brush and then suddenly opening them out, in all directions, so as to provide an enor- mous surface for evaporation.”’ This is not exactly the same case with these moths, as the organ on account of its position is always exposed to the air, but the function must in some way be similar. A problem that also arises, even though we know the real function of these sense-organs, 1s why some species possess them, in one form or another, and yet they are entirely absent in other species. Why should some need them and not others? One cannot venture to answer the question, but it is a subject that would repay closer attention and in- vestigation. Other genera of moths have scent-bags on the hindwings or plume- brushes on the legs of the male; in some cases the tibiae have been found to emit a peculiar perfume. ‘¢ These hairs (on the legs) are capable of being erected, forming a kind of very dense brush, and it is in the state of erection that their scent can be perceived ”’ (Miller). This points to the same need being fulfilled in another way. Look, for instance, at the male derasa, the ‘‘ Buff Arches,’’ and you will be THE GENETICS OF RHYACIA RUBI, VIEW. 75 surprised that the wonderful plume-brush on the second or middle pair of legs does not seem to have been noticed before. It is not only a fine plume of fawn-coloured hairs but it has a silk-like case or purse at- tached to the tibia, into which it can be neatly packed away. For this reason perhaps it has escaped notice, and it is also hidden away under the forewing close to the body. The male of Leucania ltoralis has a similar scent-brush on the under hind-part of the body. Other com- mon native species as P. gamma and P. meticulosa have prominent hair-tufts, either on the body or on the thorax. Amongst the Geometrae the male of the two small moths, Lobophora seralata and L. halterata (the Seraphim), have a large, oblong, fringed, snowy-white lobe or pocket at the base of the hindwing (covered in re- pose), giving the appearance of an extra wing. Scotosia vetulata and S. rhamnata (Brown Scaliop and Dark Umber) have an extraordinary large trifid tuft, terminating the body of the male, to which Haworth drew special attention. The two species of the Hepialidae, humuli and hectus have the hind leg of the male aborted, forming a scent gland. In some of these cases we do not know the function of these special organs and when they are for the diffusion of scent why are they present in these particular cases? When closely allied species from abroad are examined it is found that similar yet more elaborate organs are present. There is then a wide field here for investigation. ‘‘ As yet an un- explored and promising harvest of new and interesting facts,’’ Miiller said over sixty years ago. EXPLANATION OF FIGURES ON PLATE. 1. Wine of Pterostoma palpina showing sense-organ and section en- larged. 2. Lophopteryx camelina at rest, showing position of sense-organ, natural size. 3. Middle leg of male Habrosyne derasa with scent brush and silk-like container x 5, back and front. THE GENETICS OF RHYACIA RUBI, VIEW., AB, OCHRACEA, WALKER, AND AB. FLAVA, WALKER. By E. A. Cockayne, D.M., F.R.C.P., F.R.E.S. Walker’s notes on the breeding of these rare forms published in the Entomologist’s Record, 1902, 14, 171, and 1903, 15, 55, are scanty, but sufficient to make it almost certain that the yellow forms are recessive to the red. The results may be condensed as follows :— (1) Unknown male (? DR) x ochracea female (RR)—Progeny ochracea 25 per cent., fava 14 per cent. Al) yellow forms 39 per cent. Red forms, quadratum, Hb. and typical, in approximately equal num- bers, 61 per cent. (2) From this brood a male fava x a female ochracea gave 9 yellow offspring in the same year, 3 flava and 6 ochracea. The rest of the brood, which passed the winter as larvae, produced yellow forms 76 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/ VII/1941 only, but neither the numbers nor the proportion of flava to ochracea are given. (3) Unknown male (? DD) x yellow female—Progeny all red forms. Numbers not given. The results are best explained by assuming that red forms are dominant to vellow, the former being DD, homozygous red, and DR, heterozygous red, and the iatter RR, homozygous yellow forms. If so, the three most important pairings were obtained, that between two heterozygotes being the only one lacking. (1) DR x RR. This should give equal numbers of red and yellow forms. Unless 14 is a misprint for 24 per cent., there is an excess of red forms and a deficiency of yellow ones, the deficiency being in ab. flava. Unfortunately the numbers are not given. If my supposition is correct and the unknown male was heterozygous for yellow, it was extremely fortunate that it paired with the yellow female which Mr Walker captured and bred from. (2) RR x RR. The expectation is that all the offspring will be yellow, and agrees with the actual result. (3) DD x RR. The offspring will be all DR, apparently normal red forms, and this result was obtained. Walker claims that there are two distinct yellow forma, flava and ochracea, but it is probable that the yellow coloration is determined by a single gene and that flava and ochracea differ because of the action of one or more independent genes. Possibly flava is the yellow form of ab. quadratum, Hb. and ochracea of the typical red form. That equal numbers of quadratum and typical red specimens occurred in brood (1) is in favour of this explanation. Noctua (Rhyacia) castanea, Esp., ab. xanthe, Woodforde, appears to be a parallel aberration. Like the yellow forms of R. rubi, which have only been recorded from Askham Bog near York, it is very local and, ac- cording to Barrett, is only known from the neighbourhood of Market Drayton. Although it is dangerous to assume that its relationship to the typical form is similar to that of the yellow forms of R. rubi, this is probably the case. MORE NOTES* ON ERIOGASTER PHILIPPSI, BART. By Asput Mon’ S. TALHoUK (Assistant, Plant Protection Service, Government of Lebanon). Plate ITT. PART I. ADDENDA AND CORRIGENDA.. THe Eac.—The eggs are not necessarily deposited in a ring, and extended observations may eventually prove that the ring of ova be- longs to some moth other than EF. philippst. THe Larva.—The larvae of this moth bear on their bodies hairs capable of causing irritation upon contact with the skin. And even the manipulation of the cast skins and the dry powdered excreta in the *Previous notes on this insect appeared in Ent, Rec., Vol, lii, June-July 1940, Ol & Cc) VOL. Lill. philippsi, philippsi, philippsi, philippsi, philippsi, Bart., Bart. Bart. Bart. Bart. ’ > 2 ’ larva. Q cocoon. ref cocoon. o 2 E. philippsi, Bart., ova. Ophion luteus, L. Sturmia inconspicua, Me. PLATE III. Metopius fulvicornis, Hoes. LAUXANIIDAE = SAPROMYZIDAE [DIPT.| TAKEN IN SURREY. Ci ‘ tents,’’ causes a more or less severe itching, especially in the inter- digital area, of the hand. PART II. HABITS. I think that Mr Wiltshire is quite correct in suggesting that this moth may prove to be much scarcer (see previous notes) in years to come. Two factors at least are responsible : 1. Normally, E. philippsi moths emerge six months after pupation. But a number of their cocoons remain for years; producing moths ‘‘ in échelon ’’ over a long period of time, thereby making the ‘‘ tents ”’ that appear every year in April contain, each, larvae of different ages: great grand uncles and aunts, nephews, cousins, etc., feeding together at the same time and on the same tree. Possibly, biological and other ecological factors aficat this insect and others having this same habit of extended torpidity (either here or in the original habitat of their ancestors) in a peculiar manner so as to adversely influence the number or even endanger the existence of the whole species. Therefore, as a counter measure, Nature, by inducing the insect to pupate in this manner, provides for the continuation of the race, by accumulating a store of cocoons, thus causing an irregular profusion, in certain years, in the number of moths. 2. Even where Oak trees are comparatively scarce, the distribution of ‘‘tents’’ is obviously uneven. In one instance, a comparatively small Oak tree (secluded) was infested, in the Spring of 1940, with 37 ‘‘ tents,’’ while only 50 yards away some 100 large and medium-sized Oaks of the same species contained only from 3 to 7 ‘‘ tents ’’ per tree. I think in this case that the only cause for this uneven distribution is the slight mobility of the turgid female. LAUXANIIDAE = SAPROMYZIDAE [DIPT.] TAKEN IN SURREY. By L. Parmenter, F.R.E.S. These flies, which are mostly pale yellow in colour, though Minettia are grey and Halidayella and Lauxania are black, seem to require shade conditions, They are said to breed in dead and living vegetable matter. In the county they occur from May to October. The following is a list of specimens which I have taken during the past few years together with details of specimens in the British Museum (Nat. Hist.) [marked t] and those listed by E. E. Austen in the Victoria County History of Surrey, vol. 1, 1902 [marked *]. It will be seen that whereas in 1902, 7 species were listed, no fewer than 23 are now known in the county, I have paid no special attention to the family when collecting, so that further hunting, especially over the more wooded areas away from London, should increase the list. Furthermore, more attention given to the noting of habitats when collecting might show whether species are con- servative in their requirements or not. In the absence of an up-to-date British List of Diptera I have fol- lowed Czerny in Lindner Die Fliegen der Palaearktischen Region: Lauxaniidae, giving synonyms where specific names might be unusual to British collectors, 78 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/VIT/1941 Homonewra tesquae, Beck. Denmark. Hill,. 1.vin 18679 (Gaee Verrall as 8S. biumbrata, Lw.). See Collin, H.M.M., 1910, p. 170. H. interstincta, Fin. Limpsfield Common, on leaves of beech, 12.vi.1938 (det. by and in Coll. J, E. Collin). H. notata, Fln. Weybridge, 24.v1i1.1907 (A. Beaumontt). Minettia fasciata, Fin. Bookham Common, 1.1x.35, 11.vi.39; Byfleet, by canal-side, 14.vii.35; Horsley, 20.vi1i.39; Limpsfield Common, 25.v11.387, on grass 4.v11.37, on bracken 3.v11.38, 30.v11.39; Little Book- ham, 23.vi.35; Mitcham Common, 21.vii.40; Staffhurst Wood, near Limpsfield, 16.vi1.89; Thornton Heath, in my garden, 17.vii.36. M. longipennis, F. Bookham Common, 1.1x.35; Limpsfield Common, con bramble leaves 13.vi.38, 4.vi.39, on nettles 20.v.39, on rowan leaves 13.vi.38. M. lupulina, F. Denmark Hill, 15.viii.67 (G.H.V.+); Bookham Com- mon, 1.1x.35; Byfleet, by canal-side, 14.vii.35; Limpsfield Common, on bracken 25.v11.37, 3.v11.38, 25.v1.39, 30.vii.389, on flowering broom 6.v1.37, on grass 11.viii.40, M. plumicornis, Fin. Chobham, 28.vii.94 (A.B.t*). Prorhaphochaeta inusta, Mg. Denmark Hill, —.vii.67 (G.H.V.t); Horsley, 20.viii.39; Limpsfield Common, on bracken 4.vii.37, on bramble leaves 25.v1i.37, 25.vi.39; Oxshott, 7.vii1.94 (A.B.t*). Tricholauxania praeusta, Fin. Beddington sewage farm, on shaded Umbellifers, 21.vi.85; Bookham Common, 1.ix.35, 11.vi1.39; Byfleet, 19.ix.29 “(R. Li. Coet), 22.v.38, 9.vi1.39;" Cheam,” 31 vin.29 (Ree ge Clandon, 6.v111.1900 (EK. Sreepee Limpsfield Common, on bracken 25.vi1.37, 6.1x.37, 13.v1.38, 4.vi.39, 2.vi.40, 7.vii.40, 11.viii.40, on bramble leaves 2.vi.40, cn lime ieee 11.viii.40, long grass 20.v.39, 11.vii1.40, nettles 3.vil 38; Oxshott, on bracken under pines 11].vii.36, 9.vi.40; hich: mond Park, on bracken 25.v.35; West End Common near Esher, 9.v1.40. Meiosimyza platycephala, Lw. [= Sapromyza difformis, Lw.] Book- ham Common, 11.vi.39; Gomshall, 14.v.39; Horsley, 20.v1ii.39; Limps- field Common, 6.vi.37, on beech leaves 20.v.39, on oak leaves 12.vi.38, 4.vi,39. Aulogastromyia anisodactyla, Lw. [= Sapromyza fuscicornis, Macq. ] Limpsfield Common, on birch leaves 30.vii.39, on bracken 4.vii.37, on oak leaves 12 and 13.v1.38. Peplomyza litura, Mg. [=P. wiedemanni, iw.] Clandon, 6.viii.1900 (E.S.t*); Limpsfield Common, on bracken 25.vi1.387, on grass 6.1x.37, 2 on mud patch in path through oak wood 8.viii.37 ; Moorhouse Bank near Limpsfield, 25.v1.39; Putney, 7.vi.96 (B. G. Ryet*). Lycia decempunctata, Fln. Compton, no date (D. Aubertint) ; Limps- field Common, 4.vi.39. L, illota, uw. Bookham Common, 1.1x.35; Limpsfield Common, 8.1x.35, 20.v.39, on bracken 4.vii.37; Moorhouse Ranke 25.v1.39; Thorn- ton Heath, in my garden, TSE L. pallidiventris, Fln. Byfleet, 22.v.88; Chobham, 29.vii.93 (A.B. *); Limpsfield Common, on grass 11.viii.40, on oak leno 12 and 17.vi.38; Worms Heath, 21.v.39. L. rorida, The Ashtead, 1.vi.380 (R.L.C.+); Bookham Common, 11.vi.39 ; Boswil 2.vi1.83 (G.H.V.t+); Caterham, 6.ix.36; Horsley, 20.vi11.39; Limpsfield Common, 7.vi.36, 6.vi.37, on bracken 4 and 25.v11,37, 6.1x.37, 17.vi.88, 4 and 25.v1.39, 11.vi11.40, on bramble leaves OCLLECTING NOTES. 79 4.vii.37, on grass 20.v.39, on hogweed 31.x.37; Selsdon, 24.1x.29 (1251 Yel Opa a) L. sordida, Hal. [= Sapromyza decipiens, Lw.] Beddington sewage farm, on shaded Umbellifers 21.vi.35; Limpsfield Common, 8.1x.35, on grass and lime leaves 11.viii.40; Thornton Heath, in my garden, 13.vii.35, 14.v1.39, 23.v11.40. Sapromyza hyalinata, Meg. Limpsfield Common, in oakwood, /17.v1.38. S. obsoleta, Fin. Beddington sewage farm, 19.v.35, 2.vi.35, 22.v.37. Halidayella aenea, Flin. Beddington sewage farm, 8 and 27.v1.35; Clandon, 6.vi11.1900 (E.S.+*); near’ Leith Hull, 25.vi.68" (G-H.V.t); Limpsfield Common, 8.1x.35, on bracken 25.vi1.37; Mitcham Common, 29.v.387, on sallow leaves 1.v1.40; New Malden, 2.1x.29, 25.vi.31 (R.L.C.t); Staffhurst Wood, 16.v11.39. H, simillima, Collin. Bookham Common, 11.v1.389; Box Hill, 11.1x.34 (det. J. E. Collin); Limpsfield Common, 6.v1.37, on bracken 25.v11.37, 13.v1.38, 4.v1.39. H. geniculata, F. Woking, no date (G.C.C.T). Lauxania cylindricornis, F. Limpsfield Common, on flowering broom, 6.v1.37. 94 Fairlands Avenue, Thornton Heath, Surrey, 10.vi.41. COLLECTING NOTES. Notes oN British LepmpoPpTERA. (GEOMETRINAE).—Pseudoterpna pruinata.—Larvae can be beaten from the common Broom throughout May and early June. ‘The moths are abundant in July, when they may be disturbed from grassland on the Camberley commons and many other parts of the country. They vary in colour from blue-green to grass- green, with either one or two dark cross lines. I have occasionally taken quite fresh specimens of a buff colour. Hipparchus (Geometra) papilionaria.—I have found half to full- grown larvae on Birch and Alder from April to June, and have beaten young larvae from the same trees in September. Moths have been taken in my moth-trap towards the end of June and throughout July. Hemistola chrysoprasaria (Geometra vernaria).—Not common in Camberley; but I have taken full-fed larvae, in Kent, as late as 11th July, and moths (at light) as early as 27th June. Comibaena (Euchloris) pustulata.—-Moths have been taken at light in June and July. They are also to be beaten out from Oak trees and are common in the Camberley district. I have found the larvae in September. Euchloris smaragdaria.—On a visit to Canvey Island (Essex) larvae were taken in September, on Artemisia maritima, and Mr Hugh Main has sent me others from the same plant. They were hibernated success- fully and moths emerged at the end of July. Chlorissa (Nemoria) viridata.—I have taken the moth, rarely, at Shillinglee (Sussex); in the New Forest, and at Bere Regis (Dorset). Iodis lactearia.—The moths are observed, commonly in my garden, 80 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/ VIT/1941 flying at dusk, throughout May and June. A single moth emerged (in my cages) on the 3lst of March. Hemithea aestivaria (strigata).—I took a larva on hawthorn in May, from which a moth emerged on 10th July. Moths have been taken, at light, from mid-June to mid-July. Sterrha (Hyria) muricata.—I have taken this species, on the wing in July, in a bog near Camberley. Acidahia seriata (virgularia).—Moths were abundant in my garden, fiying at dusk, throughout mid-June to early September. Acidalia sylvestraria (straminata).—Not common at Camberley; but one moth came to light on 30th June, and another was netted at dusk, amongst heather, on 28th July. Acidalia fuscovenosa (interjectaria).—Abundant at light and, at dusk in my garden, in July. Acidalia subsericiata.—I take this species, mostly at light in my moth-trap, throughout June and early July. Acidalia inornata.—Taken at light, but not commonly. in July and early August. Acidalia aversatau.—Both greyish, ochreous and banded forms are equally abundant at light in July and August. I find the ochreous form more commonly in the latter month. Ortholitha mucronata (palumbaria).—Taken very commonly on the wing amongst heather, at Camberley, from June to July. On one oc- casion I caught a moth on 16th August. (Zo be continued).—K. ERNEST GREEN, F.R.E.S., Camberley, Surrey. Piusia MoONETA, F., In PrerTusHirRE.—On 10th August 1939 I found a worn male resting on a wall of the Loch Rannoch Hotel not far from the Delphinium in the gard2n. There is a record that several were taken at Aviemore, Inverness-shire, in July 1936, by S. C. Scarsdale Brown (Journ. Soc. Brit. Ent., 1937, 1 (7), 191), and J. W. Heslop Harrison bas recorded it from the Isles of Coll and Rhum in the Inner Hebrides (Hnt. Record, 1940, 52, 188.—K. A. Cockaynsr, Tindal House Emergency Hospital, Aylesbury. Dates oF APPEARANCE AT EKASTBOURNE.—We saw the first Pieris bras- sicae on 19th April, and on 13th April we saw well on the Downs a Vanessa atalanta sunning itself, but we had previously seen one in the garden.—G. T. B.-B. Monima (TAENIOCAMPA) OPIMA, HB., IN WILTSHIRE.—In 1939 and again this year I have taken it in this district. Although considered a northern species it occurs in several Midland and Western Counties and commonly in Cheshire. With a more careful search I shall hope to ascer- tain whether, as seems quite likely, it is definitely established in this locality.—Rev. Watrer L. Freer, Chute, Wilts. CaptuRES OF INSECTS IN IRELAND.---With regard to Lieut.-Col. Dono- van’s comments in the June Record:—P. ni: This, as corrected in the June Record, should have been P. iota; the ‘‘ P. nt” was a lapsus calami and I certainly did not mean thig species. This was corrected in the proofs but, probably owing to censorship delays, they did not reach the editor in time for it to be included in the published paper. CURRENT NOTES, 81 << Apamea obscura (ravida)’’: In my manuscript I had this as ‘‘ Apamea obscura’’? meaning, of course, the Dusky Brocade of South, p. 272, the A. geémina of Donovan’s Catalogue. The ‘‘ (ravida)’’ is an editorial addition for which I am not responsible and which led Col. Donovan to suppose that Agrotis ravida (obscura) was the species meant, which was not the case. ‘‘ Hadena lepida (carpohaga)’’: The ‘‘ (carpohaga) ”’ is another editorial addition in which I had no say and certainly gives the impression that the English race of the species was referred to. The specimens captured were, of course, the ordinary Irish form capso- phila. Incidentally, Col. Donovan regards this as a distinct species and not as a local race of lepida but with this I do not agree and am of the opinion that capsophila, which is the mountain form, is interglacial in time of its arrival in the British Isles while the ordinary English form is postglacial. As Donovan states (Catalogue, p. 48), the genitalia of capsophila and lepida are identical, and intermediates between the two occur in some localities.—BRyYAN P. BrrrNeE, 4 Tobernea Terrace, Monks- town, Co. Dublin, Hire, 23rd May 1941. CURRENT NOTES, The April number of the Entomological News of Philadelphia has a most interesting account of the ‘‘ Take-Offs ’’ by Prey-laden Wasps (Pompilidae, Spiecidae). In one case the laden predator climbed up the shoe, trouser leg, shoulder, to the top of the head of the observer, and ‘‘ promptly zoomed away among the trees with her load.”’ Two QuERtEs.—1l. It is often stated that if successfully reared larvae have been over-fed with luscious fresh food the resultant imagines will be largely female. What evidence have we to support and substantiate this statement? 2. It is stated, possibly with reason, that if larvae be para- sitized, they feed up more slowly and that this delayed action is the actual first result of the attack. What is the evidence of this general statement? RecenTLY we have received a number of separates of economic im- portance, which have been published in the Indian Journal of Agricul- tural Science. All of these are in much detail and mostly iilustrated by diagrams, elucidating the life-histories and structure, in most of them giving an illustration of the stages and perfect imago of the s}-ecles dealt with. 1. The Anatomy, Life and Seasonal Histories of the Striped-Moth Borers of Sugar-cane in Behar and W. United Provinces. The species dealt with here are Argyria sficticraspis, Diatraea auricilia, D. venosata and Chilo zonellus, of which the full life-histories are given as well as details of their morphology and figures of the larvae (the destructive stage). A very useful preliminary to the essential economic investiga- tion. The author, B. D. Gupta. Our colleague, Mr T. Bainbrigge Fletcher, is responsible for the identification. 2. Chilo trypetes, a new Pyralid pest of sugar-cane from the Punjab. Its Life-history is given with notes on its suggested control. 82 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/VIT/1942 The plate accompanying it gives figures of the four stages and of its depredations. A, Rahman and D. N. Tandon are the authors. 3. Hupelmella pedatoria, a Parasite of the Cotton-stem Weevil, Pempheres affinis, from S. India, with a plate showing all four stages with details of its Life-history, and incidents of its attacks. 4. Investigation on Spathus critolans, an important Braconid Para- site of the same weevil as in the above pamphlet, with a plate of the two active stages. 5. The Role of Food and its Constituents on the Productivity and Longevity of the same weevil. All these last three are by P. N. Krishna Ayyar. . 6. Studies on tke Cotton Jassid, Empoasca devastans, in the Pun- jab, by P. M. Verna and M. Afzal, 7. Studies on the Desert Locust, Schistocerca gregaria, by M. Afzal T. Ahmad and C. B. Mather. 8. Bionomics and Control of the Fig-tree Borer, Batocera rufomacu- lata (Col.), with plate showing details and all four stages, by M. Afzal and A. Wahid. Reavers of The Hntomologist’s Record will be glad indeed to hear that the Bolivars have settled down in Mexico. That grand old man, Don Ignacio, entered his ninety-first year on 9th November last. Natur- ally, he feels hig years, yet he is keeping well, in spite of failing eye- sight. Don Candido writes cheerful letters, saying that he has already made a quite important collection of Orthoptera in that wonderful country, including a large series of the Eumastacid genus Teicophrys. —M. B. ‘‘ HETEROCEROUS Morus ”’ is rather a curious expression. It is used in the title of a paper published by the Smithsonian Institute of the United States National Museum. The paper contains the descriptions of various hitherto undescribed species from S$. America. No less than twenty-nine of these are ‘‘ ad hoc ’’ descriptions without the slightest indication as to what other species each is related in the genus in which it is placed. Points of difference and similarity must have been noted in the recognition of a new species and should invariably be stated as a guidance to the next student who meets with the species. Such descrip- tions are practically useless and the whole process of discrimination must be gone over again by the next fellow to make progress. Five species only have slight indication of relationship to another species, viz. :— (1) ‘‘ more intensely marked than ’’; (2) ‘‘ larger than,’’ ‘‘ spot on hind wing different ’’; (3) ‘‘ closely allied to ’’; (4) ‘‘ Allied to in shape, but spot on the underside quite different, consisting of small clusters of black spots instead of the distinct black spots of ’’; and (5) ‘‘ Possibly a variation of.’’ All we can say is ‘‘ Poor stuff.’’ In 1936 our colleague, Mr T. Bainbrigge Fletcher, in the Ent. Re- cord, xlviii, 105-106, described a method for ‘‘ tagging ” butterflies for migrant registration. In the February number of the Canadian Ento- mologist, p. 21, F. A. Urquart, of the Royal Ontario Maseum of Zoology, Toronto, describes his adoption of this plan with the Danaus butterfly so-called plexippus, L., and the results obtained during the REVIEW. 83 late summer of 1940, and urges entomologists to follow up this investi- gation during the present year, 1941. Tur usual Annual Report of the Entomological Society of Ontario (the 71st) has just come in. It consists of 64 pp. of the routine business matters of the Society and the fourteen papers presented to the Annual Meeting. All these deal with economic entomological matters under the auspices of the Ontario Department of Agriculture. THE LONDON NaturaAList: the Journal of the London Natural His- tory Society for 1940 has just appeared. Of course it is much curtailed in size as were its multiple activities in the absence of many of the younger members. However, nearly one quarter of the Journal is de- voted to Entomology. An annotated List of the Andrena and Nomada (Hymenoptera) of Hampstead Heath, by J. H. H. Yarrow, occupies four pages. Records of British Butterflies and of Plant Galls by H. J. Burkill occupy over three pages. Several general notes make up the work of the section of which those on Diptera by L. Parmenter are interesting. VotumME xv of Hos, the Spanish Journal of Entomology for 1939, has recently been received. It consists of over 100 pp., small quarto, and is largely taken up with a Monograph of the genus Cerceris (Hym. Spheg.) as represented in Spain. This takes up 90 pp., two plain plates and many text figures. The author is J. Giner Mari. The rest of the Journal contains particulars of the Apidae collected in S.-East Africa from 1889 to 1920 by the Missionary, Rev. H. A. Junod. It is mainly a List with a few new species described by H. Friere. Volume xvi for 1940 was received at the same time. It consists of about 150 pp., and is mainly a bio-geographical study of the genus Pimelia (Col.) as distributed in Morocco. This article is illustrated by three plates of imagines, and a 1:umber of sketch maps of the distribu- tion of the various species. Prof. C. Koch of Munich is the author. A further paper is published on the Coccidae of the Republic of Dominica by J. G.-M. Ortola, with several illustrations. These two volumes are well printed and produced and have now brought the issue of the Journal up to date, and are a credit to the Entomological Section of the National Museum of Natural Sciences, Madrid. REVIEW. ‘(Tae Marte Genitatia oF HyMeENopTEeRA.’’ Smithsonian Misc. Coll. Vol. 99, No. 14 (1941), by R. E. Snodgrass. This is a very comprehensive work dealing with the male genitalia of all the Hymenoptera, but, of course, we are competent to criticize only the part concerning the Formicoidea (Sec. viii, pp. 40-42, Pl. 11-13). The subject has been thoroughly dealt with by Emery, Wheeler and the writer. We personally do not approve of, or see the object in, giving new names to the different parts when, as for the ants, the terminology is already fixed, being used and understood by all myrme- cologists. At a meeting of the Royal Entomological Society of London 84 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/ VIT/1941 in 1915, we read a paper on the ‘‘ Genital Armature of the Male Ant ”’ (Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1915, 1-liu, chart), and exhibited a chart show- ing what all the different: parts had been called by various authors, and pointing out what was accepted as the most correct, and useful terminology to use. Furthermore, in ‘‘ British Ants,’’ pp. 13-15, figs. 26-30 (1915); 2nd Edtn. (1927), the matter is succinctly, but compre- hensively explained. The best thing appears to be to reproduce the same here, pointing out in brackets what the parts in question are called by Snodgrass. First of all, however, we will explain that the use of the names Poneridae (as used by Smith, 1851, Mayr, 1862), etc., is incorrect and obsolete; putting the sub-family Ponerinae, etc., on the same footing as the whole family Formicidae. ‘The genital armature of the male consists of the following parts: The Annular Lamina (Basal Ring, S.) is a ring which forms the base of the whole apparatus. The Hxternal Paramera consist of the outer and intermediate pairs of appendages; the outer pair are the stipites (Paramere, S.) which act as claspers, and are often furnished with hairs. In some genera the basal parts of the stipites consist of more or less elongate, triangular, oval or semicircular lobes which are called the Squamulae (Lamina parameralis. §.). These sometimes look as if they were separate plates applied to the stipites, but this is not the case as they are actually part of them. The median pair are known as the Volsellae (Digitus. S.); these are sometimes more or less divided into two pairs, one of which is then called the Laciniae (Cuspis. S.) and the other the Volsellae. The volsellae and laciniae also probably act as claspers. The Internal Paramera consists of the innermost pair of appendages, the Sagittae (Penis valve; lamina aedeagalis. §.), which are connected together by a membrane, the Spatha (Aedeagus. S.), and the sagittae -+- the spatha function as a penis.* The sagittae often. have serrated edges which probably serve to hold them in position during copulation. Of these three pairs of appendages the stipites enclose the volsellae, and the latter enclose the sagittae and spatha. The Subgenital Lamina (IX Sernum. S&S.) is a plate situated be- neath the genitalia, and forming in fact the ninth ventral segment of the abdomen. It is sometimes pointed, forked or rounded, and presents valuable aid for classification purposes in some genera. Finally, there is a small pair of hairy appendages, the Penicilla (Pygostyle. S.) which are attached to the tenth dorsal segment of the abdomen. They are not present in some genera such as Anergates, Dorylus, etc.; and in Prenolepis they are present in some species and wanting in others, and are consequently valuable for classification purposes. They are stated to represent the Cerci in Blatta (the ‘ Cockroach ’), etc., but this does not seem to be absolutely certain.’’—Horacr Donrseitoneu, pebieseh ment of Entomology, British Museum (Nat. Hist.). *Snodgrass uses the word Phallus for the whole apparatus of the male genital armature. This appears to us to be an incorrect use of the term. Greek phallos = penis, the male intromittent organ only. THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (21) epee Oric. Drescrie.—‘‘ Forewing grey-brown, powdered with black, all the wavy lines sharp and distinctly black. Space between the waved lines and the fringes, as well as the ground between the outer trans- verse band and the median shade blackish. The spot shining white. Between the basal transverse streak and the inner transverse band is a blackish band between two paler streaks up to the middle of the wing. Fringes blackish.’’ A\s2um oF, ‘‘ Hindwing grey, the paler fringes powdered with blackish.’’ 3 it 2005 Taken near Berlin at Hohenneuendorf on October 3rd, 1909. 7% ab. brunneor, Strand, Arch. f. Naturg. (1915), A. 12, p. 149. n, a . j / ) Orie. Descrip.—‘‘ A European form which is of a browner tint than ~ — the typical one.’’ ab. olivacea, Porr., E.M.M., LIX, 8 (1923). Ortc. Descrip.—‘‘ Differs from the type in that the usual reddish- brown colour is replaced by dark olivaceous-green, the reniform stigma remaining white or orange as in the type.’’ ‘‘ Common in the Don- easter district.”’ ‘‘ The figure of the Japanese S. tripunctata, Btlr., in Seitz, plt. 35 d, is very like this Yorkshire form of satellitia, more than the description of it on p. 144.’’ (This figure is not ‘‘ olivaceous-green.’’) ab. ochrea, Lenz., Osth. Schm. Sudbey., II (2), 3381 (1927). Orig. Descrip.—‘ Brightened with ochre-yellowish, especially in the marginal area.’’ ab. flavimaculata, Lenz., Osth. Schm. Sudbey., II (2), 381 (1927). Orig. DeEscrip.—‘‘ With yellow reniform stigma.”’ Hovorina, Bdv. (1840), Gn., H.-S., Barr., Sth., Culot [Xanthia, Ochs. & Tr. (1816-25) (Dup.), Sth.: Orthosia, Ochs. & Tr. (1816-25), Meyr., Meyr.: Xantholeuca, Steph. (1831), Hamp.: Oporina, Splr. 41907) ] croceago, Schiff., Fab. (1775), 1787. Schiff., Verz., 86, S. (1775), was the first author to introduce the name for a Noctua, whose larva fed on the bush oak. There was no further description. Tutt, Grit. Noct:, Tit, 8 (1892): Meyr., Hand., 60 (1895): Barr.,; Lep. Br. Is., VI, 3, plt. 233 (1900): Stdgr., Cat., I1fed., 208 (1901): Hamp... (ep. Phat Vilar. i (906) Spiny Schm lur. 1, 253, pit. 46, 26 (1907): South, M.B.I., II, 22, plt. 10, 12 (1907): Warr.-Stz., Pal. Noct., III, 145, plt. 35f. (1910): Culot, N. et G., I (2), 90, plt. 56, f. 34 (1914): Meyr., Rev. Hand., 120 (1928): Drdt.-Stz., Supp., II, 148, plt. 18]. (1934). Ernst & Engr., Pap. d’EFur., VII, 159, fig. 518 (1790), gave two figures. one much darker than the other, both were quite good. They were referred to as croceago, Schiff. Hb., Beitr., I (1), 12, plt. 1, fig. F. (1786), figured and described this species under the name fulvago. In the appendix at the end of the volume, p. 104, he corrected the name to croceago. The figure of awrantiago of Don., N.H. Brit. Ins., V, plt. 150 (1796), if it be croceago, is very divergent from the typical form. It has the (22) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/VI/1941 striking feature of the hindwings with a wide deep black marginal band with the rest of the wing of a medium fulvous brown, and a large jet black discoidal spot. The ground of the forewing is the same fulvous brown, darker between the submarginal black line and the outer margin. Reniform and orbicular outlined as well as the two transverse discal lines in very dark brown. The figure does not suggest croceago to me. Illiger, Verz. New. Ausg., I, 303 (1801), said that the descriptions of Fabricius, H.S., III, and of Hiibner, Beitr., agreed well with this species, saitiah was numerous around Vienna. Esp., Abbild., IV, 672, plt. 176, 3-4 (1790-°), described and figured fulvago = croceago, and in IV (2), p. 26, pit. 186, figs. 5, 6, 7, as croceago, dealing with larva and pupa. The figures 3 and 4 are ala recognizable. Hb., Samml. Noct., 189 (1800-3), gave a very good figure of the usual form of the insect he had called fulvago in his Beitrage in 1786, now corrected to croceago. Dup., Hist. Nat., VII, 447, plt. 128, 1 (1827), gave a fairly good figure but hardly ead ahe the ee yuty of fie appearance. Freyer, Neu. Beitr., VI, plt. 586 (1848), gave a poor figure as regards colour, it bene of a Hee yellow without any admixture of red. Hamps., Lep. Phal., VI, 441, f. 156 (1906), gave Schiff. as the prior authority. The Japanese sericea, Butler, often taken as an Hastern form of croceago, Hampson treated as a good species. He figured it plts L029: . Splr., Schm. Eur., I, 253, plt. 46, fig. 26 (1907), gave only one named form, ab. or r. corsica, Mab. He gave a very poor figure. Ground colour too deep and too dull. The costal white dots practically absent, and the markings blurred in the ground. South, W.B.1., If, 22, plt. 10, 12 (1907), gave a good figure, perhaps hardly brilliant enough for this beautiful species. The author called the figure ab. latericolor, Rayn., a dull reddish brown form. Warr.-Stz., Pal. Noct., III, 145, plt. 35f. (1910), took aurantiago, Don., as a synonym; gave fulvago, Esp. (nec L.), as a form deeper in colour, and ssp. corsica, Mab., a pale biscuit colour; and gave four ex- cellent figures—typical, ab. fulvago and ssp. corsica. The last is figured with pure white stigmata. Also a figure of sericea, Btlr., which they considered to be a good species. The figure of ab. fulvago agreed neither with their description nor with Hiibner’s figure of it. Culot, N. et G., I (2), 90, plt. 56, f. 3-4 (1914), gave two figures. No. 3 a very good normal form. No. 4, in which the colour is a very pale sulphur almost white, with obsolescent marking. It is labelled nivea. Presumably this is an error, as in the texi it is called niveata, Obthr. This was described in 1912. Drdt.-Seitz., Pal. Noct. Supp., III, 148, plt. 181. (1934), added the two forms by Obthr., viz., niveata and intermedia, and gave a figure of the latter form, plt. 18f., also they included the luridago, Dhl., from the S. Tyrol. Barrett noted of the Variation :— _ Very constant in colour, or only occasionally a little paler, but there is some little variation in the distinctness of the stigmata and the central shade. THE BRITISH NOCTUAF AND THEIR VARIETIES. (23) He spoke of individuals from Suffolk ‘‘ of a very unusual reddish- orange colour.’ The Forms and Names to be considered are : — croceago, Schiff. (1775), Verz., 86, S. croceago, Fab. (1787), Mant., II, 159. fulvago, Esp. (nec L.) (1789-?), IV, 674, plt. 176, f. 3-4 = croceago. fulvago, Kb. (1786), Bettr., I (1), 12, plt. 1, f. F. Gnvalid). f. aurantiago, Don. (1796), N.H. Brit. Ins., V. f. corsica, Mab. (1867), Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., 641. ssp. sericea, Btlr. (1878), Ann. and Mag. N.H., Ser. 5, I, 168. ab. latericolor, Rayn. [See South, M.B.I., II, 148, plt. 10, f. 12 (1909)]. ab. niveata, Obthr. (1912), Lep. Comp., XVI, 122. . ab. intermedia, Obthr. (1912), l.c. ab. Wuridago, Dnhl. (1926), Ent. Zts., XXXIX, 196. Tutt dealt with the (1) type form of Fab.; (2) the form corsica, well marked witn very pale under side; (3) the much darker form called fulvago by Hb. Hb., Bettr., I (1), 12, plt. 1, fig. F. (1786), fulvago (invalid and changed to croceago). Description of the curious figure : — The figure is of a lighter ground colour than the usual form with a much darkened costal area commencing from a point near the apex and widening to half the base. The curious marking is the presence of five black dots with a ring of clear hight ground, two dots with the rings touching form the reniform, another dot and ring is the orbicular, and below this latter two more dot and ring characters a short dis- tance nearer the base and quite separate, represent the claviform. ab. aurantiago, Don., N.H. Brit. Ins., V (1796). Fie.—!.c., plt. 150. Descrip.—Roughly this figure may represent a croceago form as well as have the name correct. But the shape is incorrect, the ground is dominated by brown, there is a deep black, wide marginal band and a black discoidal to the hindwing which is a brown-yellow instead of almost pure white. ‘The bands of the forewings and the two stigmata are approximately correct in shape and appearance, except that the discal transverse line is the wrong side of the reniform. It is certainly not a synonym to the typical name. ssp. sericea, Btlr., Ann. and Mag. N.H., Ser. 5, I, 168 (1878): Te eet. Wok, Fig.—l.c., pit. 30, 10. — Orig. Descrip.—‘‘ Coloration of H. croceago (of Europe), but the primaries more elongated (the form of X. gilvago); the grey markings on the primaries less distinct than in H. croceago, excepting the three angulated transverse lines; primaries below rather redder, the mark- ings better defined; secondaries with the markings less (strongly) de- fined.’”’ lin. 8 Ins. Yokohama. This species chiefly differs from croceago in form. It, however, ditfers in its more sericeous wings, the secondaries having quite a pearly appearance by the side of the typical species. (24) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/VI/1941 var. niveata, Obthr., Lep. Comp., XVI, 122 (1912). Fic.—Culot, N. et G., I (2), plt. 56, 4 (1914). Orc. Drscrir.—‘‘ The upper side of the forewings is often of a creamy white, slightly greenish, sometimes uniform and without mark- ings.’? Algeria. ab. intermedia, Obthr., l.c. Fie.—Stz., Pal. Noct. Supp., III, plt. 181. (1934). Descrie.—A transitional form between the above and the typical form. ‘ Paler, pinkish with fainter markings.’’ Drdt.-Stz., l.c., p. 148, gave the genus Chionaxantha on p. 278 (Addenda). r. luridago, Dnhl., Ent. Zeits., XXXIX, 196 (1926). Ortc. Descrip.—‘‘ It is necessary to distinguish this conspicuous race from the Corsican race. It varies between distinct yellow and dull red-orange in ground colour, by the lines being only wisp-like, and in which the whole of the blue-grey powdering is extraordinarily cloudy and appears washed out.’’ S. Tyrol to the Mendel. Xanthia, Ochs. & Treit. (1816-25), Dup., Gn., Barr., Splr., (Sth.), Culot [Cirrhia, Hb. (Tent.) (1806), Sth.: Orthosia, Ochs. & Treit. (1816- 25), Meyr.. Meyr.: Cosmia, Ochs. & Tr. (1816-25), Hamps., Warr.-Stz., Drdt.-Stz.: Hydroecia, Gn. (1841), H.-S.] citrago, L. (1758). Tutt, Brit. Noct., III, 9 (1892): Meyr., Hand., 60 (1895): Barr., Lep. Br. Is., V, 361, plt. 230, 1 (1900): Hamps., Lep. Phal., V1, 508 (1906): Splr., Schm. Eur., I, 251, plt. 46, 19 (1907): South, M.B.J., I, 17, plt. 10, 1 (1907): Warr.-Stz., Pal. Noct., TII, 155, plt. 281 (1910): Culot, N. et G., I (@), 84, plt. 54, £..17-18 (1914): Meyr., Tey Handa? (1928): Drdt.-Stz., Pal. Niet Supp., III, 154, 19 e e (1934). Ernst & Engram, Pap. d’Eur., VII, 171, f. 527 a, b, ¢ (1790), gave three very good figures, including an under side. They dispelled the suggestion of Rottemburg that the wnbra, Hufn., was the citrago, L., who, had he seen umbra, would have at once seen they were different species (cf. f. 527 and f. 480). Esp., Abbild. Noct., IV, 2 (2), p. 667, plt. 175, 5-6 (1790-?), gave two figures, ¢ and 9, of a very pale straw colour with clear thin trans- verse lines and ill-formed stigmata. On plt., l.c., 177, f. 1, he gave a small figure he named ochrago, which has been taken for a form of citrago, but it s doubtless a form of fulvago. Bork., Naturg., IV, 668 (1792), doubted whether Fab. (Sp. Insect., II, 226) had this species before him since he (Fab.) said (1) that he markings on the forewing were subfasciate, (2) that the larvae were brown with yellow sides, and (8) that it fed on Prunus and sallow, all of which characteristics did not fit citrago. He also considered the ochrago, Hb. (Beitr., I1 (1,) p. 10, plt. 1, D.) as this species. Hb., Samml. Noct., 188 (1800- 3), gave an excellent figure of a lighter form. All MS, and EDITORIAL MATTER anould be sent aid all PROOFS suuined i : 7 aye Oe Hy. J. TURNER, oe Latemar, » 95 West’ ‘Drive, Cheam. we must earnestly request our "correspondents NOT TO SEND US COMMUNICA: < TIONS IDENTICAL with feels pes are sending to other magazines. REPRINTS. of articles Ways be obtained by authors - at very. reasonable cost it _ ordered at THE ‘TIME OF SENDING IN MS. . eke articles that require ILLU STRATIONS are inserted on condition that “the AUTHOR DEFRAYS THE hia of the illustrations, cS OUR READERS. 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' i 4 * “The ‘Vaseulum is now in its teal Fateh ‘volume. The annual subscription is 3 five shillings and should be sent to : WILLIAM ‘OARTER, 49 Kimberley Gardens, Newcastle-on-Tyne. \ (WARTIME ARRANGEMENTS, Siang pring 414 (Thurs,), 6.0 for 6.30 p. m., Hon. Sec. Rey LGN Stantey- “‘Smiin, Nahe R. E. ey wood. Essex, i ’ ropieal Medicine. Further particulars ; from ay B. Hot rndu wer Buckhurst Hill, Essex. sah Ketel Mee ENTOMOLOGICAL | SECTION, BIRMINGHAM | NA PHILOSOPHICAL POSTED, 7 Evening, ‘Meetings. On ts who would like to attend or exhibit Please gee to 6. stingy nad Heath, ea aa Wey ne EE have bane icone from or have pee Dp briege| etchen, A, J. anaes ey P. ceed ae ‘Willow Parsons, P. B. M. ‘Allan, T. F “Marriner. a aay! ‘communications should be aadressed to the. Act € Edito TURNER, .) Wee e cn caie ° 2 West nee cae aa Nas 8 a BACK votu MES OF ~-dournal ay Variation ; he (Vols. LXXXVI) ee CONTENTS. OF VOL, I. _ (Most ‘important. only. mentioned) GENUS. Acronycta and its allies—Variation of Smerinthus plates—Differentiation of M elitaea abies parthente, and at tical Hints (many)—Parallel Variation in “Coleoptera-Origin | ‘of en SENT OL) ae the Eee Paik | and ‘Varia A etc., ete., 360 pp. WA | pat ak Gan ) CONTENTS OF vOL. iby MELANISM AND MieliacNeou “ainticudepue oNbtas on ‘coll VARIATION (many)—How to breed Agrotis lunigera,) Sesta sphe campa opima—Collecting — on the Norfolk ‘Broads—Wing develo’ ing Amphidasys prodromaria and A. betularta—Melanisi Differentiation of Dianthoectas—Disuse of wings—Fauna o S. London—Generic nomenclature and the Acronyctidae- — -noch—Heredity in Lepidoptera—Notes on Genus Zygaena (Ant —Hymenoptera—Life-history of COnPRR AT | beiciea ae oe sete To be obtained from : re ¥ re fF Haile va - “ocr 6 ris bY : AND EDITED with the assistance of MALCOLM BURR, DiSc., F.R.E.S. T,. BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER, RN, F.L.S., A. COCKAYNE, AM. DM., E.R.ES., F.Z.S., F.R:ES. GER. See HY E. PAGE, F.R.ES. E. COLLIN, J.P., F.R.E.S. ALFRED SICH, F.R.E.S. DONISTHOREE, F.ZS., F.R.E.S. | Rey. G. WHEELER, M.A., PRES, F.Z.S. Editor Emeritus—G. T. BETHUNE-BAKER, F.Z.8., F.R.E.S. By HENRY A fe TURNER, F.R.ES,, F.R.E.S., ai iseovial Secretary. Ge : CONTENTS. 5 LIFE- Wictoak OF SERGE MIA SAXIPRAGAB, FLETCHER, Bryan P. Beirne, PRD. FR ES:: PL Be TBE Ame RR AUSF nad She CGD EF Dg MENT LRA ON UTS FB Se har 85 HE DISTRIBUTION AND HABITS OF CALLOPHRYS RUBI, L., IN’ THE ISLE OF. RHUM, J. W. Heslop Harrison, TDS TCG (16) | ee ad iA DO MEY Big UE ne Aud Oe ANC TS 86 N Le Ide paces OF NEURATION IN ‘PAPILIO. MACHAON, L., 2. A. D.SC., F.R-E.S. Pa ere Rea re Matas OME ge Be aap hb erg 91 }OLLECTING NOTES: A aay on Lavvaé ‘anesteadt near Newton. Anh. 1940- aa 41. Capt. C. LO. Parsons; Unpublished Records of Dragonfiy Migrations wanted, Capt. T. Dannreuther; Phigalia pedaria, L., ab. melanaria, Bret- - séhneider, an Example of, Y- Chromosome Inheritance, Dr.E. A. Cockayne; a Butterflies, etc., in Kirkcudbrightshire, F. H. Day; Records from. Rod- NA borough, T. Bainbrigge Fletcher; Elachista subalbidella, Schlig., Leonard - T. Ford; Does Colias edusa taste with its feet? P. M. B. Allan; A Butterfly i Year, F.: Marriner: Notes én Melitiea (Buphydryas) aurinia, E. P. Wilt- shire; Notes. on Variation, from the Worthing Museum Collection, Rev. G. y Wheeler, M.A,,. F.R.E.S. Crt 98 USERS yc i ee oat ERI RR ap ME Ae HOLST RNC cg OBITUARY : Dr. Felix Santschi 0... railcar dhten A wysh tha dares te gaan tase anacs 99 . SUPPLEMENT : : 8) British Noctuae and their Warieties, Hy. J. Turner, F.R.ESS,; F.R.H, Se LVR ice ana AECL AY AMNESIA PRR S NEGPRIABES SS SOR ie ua A ER (277)-(280) Subscription for Complete Volume, post free, TEN SHILLINGS, .. to The Hon. Treasurer, H. W. ANDREWS, F.R.E.S., ; 6 Footscray Road, Eltham, S.E.9. i “This umber, Price ONE SHILLING AND. is he nates (net). OLOGISTS RECORD Oo rE ENTOMOLOGY | 408 STRAND, Ce eae Lone ; : NI : ; By siehtas § 4 ia 5 ws “ Bagiish, and Continental Pins. - Steiniess Steel Pins Label Points. Relaxing Box--ready for 88) and fons ee ee ledapet | pate: s eines TEMple Bar 1849. ‘ON THE: sn : ‘LARGE. | SELECTION AVAILABLE — Catalogue post free on request. if i Telephone: EUSton 4282 (6 5 lines) ; a pees By RICHARD SOUTH, . R. E. 5. (New Editions now Ready). Edited and Revised by H. M. EDELSTEN, PRES, ae With accurately beret figures ‘of every species and © ‘many vvanetios; als drawings of eggs, caterpillars, chrysudes. and food plants. — PENT In2 vols. Prioe; 12/6 net. lad Vol. Rss 2 vols, ‘byt Post, 1 2B aes) FREDERICK WARNE & co. ,, 1-4 ‘BEDFORD: COURT, - BEDFORD ovneey, “sTmND, ii A goers OF BRITISH BUTTERFLIES - Formed by P. M. BRIGHT, Hed.) Of Bournemouth, i A portion of. the: above famous. ebiteotiant t comprising’ examples from arious species, will be SOLD BY AUCTION by Glendining & Co., Ltd., “of 7 Oxford Batis Wt. on WEDNESDAY, wees OCTOBER, at ee Dp collection, which has been force quiring ‘the ast forty. years. rene vem. forms, aberrations, unique, hermaphrodite and gynandrous specime 5 in fine condition | and labelled. © > ee PRUE The insects will be ON VIEW at: the Auction. Rooms) on the. following date: | MONDAY, 27th October, and. TUESDAY, 28th October,. from. Ag a.m, Oy Bree and on. MORNING OF SALE. a ae ane a any commissions pone Clients unable to attend the: Sais ‘ v ns of) ah ’ X VOL. Lill. PLATE IV. STENOPTILIA SAXIFRAGAE, FLETCHER. THE “LIFE-HISTORY OF STENOPTILIA SAXIFRAGAR, FLETCHER. 85 THE LIFE-HJ, Y OF STENOPTILIA SAXIFRAGAE, FLETCHER. ie "Diy BRD P. Betmne, Ph.D., F.R.E.S., F.L.S: “OCT 8 1941 (Plate IV.) / 13. €20 LIBRARY In a previous article (Hnt. Rec., li, p. 61, 1940) I gave some notes on the habits of the young larva of this species and since then JI have had the opportunity of observing the life-history in greater detail. The eggs are laid singly on the undersides of the leaves of mossy Saxifrage towards the middle or end of July. The egg is ovoid and flattened, the head end being rather blunter than the tail end, the surface is some- what wrinkled and has a pearly lustre; when first laid the egg is yellow- ish but it becomes greenish jater. It hatches in about ten days and the young larva makes its way to the base of a leaf and burrows into it. During the next six weeks or so the larva mines several leaves and dur- ing September burrows into the stem of a shoot near the tip of which it forms a cocoon-like hibernaculum; this usually results in the death ef the shoot-tip. In the Spring the larva resumes feeding and continues to mine the leaves and stems until it grows too large for this; it particularly prefers the young buds. The larvae may be obtained by collecting the mined shoots and keeping them until they emerge to feed in the open as they are very difficult to discern in the mined shoots. Towards the end of May they leave their burrows in the shoots and live externally on the leaves. They are very sluggish in their movements and, owing to their closely resembling the food plant in colour, they are not easy to find; they =pparently feed at night. The description of the mature larva (Fig. a) is as follows:—10 mm. long; rather stout and tapering some- what posteriorly, the segmental divisions well marked. Setae long and numerous, usually in groups of three, each arising from a sinall tubercle and clubbed at their apices (Fig. 6); dark reddish-brown in colour, ex- cept for the three just above the legs which are whitish. Head pale brown with darker brown markings; body yellowish-green, matt, with a pale vellowish band on either side below the spiracles, often with a reddish dorsal band down the back, and the anterior segments marked with reddish, or with two pale yellowish dorsal bands, or with both. When full-grown the larva spins a small silken mat on the food plant on which it pupates, the pupa being attached, usually head down- wards, to this mat by two sets of hooks, one at the cremaster and the ether just anterior to the genital openings (Fig. d). The pupae show considerable protective resemblance to the food plant, those on the dead leaves usually being dark brownish with reddish markings and those on the green shoots being yellowish-brown with pale markings. The description of the pupa (Fig. c) is as follows:—8-9 mm. Thoracic and anterior abdominal segments with two dorsal ridges, converging slightly anteriorly ; the ridges continued on the middle and posterior abdominal segments as two pairs of short spines on each segment. Pale yellowish- brown to dark brown in colour, the legs, antennae and wing-cases darker ; a yellowish band on either side of the abdomen and usually also another just lateral to the dorsal ridges; in paler specimens there is often a reddish dorsal stripe. The pupal stage is comparatively short, lasting a fortnight or three weeks and the adults emerge mainly during July. They are abundant 86 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/1X/1941 where they occur, that is, in gardens around Dublin, and may be most easily captured when at rest on the Saxifrages and neighbouring plants during the evening. During the day they hide amongst the plants and fly at and after dusk and are attracted by hght. EXPLANATION OF PLATE. Immature stages of Stenoptilia saxifragae: a, Mature larva, dorsal view: bh, Setae of larva; c, Pupa, lateral view; d, Terminal abdominal segments of (? female) pupa, ventral view; e, Setal map of seventh segment of mature larva. THE DISTRIBUTION AND HABITS OF CALLOPHRYS RUBI, L., IN THE ISLE OF RHUM. By J. W. Hestop Harrison, D.Sc., F.R.S. In my original paper dealing with the Lepidoptera of the Small Isles Parish of Inverness-shire (Proc. Univ. Durham Phil. Soc., xi, Pt. I, pp. 10-23) I was compelled to report that all attempts to sweep larvae of Callcphrys rubi from various moorland plants in the Isle of Rhum had entirely failed. However, in 1939, when we made a prolonged stay on the Island, the presence of the insect was definitely proved in the Askival-Hallival area, for our sweeping operations on the moorlands there ended in the capture of larvae in some numbers. This discovery, nevertheless, left the exact range of the insect on Rhum a matter of complete uncertainty. Hence, when we visited the island during May and June of this year for the purpose of carrying out certain essential vork, advantage was taken of the opportunity to remedy the deficiency. In view of the necessity for spreading our forces over as wide an area as possible, my first journey was undertaken alone, when I pene- trated the upper gorges of the Allt Mor na h-Uamha and other dry ravines close by. These, of course, are simply extensions of the original Hallival localities. Throughout these areas the insect abeunded, in general frequenting Vaccinium areas, but sometimes restricting its attentions to heather (Calluna vulgaris) and Hmpetruin. Aithough I kept a sharp lookout, I rarely saw it visiting flowers; its feeding activities seemed to be concentrated on honeydew on birches from which it was beaten quite unexpectedly. As I reached the sea near the Bagh na h-Uamha, Callophrys rwbi thinned out, to increase again steadily as I passed Rudha Port na Caranean and skirted the southern shore of Loch Scresort. A few days later my work took me toward the deserted village (also on south shore of the Loch) where a small wood exists. Here, between the wood and the rocky moorland slopes, bilberry abounds, and con- sequently clouds of C. rubi were encountered reveliing in the hot sun. Obviously, they were attached to the Vaccinium, but, despite careful examination, only one insect was observed to approach that plant. Most of them were haunting the patches of bluebells (Scilla non-scripta). As this seemed an unusual circumstance, I sat down on a rock and watched their gyrations when J made the surprising discovery that they were settling on the outsides of the flowers, and sucking an exudation, or secretion, formed at the base of the perianth segments. A few, how- ever, preferred the Rhododendrons, and simply plunged headlong into ba | THE DISTRIBUTION AND HABITS OF CALLOPHRYS RUBI, L. 8 the flowers in search of their sweets. Others, again, flitted around the mountain ashes, mostly visiting the flowers, but often, almost certainly, ovipositing on the umbels. The following day, likewise a day of sweltering heat, saw us make a long and, for me, a somewhat disastrous journey to the limestone areas between the mouth of Glen Shellesder and Kilmory, tow both mere names, for their inhabitants have gone, fortunately for them, or rather their descendants, long ago. Throughout our tramp along Kinloch Glen, C. rubi flew freely enough but its numbers fell off as we climbed Sgaorishal and approached the Monadh Dubh. Near Loch Sgaorishal, we rested for lunch under a limestone cliff covered with the Mountain Avens, Dryas octopetala, which was occasionally visited by C. rubi. Here I made a fatal error for, leaving my companions, I undertook what on the map looked a reasonable and easy journey to Kilmory. It is quite true I saw plenty to interest the entomologist, but the trek involved climbing into and out of innumerable ravines and making detours to avoid endless sea gorges which stretched far inland. Still, I can report that, wherever these sheltered hollows supported Vaccinium, there C’. rwbi colonies were located. When I reached Kilmory I found myself a hopeless cripple with the prospect of an eight mile walk in the heat over Rhum roads (?). Hob- bling along, I beguiled the way by calculating the sex ratio at present existing amongst the Rhum deer, by taking statistics concerning the relative abundance of Bombus smithianus at various points, by watch- ing the flight of the Golden Eagle, by noting how, occasionally, low- flying Cicindela campestris could be mistaken for (. rubi, and how quickly local conditions could modify the numbers of the ubiquitous Pieris nap, The next day, still blazing hot, was hopeiess from my standpoint. The rest of my party climbed Askival (2659 feet) via Barkeval, and they reported the occurrence of C. rubi to roughly the 2000 foot level. My activities were confined to working the woods around Kinloch. Here cnce more the ‘‘ Green Hair Streak’’ was the commonest butterfly, eften visiting Rhododendron flowers, but not rarely probing the glands at the base of the leaves of the Portugal Laurel. Occasionally, it favoured dandelion, buttercup and similar flowers. This visit to the Kinloch Woods yielded a rather curious fact. Between 19-11 a.m. (G.M.T.) the insect was present in great numbers; at noon not a single ene was visible although I did knock a few out of larch, birch and sallow. Next day, I felt I could go further afield, so I visited Rudha na Roinne aleng the north shore of Loch Scresort. Once again in wood and on moorland alike C. rubi attracted attention by its numbers. In particular, it swarmed around belated Salix aurita bushes which were still in flower, and seemed to enjoy thoroughly the nectar the sallow catkins provided. On the moorlands, where Libellula quadrimacuiata was emerging in numbers, more than once I observed a pugnacious U. rubi battling for sume time with teneral specimens of the dragon fly, and sometimes with Coenonympha pamphilus. The last iourney we made, which contributed to our knowledge ot the distribution of C. rubi, was to the southernmost mountain Ruinsival. &8 ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. 15/1X/1941 This involves what is practically the longest waik one can make on Rhum, along Kinloch Glen to the west, then south-west between Mam Tuath and Minishal, and, finally, more nearly southward, past Ard Nev » and Ard Mheall to Harris, from which one ascends Ruinsival. Tedious as this journey is, still it is quite interesting; its insect population is never humdrum and at all stages, from Kinloch sea-level to 1000 ft. on Ard Nev and on to Harris, once again at sea-level, C. rubi never tanledsg, | 5 From these few notes it will be clear that this striking little butterfly is one of the most abundant and most widely distributed insects on the Isle of Rhum. Moreover, I feel that, had one the opportunities for the necessary examination, it will prove equally widespread on the neighbouring islands of Canna, Eigg and Muck. Further, I am con- vinced that its detection in the Outer Hebrides, especially in South Uist, depends simply upon a visit to the Coire Dubh on Beinn Mhor, and to similar localities, at the correct time. —e AN ABNORMALITY OF NEURATION IN PAPILIO MACHAON, L. (Plate V.) By E. A. Cockayne, D.M., F.R.C.P. The specimen was bred by L. W. Newman in December 1935 from an inbred strain originating in Wicken Fen and was the only abnormal one bred from this stock. The abnormality of neuration is associated with a great alteration in shape and pattern. The forewings are shortened, the costa is slightly incurved about the middle, and the tip of the forewing ends in a blunt hook. The termen is concave near the apex and then convex. There is no tail on either hindwing. The neuration is very abnormal and though it differs on the two sides there is some approach to symmetry in its arrangement. In the forewing on both sides 1 (submedian) is normal; on the right side 2 (M2) fails to reach the termen and is duplicated for a short distance; on the left side 2 arises from a duplicated part of the median and is united to 3 by ill-formed chitin about its middle, but fails to reach the termen. On the right side 3 (M1) is represented by a short spur; on the left side 3 is curved towards the inner margin and then away from it, but reaches the termen. On the right side the neuration is difficult to interpret, 4 (R3) apparently divides, but the first part of the outer or anterior branch is not present; where it reunites with the other branch there is a triangular piece of membrane enclosed by chitin and the nervure divides again; the inner branch fails to reach the termen and the outer unites with 5, but separates at once and fails te reach the termen. On the left side 4 arises from a duplicated bit of the median and fails to reach the termen. On the right side 5 (K2) reaches the termen after curving to touch 4 and curving away again. On the left side 5 divides twice, the inner branch of the first division fails to reach the termen and there is a breach of continuity in the inner branch ot the second division, but the outer branch reaches the termen. On the right side 6 (Rl) is normal, but on the left side there is a short spur, which if continued would unite with 5 where it divides for the VOGUE. PLATE VY ms IS PAPILIO MACHAON, L. (x13). -AN ABNORMALITY OF NFURATION IN PAPILIO MACHAON, L. 89 second time. On the right side 7 (SC5) is normal, but on the left side it divides, the external or anterior branch uniting with 8. On both sides 8, 9, and 10 (SC4, SC3, and SC2) form a complicated anastomosis, the arrangement of which is shown in the diagram. In the normal P. machaon 8 arises from 7 and 9 is connate with 7. The costal ner- vure is normal on both sides, but the right subcostal is duplicated for a short distance. In the right hindwing 2 (M2) is normal; in the left it divides into two branches for about three-quarters of its course and after reuniting if soon divices again, both branches reaching the margin. As in the normal P. machaon 1 (SM) is absent. On the right side 3 (M1) is dup- licated for about a quarter of its course and divides again near the margin, and 4 (R3) arising at the same point as 3 divides into two branches, both of which reach the margin. On the left side 3 and 4 arise at the same point and there is a nervure lying between them, which is probably a branch of 3 with a breach of continuity in the first part of its course. On both sides 5 and 6 (R2 and R1) run to the margin, but 7 (SC2) arises from 6, nearer to the base on the left side, and fails to reach the margin on either side. On both sides 8 (C) divides near the margin, but on the left side the two branches are contiguous. In both fore and hindwings the cells are not closed by discocellular nervures. The erratic course of many nervures makes the crescentic markings along the border very irregular. In the normal insect black scales follow the course of the nervures, but in this specimen they only follow a part of some nervures and differ on the two surfaces of the same wing. On the under surface of the hindwings most of the nervures are ovtlined in this way, but on the upper surface there are no black scales along some of them. The dotted lines in the diagram indicate black markings present on one or other surface, which do not follow the course of a nervure. The specimen closely resembles P. machaon, ab. elunata, Spengel, which was bred 20.111.1887 from a larva found at Langgons, Hesse, 16.1x.1886. Spengel gives a coloured plate showing both surfaces and a camera lucida drawing of the neuration. The shape of the forewings with concave termen is like that of the Wicken specimen, but the tails of the hindwings are normal. There is a narrow marginal yellow band not broken up into lunules and mere traces of the usual black markings along the nervures are present. The neuration is very abnormal; some nervures are duplicated for a short distance, others are vestigial, and almost all end at the submarginal band. Two P. machaon, male and female, almost exactly like Spengel’s, but with a broader marginal band, were bred by W. Zimmermann with normal ones, v.1927, from a brood of larvae from Honnef on the Rhine. Frings figures both the upper and undersides and describes the neura- tion, which was similar to that of Spengel’s specimen, but even more deficient. Another example, captured in the Duchy of Brunswick, is figured by A. Ahrens. The shape and pattern of both under and upper surfaces resembles those of the other specimens of ab. elunata, and like them it has fully developed tails. The same kind of aberrant neuration with a similar alteration of the pattern occurs in Thais and has been named ab. newrochola by Bryk. He gives a coloured plate of an example in Thais polyxena, Schiff., and 90 ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD. 15/1X/1941 a description of the abnormal neuration. A similar specimen is figured in Seitz Macrolepidoptera of the World, and another by Harting. Frings records the same abnormality in Thais rumina, f. medesicaste, Wi. An Argynnis aglaia, L., taken 15.vii.1871 at Beachy Head by M. N. Inman and figured in the Hntomologist, 1871, 5, 447, is another ex- ample of this detect. The specimen, very much damaged, is in the British Museum, Tring. The shape, position, and number of spots on the underside and the neuration are incorrectly portrayed. I’ew ner- vures reach the margin and the pearly marginal band on the underside of both hindwings is almost unbroken. Unless my memory is at fault, two similar specimens of Brenthis selene, Schiff., were taken near Market Rasen by Captain Crocker some years ago. A female Gastropacha populifolia reterred to by Frings belongs to this category. Tt is most remarkable that with so gross a deficiency of nervures the wings are so perfectly expanded and so symmetrical in shape and size. Spengel calls this kind of abnormality peroneural from the Greek peros = mutilated. Ahrens, A. Fauna Insectorum Europae. HK. F. Germar. 1812. Fase. 4, Tab. 15. Bryk, F. Ent. Rundschaw. 1929. 46, 1, 5, figs. Mitt. Miinch. Ent. GesteglOla. 5) 26.0 Tat. Akio: 1 Brinss Cli siasec. Waban luk. 4.2610; Harting, M. fHnt. Zeitschr. 1912. 26, 111, Text Fig. Spengel, J. W. Zool. Jahrb. Abbt. f. Syst. 1899. 12, 337. AN ARTIST’S NOTE, To those who have tried their hand with pencil and brush (not too successfully perhaps) to depict the exquisite beauty of some newly found larva or some tiny egg, accidentally come upon—for every entomologist must perforce dabble in drawing and in microscopy—the remarks of the late Rev. C. R. N. Burrows, in a recent number of the Record (Vol. hu, p. 36) will perhaps revive some memories. ‘“ Working as I have done for months,’’ he says, ‘‘ with objectives cf small enlargement, has more or less unfitted me for minute investi- gations.”’ ; Yet the delicacy of his line, in those beautiful drawings of the eggs and larva of the ‘‘ Emeralds’’ which he has left us, make one envy the powers he possessed. You may have found out also that what you might have attempted twenty or more years ago, the eye and hand cannot accomplish to-day. If you have the first three or four volumes of the Record at hand, look at the coloured plates by Horace Knight, drawings of eggs, larvae and pupae of the genus Acronicta. They are masterpieces of beauty: their delicacy and accuracy of line and colour, could not I think be surpassed -—they are more perfect than Academy pictures. How is it we cannot produce such things to-day ? The material for reproduction is still at hand, but modern condi- tions have killed both the initiative and the appreciation; Chromo- THE UNFORGIVABLE SIN. 91 lithography seems also to be a lost art, the passing into oblivion of which no one, unfortunately, seems to have deplored. The substitution by the colour-photographic process has no doubt been the cause of this loss, but it certainly has not improved our plates nor lessened the expense of reproduction. Coloured plates, even before the war, were prohibitively expensive. In this way both the artist and the entomologist, who could call upon his fine powers, seem to have been relegated to the oblivion of forgotten things. In every way we are the losers. There is a glimmer of hope that the new colour-photography (a process we are occasionally teld is in course of being perfected) will really be brought into use and will not demand more than a reasonable figure from the ordinary, already over- taxed individual. Perhaps some specialist in this branch of reproduction would en- hghten us. The problem will have to be faced squarely for it is a most impor- tant one to the entomologist and vital to every scientific journal trying to carry out its difficult part. In some recently published black and white reproductions of the geni- talia, which of all subjects ought to be most accurately and delicately reproduced, we seem to have reached the bed-rock of commercial repro- duction. They are unsightly and crude, all their beauty and fineness lost, sacrificed for cheapness. We want to be told of some means by which coloured-drawings (and line-drawings as well) can be reproduced accurately and at a reasonable figure. The fact remains, there is a very real need to get back to Horace Knigat’s standard, both in drawing and reproduction. The artists, and there have been many excellent ones in the past, who have tackled the most difficult branch of all—entomological work; artists whose fine powers have been taxed to the very utmost by reason of the extreme delicacy and beauty of their subjects, more minute than miniature painting, have not so far been sufficiently appreciated or had their praises sung. Cannct we do something about it for the coming generation, | mean, find some way to reproduce our subjects more perfectly in line and in colour ? DyM, THE UNFORGIVABLE SIN (A NON-ENTOMOLOGICAL CONFESSION). By Matcotm Burr, D.Sc., F.R.E.S. I might have locked my guilty secret in my breast and taken it with me to the grave, for there were no witnesses and the body is safely buried in a corner of wild moorland in Eastern Thrace. But the pangs of remorse would never have given me rest and, so strongly do I feel, that even this confession only partly soothes my heart. My sin is that in one unguarded moment I allowed my primitive human instincts to overcome my life-long training as an entomologist. 92 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/TX/1941 A naturalist may kill, virtually without lmit, for the sake of Science, but no naturalist may kill for the mere sake of killing, from mere lust, from revenge, or what is even worse, from fear. And I, when I might have brought safely home a creature of real interest, incontinently killed. It was on the rolling moorland west of Istanbul. I saw a most in- viting stone and, though for some forty week-ends I had without result turned over stones till I was stale, yet I felt attracted to this one, it was so big and flat. With an effort I turned it over. In one cornet there lurked a monstrous, brown centipede, tinged with a greenish lustre, that I had known many years ago in Macedonia. In another was a small centipede enjoying a dinner off a pile of ant pupae. In yet another was a smooth, black ball, about the size of a cherry. Sideways across it ran a crimson stripe. This unusual coloration was clearly aposematic. Then J remem- bered that one of the poisonous spiders of Australia is black with a red cross on the abdomen, as too, I believe, the Arabian species. The American Black Widow is, I believe, all black, and so too the Central Asian kind which the Tartars call karakurt, the Black Wolf. Nazaroff told me they dread it like the plague. They say the bite is desperately painful, leaves chronic disorder, and is often fatal. The Black Widow is known to be a killer, and in recent years several deaths have been attributed to the Australian species. . So there could be little doubt about this creature. An unreasoning feeling of anger swept over me, and with my thick stick I struek—and crushed it. I flung back the tombstone and at the same instant felt the gush of remorse. | For I had been worse than a criminal. I had been a fool. I could easily have bottled it, and it is a great pity that I did not, for the spiders seem, fortunately, to be rare and few people care to collect them. T asked a Turk who had lived thirty years in Turkestan. He had never heard of the karakurt, and said I must mean scorpion. But he was a townsman. I asked an intelligent Crimean Tartar, but he did not know either, for in his beloved Crimea, he said, there are no venom- Gus creatures. So the karakurt is not a familiar brute like the scorpion, and the chance of making amends seems remote. JULY IN THE NEW FOREST. The season has been notable for the number of extreme aberrations of Argynnis paphia, L. and Limenitis camilla, L., taken in the Forest. The species are far from plentiful generally, and in many of the en- closures were practically absent, in others fair numbers were on the wing. Not since 1923 have I seen or heard of so many aberrations being taken, but 1923 did not compare with the wonderful seasons of 1918 and 1919, when both species were in the greatest profusion all over the Forest, and, in fact, all species were in abundance and all showed con- siderable aberration. It seems probable that the cause of the variation this year was the very cold and protracted early summer, when the worst of weather and JULY IN THE NEW FOREST. 93 cloud occurred well into June. On the other hand Argynnis cydippe and Argynnis euphrosyne showed very little departure from the normal forms. Brenthis selene wag practically absent from its heather habitats in the Forest, as so much of the ground has been burnt out by incendiary bombs. From other districts, however, I heard of aberrations being taken. Plebejus argus was not common generally, but in its best known habitat considerable numbers were in evidence, this notwithstanding the fact that the ground had been well burnt out and some seven large bomb craters were in the area. Certain patches of heather were left unburnt and the species which the previous year were extremely abun- dant doubtless survived in these. On the burnt ground numbers were seen emerging and these no doubt were from larvae that had pupated there from the unburnt patches of heather. We were very much sur- prised to find that so many had survived the fires. Working in con- junction with Colonel V. R. Burkhardt we secured the following aber- rations : — B.=Burkhardt. C.-R.=Castle-Russell. Brenthis (Argynnis) euphrosyne, L.—A very pale yellow form (B.); a specimen heavily suffused with black, an extreme form (C.-R.). Plebejus aegon, Schiff. (argus, L.).—Well marked ¢@¢ striata (B. and C.-R.); a very pale blue 3; a similar one with patches of typical blue (B.); an irregular gynandromorph (B.); various forms of infra- striata, sagittata and unusual colour forms were obtained. Argynms cydippe, L.—A CG example of ab. charlotta with large silver spots in basal areas of hindwings (B.); three undersides with ad- ditional silver spotting (B.); a ¢ with two black bars on upperside (C.-R.). Argynnis paphia, L.—An extreme form of ab. melaina, Daldin, (B.) and (C.-R.); a melanic ¢ of extreme confiuens, Splr. (the normal spot- ting being connected and forming bars); two heavily suffused ab. melaina 3S (B.); a similar example Q (C.-R.); about seventeen ab. confluens were obtained varying in the intensity of the markings. The heavily suffused ¢ and 9 ab. melaina are of similar type to the figure 10 in Frohawk’s smaller work on British Butterflies. One is referable to ab. melaina-ocellata, Frings. Limenitis camilla, Iu.—Seven nigrina and six semi-nigrina (ab. obscura, Shipp.) were taken. RemarRKs.—I also saw five melanie dd and 92 2 of A. paphia taken by Mr Clark of Brockenhurst, and the Rev. J. N. Marcon and | heard of others being taken in various parts of the Forest together with many ex- amples of aberrant L. camilla, No doubt a list of aberrations taken will be ascertained in due course. I should like to add that Colonel Burkhardt has very generously presented me with the insects taken by him. We saw one beautiful ¢ example with spotless upperwings and suffused hindwings but he managed to evade us on the two occasions we each saw it.——S. G. Casrie-RvusseE.t. 94 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/1X/1941 COLLECTING NOTES. A Note on LARVAE OBSERVED NEAR NEwToN Asrot, 1940-41.—In this period larvae have again been abundant on oak. I have taken those of Drymonia chaonia, Asteroscopus sphina, Taeniocampa miniosa, T. in- certa (instabilis), Anchoscelis helvola (rufina), Xantholeuca croceago, many Xylina socia, Hylophila bicolorana, T. pulverulenta (cruda), and Calymnia trapezina. The last species mentioned was not content with Operophtera brumata on an apple tree in my garden but had eaten half an apple about the size of an oak-apple gall. A friend tells me that the larvae of Nygmia phaeorrhoea (auriflua) do the same in his garden. Biston strataria and Phigalia pedaria have both been plentiful around Newton Abbot. The latter I did not take or possibly there may have been larvae of Apocheima hispidaria which I forgot to look for. In the spring of 1940 Polyploca ridens was plentiful but I have not seen it this year. D. chaonia was at least three weeks earlier. Hibernating larvae must have suffered much from the cold last winter. Noctua xantho- grapha almost absent this Spring in my garden.—(Capt.) C. Q. Parsons, Torquay,, 1.vu.41. Dear Sir,—Whilst shelling peas from the garden this morning I found enclosed pod. As I can find no reference in Scorer’s Hnt. Log- Book or elsewhere to one of the larger moths feeding inside pea-pods 1 send it along in case it may be of interest. I see there is a small mark of entry at the base on one side, so that the caterpillar has spent its whole life inside the pod. [This was a half-fed larva of Mamestra bras- sicae. I was not aware that this larva was an ‘“‘ internal feeder.’’—Hy. J.T.) [The larva is normally more or less an ‘‘ internal feeder ”’ in cab- bage heads. The eggs of M. brassicae have been recorded on Pea plants. —T. B. F.]—Roserr D. R. Troup, ‘‘ Hountwell,’?’ Henley, Alton Pan- eras, Dorchester, 4.viii.41. UnrvusBltisHED Recorps or Dragonrity Micrations Wantrep.—Will entomologists who have witnessed large scale migrations of Dragon-flies im any part of the world, not hitherto recorded in the entomological niagazines, and for which the species, actual date, direction oi flight in any locality are known, please supply the details to the Chief En- tomologist at Rothamstead Experimental Station, Harpenden, Herts. r C. B. Williams has already card-indexed some hundreds of mass migrations of Anisoptera but they are spread over more than a cen- tury with very few outside the European zone, and many on so large a scale as to appear in the public press, do not mention the species. In the Baltic region it is evident that Labellula quadrimaculata, L., is the most important migrant and its westerly migrations appear to reach millions about once in every ten years and more often in niany thousands. The latest Continental reports came from K. L. Henriksen of Copen- hagen Museum who recorded the species flying west in millions on 7th May 1934 at Bornholm in the Baltic and again in millions continuously between 20th and 26th May 1937, though these migrations appear to peter cut before reaching the British Isles. Since hostilities began we have had no information from the Continent but LZ. quadrimaculata has been recorded in dozens west of Ramsey. for the first time in the Isle of Man, COLLECTING NOTES. 95 on 19th and 21st June 1941 (W. S. Cowin of Manx Museum) and it ts per- haps significant that on 9th July this species was ‘‘extraordinarily abun- dant elong a stretch of the Grand Canal roughly twelve miles inland from Dublin ’’ (A. W. Stelfox of National Museum of Ireland). Pheno- logical observers are asked to record dates of emergence and cbservers to report any Jocality where it becomes very common (i.e., seen in hun- dreds) to help trace the end points of migratory movements from the Baltic. In this area DL. depressa is also a well recognized migrant; in North America Anax junius, Drury, and Sympetrum rubicundulum, Say., and in Africa and China Pantala flavescens, Fab.; but there is a dearth of records from tropical regions. The Insect Immigration Committee, in Bulletin No. Ixxvi, issued in June by the South-Eastern Union of Scientific Societies, printed a ‘¢ Preliminary Note on Dragonfly Migration.’’ of which copies can he obtained on application to the Hon. Secretary, Capt. T. DANYREUTHER, R.N., ‘‘ Windycroft,’’ Hastings, Sussex. [There is an early article on the so-called ‘‘ Migration ”’ of Insects in a Dutch Society Publication of the year 1857, Handelingen Neder- landsche Entomologische Vereeniging, Vol. 1, pt. iv, pp. 79-105, by Heer Van Bemmelen. Much of the matter deals with the mass-movements of Lihellulidae and particularly with Libellula quadrimaculata dating from 1681 to the date of publication.—KEb. | 1) PHIGALIA PEDARIA, L., AB. MELANARIA, BRETSCHNEIDER, AN EXAMPLE or Y-CHROMOSOMF INHERITANCE.—Bretschneider (Hnt. Zeitschr., 1939, 53, 59) bred a melanic female in 1937 from a wild larva. The upper surface was deep black, but there was a little white on the head, the vestiges of the wings, and the tip of the abdomen. Pairing it with a typical male from another locality he bred 25 typical males and 28 melanic females in 1938, and pairing these inter se he bred 15 typical males and 14 melanic females in 1939. All the males in both genera- tions were typical and all the females were melanic. He compares this melanic pedaria with the dominant sex-limited female forms, such as Argynnis paphia, L., ab. ralesina, Esp., but it is obvious that this form of inheritance would have given either a ratio of 3:1 or 1:1 of melanic to typical females. For all the femaies to have been melanic the gene must have been in the Y-chromosome. It is. as far as I know, the first example of this form of inheritance in the Lepidoptera.—(Dr) E. A. Cockayne, 16 Westbourne Street, W.2. Burrerriies, Etc., 18 KirkcupBRIcHTSHIRE.—Although most of my collecting is on the English side of the Solway Firth an occasional visit over the border into Galloway is a pleasant and invariably a worth-while change. Both Dumfries and Kirkcudbright are productive counties possessing as they do very varied physiographical features. The marshes at the mouth of the River Nith I have found very good for Coleoptera. Many years ago the late Dr David Sharp recorded many interesting species from there as did the local collector W. Lennon, while the list of water-beetles, thanks to Prof. Balfour-Browne, is a most interesting one. Last Whitsuntide I had the opportunity of spending a week at Kippford, at the mouth of the little tidal River Urr in Kirkcudbright. The district is a forward one for insects, being sheltered from the North and east by low hills. I found several species of Lepidoptera on the 96 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15 /1X/1941 wing, which had not then appeared in Cumberland. My activities, however, were mainly with the Coleoptera, Hemiptera, Hymenoptera, and Diptera (of which I collected about 300 specimens, not yet worked out), but I could not help noticing the abundance of various butterflies and, moths. Ten species of butterflies were observed. On my arrival in the district on 31st May a walk over the high ground at the back of the village—rough rocky ground with scattered bushes of thorn and sallow and scanty herbage—revealed the presence of Brenthis (Argynnts) euphrosyne, L., in great numbers, and its abundance continued through- out the week. I have never before seen this butterfly in such force, even in the South of England. In Cumberland, although widely dis- tributed, it is always a much scarcer insect than B,. (A.) selene, Schiff. The two ‘‘ Whites,’’ Pieris rapae, L., and P. napi, L., were, of course, common, but I did not see P. brassicae, L., nor Euchloé cardamines, L. Hybernated Aglais urticae, l., were common enough also, with a fair number of Nymphalis io, UL. Next to A. euphrosyne, Coenonympha pamphilus, L., was the commonest butterfly, especially in glades in the extensive plantations of young conifers on the hills. Callophrys rubi, L., appeared to be over, as only one was seen, and that well worn. Heodes phiaeas, ., appeared to be just coming out. The few seen were in beautiful condition. Pararge megera, l., was well out, basking on low walls and rock faces on the rough road between Kippford and Rock- cliffe, while Hrynnis tages, J.., in fair numbers, favoured the open grassy pathways through the hillside plantations. A good many day-flying moths were about, such as Ino statices, Iu., in a marsh by the river; Phragmatobia (Spilosoma) fuliginosa, L., sitting on low herbage; Kuchidia mi, Clerck, and Heliaca tenebrata, Scop., on the hillsides; Ematurga atomaria, L., and Inthina (Panagra) chlorosata, Scop. (petraria, Hb.), both common on heathy ground. The most noticeable Geometrid, however, was Pseudopanthera (Venilia) macularia, L., which flitted about everywhere. Strange to say, this pretty moth is not often seen in Cumberland. I have never met with it near Carlisle. Our few county records are from the Lake District—F. H. Day, 26 Currock Road, Carlisle, 4th August 1941. Recorps rrom RopsorovenH.—On 30th June and 8th July I took two Helicthis peltigera on Valerian. On 24th July Polyommutus coridon and Lycaenopsis argiolus 2nd brood appeared and on 22nd July I found in the garden one Thecla w-album, the first I have seen for three or four years, and two Platyptilia palliidactyla.—T. BAINBRIGGE i‘ LETCHER, Rodborough. EQLACHISTA SUBALBIDELLA, SCHLAG.—I found the larvae of this species in some numbers on a Moss near Whitbarrow Scar, feeding in the leaves of Molinia caerulea, Arrhenatherum elatius and other broad-leaf grasses, but mainly on VM. caerulea. As seems to be usual with the Elachista, the larvae are more often found in sheltered situations, e.g. the clumps of grass growing close to small birches and under trees. The larva makes a broad mine about mid-way between the rootstock and tip of the leaf and is full fed towards the end of September. It hibernates in the mine which it leaves in April to spin up on a dried grass leaf, The moth emerges about a fortnight after pupation, Ss COLLECTING NOTES. 97 The full fed larva is about 63 mm. in length, tapering from the head and very constricted between segments, giving each segment a rounded appearance. It is dark olive-green in colour, head dark brown, plate ef 2 and anal plate black; a whitish spot on the outer edge of either side of 2. The pupa is 4 to 5 mm. in length, chestnut coloured; dorsum darker, nearly black, on either side of a paler dorsal line. The larva is not described in Meyrick’s Revised Handbook of British Lepidoptera; being ‘‘ evacuated ’’ to Morecambe I have not been able to ascertain whether it has since been described. Mr A. J. Wilmott of the British Museum (Natural History) kindly identified the above-named grasses.—LEONARD T. Forp. Dors Contas EpusA, F'B., TASTE WITH ITs FEET.—On 24th June I caught a female ‘‘ Clouded Yellow,’’ and although not a ‘‘ butterfly ”’ man I thought I would try my hand at obtaining eggs. On the prin- ciple ‘‘ Feed a Moth and have Eggs ”’ I put, at nine o’clock next morn- ing, a drop of sugar-water on a piece of white cardboard, held the butterfly, with her feet on the card, in front of the drop, and with a pin unrolled her proboscis until the tip of it was in the drop. She fed for about fifteen minutes. In recognition of my courtesy she laid me, during the day, ten eggs. Next morning, 26th June, I proceeded to feed her again. But this time she herself unrolled her proboscis the moment her front tarsi touched a spot where the previous day’s sugar-water had dried. She laid no eggs, although it was a sunny day. The 27th was heavily over- cast, so I did not feed her and she rested all day. On the 28th (sun- shiny) when I prepared to feed her, again she extended her proboscis the instant her front tarsi touched the sugared card. On the 29th and 30th she did the same; but on the Ist July she made no attempt to feed herself and I was again obliged to unrol her proboscis with a pin. Can any of your readers tell me if C. edusa, Fb., like some of the Vanessidae, tastes with the tarsi of its front legs? I ruled out the possibility of scent reaching her antennae and palps by blowing while she approached the card and until her proboscis was extended. It struck me as being odd that she should feed herself on four days, with the scent of the sugar-water being blown away from her, and make no attempt to do so on two. I may add that on 30th June she went berserk and, after flying wildly about the cage for half an hour, laid eggs to the number of about a hundred cn almost every leaf of clover (Trifolium repens, L.) in the cage, withered as well as fresh, and on the flowers too. There were seven eggs on one leaf alone.—P. B. M. Atuan. A Burrerrty Yrar.—So far this year has been a real Butterfly Year here in North Cumberland. The three ‘‘ Whites’? came in numbers with the tirst fine warm days, and the ‘‘Small Tortoisesheli’’ came from hibernation. Karly in June the ‘‘ Orange-tip ’’ appeared in greater numbers than has been usual for some years. A brilliant ‘‘ Peacock ”’ Was seen in my garden on 30th April, an unusually early date here. On 24th June the ‘‘ Red Admiral ”’ was flying. It has never been seen here before late July and August. The ‘‘ Large Heath ’’ appeared in scores where it had only been seen twice before in eight years. Another 98 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/1X/1941 ‘‘Peacock’’ and ‘‘Painted Lady’’ were seen near Carlisle on 14th June, and a ‘‘ Brimstone ’’? was seen and chased but not caught by a Carlisle collecter near Hawick on 16th June. I have not heard of it being re- corded tor Scotland before. The ‘‘ Small Copper ’’ and the ‘‘ Wall ”’ are common just now (early August). 1941 may thus be called here a Butterfly Year.—F. Marriner. Nores oN Meviraka (KUPHYDRYAS) AURINIA.—With reference to Messrs Thompson’s & Greer’s ‘‘ Notes’’ on this species and the eleva- tion at which it flies I took a specimen of it at 10,000 ft. in the Elburz Mountains in June 1939. It is surely optimistic to expect to find any species of insect not endemic at a record height in the British Isles.— E. P. Wittsuire, British Consulate, Shiraz, Iran, 12.iv.41. [See October and December numbers of the Hnt. Record, 1940.] Notes ON VARIATION FROM THE WorTHING MutsEuM COoLLECTION. (Continued from p. 69).—N. semiargus.—There are no English speci- mens of this species in the collection, though I feel no more certain that it is really extinct in England than I did in 1911 when I wrote at some length on the matter (Hnt. Rec., xxiii, p. 211). With regard to the foreign specimens I can find very little difference in size; the mountain specimens are slightly smaller, but I have never come across any that deserve the racial name montana except, possibly, one ¢. from the Alp Arpitetta at Zinal, taken August 16th, 1904; two out of three from Salonica are equally small, while those from Faido and Roccaraso in the Abruzzi (both mountain localities) as well as from the Sarnthal are rather large. There is one nearly spotless under side from Palena in the Abruzzi and one striata from S. Georges in the Swiss Jura. Those from Finland are dull in colour with small spots on the under side. A. medon.—There are about 120 English specimens of this species from tocalities as far apart as the S. Downs and the coast of Durham. Those from the N. and S. Downs are well spotted on the upper side, especially 2s from the latter, as are also those from Royston, the Chil- terns, and the one example from the Cotswolds. Those on the other hand from Witherslack show no orange on the forewing in the case of the gs and only small spots in the 9s. The under sides of these rarely show a tendency to small size in the black spots, but the albiannulata form of the upper side is frequent. On the Durham coast on the other hand the tendency towards the artarerxes form is very marked, especi- ally in gs with the white discoidal on the upper side. Most of the forms named by Harrison are represented. There are four very good ab. vedrae (one of the extreme form), half-a-dozen semivedrae, one beautiful little ab. inclara, and, of course, ab. albiunnulata. These northern single-brooded specimens are generally much larger than those from areas where the species is double-brooded. There are five speci- mens of the race artarerxes from Fife; these are not large. In Swit- zerland the first brood from the Rhone Valley and Caux and even from Faido are mostly of the allows form, and though slightly larger are hardly distinguishable from those of the high mountains; the second brood from the Rhone Valley are larger, especially the 9s, but even these have only small orange spots on the upper side on all the wings. Those from Aix in Savoie are small but well spotted; much the same are those from Greece; from Bolsano come specimens of about the same CURRENT NOTES—-OBITUARY. 99 size but slightly spotted. By far the most remarkable are those of the race vallicz from Brittany: both broods are large with broad and full borders of orange spots on the upper side, the Jargest and best spotted tc be found anywhere north of Italy. There are no specimens of the first brood from Italy, the second brood are of the aestiva form, with broad orange spots, forming a band in the 2s, both on upper and under sides; the finest 2re from Assisi. From Corsica also there are no first brood specimens, the second breod are strongly markea caestiva; there is a well-marked calida from Algiers and a very fine ab. vedrae from La Grave. It is probably single-brooded in the mountains of the Abruzzi and certainly in the high Alps. It is also single-brooded in Finland where the specimens are large, especially the 9s. (T7'o be con- tinued).—Rev. G. WHEELER, M.A., F.R.E.S. CURRENT NOTES, THE QuERY No. 2 on Pace 81.—I collected 6 or 7 larvae of Cosmo- triche potatoria in the Spring from a locality which often produces a pale sandy form of the female. These larvae fed up and the last imago emerged on 7th July. One larva went on feeding but got slowly smaller, and tc-day, 21st July, a crop of Apanteles cocoons appeared. The same thing has happened with larvae of C. trapezina and 1. incerta after the rest of their companions had pupated, single parasites emerg- ing.—G. V. Butz, Sandhurst, Kent. As a paper on the Distribution of Butterflies in the Malay Peninsula was announced for the Meeting of the Royal Entomological Society of London, to be heid on 4th June, it was an inducement to attend and to see the exhibits one naturally expected. The possession of many of the commoner species of the area was a further inducement to attend. But not a butterfly was shown, only an address illustrated by lantern slides of diagrams which were very difficult to see in the somewhat poor light. Surely it would have been better to illustrate with specimens from the different areas of the ‘‘ Sundaland continent.’’ To have such papers will doubtless have an effect on the attendance as they could far better be in print and better understood than when read aloud without adequate illustration. OBITUARY. Dr Ferix SAntscHt. With the death of Santschi the last of, what one might call, the “Great Four Myrmecologists ’? passed away—Wheeler, Emery, Forel, Santschi. Felix Santschi was born at Bex in Switzerland on Ist December 1872, and died in North Africa en 20th November 1940. On account of the war the news of iis death has only fairly recently reached his myrmecological colleagues. 100 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/1X/1941 His father was an upholsterer and it was intended that he should follow in his father’s footsteps. His bent, however, never turned that way. As a boy he always took the greatest interest in Natural History, and he collected beetles, butterflies, fish, etc. His familv, soon after he was born, went to Mentone, and subse- quently to Buenos Aires, where he spent most of his time in the Zoo- logical Gardens, and the Natural History Museum. On their return to Switzerlaud he applied for and obtained a post as a preparator in the Natural History Museum at Lausanne. Shortly after that he became acquainted with Prof. Bugnion, who did much to encourage him in his natural history studies. At that time also he started to study medicine. In 1896 he made an expedition to Colombia and Venezuela in com- pany with the Comte de Dalmas, and Forel. There is little doubt that this early association with the latter turned his attention to the study of ants. Having finished his studies at Lausanne he became a doctor of medicine, and in 1911 he obtained a medical appointment at Tunis. A year later he went to Kairouan, where the greater part of the rest of his life was spent. Here he devoted all his spare time to his work on the Formicidae. He also kept a number of live animals, birds, reptiles, etc. Quite recently he bought a small chalet at Monthey, which he called ‘* La Fourmi;’’ just as Forel called his house at Yvorne ‘‘ La Fourmiliere.’’ Here no doubt he intended to settle down when he retired. He was there in 1939, but returned to Kairouan. We last heard from him in March 1940, when he told us he was going to Switzerland. He was a teetotaller and a ‘‘ Bon Templar,” also due without doubt to Forel’s influence. He was fond of music and poetry; and was also quite a good artist. During his life he described over 2000 species of new ants. About our only criticism of him is that he was too fond of creating new subspecies and varieties. This is inclined to encumber the literature; and, more- over, as in the case of the African species of ants of the genus Cam- ponotus, renders it almost impossible to name many of these forms with any certainty. Occasionally, either through forgetfulness or perhaps deliberately, he would describe an ant as a new species with the same name in cifferent publications in the same year; or, In some cases, two and even three years later. This, of course, is rather confusing. He was chiefly a systematist, but some of his earlier work dealt with the crientation of ants; the habits of Bothriomyrmex (publishing several papers on both of these subjects); and the veins of the wings, etc. Santschi published very many papers on ants; his first publication, as far as we are aware, was in 1906, on the colony founding of Bothriomyrmex (sub-family Dolichoderinae). Further details concerning hig lfe may be found in an obituary notice by Dr H. Kutter, Mitt. schweiz. ent. Ges., 18, 286-289 (1941).— Horace DontstHorPE, Entomological Department, British Museum (Nat. Hist.), 27.v.41. THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (277) APPENDIX TO VOL. II, 1935-1940. P. (12) If. Add to the List of Forms of A. ipsilon (suffusa), ab. clara, Lempke, ab. rufa, Lempke, ab. obscurata, Lempke, ab. in- versa, Lempke, ab. striata, Lempke, and ab. semiconfluens, Lempke. P. (14) II. Add the Orig. Descrip. of the above six forms after line 16 trom the top. ab. clara, Lempke, Tijds. (1939), 219. Orig. Descour. —‘‘ Ground colour of the forewings of a "very pale grey-brown.’’ Holland. ab. rufa, Lempke, Tijds. (1939), 219. Or1e. Descrip.—‘‘ Ground colour of the forewings of a red-brown.” Holland. ab. obscurata, Lempke, Tiyjds. (1939), 219. Oric. Dusen, —‘‘ ¢ ground colour of the forewings almost as deep as in the females.’’ Holland. ab. inversa, Lempke, Tijds. (1939), 219. Orie. Descrip.—‘‘ 2 ground colour of the forewings of a greyish- brown, very like that of the males.’’ Holland. ab. striata, Lempke, Tijds. (1939), 220. Orig. Drescrir.—‘‘ The black line arising from the reniform stigma is joined to the sagittate spot opposite to it.’’ Holland. ab. semiconfluens, Lempke, Tuyds. (1939), 220. Orte. Drscrir.—‘‘ The two stigmata are united by a double line, the encirclement being broken at the union.’’ Holland. P. (29) Add to the List of Forms of A. vestigialis, Hufn., ab. suncta, Lempke, and ab. confluens, Lempke. P. (31) Add the Orig. Descriptions of these two forms after line 6 from the top. ab. juncta, Lempke, Tijds. (1939), 225. Orig. Descrrp.—‘‘ The two stigmata touch but retain their shape and encirclement.’’? Holland. ab. confluens, Lempke, Tijds. (1939), 225. Orig. Drescrip.—‘‘ The two stigmata are united, the encirclement being broken at the union.’’ Holland. P. (34) Add to the List of Forms of A. obelisca, Schiff., ssp. saliocli- tana, Bours., ab. wnicolor, Lempke, and ab. juncta, Lempke. P. (36) Add the Orig. Descrip. of the above three forms after line 11 from the bottom. ssp. salivclitana, Bours., Rev. Fr. d’Ent., 1, 59 (1984). Fies.—-l.c., plt. 1, 5-6 (7-8). Good black and white figures. Orig. DEescrip.—‘‘ This is distinguished from other known races by its lighter colour and by the pectinations of the antennae of the d, which are shorter than in the typical forms from Switzerland and Aus- (278) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/TX/ 1941 tria (figs. 7-8). The shaft of the antenna in the ¢ is also thinner than in the other races and notably so than in the typical form or in examples larger and more robust.’’ They also differ appreciably from the races met with in the Pyrenees and from those of the Alpes Maritimes, which last are blackish. The Pyrenean form is almost like that of North Germany named stephens by Dr Heydemann. [Int. Hnt. Zts., XXVII, 246-248 (1933)]. Saclas, pres d’Ktampes. ab. wnicolor, Lempke, Tyds. (1939), 214. Orie. DeEscrip.—‘‘ The forewings are unicolorous with complete absence of marking (including the filling up of the median cell in black). Only the two stigmata are fully encircled in black and thus scarcely visible.’ Holland. ab. juncta, Lempke, Tijds. (1939), 214. Orig. Discrip.—‘‘ The reniform and orbicular touching but remain- ing compiete.’’ Holland. P. (51) Add to the List of Forms of A. tritict, L., ab. juncta, Lempke, ab. semiconfiuens, Lempke, and ab. confluens, Lempke. P. (57) Add the Orig. Descrip. of the above three forms 13 lines from the bottom. ab. guncta, Lempke, Tijds. (1939), 217. Ortc. Drescrip.—‘‘ The reniform and orbicular touching but remain- ing complete.’’ Holland. ab. semiconfluens, Lempke, Tijds. (1939), 217. Orig. Derscrivp.—‘‘ Instead of uniting, the reniform and orbicular are joined by a double line and the encirclement of each is broken.’’ ab. confluens, Lempke, Tijds. (1939), 217. Oric. Drscriep.—‘‘ The reniform and orbicuiar are united in one stigma, the encirclement is wanting at the point of union.’’ Holland. P. (64) Add to the List of Forms of A. corticea (clava), Schiff., ab. semiconfluens, Lempke. P. (67) Add the Orig. Descrip. of the above form after line 4 from the top. ab. semiconfluens, Lempke, Tiujds. (1939), 223. Orig. Dascrip.—The two stigmata are united by a double line, the encirciement being broken at the union.’’ Holland. P. (72) Add to the List of Forms of A. exclamationis, L., ssp. nigri- orbis, Zerny. P. (74) Add the Orig. Descrip. of the above form after line 5 from the top. ssp. nigriorbis, Zerny., Zts. Oestr. Ent. Ver., XIX, 45 (1934). Fie.—plt. 5, 7-8. Orig. DEscrip.—‘‘ Characterized for the most part by the deep black- filled stigmata, particularly the orbicular, which otherwise in this species is separated from the ground colour of the wing by only fine black. The cone-shaped stigma is for the most part longer and thicker than THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (279) usual, also the reniform in many specimens is noticeably large. The transverse lines are mostly more distinct than in typical examples. In colour the upper side of the forewing is very variable, clearer or darker yellowish, brownish, or violet-grey; many specimens with the costa part powdery with lilac-whitish. On the underside the post-median on both fore and hindwings are considerably more distinct than in the typical race.’’ Morocco. P. (77) Add to the List of Forms of Agrotis ripae, Hb , ab. obscleta, Lempke, and ab. bivirga, Lempke. Pp. (79) Add the Original Descriptions of the above two forms 9 lines from the bottom. ab. obsoleta, Lempke, Tiyds. (1939), 228. Orta. Descrip.—‘‘ Forewings grey-brown with markings obsolescent.’’ Holland. ab. bivirga, Lempke, Tuyds. (1939), 228. Orig. Descrtr.—‘‘ Basal and marginal areas blackish, median area light.’’ Holland. P. (94) Add to the List of Forms of A. cinerea, Schiff., ab. obsoleta, Lempke. P. (97) Add the Original Description of the above form 24 lines from the top. ab. obsoleta, Lempke, Tijds. (1939), 225. Orre. Drscrtep.—‘‘ The markings of the forewings obsolescent or completely absent.’’ Holland. P. (102) Add to the List of Forms of Agrotis lucernea, L., ssp. bureschi, Sules. P. (104) Add the Orig. Descrip. of the above form 8 lines from the bottom. subsp. bureschi, Suleschkow, Bull. Soc. Ent. Bulgaria, VII, 114 (1932).° Fig.—l.c. Orta. Descrip.—‘‘ Upperside dark grey, with black-grey suffusion. Fringes of the same colour as the wings, on the hindwings somewhat paler. The whole marginal area of all the wings up to the outer trans- verse lines almost unicolorous black-grey. The middle shading wide, dark yzrey, with no appreciable traces of the reniform stigmata; the erbicular similarly obsolete in development. Underside also very dark ashy-grey, grey-black in the marginal area, paler towards the base up to dusky-white. The central shaded line wide and on all the wings well expressed ; as were the discal points of the hindwings.”’ P. (116) Add the following Note 10 lines from the bottom to Agrotis strigula, Thnbg. (280) ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD. 15/TX/1941 Barrett, l.c., on plt. 1384, gave four figures, all very good; show de- grees in the obsolescence of some of the white markings, especially 1b, and degrees of ground shade. P. (117) Add to the List of Forms of A. strigula, Thunbg., ab. iuncta, Lempke, ab. ferruginea, Lempke, ab. flavescens, Lempke, ab. grisea, Lempke, and ab. reducta, Lempke. P. (118) Add the Original Descriptions of the above five forms 6 lines from the bottom. ab. guncta, Lempke, Tiujds. (1939), 238. Orig. Descrie.—‘‘ The two stigmata touch, but retain their encircle- ment intact.’’ Holland. ab. ferruginea, Lempke, Tijds. (1939), 288. Oric. DeEscrip.—‘‘ Ground of forewings red-brown.’ Holland. ab. fluavescens, Lempke, Tjds. (1939), 238. Orta. Descrip.—‘‘ Ground of forewings yellowish, design clear.’’ e Holland. ab. grisea, Lempke, Tijds. (1939), 238. " Ort. Drscrip.—‘‘ Ground of forewings pure grey, without red or brown.’’ Holland. ab. reductu, Lempke, Tuds. (1939), 238. Onte. Descrir.—‘‘ The orbicular wanting.”’ P. (123) Add to the List of Forms of T. janthina, Schiff., ab. pallida, Lempke, ab. alba, Lempke, and ab. 7uncta, Lempke. P. (125) Add the Orig. Descriptions of the above three forms, line 26 from the bottom. ab. pallida, Lempke, Tijds. (1939), 256. Orie. Descrip.—‘‘ Ground of the hindwings pale yellow.’’ Holland. ab. alba, Lempke, Tiuds. (1939), 256. Ortc. Descrip.—‘‘ Ground of the hindwings white.’’ Holland. ab. juncta, Lempke, Tijds. (1939), 256. Oric. Descrip.—-‘‘ The two stigmata unite into one, with only one encirclement.’’ Holland. P. (127) Add to the List of Forms of T. fimbria, L., ab. fava, Lempke, ab. juncta, Lempke, ab. confluens, Lempke, and ab. imma- culata, Lempke. P. (128) Add the Orig. Descriptions of the above four forms 11 lines from the bottom. ab. flava, Lempke, Tids. (1939), 262. Orig. Descrip.—‘‘ Hind wings of clear yellow instead of orange.’’ Hoiland. ab. juncta, Lempke, Tijds. (1939), 262. Orig. Drscrip.—‘‘ The two stigmata touch, but the encirclement intact.’’ Holland. ab. confluens, Lempke, Tijds. (1939), 262. Oric. Descrip.—‘‘ The two stigmata unite under one encirclement.’’ Holland. ab. immaculata, Lempke, Tijds. (1939), 262. al MS. and EDITORIAL. ‘MATTER should be sent and all. PROOFS returned te: i ae on _ Hy. J. TURNER, ‘‘ Latemar, ” 95 West Drive, Cheam. i We ‘must earnestly request our correspondents NOT TO SEND US COMMUNICA- TIONS IDENTICAL with those they are sending to other magazines. _ REPRINTS of articles may be obtained by authors at very reasonable cost if ordered at THE TIME OF SENDING IN MS. Articles that require ILLUSTRATIONS are- inserted on. condition sae the AUTHOR eet tides THE COST of the » illustrations. 70° OUR ede Short Collecting Notes and Current: Notes. - Please, Early. —EDS. ‘ BY will any subscribers who have changed ‘their addresses recently and not notified the Hon. Treasurer please do so.. Several subscriptions have been received this - year from addresses other than those in his books, causing delay in receipt of their Ropies of the magazine, which rae been. sent bi the old addresses. = anes Subserihers may have Lists of Duplicates and Desiderata insestad free of charge. _ They should be sent to Mr Hy. J. TURNER, “‘ Latemar,’’ West Drive, Cheam. 47 | Desiderata—British dominula varieties with full data other than var. lutescens and var. lineata. Other vars. acceptable. Duplicates—British L. l-album, < -exigua, cribrum, ocellaris, and intermedia, etc.—Dr H. B. D. Kettlewell, Cranleigh, Surrey. Desiderata—Trypetidae. (Diptera) from Scotch, Welsh, and Irish localities. H. W. Andrews, 6 Footscray Road, Eltham, S.E.9. 3 pes Wanted—American Hesperiidae, | especially ’ from Costa Rica, West Indies, the Guyanas, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Venezuela, Colombia and Bolivia. Write K. J, Hayward, Estacion EF wpa i ins pa Casilla Correo 71, Tucuman, Republica Argentina. — Duplicates. —Severai thousand. British | Mic Téatadntors in perfect condition; full data. Desiderata.—British Micro-Lepidoptera in similar condition.— _ 8. C. S. Brown, Kingsholme, 454 Christchurch Road, Boscombe, Bournemouth. THE VASCULUM. THE NORTH COUNTRY QUARTERLY OF SCIENCE AND LOCAL HISTORY. } EDITED BY ~ . ye ‘The Rev. J. E, HULL, M.A., D.Sc., Belford Vicarage, SU ae a eee assisted by A. W. Bartlett, M.A., M.Sc.; Miss K. B. Blackburn, D.Sc., F.L.S.; William Carter; F. C. Garrett, D. Se.; bey 3 V8 Millard Griffiths, D.Sce., F.L.S.; J. W. H. Harrison, _D.Se., F.R.S.; cg Raistrick, M.Sc., Ph.D., F.G.S.; J. A. Smythe, D.Sc.; George ee Ww. ‘Temperley. ye ~The WasGuton is now ha its twenty- sixth yolume. The annual SUSE ae is five shillings and should be sent to WILLIAM CARTER, 13 Kimberley Gardens, Newcastle-on- Pyne. J. J. 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Gi -p-m., on the first ‘Wednesdays of. the. month, February ne; € Annual Meeting, third Wednesday in January, caps : ‘THE SOUTH LONDON ENTOMOLOGICAL ANI Sree . Oct. 11 (Sat.), 2.0 for 2.30, HN Annual Iexhibition, ¢ : Street. S.E:1.; Hon. See), oF. Stanley-Smith, a uy, Third Sake, in | eeu 2 pm., ae the ot : Tropical Medicine. Further particulars rom A, B.. Buckhurst Hill, Essex. I i SA AS ENTOMOLOGICAL SECTION, 4 ‘BIRMINGHAM “ty + Bae | Hon. See., eM “Rivenhalt cone, 102 High § Street, South mpto ie r ’ communications have been’ enced trom « or. aye brigge Fletcher, A. J. Wightman, W. P. Curtis, H. Willou; oe Dr E. A. Cockayne, Prot, 3: WV, ‘Heslop Harrison, Thos. Greer, Di Parsons, P. B. M. Allan, T. EF. Marriner. ¥) All» communications | should be addressed ‘to. the ‘Ac i TURNER, *y Latemar, I; ep: ver ebay Cheam + Ye Ps = Enon Round Journal of ie (vols, fe EXXVL , ag i day’ BS aaNipaoes Na Mesa Paper ‘on. Taeniocuwide tical Hints (many)—Parallel Variation in Coleoptera—Origin 0 var. valesina—Work for the~ ‘Winter—Temperature and Vv. ani: notes—Retrospect of a Lepidopterist: for. 1890—Life-histories etc., ete., 360 pp. ‘ FRY 1 iat PET! CONTENTS OF VOL. it. ha ‘MELANISM AND ‘MELANOCHROISM_Bibliogr VARIATION: Oe ee to, breed fed Hele Ss. London——Generic nomenclature and. the “Acron iss estado’ Hak of. ei toni deras ar obs id th te ua . HT beak aaa wis No. 10 OCTOBER 1941. 2 2 AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION gs ee Te re 5 EDITED with the assistance of MALCOLM BURR, D.Sc., F.R.E.S: T. BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER, R.N., F.L.S., E. A. Cockayne, A.M., D.M., F.R.ES., E.Z.S8., F.R.ES. F.R.C.P. H. E. PAGE, F.R.E.S. z os, COLLIN, JP,; FREES ALFRED SICH, F.R.E.S. DONISTHORPE, F.Z.S., F.R.E:S. Rev. G. WHEELER, M.A., F.R.E.S:, F.Z.S. Editor Emeritus—G. T. BETHUNE-BAKER, F.Z.S., F.R.E.S. By HENRY J. TURNER, F.R.E.S., F.R.H.S., Editorial Secretary. me CONTENTS. COLLECTING NOTES: Notes on British Lepidoptera (Geometridae), EF, Ernest Green, F.R.E.S,; Two Aberrations of British Coleoptera not previously de- scribed, Horace Donisthorpe; A Strange Food Plant, P. B. M. Allan; The » Karroo Caterpillar, J. S. Taylor, M.A., F.R.E.S.; Lepidoptera under Typi- - cal Karroo Conditions, J. S. Taylor, M.A., F.R.E.S., and E. E. Cresswell; cosmia pyralina in Somerset, J. F. Bird; Second Brood of Brenthis euphrosyne? G. V, Bull; A New Vice-County Record for Two Common British Ants, Horace Donisthorpe; Zeugophora subspinosa, F., in Cumber- land, F. H. Day; Colias croceus, Fourc., etc., near Carlisle, F. H. Day; » Notes on Variation from the Worthing Museum Collection, Rev. G. MEU ERLCN IME Ayn TRA, Sepa. iid casnd Bivvctivaramibss tgrberscrwTeaves take ns covopus hss olan 107 BER eRe VICI snr ky a any ahicrty gg Ata Wcisbetaios: wane cso piphaas 111 ss SUPPLEMENT : ' The British Noctuae and their Varieties, Hy. J. 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Wilson, Larvae of British Lepi- doptera and their Food Plants, 40 fine plates, 30/-. Pierce, Genitalia of the Noctuae, 7/6, postage extra. Many others.—A. FORD, 42 Irving Road, Bourne- mouth. ates. THE PHENOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF PALAEARCTIC LEPIDOPTERA. 101 THE PHENOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF PALAEARCTIC LEPIDOPTERA. gat SRP o tan x Zoolae E A PRELIMINARY ESSAY. °* NOV 413.1941 [3310 By E. P. Witrsarre, F.R.E.S. deters My previous articles! on the phenology? of single-brooded lepidoptera used terms, such as ‘‘ vernal,’’ ‘“‘ autumnal,” ‘‘ very vernal,’’ etc., which presupposed a phenological classification such as has not yet, to my knowledge, been made. In the present paper a preliminary sketch of suck a classification is presented, concluding with the consideration of what use, if any, such a classification may have. A. Wontinuously-brooded species. Types: Utetheisa pulchella, L., Melitaea trivia, Schiff., Pieris rapae, L. B. TIwo-brooded species. 1. With two consecutive generations. Type: Huchloé charlonia, Donz. 4 2. With a vernal and an autumnal generation. Type: Ocneria poenitens, Stgr. 3. With a partial second generation. Type: Notodonta ziczac, L. C. Single-brooded species. 1. Vernal, with an early tendency. Type: Dichonia areola, Esp. (=winter flight in mild climates). 2. Vernal, with little deviation. Type: Cucullia verbasci, L. 3. Vernal, with a late tendency. Type: Malacosoma castrensis, L. (=summer flight in colder climates). Midsummer. Type: Fuchypasa otus, Drury. Midsummer, with deviation in both directions: ‘‘ normally autumnal.” Type: Catocala puerpera, Giorn. (=summer flight in hot climates, autumnal flight in colder climates). 6. Autumnal, with an early tendency. Type: Volgarctia specta- bilis, Tausch. (=summer flight in colder climates). 7. Autumnal, with little deviation. Type: Chondrostega auri- villai, Pungl. 8. Autumnal, with a late tendency. Type: Amathes lychnidis, I. (=winter flight in mild climates). 9. Midwinter. None. or I shall now give further names, to illustrate more completely how a number of well-known species are to be attributed to the above cate- gories and classes, together with some necessary comments. It is not merely considerations of space that prevent me from here trying 1o classify all the British (or Palaearctic) species; it is that I have neither the time for such a study nor the complete reference library necessary 1-‘ Notes on the winter flight, in mild climates, of vernal and autumnal moths,”’ Ent. Rec., 15.xi.38; ‘‘ The summer flight, in cold climates, of vernal and autumnal lepidoptera,” Ent. Rec., 15.1.41. 2‘* Phenological ’’ here refers rather to season than hour, wR HOD ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/X/1941 for it. Readers may, if they please, amuse themselves by fitting into these classes the species not here named. Category A. (Continuously-brooded species.) Papilio demoleus, L., Leptidia sinapis, L., Colias croceus, Fourc., Pyrameis cardui, L., Celerio lineata f. livornica, Esp., U. pulchella, L., Agrotis segetum, Schiff., Agrotis ypsilon, L., Rhyacia saucia, Hbn., Tathorhynchus exsiccata,? Led., Laphygma exigua, Hbn., Plusia gumma, L., Clytie genus, Pandesma anysa, Guen., Rhodometra sacraria, L., Gymnoscelis pumilata, Hbn., Macaria syriacaria, Stgr.; Melitaea trivia, Schiff.; Papilio machaon, ay P. rapae, WL. In a cold climate it may not he apparent that a species belongs te this category ; for instance, judging by its biology in England, one would classify machaon under Category B, class 3. The continuously-brooded category A is largely tropical or sub- tropical in origin, and many of its species are well-known migrants, migration being the alternative to a diapause as a means of surviving climatic extremes. ‘There seem, however, to be two, or even three classes in the category: (1) purely migratory, to which most belong; (2) capable of aestivating, e.g. trivia; and (3) capable of hibernating, e.g. rapae and machaon; of course, if the climate of the habitat does not require it, none of these modes will be employed. 1 have, however, hesitated to erect these three classes in my scheme of Category A be- cause we do not know enough yet aktout the biology of many Category A species in subtropical climates. While it is true that a general tendency to one of the alternatives (migration or diapause) to the exclusion of the other can be remarked, we cannot be sure yet that these alternatives are in all cases mutually exclusive. For instance, a consideration of the biology of machaon in Iraq (see also Peile*) makes it likely that in this and other cases local migration replaces the summer diapavuse, the unrelieved desert being recolonized by immigrants from oases each spring when the fresh desert food plant reappears. This may also ex- plain how ypsilon and segetum survive in Iraq; or they may behave like trivia there, and aestivate in an early stage; or perhaps again their subterranean larval habits may even permit a continuous, if retarded, summer development, without an actual summer diapause. Until more is known I prefer to delay the erection of these tentative classes, but observe that the second of them (type: trivia) can be distinguished from B2 by the occurrence of at least two broods before the summer diapause and from B1 by the possession of an autumnal brood (often, however, less numerous), and that the third of them (type: rapae) can be distinguished from Category I} by its continuous suceession of broods on oasis biotopes in a subtropical climate. Perhaps sinapis should ac- company trivia. The habit of migration in the first class is very pro- bably a comparatively recent development in its evolution. C. Q. Parsons’ interesting record of a saucia pupa in winter in Devon (Ent. Rec., January 1941, p. 11) suggests that the reason why many migratory species fail to survive English winters is the inadapt- 3In the previous articles I regarded ¢xsiccata as a single-brooded species, but this year in Shiraz took it not only in spring but, on marshy ground, again in June; I, therefore, tentatively classify it as shown above. 4H. 1). Peile: ‘‘ The Butterflies of Mesopotamia,’ Journ. Bomb. N.H.S., 1921-22. THE PHENOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF PALAEARCTIC LEPIDOPTERA. 108 ibly short pupal stage which either produces an imago in midwinter, killing it or its progeny above ground, or kills the pupa, which cannot survive a delay induced by cold. Category B. (T'wo-brooded species.) 1. With two consecutive generations: KEuchloé charlonia, Donz., Cerura genus,*? Harias irakana, Wilts. 2. With a vernal and an autumnal generation: Lymantria ania- tilis, Chr., Ocneria poenitens, Stgr., Acronicta megacezphala, F.6 Euxoa conspicur, Hbn., Discestra arenaria, Hamps., Elaphria bodenheimeri, Drdt., Pseudathetis fixseni, Chr., Catocala lesbia, Christ.,1° Cidaria salicata, Hbn., Dyscia plebejaria, Ob., Cornifrons ulceratalis, Led. 3. With a partial second generation: N. ziczac, L., and Harmodia bicruris, Hufn. In cold climates, where the summer diapause is not marked, it may be difficult to distinguish class 1 from class 2 of this category. In milder climates the autumnal brood of class 2 tends to run into the vernal. According to South, salicata’s second brood is partial in Ene- land; this shows that a colder climate can slow down a species belonging te this category, causing it to omit completely or partiaily the second generation; we shall observe, in due course, an analogous retarding of the life cycle of some Category C species. IT have bred in captivity a partial second (summer) brood of boden- heimeri and arenaria; this suggests that the two-broodedness of these, and perhaps other species of the category, is not so fixed specifically as the single-broodedness of Category C, but has been comparatively recently evolved, from Category A, in response to climatic influences (heat and aridity). Category C. (Single-brooded species.) 1. Vernal, with an early tendency: Cucullia wredowi-judaeorum, Strand., Dichonia areola, Esp., Antitype chosroes, Brdt., Spudaea ruti- cilla, Esp., Theria rupicapraria, Schiff., Dasycorsa modesta, Stgr., Zamacra flabellaria, Heeger. 2. Vernal, with little deviation: Papilio alexanor, Esp., Zegris eupheme, Esp., Saturnia genus, Simvra dentinosa, Frr., Monima stabi- lis, View., Cucullia verbascum- and scrophularia-feeding group, Litho- stege dissocyma, Prt., Inthostege palaestinensis, Ams. 3. Vernal, with a late tendency: Aporia crataegi, L., Melitaea cinzia, L., Malacosoma castrenis, l., Lacydes semiramis, Stgr., Procris genus, Phragmataecia castaneae, Agrotis elbursica, Drdt., Rhyacia nyctimerina, Ster. 4. Midsummer: Leucoma salicis, L., Leucoma wiltshirei, Coll.. Callimorpha quadripunctaria, Poda, Pachypas1t otus, Drury., Stygia saharae, Luce. 5. Midsummer, with deviations in both directions: ‘‘ normally autumnal’’: Apopestes spectrum, Esp., Phragmitiphila typhae, Thnbg., Archanara sparganti, Esp., A. algae, Esp.,7 A. geminipuncta, 5Seitz, ‘““ Die Grossschmetterlinge der Erde,’ II, p. 283. 6T classify two-brooded Acronicta under B2 rather than Bi because the Bagdad Acronicta (=aceris??) clearly belongs there. 7T took A. algae (=cannae) near Shiraz together with typhae in mid-June 1941, 104 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/X /1941 Haw., Mormonia neonympha, Esp., Catocala puerpera, Giorn., C. pro- missa, Esp., C. optima, Stgr., and many C. congener. 6. Autumnal, with an early tendency: Volgarctia spectabilis, Tausch., Tnaumetopoea pityocampa, Schitt., Phragmataecia territa, Ster., Agrotis ripae, Hbn. 7. Autumnal, with little deviation: Hriogaster genus, Lasiocampa® genus, Chondrostegu aurivillii, Pnegl. 8. Autumnal, with a late tendency: Ocnogyna loewn, Z., Rivyacia zanthographa, Schiff., Blepharita trisignata, Men., Aporophyla aus- tralis, Bsd., Meganephria oxyacaunthae, L., Dryobota furva, Esp., Dryo- botodes roboris, H.G., Antitype rufocincta, Hbn., A. canescens, Dup., Amathes genus, Lithostege buxtoni, Prt, Larentia clawaria, Haw., Cheomatobia brumata, li... Itame berytaria, Ster., and Crocallis genus. 9. Midwinter. The only difference between classes 1 and 3 of this category is that class 1 is earlier in all climates; similarly, with classes 6 and 8. These four classes thus form a series of similarly-reacting classes spread over the year. As far as I know, no single-brooded ‘‘ winter-moth ”’ occurs both be- fore and after the coldest weather in cold climates as clavaria does in mild climates; all tend to fly either definitely before or after mid- January. (Cidaria. basochesiata, Dup., which flies in winter in Medi- terranean countries, probably has two broods, and if so can be classed with sa@licata (B 2), which also appears to fly all winter in mild climates.) For this reason, and because cold is a more absolute stopper of insect- hfe than extreme heat, I think that there can be no true midwinter moth te put in CY. In cold climates some species of this category take more than one vear over their life-cycle. This may occur in two ways: (a) retarded larval growth; regularly in any given climate (e.g., Cossus cossus, L., P. castaneae, EL. quercus, callunae); (b) retarded pupal develop- ment; irregularly, or individually (e.g. Hriogaster lanestris, T. pityo- campa, etc.). Presumably these two types are due to different causes: type (a) can be explained as simply due to retardment by cold, but one can be less sure of the cause of type (b’s) behaviour: since Talhouk’s breeding of Hriogaster philippsi, Bart.,? and my own observations of Thawmetopoea wilkinsoni, Tams, and Hriogaster amygdali, Wilts., seem to show that in subtropical ciimates this phenomenon does not occur, 1 incline to think the phenomenon of irregular pupal delay in type (b) may represent a survival of an ingrained generic habit of pupal aestiva- tion, formed in a subtropical climate and persisting in a distorted form in a cool temperate climate. My inclusion of the marsh species typhae, etc., in class 5 might be taken to indicate that I have changed the view expressed in previous papers that these were ‘‘ normally autumnal.’’ Phenologicaily I can- ‘not separate them from the majority of the Catocala species, many of SFor the remarkable record of a Lusiocampa in May at Amara, Iraq, see my paper, “‘ Mesopotamian Desert Lepidoptera,’’ which is being published this year by the Journal of the Bombay N.H.S.; the classification of this species (grandis, Rog.) may have to be reconsidered when more is known of this phenomenon. 9Ant. Rec., 15.vii.40 THE PHENOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF PATAEARCTIC LEPIDOPTERA. 105 which are attached to oasis trees. This class is peculiar in not shirking a summer flight in hot climates, though autumnal in colder ones. The seeming paradox can be explained by the availability of its foodplants (tree-foliage or water-plants) even in mid-summer in hot climates, so that acceleration in response to heat is not fatal. On the other hand the absence of a second brood in this class in hot climates, when the foodplant is still available for one, points to the life-cycles having been ‘‘ fixed’? in a cool climate, where, as we see, the class is autumnal. My previously expressed view still seems to hold good. If some of the above classifications seem arbitrary to any reader, who has not read the previous papers quoted above, I must refer him to them and remind him of the importance of considering the habits of a species over its whole range. Since a cold climate frequently does not give scope to a species’ full potentialities, the species must be con- sidered by its behaviour in a more favourable environment. It may be useful here to define the various types of classification other than phenological, in order to avoid any confusion of thought :— 1. Systematic, by structure. 2. Zoogeographical, by range. 3. Visual, by pattern. 4. Ecological, (a) by foodplant, (b) by habitat (biotope). The first of these is fundamental, being indispensable in practice and also illuminating the study of phylogenetics, etc. The second touches a subject of a highly speculative nature but of irresistible interest, whose study is still in its infancy. For the value of the third type I advise readers to refer to Cott’s Adaptive Coloration in Animals, Methuen, London, 1940. Type 4a is chiefly of practical value, and type 4b has, as far as I know, never been thoroughly made by an entomologist, though in my published record of the Lepidoptera of Iraq!® I tried to record them according to their respective biotope, since Iraqian bio- topes are so well defined. Phenological, a fifth type of classification might be of two kinds, (a) by season, (b) by hour of flight; the former is here attempted. In conclusion, | may be reminded that although classification is a typical activity of the human mind, it should only be given rein to in useful directions. In case, however, it has not already appeared, from some of the comments made incidentally, that phenological classification is both illuminating and of practical use, I defend it briefly as follows : — Practical-wses: (a) It may help to identify. An example of this use will be found on p. 37 of South, Vol. II, where we find these words: ‘‘TIn England we certainly have a Cucullia sometimes appearing in the moth state rather later than verbasci and always earlier than C. lych- nitis ;, the caterpillar producing it feeds on Scrophularia nodosa We shall not be greatly opposed to Continental methods if we continue to allow April and May moths resulting from S. nodosa caterpillars to do duty for C. scrophulariae.’’ I do not necessarily support this identi- fication, but it is an example of how two criteria, i.e., foodplant and season, other than the more usual ones of structure and pattern, are 100, lesbia inhabits oases in very hot districts. I have bred it in June and also taken it in November. Further records may perhaps prove it to be con- secutively brooded, but I classify it in B2 provisionally. Its phenology is evidently different from that of its congeners, probably representing a more primitive type, 106 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/X/1941 used to determine specimens. To consider the season will often help in other cases of doubt. (b) It may help entomologists to find a species that otherwise eludes them. Enlightenment: (a) It sheds light on the question of insect migra- tion. (b) It illumines also the central problem of all zoogeographical speculations, 1.e., the past history of a species or race—a problem of importance because we can only understand the present status of an insect if we understand its past history. Entomology and geology here overlap, Just as, in the human field, geography and history overlap. A comparison of the phenology of congeneric species is especially interesting in this connection. Some of the comments made above will have already illustrated how this classification sheds light on that problem; pursuing those comments further, it may be remarked that Categories A and B are closer to- gether than to C, which is distinguished by a more rigid life-cycle, and has presumably evolved in response to the special conditions of the Tem- perate Zones (Palaearctic and Nearctic). Cold may retard this life-cycle but heat never accelerates it. Freer behaviour and wider reactions are to be observed in Category A. Category B occupies an intermediate position, perhaps exemplifying how Category C evolved from Category A. The tentative classes A 2 and 3 may similarly exemplify the evolu- tion from Alto B. In fact, I have tried to classify Categories A and B in order of development, starting with what I consider the more primi- tive class. It is, however, arguable that B 1 is less primitive than B 2. IT should be interested to learn from any reader about the phenology of castaneae in tropical climates. The example of machaon, which in England would seem to belong to B3 but in well-watered warm biotopes is revealed as a member of Category A, like its tropical congener demoleus, LL. (which only just enters the Palaearctic Zone in the extreme south and there is able to perform a short hibernation in an early stage in climates with a mild winter) affords a good example of how one class or category may evolve from another ; suppose, for instance, that machaon died out everywhere except in England, then one would definitely classify it as B 3. If the English climate grew colder and it survived, it might perhaps drop its second (partial) brood altogether (it has done so already in Arctic Russia)) thereby entering Category C, in one of the vernal classes. If these climatic conditions were prolonged, this behaviour might become ‘“ fixed,’ so that, if later it extended its range from, the cold centre of distribution to warmer climates again, it would remain single-brooded, 1.e., it would behave rather as the peak-dwelling Papilio alexanor does to-day in the mountains of Syria and Iran. I do not, of course, sug- gest’ that all the species of Category C became single-brooded in this way; indeed, on the contrary, I have suggested previously that many became so ‘‘ fixed ’’ in a centre of distribution with a warm dry summer. But this hypothetical history would explain very well the single-brooded- ness of C5, if we substitute ‘‘ autumnal ”’ for ‘‘ vernal.’’ I have assumed above that the evolutionary order was A, B, C be- cause I understand that it is generally accepted that insect life started developing in an age when a hot moist climate was more widespread in the world than now. COLLECTING NOTES. 107 COLLECTING NOTES. Notes on Britisn LePrpopTera. (GHOMETRIDAE.)—(Uontinued from p. 80.\—Ortholitha umbrifera.—On the top of Eggarsdon Hili (Dorset) I took several examples of what I thought to be a variety of O. plumbaria, from which it was distinguished by having the dot in the centre of the forewing duplicated. When submitted to Mr Prout, of the Nat. Hist. Museum, it was found to be a new and distinct species, which Mr Prout has named umbrifera. I took a second example on the dewns above Sheringham (Norfolk). Ortholitha clavaria (cervinata).—Larvae were found feeding on hollyhock, at Camberley, in June. The resulting moths emerged towards the end of September. I have also taken moths, at light, early in October. Ortholitha chenopodiata (imitata).—I have taken this species only cnce at Camberley; but commonly in other parts of Surrey and Kent. Tne moths are on the wing during July and August. Ortholitha bipunctaria.—Common on chalk downs in Kent and else- where. I have not met with it near Camberley. Mesotype virgata.—l have taken this species on Royston Heath (Herts) in August. Odezia atrata.—l found the moths, fairly common, at Llangammarch (Wales) in July. Anaitis plegiata.—Common around Camberley, both on the wing and at light, towards niid-July and early September; more sparsely in June. Anaitis efformata.—The males of this species are distinguished from plagiata by the shorter anal segment. Both sexes have the inner band, on the forewings, more sharply angled. I have taken the moth, at hght, in my moth-trap in August and have raised it from ova from moths caught at Box Hill. Chesias legatella (spartiata).—Very abundant at light, at Camberley, throughout Octoker. Chesias rufata.—Almost equally common as the previous species; but sccurring in late March, throughout April and again during June and July up to early in August. Nothopteryz (Lobophora) carpinata.—Abundant at Camberley throughout April. I have beaten the larvae from Birch; have found the moths at rest on tree trunks and have taken them at light. Acacts (Lobophora) viretata.—Common at Camberley, at light and at rest on tree trunks. I have taken the moths during May and June; but—more usually—in August. Lobophera halterata,—Taken at light; but not commonly, at Cam- berley, during May and early June. Mysticoptera (Lobophora) sexalata.—I have not found this species at Camberley, but have taken it at light in the Wicken Fen, in July, and on the wing in the New Forest, in June. Operophtera (Cheimatobia) brumata.—Common, at light, throughout the Camberley district in the winter months. Operophtera (Cheimatobia) boreata.—Equally common with the pre- vious species.—(To be continued).—K. Ernest Green, F.R.E.S., Cam- berley, Surrey. 108 ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD. 15/X/1941 Two ASERRATIONS OF BRITISH COLEOPTERA NOT PREVIOUSLY DESCRIBED. (1) Trechus 4-striatus, Schrk. (minutus, F.), ab. flavohumeralis, ab. n. Head and thorax jet black, the latter with the borders narrowly yellow. The elytra brown with yellow side-borders and a large yellow patch, rather sharply defined, at each shoulder. Legs yellow; antennae yellowish-brown. The structure, sculpture, etc., are similar to those of the typical form. This very striking and beautiful aberration was taken by shaking cut-grass over paper in the Churchyard at Old Heston, Middlesex. 4.vii.41. (2) Phyllotreta cruciferae, Goez., ab. rigrobasis, ab. n. In this aberration the antennae are entirely black, not showing any trace of red at the basal joints. It is probably common; but rather confusing, as it does not fit into the tables of the genus. I have beaten 1t off Tanvarisk blossoms (Tamarix gallica) at West Worthing, 11.vii.17; and have swept it off Shepherd’s Purse (Capsella bursa pastoris) in Windsor Forest (in some numbers when the typical form was not present), 15.vi.84; and off cabbages at Heston in company with the typical form, 4.vii.41.—Horacr DonistHorPE, British Museum (Nat. Hist), Entomological Department, 25.viii.41. A Strange Foop Priant.—Recently I found a larva of Acronicta psi on a rose growing on the wail of my house. It is now in its last larval stadium. Last night at 10 p.m. (G.M.T.) I found that it had left the food plant and was eating a dried leaf of Hazel which contained a cocoon of Demas coryli, left on the floor of the cage. It ate a piece about the size of a threepenny-bit and seemed to enjoy it, though the leaf was hard and brittie. This morning it is back on its proper food plant again. This is one of the species which (in my experience) seems to dislike dew and to prefer its food dry. But dead Hazel! De gustibus non est disputandum.—P. B. M. ALLAN. Unper the heading ‘‘ The Karroo Caterpillar,’ Mr J. S. Taylor, Entomologist-in-charge, the Prickly Pear Laboratory, Graat Reinet, has given a very long and detailed account of the serious pest of the sheep fodder growth in many parts of 8. Africa. The Seasonal History and Incidence of the activities of the Pyralid moth, Loxostege frustralis, is discussed in every detail and figures are given in Farming in Souti Africa, 1940. The iife-history with a figure of the larva and pupa, with dates of major infestation, favourable and unfavourable conditions. The various food plants are given, the most important being the ‘‘ Sweet Karroo,’’? the main fodder plant for the sheep. Eggs, larva, pupa and adult are described with habits and devastation caused. A section is devoted to the ‘‘ Natural Enemies’ and control measures suggested. In certain seasons countless thousands are present all over the Karroo and the loss of natural fodder must cause a huge loss of wool production on the sheep farms. Our S. African correspondent, Mr J. S. Taylor, M.A., F.R.EH.S. (and K. E. Cresswell), bas sent us some records he has published on a few species of Lepidoptera which exist under typical Karroo conditions, chiefly from Graaf-Reinet. Both butterflies and moths are included, and there are notes on the larvae and food plants. The Pierid Belenots mesentina often occurs in clouds around its food plant, a species of Boscia, an indigenous tree. It is an interesting and pretty species with COLLECTING NOTES. 109 a wide distribution in Africa and Asia, The common Nymphalid Vanessa cardui has recently been found in the larval stage on the Karroo bush, an important fodder plant on the Karroo. Oharazes jahlusa. is one of the smail species of the genus. The Sphingids are represented by the livornica form of Celerio lineata, whose larva feeds on the vale- rian. The curious Notodont, Brauwra truncata, is a common species, whose larva feeds on the Acacia. This insect was described many years ago, and as the Acacia is not indigenous we have wondered what the larva fed upon years ago in Walker’s time before the introduction of Acacia, I believe from Australia. There are two Arctiids, seven Noctuids, and one Cossid in the list. CosMIA PYRALINA IN SOMERSET.—I was pleased to net an example of Cosmia pyralina G at dusk in my garden on 2nd August. Although re- ported from the neighbouring counties of Gloucestershire and Devon, this insect has not, hitherto, been recorded from Somerset.—J. F. Brrp, Redclyffe, Walton Park, Clevedon, Somerset, 14th September 1941. Seconp Broop oF BRENTHIS EUPHROSYNE?—On 24th July last I took a fresh, rather small B. ewphrosyne. Is this possibly a second brood? The species had not been seen in the district for some weeks.—G. V. Buty, Sandhurst, Kent. A New Vice-County REcorpD ror Two Common British ANts.—Mr S. O. Taylor, of Leicester, recently sent specimens of Acanthoniyops (Donisthorpea) mger, L., and Myrmica laevinodis, Nyl., to me from East Gloucestershire, the former at Bibury, under stones, and the latter at Fairford, under the bark of an elm trunk. This is, of course, a new vice-county record for both species. For the Myrmica I have still no records in England from South Wilts., Bedford, Stafford, Salop, Mid-Lancashire, Mid-West Yorkshire, Cumberland, and Northumber- land; and for A. (D.) niger, South Wilts., Huntingdonshire, Shropshire, Cheviotland, and Westmorland.—Horacr DontstHorPE, British Museum Natural History, Entomological Department, 6th September 1941. ZEUGOPHORA SUBSPINOSA, F., In CUMBERLAND.—This little Chrysomelid beetle hag hitherto been uncommon in this district. In the county list of Coleoptera published in 1923 in the Trans. of the Carlisle Nat. Hist. Soc. I recorded it as ‘“‘ rare, Orton.’’ I first took it in that locality in June 1898 and subsequently met with odd specimens from time to time. It has now turned up in abundance on young aspens in the Kingmoor Nature Reserve on the outskirts of Carlisle. I discovered it there on 3rd September last and could have taken almost any number. This was rather surprising to me as I have collected in the Reserve for more than 40 years and taken nearly 400 species of Coleoptera there but never met with Z. subspinosa before. At. one time, however, there was not much aspen on the ground but lately a good many young saplings have sprung up and it was noticeable that the beetle occurred mostly on these.—F. H. Day, 26 Currock Road, Carlisle, 18th September 1941. Comias crocEus, Fourc., ETC., NEAR CARLISLE.—A few examples of the ‘‘ Clouded Yellow ’’ have been observed this month in this district, some in the Solway area, others on the east and west sides of the city. 110 ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD. 15/X/1941 Since 1933, when it occurred rather freely, [ have not met with it here. I am glad to report that for several years past Nymphalis io, L., has been increasing in numbers near Carlisle after a long period of almost total absence. When I started collecting nearly 50 years ago it was reputed to be locally extinct. About five or six years ago, however, it began to re-establish itself, and this present season has been a common garden butterfly, along with Vanessa atalanta, L., and V. cardui, L. The local colonies of Huphydryas aurinia, Rott., are still flourishing. As a rule the larvae are much infested with the parasite Apantelesi spurius, but this year they were almost immune. Out of a dozen larvae T took home for observation on this point not one was ‘‘ struck.’’— F. H. Day, 26 Currock Road, Carlisle, 18th September 1941. Notes oN VARIATION FROM THE WoRTHING Museum COLLECTION (cOn- tinued from p. 99).—P. aegon.—I use this name because I am quite cer- tain that it is correct as I have shown on more than one occasion (e.g., Ent. Rec., xxvi, p. 34). Observations in the field make it probable, and the Linnean collection places it beyond all doubt, that Linnaeus knew both species and regarded them as one. His name argus, therefore, included both; and when Schiffermuller (whether intentionally or acci- dentally makes no difference) designated this insect as aegon, he left the other species in sole possession of the name argus; argyrognomon, therefore, is merely the name of the blue 2 of argus and can uphold no claim to specific rank. This is entirely in accordance with the rules followed by even the most determined advocates of priority. With regard to the specimens in this collection there are two rows of the heath form from the New Forest, Hambledon, and Storrington, one of the 2s from Lyndhurst is very close to the race corsica, on the underside in its loss of black centres to many of the eye-spots; there is a row of the chalk form, cretacea, from Snodland and Otford, rather larger than the heath form, the Otford specimens conspicucusly so; the northern moss form, masseyi, is well represented by a row from Withersiack, one of the ¢s having leaden-coloured hindwings and an- other being striated on the underside. This race is not really lke the Corsican race at all. The blue of the 9 masseyi is bright and generally well defined, the blue of corsica is dull and much suffused with blackish from the border; placed in contiguous rows as they are here they do not look in the least alike. Corsica is represented by a series from Tattone and another from the Col di Vizzavona, the latter being slightly the smaller. The Swiss specimens from the Rhone Valley are gener- ally larger than the English ones; the mountain ones from the second Refuge on the Simplon Pass show the usual broad border of the moun- tain specimens, but are sometimes as large as those of the Rhone Valley ; those from the Laquinthal and from Alpien are smaller. The very small form alpina sometimes swarms at the Ganter Bridge. This very small race occurs again in the Abruzzi and is the usual form there. Another very small race occurs at Plouharnel in Brittany. This is very remarkable as the locality is very little above sea-level. The form at Oberbozen in the Tyrol is lke that which occurs at the second Refuge below Bérisal. At Aix-les-Bains the species has become double-brooded. The first brood is rather larger than the average; the second brood is small, in some cases very small. 1t must also be double-brooded at CURRENT NOTES. Ub Digne, but only the second brood is represented; here the Qs show a very broad orange band on both sides. At Assisi in Central Italy it is again double-brooded. Here the second brood specimens are generally rather the larger and the underside of the cs is almost as white as the Pyrennean hypochiona. The second, brood is also common at Perugia, Orvieto and Siena. In Finland the cs are small and the 2s show very little orange on the upper side.—(To be continwed.)—Rev. G. WHEELER, M.A., F.R.H.S. CURRENT NOTES, In the present number the Revision of Tutt’s British Noctuae, Vol. EII, is continued. In the November number it is intended to com- plete the Appendix to Vol. II, and to furnish the Index to the volume; thus in subsequent issues it is hoped to go on more rapidly. The species of the genus Xanthia will be dealt with. Cvitrago, fulvago, lutea (flavago), aurugo (with an analysis kindly furnished by A. J. Wight- man), gilvago, ocellaris (not dealt with as a species by Tutt), circellaris, rerampelina, ete. THE cessation of the activities of Stevens’ salerooms had incidentally stopped for the time being collections of insects being brought under the hammer. But our advertisement pages give information of the sale of a portion of the wonderful collection of the late Mr P. M. Bright of Bournemouth The Sale will take place at Messrs Glendining & Co.’s Rooms, 7 Argyll Street, Oxford Circus, on Wednesday, 29th October. Tue Pan-Pacific Entoinoiogist, published at San Francisco, Califor- nia, in its July number has an article on the ‘‘ Expedition of Lord Walsingham in California anc Oregon in 1871-72.’’ it consists of de- tails of the somewhat elaborate equipment for collecting, and extracts from local newspapers of the type one might expect at that date. This is foilowed by copies of the Diaries kept by Lord Walsingham and of his groon: Carrier, consisting of short notes from each camp, numbering 54. There are two maps of the country traversed, showing the positions of the various camps. Many kinds of birds were shot or noted. Lord Walsingham was interested mostly in the ‘‘ plumes”’ and Micro- lepidoptera, Naive remarks are made in the diary on various incidents of the journey. A visit to a geyser: ‘‘ Arrived at hotel and saw geyser, a regular tourist haunt puffed by a penny peep-show—sort of a German landlord. Guide talked a goed deal about the devil.’”’ ‘‘ Saw « skunk— heeled a stone at him—didn’t he stink.’’ Hunting bears and fishing took ap part of the time. Parts 1 and 2 of Vol. XVII of Hos, the Spanish Journal of Entomo- logy, were published in July, consisting of 240 pages, six plates, and many text figures. Senor Agenjc contributes a ‘‘ Monograph of the family Thawmetapoeidae,’’ illustrated by five plates, two of which con- tain figures of the various species and forms. The species recognized by the author are Thawmetovoca solitaria, Freyer (1838), with one form ; T. processionea, Li. (1758), with one ferm; T. pityocampa, Schiff. (1775), 112 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/X/1941 vith 13 forms, five of which are new; T. wilisinsoni, Tams. (1924-5); T. pinivora, Tr. (1834); T. bonjeani, Powell (1922); T. herculeana, Rmbr. (1840), with 11 forms; T. jordanu, Stdgr. (1894). There are 48 very well produced figures of the imagines, species and forms. Three other articles make up the volume: (1) On Ichneumonidae of Spain; (2) On a group of the Carabidae of Spain; (3) On a group of the Sphegidae. All well illustrated. Tur Royal Entomological Society has recently published the series ef parts one expects tc get about July. There are four parts of the Transactions. Of the Proceedings, series A, parts 4-6; series B, parts 4-6; and series C, Journal of Meetings for 1940 with Reports of the Council and Treasurer, and List of Members. Moke or Jess recently there has crept into our entomological litera- ture the desire to study the elements cf the markings and shape of wings. In the June number of the Entomvlogical News there is an article on the ‘‘ Line-elemerts in Butterfiy Patterns ’’ and in the July number of the same magazine we have the first portion of an article on a somewhat similar study, ‘‘ The Genus Colias in N. America;’’ an intensive study of the minute variation in size, shape, pattern and colour of the wings. In this case the species reviewed is the coimmon Colas eurytheme and its form philodice. Tue Indian Jr. of Agricultural Science has published a very useful articie, ‘‘ The Parasites of the Insect Pests of Sugarcane in the Pun- jaub,’’ by Khan A. Rahman. Sugarcane is attacked by several Pyralid moths and a Fulgorid bug which together destroy between 30 and 407% of the crop each year. About 14 species of parasite are described in this paper and many facts relating to them are given. Our friend and correspondent of many years, Capt. Kenneth J. Hay- ward, has forwarded a parcel of the more recent separates ef articles written by himself on the Hesperiidae of the Argentine, and others written as part of his duties in the Agricultural Experimental Estab- lishment, dealing with insect pests of crops. Parts xi and Xii, of Hesperioidea Argentina contain descriptions of numerous new species (based on genital structures) and notes on longer known species. His researches have led him further afield and another separate ceals with about Z0 new species and races of ‘‘ skippers ’? from Ecuador, sent to him by Mr Wm. Clarke MacIntyre, and also from the American Museum of Natural History. He has compiled a List of the Hesperudae of Entre Rios, and besides numerous pamphlets connected with his Gaily duties he has compiled a ‘‘ Bibliography of the Whes which atiack Fruits in the Argentine.’’ Correction.—P. 94, ‘‘ Many Xyiina socia’’ should read ‘‘ May Hadena protea.’’? The latter is now appearing in my cages in some num- bers. 1 am not familiar with either species in the larval state; they seem to me unusually large for such a small moth.—C. Q. Parsons, Torquay, ‘‘ Alma Marceau,’’? Seaway Lane, 2nd October 1941. lagu te kG ‘ t MD “2b NOV 13.1943 ) 13.g20 THE BRiTISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR Me TE i fe (25) Dup., Hist. Nat., VII (1), 450, plt. 128, 2-8 (1827), gave two excel- lent figures, 2 typical and 3 an ab. smaller, shorter wings with disposi- tion of the transverse lines somewhat different. Freyer, New. Bettr., IV, 151, plt. 376 (1842), gave a beautiful figure. H.-S., Sys. Bearb. Noct., II, 221 (1849), said that fig. 188 Hb. was ‘“ somewhat too red.” Splr., Schm. Eur., I, 251, plt. 46, f. 19 (1907), gave a figure too uniformly yellow-red and the hindwing too yellow. He recognized one form, the subflava, Evers. South, M.B.I., Il, 17, plt. 10, fig. 1 (1907), gave a good figure. He mentioned an orange-red form as aurantiago, Tutt. Warr.-Stz., Pal. Noct., II, 155, plt. 281 (1910), treated ochrago, Esp., aS a synonym and gave (1) subflava, Evers., (2) ab. incolorata, Warr., a new form, ground pure pale ochraceous, (3) ab. aurantiago, Tutt. Culot, NV. et G., I (2), 84, plt. 54, f. 17-18 (1914), gave two excellent figures. He recognized one form, subflava, Evers., f. 18, of much deeper colour generally. . Drdt.-Stz., Pal. Noct. Supp., III, 154, plt. 19 e (1934), added the forms ab. umbrata, Heinr., ab. or r. fasciata, Groub., ab. stgnata, Kriig., and appennina, Dnhl. The japonago, Wilem., described as a ssp. of citrago but is now considered a true species. Two figures are given—a typical figure omitted in the main volume and a figure of the very distinctive ab. subflava. AKY— Barrett said of the Variation: Rather variable in the tone of ground colour—from pale yellow to rich ochreous or reddish-ochreous—less so in the distinctness of the mark- ings, though the central shade is sometimes very strongly marked, and when this occurs in a pale yellow example it becomes a conspicuous com- plete bar. In rare instances the hind marginal region from the second line is dusted or clouded with pale purple. The Forms and Names to be considered : citrago, L. (1758), Syst. Nat., Xed., 518. ochrago, Esp. (1790-?), Abbild., IV, 2 (2), p. 667, plt. 175, 5-6, probably a small fulvago. ab. subflava, Ev. (1848), Bull. Mosc., III, 219; IV, 171 (1855); plt. 1, f. 3 (1856).. ab. aurantiago, Tutt (1892), Brit. Noct., 9. ab. incolorata, Warr.-Stz. (1911), Pal. Noct., ILL, 156, plt. 281. ab. umbrata, Heinr. (1916), Deutsch. ent. Zts., 520. r. signata, Kriig. (1920), Soc. Ent., XXXV, 14. ab. fasciata, Groubl. (1923), Not. Hnt., III, 10, fig. [ssp. japonago, Wilm. (1929), Nov. Zool., XXXV, 2] ‘a sp.’ Drdt. in Seitz. r. apenninau, Dnhl. (1933), Ent. Z¢., XLVI, 260. ‘Tutt dealt with (1) the typical form; (2) ab. awrantiago, with orange- red ground, and (3) the banded subflava, Ev. ab. subflava, Evers., Bull. Mosc., ILI, 219 (1848); IV, 371 (1855); and TD, pls, Uf.s: (1856). Tutt quoted Stdgr. descrip. in Cat. JI, 117 (1871). Below is Hamp- son’s full descrip., Zep. Phal., VI, 508 (1900). (26) ENTOMOLOGIST’ S$ RECORD. 15/X/1941 Derscrip.—‘‘ Forewing with the antemedial, post medial and terminal areas suffused with deep rufous; hindwing with indistinct rufous, sub- terminal band and the cilia tinged with rufous, or wholly -suffused with brown.’ Urals and Petropolis. ab. incolorata, Warr.-Stz., Pal. Noct., III, 156 (1911). Fie.—-l.c., plt. 28 1. Orig. Descrip.—‘‘ The ground colour is pure pale ochreous, without any orange freckling, the veins and lines faintly brownish, the stigmata all but obsolete, the fringe pale; hindwing white.’’ Very rare. ab. umbrata, Heinr., Deutsch. ent. Zts., 520 (1916). Orie. Discrip.—‘‘ The central transverse line has on its outer edge a shade of dark scales about 1 :nm. wide, the colour of the transverse line.”’ race signata, Kriiger, Soc. Ent., XXXV, 14 (1920). Oric. Duscrip.—‘ At Lake Lugano, on the meadows near Maroggia, I caught in September at light a very fine form of citrago, which I name signata on account of its marking and here describe. The male forewings are yellow, those of the female ochre-yellow, veined and dotted with rust colour, with similarly coloured transverse lines of the same moderate thickness as in typical citrago. The basal, which is wanting in the female, is short; it reaches from the base of the inner marginal vein - to the costa. ‘The uninterrupted subimarginal line is broadly red-brown scaled iawardly, so that the ground between this and the submedian line is band-lke, as in Gortyna ochracea and the Hydroecia species, moesuica and franciscae. It may be a derivative of ab. subflava of citrago. ‘* The orbicular in the male is a circular red-brown spot; the reniform is also filled up with red-brown, but it is in the upper as well as in the lower half slightly touched with yellow, so that it is 8-shaped. In the female also the stigmata are dense red-brown with a slight yellow kernel. ‘* What makes the insect particularly notable is the red-brown stigma, which I do not see in Citrago; in the male it touches the middle of the third line, in the female the inner. ‘‘ The hindwings are yellewish, grey scaled along the margin: in the male broad and spotted, in the female running together but narrower.”’ ab. fasciata, Groubl., Not. Hnt., III, 10, fig. (1923). Descrip.—Drdt.-Stz., Pal. Noct. Supp., Il], 154 (1934). ‘‘ The en- tire area between the central shade and the posterior transverse line appears shaded with brown.’’ Finland. ab. apennina, Duhl., Hnt. Zeits., XLVI, 260 (1933). Oric. Descrir.—‘ The dark orange spottings are wholly wanting so that the insect appears unicolorous dull yellow. But veins and lines are sharply brown marked. Stigmata are very weakly developed but still quite clear. Usually the orbicular is represented by a fine point. Hind- wings whitish-yellow, usually with slight iridescence. Marginal lines thin: now and then a very fine submarginal line is present. Fringes very clear white-yellow.’’ §S. Tyrol, 800-1500 m. THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (27) Xanthia, Ochs. & Tr. (1816-25), Dup., H.-S., Gn., Barr., Stdgr., Splr., Sth., Culot, ete. [Orthosia, Ochs. & Tr. (1816-25), Meyr., Meyr. : Cosmia, Ochs. & Tr. (1816-25), Warr.-Stz., Drdt.-Stz.: Citria, Hb. (1821) Chapman, Tutt] fulvago, L. (1761). Tutt, Brit. Noct., III, 9 (1892): Meyr., Handb., 61 (1894): Barr., Lep. Brit. Is., V, 365, plt. 280, 2 (1899): Stdgr., Cat., IfTed., 208 (1901) : Hamp., Lep. Phal., VI, 502 (1906): Splr., Schm. Hur., I, 259, plt. 46, 23 and ab. (1907): South, W.B.I., II, 20, plt. 10, 6-8 (1907): Warr.-Stz., Pal. Noct., IYI, 154, plt. 24 i, k (1910): Culot, N. et G., I (2), 88, pit. 55, 7-8 (1914): Meyr., Rev. Hand., 121 (1928): Drdt.-Stz., Pal. Noct. Supp., IIT, 153, plt. 19 e (1934). Ernst & Engram., Pap. d’Eur., VII. 165, f. 523 (1790), gave four excellent figures, a, b, ce, d, including an under side. Hufn. in the Berl. Mag., III, 296, described a Noctua under the name icteritia, which was considered cerago by Bork. and others. Schiff., Verz., 86, S (1775), referred to fulvago, L., as the white birch Noctua, No. 1, and to the sallow Noctua cerago, No. 9, p. 87. Illiger, Verz. (neu. ause.), I, 303 (1801), suggests a better arrange- ment of species and would place cerago immediately after fulvago and not No. 9 as did Schiff. He treated flavescens as a var. of cerago. Bork., Vaturg. Noct., IV, described fulvago, L., in Sys. Nat., XIled., and ceragc, Fab., Mant., II, as separate species. The former, p. 664, the latter, p. 681. Curiously he noted they are the same in size. He also described favescens, Esp., as a species, l.c., 684. Bork. had previously described this species, Scriba’s Peitrage, II, 144 (1791), and gave an excellent figure of the usual form on plt. x, f. 3, but strangely he described the form flavescens under the name gilvago although he gave an excellent figure of it, plate x, f. 1, and referred to Esper’s figure, Abbild, plt. 122, 2, of the same. His synonymy said that it was the croceago, Schift., 87 S (1775). : Hb., Samml. Noct., 190 (1800-3), under cerago, gave a very good typical figure: l.c., 444 (1808), an excellent figure with a darker ground and central band. I[c., 445 (1808) an excellent figure of a sparsely marked form, and very pale. Possibly a transition to flavescens. Dup., Hist. Nat., VIL (1), 459, plt. 129, 1-2 (1827), gave two excellent figures under the name cerago. 1, the almost unicolorous ab. fiavescens ; 2, a heavily marked form. Haw., Lep. Brit., 236 (1809), said that the rubago, Donovan, was more beautiful than his own examples of fulvago, and that fuivago was the cerago, Hb., 444. He described, l.c., 237, f. gilvago, which was, he said, the cerago of Hb., 445. It was, no doubt, ab. flavescens. H.-S:, Sys. Bearb. Noct., Il, 217 (1849), as cerago, referred to the extensive variation, (1) Almost without marking, only a brown ring in place of the inner half of the reniform, with a white centre; (2) All markings extremely thin, only the dots of the waved line distinct; (3) All markings thick and dark purple-brown, the darkest places on the costa in areas 1 and 3. then between the stigmata. Gn., Noct., V (1), 393 (1852), treated it under the name cerago, Schift.: he queried the fulvago, L. He gave under var. A flavescens, Esp., (1) cerago, Hb., 445; (2) gilvago, Fb., 219. (28) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/X/1941 Splr., Schm. Eur., 1, 252, plt. 46, f. 23a-23b (1907), gave two very good figures. 23a typical. 23b, ab. flavescens, Esp. He referred to the numerous intermediate forms. His figures were quite good, dark typical and ab. flavescens. South, M@.B.I., II, 20, plt. 10, f. 6-8 (1907), gave four forms—flaves- cens, Esp., cerago, Hb. (fainter markings), aurantia, Tutt, and wmper- fectu, Tutt. His three figures are quite good. Warr.-Stz., Pal. Noct., ITI, 154, plt. 241, k (1910), treated cerago, Fab., asa synonym. He recognized ab. fiavescens, Esp., ab. cerago, Hb. and r. asiatica, Hamps. He gave five very gocd figures, 241, ¢ fulvago, 24k, fulvago 9, flavescens 3, flavescens 2, and cerago, Hb. Culot, N. et G., I (2), 86, plt. 55, f. 7-8 (1914), gave two excellent figures. 7, a typical ¢. 8, ab. flavescens, Esp. He mentions no other form. Drdt.-Stz., Pal. Noct. Supp., TIT, 153, plt. 19 e (1934), gave the four niore recently described forms and a figure of the new form, fulvzscens, Drdt. Barrett summed the Variation as follows: Very variable in the extent and intensity of the purple clouds of the central! band, which sometimes are extremely dark, in other cases pale purplish-pink and very obscure, or reduced to a few fine lines or dap- plings, while in other instances the wing 1s to a great extent filled up with paler or darker clouding. A distinct variation in the ground colour to ochreous or orange-yellow is not infrequent in Southern woods. On the other hand a well known recurrent form, called var. flavescens, is found more often in Northern localities; in it the colour is pale yellow, either totally without the purple red lines and cloudy band, or with these but very faintly indicated, while ~he dark spot in the base of the reniform stigma is conspicuous and of a red-brown, and the cilia dis- tinetly purplish-red. He reported one specimen taken in Surrey in which ‘ these colours are obscured and the whole surface is pate yellow.”’ Another ‘‘ has only a row of dark red-brown dots along the hind margin.”’ The Names and Forms to be considered are: fulvagu, L. (4761), Fn. Suec., 312. icteritia, Hufn. (1766), Berlin Mag., IIL, 296, 423. cerago, Fb. (1787), Mant., II, 159. ab. flavescens, Esp. (1788-?), Abbild., IV, 322, plt. 122, 2. cerago, Hb. (1808-9), Samml. Noct., 190. gilvago, Haw. (1809), Lep. Brit., 237. ssp. tunicata, Graes. (1885), Berl. Ent. Zis., 259. ab. suffusa, Tutt (1892), Brit. Noct., III, 9. ab. wnperfecta, Tutt (1892), l.c. ab. aurantia, Tutt (1892), lc. ab. obsoleta, Tutt (1892), l.c. ab. virgata, Tutt (1892), l.c. ab. decolor, Schultz (1904), Jahrb. Wien Ent. Ver., 89. r. asiatica, Hamp. (1906), Lep. Phal., VI, 502. f. togatoides, Snell. (1910), Tijds. v. Ent., LIMIT, 316, THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (29) ab. sigmago, Dorng. (1934), Int. Ent. Zts., XXVIII, 6. ab. rubrago, Horhm. (1934), Int. Ent. Zeits., XXVIII, 87. ab. fulvescens, Drdt. (1934), Pal. Noct. Supp., III, 153. ab. albescens, Dorng. (1935), Int. Ent. Zts., XXVIIT, 467. ab. peraurantia, n. ab. (1941). Tutt dealt with (1) f. flavescens, pale yellow, lower part of reniform a dark spot; (2) cerugo, Hb. and Fb., pale yellow, indistinct red mark- ing; (3) fulvago, L., pale yel!ow, distinct red marking; (4) cerago, Newm. = ab. suffusa, Tutt, pale yellow, purplish-red band; (5) f. obsoleta, orange-yellow, central spot; (6) imperfecta, orange-yellow, indistinct red marking; (7) f. aarantia, orange-yellow, with distinct markings; (8) virgata, orange-yellow, distinct red band. icteritia, Hufn., Berlin Mag., III, 296 (1766). Oric. Descrip.—‘‘ Pale sulphur-vellow, with reddish streaked spots and dots; the lower wings white.”’ l.c., 423. An additional note. Oric. Drescrie.—‘‘ A uniform pale yellow, only in the middle of the upper wing a small brownish-red spot.’? This doubtless refers to the var. flavescens. Rott., Naturf.. LX, 117 (1776), said that the latter was not a pale variety of icteritia. It is strange that Bork. gave Rottemberg’s opinion exactly the reverse. cerago, Fb., Mant., II, 159 (1787). Orig. Derscrtp.--—‘‘ Cristata, alis deflexis, flavis fusco subfasciatis ; posticis albis.’’ f. gilvago, Haw., Lep. Brit., 237 (1809). Orig. Descrrp.— Alis sulphureis fulvo vix nebulosis, puncto pone medium sirigaque postica punctulorum fuscorum.’’ ‘‘ Praecedenti certe affinis, at longissime pallidior, et absque fasciis nebulosis; puncto sive annulo incompleto loco basis stigmatis postici; strigaque juxta apice et punctis circiter sex fuscis minutissimis. Posticis ciltisque absolute albis.”’ This is, of course, ab. flavescens. ssp. tunicata, Graes., Berl. Ent. Zeit:. (1888), 259. Orig. Descrirep.—‘‘ It was sent from the Amur with X. tegata and X. fulvago. But it is on the average somewhat larger than these very nearly related species and extremely easily to be distinguished from both of them py its brown-red coloured thorax. One can thus, in short, characterize it, that in respect to the markings of its forewings it re- sembles togata, but in respect to its colour it resembles fulvago. Ground oi forewings pale yellow, not so bright and turning somewhat to clay- yellow as in fulvago, with brown-red (violet-red) markings, etc.’’ Graeser gives a long, detailed description of all minute joints, but as Warren (Seitz) remarks, it would scem to be merely a form cf fulvago. Hamp., Lep. Phal., VI, 503, treated this form as a species. ab. decolor, Schultz, Jahrb. Wien Ent. Ver. (1904), 89. Drscrir.—(Drdt.-Seitz, Pal. Noct. Supp., III, 155)—‘* Very pale sulphur-yellow, completely devoid of markings, reniforin stigma also absent,”’ (30) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/X/1941 race asiatica, Hamp., Cat. Lep. Ph., VI, 502 (19086). Descrip.—‘‘ Forewing more orange-vellow, the markings dark krown, the ante- and post-medial costal patches absent; cilia dark brown at tips.’’—Sir Daria. r. asiatica, Bng.-Hs., Int. Ent. Zts., XXVIII, 3 (1934). Is a redescription. ab. togatoides, Snellen, Tijds. v. Fnt., LIL, 316 (1919). Orig. Descrip.—‘‘ The greund colour of the forewings is not sulphur- yellow but vividly citron-yellow as in tegata (lutea, Strom.). Head and collar as well as the markings are, however, as in the type of the species.’’ var. sigmago, Doring., /nt. Ent. Zts.. XXVIII, 6 (1934). An especially small asiutica form,’ Drdt. | ; Kros.—t.c., plt. 1, figs. 15:18, 21, 22) Ortc. Descrip.—‘‘ They are small insecis. orange-vellow like the thorax. The brown marking is obsolescent, the costal spots are present. From the costal margin there extends beyon4 the discal spot to the inner margin of the forewing a dark brown obsoles- cent band, partly wide and partly narrower, forming also a so-called angle spot. I think that this is a high altitude race.’’ Alveander Mts. in Turkestan, 2000-2500 m. 29-31.5 mm. expanse. (fulvago, 30-34 mm.) f. rubrago, Horhmr., Int. Ent. Zts., XXVIII, 37 Fie.—Plt., fig. 8. Orie. Descrip.—‘‘ The general colour of the forewing is a bright warm red-ochre. The markings are as in the normal fulvago and are clearly to be seen in somewhat brighter reddish-yellow. The stigmata dark with pale centres. Hindwings quite white. This example corre- sponds te the var. palleago of gilvago.’’ Leipzic. The wings are slightly (1934). ab. flavescens, Doring. (of ssp. asiatica), Int. Ent. Zts., XXVIII, 3 (1934). Orie. Descrir.—-‘‘ Occurs,.as it appears to me, in a strikingly higher percentage than in ours. But I also found imagines even which are crange-yellow, or such like, in which even under a glass no marking at 1 all was to be discovered.’’ ab. fulvescens, Drdt., Pal. Noct. Supp., 153 (19384). Bie fe. 2 pli: 19 e: Orie. Descriv.-—‘‘ Is a form of asiatica, Hmps., that corresponds to fiavescens; deep vellow, devoid of markings except for the lower half cf the reniform stigma, only the extremities of fringes are slightly darker.’’ Jh and Issyk-kul. ab. albescens, Dorng. Doring., Int.. Ent. Zis., XXVIII, 487 (1935), gave the following table : White (albescens). Yellow fulvago). Orange (aurantia). (a) fulvago. (b) cerago. (c) flavescers. Ground colour white. Markings strong. Ground colour white. Markings slight. Ground colour white. Markingless except at base of reniform. Ground colour yellow. Markings strong. Ground colour yellow. Markings slight. Ground colour vellow. Markingless except at base of reniform. Ground colour orange. Markings strong. Ground colour orange. Markings slight. Ground colour orange. Markingless exeept at base of reniform, THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (31) ab. peraurantia, n. ab. Tutt named an “‘ orange-yellow ’’ form with distinct typical marking as ab. aurantia. Capt. C. Q. Parsons, of Torquay, has kindly sent me a form he has just bred (April), which has an orange ground {not yellow) with much extended and intensified red marking forming a wide irre- gular band, which in a bright light is strongly purple, such as no other example I have seen possesses. In about 150 fulvago before me from many localities there is not one approaching this specimen in any of its characteristics and Captain Parsons informs me that he knows of no other example of this form having occurred in the Devon area. Xanthia, Ochs. & Treit. (1816-25), Dup., H.-S., Gn., Led., Barr., Stdgr., Splr., South, Culot [Ortholitha, Ochs. & Tr. (1816-25), Meyr., Meyr.: Cosmia, Ochs. & Tr. (1815-25), Hamps., Warr.-Stz., Drdt.-Stz. : Citria, Hb. (1821), Chap., Tutt] flavago, Fb. (1787) = lutea, Strom. (1783). Tutt, Brit. Noct., Il, 12 (1892): Meyr., Hend., 61 (1895): Barr., Lep. Br. 1s., V, 368, plt. 231, 1 (1899): Stdgr., Cat., IIled., 207 (1901): Hamps., Lep. Phal., VI, 501 (1906): Splr., Schm. Eur., I, 252, plt. 46, 92 (1907): South, M.B.I., I, 19, plt. 10, 4-5 (1907): Warr.-Stz., Pal. Noct., Il], 154, plt. 241, k (1910): Meyr., Rev. Hand., 121 (1928): Drdt.-Stz., Pal. Noct. Supp., III, 163 (1934). Ernst & Engram., Pay. d@Hur., VII, 167, f. 524 (1790), gave three very good figures. They cited the togata, Esp., and cited Scriba, Beii- Toge pital. liga Xue: Esp., Abbild., IV, Noct., 2 (2), p. 671, plt. 176, 1 (1792+ 7), gave a very fair figure gd. l.c., 2 (1), p. 386, plt. 124, 1 (1788+ P), gave a good figure of a form under the name toguta. Bork. dealt with favago, Naturg., 1V, 671, under the name ochreago, because the name flavayo had already been used for a Phaiaena (Noctua) flavago by Hiib. In Scriba’s Beitrage, Bork. had previously treated ol the species under the name flavago. He recognized togata, Esp., as this species, but noted the figure was too red. Bork. had already described and figured this species in Scriba’s Beit- vage, II, 142, plt. x, f. 2 (1791), under the name flavago. His references are to Schiff., Fab., Esp., de Vill. (togata), etc. The figure is a good one, but it has the ground colour almost »f the same shade of yellow as the very good figure of fulvago on the same plate, but the collar (dark red-brown) is that of favago. Hb., Samml. Noct., 191 (1800-3), gave an excellent figure under the name silago. Treit., Schm. Hur., V (2), 368 (1825), said ‘‘ This species was at first considered a variety of cerago (fulvago). Later on it was recognized in Vienna as a good species and it received a name. Esper was the first 4o describe and figure it as Noctua togata.’’ This name of Esper’s, how- ever, was not followed as there was a Geometer, togata, Hb., and it was renamed silago, Hb. It is enly receatly that the lutea, Strom. (173), was recognized as this species. (32) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/X/1941 Dup., Hist. Nat., VII (1), 462, plt. 129, 3 (1827), gave an excellent figure under the name silago. He gave flavags, togata and ochreago as synonyms. H.-S., Sys. Bearb. Noct., 11, 217 (1849), as :ilago, said that, 191 Hb. was often much brighter purple-red. He gave flavago, Fb., togata, Esp. and ochreago, Bork., as this species. Gn., Hist. Nat. Noct., V (1), 394 (1852), treated this species under the name silago, Hb. He gave togata, Esp., flavago, Fab., citrago, Wilk., ochreago, Bork., and rubago, Don., as belonging to this species. He adds that probakly the fulvagu, Sieph., is this species. Lederer, Noct. Eup., 39 (1857), used the genus Xanthia and put the tagatc, Esp., as the specific name with silago and flavago as synonyms in order of date. Smith, Cat. N. Am. Noctuae, p. 223 (1893), included flavago in his List of Noctuae from Canada. and the northern United States, including New York. Walk., Cat. B.M., LX, 156 (1856), had previously recorded it from the U.S.A., ete. Splr., Schm. Hur., I, 252, plt. 46, 22 (1907), gave a good figure. He recognized only twe ferms, ab. ochreago, Bork., and togata, Esp. South, .B.1., JI, 19, plt. 10, 4-5 (1908), gave two very good figures, the former is quite typical with the oblique band of forewings purplish, the latter is more red and referable to ab. ochreago, Bork. He used the name lutea, Strom. Warr.-Stz., Pal. Noct., III, 154, plt. 241, k (1910), treated rubago, Don., silayo, Hb., and flavago, Fb., as synonyms. He recognized ab. ochreago, Bork., and ab. togata, Esp. He gave three very good figures, 241, 3 and 9 lutea and ab. toguta, Usp. Culot, NV. et G., I (2), 85, plt. 55, £. 6 (1914), gave an excellent figure and considered flavago, Fb., and silago, Hb., as synonyms. Mevr., Rev. Hand., 121 (1928), did not accept the name lutea, Strom., and retained the genus Ortholitha. Drdt.-Stz., Pal. Noct. Supp., I1I, 153 (1934), included one recently added ab. The typical forn. of this species was independently described under four different names: lutea, Strom., fig. (N. Europe); flavago, Fab. (Mid Europe); rubago, Don., fig. (Britain); silago, Hb., fig. (Europe). Barrett's notes on the Variation are as follows: More constant in colour than fulvago, but the markings vary in rare instances to very faint pale purple-red on the one hand and to deep dark purple on the other, and all on the wing to the same degree. There is also some irregularity in size, and even in the breadth of the forewings. He reports one example ‘‘ has the spots of the transverse stripe united into a broad band.’ In all cases the collar is purple or purple-red and by this it can be separated from fulvago. The Names and Forms to be considered are: lutea, Strom. (1783), Danske Vid. Sel. Skrift., 78, f. 26. flavago, Fab. (1787), Mant., II, 160. ab. togata, Esp. (1787-?), Abbild., 1V, 336, plt. 124, 1. ab. ochreayo, Bork. (1792), Naturg., IV, 671. rubago, Don. (1801), Brit. 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(Most important only ‘mentioned.) 2 GENUS Acronycta and its allies—Variation of Smerinthus a var. valesina—Work for ‘the Winter renperdure ‘and Var oa | ria SS Ts Kee of a Lepidopterist for ee ee ee étc,, ete., 360 Dp. CONTENTS OF VOL. Il. Differentiation of Dianthoecias—Disuse of Sena of I S. London—Generic nomenclature and the Acronyctidae—A noch—Heredity in Lepidoptera—Notes on Genus Zygaena (An --Hymenoptera—Life-history of sialon Uauat Rerast ee Pitas $12 To be obtained from. ey 3 CEES SOM gy Le) Aa No. 11 NOVEMBER 1941. ENTOMOLOGISTS REC( 4 AND < cian ye EDITED with the assistance of a MALCOLM BURR, D.Sc., F.R.E.S. T, BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER, R.N., F.L.S., _ £. A. COCKAYNE, A.M., D.M., F.R.E.S., F.Z.S., F.R.E.S. a F.R.C.P. H. E. PAGE, F.R.E.S. J. E. COLLIN, J.P., F.R.E.S. ALFRED SICH, F.R.E.S. - H. DonistHorpr, F.Z.S., F.R.E.S. | Rev. G. WHEELER, M.A., F.R.E.S., F.Z.S. Editor Emeritus—G. T. BETHUNE-BAKER, F.Z.S., F.R.E.S. By HENRY J. TURNER, F.R.E.S., F.R.H.S., Editorial Secretary. CONTENTS. a WILD HYBRIDS OF ZYGAENA FILIPENDULAE, L. X Z. LONICERAE, 4 ESP: PsA. COGCKAUNRE ANG: Me DAPIOWE icon dened cake vs ote indungeind sever dogenee aunt 113 Ee RELY HINDWINGS |» A) Old MOU HEUER ie cScoiccia es san cate Shs wenese sg eavecwarcsecny cope ann coms 114 - COLLECTING NOTES: Notes on British Lepi-l»ptera (Geometridae), E. Ernest Green, F.R.E.S.; Dicranura vinula, L., in the Isle of Harris, Prof. J. W. Heslop Harrison, F.R.S.; Euclidia mi in the Tsles of Muck and Rhum, and E. glyphica in the Isle of Rhum, Jd.; Bombus smithianus, Wh., on the Isles of Scarp and Scotasay, Jd.; Ypsipetes 1uberata, Frr., a Geometrid new to the Outer Hebrides, 7d.; Phigalia pedaria, Fab., in Rhum, Eigg, and Raasay (Inner Hebrides), Jd.; Orgyia antiqua, L., in the Hebrides, Id.; Colias croceus, Fourc., in Perthshire, ’d.; Notes on Variation from the Worthing Museum, Rev. G. Whzeler, M.A., F.R.E.S.; Nonagria algae, FPO WAULERTIIT Ch ho ses cyt Uecantg Vek cass remus teeaD ORE est adbacaw sBekend pracy Seaesveavywes oawadusuggect’ 117 | CURRENT ON i ba hese s Cava Pa oe cody pte ios wer aavsavnatintian ts Museecanseenehal qebtlaenvsgowesens Nese 124 if SUPPLEMENT AND INDEX. ' The British Noctuae and their Varieties. Hy J. Turner, F.R.E.S., RCTESS Soman SON aa ARR RL Reena pn Sane dabenvedees és Eovarsvenscyaaner 281)-(284) Subscription for Complete Volume, post free, TEN SHILLINGS, mo to The Hon. Treasurer, H. W. ANDREWS, F.R.E.S., 6 Footscray Road, Eltham, S.E.9. DE eS ye ‘ This number, Price ONE SHILLING AND SIXPENCE (net). \ aa J. J. HILL & SON, ENTOMOLOGICAL CABINET MANUFACTURERS, YEWFIELD ROAD, N.W.to0, ‘Phone: WILLESDEN 0309. SEVERAL CHEAP STORAGE INSECT CABINETS FOR DISPOSAL. Specifications and Prices sent post free on application. THE ENTOMOLOGY COo., 446 STRAND, = = LONDON, W.C. 2. English and Continental Pins. Stainless Steel Pins. Label Points. 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List of British Geometers: with named varieties and synonyms. By Hy. J. Turner, F.R.E.S. Price, one copy, is 0d; two, is 6d Supplement to Tutt’s British Noctuae, Vol. I. By Hy. J. Turner, wat E.S., F.R.H.S. (Vol. II in courss) ......... aeacbeagbae kdadecs vaawe ackuase se Sao ee eee aaree 10s 6d Butterfiles of the Upper Rhone Valley. By Roger Verity, F.R.E.S. ......... 38 6d Food Plants of the Larvae of British Trypetidae (Diptera). By M. Niblett. A Tew: COPIES “OD1Y 2.2 Rs ee GRA std ad ee ee is 6d To be obtained post free from H. Ww. ANDREWS, 6 \ Poctecray Road, Eltham, S.E.9. as We et ER oat 4 Be ete Gee oe oh AN ed SoS mits ae Pree. BLE eS Viegas = ai 2. Sk et te Ae. Wi We =k AdITIA VWNAVOAZ € “SIA ‘AVINGNAdIMA “ZX AVAHOINOT Z ‘CINGAH GTIM % S14 TA HIVId AUT | IQA WILD HYBRIDS OF ZYGAENA FILIPENDULAE, L.X%Z. LONGICERAE, ESP. 113 WILD HYBRIDS OF ZYGAENA FILIPENDULAE, ae x Z. LONICERAE, ESP. i Ce By E. A. Cockayne and H. M. Dartow Ora as [3§20 (Plate VI.) DEC 22 1941 In a piece of rough ground near Bedford, where both five-spot and six-spot burnets are very common, one of us, H.M.D., took two males, one in June 1931 and the other in June 1935, which were intermediate il appearance. A very small sixth spot was present and the dark mar- gin of the hindwing was broader than that of Z. filipendulae. He be- lieved that they were hybrids. There are many records of two different species of anon having been found paired in a wild state, but proof that they produce offspring under natural conditions is lacking. Captured specimens of various wild hybrids have been reported and in some cases they have even been named, but their authenticity is doubtful, for the genitalia, so far as we know, have not been examined. We decided to settle the status of the Bedfordshire specimens by making a preparation of the genitalia of one of them and of a five-spot and a six-spot burnet taken in the same locality. The dissections were done by EK.A.C., the mounting by H.M.D., and the photographs were taken by Mr W. H. T. Tams, to whom we wish to express our thanks. The genitalia show very clearly that the specimen is a hybrid. The uncus in Z. filipendulae (Fig. 3) is bifid and the two processes are long and slender and curve away from the middle line, whereas in both Z. lonicerae, Esp., and Z. trifolu, Esp., the processes are short, broad and rounded (Fig. 1). In the specimen with an appearance intermediate between Z. filipendulae and a five-spot species the uncus also is intermediate (Fig. 2). The processes are much longer than those of a five-spot burnet, but much shorter than those of Z. filipendulae. Instead of being curved like those of Z. filipendulae they are straight, and the tips are sharp pointed instead of being blunt like those of a five-spot species. The differences might have been shown more clearly in a line drawing, but we thought a photograph would be more convincing evidence of the truth of our statement. 3s The next step was to determine whether the five-spot burnet was Z. lonicerae or Z. trifolti. Z. lonicerae is much the commoner species in the latitude of Bedford, though there are some doubtful records of the occurrence of Z. trifolii even further north. The locality makes it more probable that the five-spot species is lonicerae. The probability is increased by our knowledge of the hybridisation of Z. filipendulae with the two five-spot species. Weir records the cap- ture of wild hybrids of Z. filipendulae x Z. trifolii, but W. H. B. Fletcher, whose work on hybrid burnets is so well known, says ‘‘ seeing the great difficulty of pairing filipendulae with trifolii in captivity, I should want strong evidence, actual paired specimens with history, be- fore beiieving they paired in nature, and actually bred anc labelled hybrids before believing in them at all.’’ Fletcher had two reputed hybrids (trifolii x filipendulae) from Weir but thought one was Z, tri- folii, ab. basalis, and the other Z. hippocrepidis Steph. Fletcher found not only that pairings between Z. filipendulae and Z. trifolui were diffi- cult to get, but that when obtained the eggs were always infertile. On b . KS ee Soo j 114 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/X1/1941 the other hand he had no great difficulty in obtaining pairings between Z. filipendulae $ and Z. lonicerae Q and Z. lonicerae ¢ and Z. filipen- dulae 2 and in rearing the hybrids. Standfuss, however (Handbuch der paldarktische Gross-Schmetterlinge, 1896, p. 55, Taf. III, fig. 5), says he found a Z. trifolii $ paired with a Z. filipendulae 9 in a wild state and bred the hybrid escheri, Stndfs. Even if his identification of the five-spot male is correct the weight ot evidence is in favour of the Bed- fordshire specimen being a hybrid Z. filipendulae x Z. lonicerve. Finally we compared the genitalia of the Bedfordshire five-spot bur- net with those of lonicerae and trifolii and believe it belongs to the former species. The intermediate specimen we examined is therefore a wild hybrid, Z. filipenduiae x Z. lonicerae, but there is no clue to indi- cate whether the male parent was filipendulae or lonicerae. There can be little doubt that the other intermediate specimen is also a hybrid, and the occurrence of wild hybrids in two different years adds interest to this record. LEGEND FOR PLATE VI. Fig. 1. Male genitalia of Zygaena lonicerae. Fig. 2. Male genitalia of wild hybrid, Z. lonicerae x Z. filipendulae. Fig. 3. Male genitalia of Zygaena filip2ndulae. RED HINDWINGS. By An Otp MorH-HvUntveER. It was seven o’clock in the evening, Greenwich mean time, when it happened. My wife and I were walking along the bank of a river in n:id-Wales, prospecting oak trunks for sleeping moths. The day had been fine and warm, and although a light mist was already beginning to shroud the meadows there was still light enough for entomologising. As we approached a giant oak growing right on the brink of the river a large moth flew from the trunk. Te my great surprise I saw that it was a Red Underwing. It flew across the river and into the foliage of a small oak growing on the opposite bank. I was only a few paces from the tree, walking aiong the bank, and my wife was a little ahead of me, in the of them and of both the ¢ and Qs of others. Thus the upperside of both sexes is brown in L. subalpina (though a little copper sometimes shews in the @2 of the var. brunne), the ¢ of L. dorilis is brown except for the orange spots, the hindwings of the ¢ are also brown, and in southern specimens the forewings as well; the 2 of C. hippothot shows much brown in most specimens and is entirely brown in those of the var. eurybia; the ground colour of the hindwings in both sexes of R. phlazas is brown and there is a good deal in the forewings also; in some forms ot the 2 of the var. gordius of L. alciphron there is much brown in the hindwings, especially in the ab. intermedia. (I do not cite the typical 2 as there are no specimens in the collection.) There is also a good deal of brown in the Qs of H. virgaureae, and in a dark form in those of L. amphidamus. ‘The same is true of many of the “ blues.’’ Both sexes of H. admetus and A. eumedon are brown and so are those of A. medon except for the orange spots which are not always present. The Qs of L. semiargus, P. hylas, H. damon, P. lycidas, and A. anteros are brown, and with very rare exceptions those of P. amandus and P. escheri, so is the one 2 of H. dolus in the collection. The ©2 of P. meleuger, var. steveni, is almost entirely brown, and it is very rarely that any touch of blue shows in the 9s of P. eros. Although blue @s, sometimes very bright blue Qs, of P. icarus, A. bellargus and A. coridon exist, brown is the normal colour of the 9 as also in A. thersites, P. argus and P. aegon. If we turn to the underside of those that have no brown on the upperside we shall find that colour in L. arion, L. alcon. to some extent in LL. ewphemus and in a very pronounced form in L. arcas. These instances will show how persistent this colour is in all three groups. 122 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/X1/1941 In accordance with Pycraft’s theory we should expect to find in the ‘‘ hairstreaks ’’ as the older group, at least the rudiments of the domin- ant colours of the other two. It is usual to place the ‘: coppers ”’ be- tween the ‘‘ hairstreaks’’ and the ‘‘ blues,’’ but I think the opposite arrangement will be more suitable for our present purpose. I also spoke of the deminant colour of the ‘‘ blues’ as blue shading off into purple, but logizally it would be better described as purple shading off into blue, for in the ‘ hairstreaks’’ there is more purple than blue and much more of this colour than of orange, though the iatter has its place in this group as well. Blue first shows itself on the underside of A. spini in a single spot on the hindwing, but I doubt whether this has much, if any, significance. It is more apparent in B. quercus, as a suffision over the whole upper surface of the ¢ and as a bright patch on the forewing of the @. In English and other northern specimens this patch is usually of a decided purple, but in southern specimens, except from Digne, e.g. from Assisi in central Italy, and in the race iberica from Spain and Algiers, it is of a brilliant blue. This some- times occurs in English specimens and I took one on the downs last year with the patch nearly as bright, and quite as blue, as the southern specimens. The purple also shows itself on the upperside in J. roboris, but the spots near the edge of the hindwing of the 2 are often blue. Among the ‘ blues ’’ the ds of C. semiargus, C. sebrus, C. lorquiniw and both sexes of V. optiiete are definitely purple, the ds ot E. argi- adus, E. coretas, C. gulba, Z. karsandra, P. icarus, P. escheri, P. lyci- das and A. thersites have all more or less of a lilac tinge, but leading up to the brilliant blue of P. hyles, P. meleager, P. eros, P. eroides, A. bellargus, and the scarcely less brilliant blue of A. anteros and A. pheretes. The blue shades off in various directions such as H. damon, C. argiolus, etc., becoming increasingly paler in A. hispana and A. cori-. don until it almost loses itself in H. dolus and the var. albicans of A. coridon. With regard to the purple or blue among the ‘‘ coppers.” the. ¢ of L. amphidamas is sometimes so completely suffused with purple that :t loses all trace of any other colour, and always shows considerabie purple suffusion, while the spots on the hindwing of the 2 are often decidedly blue. The ds of some forms of L. alciphron, var. gordius are much suffused with purple (I omit reference to the type), and so are the hindwings of ©. hippothoé. Blue spots sometimes occur on the upperside hindwings of @ C. hippothoé, and are common on the hind-, wings of It. phlaeas; similar spots of a more lilac tone sometimes occur on the hindwings of L. dovilis. ; There is much less orange than purple to be found among the “ hair-. streaks’? but it shows itself pretty generally in small quantities. It: occurs both on the upper and underside of AK. spini, S. pruni and N. ilicis, on the underside of C. w-album and L. roboris, and also in smaljler quantities on the underside (and sometimes in the case of the Qs on the upperside) of N. acaciae and B. quercus, but it is only in Z. hetulae 9 that a conspicuous patch occurs on the upper side, though there is an orange tinge over the whole underside of this sex; a duller orange invades most of the upperside of N. myrtale (the dull blue tinge suffus- ing that of the ¥% is most remarkable, reminding one in'a way of L. Loeticus). Orange in the ‘ blues’’ is also in small quantities, being confined to spots which occasionally coalesce into bands; it 1s perhaps most conspicuous in A. medon on both sides, but cccurs on both sides, COLLECTING NOTES. 123 of CU. trochtlus, S. bavius, var. fatma, often of P. argus, P. aegon and P. armnoricanus; conspicuously on the underside of S. orton, also on the underside of S. baton, P. eros (sometimes on the upperside also), P. eroides, P. hylas, P. amandus, P. cephyrus, P. icarus, A. bellargus, A. coridon, A. anteros (sometimes on the upperside of the 3), P. lycidas and others, while the brown 9s of most of these often have orange spots on the borders of the uppersides as well, even in specimens which are entirely covered with blue as, e.g. A. coridon, var. syngrapha. If Pycraft’s theory is correct that spots are formed by the disintegration of bands, a further suggestion is added in support of the ‘ hairstreaks ”’ being the oldest group. and also suggests that the ‘‘ blues’”’ are older than the ‘‘ coppers’’; we find very little suggestion of bands in the latter though they occasionally appear in H. virgawreae, in the ¢ L. anphidamus and generally on the border of RK. phlaeas; but in the ‘‘ blues ’? there are species represented here in which bands, or rather broken bands, are the normal markings of the underside such as 7. bal- canicus and T. mediterraneae; a tendency to break up into spots is dis- cernible in L. boeticus and S. telcanus, and further advanced in C. gamra, but in almost all cases eyespots on the underside are the rule. I said that I should have a few words to add on the subject of camou- flage in the way of protective resemblance brought about by colour and pattern. It is of course generally recognized that in butterflies this is to be looked for on the underside when at rest. Pyecroft frequently insists on the necessary connection between protective resemblance and ‘* behaviour,’’ the former would avail nothing for instance if the insect could not, or would not remain motionless. I do not think, however, that the protective use on the two sides in the case of insects in motion has received much attention.* This of course cannot be judged by insects in the cabinet, but more than 70 years of field work do give one some opportunity of judgiig the matter. The most obvious case is that of an insect with a dark upperside and a light underside (or vice versa); this to be effectual must be accompanied with a form of flight involving rapidly moving wings—if a zig-zag flight is added so much the better. An excellent illustration of this is formed by the difficulties of following A. medon in flight, but there are many such instances. It might be thought that bright colour would tell against protection in flight. but if the other side 1s dull this is by no means the case; some- what the same effect is produced as by that of a dark and light side. Of course an irregular flight unaided by contrasting colour is very efficacious. J suppose everyoue has noticed how difficult the two com- mon whites are to capture in flight; they do not seem to take any nieans to get out of the way, but where you expect them to be when you aim the net, is just where they are not. Sparrows find the same difficulty. T have more than once watched the efforts of a sparrow to catch a ‘‘ white’’ on the wing; the attempt was always unsuccessful however often repeated. When the flight is of a gliding kind such a contrast of colour would be useless, and so we find for instance that there is very little difference of pattern between the two surfaces of the ‘' swallow-tails.”’ As an instance of how different an insect can *See Dr E. H. Hankin’s ‘‘ Note on the comparative invisibility of Papilio demoleus during flight’’ in Proce. Third Entom. Meeting Pusa, III, pp. 900- 903 (1920).—T. B. F. 124 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/X1/1941 look in flight and in the cabinet I might mention Z. medesic .ce ana “. cassandra. In the cabinet they look a. good deal alike, on the wing the former is a light, the latter a dark butterfly. It would be possible te enlarge on ihis subject, but perhaps enough has been said to show that the colouring of the upperside may often offer some protection in flight as that of the underside does at rest.—(7'o be continued).— Rev. G. WHEELER, M.A., F.R.E.S. Mr E. P Wiltshire reports the vapture of Nonagria algae (cannae) at Shiraz in Iran (Persia). He has also diagnosed two new Melitaea species from the same area. CURRENT NOTES, Tar South London Entomological Society after a lapse of two years held its-Annual Exhibition of Varieties on Saturday, 11th October. Of course ?t was, under present circumstances, considerably limited in its scope, with so many members and their friends away on service. How- ever, there was an attendance of over 100 in the room, the Hall attached to the Chapter House of Southwark Cathedral, and there were a good number of very interesting exhibits. We hope to give a detailed report - jater on with the kind assistance of Mr S. G. Castle-Russell. THE first portion of (the iate) Mr Percy Bright’s collection of British butterflies was dispersed on 29th October. The venue of sale has now changed from Messrs Stevens & Co., of Covent Garden, W.C., te Messrs Glendinning & Co., of Argyle Street. London, W.1. The catalogue showed 192 lots, mostly single specimens and the whole was contained in three cabinet drawers. The specimens offered were remarkable forms, aberrations, albinistic, some of them unique and included so-called her- maphrodites, gynandromorphs, and the extinct Chrysophanus dispar. Not only were some of the specimens unique but so also were the prices at which they were scld, as can be seen from the following :—One black 2 machaon, £12 10/-; a ¢ albino paphia, £23; a tawny euphrosyne with metallic markings, £23; one @ ditto, nearly all black, £15; an- other ditto, form obsoleta, £11, a rayed specimen of selene with spots obsolete, £7; an entirely black ditto, £26; ¢ albino aglaia, £23; @ adippe, heavily suffused with black on all wings, £13; a light yellow 2 ditto, £8; a white d paphi, £13; 3 rhammn with all wings suffused black, £1G 10/-; paphia ¢G, ab. melaina, £10; two specimens of P. bras- stwae, one a yellow ¢ and a coffee coloured specimen, £4 10/-; one piexippus, £5 5/-; cardaniaes with lemon tips to forewings, £8 10/-; ditto, albino underside, £7 10/-; form valezina, nearly all black, £13 10/-; ditto ¢, almost entirely black, £12; c-album, fore and hindwings heavily band2d, £6; V. wrticae, ab. nigrocaria, £7; cardui, rayed form, £13 10/-; antiopa, a black variety, £7; aegon, ab. striata, £5; minima, ab. strict, £12 10/-, and so on up to a total of £931 5/6. Londen isa wonderful city. And there’s a war on too.—H. E. P. SUPPLEMENT TOTT'S BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES BY Hy. J. TURNER, F.R.E.S., F.R.H.S., Acting Editor of the Entomologist’s Record and Journal of Variation. Hon. Member of the South London Entomological and Natural History Society. Life Member of the Entomological Society of France. VOLUME Il. 1935 - 1941. T. BUNCLE & CO. Ltd., Printers, Market Place, Arbroath. 1941. ¥ f en . - | : : - ‘ ‘ - : a ‘c: i m2 od ay ne yf % ‘< 7 i 8 pee 1 . " oy b Aah # , agit HAE WEOTOUS Gite oe me Fe a iaNO | THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (281) Orig. Dascrie.—‘‘ Complete absence of the black mark on the waved line near the costa.’’ Holland. P. (131) Add to the List of Forms of T. swbsequa, Schift., = orbona, Hufn., ab. brunnea, Lempke, ab. distincta, Lempke, ab. maculata, Lempke, and ab. grisea, Lempke. P. (133) Add the Original Descriptions of the above four forms 12 lines from the top. ab. brunnea, Lempke, Tijds. (1939), 258. Orie. Drscrte.—‘‘ Ground of forewings pure brown.’’ Holland. ab. distincta, Lempke, Tuyds. (1939), 258. Ortce. Descrip.—‘‘ Forewings having double transverse lines, dark and prominent.’’ Holland. ab. maculata, Lempke, Tuds. (1939), 258. Ortc. Descrre.—‘‘ Reniform stigma filled with dark colour.’’ Hol- land. ab. grisea, Lempke, Tijds. (1939), 258. Orig. Drescrie.—‘‘ Ground of forewings grey.’’ Hoiland. P. (142) Add to the List of Forms of T. pronuba, L., ab. nigra, Lempke, ab. immaculata, Lempke, and ab. juncta, Lempke. P. (143) Add the Original Descriptions of the above three forms 11 lines from the bottom. ab. immaculata, Lempke, Tijds. (1939), 254. Orig. Dascrir.—‘‘ The black costal spot of the forewings wanting.”’ Holland. ab. juncta, Lempke, Tijds. (1939), 254. Oric. Descrie.—‘‘ The two stigmata touching, encirclements intact.’’ Holland. ab. nigra, Lempke, Tijds. (1939), 254. Ortc. Descrrp.—‘ ¢, ground of the forewings black. Almost uni- colorous.’’ Holland. P. (148) Add to the List of Forms of VN. castunea, Esper, i. signata, juncia, Lempke. P. (146) Add the Orig. Description of the above form 5 lines from the bottom. ab. juncta, Lempke, T'rjds. (1939), 235. Orc. Derscrre.—‘‘ The two stigmata touching but with unbroken encirclement.’’ Holland. P. (148) Add to the List of Forms of N. castanea, Esper., f. signata, Lempke. P. (149) Add the Orig. Descrip. of the above form 16 lines from the bottom. f. stgnatu, Lempke, Tijds. (1939), 250. (252) ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD. | 15/VI/1941 Orig. Descrrp.—‘‘ The waved line is margined on the inside with black.’’ Holland. P. (151) Add to the List of Forms of N. baja, Schiff., ab. clausa, Lempke. P. (153) Add the Orig. Descrip. of the above form 11 lines from the top. ab. clausa, Lempke, Tijds. (1939), 245. Orte. Descrirp.—‘‘ The two transverse median lines converge to a point on the inner margin.’’ Holland. P. (162) Add to the List of Forms of N. triangulum, Hufn., ab. im- maculata, Lempke, and ab. signata, Lempke. P. (163) Add the Orig. Descriptions of the above two forms 7 lines ‘(irom the top: | ab. immaculata, Lempke, Tiujds. (1939), 247. Orig. Descrie.—The black costa! spot of the forewings is wanting.”’ Holland. : f. signata, Lempke, Tids. (1939), 247. Orig. Drescrip.—‘‘ The waved line is bordered on the inside with black.’’ Holland. P. (164) Add to the List of Forms of N. c-nigrum, L., ab. ummaculata, Lempke, ab. jwncta, Lempke, and ab. confluens, Lempke. P. (165) Add the Orig. Descriptions of the above three forms 23 lines from the bottom. ab. immaculata, Lempke, Tiyjds. (1939), 247. Orig. Descrir.—‘‘ The black apical spot of the forewing absent.”’ Holland. ab. juncta, Lempke, Tijds. (1939), 247. Oris. Drescrip.—‘‘ The two stigmata touch, but the encirclements are intact.’ Holland. ab. confluens, Lempke, Tuds. (1939), 247. Ortc. Descrip.—-‘‘ The two stigmata unite under one encirclement.’ Holland. P. (166) Add to the List of Forms of N. ditrapezium, Bork., f. signata, Lempke. P. (167) Add the Orig. Descrip. of the above form 9 lines from the top. f. signata, Lempke, Tijds. (1939), 248. Orig. Drscrip.—‘‘ The waved line is bordered on the inside by a dark line.” Holland. P. (179) Add to the List of Forms of N. rubi, View., ab. obsoleta, Lempke, ab. confiwens, Lempke, and ab. aanthostaxis, Lempke. P. (181) Add the Orig. Descrip. of the above three forms 9 lines from the top. THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (283) ab. obsoveta, Lempke, Tiyds. (1939), 244. Orie. Descrrrp.—‘‘ Forewings unicolorous, without trace of stigmata; only the waved line is feebly seen.’? Holland. ab. confluens, Lempke, Tijds. (1939), 244. Oric. Drscrip.—‘‘ The two stigmata united into one with broken encirclements.’’ Holland. ab. xanthostaxis, Lempke, Tijds. (1939), 244. Orig. Descrip.—‘‘ The three stigmata are yellowish standing clear from the ground.’’ Holland. P. (185) Add to the List of Foims of N. festiva, Hhb., ab. uniformis, Lempke, ab. semiconfluens, Lempke, and ab. mediorotundata, Boldt. (Lempke). P. (190) Add the Orig. Descriptions of the above three forms 5 lines from the bottom. ab. uniformis, Lempke, Tijds. (1939), 242. Ortc. Descrip.-—‘‘ Forewings of a pale unicolorous ochreous-yellow with very pale markings.’’ Holland. ab. semiconfluens, Lempke, Tijds. (1939), 242. Ortc. Drscrip.—‘‘ The two stigmata united by a double line, the encirclement being broken in both.’”’ Holland. ab. mediorotundata, Lempke, Tijds. (1939), 242. Oric. Derscrip.—‘‘ The median shade setting out from the costa along the outer margin of the orbicular goes on in a semicircle towards the inner margin.” Holland. P. (193) Add to the List of Forms of N. xanthographa, Schiff., ab. signata, Lempke. P. (196) Add the Orig. Description of the above form 13 lines from the top. f. signata, Lempke, Tijds. (1939), 249. Orte. Descrrp.—‘‘ The waved line is bordered on the inside with black.’’ Holland. P. (198) Add to the List of Forms of N. plecta, L., ab. albilinea, Lempke, ab. pallida, Lempke. P. (200) Add the Orig. Descrip. of the above two forms 7 lines from the bottom. ab. albilinea, Lempke, Tijds. (1939), 231. Oris. Derscrie.—‘‘ The forewings have a clearly detached waved line.”’ Holland. ab. pallida, Lempke, Tijds. (1939), 231. Orig. Descrre.—‘‘ The basal half of the forewings up to beyond the reniform is whitish. In this part is found the black radial markings as well as the two stigmata and a streak of the ground colour under the median cell.’”’ Holland. P. 275, line 4 from the top, substitute ‘‘ nickerlii’’ in place of ‘ that species.’ INDEX. PAGE PEN? 1) GUL k G2 dls aD aia I OD De pk dail, Nias ok ll 59 AN BINICUS) Conceal ew eb eealsgnne talc eet A 4 UID O VEN OSA eet ch) ci a ee a aie Se 270 BlSAe! NCAA). oc ee oe eee eee 270 SWE ited RAP Laan face SO Ba ea ch hi est Ms 268 alpicolay (hyperborea) 3. eee 411 CUCU TMA Sy Se ae eile sae ec ee, a o7 ashworthii (candelarum 2) ............... 97 RUE OT etcro yon fateisete sista eore eee oe Ee 143, 281 AUPUC OMIM AY geacasn sete aceeaee tee ee hee eee 269 TO a ee a Rar RCL UN Ae 149, 282 biriviaMstrisila less. swans. Joi Me 115 [So eUHO OY Sts Reakr RPOe See: SHARE AS 4 sp aera Nbar cory. Some 5 dh 175 Caeruleocepialaini as. cere eee Q75 candelarum = ashworthii ............... 97 cannadey— al@aenie pees ee 270) GaSlaned, ges Ge sa hire eRe ae 146, 281 COLETSY CT Ran geet Se mann cE RRS eA i ruts 2 274 CHICP EAT 6.2 i ae rea els eee 91, 279 Clhayas:. (Corticead: S60 es eee chee est 62 CAPO UI EEA. PE Sey Dt 163, 282 LOMES), (OEDOMA) .. 602 s.cs Le eee 133 CONCOLOE. Fos. eee ee 270 CONSPVOUMABIS) Pec cice-euceee suaret ees aceon 272 corticea }=Aclavis’.. a eee 62, 278 GFIMAMENSIS Miiswoas cases ane eae 271 CATS OPT Cee ss cesicae oh Le eee a AN 41 CURT T y S os t lva re ola Vee hte Ra 169 (0 XE) OND HOC) Fe Vem anna ene ney eae Accent 158 CO UU LD oe hide aaa ee URN a ke ae a 265, 27d GwISSOltbal aA eee eee eee 270 ALGEAD SZ Meee ee eee eee 165, 282 CUPNOEDIAE W7e hee eels eee 269 ExClamia ti OMS eee eee eee ee 69, 278 GIRUELES |) FER ee Ree LN aie a Me Q73 festiva = primulae 2? ................ 182, 283 fimbria = fimbriata .................. 125, 280 TAT ON] 0 i IT ee OTe eh OR Ue Rea: 125 ASSUIPUNCEA Wi ((VPOSTOM)) eeee ease esas Q4A AVANT AT PAN ooo ctess oe te teen oo. eee 200 flammea (piniperda) .......................... 200 ATA UC OTIS eae Cee aa ibs ened Fo enh 265 FU COD AVGUING Die aaaiad marine uemN none. Weare naribe ay Mla 272 fl Ie WLS Ofte Hina ean ea UE AR ag a GL Gy 155 POT Ae Ne ns sae dc occ eee Ete 227 OPA CHISOU sera cet tec Mate se ee reese eee 218 EL TUTTI 1 iia a RUS onus ene ee Nat Oe Q7A Gweneei, + Testaceayys . hots eee ae 275 AVA OT UT (a6) Set aa eae nea ree ee 3 Metyola (TMA) Lee vee.c es hohe ae ees. 251 hyperborea—alpicola 7... 111 LIVUDIERAY + Bee a, JOS A tae: ere 266 anicerta, (anstabilis)) es. ..2ue eke. ae 210 instabilis® — incerta oe ee 210 UICC PICCLA eects ol scche ana Mean yen aoe eo 120 LISUMOMe SUMS) eee ee ee ial. 27a Jamia) os .5 2. ee ee 123, 280 TED OU A cy his Q oi acs pepe eee oa eh ee Mee eee 267 LEM COSTA DNA: Aa. ieee Pek tha eee eae 204 LeMCOPNACA i a2. .2 eee hn ee ee 273 LEUCOSEPO MIA Ee ek en et deena ae Q71 VOWS eee ea neta et eu Ghal aterars Masts seen ane ok 267 [VE ATT 02 nae EAM eae BN AAR Grae SMe GN FO 262 VOCE Ge ene ee ean Cate, Ue iS ANE JOUR ea TA nea Q4'7 DANG CRTC oe cr ORC RNG here Bn 101, 279 PAGE lunigera” = (tPUX. ....)scc0eesee ee 21 lumosa ik... OE eee eee 259 lychnidis ‘pistacina) 222s ee pay! Ma cilemba. < 59 seh secs haceke eee Q49 Mmesaceplhala ee eee eee 267 menyanthidys -.322.0..). see eee eee 275 MUCACCAL 233. eee Q71 MUINLOSA og .dl8 id ac eee 239 MUPA@lIS: ook cctenideee teers 265 p00 U EOS [2 Ree ee nEn MME RE MER MN A TE CE icoobonde 206 NISTICANS foi ee, ee es 56 OBELISCD wcccscs cocceee ccc ee 31, 277 obscura, = raviday ..ccs Saeco 107 OCUTATIS oi ce caccsapsasce scene eee eee eee 265, 275 07] 03) 11 C2 ae RRR IN a on a cnmbdoozos 216 OR) Was c oy acto as eee Ljcsnedeaeen ee enaae Paepese dos 265 orbona (Ssubsequa) ..............e.ee00- 129, 281 orbona = JcCOmes: 5-2 bie 133 BOTA. icseccotide shel easaehes eee eee 266 piniperda = flammea .....................-. 201 pistacina = lychnidis’ 22)... 254 Dlectal sc... cee ee ee 196, 282 DODULALIS | ois. Ss cnscceseecteece eee eee ee 273 DOPUWLEEH | vec. ceceeccssesccceeeee eee ene ee 218 populi ‘(populeti) ......5.22ee eee eee 225 BPABCCOXK | obec ie hades eo me ose eee eee eee 118 Erimulae: (festiva)) 22225 eee 182 PPONUWUDA «...58255cs0honect coc eee 139, 281 | O13) PREP eee Sree adr dneqoncadcnosoccscc 268 Lulverilenta. o.266.. hee eee eee 237 DUCA se. acdc ack Cae ee 79 ravida (oObScura)), ..::c.c...s-seeee eee 107 PUPAE (oe lodicsouscidel accuse eee eee 74, 279 PUD asses cceiacwddasoseasehone eect Coee eee eee 178, 282 ruina = helvolay s-sGecece ee eee Q51 TUMICIS 2)... ea eee 276 SAUClA. 4. Bin. dedi chee eee 6 SOMECUM Hos. ee sed. oaks ee 14 sexstriata (UMbDTOSA) ................000.0-200s 178 SIMULANS) oo ilushslondeesedeseecneeee oe een eee 164 SODPINAG ©... cb. k cise vase eee eee 153 SOPCIGA © os .0cssseeccsaseie cee eee ee eee 273 SPALLAMIL © wri sessscecssscmsee cee eee eee Eee 271 Stabiis \ ccccenesscctiscdaFeo se ee ee 232 StIPMAIea © so .0dscaiscct sccacs eee eee 167 SUTILOSA cc.cccsscaupccoswnesssumeete Reeeeee ee eE tenes 275 strigula = Dbirivia ..................... 115, 279 subroseany £:...284.42 3 Hiche on dhehdtacesce eee eeeepes 67 subsequa = OLrbona .................06. 129, 281 suffusa = iIpSilOM .............c...cce0ee. tals Dar pep SUSPCCbA Oo oi)oo cc icbsconac denne ene cere EEE ERE Q4h1 tenebrosa = umbratica .................... | testacea, = gueneel ....72e ee Q75 triaMOwUM «..c.h desde soe ee 161 3 1G (=) 0 ho Se ORR EE cdabibsesc oc 268 tHISTAMIIMNICA ..ccseeoeceneeene eee eee DéTay, isp TriphaecMa’ fy ......cdsscees eee wee 125 THAGLGH. Soukes gaseous: ee ee 46, 278 trux » (lunigera) yy.....46..4e eee aah umbratica (tenebrosa)” ..:.cecseeeee 1 umbrosa = S@XStriata .............c.c0..000s 181 VEStISIALIS. s.hcciscanjeotsuie oeceee eee eens 27, 277 xanthorrapha: >.) ..pcecedenaccesseeeeeeee 190, 283 VDSLIOM, © ois croc dosdel noise oe eee eee italy Orley ypsilon = fissipuncta ............... 244, WT All MS. and EDITORIAL MATTER should be sent and all PROOFS returned to Hy. J. TURNER, ‘‘ Latemar,’” 25 West Drive, Cheam. We must earnestly request our correspondents NOT TO SEND US COMMUNICA- TIONS IDENTICAL with those they are sending to other magazines. REPRINTS of articles may be obtained by authors at very reasonable cost it ordered at THE TIME OF SENDING IN MS. Articles that require ILLUSTRATIONS are inserted on condition that the AUTHOR DEFRAYS THE COST of the illustrations. TO OUR READERS.—Short Collecting Notes and Current Notes. Please, Early.—EbDs. EXCHANGES. Subscribers may have Lists of Duplicates and Desiderata inserted free of charge. They should be sent to Mr Hy. J. TURNER, ‘‘ Latemar,” West Drive, Cheam. Desiderata—British dominula varieties with full data other than var. lutescens and var. lineata. Other vars. acceptable. Duplicates—British L. lalbum, exzigua, cribrum, ocellaris, and intermedia, etc.—Dr H. B. D. Kettlewell, Cranleigh, Surrey. Desiderata—Trypetidae (Diptera) from Scotch, Welsh, and Irish localities. HW. W. Andrews, 6 Footscray Road, Eltham, S.E.9. Wanted—American Hesperiidae, especially from Costa Rica, West Indies, the Guyanas, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Venezuela, Colombia and Bolivia. Write K. J. Hayward, Estacién Experimental, Casilla Correo 74, Tucuman, Republica Argentina. Duplicates.—Several thousand British Macro-Lepidoptera in perfect condition; full data. Desiderata.—British Micro-Lepidoptera in similar condition.— S.C. S. Brown, Kingsholme, 454 Christchurch Road, Boscombe, Bournemouth. IRISH NATURALISTS’ JOURNAL. & MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY, ANTIQUITIES AND ETHNOLOGY Published Half-Yearly. Edited by J. A. S. STENDALL, M.R.I.A., Assisted by Sectional Editors. Annual Subscription, 6/-, post free. Singl2 Parts, 3/-. All communications to be addressed to :— THE EDITOR, 42 NORTH PARADE, BELFAST. .MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES. WAR-TIME ARRANGEMENTS. THE ROYAL ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON : 41 Queen’s Gate, Ss. W. els (ne (Nearest stations: S. Kensington and Gloucester Road.) General Meetings at: 3 am p.m., on the first Wednesdays of the month, February-June; October-December. a Annual Meeting, third Wednesday in January. Ma} THE SOUTH LONDON ENTOMOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY. ee Chapter House Hali, St Thomas Street, S.E.1. Hon. Secx, F. Stanley-Smith, F.R.E.S., “‘ Hatch House. ” Pilgrims Hatch, Brentwood, Essex. Ra Ei io Session, 0 - 4941-42: ‘Saturdays, December 13, January 10, 2.0 for 2.30 p.m. Pres) Pant, THE LONDON NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY. Indoor Meetings Resiiied— a Third Saturday in each mouth, 2 pm., at the London School of Hygiene and ha Tropical Medicine. Further particulars from A. B. Hornblower, 91 One 's Road, om Buckhurst Hill, Essex. 2s ENTOMOLOGICAL SECTION, BIRMINGHAM NATURAL HISTORY ‘AND PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY. Hon. Sec., G. B. Manley, 72 Tenbury Road, bogs Se Heath, Birmingham. Meetings suspended till further notice. ees SOCIETY FOR BRITISH ENTOMOLOGY.—All meetings suspended tt further x s notice. Hon. Sec., E. Rivenhall Goffe, 102 High Street, Southampton. — iy em Communications have been received from or have been promised by T. Bain- — a brigge Fletcher, A. J. Wightman, W. P. Curtis, H. Willoughby-Ellis, E. Ernest ~~ Green, H. Donisthorpe, Rev. G. Wheeler, H. W. Andrews, S. G. Castle Russell, Dr E. A. Cockayne, Prof. J. W. Heslop Harrison, Thos. Greer, Dr Malcolm Burr, Abdul Talhouk (plate), E. P. Wiltshire (?), Rev. D. P. Murray (plate), Capt. C. Q. Parsons, P. B. M. Allan, I. F. Marriner, T. R. Eagles, H. A. Leeds, Barton White. All communications should be addressed to the Acting Editor, Hy. J. TURNER, “ Latemar,”’ 2% West Drive, Cheam. Ho oa BACK VOLUMES OF | The Entomologist’s Record and _ Journal of Variation (Vols. I-XXXVI. ) CONTENTS OF VOL. I. (Most important only menttoned.) ee | GENUS Acronycta and its allies—Variation of Smerinthus tiliae, 3 coloured: = plates—Differentiation of Melitaea athalia, parthente, and aurelia—The Double- day collection—Parthenogenesis—Paper on Taeniocampidae—Phylloxera—Prac- tical Hints (many)—Parallel Variation in Coleoptera—Origin of Argynnis paphia — var. valesina—Work for the Winter—Temperature and Variation—Synonymic notes—Retrospect of a Lepidopterist for 1890—Life-histories of Agrotis pyrophtla, — Epunda lichenea, Heliophobus hispidus—Captures at light—Aberdeenshire notes, ( etc., etc., 360 pp. mi CONTENTS OF VOL. II. 4 MELANISM AND MELANOCHROISM—Bibliography—Notes on Collecting—Articles on VARIATION (many)—How to breed Agrotis lunigera, Sesita sphegiformis, Taenio- ‘campa opima—Coliecting on the Norfolk Broads—Wing development—Hybridis- ing Amphidasys prodromaria and A. betularta—Melanism and Temperature— Differentiation of Dianthoecitas—Disuse of wings—Fauna of Dulwich, Sidmouth, | S. London—Generic nomenclature and the Acronyctidae—A fortnight at Ran- noch—Heredity in Lepidoptera—Notes on Genus Zygaena (anthnesealae —Hymenoptera—Life-history of Gonophora derasa, etc., etc., 312 pp. To be obtained from :— Mr H. E. PAGE, 9 Vanbrughb Hill, Blackheath, London, S.E.3, to whom Cheques and Postal Orders should be made payable. Printed by T. Buncle & Co. Ltd., Arbroath. fol. LIII. oe No. 12 DECEMBER 1941. fee UGH S Le Se ECORD Zest : : AND ( “Al 15 1942 csthan' ve URNAL OF vant ON : = Sa = ==. ton Sete SS Se SF aE Se SS EDITED with the assistance of _ MALCOLM BURR, D.Sc., F.R.E.S. T. BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER, R:N., F.L.S., - &. A. COCKAYNE, A.M. D.M., F.R.ES., F.Z.S., F.R.ES. F.R.C.P. H. E. PAGE, F.R.E.S. J. E. COLLIN, J.P., F.R.E.S. ALFRED SICH, F.R.E.S. H. DONISTHORPE, F.Z.S., F.R.E.S. Rev. G. WHEELER, M.A., F.R.E.S., F.Z.S. Editor Emeritus—G. T. BETHUNE-BAKER, F.Z.8., F.R.E.S. By HENRY J. TURNER, F.R.E.S., F.R.H.S., Editorial Secretary. CONTENTS. THE INSECT FAUNA SUPPORTED BY THE APPLE AND PEAR TREES IN TEES ANGINA DOLL, MOTE UIE! S20 E GUL OU 225 one coe dagen « sazop ae tetpdpwdionav ements taNaves 125 BUTTERFLY COLLECTING IN WOOD WALTON, HUNTS, AREA, DURING PAs eA es DGC CDS cs) mae tech tig REA ag eS oe rah care ee eas at Code Meth obi ORG IG Gide see a Sains SAREE Vinee 128 PHENOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF PALAEARCTIC LEPIDOPTERA, A. J. VDF LULTIUURY ance esa eeoe baa eect tee cca cu taeeres sauces Sem MtE ee VeacreBe Son ac sh co Satg apne Gone Posi ae eee ningeee ce ony 139 COLLECTING NOTES: Leucania l-album in Chelston, Torquay, Capt. C. Q. Parsons; Coleoptera in Leicestershire, Herace Donisthorpe; A Late Date for Pararge aegeria, L., T. R. Eagles; Osmylus fulvicephalus, Scop.,.Id.; Platychirus tarsalis, Schum. [Dipt. Syrphidae] in Surrey, ZL. Parmenter, F.R.E.S.; Diptera visiting Flowers of Devil’s-bit Scabious, Scabiosa suc- cisa, L., Id.; Notes on Variation from the Worthing Museum Collection, TED = “GPW C LUCE 2 MEA. FBG ES oes 5, Sukay GEG veka Vote sn seees ++ SEF ADREE DEAT rab oorBicda se cbs ay? 132 TED ECS oINE INU EP ieee oie stag a geal aa ccebanaeehiMne cha kaart wy ahem compe taste tc VNCen evEENeNN SN anon kbs ass aaa gnee 136 SUPPLEMENT : ‘The British Noctuae and their Varieties, Hy. J. Turner, F.R.E.S., F.R.H.S, (33)-(36) INDEX. Subscription for Complete Volume, post free, TEN SHILEIN GS, to The Hon. Treasurer, H. W. ANDREWS, F.R.E.S., 6 Footscray Road, Eltham, S.E.9. This number, Price ONE SHILLING AND SIXPENCE (net). Ty THE ENTOMOLOGY. co., 446 STRAND, - - LONDON, W.C. 2. English and Continental Pins. Stainless Steel Pins. Label Points. Relaxing Box--ready for use and long lasting; re=charge, 6d. ALL ENTOMOLOGICAL & BOTANICAL APPARATUS. "Phone: TEMple Bar 1849. BO 0K ON THE : ae BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES H. K. LEWIS & Co. Ltd., 136 Gower Street, London, W.C.1 LARGE LENDING LIBRARY SELECTION AVAILABLE Prospectus and list of recent Catalogue post free on request. additions on application. Telephone: EUSton 4282 (5 lines.) NEW EDITION. NOW READY. WAYSIDE AND WOODLAND TREES. By EDWARD STEP, F.L.S. Containing 24 colour plates, 151 Lalf-tone plates, and 58 text figures. By A. KEITH JACKSON, of the Herbarium, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, and A. B. JACKSON, A.L.S., Department of Botany, British Museum (Natural History). This edition includes as a new feature two quick identification keys fully illus- trated with line drawings. The first will aid identification when the trees are in leaf in summer, and the other will aid identification from the buds in winter. Cloth gilt, round corners, size 6g ins. by 5 ins. Price 10/6 net. FREDERICK WARNE & CO. LTD., 1-4 BEDFORD COURT, BESFORD STREET, LONDON, W.6.2 SECOND PORTION OF THE COLLECTION | OF BRITISH BUTTERFLIES Formed by the late P. M. BRIGHT, Esqg., of Bournemouth. A portion of the above famous collection, comprising examples from various species, will be SOLD BY AUCTION py GLENDINING & CO., LED. of 7 ARGYLL STREET, OXFORD CIRCUS, W.1., on WEDNESDAY, 14th JANUARY, at 12 o’clock. The insects have been specially selected, and include some of the best in the coliection, which has been formed during the last forty years. Very remarkable forms, aberrations, unique, hermaphrodite and eynandrous specimens oa tically in fine condition, and labelled. The insects will be ON VIEW at the Auction Rooms on the following dates: MONDAY, 12th January, and TUESDAY, 13th January, from 10 am. to 4 pm. ~ . Catalogues can be obtained from the Auctioneers, who will be pleased to execute — be. any commissions from Clients unable to attend the Sale. : = x ‘ ae eh * 3 ES Sie per 225 Sa elke ae as , ei ae ics act in Re aks ee Saae tek eR eT ea On ae ae See ee ee ~ a a ee Se he Sess Se See aE tr eee c, ated ease ath A ag to Sal aoa a) sires} Pe 6 n't oni) Ie TORR Se RM ee wk amtialn -A Se . hl ae 4 ~ ie acne a th : i SS Pe ee THE INSECT FAUNA SUPPORTED BY THE APPLE AND PEAR TREES. 125 THE INSECT FAUNA SUPPORTED BY THE APPLE AND PEAR TREES IN LEBANON. {3520 By Aspun Mon’ S. TaLHoux | (Assistant, Piant Protection Service, OS EES SAN chang? €am. > an of ~O iF ip Kg Zaoteav aN The insects enumerated here are only those that I actually found on both Apple and Pear trees ‘during five years of observation. The list is by no means exhaustive, but with its 55 species 1t throws a light on the food plants of some of the rarer insects, and shows the distribution of the insects on the different parts of the trees. I want to acknowledge my gratitude to the staff of the British Museum, the Imperial Institute of Entomology, the Berlin Museum, and the Museum of Bremen for their determination of the more diffi- cult species; to Dr A. Diakonoff, of Amsterdam, for the description of Blastodacna libanotica; and to Mr E. P,. Wiltshire for the determina- tion of some moths. The 55 species are distributed thus:—Lepidoptera, 18; Coleoptera, 18; Homoptera, 10; Diptera, 4; Hymenoptera, 3; Orthoptera, 1; Thysanoptera, 1. Trunk and Branches, 16.2% ; Twigs, 16.2% ; Leaves, 37.9% ; Roots, 5.7% ; Fruits and Flowers, 24.37%. The Lepidoptera, together with the Homoptera, cause the greatest damage. Amongst the Lepidoptera, the Leopard Moth, (1) Zeuzera pyrina, L., causes the greatest trouble, as it completes its life’s cycle in one year, and, as an old inhabitant, is not appreciably affected by its parasites. When attacking thin stock, the larvae, instead of bur- rowing in an upward direction, go downwards so as to reach thicker parts to accommodate their ever-fattening bodies. (2) Carpocapsa pomonella, ssp. putaminana, Stgr., is very destructive. It has two full generations and sometimes a very small partial third; the first generation of moths appears in early May, the second in July (in middle heights). Caterpillars of (3) Diloba caeruleocephala, L., sometimes cause great injury to young apple trees; in one instance I saw five caterpillars that were able to defoliate a two years old tree. The larvae pupate in early May, to emerge as moths in December of the same year. (4) Papilio podalirius, f. virgatus, Butler, is double brooded. Its plump larvae are mostly found on pear leaves in early Spring, ready to show their osmeteria as soon as they are molested. The Tortricina proper are represented by four species only, all of which were observed on apple but not on pear. (5) Argyroploce variegana, Hiib., is very abundant; at one time as many as 36 moths were trapped in a single Carpocapsa bait trap in a single night. This insect is sometimes a real pest. (6) Argyroploce pruniana, Hiib., is much rarer, and (7) Peronea vartegana, Schiff., is still rarer. (8) Cacoecia sp. is commoner than the two previous species. (9) Lymantria dispar, L., is surprisingly very rare on apple and pear leaves as well as on oak; probably this is due to parasites. (10) Acronicta rumicis, L., is also somewhat rare on apple leaves and was not observed on pear. However, it is common on apri- cot leaves in Autumn. Larvae of (11) Synanthedon (Aegeria) myopae- formis, Borkh., attack the stems and roots of apple and pear seed- lings. The MOREE come freely to Codling Moth bait traps in early 126 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15 / XIT/1941 May. (12) Coleophora hemerobiella, Scop., is not common. Its larvae are usually fourd on the leaves of apple trees near blackberry bushes or in the darker corners of the orchard. The larvae of (13) Schiffermuelleria (Borkhausenia) formosella, F., are found feeding on the cambium layer of the trunk of both apple and pear as well as under that of Platanus. I have also found a caterpillar of this moth inside a ‘‘ mummied ” apple fruit. The moth appears in May. (14) Recurvaria nanella, Schiff., is not uncommon; it was bred from Quince leaves also. The moth sometimes comes to Carpocapsa bait traps. To the Lepidoptera belong the three leaf-miners that attack both apple and pear leaves. (15) Lyonetia clerckella, L., attacks the apple in large quantities so that most of the leaves on apple trees are mined; pear leaves seem to be free from the visits of this moth. (16) Litho- colletis blanchardella, F., confines almost all its attacks to apple leaves, very rarely to pear. (17) Nepticula sp. mines pear leaves only. A new and very rare moth (18) Blastodacna libanotica, Dkf., causes galls of different sizes on pear twigs and branches. Among the Coleoptera the Rhynchophora are well represented. (19) Anthonomus pomorum, L., may be considered a pest only in some parts of Lebanon where it causes damage to apple blossoms. (20) Rhynchites schilsky, Voss (splendidus, Stev.), is sometimes very destructive to young pear fruits. The females, after laying their eggs in the small fruits, by their mouths sever the upper side of the fruit stalk at its point of contact with the spur, thereby causing the fruit to shrivel and fall to the ground. The female of this beetle seems to be very particular with regard to the pear variety it chooses for oviposition. The attack may be so severe on one tree that no fruits are left. On another one, sometimes touching it, but of a different variety, all the fruits may remain intact. This accounts for the fact that this beetle is quite localised. (21) Rhynchites ruber, Faim., is also particular in choosing the apple variety and is not - widespread. The crescent-shaped bites it makes are quite common in some years. (22) Limobius borealis, Payk., also eats holes in apple fruits but is pretty rare in Lebanon. The very rare (23) Tropiderinus mterruptus,* Reitter (det. by Dr Jordan) was found feeding on the dying cambium under apple bark. The small, black Pear Flea-Weevil, (24) Rhamphus pulicarius, Hbst., is very abundant on apple and pear leaves in Spring, where its damage is imperceptible. Magdalis cerast, L., is quite rare in Lebanon; the beetle was found feeding on the chlorophyll of a pear leaf. The Bostrychid (25) Sinoxylon perforans, Schrank, burrows a short tunnel just over a bud, downwards, thereby causing the shoot to break by its excavation. The adults appear inside apple and pear twigs in early Spring. The larvae of the Buprestid, (26) Capnodis? tenebrionis, L., are sometimes found in the roots of apple and pear; it is much easier to remove them from the roots of pome fruit trees than from those of stone fruits due to the absence of gum. Its attack on apple and pear is not common. Both (27) Gynandrophthalma limbata, Ster., and (28) G. judaica, Lef., as well as (29) Malathius bipunctatus, L., feed on the leaves and petals of both the apple and pear. The adults of (30) Epicometis squalidus, L., *Probably the only specimen in the British Museum is from my collection. THE INSECT FAUNA SUPPORTED BY THE APPLE AND PEAR TREES. gi abound sometimes in large quantities on the blossoms where they feed on the filaments; the beetle is quite polyphagous. The beetle (31) Longitarsus pellucidus, Foud., is not often met with on apple leaves. Both the beetles (82) Cantharis funebris, Mars., and (33) C. livida, L., feed freely on the tender foliage of both trees. (34) Scolytus rugulosus, Ratz., deals the ‘‘ coup de grace ” to a suffering tree, thereby ending its life. I have found a specimen of this beetlet tunnelling inside the petiole of an apple leaf in mid-summer. (35) Carpophilus hemipterus, L., is very common inside rotting or dry apple and pear fruits, and is especially attracted to Carpocapsa baits. It passes the Winter in the adult stage well hidden under apple bark. Almost all species of Homoptera are either serious or very serious pests. (86) Psylla pyricola, Forst., is one of the worst and most un- welcome guests that this country has ever harboured. It has several generations per year; the most troublesome are the late Summer and early Fall ones. As far as I can see, this insect seems to attack mature trees and causes great damage in some localities and a negligible one in others. This insect is by far the worst enemy of the pear. Its equi- valent on the apple is the American Blight, (37) Hriosoma lanigerum, Haus., which is extremely troublesome. The very hot and dry desert winds that blow in Spring do not affect this insect to the same extent as they do affect its parasite, Aphelanus mali, Hald., so that its num- bers are not checked except in Autumn, when the number of Aphelinus becomes high enough to stop the multiplication of the aphid. (88) Aphis pomi, de Geer, is found in great abundance on the extremity of vigorous apple shoots and inside curled apple leaves, thereby causing severe injury. A black socty fungus grows on the honey-dew of this species. (39) Lachnus (Pterochloros) persicae, Chlodk., is gradually in- creasing its visits to the trunks and branches of apple in Spring. (40) Tingis pyri, L., is very common on the leaves of both trees, but never in quantities high enough to necessitate control; this is due to an entomophagous fungus that attacks this insect shortly after its establishment on the leaves. (41) Aspidiotus hederae, Vallot, is very common on both trees, some- times causing severe injury, and, in acute cases, might kill the young tree. (42) Ceroplastes rusci, L., is neither common nor widespread. I have so far only found it on pear nursery stock in the coastal area. (43) Parlatoria oleae, Ldgr., is local but sometimes causes severe injury. (44) Lecanium ? corni, Behé., is found on the mid rib of pear leaves; up till now I regard it a curiosity, due to its rarity. Another curiosity is a ‘‘ White Fly ’’ (45) Aleurodid, which remains undetermined. The Diptera are represented by 4 species. (46) Apiomyia bergen- stammi, Wacht., almost exclusively attacks the Hawthorn and the native pear, Pyrus syriaca. Larvae of (47) ?? Scaptomizella sp. are usually met with, 3 or 4 together, feeding on the sap of both trees, in- side the galleries excavated by the Zeuzera, Larvae of (48) Ceratitis capitata, Wied., are only found inside thin-skinned varieties especially in late Summer and Autumn. They are not commonly met with at all. Adults of (49) Drosophila ampelophila, Loew, pass in and out of de- cayed fruits. iDet. by British Museum. 128 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15 / X11 /1941 Only three Hymenoptera live on these trees. (50) Eriocampoides limacina, Konow, is commoner on the mountains than at low altitudes. It prefers pear leaves, and is more than single-brooded. The dotted greyish larvae of (51) Cimbex quadrimaculatus, ssp. hwmeralis are sometimes met with on pear leaves; this insect is not common. The larva of (52) Arge cyanocrocea, ssp. syriaca, Moes., develops inside shoots of both apple and pear; it is heavily parasitised. One Orthopteron, the large (53) Anacridiwum aegyptiacum, is met with in all stages, on both trunk and twigs in Winter and early Spring peeling bark from them. (54) Tenuithrips wmconsequens, Uzel, represents the Thysanoptera. It is very common on the flowers of both trees; it rarely does enough damage to necessitate control. This list will not be complete unless I mention the Red Spider, Tenuipalpus ? bodenheimeri, of which a nurseryman used to tell his customers that the red colour is a sign of good health on the part of the apple yearling as are the red cheeks of human beings! BUTTERFLY COLLECTING IN WOOD WALTON, HUNTS., AREA DURING 1941, By H. A. Le&eps. During the latter part of 1940 season the Pieris pests were extra- ordinarily plentiful and in no case could I find an ichneumoned larva. Normally rapae and often brassicae are to be seen in this area about the 3rd or 4th of April and I was watching for their appearance this year, but the first seen was a fresh female brassicae on 17th May, fol- lowed by a male the next day and three males on 4th June, also two male rapae; rapae had only previously been seen on 23rd and 24th May, two males, widely apart, each day, and the first female on 3rd June; after this both species were very sparse. their scarcity. I am at a loss to account for Later on in August and September large quantities, possibly immigrants, of both kinds appeared and the ensuing larvae skeletonized the cabbages, etc. April was wet and colder than usual but there were periods of brightness; sharp frosts, down to 16 degrees, eccurred during the first ten days of May, followed by 14 degrees on the 16th, when I went into Monks Wood and found the early leaves of the blackthorn killed by the frost. Eventually they fell off, leaving; a bright brown collection beneath each bush. JT. prunt larvae are susceptible to sharp frosts and I was afraid that they had perished ; heavy rains made the Wood inaccessible during the latter half of May and early June, but the weather much improved on 12th June, became very hot on the 14th, and so continued until 12th July. On Ist July pruni appeared in fair numbers, mostly males, and continued hatching until the 12th, fresh females predominating the latter part of the time; no egg-laying was seen and apparently this was done high up amongst the dense blackthorns, where probably they pair, as I cannot remember ever seeing them copulated. For the first few days I looked in vain for them feeding on the privet flowers. Dogwood provided refreshment — for one female; afterwards both sexes frequented the privet flowers BUTTERFLY COLLECTING IN WOOD WALTON, HUNTS, AREA. 129 along with A. cydippe and A. paphia, together with a few S. w-album and worn C. rubt. The imagines of T. pruni were very late and no doubt their larvae hatched after the May frosts; some unusual variation oc- curred and prunt was more widespread and numerous than in any year since 1933. In 1934 I noticed a larva of abnormal size and fatter—as if it had been inflated; subsequent beating obtained 24 more large ones and a male larva of ordinary size, which was the only one to produce an imago. The other 25 pupated in two or three days, but all the normally white spots were very dingy and dull; they were left for about twenty days, when on cutting the pupae open it was found that they were com- pletely hollow inside a thick, tough and leathery outer casing. They had been placed for rearing in glass-topped metal boxes and no ichneumons emerged, so apparently it is a fatal disease. I previously had some little experience of a similar happening several years before and at that time I expected to get some very large imagines. This re- curred to my mind when I saw the first larva again, and I told my brother that I thought only one would emerge out of the 26 larvae ob- tained. Not many pruni were flying in 1934, but they have gradually increased since, and this season they had such fine and hot weather dur- ing their main flight. At the end of June Brenthis euphrosyne was fairly plentiful in one opening; aglaia was scarce and no aberrations of any Fritillaries oc- curred. Previously I had not observed L. camilla in this district, but saw one flying in Monks Wood during the evening of 11th July, and I hope they will get established, as Colonel F. A. Labouchere states two or three were seen in woods nearer Abbots Ripton during July. The May was not in full flower until Ist July; worn rubi and argiolus were feeding on it. TJ. quercus was plentiful around three exposed oaks in a field, but only four were seen elsewhere; R. betulae was seen singly about during August. Of the Skippers, tages and malvae were late and scarce; venata (sylvanus), sylvestris (thawmas), and lineola were common, the last locally on wide grass verges of the roadside. The following were scarce: c-albwm, rhamni, aegeria, hyperantus, cardut, 10, atalanta and agestis (medon). A fair quantity of cardamines, jur- tina, one ab. pallidula-transformis, female upperside, but very few partly bleached ones; pamphilus; urticae; galathea, more females than in 1940; megera, but females scarce, one of the latter with larger spot on each upperside forewing. M. tithonus was abundant and, contrary to last year, many had extra spots; only one, a female, had these spot- tings extremely large, but it was too damaged to retain; it was near a stile and kept in its locality for several days. Heodes (L.) phlaeas had only two broods, viz., in the latter half of June and during August and early September; the most examined in one day were 14 on 7th August, yielding abs, antieleus and linea, male uppersides; they oc- curred in a meadow near this hamlet, across which is a much-used foot- path towards Abbots Ripton station. Later I took three partimtrans- — formis males in the same field, which is shortly to be ploughed, also 150 acres, which well nourished 96 fine bullocks this year. It adjoins the Walton embankment of the L. & N.E. Railway, on one lower part of which the third brood of phlaeas was so plentiful last year. Not more than six were seen there on any visit this year, while elsewhere 130 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15 / XIT/1941 they were very scarce. Only in one small area could I find a fair num- ber of icarus ard there for three evenings, beginning 23rd June, about 80 fresh ones were examined each time, then very few emerged after- wards; male undersides taken included grisea, uniformly darker grey ; costajuncta, transiens, obsoleta, and postcaeca; a female upperside postradiosa-caeruleo. The second brood, still sparse, began at the end of August; it provided a few conflwentiae, the best being a strongly- defined I-nigrum-arcuata-basijuncta female. A female croceus taken on 25th June was sent to a friend by post and commenced laying freely on arrival; on 21st July I netted a very worn male and released it. There are no lucerne fields here, but during September several ¢roceus were seen on the railway embankment; all were typical. (Mr A. H. Turner, of Wendling, Norfolk, informs me that “ An almost perfect specimen of phlaeas, ab. alba, was taken in his garden on 7th September.) PHENOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF PALAEARCTIC LEPIDOPTERA. A DISPUTED EXAMPLE. By A. J. WIGHTMAN. In the October ‘‘ Record ’’ Mr E. P. Wiltshire, discussing the use- fulness of ‘‘ phenological classification by season ’’ (page 105), quotes South, Vol. II, ‘‘ In England we certainly have a Cucullia sometimes appearing in the moth state rather later than C. verbasci ahd always earlier than C’. lychnitis, etc., etc.’? as an example of a species being identified and shown to be distinct by ‘‘ season.”’ IT cannot imagine a more unhappy choice, as not only is the state- ment purpose'y vague but its final sentence is an apology for the whole idea. South did not believe what he wrote and shortly afterwards said so publicly, also the supposed identification of C. serophularime from C, verbasci and C. lychnitis by season is purely imaginary. South got this ‘‘ season ’’ idea from Tutt (see Note C.) and also the food- plant idea. South had previously said that the British scrophulariae were an enigma to him and suggested they were, in fact, verbascit. Tutt mocked at him for this (see Note J.), and so in his book he tried to baulk the question by making a confusing and non-commital statement acceptable tc Tutt, excusing himself for it by saying the Continental collectors were just as much at sea. Neither South nor Tutt ever identified a third species of Cucullia in the verbasci group as British. In British Noctuae and their Vars., Vol. III, Tutt makes or ac- cepts the following statements about scrophulariae :— A. (page 111). ‘‘ Of our British species scrophulariae and lychnitis are somewhat difficult to distinguish, but the other species are distinct enough.”’ -B. (page 112), under scrophulariae. ‘‘ It is almost impossible to explain why Newman should say that ‘ it is extremely difficult to dis- tinguish this from the proceeding species (verbascit) ...’ ” (British Moths, 432.) PHENOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF PALAEARCTIC LEPIDOPTERA. 131 C. (page 112). ‘‘ Lychnitis moreover appears at a later period of the year in June and July, scrophulariae emerging in April and May (Guenée gives March and April), so that if collectors keep their Spring emergences distinct they should have little trouble in coming to a cor- rect conclusion.”’ D. (page 118). ‘‘ C. scrophulariae has been erroneously recorded dozens of times without doubt by those who have found C. verbasci larvae feeding on Scrophularia. But the larva of C. scrophulariae is very different. Its usual foodplant appears to be S. nodosa and not 8. aquatica . Oy E. (page 113). ‘‘ The imagines are not at all like verbasci but they are very mucn like C. lychnitis.’’ G. (page 113). ‘‘ The three species are well distributed and definitely distinguished on the Continent (principally in the larval stage), where scrophulariae appears to be the commonest.’’ H. (page 113). ‘‘ The larva of C. verbasci often feeds on Scrophu- laria aquatica, but I believe scrophulariae only feeds on S. nodosa, which always grews in dry places.’ I. (page 118). ‘‘ I suppose there are some true scrophulariae in various collections, but all I have ever had sent me have turned out to be verbasci.”’ J. (page 114). ‘‘ This was written in June 1891 (reference to Bloom- field’s Lep. of Suffolk), and in the following month Mr South, after stating the opinions of Messrs Harwood, Robson, and Dobrée that scrophulariae resembled lychnitis, wrote: ‘* Possibly, however, scro- phulariae may be a form of verbasci,’’ although he had previously stated that ‘‘ the insect known as Cucullia scrophulariae has always been an enigma to me,’’? a condition of mind certainly not likely to strike one as being at all favourable to the formation of any useful conclusion.”’ From the above it is certain that Tutt’s scrophulariae in the 1890’s was a species very like lychnitis, not at all like verbasci in the perfect state. (See Notes A., B., and EK. above.) Had a larva unlike that of verbasci (see Notes D. and G.) occurred earlier than lychnitis but later than verbasci? (See Note C.) Larva fed on §. nodosa in dry places, not on S. aquatica in wet places. (See Notes D. and H.) Was a rare species in Britain. (See Note I.) But between 1890’s and 1908 the species, according to Tutt, changed not only -its appearance in the perfect state, but also the appearance of its larva, its foodplant, its locale, and, not least, its time of appear- ance and comparative scarcity, for at a meeting of the South London Ent. Soc. on 9th April 1908 the Ent. Record for 1908 records that :— Mr South exhibited (1) typical Cucullia verbasci, (2) Cueullia lychnitis, (3) a considerable series of specimens sent to him from Ger- many as QOucullia scrophulariae, but which he stated were, in his opinion, a mixture of OC. verbasci and C. lychnitis. He stated that he desired information but believed that C. scrophulariae in this country was merely C. lychnitis. Mr L. W. Newman stated that there was a third very distinct species in England, the larva of which he found on the marshes near Dart- ford, at the same time that those of C. verbasci were occurring on the downs in the same district. 132 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15 / XIT/1941 Mr Tutt stated that the specimens exhibited by Mr South were of three characteristic species, the C. scrophulariae being, with the pos- sible exception of two examples, correctly named. They agreed absolutely with the C. scrophulariae found in Kent and were most cer- tainly, he thought, neither C, verbasci nor C. lychnitis. He would roughly suggest that C. lychnitis was a ‘‘ downs ”’ species, C. scrophu- lariae a marsh species, and C. verbasci largely a ‘‘ downs ”’ species but of wider habitat and sometimes found in marshes. Tutt therefore accepted in 1908 as true scrophulariae the Kent marsh species, which looked like verbasci, appeared at the same time as ver- basci, had a larva like that of verbasci, fed on S. aquatica in wet places, and was well distributed in collections. F. N. Pierce has since shown that the genitalia of the Kent marsh ‘ scrophulariae ’’ agree with those of verbasci. ‘‘ Gent. Noct.,’’ p. 74. From all this we can say with certainty that neither South nor Tutt ever were able to distinguish scrophulariae from verbasci or lychnitis by ‘‘ season ’’ or in any other way. In conclusion, let me say that I agree with much Mr Wiltshire says and have always considered that the whole life history, wintering stage and pabulum of larva, etc., must be considered when deciding the affini- . ties of species and genera. I cannot believe that two closely allied species in any definite area will ‘‘ winter ’’ in different stages. COLLECTING NOTES. LEUCANIA L-ALBUM 1N CHELSTON, Torquay.—I have much plea- sure in reporting the capture of a 2 of this species at ivy on 27th October about 200 yards from my house. It was still in fresh condi- tion. J think it most unlikely this is a stray occurrence as it is the only occasion I have tried ivy and then the only four bushes available besides the one adjoining the house, which has so far not been at all encourag- ing this year. This neighbourhood is very unlike its reported localities, it has no rough ground or fields adjoining the coast. My own locality is over five miles from here.—Capt. C. Q. Parsons, Seaway Lane, Tor- quay. CoLEOPTERA IN LEICESTERSHIRE.—-Last September I went to spend a week with my cousins, Captain and Mrs Griffiths (née Donisthorpe), at Congerstone in Leicestershire. On 22nd September I made an excur- sion to Gopsall Park and Woods, which lie within an easy walk of Con- gerstone, for the purpose of collecting beetles. The following is a list of all the species I took:—Notiophilus biguttatus, F.; Pterostichus niger, Schal.; Anchomenus angusticollis, F.; Bembidion quadrimacu- latum, L.; Phloeodroma concolor, Kr.; Atheta trinotata, Kr.; A. coriaria, Kr.; A. fungi, Gr.; Gyrophaena gentilis, Er.; Placusa pumilio, Gr.; P. infima, Er.; Bolitochara rey’, Shp.; Tachyporus obtusus, L.; Bolitobius trinotatus, Er.; Quedius aetolicus, Kr.; Philonthus splen- dens, F.; P. aeneus, Ross.; Xantholinus longiventris, Heer.; Stenus pallitarsis, Steph.; Oxytellus sculpturatus, Gr.; Phyllodrepa ioptera, COLLECTING NOTES. 133 Steph.; Phloeonomus planus, Pk.; Xylodromus concinnus, Marsh. ; Proteinus ovahs, Steph.; P. brachypterus, F.; Coccinella 10-punctata, L.; Halyzia 18-guttata, L.; H. conglobata, L.; Dacne humeralis, F.; Ditoma crenata, F.; Cerylon primroseae, sp. n.; Cryptophagus scanicus, L.; C. dentatus, Hbst.; Triphyllus suturalis, F.; Myceto- phagus quadripustulatus, L.; Dorcus parallelopipedus, L.; Sinodendron cylindricum, L.; Aphodius contaminatus, Hbst.; Lema melanopa, L.; Longitarsus luridus, Scop.; Plectroscelis concinna, Marsh.; Rhinosimus planirostris, F.; Apion trifolu, L.; Dorytomus melanophthalmus, Pk. Most of these beetles are, of course, common and widely distributed, but Quedius aetiolicus, Kr., taken under fungus on a beech trunk, is a new county record. Three species, moreover, are very noteworthy :—Phloeodroma concolor, Kr., is a genus and species new to Britain, and is very rare on the Continent. Only one specimen of Bolitochara reyi, Shp., a male, has occurred in Britain before, which was taken by the writer in Windsor Forest [see Keys; Hnt, Mo. Mag., 67, 271 (1931)]. The two specimens taken at Gopsall are females. The species differs from JB. lucida, Gr., in its considerably darker colouring, the coarser and larger puncturation of the elytra, and the distinctly longer antennae. These females agree in all those points with my single male. The genitalia of the latter is different to that of the male of lucida. They were taken in fungi growing on a beech stump. The Cerylon is a new species which I am naming in honour of my cousin, Primrose Griffiths, who kindly conducted me to Gopsall Park. It was taken under the bark of a beech stump in company with the Phloeodroma. It differs in many important particulars from C. ferru- gineum, Steph.—Horace DonistHorrr, Department of Entomology, British Museam (Nat. Hist.), Cromwell Road, S.W.7, 25.x.41. A Lare Date ror PARARGE AEGERIA, L.—A specimen of this butterfly in perfect condition was observed by Mr E. A. Bowles and me in Mr Bowles’ garden at Myddelton House, Enfield, Middlesex, om 26th Sep- tember 1941. It was feeding at a Colchicum bloom. Mr Bowles tells me that although he has taken note of the insects in his garden for 60 years he has never before seen aegeria. It is interesting to recall that this insect was named the ‘‘ Enfield Eye ” by Petiver, who took it at Enfield early in the 18th century.—T. R. Hacrins, 32 Abbey Road, Enfield, Middlesex. OsMYLUS FULVICEPHALUS, Scop.—This handsome Neuropteron was observed by my son and me in the parish of Enfield, Middlesex, on 5th June 1938. I notice that in Killington’s British Neuroptera (Ray Society, 1936/37) Middlesex does not appear in the list of counties where the species occurs. So perhaps it should be recorded lest building de- velopment may drive it away from the spot where I found it.—T. R. KaciEs, 32 Abbey Road, Enfield, Middlesex. PLATYCHIRUS TARSALIS, ScHumM. [Dipr. SyRPHIDAE] IN SuRREY.—On 4th June 1939 I took my first specimens of Platychirus tarsalis, Schum., in Surrey [see Ent. Rec., li, p. 129]. This year I found the species again in the sounty, this time at Box Hill on Ist June 1941. A male was visiting the flowers of the Wayfaring tree, Viburnwm lantana, L., and 134 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15 / X11 /1941 a female was taken as it visited the flowers of the Bluebell, Scilla, non- scripta, L. & H.—L. Parmenter (F.R.E.S.), 94 Fairlands Avenue, Thornton Heath, Surrey. DipterRA VisitIncg FLowers oF DEvit’s-Bit ScaBious, SCABIOSA succtsa, L.—On 19th September 1941, despite the dull weather, quite a variety of insects were attracted to the flowers of Devil’s-bit Scabious at Bookham Common, Surrey. Besides three species of Bombus and one of Vespula, the following 14 species of Diptera were noted :— Bucentes geniculata, Deg.; Echinomyta fera, L.; Eriothrix rufomacu- lata, Deg.; Hristalis pertinax, Scop.; HE. tenax, L.; EH. horticola, Deg. ; Graphomyia maculata, Scop.; Helophilus pendulus, L.; Melanostoma scalare, F.; Rhingia campestris, Mg.; Sericomyia borealis, Fin. ; Syrphus balteatus, Deg.; S. vitripennis, Mg.; and Volucella pellu- cens, L. For Germany, H. Miller (Fertilisation of Flowers, 1883, 313-4) re- cords 14 species of Hymenoptera, 5 of Lepidoptera, a Chrysomelid beetle and 11 of Diptera. Of the species of flies known in Britain not men- tioned above he lists Hmpis livida, L.; Hristalis arbustorum, L.; E. intricarius, L.; E. nemorum, L.; Musca cornicina, F.; and species of Tuctha.—L. Parmenter (F.R.E.S.), 94 Fairlands Avenue, Thornton Heath, Surrey. Notes oN VARIATION FROM THE WortHING MusrEum CoLiEcTiIon.— (Continued from p. 124).—L. boeticus.—The collection contains among others a series of 10 from the Channel Islands (the nearest approach to British specimens), 8 from Switzerland, and 6 from Corsica; the latter are the largest except one from Algeria. The Channel Islands speci- mens all come from the late Rev. F. C. Lowe’s garden in Guernsey, where it managed to establish itself for two or three years, as well as appearing in some numbers on other occasions. These have dark under sides, and are rather small. The smallest of all are from Cyprus; these are very bright on the upper side and rather dark on the under side. The Swiss specimens are fairly large, the under sides being neither speci- ally dark nor light. These were all but one taken at Follaterre, on the same ground that produced I. iolas; the one exception came from Sierre. The under side of the Corsican specimens is very light, the under side of the Algerian specimen being almost equally so. N. lucina.—There is a longish series from the N. Downs and a short one from the White Horse Hill. These are all much smaller than French or Swiss specimens, except that one or two of the latter are nearly as small. There is one very large ¢ and a still larger 9 from la Chambotte above the Lac de Bourget, and another 9 from the same place nearly as large. A very dark ¢ and 2 were taken in the Murg- thal on the Walensee. The French mountain specimens from the Grande Chartreuse and the Col de Cucheron are smaller than those taken ab lower elevations. There is also a pair of second brood speci- mens from Grésy-sur-Aix, taken 5th August, rather smaller than first brood examples, P. machaon.—There are only three English specimens, all of the second brood, easily separable from any other forms; their general ap- pearance is blacker, and the border is very definitely broader, especi- COLLECTING NOTES. _ 135 ally that of the hindwing. One of them is of the auvrantiaca form. Of the rest, both the largest and smallest specimens come from Switzer- land, the latter a ¢ of the first brood, the former a Q: of the second brood taken by my wife at Brig, 27th August 1897. There is another almost as large from M. Revard. There are very pale specimens from Bolzano and Constantinople. Examples of the aurantiaca form, be- sides the one from Wicken Fen, are from the Rhone Valley, Aix-les- Bains, M. Revard, Digne, Rome, Subiaco and Rapallo. Size is not dependent on date or locality, though on the whole Qs are larger than dos, and the second brood specimens are generally larger than the first, though even to this there are exceptions. A. crataegi.—There are four English specimens These (with one exception) are the largest, except for one specially large G from Florence, These English specimens differ considerably from all the others; they are of a much dirtier white, and all are very markedly of the suffusa form, with long dark triangles at the end of the nervures. This is called ‘‘ ab’ by Tutt, but if these specimens are typical of those that. used to occur in England, it was evidently racial. This view of the form is rather borne out by the fact that most of those from the Rhone Valley in Switzerland are of this form, though the triangles are both smaller and lighter, except in one bred specimen from Aigle. The 2 in the English specimens is far less transparent than usual, though some of the Belgian Qs run it close. This species is represented from France, Belgium, the Tyrol, Switzerland, Italy (Florence, the Lido and the Abruzzi) and Greece. The 9s from Aix-les-Bains and the Tyrol are semi-transparent over almost the whole surface of all four wings. The 2 from Salonica has a curious brownish cast. There is a well- marked ab. flava from S. Maurice, and almost equally good ones from Aix and the Tyrol. There is no very marked difference in size, but there is one very small ¢ from Aix-les-Bains. P. brassicae.—Probably because very common species that one thinks one can get at any time are apt to be passed over, P. brassicae is rather poorly represented except from England. The best series are from France and Italy, and though there are specimens from Switzerland, the Channel Islands, Norway, Finland, Corsica, Greece, and Palestine, the numbers from these places are very few. What specially strikes one is the very slight variation in all these localities. The Qs of the first brood from the Riviera, the Rhone Valley, and N. Italy have the hind- wings of the under side conspicuously even more dusted with black than the English examples. The first brood from the Italian Riviera are decidedly smaller than the average, as are those from Greece. Beyond this there is nothing to remark. Amongst the English specimens there is a pair taken in my garden in the middle of September 1933, cer- tainly of a third generation, the lower wings on the under side of which have a light greenish ground and also show a good deal of the black dusting of the spring brood. These, I suppose, are really precocious specimens which would normally have remained in pupa over the winter, and in which the full colour had not had time to develop. In July 1940 I took another specimen with the same ground colour but without any blark dusting, which seems rather against the theory, but it is quite possible that it may have remained a shorter time than usual in pupa, others taken at the same time having the ordinary deep yellow 136 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15 / XIT/1941 ground colour of the hindwings. What a very handsome butterfly the 9 would be considered if it were rare. P. rapae.—Beyond the usual difference between the early brood (metra) and later specimens there is remarkably little difference in the os from all localities; generally speaking, the lightness of markings in metra is more obvious in southern specimens, but there are many ex- ceptions and the one ¢ from Virton (Belgium) and the one ¢ from Finland have only a trace of grey on the costa and the tip of the fore- wing. The Qs vary much more, especially in the ground colour of the upper side; generally the second brood is much yellower than the first, especially in English specimens, which are far brighter than those from any other country represented; the tint in all the latter is both fainter and duller. There is a curious @ from Palestine, the hindwings of which on the upper side are of a pale yellowish-brown colour. The yellow of the hindwings on the under side of the British examples, both English and Scotch, is very noticeably brighter than any others; the nearest approach is one from Switzerland. Second brood specimens from the Lido are very large, but all the second brood Italian speci- mens are larger than the average; those from Mt. Olympus are the smallest: It is curious that the second brood ds from Corsica are very large, whilst the 9s are decidedly small._(To be continued.)—REv. G. WHEELER, M.A., F.R.E.S. CURRENT NOTES, WE regret to read the announcement of the death, after an opera- tion, of H. Eltringham, M.A., D.Sc., F.R.E.S., F.R.S. One of the best. Witt subscribers please look 1p all notes they have and let us have then. for publication. We are just now short of articles. Earlier in the year we had sufficient matter in hand and some of it was delayed. Even Current Notes were not always current but over due. Wit correspondents please note that 25 is the number of my house in West Drive. It is difficult for those who deliver letters to see the house in the dark. Also I find that the sorters often have to put 25 on to the address for those who deliver. This is a waste of time for those concerned.—Hy. J. T. Nos. 3, 4, 5 of the Revista Soc. Ent. Argentina, vol. x, have been received. The matter is mainly concerning Argentina entomeclogy writ- ten by members of the Scciety. 'There is a plate of the Life-history of cne »f the Bombyces, Cithcronia vogleri, including fgures of the ova, larvae, and imago ¢ and ©&, a very local species, which was sent us some 20 years ago. Another article we note is that of a new Tortriz, Eulia fletcheriella, the larva of which feeds 2n a local Solunum. The author, Pablo Kohler, named it in honour of Mr T. Bainbrigge Fletcher. There are figures of the larva, pupae, and imagines. Part 5 contains a last of the Contents of the whole ten volumes which have been issued up to date. CONTENTS OF VOLUME LIII. By HY. J. TURNER, F.R.E.S,, F.R.HLS. PAGE Aberrations (unnamed) of: P. c-al- Dik (Ll) IN 1On. (0 Gos ChOCEUS: GS 1D. jesutoa, (He IPs WERSECOUOR. (1); N. camelina, (1); P. rapae, (1); P. napi, (1); A. urticae, (2); V. io, (2); E. aethiops, (2); B. eu- phrosyne, (2); B. selene, (2); P. brassicae, (2); C. pamphilus, (2): C. bellargus, (8), 68; A. cydippe, (je 125 (U5) Coron, 4), G38 72. icarus, (4), 55; A. grossulariata, (4); S. w-album, (4); C. dominula, (@)s IPs (Ai) Wastes, SR als HO) UGK AORS ® alee sone deb aabocelocSencuReeeraanctce Gynandromorphs, etc : — Gynandro- morphic: A. secalis, (1); P. aegon (argus), (2); P. coridon, (2), (4); Homoeotic: €. pamphilus, (3); Melanic: P. c-album, (1), (4); A. urticae, (4); Mosaic: D. festiva ‘Abnormality in Neuration in P. machaon,’ Dr E. A. Cockayne ... ‘“ Acronicta euphorbiae in Ross- shire,’? Prof. J. W. H. Harrison, RPE Sag eer ica. sana seattosec Gem een mene Agrotis saucia, an attempt to sur- VALVE EME M WAMNEET: vcr ccdosencessecrca nese “Amateur Entomologist,’ Rev., PL ulaned be alan rar nb AN Mae a uP cutis fe “ Artist’s Notes, An,’ D. Murray ...... “Aulonium itrisulcatum extending its range in England,’’ H. Donis- GIT OU Clerc nee sce Cree cated ae meee nce ‘“Bedbugs, An early notice of,’? Dr VESPER UTR sa de cctaa os neieetendeeneneeeeescs js Becse) Varying | Actions, of,” ~ S: SWAMSOM eee sere cectaeeees Pe Gee aa cianatetons ‘*Bombus smithianus on the Isles of Scarp and Scotasay,’’ Prof. J. W. FLATS OMB ee aetass eens aeteoaesee areas “ Botys ferrugalis in Cumberland,” ERIE WD) AY waste. cocucon: ayers seamen cee “Butterflies, etc., in Kirkcudbright- Slim eregahe PECs a Vee. ste eek setcoton ce “ Butterfly Collecting in Wood Wal- ton Area in 1841,” H. A. Leeds ... “Butterfly Year, A,’ F. Marriner ... “Callophrys rubi in the two N.E. Counties,’’ Prof. J. W. H. Harri- SOM acca eae s Meee tenets comnsane luseeens Captures in 1940-41, Lists of: F. W. Andrews, (1); E. S. A. Baynes, (ee Dry Ga Vn. Bile (eo Se Ga Castle-Russell, (2); H. E. Leeds, (2) Revo ide . No 7Marcens. (3). Messrs W. N. Minnion and B. S. Goodban, (8); C. G. Priest, (4); A. E. Stafford, (4); G. H. Stovin, (4); K. W. Self, (4); Baron de Worms, (G)reela.. Po FOLGE al, vorseseisaeeeecee orden 42 53 Classification of Lepidoptera .......... “Coleoptera in Leicestershire,’ H. Donisthorpe Collecting Notes, 10, 19, 28, 41, 67, 79, 942) (Op adtian Ase “ Colias croceus near Carlisle,” F. H. Day, 109; ‘‘in Perthshire,” Prof. J. W. H. Harrison Corrections . eee e ew eeeee 70, 112 Se ar er Fo Bird: ae ees Colour variation in European Lycae- nid, Chrysophanid and Theclid species, Rev. G. Wheeler 120-124 Continuous-brooded Palaearctic Lepi- doptera, List of 101, 102 Current” Notes, 12 225032540 70s ste 99, 111, 124, 136 “Dates of Appearance at East- bourne,’’ G. T. Bethune-Baker ... 80 “ Dicranura vinula in the I. of Har- LSS] Proteds Wa be sHarrisone--4419 “Diptera visiting Devil’s-bit Scabi- OUSi 2a. PALM entenmee atte ‘‘ Distribution and Habits of C. rubi in the I. of Rhum (Hebrides),”’ Prof. J. W. A. Harrison Double-brooded species of European 1 ys) on Ko Koy a) A 20 cf: We ses onsen oacocaadcosusoe 101, 103 “Dragonfly Records of Migration wanted,’ Capt. T. Dannreuther 94 Economic separates, Rev., Hy. J. T. 81 ‘* Effect of Rain on Cells of Odynerus Seem eee eres eteenese DANtCUUny,- > (See SWaADSOM i ress.ccceeee ee 41 “ Elachista subalbidella near More- combe;; Tease BO Oeste. cso acne 96 Entomological aC lime ee 23 Eos, The Spanish Journal, Rev., Hy. ig ie MMOS see eae aOR Soc EET swede 83, 111 ‘“ Eriogaster philippsi, More Notes OD pA: Mike Ou as, oc oss oe 76 ““ Euclidia mi in the Isles of Muck and Rhum,’’ Prof. J. W. H. Har- RISOWS.. .:.. iene Pee ee a Sc dare oe 119 Exhibition, The §. London Exhibi- TON OL VaRiBiieSi ss, ccekk tees 124 “ Expedition of the late Lord Wal- singham,” ‘‘Pan-Pacific Entomo- IOBISC:”* Revive J. Ray, cccen ca 111 ‘“Field Notes from Macedonia, MOE? DreMeB Unie. see 57 “Four Years Captures of Insects in Light Traps in Ireland,’’ B. P. Beirne, Ph.D., F.R.E.S., 4, 69, 80 “Food Plant, A Strange,’ P. B. M. FNL 0 Re 8 it SS eRe ae 108 “Genetics of R. rubi, ab. ochracea and: ab. “j@00d,;- Dr Bb; Aj scoc- KAYO... Seemeeectons cusceoehcs ocacsncs eee eee 75 138 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. PAGE ‘““Glanures Myrmecologiques,’ H. DonISthOrDe eye eee eeeee eee ae Dip eat ““ Habitats of Larvae of A. iris,’ A. Ee OWE EAT Se Ea 7 ‘« Heodes phlaedas in N. Scotland,”’ S. SWS OT eee ee ne eee eee aU en Cae ae bo ‘ Hesperiidae of the Argentine,’ Capt. K. J. Hayward, Rev., Hy. Pi eal Use See hes a Aa ee DiS Ry is ake Ee 112 ‘* Hibernation of P. atalanta,’”’ Rev. Ge OWihee lens cree rsa ae 41 ‘‘ Hybrid, Reputed, N. zonaria x A. hispidaria,”’ Dr E. A. Cockayne 3 ‘“‘Hybrids, Wild, Z. filipendulae xX Z. lonicerae,’ Dr E. A. Cockayne 113 ‘* Insect Fauna supported by the Ap- ple and Pear trees in Lebanon,” PNG ROU INSOLE A IO OUR anene ccaganbatec 125 ‘‘Todis chrysoprasaria,’ (the late) GVA gi © aRaENG) BUI OWS ae. cele letras 33 ‘“‘July in the New Forest,’’ S. G. Castle-Russelily iscisocsncisseedsangeteneeenee 92 ‘‘Karroo Caterpillar, The,’ J. S. Taylor, 108; Lepidoptera, J. S. MIVA OTs Ie ceca ate atts Metis acc, ee OS “T. album in Chelston, Torquay,”’ Oboe Oo QI Pe WesOn as” sescascabecbaanoss 132 ‘‘Larva feeding in a pea-pod (M. brassicae),’’ R. D. H. Troup ...... 94 ‘‘Larvae observed near Newton Ab- bot,’’ 1940-1, Capt. C. Q. Parsons 94 ‘‘Tate Date for P. aegeria,” T. FR. IV AIGTIOS iia Gen eta ucr eta aucmneitan eacisgais 133 “ Tauxaniidae (Sapromyzidae) tak- en in Surrey,’ L. Parmenter ...... V7 ‘‘ Life-history of Stenoptilia saxifra- Gea B. GPe TF BEUPMC) iis oercieaeeesceeeeer 85 “Light, A Matter of,’ An Old Moth Hunter, i; Traps in Ireland, 45, 69, 80 ‘‘Limits of A. hispidaria, Northern,” IDO, dae ses Jee weaciyoynl. sdésssesosscuscoss 53 List of Butterflies and Moths (day) taken in Kirkcudbright .............. 96 Localities: Alps, Switzerland, 11, 41, 42, 55, 67, 98, 111; Berkhampsted, 72: Cumberland, N., 97; Camber- ley, 19, 28, 79, 107, 117; Dublin, 45; Hebrides, 52, 53; Iran, 4, 101; Ire- land, 45; 54° (Ni); Killarmey, 45; Kirkcudbrightshire, 9; Mace- donia, 57; Morecombe district, (6); Manchuria, (4); New Forest, 92, (2); Newton Abbot, 94; Persia, AAA: Sunni te Ole V8Gse SUSSEX. (SEE ven ci isa) ALCS, Wells, 8: Tyrone, 54: Weald (Kent), 8: Windsor Forest, 10; Wicken, 69: Wood Walton, 16, (2); Wiales! (@Wemtrall) wes (ca Meera eave 38 “Locust Control Organization, Red, Colonial OM Ces Wiese eee ae 70 *‘ Looking Forward,’ An Old Moth SEARING OT yee eee scien nentns auicessinen mee ateetissess es 38 15/XI0/1941 PAGE ‘““ Luperina nickerlii, r. incerta or r. gueneei,” A, J: Wightman -i2, Dall ‘““Lycia hirtaria. in Morayshire,’’ Prof, J: WL Ho Harrison 53 Manchurian Heterocera exhibited (S. London) by Hy. J. Turner ......... 4 “Male Genitalia of Hymenoptera,” IRV. ee aD): “Melanic Forms of O. mucronata and (. scotica,’ Dr E. A. Coc- Kaye) (5.8. c¢8ssesecs. te eee ee 2% ‘““ Melitaea (Euphydryas) aurinia,”’ Fa Pe Wiltshine 60) 98 ‘““Monima (T.) gracilis,’ Dr G. V. #3510 1h Ue eR ROP eS Ee SPREE fis Ane anoasaccanouces Q1 ““Monima (T.) opima in Wiltshire,” Rev. Wi Rec BECer oe eee 80 *“ Myrmecina graminicola (Hym.) at Heston,’ H. Donisthorpe ............ 21 New Species and Forms: ab. obso- leta of S. marilima, 15; ab. nig- rescens of O. scotica, 26; ab. flavo- humeralis of T. 4-striatus and ab. nigrobasis of P. cruciferae, 108; Record for two common Brit. Ants, 109; S. saxifragae ............... 85 ‘““ Nomenclature, Notes on, I,’ Hy J. f RU eh ae) Brae ser odeecnaacoss 2a ele, See ae eaE oo 63 ‘““Nonagria typhae in Scotland,” Prof. J. WW. BH. Harrison eee 53 “Notes on, British Moths,” ; Green, 19, 28, 79, 107, 117; the Genus Staphylinus (Col.), F. H. DAY: ov ascsocisnecds cect Sespenescceeseameeee senate AL Obituary: P. M. Bright, F.R.E.S. 32, 56, 99 “Occurrence of northern and south- ern species of Carabidae in a section of the Weald,’ R. A. CEOWSON) (cies easéecpseeeeeseee eee eee 8 “ Orgyia antiqua in the Hebrides,’’ Prof... 3. W. Be Harrisons 120 “ Ortholitha umbrifera in Glouces- tershire and Somerset,’ J. F. BiB sida tice stewe sine cee Seeeeee eee ee eee 67 ‘“ Osmylus fulvicephalus,’ TT. R. UD: Kea eX oe ens eccaabanacacct ole: 133 “ Phenological Classification of Palaearctic Lepidoptera,’ E. P. Wiltshire * Phenological Classification of Palaearctic Lepidoptera,’ ‘A Disputed Example,” A. J. Wight- man Ji iiaciate tS eealcaee eee eae EEE EEEe 130 Phenological Tables of Summer Flight in Lepidoptera ................ 5 “« Platychirus tarsalis in Surrey,” L. Parmenter sete eee eee ‘ Plusia moneta in Perthshire,’ Dr BE. A. , CocKa ye, 5. :ccsse-eeseeeeeeeeece 80 ‘“ Phigalia pedaria, ab. melanaria _(Y-chromosome inheritance),’’ Dr E. A. Cockayne, 95; in Rhum and Raasay, Prof. J. W. H. Harrison 120 INDEX. PAGE “Prices at the Sale of the Aberra- tions of Butterflies in the Bright Collections Het. E- “ Ptinidae of Economic Importance, The, H. E. Hinton (Rev., H. D.) ... 50 139 PAGE Societies: S. for British Entomology, 125) Royale nie SOC. 22-25. ote Shahi S ioimeroml Ise Sexes. 23, (4)-(8), “Staphylinus.. fulwoipes. (Col), in 124 : Windsor Forest,’ H. Donisthorpe 10 QUES Ur es In Ss each eee Rat Ea ere, 81, 99 *-