A. Bigot, fct

THE

.PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK

OF THE

WAR OF 1812; .

•

OR,

ILLUSTRATIONS, BY PEN AND PENCIL, OF THE HISTORY, BIOG RAPHY, SCENERY, RELICS, AND TRADITIONS OF THE LAST WAR FOR AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE,

BY BENSON J. LOSSIM.

WITH SEVERAL HUNDRED ENGRAVINGS ON WOOD, BY LOSSING AND BARRITT, CHIEFLY PROM ORIGINAL SKETCHES BY THE AUTHOR.

benson J.

NEW YORK: HARPER & BROTHERS, PUBLISHERS,

FRANKLIN SQUARE.

1868.

v

Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1868, by

HARPER & BROTHERS,

In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for the Southern District of New York.

\HE author of this volume said to the readers of his PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK OF THE REVOLUTION, at the close of that work, " Should time deal gently with us, we may again go out with staff and scrip together upon the great highway of our coun try's progress, to note the march of events there." The im plied promise has been fulfilled. The author has traveled more than ten thousand miles in this country and in the Canadas, with note-book and pencil in hand, visiting places of historic interest connected with the War of 1812, from the Great Lakes to the Gulf of Mexico, gathering up, recording, and delineating every thing of special value, not found in books, illustrative of the sub ject, and making himself familiar with the topography and incidents of the battle fields of that war. Access to the archives of governments, state and national, and to private collections, was freely given him ; and from the lips of actors in the events of that struggle he received the most interesting information concerning it, which might have perished with them.

The results of the author's researches and labors are given in this volume. The narrative of historic events is resumed where his work on the Revolution left it. An account is given of the perils of the country immediately succeeding the Revolution ; the struggles of the new nation with the allied powers of British and Indians in the Northwest ; the origin and growth of political parties in the United States, and their relations to the War of 1812 ; the influence of the French Revolution and French politics in giving complexion to parties in this country; the first war with the Barbary Powers ; the effects of the wars of Napoleon on the public policy of the United States ; the Embargo and kindred acts, and the kin dling of the war in 1812.

The events of the war are given in greater detail than in any work hitherto published, and the narrative brings to view actors in the scenes whose deeds have been overlooked by the historian. The work is a continuation of the history of our country from the close of the Revolution in 1783 to the end of the Second War with Great Britain in 1815.

POUGHKEEPSIE, NEW YORK, JULY, 1868.

A

CHAPTER I.

EARLY DAYS OF THE REPUBLIC.

The Close of the Revolution ; the States free, but not independent, 18 ; Why ? Articles of Confederation, 19 ; the Public Debt, 20 ; Attitude of the States, 21 ; British Opinion concerning them, 22 ; Public Dangers, 23 ; Dissolution of the Republic threatened, 24 ; Washington's Forebodings ; his Proposition for a Con vention to reorganize Government, 25 ; Meeting of the Convention, 2G ; Proceedings of the Convention to form a National Constitution, 27-32 ; Ratification of the Constitution ; its Opponents, 33 ; the Estab lishment of a Nation, 34.

CHAPTER II.

EVENTS IN THE NORTHWESTERN TERRITORY.

Foundations of Government in the Wilderness, 35 ; the Northwestern Territory ; Settlements there, 36-37 ; the Indians and their British Allies, 38 ; Councils with the Indians, 39 ; British Intrigues and Indian Hostilities, 40; Expedition against the Indians in the Ohio Country, 41 ; Battle on the Maumee, 42; Visit to the Place of Conflict, 43-44 ; Expeditions of Scott and Wilkinson, 45 ; Forts built in the Wil derness, 4G ; St. Glair's Expedition, 47 ; his Battle with the Indians and Defeat, 48 ; how Washington re ceived the News of St. Glair's Defeat, 49; his Justice and Generosity; Wayne's Expedition, 50; Inter ference of British Officials, 51 ; the British and Indians in armed Alliance, 52; Wayne's Expedition down the Maumee, 53, 54 ; Defeat of the Indians and treaty of Greenville, 55, 5G.

CHAPTER III.

ESTABLISHMENT OF THE NATIONAL GOVERNMENT.

The national Policy and Power indicated, 58 ; Relations with France and England, 59 ; revolutionary Movements in France, (!0, (!1 ; diplomatic Intercourse with Great Britain and Spain, 62 ; Discourtesy of the British Government ; mistaken Views concerning the American Government, 63 ; Acts in relation to the Public Debt, 64 ; Hamilton's financial Scheme ; Currency, G5 ; Jefferson's Disappointment and Sus picions, G6 ; Progress of the French Revolution, G7 ; the political and religious Views of Jefferson and Adams, 68 ; Democracy in England, 69 ; Adams's Scheme of Government ; Jefferson's Disgust and un generous Suspicions, 70; Paine's Rights of Man ; a Newspaper War, 71 ; the Federal and Republican Parties formed, 72 ; Sympathy with the French Revolutionists, 73 ; Lafayette, 74 ; Monarchy in France overthrown, 75 ; the National Convention ; Execution of the King, 7G ; Minister from the French Re public, 77 ; Washington's Proclamation of Neutrality, 78.

CHAPTER IV.

FOREIGN RELATIONS AND DOMESTIC POLITICS.

" Citizen Genet" and his Reception by his political Admirers, 79 ; his first Interview with Washington ; Enthusiasm of the Republicans, 80 ; the American and the French Revolution compared, 81 ; Genet de fies the American Government, 82 ; he is recalled ; his Successor, 83 ; British " Rules" and " Orders in Council;" Armed Neutrality, 84; British Impressment of American Seamen, 85; Jay's Treaty with Great Britain, 86 ; Opposition to the Treaty, 87 ; the Whisky Insurrection ; Democratic Societies, 88 ; Difficulties with Algiers, 89 ; an American Navy recommended, 90 ; Construction of a Navy ; Unfriend liness of the French Directory, 91 ; Struggle between the Republicans and Federalists for political Power ; Adams elected President, 92 ; open Rupture between France and the United States threatened, 93 ; Mad ness of Partisans, 94; Aggressions of the French Directory, 95 ; Preparations for War with France; Action in New York, 96; History of the Songs "Hail, Columbia!" and "Adams and Liberty," 97.

CHAPTER V.

WAR ON THE OCEAN. — POLITICAL STRUGGLES.

Washington appointed to the Command of the Army ; Hamilton acting General-in-chief, 98 ; Envoys ex traordinary sent to France, 99; Bonaparte in Power; American War-vessels afloat, 100; British Out rages ; Obsequiousness of the American Government, 102 ; naval Engagements, 103 ; American Cruisers in the West Indies, 104 ; Truxtun's Victory ; Honors to the Victor, 105 ; Peace ; Divisions in the Fed eral Party, 106 ; Intrigues against Adams ; Alien and Sedition Laws ; Nullification Doctrines put forth, 107; State Supremacy asserted; Jefferson elected President, 108 ; Mortification of the Federalists; Death of Washington, 109 ; a public Funeral, 110 ; Washington's Person and Character, 111.

IV CONTENTS.

CHAPTER VI.

DIFFICULTIES WITH THE BARBARY POWERS. ENGLAND AND FRANCE AT WAR.

Bonaparte's Career and Influence, 112; Obsequiousness of Englishmen, 113 ; Beginning of Jefferson's Ad ministration ; the National Capital, 114 ; Jefferson's Policy; political Proscription, 115 ; the Navy re duced, 116 ; Captain Bainbridge, the Dey of Algiers, and the Sultan, 117 ; Insolence and Exactions of the Barbary Rulers, 118; American Navy in the Mediterranean Sea and its Operations, 119-120 ; Bom bardment of Tripoli, 121 ; Destruction of the P/ii/adelji/iia, 122 ; Destruction of the Intrepid ; Honors to Commodore Preble, 123 ; Commodore Barren's Squadron in the Mediterranean, 124 ; Eaton's Expedi tion in Northern Africa ; Respect of the Barbary Powers for the American Flag, 125 ; Bonaparte and his Relations with England, 12(5; a French Invasion of England threatened, 127; a Struggle for political Supremacy ; Bonaparte proclaimed Emperor, 128 ; Napoleon's Berlin Decree, 129.

CHAPTER VII.

EVENTS WEST OF THE ALLEGHANIES. SEARCH AND IMPRESSMENT.

Organization of new States, 130; Americans disturbed by the Retrocession of Louisiana to France, 131 ; the secret Designs of the latter, 132; Jefferson's Letter and Bonaparte's Necessity; Purchase of Louisi ana, 1 33 ; Events connected with the Purchase of Louisiana, 1 34 ; the Duel of Hamilton and Burr ; the Acts of Burr's political Associates, 135; his ambitious Schemes ; Blennerhassett and Wilkinson, 136; Burr's Operations, Trial for Treason, and Exile, 1 37 ; American commercial Thrift and British Jealousy, 138 ; British Perfidy defended by British Writers, 139 ; Unpleasant foreign Relations, 140 ; Memorial of Merchants concerning British Depredations, 141 ; Impressment of American Seamen and Right of Search, 142; diplomatic Correspondence on the Subject, 143; cruel Treatment of American Seamen, 144 ; farther diplomatic Action, 145, 146 ; national Independence and Honor in Peril, 147 ; Minister ex traordinary sent to England, 148.

CHAPTER VIII.

SEARCH AND IMPRESSMENT. — EMBARGO. PARTY SPIRIT.

Negotiations concerning the Impressment of American Seamen, 149 ; a Treaty agreed to, but not ratified; War on the Administration, 1 50, 151; The Continental System of Napoleon, 1 52 ; Aggressions on Amer ican Commerce and Neutrality by France and England, 1 53 ; Napoleon's Milan Decree and its Effects, 154 ; the Navy and the Gun-boat Policy, 155 ; British Cruisers in American Waters, 15G ; the Affair of the Chesapeake, 157 ; the Outrage resented, 158 ; Action of the American Government, 159 ; Action of the British Government, 1GO; fruitless Mission of a British Envoy, 1G1 ; political Complexion of the Tenth Congress ; an Embargo established, 1 G2 ; its Effects ; Party Spirit violently aroused, 1 G3 ; the Embargo vehemently denounced, 1G4 ; the British exact Tribute from neutral Nations, 165 ; Dangers of national Vanity, 166.

CHAPTER IX.

WAR BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES AND GREAT BRITAIN THREATENED.

Provisions for strengthening the American Navy, 1 67 ; Gun-boats ; Opposition to a Navy, 1 68 ; British op position to the Orders in Council, 169 ; Napoleon's Blow at American Commerce ; Modification of the Orders in Council, 170 ; Actions concerning the Embargo, 171 ; Disunionists in New England, 172, 173 ; Embargo or War the proclaimed Alternative, 1 74 ; Cotton supposed to be the King of Commerce, 1 75 ; Just Arrangements for settling the Difficulties with Great Britain, 176 ; the British Government repudi ates the Acts of its Agent, 1 77 ; an offensive British Minister sent to America, 278 ; the French Decrees and British Orders in Council, 179 ; England and France refuse to be just, 180 ; Outrage by a British Cruiser, 181 ; Method of signaling, 182, 183 ; Action between the President and Little Jlelt, 184 ; Tes timony concerning the Affair, 185 ; Commodore Rodgers assailed and vindicated, 186.

CHAPTER X.

HOSTILITIES OF THE INDIANS IN THE NORTHWEST.

The Indiana Territory and Governor Harrison, 187 ; British Emissaries among the Indians, 188 ; Tecum- tha and his Brother the Prophet, 1 89 ; Indian Confederation proposed ; Harrison denounces the Prophet. 190; the Mission of Joseph Barron, 191 ; Tecumtha before Harrison at Vincennes, 192; roving Plun derers; Tecumtha alarmed, 193; Preparations for fighting the Indians, 194 ; Harrison marches up the Wabash with Troops ; Deputation of friendly Indians, 1 95 ; Visit of the Author to the Region of threat ened Hostilities, 196-200; Harrison approaches the Prophet's Town; the Indians alarmed, 201 ; Har rison's Encampment near the Tippecanoe, 202 ; the Prophet's Teaching, 203 ; Battle of Tippecanoe, 204, 205 ; The Prophet disgraced, 206 ; Actors in the Battle of Tippecanoe, 207 ; Author's Visit to the Bat tie-ground, 208, 209.

CHAPTER XI.

A WAR SPIRIT AROUSED. DECLARATION OF WAR AGAINST GREAT BRITAIN.

The Twelfth Congress and its Composition, 210 ; the President's feeble War-trumpet, 211 ; Charges against Great Britain, 212; Action of the Committee on Foreign Relations, 213; Alarm on Account of the Slaves, 214; Randolph and Calhoun in Congress, 215; Policy of the Federalists, 216; Patriotism of

of Congn

on the Subject, 227 ; Declaration of War, 228 ; Protest of the Minority in Congress against the Meas ure, 229 ; Organization of a Peace Party, 230 ; Measures for carrying on the War, 231 ; public Acts in opposition to the War, 232.

CONTENTS. v

CHAPTER XII.

BEGINNING OF THE WAR OF 1812.

The British Regency — Political Affairs in Europe, 233 ; the Troops and Fortifications on the Northern Frontier, 234 ; Sea-coast Defenses of the United States, 235-238 ; Fulton's Torpedoes and their Uses, 238-240 ; Fulton's Anticipations, 241 ; Effects of a Fear of Torpedoes, 242 ; the Action of State Gov ernments concerning the War, 243 ; public Feeling in Canada, 244 ; Signs of Pacification, 24/5 ; condi tional Revocation of the Orders in Council, 246 ; haughty Assumptions of the British Government on the Subject of Search and Imprisonment, 247 ; War inevitable and justifiable, 248 ; Choice of military Leaders, 249, 250.

CHAPTER XIII.

HULL'S CAMPAIGN AGAINST CANADA.

Canada to be invaded — Object of the Invasion, 251 ; Organization of an Army in Ohio — an active Frontiers man, 253 ; Author's Journey through Ohio, 254 ; General Hull takes Command of Ohio Volunteers, 255 ; regular and volunteer Troops in the Wilderness, 25G ; Hull's March to Detroit, 257; his Baggage and Papers captured, 258 ; how the British in Canada were informed of the Declaration of War, 259 ; Detroit in 1812, 2CO; Hull invades Canada, 261, 262; Reconnoissance toward Maiden, 263; first Battle of the War, 264, 265 ; Distrust of General Hull, 266 ; first Blood shed in the War, 267 ; early Scenes at Mack inaw, 268, 269 ; Events at Mackinaw in 1812, 270 ; Employment of the Indians by the British, 271.

CHAPTER XIV.

CAMPAIGN ON THE DETROIT FRONTIER.

Alarming Facts and Rumors, 272 ; Preparations in Canada for resisting Invasion, 273 ,- Alarm caused by the Invasion, 274 ; Symptoms of Disloyalty — General Brock's Influence, 275 ; Defeat of Americans under Van Home at Brownstown, 276 ; mutinous Spirit evinced in Hull's Army, 277; Expedition to succor a Supply- train, 278 ; the March toward the River Raisin, 279 ; Battle of Maguaga, 280, 281 ; Disappointment and Disaffection of the American Troops, 282 ; Brock goes to Maiden with Troops, 283 ; Preparations for at tacking Detroit, 284 ; Hull deceived — an Effort to reach a Supply-train, 285 ; Hull summoned to sur render, and refuses, 286 ; the British proceed to attack Detroit, 287; Scenes within the Fort, 288 ; Hull surrenders the Fort, Garrison, and Territory, 289 ; Feeling of the Troops — Result of the Surrender, 290 ; Incidents of the Surrender, 291 ; British Occupation of Detroit and Michigan, 292 ; Account of the Sur render, and public Indignation, 293 ; Hull tried by a Court-martial, 294 ; a Consideration of Hull's public Character, 295 ; the Government more to blame than Hull, 296.

CHAPTER XV.

MILITARY EVENTS IN THE THEN FAR NORTHWEST.

The Author's Journey from Chicago to Detroit, 297; a Ride from Windsor to Amherstburg, 298 ; Histori cal Localities at Amherstburg or Maiden, 299; Windsor and "Windsor Castle, "300; Pontiac's Siege of Detroit, 301 ; Chicago, its Name, Settlement, and Position, 302 ; Trading-house and Fort at Chicago, 303 ; an Indian Raid, 304 ; Troubles at Chicago, 305 ; Treachery of the Indians — a Warning, 306 ; Mu nitions of War and Liquor destroyed, 307 ; Massacre at Chicago, 308 ; Incident of the Conflict with the Savages — Bravery of Women, 309 ; Cruelties of the Indians — their British Allies, 310; Survivors of the Massacre. 311 ; Mrs. Kenzie and the Growth of Chicago, 312 ; Designs against Fort Wayne, 313 ; Attack on Fort Wayne, 314 ; Ravages of the Indians — Little Turtle, 315 ; Treachery of Indians at Fort Wayne. 316 ; Fort Harrison besieged, 317 ; brave Deeds at Fort Harrison, 318 ; Attack on Fort Madison, 319.

CHAPTER XVI.

WAR WITH THE BRITISH AND INDIANS IN THE NORTHWEST.

The Nation aroused — Enthusiasm of the People, 320 ; Harrison and the Kentuckians, 321 ; Harrison at the Head of Kentucky Volunteers, 322 ; Departure for the Wilderness, 323 ; Volunteers flock to Harrison's Standard, 324 ; Fort Wayne relieved — Destruction of Indian Villages, 325 ; Harrison's Popularity — he commands the Northwestern Army, 326 ; Winchester met by British and Indians in the Wilderness, 327 ; Re-enforcements gathering, 328 ; Harrison's proposed autumn Campaign, 329 ; reported Movement through the Wilderness, 330 ; Erection of Forts, 331 ; the Indians alarmed and humbled, 332 ; the Au thor's Visit to the Theatre of War, 333 ; Preparations for further Warfare, 334 ; Expedition against the Indians in the Illinois Country, 335 ; Expedition to the Wabash Region, 336 ; Sufferings of the Kentucky Soldiers, 337.

CHAPTER XVII.

WAR WITH THE BRITISH AND INDIANS IN THE NORTHWEST.

Harrison cheerfully meets Difficulties, 338; Difficulties of a winter Campaign, 339; Organization of the Army — the Western Reserve, 340 ; Preparations in Ohio against Invasion, 341 ; Energy and Patriotism of Colonel Wadsworth, 342 ; an Expedition to the Maumee, 343 ; stirring Events at the Maumee Rapids. 344 ; Services of friendly Indians, 345 ; Campbell's Expedition into the Wabash Region, 346 ; a Battle near the Mississiniwa, 347 ; Sufferings and Difficulties of Harrison's Army, 348, 349 ; Advance toward the Maumee Rapids, 350 ; Frenchtown on the Raisin River threatened, 35 1 ; Battle at Frenchtown, 352 ; Winchester arrives with Re-enforcements, 353 ; he disregards Warnings of Danger, 354 ; Massacre at Frenchtown, 355 ; Winchester compelled to surrender his Army, 356 ; Perfidy, Cowardice, and Inhu manity of the British Commander, 357 ; Massacre and Scalping allowed by him, 358 ; Incidents of the Massacre, 359 ; Author's Visit to Frenchtown, 360 ; historical Localities and Survivors of the War there, 361, 362 ; Harrison unjustly censured, 363; his Army at the Maumee Rapids, 364.

vi CONTENTS.

CHAPTER XVIII.

EVENTS ON THE NORTHERN AND NIAGARA FRONTIERS IN 1812.

First warlike Measures on the Northern Frontier, 3Gf> ; the Militia of the State of New York, 366 ; Events on Lake Ontario and at Sackett's Harbor, 307 ; a hostile British Squadron off Sackett's Harbor, 368 ; a Skirmish and a Repulse of the British— Vessels of War on Lake Ontario, 369 ; Operations on the St. Lawrence Frontier, 370 ; hostile Squadrons on Lake Ontario, 370 ; Operations near Kingston— Commo dore Chauncey, 372 ; General Brown sent to Ogdensburg, 373 ; the British attack Ogdensburg, 374 ; St. Regis its capture by the Americans, 375 ; Honors to the Victors at Albany, 376 ; Eleazer Williams, or " The Lost Prince," 377 ; the Author's Visit to St. Regis, 378 ; Buffalo in 1812, 379 ; the Niagara Fron tier, 380 ; American Troops on the Niagara Frontier, 381 ; an Armistice and its Effects, 383 ; Prepara tions for an Invasion of Canada, 384 ; Expeditions for capturing British Vessels, 385 ; Capture of the Adams and Caledonia near Fort Erie, 386 ; Incidents of the Exploit, 387 ; Feelings of the Americans and British, 388.

, CHAPTER XIX.

EVENTS ON THE NIAGARA FRONTIER IN 1812.

Conduct of General Niagara Frontie

393 ; Passage of the Niagara Ri

Rensselaer wounded and Captain Wool in command, 396 ; the Americans scale Queenston Heights, 397; Battle on Queenston Heights and Death of General Brock, 398 ; Passage of the River by Re-enforce ments, '399 ; Events on Queenston Heights, 400 ; another Battle — Wool wounded, 401 ; bad Conduct of the New York Militia, Colonel Scott in Command, 402 ; Heroes and Cowards made Prisoners of War, 403; Surrender of the American Army, 404 ; a triumphal and funeral Procession, 405 ; Honors to General Brock, 406 ; Colonel Solomon Van Rensselaer, 407 ; Events at the Mouth of the Niagara River, 408 ; Protection for American Prisoners of War, 409 ; General Smyth's injurious Pride and Folly, 410 ; his silly Proclamations ridiculed, 411.

CHAPTER XX.

EVENTS ON THE NIAGARA FRONTIER AND VICINITY IN 1812.

The Author's Visit to the Niagara Frontier, 412; Lewiston, Queenston, and Queenston Heights, 413; Brock's Monument, 414 ; an Evening on Queenston Heights, 415 ; Interview with the Chief of the Six Nations, 416 ; Journey from Queenston to Niagara, 417 ; Fort George and its Appurtenances, 418 ; Fort Missis- saga — Return to Niagara Falls, 419 ; Journey from Niagara Falls to the Settlement of the Six Nations on the Grand River, 420 ; a Morning with the Chief of the Six Nations, 421 ; Indian Relics and Customs, 422 ; the Mohawk Church and Brant's Tomb, 423, 424 ; the Mohawk Institute— Communion-plate from Queen Anne, 425 ; British attack Black Rock, 426 ; Preparations for another Invasion of Canada, 427 ; the British forewarned — Passage of the Niagara River, 428 ; Incidents of the attempted Invasion, 42!) ; Smyth's Incompetence and Folly, 430 ; the Invasion of Canada abandoned, 431 ; a Duel, and what came of it — exit Smyth, 432.

CHAPTER XXI.

NAVAL OPERATIONS IN 1812.

Acknowledged naval Superiority of Great Britain, 433 ; Character, Distribution, and Condition of the Amer ican War Marine, 434 ; Commodore Rodgers's Squadron — first Shot in the War, 435 ; Rodgers in Euro pean waters — British Squadron at Halifax, 436 ; Cruise of the Constitution, 437 ; how she eluded her Pursuers, 438 ; the Essex goes on a Cruise, 439 ; Cruise of the Essex, 440 ; how a Challenge was accepted by Commodore Porter, 441 ; the Constitution off the Eastern Coast, 442 ; Battle between the Constitution and Guerriere, 443, 444 ; Destruction of the Gue.rriere — Effects of the Victory, 445 ; Honors to Commo dore Hull, 446 ; Effect of the Victory on the British Mind, 447 ; Hull's Generosity, 448 ; Cruise of the Wasp, 449 ; Fight between the Wasp and the Frolic, 450 ; both Vessels captured by the Poictiers, 451 ; Honors to Captain Jones, 452 ; Lieutenant Biddle honored and rewarded, 453.

CHAPTER XXII.

NAVAL OPERATIONS AND CIVIL AFFAIRS IN 1812.

Commodore Rodgers's second Cruise, 454 ; Battle between the United States and Macedonian, 455 ; Cap ture of the Macedonian — Decatur takes her to New York, 456 ; Honors to Decatur, 457 ; Bainbridge in Command of a Squadron, 458 ; his Cruise on the Coast of Brazil, 459 ; Battle between the Constitution and Java, 460; Loss of the Java — Incidents of the Battle, 461 ; Honors to Bainbridge, 462 ; Effects of the naval Battles in Great Britain, 463 ; meeting of the Twelfth Congress, 464 ; Madison re-elected — his Ad ministration sustained, 465 ; Quincy's Denunciations and Clay's Response, 466 ; Measures for strengthen ing the Army and Navy, 467 ; Retaliation — Report of the Committee on Foreign Relations, 468 ; Mani festo of the Prince Regent and its Charges, 469 ; Mediation of the Emperor of Russia proposed, 470 ; Re joicings over Napoleon's Misfortunes — Peace Commissioners, 471 ; Cabinet Changes, 472.

CHAPTER XXIII.

EVENTS ON THE MAUMEE RIVER.

Contemplated Expedition against Maiden, 473 ; American Camp at the Maumee Rapids, 474 ; Interference of the Secretary of War with General Harrison, 475 ; General Clay's march to the Maumee, 476 ; Harri son assumes grave Responsibilities, 477 ; British and Indian Expedition against Fort Meigs, 478 ; the Mission of Captain Oliver, 479 ; Leslie Combs volunteers for perilous Duty, 480 ; Incidents of his Voyage down the Maumee, 481 ; Preparations for an Assault on Fort Meigs, 482 ; Attack on Fort Meigs, 483 ;

CONTENTS. vii

critical Situation of the Fort and Garrison, 484 ; Harrison's Plans against the Besiegers, 48.") ; Dudley's Defeat and sad Results, 486; Arrival of Re-enforcements for Fort Meigs, 487; Effect of a Sortie from Fort Meigs, 488 ; the Author's Visit to the Maumee Valley, 490-493.

CHAPTER XXIV.

THE WAR IN NORTHERN OHIO — CONSTRUCTION OF PERRY'S FLEET.

Harrison's Provision for the Frontier Defenses, 494 ; Kentuckians under Colonel R. M. Johnson, 495 ; Te- cumtha anxious for hostile Action, 490 ; Johnson's Troops at Fort Stephenson, 497 ; unsuccessful Attempt to capture Fort Meigs, 498 ; Fort Stephenson menaced, 499 ; Croghan determines to hold it, 500 ; it is summoned to surrender, 501 ; a Siege, 502 ; Fort Stephenson stormed, and the Assailants repulsed, 503 ; Incidents of the Night succeeding the Struggle — Honors to Croghan, 504 ; the Author's Visit to Sandusky, 505, 506 ; also to Fremont and Site of Fort Stephenson, 507 ; Journey to Toledo — Harrison's Character assailed and vindicated, 508 ; Captain Perry sent to Lake Erie, 509 ; Harbor of Erie or Presq' Isle, 510; Construction of a Lake Fleet begun there, 511 ; Perry's Services with Chauncey and in securing American Vessels, 512 ; Perry's earnest Call for Men, 513 ; Erie menaced, 514 ; first Cruise of Perry's Fleet, 515 ; Harrison visits Perry, 516 ; Perry's second Cruise, 517.

CHAPTER XXV.

THE BATTLE OF LAKE ERIE.

Perry prepares for Battle, 518 ; his final Instructions — British Squadron in sight, 519 ; Names and Char acter of the opposing Squadrons, 520; Change in the Order of Battle, 521 ; relative Position of the Squadrons — Opening of the Battle, 522 ; first Position of the Vessels in the Fight, 523 ; the Battle — Scenes on board the Lawrence, 524, 525 ; sad Condition of the Lawrence, 526 ; Perry goes from the Law rence to the Niagara, 527 ; Perry breaks the British Line, 528 ; his Victory — British Ships vainly at tempt to Escape, 529 ; Perry's famous Dispatch, 530 ; Surrender of the British Officers — Burial of the Dead, 531 ; sad Effects of the Battle, 532 ; Importance of Perry's Victory, 533 ; public Celebrations by the exultant Americans, 534 ; Honors to Elliott and his Subordinates, 535 ; a Plea for a British-Indian Alliance — Prediction by Washington Irving, 536 ; Author's Visit to Erie and Cleveland, 537 ; Prepara tions for unveiling a Statue of Perry at Cleveland, 538 ; surviving Soldiers of the War of 1812, 539 ; the Statue unveiled — a remarkable Dinner-party, 540 ; a sham naval Battle — early Residents of Cleveland, 541 ; Perry and his Captives, 542 ; Reception of Perry and Harrison at Erie, 543.

CHAPTER XXVI.

HARRISON'S INVASION OF CANADA — HIS HOME.

Arrangements for invading Canada, 544 ; Army of the Northwest in Motion, 545 ; it crosses Lake Erie, 546 ; Proctor, frightened, flees from Maiden — Tecumtha's scornful Rebuke, 547; vigorous Pursuit of the British, 548 ; the Armies in the River Thames, 549 ; Destruction of Property, 550 ; the British and In dians make a Stand for Battle, 551 ; the Armies in battle Array, 552 ; Battfe of the Thames, 553, 554 ; British defeated — Death of Tecumtha — who killed him, 555 ; Gallantry of Colonel Johnson, 556 ; Harri son and Proctor properly rewarded, 557, 558 ; Returns to Detroit — Effect of the Victory, 559 ; the Au thor's Visit to the Thames Battle-ground, 560, 561 ; Harrison on the Northern Frontier, 562; Harrison leaves the Army — Author's Journey in Ohio, 563 ; Antiquities at Newark, 564, 565 ; Columbus and the Scioto Valley, 566 ; Chillicothe and its Vicinity, 567, 568 ; Governor Worthington's Residence, 569 ; Visit to Batavia and North Bend, 570 ; North Bend and its early Associations, 571 ; Courtship and Mar riage of Captain Harrison and Anna Symmes, 572 ; Harrison's Tomb and Dwelling, 573, 574.

CHAPTER XXVII.

EVENTS ON THE ST. LAWRENCE FRONTIER AND UPPER CANADA.

The Energies of Great Britain displayed, 575 ; Operations in the St. Lawrence Region, 576 ; Attack on Elizabethtown — Retaliation, 577 ; Attack on Ogdensburg, 578 ; Defense of the Town, 579 ; Ogdensburg captured, 580 ; the Village plundered and Citizens carried off, 58 1 ; Author's Visit to Ogdensburg and Prescott, 582 ; the Canadian Rebellion, 583 ; another Invasion of Canada contemplated, 584 ; Prepara tions for it, 585 ; Expedition against Little York, 586, 587 ; Americans land and drive the British to Lit tle York, 588 ; Explosion of a Powder-magazine and Death of General Pike, 589 ; Capture of York and Escape of the British, 590 ; York abandoned — a Scalp as an Ornament, 591 ; the Author's Visit to To ronto, formerly Little York, 592 ; an Adventure among the Fortifications, 593 ; notable Men and Places at Toronto, 594 ; Passage across Lake Ontario — Journey to Niagara Falls, 595 ; Expedition against Fort George — the respective Forces, 596 ; Cannonade between Forts George and Niagara, 597 ; the American Squadron and the landing of Troops, 598 ; a severe Battle — Capture of Fort George, 599 ; the British retreat to the Beaver Dams and Burlington Heights, 600 ; British Property on the Niagara Frontier de stroyed by themselves — Expedition toward Burlington Heights, 601 ; the Americans at Stony Creek, 602; Battle at Stony Creek, 603 ; Capture of Generals Chandler and Winder, 604 ; the Americans flee and are pursued, 605 ; Destruction of Property at Sodus — British Fleet off Oswego, 606.

CHAPTER XXVIII.

EVENTS AT SACKETT's HARBOR AND ON THE NIAGARA FRONTIER IN 1813.

British Designs on Sackett's Harbor — its Defenses, 607 ; General Brown in Command at Sackett's Harbor, 608 ; Assembling of the Militia — Approach of the British, 609 ; Position of the Militia — a Panic and Flight, 610; a Conflict — Destruction of Public Stores, 611 ; the British retreat, 612 ; Sackett's Harbor and its Defenses, 614; the Author's Visit there — the Frigate New Orleans — a neglected Monument, 616; his torical Localities around Sackett's Harbor — a Visit to Watertown and Brownsville, 617; the Story of Whittlesey and his Wife, 618 ; Movements on the Niagara Frontier, 619 ; Expedition against the British at the Beaver Dams. 620 ; Services of a patriotic Woman. 621 ; Defeat and Surrender of the Americans — Fort George invested, 622 ; the Author's Visit to the Beaver Dams Region, 623 ; a veteran Canadian

viii CONTENTS.

Soldier, 624 ; Visit to Stony Creek and Hamilton, 625 ; British and Indian Raids on the Niagara Fron tier, 626 ; Battle at Black Kock, 627 ; Expedition to Burlington Heights and York, 628 ; Dearborn suc ceeded by Wilkinson, 629 ; Relations between Wilkinson, Armstrong, and Hampton, 630 ; Affairs on the Niagara Frontier, 631 ; Fort George menaced and Newark burnt, 632 ; just Indignation of the British — Retaliation proposed, 633 ; Fort Niagara captured — Desolation of that Frontier, 634 ; N.Y. Militia at Buf falo, 635 ; Battle near Black Rock and Destruction of Buffalo, 636 ; Horrors of retaliatory Warfare, 637.

CHAPTER XXIX.

EVENTS ON THE NORTHERN FRONTIER IN 1813.

Wilkinson concentrates his Forces, 638 ; General Dearborn moves into Canada, 639 ; Repulse of the British at La Colle — Colonel Carr, 640 ; Preparations for War on Lake Champlain, 641 ; Movements of Hamp ton in Northern New York, G42 ; Chauncey tries to engage Sir James Yeo on Lake Ontario, 643 ; a Bat tle at last, 644 ; Chauncey again searching for his Foe, 645 ; an Expedition for the St. Lawrence against Montreal — Disasters, 646 ; Hampton's Operations in the Chateaugay Region, 647 ; Wilkinson's Expedi tion on the St. Lawrence, 648 ; Battle off French Creek — the Expedition moves down the St. Lawrence, 649 ; the Flotilla passes Prescott, 650 ; General Brown invades Canada — Wilkinson in Peril, 651 ; Prep arations for a Battle, 652 ; Battle of Chrysler's Field, 653 ; the Americans go down the St. Lawrence, 654 ; Character of some of the chief Leaders, 655 ; the Army in winter Quarters at French Mills, 656 ; its Sufferings there and Release, 657 ; Attempt to seduce American Soldiers from their Allegiance, 658 ; the Author's Visit to the St. Lawrence Region — Carleton Island, 659, 660 ; William Johnson of the Thou sand Islands, 661 ; his Exploits, Arrest, and Imprisonment, 662 ; his Sen-ices in the War of 1812, 663 ; a Visit to French Mills and Vicinity, 664 ; Rouse's Point — La Colle, 665 ; a Visit to Chrysler's Farm, Prescott, and Ogdensburg, 666.

CHAPTER XXX.

PREDATORY WARFARE OF THE BRITISH ON THE COAST.

Blockade of the Chesapeake and Delaware Bays declared, 667 ; Operations of Blockaders in Chesapeake Bay, 668 ; Attack on Lewiston — Cockburn, the Marauder, 669 ; Capture of Frenchtown, 670 ; Attack on Havre de Grace, 671 ; the Town plundered and fired, 672 ; the Author's Visit to Havre de Grace — John O'Neill, 673 ; Cockburn plunders and destroys other Villages, 674 ; stirring Scenes in Hampton Roads, 675 ; a British Fleet enters the Roads, 676 ; Craney Island and its Defenders, 677 ; Preparations for Battle, 678 ; the British attack, aie repulsed, and withdraw, 679 ; they turn upon Hampton, 680 ; they land and menace it, 681 ; a Struggle for the Possession of Hampton, 682 ; Americans driven out, and the Village given up to Rapine and Plunder, 683 ; the Author visits Craney Island and Norfolk, 684, 685 ; the Fortifications on Craney Island, 686 ; a Visit to Hampton, 687 ; a Daughter of Commodore Barren — a Veteran of 1812 — Hampton destroyed by Virginia Rebels, 688 ; Cockburn in the Potomac and on the Coasts of the Carolinas and Georgia, 689 ; Secret Organizations among the Slaves, 690 ; Decatur runs the Blockade at New Yorkf 691 ; blockading Squadron off New London, 692 ; Alarm produced by Tor pedo Vessels, 693 ; the Coast of Connecticut blockaded — the local Militia, 694 ; Decatur in the Thames, 695 ; the Author's Visit to New London and its Vicinity, 696, 697.

CHAPTER XXXI.

WAR ON THE OCEAN IN 1813.

Battle between the Hornet and Peacock, 698 ; Victory of the Hornet — Prowess of the Americans respected, 699 ; Honors to Captain Lawrence and his Men, 700 ; Cruise of the Chesapeake — her Character, 701 ; Lawrence's last official Letter, 702 ; Brake's Challenge, 703 ; the Chesapeake and her Crew, 704 ; the Chesapeake goes out to fight, 705 ; Battle between the Chesapeake and Shannon — Death of Lawrence, 706 ; Treachery — Capture of the Chesapeake — she is taken to Halifax, 708 ; Exultation of the British, 709 ; Honors to Captain Broke, 710 ; Respect paid to the Remains of Lawrence and his Lieutenant, Lud- low, 711 ; funeral Ceremonies at Salem, 712 ; funeral Ceremonies at New York — Monuments, 713; stir ring Scenes in Chesapeake Bay, 714 ; Cruise of the Argus in British Waters, 715 ; Battle between the An/us and Pelican, 716 ; Battle between the Enterprise and Boxer, 71 7 ; Funeral of the Commander of each at Portland, 718 ; Honors to Burrows and M'Call, 719 ; last Cruise of the Enterprise, 720.

CHAPTER XXXII.

CRUISE OF THE ESSEX.

Weakness of the American Navy, 721 ; the Essex starts on a long Cruise — a Search for Bainbridge, 722 ; she sails for the Pacific Ocean, 723 ; her Search for British whaling Vessels, 724 ; by capturing and arm ing British whaling Vessels, Porter creates a Squadron, 725 ; successful Cruise among the Gallapagos Isl ands, 726 ; Porter sails for the Marquesas Islands, 727 ; civil War in Nooaheevah, 728 ; Porter engages in the War, 729 ; the Women of Nooaheevah, 730 ; Incidents in the Harbor of Valparaiso, 731 ; Battle between the Essex and two British Ships, 732 ; the Essex captured — Porter returns Home, 733 ; Honors to Commodore Porter — his subsequent Career, 734; Rodgers's long Cruise in 1813 — his Services to his Country, 735, 736 ; he makes another Cruise in the President — Honors to Rodgers, 737.

CHAPTER XXXIII.

WAR AGAINST THE CREEK INDIANS.

Insurrectionary Movements in Louisiana, 738 ; military Movements in West Florida, 739 ; Louisiana made a State — Insurrection in East Florida, 740 ; Action of United States Officials there — Expedition, 741 • Surrender of Mobile to the Americans, 742 ; Tennessee Volunteers on the Mississippi, 743 ; they return to Nashville, 744 ; Tecumtha in the Creek Country — he exhorts the Creeks to make War on the White People, 746 ; the Creek Nation and their Position, 747 ; Civil War among the Creeks — White People in Peril, 748 ; the Militia in the Field — Battle of Burnt Corn Creek, 749 ; Preparations for Defense in Lower Alabama, 750 ; Fort Minis and its Occupants, 751 ; Rumors of impending Hostilities, 752 ; Fort Mims

CONTENTS. ix

crowded with Refugees, 753 ; gathering of hostile Savages near, 754 ; furious Assault on Fort Mims, 755 ; Massacre at Fort Mims, 756; Horrors of the Massacre, 757; Response of the Tennesseeans to a Cry for Help, 758 ; General Andrew Jackson in the Field — Mobile threatened, but saved, 759.

CHAPTER XXXIV.

WAR AGAINST THE CREEK INDIANS.

Jackson heeds a Cry for Help from the Coosa, 7GO ; the Army threatened with Famine — Affairs in the lower Creek Country, 761 ; Choctaw Allies — Expedition against Tallasehatche, 762; Battle of Talla- sehatche, 763 ; Jackson hastens to the Relief of threatened Posts, 764 ; Battle at Talladega, 765 ; the dis pirited Indians sue for Peace, 7G6 ; Destruction of the Hillabee Towns, 7G7 ; the Creek Country invaded from Georgia — Battle of Auttose, 768 ; Expedition under Captain Dale, 769 ; Dale's terrible Canoe Fight, 770; Fort Claiborne at Randon's Landing, 771 ; Battle of Econochaco, 772; Dissolution of the Armies in the Creek Country — new Volunteers, 773 ; Battle of Emucfau, 774 ; Battle on Enotochopco Creek, 775 ; Battle on the Calebee River, 776 ; East Tennesseeans and Choctaw Allies on the Way to the Creek Country, 777; Battle of the Horseshoe, 779 ; the Power of the Creek Nation broken there, 780; the subdued Indians sue for Peace — Weathersford in Jackson's Tent, 781 ; the Creek Nation ruined, 782.

CHAPTER XXXV.

CIVIL AFFAIRS IN 1813 — EVENTS ON THE NORTHERN FRONTIER IN 1814.

Political Composition of Congress — Peace Commissioners, 783 ; illicit Traffic — Change in public Sentiment — Peace Party, 784 ; revolutionary Proposition — new Embargo Act, 785 ; Rumors of Peace — Embargo Act repealed," 786 ; Provisions for the increase of the Army, 787 ; Prisoners of War — retaliatory Meas ures proposed, 788 ; Campaign on the Northern Frontier and Lake Champlain, 789; Wilkinson marches on La Colle Mill, in Canada, 790 ; Battle of La Colle Mill, 79 1 ; end of Wilkinson's military Career, 792 ; Brown, moving toward the Niagara Frontier, perplexed by Orders from the War Department, 793 ; Naval Forces on Lake Ontario, 794 ; the British attack Oswego, 795 ; they capture Oswego, 7i>6 ; Survivors of the War in Oswego, 797 ; Sackett's Harbor blockaded, 798 ; Woolsey at Big Sandy Creek with Stores for Sackett's Harbor, 799 ; Battle at Big Sandy Creek, 800 ; a great Cable carried to Sackett's Harbor — Author's Visit to Big Sandy Creek, 801 ; the Army on the Niagara Frontier — Red Jacket, 802 ; Fort Erie and the Invasion of Canada, 803 ; an Invasion of Canada from Black Rock, 804 ; Capture of Fort Erie, 805; Scott prepares for battle at Street's Creek, 806 ; preliminary Fighting, 807; Scott advances — the British Force, 808; the Battle of Chippewa, 809, 810; the British driven from Chippewa — Indians dis heartened, 81 1 ; the Armies inspirited by the Victory, 812; Preparations to cross the Chippewa Creek, 813 ; the British retreat — Brown marches for Fort Georgo, 814 — he falls back to Chippewa, 815.

CHAPTER XXXVI.

WAR ON THE NIAGARA FRONTIER IN 1814.

The British, re-enforced, advance toward Chippewa, 816; Scott discovers ^:hem near Niagara Falls, 817; the British attack Scott, 818; Brown advances from Chippewa, 819 ; Colonel Miller captures a British Battery, 820; Appreciation of his Exploit, 821 ; desperate Struggle in the darkness — Victory for the Americans, 822 ; close of the Battle of Niagara Falls, 823 ; the Battle and the Victory considered, 824 ; Scott, wounded, proceeds to Washington, 825 ; Honors awarded him, 826 ; the Author's Visit to the Battle-grounds of Chippewa and Niagara Falls, 827, 828 ; the Army falls back and is ordered to Fort Erie, 829 ; the British again attack Black Rock, 830 ; Brown wounded — Gaines takes Command of the Army, 831 ; the American Troops at Fort Erie, 832 ; the British assail the Fort, 833 ; Battle of Fort Erie, 834, 835 ; Brown resumes Command, 836 ; a Sortie, 837 ; brilliant Success of General Porter, 838 ; Triumph of Miller and Upham, 839 ; the British abandon the Siege, 840 ; Honors awarded to General Brown, 841 ; Honors to Generals Porter and Ripley, 842 ; two remarkable Survivors of the Battle of Fort Erie, 843 ; General Izard sends Troops to the Niagara Frontier, 844 ; he takes Command there, 845 ; the American Troops withdraw from Canada, 846 ; the Author visits Fort Erie and its Vicinity, 847, 848 ; Holmes's Expedition into Canada — Battle of the Long Woods, 849 ; Expedition to the upper Lakes, 850 ; Operations in that Region, 851 ; M 'Arthur's Raid in Canada, 852 — his Bravery and Generosity, 853.

CHAPTER XXXVII.

EVENTS ON LAKE CHAMPLAIN IN 1814.

The Downfall of Napoleon, 854 ; English Troops released for Service in America, 855 ; Struggle for the Control of Lake Champlain, 856 ; Operations on the Canada Border, 857; alarming Order from the War Department, 858 ; Concentration of Troops at Plattsburg, 859 ; Position of American Works there, 860 ; the British advanco on Plattsburg, 861 ; a Skirmish at Beekmantown, 862 ; another near Plattsburg, 863 ; the British checked at the Saranac Bridge, 864 ; British land — our naval Forces in motion, 865 ; Opening of naval Battle off Plattsburg, 866 ; Battle of Lake Champlain, 867-870 ; Victory for the Amer icans complete, 87L; Casualties, 872 ; Movements of the land Troops — Battle of Plattsburg, 873 ; the British ahvrmed, 874 ; their hasty Flight into Canada, 875 ; Rejoicings because of Victory, 876 ; Honors to General Macomb, 877 ; Honors to Commodore Macdonough, 878 ; Effect of the Victory at Plattsburg, 879 ; the Author's Visit to the Scene of War on and near Lake Champlain, 880-884 ; Operations on Lake Ontario, 885; a heavy British Ship on the Lake, 886; close of Hostilities on the Northern Frontier, 887.

CHAPTER XXXVIII.

THE WAR ON THE NEW ENGLAND COAST IN 1814.

The Blockade of New London, 888 ; amphibious Warfare on the New England Coast, 889 ; New England sea-port Towns blockaded, 890; Portsmouth and Boston menaced, 891 ; Preparations for the Defense of Boston, 892; the British Squadron attacks Stonington, 893; Captain Holmes and his Gun, 894; a Dep utation sent to the British Commander, 895 ; the British repulsed — impotency of the Attack, 896 ; a

x CONTENTS.

British Force on the Coast of Maine, 897; Operations in Penohscot Bay and River, 898; Preparations at Hampden to oppose the British Invasion, 899 ; Panic and Flight of the Militia, 900 ; the British at Bangor, 901 ; Treatment of General Blake, 902 ; the British at Castine, 903 ; the Author's Visit to Places on the New England Coast — Observations at Boston, 904 ; at Salem and Marblehead, 905-907 ; Journey to the Penobscot, 908 ; Observations at Castine, 909 ; Voyage up the Penobscot, 910 ; Hampden, 911; Observations at Bangor, 912 ; Visit to New Bedford and Providence, 913 ; Stonington and Mystic, 914 ; Story of a faithful Daughter, 915.

CHAPTER XXXIX.

THE CAPTURE OF WASHINGTON CITY.

Apathy of the Government while the Capital was in peril, 916; feeble Preparations for its Defense, 917; General Winder in Command — a Call for Troops, 918; Tardiness of the Secretary of War — Apathy of the People, 9 1 9 ; Appearance of the British in Chesapeake Bay, 920 ; gathering of Troops — Destruction of Barney's Flotilla, 921; the Forces gathered for the Defense of Washington and Baltimore, 922; the British move on Washington from the Patuxent, 923 ; Battle Lines formed near Bladensburg, 924 ; Ex citement in the national Capital, 925 ; the British advance on Bladensburg, 926 ; Arrangements to receive them, 926, 927; Dueling -ground near Bladensburg, 928 ; Battle of Bladensburg, 929, 930 ; Barney wounded and made Prisoner, 931; the victorious British march on Washington City, 932; Destruction of the public Buildings, 933 ; Destruction of the Navy Yard, 934 ; Flight of the President and his Cabinet — Patriotism of Mrs. Madison, 935 ; Object of the Invasion, 936 ; the British retreat from Washington, 937 ; Slavery the cause of the Disaster at Bladensburg, 938 ; a British Fleet passes up the Potomac, 939 ; Alexandria plundered — Torpedoes, 940 ; the British Squadron returns to Chesapeake Bay — Visit to the Battle-ground at Bladensburg, 941 ; Kalorama and Oak Hill Cemetery, 942; Congressional Burial- ground — Fort Washington, 943.

CHAPTER XL.

EVENTS AT BALTIMORE, PHILADELPHIA, AND NEW YORK IN 1814.

The British in Chesapeake Bay, 944 ; Exploits of Parker and Cockburn, 945 ; Operations of the British Fleet in Chesapeake Bay, 946 ; Baltimore threatened, 947 ; Preparations for the Defense of Baltimore,

British Invaders driven off, 956 ; " The Star-spangled Banner," 957; the British land Troops march on Baltimore, 958 ; they retire to their Ships — the British Programme, 959 ; Honors to Colonel Armistead, 960 ; the Author's Visit to Baltimore and the historical Localities around it, 961-965 ; New York and Philadelphia relieved, 965 ; the Volunteer Companies of Philadelphia, 966 ; Organization of Troops and Establishment of Camps, 967 ; Patriotism of the Citizens of Philadelphia, 968 ; New York aroused — Com mittee of Defense, 969 ; the Citizens assist in casting up Fortifications — "The Patriotic Diggers," 970 ; the Fortifications around New York, 971-975 ; a floating Battery authorized by Congress, 976 ; the Steam ship Fulton the First, 977.

CHAPTER XLI.

NAVAL WARFARE ON THE OCEAN IN 1814 AMERICAN PRIVATEERS.

984; the Constitution and her Prizes — Honors to Commodore Stewart, 985 ; Stewart's Home in New Jersey, 986 ; Decatur's Squadron — he puts to Sea in the President, 987 ; Battle between the President and Ehdymion, 988 ; the rest of Decatur's Squadron puts to Sea, 989 ; Battle between the Hornet and Penguin, 990 ; Honors to Captain Biddle, 991 ; Cruise of the Hornet and Peacock — the Navy at the end of the War, 992 ; the first Privateers, 993 ; Cruise of the Rossie, 994 ; first Prize taken to Baltimore — the Globe, 995; Cruise of the Higliflyer, Yankee, and Shadow, 996 ; Salem and Baltimore Privateers, 997; Privateering at the close of 1812, 998; remarkable Cruise of the Corned, 999; Cruise of the Chasseur, Sar atoga, Dolphin, Lottery, and Yankee, 1000; Cruise of the General Armstrong, Ned, and Scourye, 1001 ; the Teaser — Capture of the Eagle — Cruise of the Decatur, 1002; Cruise of the David Porter, Globe, and Harpy, 1003; the Career of the General Armstrong, 1004; Honors to Captain Reid — Cruise of the Prince de Neufchatel, 1005 ; Cruise of the Saucy Jack and Kemp, 1006 ; Cruise of the Macdonough and Amelia — the American Privateers and their Doings, 1007.

CHAPTER XLII.

CIVIL AFFAIRS IN 1814 — OPERATIONS IN THE GULF REGION.

Boston the Centre of illicit Trade, 1 008 ; the Peace Faction assails the Government and the Public Credit 1009 ; Effects of the Conspiracy against the Public Credit, 1010; new financial Measures — Revival of the Public Credit, 1011 ; Measures for increasing the Army — Discontents in New England, 1012 ; the Hart ford Convention, 1013-1015 ; the Members of the Hartford Convention, 1016 ; Jackson recalled to active Service in the Gulf Region, 1017; the Baratarians and their Leader, 1018 ; Jackson perceives Mischief at Pensacola, 1019 ; Fort Bowyer threatened by a British Squadron, 1020; the Fort attacked and the Assailants repulsed, 1021 ; the British at Pensacola — Jackson marches on that Post, 1022 ; Flight of the British and Indians, 1023 ; Jackson in New Orleans — Appearance of the British, 1024 ; Preparations to receive the Invaders, 1025 ; Capture of the American Flotilla on Lake Borgne, 1026 ; Jackson's Review of Troops in New Orleans and their Disposition, 1027 ; the British approach the Mississippi, 1028 ; they march on New Orleans — Response to Jackson's Call for Troops, 1029 ; Events below New Orleans, 1030 ; a night Battle, 1031; the British fall back, 1032 ; the Americans withdraw, 1034.

CONTENTS. xi

CHAPTER XLIII.

DEFENSE OF NEW ORLEANS PEACE.

Jackson's Line of Defense, 1034; a gloomy Day for the Invaders — Arrival of General Pakenham, 1035; Seat of War in Louisiana and Florida, 1036 ; severe Battle on the 28th of December, 1037 ; the British vanquished — the American Lines of Defense, 1038 ; the British cast up Redoubts near the American Line, 1039; a heavy Battle, 1040; the British repulsed and then re-enforced, 1041 ; Jackson prepares to receive the increased British Forces, 1042 ; Character and Disposition of his own Forces — Position of his Army on the 7th of January, 1043; a British Detachment crosses the Mississippi, 1044; Battle of New Orleans, 1046-1049 ; Disposal of the Dead, 1050; Attack on Forts St. Philip and Bowyer — Jackson's Army in New Orleans, 1051; Honors accorded to Jackson and his Troops, 1052 ; Rumors of Peace and continu ance of Martial Law, 1053 ; Incidents of Jackson's Trial for Contempt of Court, 1054; the Author's Jour ney to New Orleans — Lexington and "Ashland," 1055 ; Frankfort and its Cemetery, 1056; a Visit to Nashville and the " Hermitage," 1057 ; New Orleans and its historic Men and Places, 1058 ; Attack on Fort Sumter — Uprising of the People, 1059 ; Negotiations for Peace and the Commissioners, 1060; Ghent and the Sympathy of its Inhabitants with the Americans, 1 061 ; the Treaty of Peace, 1062, 1063 ; Rejoic ings of the American People, 1064; Commemorative Medals — its Ratification, 1065; Position of the Re public at the close of the War, 1067; Readjustment of National Affairs — Dartmoor Prisoners, 1 068 ; Prosperity of the Republic and its Relations to other Nations, 1069 ; Text of the Treaty of Peace, 1071.

1. Illuminated Frontispiece.

2. Title-page.

3. Preface Page iii

4. Contents v

5. Illustrations xiii

6. Initial Letter 17

7. First Great Seal of the United

States 20

8. War 22

9. Britannia aroused 22

10. Portrait of William Jackson. . 26

11. Jackson's Monument 2T

12. Portrait and Signature of Gou-

verneur Morris 28

13. Signatures of the Members of

the Constitutional Conven tion 30,31, 32

14. Tail-piece 34

15. Initial Letter 35

1C. Campus Martius 3T

IT. Portrait and Signature of Miss

Heckewelder 37

18. Portrait and Signature of Gen

eral St. Clair 38

19. Signature of Wiuthrop Sargent 3S

20. Signature of Lord Dorchesterv. 38

21. Fort Harmar 39

22. Fort Washington, on the Site

of Cincinnati 41

23. Signature of Joseph Harmar.. 41

24. The Maumee Ford— Place of

Harmar's Defeat 42

25. Map— Harmar's Defeat 43

26. Hall's Crossing-place 43

27. Apple-tree near Harmar's Ford 44

28. Map— Plan of St. Clair's Camp

and Battle 47

29. Signature of Tobias Lear 49

30. Lowry's Monument 52

31. Map— Plan of Line of Wayne's

March 54

32. Signature of A. M'Kee 54

33. Map— Battle of the Fallen Tim

bers 55

34. Turkey-foot Rock 55

35. Signature of Colonel Ham-

tramck 56

36. Colonel Hamtramck's Tomb. . 56

37. Tail-piece— Indian Implements 57

38. Initial Letter 58

39. Portrait and Signature of T.

Pinckney 64

40. Liberty Cent 65

41. Portrait and Signature of Gen

eral Hamilton 66

42. Portrait and Signature of

Thomas Paine 69

43. A Bad Measure 69

44. An Assignat 74

45. Portrait of Louis XVI 76

46. Paine fitting Stays 76

47. Memorial Medal 76

43. Initial Letter 79

40. TheContrast 81

50. Portrait and Signature of

Thomas Miffliu 82

51. Portrait and Signature of E. C.

Genet 83

52. Portrait and Signature of John

Jay 85

53. Signature of Alexander M'Kim 89

54. Seal of the Republican Society

of Baltimore 89

55. Portrait and Signature of C. C.

Pinckney 92

56. Portrait and Signature of John

Adams 93

57. Portrait and Signature of Joel

Barlow . 94

58. Signature of Benjamin Stod- ' 116.

dert Page 96; 117.

50. Initial Letter 98

60. John Bull taking a Lunch 99 118.

61. Signature of Stephen Decatur 101

6'2. Portrait and Signature of John 119.

Barry 101

63. Commodore Barry's Monu- 120.

meut 101 121.

64. Naval Pitcher 104 122.

65. Medal presented to Commo- 123.

dore Truxtuu 105 | 124.

66. Signature of Thomas Truxtun 105 125.

67. Truxtun's Grave 105 126.

68. The Lutheran Church in Phil

adelphia 110 127.

69. Washington Medal Ill 128.

70. Tail-piece— M'Pherson Blue.. Ill

71. Initial Letter 112 129.

72. Portrait and Signature of

Thomas Jefferson 114 130.

73. Algiers in 1800 117 131.

74. Portrait and Signature of 132.

Richard Dale 118 133.

75. Dale's Monument 119 134.

76. Portrait and Signature of Ed

ward Preble 120 135.

77. Tripolitan Weapon 121 136.

78. Tripolitau Poniard 122 137.

79. Medal given to Commodore 13S.

Preble 123 139.

80. NavalMonument 124 !

81. Signature of William Eaton. . 125 \ 140.

82. Initial Letter 130 141.

S3. Portrait and Signature of A. 142.

Burr 135 143.

84. Signature of John Adair 136 ! 144.

85. Blennerhassett's Residence. . 136 I 145.

86. Signature of Blennerhassett. . 136 146.

87. Portrait and Signature of Ru- 147.

fusKing 143 148.

88. Portrait and Signature of Wil

liam Pinkney 148 149.

89. Initial Letter 140 ] 150.

90. Lynuhaveu Bay 156 151.

91. Portrait and Signature of 152.

Commodore Barron 159 153.

92. Portrait and Signature of 154.

James Monroe 161 155.

93. Initial Letter 167

94. Gun-boats 168 156.

95. Portrait and Signature of Jo-

siah Quincy 174 157.

96. Portrait and Signature of 158.

James Madison 176 150.

97. Fort or Battery Severn, at An- 160.

napolis 181 161.

98. Commodore Rodgers's Resi

dence 182 162.

99. Signals, No. 1 182 163.

100. SignalBook 182

101. Signals, No. 2 183 164.

102. Signals, No. 3 183 165.

103. Signals, No. 4 183 166.

104. Signal Alphabet 183 j 167.

105. Signal, No. 5 184 168.

106. Portrait and Signature of 169.

Commodore Rodgers 185

107. Tail-piece— Gauntlet 186 170.

108. Initial Letter 187

109. Birth-place of Tecumtha and 171.

his Brother 188 172.

110. The Prophet 189 | 173.

111. Joseph Barron 191 j 174.

112. Indian Detecter 191 175.

113. Portrait and Signature of Gen

eral Boyd 194 176.

114. Signature of Peter Funk 195

115. Fort Harrison 197 ! 177.

Signat're of Judge Naylor Page 198 Portrait and Signature of A.

Whitlock 199

Portrait and Signature of Wil liam H. Harrison 200

View at Tippecanoe Battle ground 202

Signature of J. Snelling 203

Map— Battle of Tippecanoe. . 205 Vignette to a Mournful Ballad 20S Tippecanoe Battle-ground. .. 209

Tail-piece— Wigwam 209

Initial Letter 210

Portrait and Signature of H.

Clay 211

The Gerrymander 211

Portrait and Signature of J.

Randolph 215

Portrait and Signature of J.

C. Calhoun 216

Signature of Josiah Quincy. . 217 Signature of James Emott. .. 217

Signature of J. H. Craig 220

Fac-simileofaNewspapenDut 224 Portrait and Signature of Gov ernor Clinton 225

Governor Clinton's Tomb. ... 226 Caricature— Josiah the First. 228

Initial Letter 233

Portrait of George the Fourth 233 Signature of Jonathan Wil liams 235

Fort Independence 236

Castle Williams 237

Plan of Fort M'Henry 237

Torpedo, Plate 1 238

Torpedo, Plate 2 239

Torpedo, Plate 3 239

Torpedo, Plate 4 240

Destruction of the Dorothea.. 240 Portrait and Signature of Rob ert Fulton 242

Fulton's Birth-place 242

Signature of Edward Baynes. 247 Portrait of Henry Dearborn. . 240 GeneralDearborn's Residence 250

The Parting Stone 250

Initial Letter 251

Portrait and Signature of Wil liam Hull 252

Portrait and Signature of John

Johnston 253

Place of Hull's Rendezvous. . 254 Signature of Governor Meigs. 255

View at Bloody Bridge 261

Colonel Babie's Residence... 262 View at the Riviere aux Ca nards 264

Map— Detroit Frontier 266

Portrait and Signature of Dun can M'Arthur 267

Mackinack.fromRoundlsIand 267

Arch Rock, Mackinack 268

Fort Mackinack 269

Tail-piece— Canoe 271

Initial Letter 272

Fort Niagara, from Fort

George 274

Portrait of Thomas B. Van

Home 275

Barracks at Sandwich 278

Maguaga Battle-ground 281

Tecumtha 282

Signature of J. B. Glegg 283

Portrait and Signature of D.

Noon 292

Portrait and Signature of Lew is Cass 294

Tail-piece— Neglected Grave. 296

XIV

ILLUSTRATIONS.

ITS. Initial Letter Page 297	250. Portrait and Signature of Sol omon Van Rensselaer.. Page 407 251. Signature of John Lovett 407 252. Tail-piece— Proclamation and Sword 411	318. Tail-piece— A Scalp Page 493 319. Initial Letter 494
1T9. Signature of Jno. B. Laughton 298 180. View at Maiden, Upper Can ada . 299
320. Signature of R.M.Johnson .. 495 321. J()hnsoii's Monument 496
181. British Cannon at Detroit 300 182. Signature of Robt. Reynolds. . 300 183 Signature of C Moran 302	322. Portrait and Signature of G. Croghan 499
253 Initial Letter 412
254. Brock's Monument on Queens- ton Heights 414	323. View at Fremont, or Lower Sandusky 500
184. Kmzie Mansion and Fort Dearborn 303 185. The Black Partridge's Medal. 306
255. Monument where Brock fell. . 416 256. Signature of Solomon Vroo-	324. Plan of Fort Stephen son 503 325. Gold Medal awarded to Gen eral Croghau 505
	257. PresentOutline of Fort George 418 258. French Magazine at Fort George. 418	326. Lower Castalian Spring 506
ISs' Port W'vvne in 1819 315	327. Site of Fort Stephenson 507
18»! The Little Turtle's Grave 315 190. Bridge at the Head of the Mau-	328. Part of Short's Sword-scab bard 507
259. Distant View of Fort Missis-
329. Perry's Residence 509
191. Portrait and Signature of Z. Taylor 318	260. Interior View— Fort Mississa- ga in 1860 419	330. Portrait and Signature of Dan iel Dobbins 509
192. General Taylor's Residence.. 319 193 Initial Letter . 320	261. Mission-house on the Grand River 421	331. Wayne's Block-house at Erie 510 332. Site of French Fort and En trance to Erie Harbor 511
194 Fort Defiance 333	262. Portrait and Signature of G. II M Johnson 421
195 Site of Fort Defiance 333	333. Mouth of Cascade Creek 511 334. Block-house 511 335. Map— Erie and Presq' Isle Bay 514 336. Portrait and Signature of Ush er Parsons 516
190. Apple-tree at Defiance 334 197. Tail-piece — Indians at Ruins of a Village 33T 198 Initial Letter 338	263. Ornamental Tomahawk 421 264 Deer-shank Weapon 422
265. Silver Calumet 422 °G6 Ancient ScalpiiT'-knife 422
199. Portrait and Signature of Si-	207. Mohawk Church, Grand Riv er C W 423	337. Put-in Bay 517
338. Initial Letter 518
200. Signature of Elijah Wads- worth 340	268. Interior of Mohawk Church.. 423 269. Communion Plate 425 270. General Porter's Residence, Black Rock 426	339. Perry's Look-out, Gibraltar Island 518
201. Portrait and Signature of E. Whittlesey 341	340 Perry's Battle-flag 519
341. Portrait of O. H. Perry 521
202. Signature of William Eustis.. 349 203. Winchester's Head-quarters. . 354 204. Map — Movements at French- town 358	271. Signature of George M'Feely. 426 272. Signature of Cecil Bisshopp. . 428 273. Signature of Samuel Angus. . . 428 274. Tail-piece — Snail on Maple- leaf 432	342. View of Perry's Birth-place. . . 521 343. Catafalco 521
344. Perry's Monument 521 345. The two Squadrons just before the Battle 522
205 Residence of La Salle 359
206. Monroe, from the Battle ground 361 20T. Signature of Laurent Duro- cher 362	275. Initial Letter 433 276. Signature of R. Byron 436 277. The ComtUution in 1SGO 436 278. Fac-simile of Commodore Por-	346. Portrait and Signature of 8. Champlin 523
347. First Position in the Action. . 523 348. Signature of J. J. Yarnall 524 349. Second Position in the Battle 526 350. Portrait and Signature of J. Chapman 527
208. Portrait and Signature of Jas. Knafo-s 363
279. Portrait and Signature of
209. Tail-piece — Tomahawk and Scalpin "-knife 364
280. Hull's Monument 442	351. Signature of Thomas Holdup 528 352. Position of the Squadrons at the close of the Battle 529
210. Initial Letter 365	281. Portrait of James Richard Da-
211. Arsenal Building, Watertown 306 212. Signature of Colonel Benedict 36T 213. Portrait of Captain William Vau"-han 36S
282 Hull's Medal 446	353. Almy's Sword 529
283. Portrait and Signature of Cap-	354. Fac-simile of Perry's Dispatch 530 355. The Burial-place, Put-in Bay. 532 356. Queen Charlotte and Johnny Bull 534
214. Cipher Alphabet and Numer als 3TO 215. Signature of Paul Hamilton.. 3TO 216. Signature of Richard Dodge.. 373 217. Appearance of Fort Presenta tion in 1812 373	284. Signature of Thos. Whinyates 449 285. Signature of J. P. Beresford. . 451 286. A Wasp on a Frolic 452 287. Medal awarded to Captain Jones 452
357. The Perry Medal 535
358 The Elliott Medal 535
359. Signature of Asel Wilkinson. 538 SCO. Portrait of Benjamin Fleming 538 361. Perry's Lantern 539
288 The Biddle Urn 453
218 Design on Indian Pass 374	289. Tail-piece— Eagle bearing off the Trident of Neptune 453 290 Initial Letter . . . 454
219. Signature of G. D. Young. ... 376 220. Portrait and Signature of Ele- azer Williams . . 377	362 Perry's Statue 540
363. Portrait and Signature of S. Sholes 541
291. Signature of John S. Garden. 456 292. Medal awarded to Decatur. . . 458 293. Portrait and Signature of Commodore Bainbridge.. .. 459 294. Baiubriclge's Monument 459 295. Bainbridge's New York Gold Box 462
221. Old Church in St. Re<*is 378	364. Champlin's Chair 542 365 Perry's Quarters at Erie 543
223. The Port of Buffalo in 1813. . . 380 224. Remains at Fort Schlosser. . . 380 225. Signature of II. Dearborn 381 226. Map of the Niagara Frontier. 382 227. Portrait and Signature of Ste phen Van Rensselaer 384 228. Signature of William Howe Cuyler 387	366. Portrait of T.H.Stevens 543 367. Initial Letter 544
368. Portrait and Signature of C. S. Todd 548
296. Bainbridge's Albany Gold Box 462 297. Bainbridge's Medal 463 998 Bainbrid<re's Urn 463	369. Dolsen's.. . 549
370. View at the Mouth of M'Greg- or's Creek 550
299. Tail-piece — Napoieon's Flag and Star descendiii" 472	371. M'Greeor's Mill 550
229. Portrait and Signature of Jes se D Elliott 388	372. Portrait of Oshawahnah 552
300 Initial Letter 473	373. View on the Thames 553
230 Tail - piece Oar, Boarding-	301 Signature of C Gratiot 474	374. Map— Battle of the Thames.. 554 375. Portrait and Signature of S. Theobald 556
pike, and Rope 388	302. Portrait and Signature of Green Clay . . 476
231. Initial Letter 389
232. Signature of Alexander Smyth 389 233. Queenston in 1812 390	303. View of Cincinnati from New port in 1812 . 476	376. The Harrison Medal 558
377. The Shelbv Medal 558
234. Signature of John K. Fenwick 391 235. View from the Site of Vroo- man's Battery 391	304. Map— Fort Meigs and its Vi cinity 477 305. Fac-simile of Harrison's Let ter 479	378. Tecumtha's Pistol 560
379. Thames Battle-ground 561 380. Remains of an ancient Coffin 564 381. The four Sides of the Holy Stone 564
236. Signature of John Chrystie... 392 237. Signature of James Collier... 393 238. Landing-place of the Ameri cans at Queenston 395
306. Portrait and Signature of Leslie Combs 480
382. Stone Axes 504
307 Up the Maumee Valley 481	383. Sectional View of a Pyramid. 564 384. Great Earth-work near New ark 565
239. Russell's Law Office 396	308. Site of the British Batteries from Fort Meigs 482 309. Portrait and Signature ofWm. Christy 483
240. Portrait and Signature of John E.Wool . . 397
385 The old State-house 567
241. Signature of J. R. Mnllanv. ... 399 242. Portrait and Signature of John Brant 401	386. General M'Arthur's Residence 568 387. Portrait and Signature of T. Worthlngton 568
310. Plan of Fort Meigs 484
311. Signature of W. E. Boswell.. . 487 312. Map Sie^e of Fort Mei<*s 488
243. Brant's Monument 401	388. Aden a, Governor Worthing-
244. Signature of Joseph G. Totten 403 245. Signature of J.Gibson 403	313. Remains "of Walker's Monu ment. . . 489
389. Portrait and Signature of Mrs. Harrison 571
246. New Magazine at Fort George 405 247. Signature of R. H. Sheaffe 405 248. Medal in Memory of General Brock 400	314. Portrait of Peter Navarre 490 315. Ruins of Fort Miami 491 316. Up the Maumee from Maumee City 492 317. Well at Fort Metes 492
390. Pioneer House, North Bend. . 571 391. Block-house at North Bend..- 571 392. Harrison's Grave 573 393. Svmmes's Monument 573
249. Brock's Monument. . . . . 406

ILLUSTRATIONS.

XV

395. 396. 397, 398.

399. 400.

402. 403. 404.

405. 406.

407.

408.

409. 410. 411. 412. 413. 414.

415. 416.

417. 418.

419. 420.

421. 422.

423. 424. 425. 426.

427. 428.

429. 430. 431. 432. 433. 434. 435. 436. 437. 438.

439.

440. 441. 442. 443. 444.

445. 440.

447.

449. 449.

450.

451. 452. 453.

454. 455. 456. 457. 458. 459. 460.

461.

462. 463. 464. 465. 466. 407.

Harrison's Residence at North

Bend .................. Page 574

Initial Letter ................. 57J

Block-house at Brockville ---- 57"!

Parish's Store-house .......... 578

Portrait and Signature of D.

W. Church ................. 578

Site of Fort Presentation ..... 579

Map— Operations at Ogdens-

burg ....................... 580

Portrait and Signature of J.

York ...................... 580

Court-house, Ogdensburg ---- 580

The battered Wind-mill ...... 583

Wind -mill and Ruins near

Prescott ................... 584

Fort Wellington in I860 ...... 584

Portrait and Signature of Z.

Pike

586 Little York in 1813 ........... 587

Remains of the Western Bat

tery.

668

Powder-magazine at Toronto 589 Map— Attack on Little York. . 590

Signature of John Ross 592

Remains of old Fort Toronto. 503 Old Fort at Toronto in 1860. . . 593 View on the Niagara near

Lewiston 505

Entrance to the Niagara River 597 Plan of Operations at the

Mouth of the Niagara 599

A North River Steam-boat. . . 601 Portrait and Signature of W.

H. Merritt 602

Battle-ground of Stony Creek 003 Tail - piece — Destruction of

Store-houses 606

Initial Letter 007

Portrait and Signature of Ja cob Brown 608

General Brown's Monument.. 60S Light-house at Horse Island.. 609 Signature of Capt. Mulcaster. 610 Map — Operations at Sackett's

Harbor 612

Sackett's Harbor in 1814 613

Map — Sackett's Harbor and its

Defenses 614

Signature of Henry Eckford.. 615

The yew Orleam 616

Pike's Monument 616

Remains of Fort Pike 617

Block-house, Sackett's Harbor 617 Mansion of General Brown. . . 618 Whittlesey Rock, Watertown. 018 Signature of C. G. Boerstler. . . 620

German Church 620

Portrait and Signature of Lau ra Secord 621

Beaver Dams Battle-ground

and Surroundings 624

Signature of James Dittrick.. 624

Bisshopp's Monument 628

Interior of Fort Niagara 634

Signature of General A. Hall. 635 Tail-piece — Farm - house on

fire 637

Initial Letter 637

Portrait and Signature of J.

G. Swift 638

Signature of Joseph Bloom- field 639

Signature of A. De Salaberry. 639 Portrait and Signature of Rob ert Carr 640

Portrait and Signature of Jas.

Wilkinson 646

Signature of W. Hampton 648

Mouth of French Creek 649

Bald Island and Wilkinson's

Flotilla 650

Chrysler's in 1S55 652

Signature of Rob't Swartwout 652

Signature of J. A. Coles 653

Signature of J. Walbach 653

Map— Chrysler's Field 654

Signature of M. Myers 654

Place of Debarkation on the

Salmon River 655

Lewis and Boyd's Head-quar ters 656

Brown's Head-quarters 656

Fac-simile of written Placard 658

Remains of Fort Carleton 659

Indian Armlet 660

Light-house kept by Johnston 661

468.

469. 470. 471. 472. 473. 474. 475. 476. 477. 478.

479.

480. 4S1. 482. 4S3. 484. 485. 486.

487.

488. 489.

490.

491. 492. 493.

494. 495.

496.

497. 498.

499.

Mill. Mil.

MIL'. MI;;.

504. 505. 500. 507.

M t.

M7. 18.

VJl.

MO.

._. Peel Island 661 I 541.

Portrait and Signature of W.

Johnston... Page 662

Johnston's Commission 66;

French Mills in 1800 664

Signature of James Campbell 665

The Block-house Well 665

Signature of Peter Brouse 600

Victoria Medal 66C

Initial Letter 60'

Interior of old Fort Norfolk. . 66f

Signature of A. M'Laue 668

Signature of Admiral Cock- burn 669

Landing-place of the British at

Havre cle Grace 671

The Pringle House 672

Episcopal Church 672

John O'Neil's Sword 673

General View of Crauey Island 675

Signature of Jos. Tarbell 67:

Signature of J. Sanders 676

Portrait and Signature of W.

B. Shubrick 670

Portrait and Signature of Rob ert Taylor 67'

Signature of B. J. Neale 678

Portrait and Signature of Jas.

Faulkner 678

Plan of Operations at Craney

Island 67!

Signature of Josiah Tattnall. . 680

The Centipede 6S(

View at Hampton Creek in

1853 681

Plan of Operations at Hamp ton 683

Head - quarters of Beckwith

and Cockburn 683

British Consul's House 68;

Oyster Fishing 6S5

Remains of Fortifications on

Craney Island 686

Block-house on Craney Island CSt Magazine on Craney island. . 686 Landing-place of the British

at Murphy's 687

Kirby House OSS

Soldiers' Monument at Point

Pleasant 689

Osceola's Grave 600

Entrance to Bonaventure 601

Signature of T. M. Hardy 601

New London in 1813 692

Light-house at New London.. 694

Signature of H. Burbeck 604

Burbeck's Monument 694

Commodore Rodgers's Monu ment 696

Ancient Block-house at Fort

Trumbull 697

New London Harbor from

Fort Trumbull 697

The old Court-house 697

Initial Letter 60S

The Lawrence Medal 700

Hornet and Peacock 700

Signature of Sam. Evans 701

Fac-simile of Lawrence's Let ter 702

Fac-simile of Broke's Chal lenge . * 703

The Chesap&tke disabled 706

Portrait of Captain Broke 707

Shannon and Chesapeake at

Halifax 70S

Portrait and Signature of Jas.

Lawrence 709

Signature of Admiral Warren 709

Admiral Warren's Seal 709

Silver Plate presented to Cap tain Broke 710

Signature of George Budd .711

Coffins 712

ftawrence Memorial 712

Monument of Lawrence find

Ludlow 713

Lawrence's early Monument. 713

Portrait of W. H. Allen 715

Lieutenant Allen's Monument 716 Graves of Burrows, Blyth, and

Waters 718

The Burrows Medal 719

The M'Call Medal 720

Initial Letter 721

Portrait and Signature of D.

Porter 721

The mighty Gattanewa 728

The Essex and her Prizes 729

542. Marquesas Drum Page 730

543. Battle of the Essex, Phoebe, and

Cherub 733

544. David Porter's Monument.. .. 734

545. Initial Letter 738

546. Signature of Fulwar Skipwith 740

547. Signature of Hugh Campbell. 740

548. Portrait and Signature of Gen

eral Robertson 747

549. Signature of Sam Dale 749

550. Map— Seat of War in Southern

Alabama 751

551. FortMims 756

552. Portrait of John Coftee 759

553. Initial Letter 760

554. Map— Battle of Talladega 705

555. Claiborne Landing 770

550. Map— Seat of the Creek War

in Upper Alabama 778

557. Map— Battle of the Horseshoe 780

558. Initial Letter 783

559. Signature of N. Macon 784

560. Embargo— a Caricature 785

561. Death of the Terrapin 787

562. Signature of J. Mason 788

503. Signature of C. Van De Venter 788

504. Signature of George Glasgow 788

565. Map— Affair at La Colle Mill. 790

566. La Colle Mill and Block-house 791

507. The dismantled Superior 794

508. Sir J.L.Yeo 795

509. Attack on Oswego 796

570. Signature of A. Bronson 796

571. Signature of H. Eairle 797

572. Signature of M. M'Nair 797

573. Fort at Oswego in 1855 798

574. Place of Battle at Sandy Creek 799

575. Otis's House, Sandy Creek. .. 800

576. Signature of Alfred Ely 600

577. Signature of Harmon Ehle. .. 801

578. Portrait of Jehaziel Howard. . 801

579. Red Jacket's Medal 802

580. Portrait of Red Jacket 803

581. Profile and Signature of Wil

liam M'Ree 803

5S2. Portrait and Signature of C.

K.Gardner 805

583. Signature of General Riall. .. 805

5S4. Street's Creek Bridge S06

585. Remains of Tute-de-pont Bat tery 807

556. Signature of Joseph Treat 807

587. Street's Creek Bridge, looking

North 808

588. General Towson's Grave 809

589. Map— Battle of Chippewa. . . . 810

590. Signature of Worth 812

591. Worth's Monument 812

592. Jones's Monument 812

593. Mouth of Lyon's Creek 813

504. Initial Letter 816

505. View at Lundy's Lane 818

500. Portrait and 'Signature of J.

Miller 820

597. Miller's Medal 821

508. Portrait of John M 'Neil 821

509. Flag of the Twenty-fifth 822

600. Map— Battle of Niagara Falls S23

601. Scott's Medal 826

602. Signature of Winfield Scott... 826

603. Signature of Jas. Cummings.. 827 004. Hospital near Lundy's Lane.. 828

605. Wooden Slab. 828

606. Remains of Douglass's Bat

tery and Fort Erie 830

007. Portrait and Signature of E.

P.Gaines 831

COS. Drummond's Secret Order 832

009. Gaiues's Medal 836

610. Portrait and Signature of P.

B. Porter 838

611. Porter's Tomb 838

612. Map— Sie<re of Fort Erie 839

613. Wood's Monument 840

J14. Brown's Medal 841

515. Brown's Gold Box 841

016. Signature of E. WT. Ripley. . . . 842

517. Porter's Medal 842

818. Seal of the City of New York. 842 519. Signature of De Witt Clinton 842

620. Ripley's Medal 843

321. Portrait of Robert White 844

622. Fac-simile of White's Writing 844

623. Portrait and Signature of G.

Izard 845

624. Ruins of Fort Erie 846

625. Fort Erie Mills 847

626. Signature of James Sloan 847

XVI

ILLUSTRATIONS.

627. Soldiers' Monument Page 848 628 Riley's Monument 849	712. Portrait and Signature of A. B Holmes Page 914	798. Portrait and Signature of J. Blakeley Page 979
629. Signature of R. M'Douall 850 630 Map M 'Arthur's Raid ... 852	713. Denison's Grave 914 714. Tail-piece— Bomb-shell 915	799. Blakeley's Medal 980
800. Portrait and Signature of L. Warrington 981
631 Portrait of General Scott 853	715. Initial Letter 916
632 Initial Letter 854	716. Signature of P. Stuart 916	801. Warrington's Medal 982
633. Portrait and Signature of T.	717. Portrait and Signature of D. L. Clinch 917	802. Billet-head of Cymw 985
803. Stewart's Medal 986
	718. Portrait and Signature of W. H Winder 918	804. Stewart's Residence 986
635 Signature of D Bissell 857	805. Stewart's Sword 986
630 S i "-nature of G Prevost 858	719 Signature of H Carbery 920	800. Portrait and Signature of C. Stewart 987
637. Portrait and Sig. of B. Mooers 858 638. Portrait and Signature of A. Macomb 859	720. Signature of J. P. Van Ness. . 920 721. Signature of T. E. Stansbury.. 921 722 Signature of J Sterett 921
807. Portrait and Signature of S. Decatur 988
639 Sampson's . 859	723 Signature of W. Smith 922	808. Decatur's Monument 989
640. Map— Fortifications at Platts- bur°- 860	724 Signature of S West 922	809. Portrait and Sig. of J. Biddle 990 810. Biddle's Medal 991
725 Signature of W D. Beall 922
641. M. Smith's Monument 801 642. Howe's House 862 643 Platt's Residence . 863	720. Signature of W. Scott 922 727. Signature of J. Tilghman 922 728 Ofd Mill, Bladeusburg 924	811. Privateer Schooner 993 812. Signature of Admiral Sawyer 994 813. Portrait and Signature of S. C.Reid 1004
644 Old Stone Mill 864	729. Bridge at Bladensburg 927 730 Residence of J. C. Rives 927
645 The Saranac 865	814. Initial Letter 1008
646. Henley's Medal 868	731. Dueling-ground, Bladensburg 928 732. Signature of J. Davidson 928 733 Map Battle of Bladeusbur"- 929	815. Signature of A. J. Armstrong 1011 816. Portrait and Signature of A. J Dallas 1011
647. Cassin's Medal 868
648. Portrait and Signature of H. Pauldin0' 869
734. Portrait and Signature of J. Barney 930	817. Signature of T.Jesup 1013
649. View from Cumberland Head 870 650. Map Naval Action . . 871	818. Signatures of the Members of the Hartford Convention . . 1014 819. Caricature 1015 820. The Hermitage.... 1017 821. Portrait of W. C. C. Claiborne 1019 822 Portrait of A Jackson . 1020
735 Barney's Spring 931
651. Macdonough's Dispatch 872 652. Portrait and Sig. of J. Smith . 872 653. Battle of Plattsburg 873	736. Bullet 931 737. The Capitol in 1814 932 738 Remains of the Capitol 933
654. The Saranac at Pike's Canton ment 874	739. Remains of the President's House 934
823. Map— Attack on Fort Bowyer 1021 824. Jackson's City Head-quarters 1024 825. Portrait of Major Plauche. . . 1024 826. Patterson's Monument 1025
655. Ruins of Fort Brown 875 650. Artillery Quadrant 875	740. Signature of T. Tingey 934 741. Portrait and Signature of D. Madison 935
657. General Mooers's Grave 876
658. United States Hotel 876	742. Portrait and Signature of J. Barker 936	827. Map— Fight of Gun-boats and Barges 1026
659. Macomb's Monument 877
660. Macomb's Medal 878	743. Portrait and Signature of G. R.Gleig 937 744. Signature of D.Wadsworth... 938 745. Fort Washington. ... . 939	828. Cathedral in New Orleans... 1027 829. Fort St. John 1028
661. Macdonounrh's Medal. . . . 878
662. Macdonough's Farm-house...- 879 663. Dowuie's Grave 879	830. Villero's Mansion 1029
831. Portrait of De la Ronde 1030 832. Lacoste's Mansion 1031
604. View in Beekmantown 880	746 Sketch of Torpedo 940
665. Soldiers' Graves 880	747 The Unknown 942	833. Map— Affair below N.Orleaus 1032 834. Portrait of De Lacy Evans... 1032 835. A Tennessee Flag 1033
666. Map— Seat of War 881	748. Barlow's Vault 942
667. Store-houses 882	749 Kalorama 942
668. Mooers's House SS2 609. Woolsey's House 883	750. Cenotaph 943 751. Gerry's Monument 943	836. Initial Letter 1034
837. De la Ronde's Mansion 1034
670. Ball in Mooers's House 834	752. Initial Letter 944	638. Map— Seat of War in Louisi ana 1036
671. Portrait and Signature of F. Gregory 885	753. Portrait and Sig. of P. Parker. 946 754. Portrait and Sig. of 8. Smith . 947 755. Montebello . 947
839. Jackson's Head-quarters 1037 840. Chalmette's Plantation 1039
672. Portrait and Signature of M. Crane .. . .' 885
750 Rodilrers's Bastion 949	841. Map— Battle of New Orleans 1040 842 Remains of a Canal 1042
673. Crane's Monument 886	757. Methodist Meeting-house 950 758. Portrait and Signature of J. Strieker 950
674. Portrait and Signature of I. Chauncey 887-	843. Plauchc's Tomb 1043
844 You's Tomb 1043
675. Chauncey's Monument 887	759. Portrait and Signature of D. M'Dou°-all 952	845. Map— Position of Troops 1044 846 Battle of New Orleans 1047
670. Initial Letter 888
677. Portrait and Signature of J. Montgomery 891 678. Fort Pickering 891	700. Battle of North Point 958	847 Monument 1048
701. Battle-flag 954 702. Signature of M. Bird 954 703. Fort M'Heury in 1801 954 704. Signature of J. H.Nicholson.. 955 765. Signature of S. Lane 955 766. Portrait and Signature of G. Armistead 955 767. Signature of F. S. Key 956 708. Star-spangled Banner 957 70!). The Armistead Vase 960	848. Pecan-trees 1050 849 Map — Fort St. Philip 1051
679. Carcass 894 680. Stonington Flag 894	850 Jackson's Medal 1052
851 Jackson's Draft . ... 1053
6S1. The Cobb House 896 682. Denison's Monument 896	852. Signature of D. A. Hall 1054 853 The Old Court-house 1054
683. Portrait and Signature of J. Sherbrooke 897 684. Fort Porter, Castine 897 685. Signature of R. Barrie 898 680. General Blake's House 898	854. Ashland 1055 855. Bodley's Grave 1055
S5G Jackson's Tomb 1055
857. Clay's Monument 1056
858. Grave of Daniel Boone 1056
687. Crosby's Wharf 899	771. Signature of W. Ifc Armistead 960 772. Battle Monument/ 961	859. Kentucky Soldiers' Monu-
688. Portrait and Signature of C. Morris 900 689. Morris's Monument 901
773. The City Spring, Baltimore.. . 962 774. Portrait and Sig. of J. Lester. 963 775. North Point Battle-ground... 963 770. Monument where Ross fell. .. 964 777. Remains of Circular Battery.. 905 778. State Fencible . 960	860. Portrait and Signature of F. Robertson. . 1058
690. Town-house, Hampden 902 691. Reed's Shop 902 692. Remains of Fort George 903 693. Signature and Seal ofG. Gos- selin .'. 903	861. Portrait of A. Henuer 105b
802. Japan Plum 1059 803. Portrait of J. Q. Adams 1059 804. Portrait of J. A Bayard 1060
779. Signature of D. D. Tompkins. 970 780. Signature of Morgan Lewis. .. 970 781. Fort Stevens and Mill Rock.. 971 782. Tower at Hallett's Point 971 783. Fortifications around New York • 972	805 Adams's Homes . . . 1000
694. Yankee Doodle Upset 904 695. Billet-head of Constitution 905 690. Fort Pickering, Salem 906 697. Remains of Fort Lee 906	866. ViewofGheut 1061 867. Cipher Writing 1001 868. Fac-simile of MS. of Treaty of Ghent . 1002
698. Marblehead Harbor 907	869 Seal and Sig. of Gambler 1062
699. Fort Sewall 907	784 MiM Rock Fortifications 973	870. Seal and Sig. of Goulburu... 1062 871. Seal and Sig. of W. Adams . . 1002 872. Seal and Sig. of J. Q. Adams. 1002 873. Seal and Sig. of J. A. Bayard 1002 874. Seal and Sig. of H. Clay 1003 875. Seal and Sig. of J. Russell . . . 1003 870. Seal and Sig. of A. Gallatin.. 1063 877. Por't and Sig. of C. Hughes. 1003 878. Medal of Gratitude 1005 879. Treaty of Peace Medal 1005 880. Allegorical Picture— Peace. . 1066 881. Dartmoor Prison 1068 882. Tail-piece — Civil and Mili tary Power . . 1073
700. Portrait and Signature of Dr. Browne 908	785. Fort Clinton 973
780. FortCliutonandHarlemRiver 973 7S7. M'Gowan's Pass 974 788. North Battery. . 974
701. Small Cannon 909 702. View from Fort George 909
703. Remains of Fort Castine 909 704. Remains at Fort Griffith 910 705. Fort Point 910 706. The Bacon Tree 911 707. Mouth of the Kenduskeag 911 708. Portrait and Sig. of Van Meter 912 709. Remains of Fort Phoenix 913 710. Arsenal at Stonington 914	789. View from Fort Fish 974 790. Courtenay's, and Tower 975 791. Remains of Block-house 975 792. M'Gowan's Pass in 1800 975 7!)3. Signature of A. and N. Brown. 970 794. Iron-clad Vessel 970
795. Section of Floating Battery... 977 796. Fulton the First. 977
711. Portrait and Sig. of J. Holmes 914	797. Initial Letter... ..978

PICTORIAL FIE LD-B 0 OK

OF

THE WAR OF 1812.

CHAPTER I.

" I see, I see,

Freedom's established reign ; cities, and men, Numerous as sands upon the ocean shore, And empires rising where the sun descends ! The Ohio soon shall glide by many a town Of note ; and where the Mississippi stream, By forests shaded, now runs sweeping on, Nations shall grow, and states not less in fame Than Greece and Rome of old. We, too, shall boast Our Scipios, Solons, Catos, sages, chiefs, That in the lap of Time yet dormant lie, Waiting the joyous hour of.life and light."

PHILIP FEENEATT, 1775.

UCH was the prophecy of an Amer ican poet when the war for his country's independence had just been kindled ; and similar were the prescient visions of the statesmen and sages of that hour, who, in the majesty of con- scjous rectitude, decreed the dismemberment of a mighty empire and the establishment of a nation of freemen in the New World. Their rebellion instantly assumed the dignity of a revolution, and commanded the respect and sympathy of the civilized nations. Their faith was per fect, and under its inspiration they contended gallantly for freedom, and won. We, their children, have seen the minstrel's prophecy fulfilled, and all the bright visions of glory that gave gladness to our fathers paled by a splen dor of reality that makes us proud of the title — AMERICAN CITIZEN.

When, on the 25th of November, 1783, John Van Arsdale, a sprightly sailor-boy of sixteen years, climbed the slushed flag- staff in Fort George, at the foot of Broadway, New York, pulled down the British ensign that for more than seven years had floated there, and un furled in its place the banner of the United States,1 the work of the Rev olution was finished. As the white sails of the Bi'itish squadron that bore away from our shores the last armed enemy to freedom in Amer-

1 Before the British left Fort George they nailed their colors to the summit of the flag-staff, knocked off the elects, and "slushed" the pole from top to bottom, to prevent its being climbed. Van Arsdale (who died in 183C) ascended by nailing on cleets, and applying sand to the greased flag-staff. In this way he reached the top, hauled down the British flag, and placed that of the United States in its position. It is believed by some that the nailing of the flag there by the British had a higher significance than was visible in the outward act, namely, a compliance with orders from the impe rial government not to strike the flag, as in a formal surrender, but to leave it flying, in token of the claim of Great Britain to the absolute proprietorship of the country then abandoned. It was believed that the absence of British au thority in the United States would be only temporary.

B

18 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK

The hopes of the Americans not realized. They were free, but not independent.

ica became mere specks upon the horizon in the evening sun to the straining eyes of eager thousands gazing seaward beyond the Narrows,1 the idea of absolute independ ence took possession of the mind and heart of every true American. He saw the visi ble bonds of British thraldom fall at his feet, and his pulse beat high with the inspira tion of conscious freedom, and the full assurance that the power and influence of Brit ish sovereignty had departed from his country forever.

Alas ! those natural, and generous, and patriotic, and hopeful emotions were falla cious. They were born of a beautiful theory, but derived no real sustenance from so ber facts. They were the poetry of that hour of triumph, entrancing the spirit and kindling the imagination. They gave unbounded pleasure to a disenthralled people. But there were wise and thoughtful men among them who had communed with the teachers of the Past, and sought knowledge in the vigorous school of the Present. They diligently studied the prose chapters of the great volume of current history spread out before them, and were not so jubilant. They reverently thanked God for what had been accomplished, adored him for the many interpositions of his providence in their behalf, and rejoiced because of the glorious results of the struggle thus far. But they clearly perceived that the peace established by the decrees of high contract ing parties would prove to be only a lull in the great contest — a truce soon to be broken, not, perhaps, by the trumpet calling armed men to the field, but by the stern behests of the inexorable necessities of the new-born republic. The revolution was accomplished, and the political separation from Great Britain was complete, but abso lute independence was not achieved.

The experience of two years wrought a wonderful change in the public mind. The wisdom of the few prophetic sages who warned the people of dangers became painful ly apparent. The Americans were no longer the legal subjects of a monarch beyond the seas, yet the power and influence of Great Britain were felt like a chilling, over shadowing cloud. In the presence of her puissance in all that constitutes the material strength and vigor of a nation, they felt their weakness ; and from many a patriot heart came a sigh to the lips, and found expression there in the bitter words of deep humili ation — We are/ree, but not independent.

Why not ? Had not a solemn treaty and the word of an honest king acknowledged the states to be free and independent ?

Yes. The Treaty of Peace had declared the confederated colonies "to be free, sov ereign, and independent states ;" and that the King of Great Britain would treat them as such, and relinquish " all claims to the government, propriety, and territorial rights of the same."2 The king, in his speech from the throne,a had said, "I .Decembers, have sacrificed every consideration of my own to the wishes and opinion 1783-

of my people. I make it my humble and earnest prayer to Almighty God that Great Britain may not feel the evils which might result from so great a dismemberment of the empire, and that America may be free from those calamities which have formerly proved, in the mother country, how essential monarchy is to the enjoyment of consti tutional liberty. Religion, language, interest, affections may, and I hope will, yet prove a bond of permanent union between the two countries : to this end neither attention nor disposition shall be wanting on my part."3

i The passage from New York Harbor to the sea, between Long Island and Staten Island.

» See Article I. of the Treaty of Peace between the United States and Great Britain, signed at Paris on the 3d of September, 1783, by David Hartley in behalf of Great Britain, and Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, and John Jay for the United States.

' This acknowledgment was wrung from the king. He had long detested the very name of every thing American ; and this feeling was strengthened by his intense personal hatred of Dr. Franklin, whose coolness and adroitness had given him the distinction of Arch-rebel. The king carried his prejudices so far that Sir John Pringle was driven to resign his place as President of the Royal Society in this wise : The king urgently requested the society to publish, with the authority of its name, a contradiction of a scientific opinion of the rebellious Franklin. Pringle replied that it wag not in his power to reverse the order of nature, and resigned. The pliant Sir Joseph Banks, with the practice of a true courtier, advocated the opinion which was patronized by his majesty, and was appointed President of the Royal Soci ety. See Wright's England under the House of Hanover, ii., 63.

OF THE WAR OP 1812. 19

Reception of John Adams in England. Why the Americans were not independent. Articles of Confederation.

This was all very kind, and yet the Americans were not independent.

Why not ? Had not the representative of their independent sovereignty been ap pointed by the Congress to reside as the agent of the republic in the British capital, and been received with cordiality ?

Yes. John Adams had been appointed14 minister plenipotentiary to the a February 24, Court of Great Britain, and had been ordered to leave sunny France for fog gy England. The Duke of Dorset, the British embassador at Paris, had treated him most kindly at Auteuil, and had as kindly prescribed a gay court-dress to be worn by the embassador at his first presentation to the king on his majesty's birth-day. That plen ipotentiary had been presented,b most graciously received, and affected almost »june4) to tears by these honest words of good King George : " I was the last man in the kingdom, sir, to consent to the independence of America; but, now it is granted, I shall be the last man in the world to sanction a violation of it."

This reception was significant, and this declaration of his majesty was explicit and sincere. Yet the Americans were not independent.

Why not ? Because they had not formed a nation, and thereby created a power to be respected ; because British statesmen were wise enough to perceive this weakness, and sagacious enough to take advantage of it. Without the honesty of the king, mis led by the fatal counsels of the refugee loyalists who swarmed in the British metropo lis, and governed wholly by the maxims and ethics of diplomacy, the ministry cast embarrassments in the way of the Confederation, neglected to comply with some of the most important stipulations of the Treaty of Peace, maintained a haughty reserve, and waited with* complacency and perfect faith to see the whole fabric of government in the United States, cemented by the bonds of common interest and common danger while in a state of war, crumble into fragments, and the people return to their allegiance as colonists of Great Britain. Their trade and commerce, their manufactures and arts, their literature, science, religion, and laws were yet largely tributary to the parent country, without a well-grounded hope for a speedy deliverance. To this domination was added a traditional contempt of the English for their transatlantic brethren as an inferior people,1 and the manifestation of an illiberal and unfriendly spirit, heightened by the consciousness that the Americans were without a government sufficiently pow erful to command the fulfillment of treaty stipulations, or an untrammeled commerce sufficiently important to attract the cupidity and interested sympathies of other na tions.

Such is a general statement of reasons why the United States were not inde pendent of Great Britain after their total political separation from her. These gave to Dr. Franklin and others the consciousness of the incompleteness of the struggle commenced in 1775. When a compatriot remarked that the war for independence was successfully closed, Franklin wisely replied, " Say, rather, the war of the Revolution. The war for independence is yet to be fought."

I have remarked that our fathers had not formed a NATION on the return of peace, and in that fact was the inherent weakness of their government, and the spring of all the hopes of the royalists for their speedy return to colonial dependency. To illustrate this, let us take a rapid survey of events from the ratification of the Treaty of Peace in the autumn of 1784, to the formation of the National Constitution in the autumn of 1787.

The Articles of Confederation, suggested by Dr. Franklin in the summer of 1775, adopted by the Continental Congress in November, 1777, and finally settled by the ratification of all the states in the spring of 1781, became the organic law of the great American League of independent commonwealths, which, by the first article of that Constitution, was styled " The United States of America." In behalf of this Confeder-

1 "Even the chimney-sweepers on the streets," said Pitt, in a speech in the House of Commons in 1703, "talk boast- ingly of their subjects in America."

20

PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK

The League of States.

The States not sovereign.

The Public Debt.

acy, commissioners were appointed by the Continental Congress to negotiate for peace with Great Britain. That negotiation was successful, and, in September, 1783, a defin- > September 3, i^e treaty was signed at Paris* by the respective commissioners1 of the 1783. two governments. It was subsequently ratified by the Congress and the Crown. In the first article of the treaty all the states of the League were named, for the simple purpose of definitely declaring what provinces in the New World formed "The United States of America," as there were British, French, and Spanish provinces there not members of the League; and also because they were held to be, on the part of the English, independent republics, as they had been colonies independent of each other.2

The League now assumed a national attitude, and the powers of the Confederacy were speedily tested. The bright visions of material prosperity that gladdened the hearts of the Americans at the close of the war soon faded, and others more sombre appeared when the financial and commercial condition of the forming republic was contemplated with candor. A debt of seventy millions of dollars lay upon the shoulders of a wasted people. About forty-four millions of that amount was owing by the Federal govern ment (almost ten millions of it in Europe), and the remainder by the individual states. These debts had been incurred in carrying on the war. Even while issuing their paper money in abundance, the Congress had commenced borrowing; and when, in 1780, their bills of credit became worthless, borrowing was the chief monetary resource of the government. This, of course, could not go on long without involving the republic in embarrassments and accomplishing its final ruin. The restoration of the public credit or the downfall of the infant republic was the alternative presented to the American people.

1 See note 2, page IS.

2 The advocates of the mischievous political doctrine known as supreme state sovereignty, whose fundamental dogma is that the states then forming the inchoate republic were absolutely independent sovereignties, have cited this naming of the several states in that treaty in support of their views. The states were independent commonwealths, but not sover eignties. That term implies no superior. The colonies and states had never been in that exalted position. They were dependencies of Great Britain until the Declaration of Independence was promulgated, when they immediately assumed the position of equals in a National League, acknowledging the general government which they thus established as the supreme controlling power, having a broad isiguet for the common use, bearing the words, " Seal of the United States,"

FIKST GEEAT SEAL OF TUB TTNITED STATES.*

as its insignia of authority. When a treaty of peace was to be negotiated, the states did not each choose a commis sioner for the purpose, but these agents were appointed by the General Congress, as representatives of the nationality of the Confederation, without reference to any particular states. And when, a few years later, the people ("We the PEOPLE" is the phrase) formed and ratified a National Constitution, they disowned all independent state sovereignty, and reserved to the states only municipal rights, the exercise of which should not be in contravention of the organic law of the land.

* For a history (with illustrations) of this first Great Seal of the United States, see a paper in Harper's Magazine, voL xiii., p. 178, written by the author of this work.

OF THE WAR OF 1812. 21

Attempts to restore the Public Credit and establish Commercial Relations. Attitude of the States.

With a determination to restore that public credit, the General Congress immediately put forth all its strength in efforts to produce such a result. A few weeks after the preliminary Treaty of Peace was signed, the Congress declared that "the establishment of permanent and adequate funds on taxes or duties, which shall operate generally, and, on the whole, in just proportion, throughout the United States, is indispensably necessary toward doing complete justice to the public creditors, for restoring pub lic credit, and for providing for the future exigencies of the war."1 Two months latera the Congress recommended to the several states, as " indispensably nee- a April is, essary to the restoration of public credit, and to the punctual discharge of the public debts," to vest the Congress with power to levy, for a period of twenty-five years, specified duties on certain imported articles, and an ad valorem duty on all others, the revenue therefrom to be applied solely to the payment of the interest and principal of the public debt. It was also proposed that the states should be required to establish for the same time, and for the same object, substantial revenues for supply ing each its proportion of one million five hundred thousand dollars annually, exclusive of duties on imports, the proportion of each state to be fixed according to the eighth article of the organic law of the League.2 This financial system was not to take effect until acceded to by every state.

This proposition was approved by the leading men of the country, but it was not adopted by the several states. They all took action upon it in the course of the succeed ing three years, but that action was rather in the form of overtures — indications of what each state was willing to dp — not of positive law. All the states except two were willing to grant the required amount, but they were not disposed to vest the Congress with the required power. " It is money, not power, that ought to be the ob ject," they said. " The former will pay our debts, the latter may destroy our liber ties."*

This first important effort of the Congress to assume the functions of sovereignty was a signal failure, and the beginning of a series of failures. It excited a jealousy be tween the state and general governments, and exposed the utter impotency of the lat ter, whose vitality depended upon the will of thirteen distinct legislative bodies, each tenacious of its own peculiar rights and interests, and miserly in its delegation of power. It was speedily made manifest that the public credit must be utterly destroyed by the inevitable repudiation of the public debt.

The League were equally unfortunate in their attempts to establish commercial rela tions with other governments, and especially with that of Great Britain. The Liberal ministry, under the Earl of Shelburne when the preliminary Treaty of Peace was signed, devised generous measures toward the Americans. Encouraged by a lively hope there by engendered, American commerce began to revive. William Pitt, son of the emi nent Earl of Chatham, then at the age of only twenty-four years, was Chancellor of the Exchequer. With a clear perception of the value to Great Britain of friendly relations between that government and the new republic, he introduced a bill into Parliament for the regulation of commerce between the two countries, by which trade with the British West India Islands and other colonial possessions of the crown was thrown open to the enterprise of the merchants of the United States.

In this proposed measui'e was involved a powerful element of solid peace and har mony between the two governments; but there seemed not to be wisdom enough among the statesmen of Great Britain for a practical perception of it. The shipping

1 Journal of Congress, February 12, 1783. The last clause was necessary, because only preliminary articles of peace had been signed, and the war might continue.

2 The following was the proposed apportionment : New Hampshire, $52,708 ; Massachusetts, $224,427 ; Rhode Island, $32,318; Connecticut, $13-2,091 ; New York, $128,243 ; New Jersey, $83,358 ; Pennsylvania, $205,189 ; Delaware, $22,443 ; -Maryland, $141,517; Virginia, $256, 48T ; North Carolina, $109,006; South Carolina, $96,183 ; Georgia, $16,030.

3 The resolutions of Congress, and the proceedings of the several State Legislatures, with remarks thereon by "A Re publican," were published in the New York Gazetteer, and afterward in pamphlet form, in tho autumn of 1786, by Carroll & Patterson, 32 Maiden Lane, New York.

22

PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK

Dissolution of the Liberal British Ministry.

The new Cabinet.

Its discordant Elements.

interest, then potential in Parliament, with strange blindness to its own welfare and that of the state, successfully opposed it; and the Liberal Shelburne ministry did not survive the proposition a month. It was dissolved, and, after a ministerial hiatus of several weeks, during which time faction threatened the peace if not the stability of the throne, a Cabinet was formed of materials the most discordant hitherto. North and Fox, Burke and Cavendish, Portland and Stormont, who had differed widely and debated bitterly on American affairs, coalesced, much to the astonishment of the simple, the scandal of political consistency, and the delight of satirists with pen and pencil.1

The new Cabinet listened to other counsels than those of the sagacious Pitt, and, in stead of acting liberally toward the United States, as friends and political equals, they inaugurated a restrictive commercial policy, and assumed the offensive hauteur of lord and master in the presence of vassals or slaves. Echoing the opinions of the acrimoni ous Silas Deane, the specious Tory, Joseph Galloway, and Peter Oliver, the refugee Chief Justice of Massachusetts,2 English writers and English statesmen made public observations which indicated that they regarded the American League as only alien ated members of the British realm. Lord Sheffield, in a formidable pamphlet, gave expression to the views of the Loyalists and leading British statesmen, and declared his belief that ruin must soon overtake the League, because of the anarchy and confu-

1 The political satires and caricatures of the day indicate the temper of the people. Of these the war in America formed the staple subject at the time in question. The conduct of that war, its cessation or continuance, formed the topic

of violent debates in Parliament, caused rancor among politicians, was the basis of new party or- gAnizations, and a source of great anxiety among the people. Among those who employed carica tures in the controversies Sayer and Gillray were the chief. The latter soon outstripped all com petitors, and gave to the world more than twelve hundred caricatures, chiefly political. One of his earliest productions was issued at the period in question, in which the original positions of the different leaders of the coalition were exhibit ed in compartments. In one, entitled "War," Fox and Burke, in characteristic attitudes, are seen thundering against the massive Lord North. In another com partment, called "Neither Peace

nor War," the three orators are, in the same attitudes, attacking the prelimina ry Treaty of Peace with the United States. Under them are the words " The Astonishing Coa lition." Another caricature was called "The Loves of the Fox and the Badger ; or, The Coalition Wed ding." This popular caricature was a burlesque pictorial history of the sudden friendship between

Fox and North. The latter was commonly known in political circles as " the badger." In another print Fox and North were represented under one coat standing on a pedestal, and called "The State Idol." This the king (who de tested the whole affair) was expected to worship. In another, the two are seen approaching Britannia (or the people) to claim her sanction. She rejects them and their attention is directed to a gallows and block in the distance as their proper destination.

The coalition finally became unpopular, and Gillray, in a caricature entitled "Britannia Aroused; or, The Coalition Monsters Destroyed," represents her in a fury, grasping one of the leaders by the neck and the other by the leg, and hurling them from her as enemies to liberty. I have copied from Wright's En gland under the Home of Hanover the most forcible portions of the torn carica tures named. BEITANNIA AROUSET..

ih

in 1774, but soon afterward abandoned his countrymen and went to England

York, and did not leave the country uni!' ~

England, where he died in 1803.

Peter Oliver was past middle life when the Revolution broke out. He was appointed Chief Justice of Massachusetts in 760, when his brother-in-law, Hutchinson, became governor of that province He was impeached by SSssachu- setts Assembly in 1774, and soon afterward went to England, where he died in 1791 aged 79 yeirs

OF THE WAR OF 1812. 23

Expectations of British Statesmen. Lord Sheffield's Pamphlet. British Legislation. Public Dangers.

sion in which they were involved in consequence of their independence. He assumed that the New England States in particular would speedily become penitent suppliants at the foot of the king for pardon and restoration as colonies. He saw the utter weak ness and consequent inefficiency of the League as a form of government, and advised his countrymen to consider them of little account as a nation.1 "If the American states choose to send consuls, receive them, and send a consul to each state. Each state will soon enter into all necessary regulations with the consul, and this is the whole that is necessary." In other wrords, the League has no dignity above that of a fifth-rate power, and the states are still, in fact, only dislocated members of the British Empire.2

In considering the more remote causes of the "War of 1812, and the final independ ence of the United States achieved by that war, that pamphlet of Lord Sheffield, which gave direction to British legislation and bias to the English mind in reference to the American League, may be regarded as a most important one. It was followed by Orders in Council3 by which American vessels were entirely excluded from the British West Indies ; and some of the staple productions of the United States, such as fish, beef, pork, butter, lard, et cetera^ were not permitted to be carried there except in Brit ish bottoms. These orders were continued by temporary acts until 1788, when the policy was permanently established as a commercial regulation by act of Parliament.

In view of this unfriendly conduct of Great Britain, the General Congress, in the spring of 1784, asked the several states to delegate powers to them for fifteen years, by which they might compel England to be more liberal by countervailing measures of prohibition.4 Well would it have been for the people of the young republic had some restrictive measures been adopted, whereby British goods could have been kept from their ports, for in a very short time after the peace a most extravagant and ruinous trade with Great Britain was opened. Immense importations were made, and private indebtedness speedily added immensely to the evils which the war and an inadequate government had brought upon the people. But the appeal of the Congress was in vain. The states, growing more and more jealous of their individual dignity, would not invest the Congress with any such power ; nor would they, even in the face of the danger of having their trade go into the hands of foreigners, make any permanent and uniform arrangements among themselves. Without public credit, with their commerce at the mercy of every adventurer, without respect at home or abroad, the League of States, free without independence, presented the sad spectacle of the elements of a great nation paralyzed in the formative process, and the coldness of political death chilling every developing function of its being.

Difficulties soon arose between the United States and Great Britain concerning the

i " It will not be an easy matter," he said (and he no doubt spoke the language of the English people in general), " to bring the American states to act as a nation ; they are not to be feared as such by us. It will be a long time before they can engage or will concur in any material expenses. A stamp act, a tea act, or such act that can never again occur, would alone unite them. Their climate, their staples, their manners are different ; their interests opposite ; and that which is beneficial to one is destructive to the other. We might as reasonably dread the effects of combinations among the German as among the American states, and deprecate the resolves of the Diet as those of the Congress. In short, every circumstance proves that it will be extreme folly to enter into any engagements by which we may not wish to be bound hereafter. It is impossible to name any material advantage the American states will or can give us in return more than what we of course shall have. No treaty can be made with the American states that can be binding on the Whole of them. The Act of Confederation does not enable Congress to form more than general treaties."— SHEFFIELD'S Observations on the Commerce of the American States, London, 1783. ,

3 The estimation in which the League was held by the British government may be inferred by an inquiry of the Duke of Dorset, in reply to a letter from Messrs. Adams, Franklin, and Jefferson, on the subject of a commercial treaty, in March, 17S5. His grace inquired " whether they were commissioned by Congress or their respective states, for it ap peared to him that each state was determined to manage its own matters in its own way." It could not be expected that England would be in haste to form any important commercial relations with a government so uncertain in its charac ter, for a league of independent governments was liable to dissolution at any moment.

3 July, 17S3. The British Privy Council consists of an indefinite number of gentlemen, chosen by the sovereign, and having no direct connection with the Cabinet ministers. The sovereign may, under the advice of this council, issue orders or proclamations, which, if not contrary to existing laws, are binding upon the subjects. These are for tempo rary purposes, and are called Orders in Council.

* See Journal of Congress, April 30, 1784.

24 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK

Weakness of the new Government made manifest. Its Dissolution threatened. Excuse for Dissatisfaction.

inexecution of the Treaty of Peace, each charging the other with infractions of that treaty, or neglect to comply with its requirements.1 An open rupture was threatened, • February 24, and John Adams was sent to England,a clothed with the full powers of a 1785- plenipotentiary, to arrange all matters in dispute.

But Mr. Adams could accomplish little. Indeed his mission was almost fruitless. He found the temper of the British people, from the peasant up to the monarch, cold, if not positively hostile, toward the United States. He was never insulted, yet the chilliness of the social atmosphere, and the studied neglect of his official representations, often excited hot indignation in his bosom. But his government was so weak and powerless that he was compelled to bite his lips in silence. When he proposed to have the naviga tion and trade between all the dominions of the British crown and all the territories of the United States placed upon a basis of perfect and liberal reciprocity, the offer was not only rejected with scorn, but the minister was given to understand that no othei' would be entertained by the British government. When he recommended his own government to pass countervailing navigation laws for the benefit of American com merce, he was met with the fact that it possessed no power to do so. At length, be lieving his mission to be useless, and the British government steadily refusing to send a minister to the United States, he asked and received permission to return home.

Meanwhile matters were growing infinitely worse in the United States. The Con gress had become absolutely powerless, and almost a by-word among the people. The states had assumed the attitude of sovereign, each for itself; and their interests were too diversified, and in some instances too antagonistic, to allow them to work in har mony for the general good. The League was on the point of dissolution, and the fair fabric for the dwelling of liberty, reared by Washington and his compatriots, was tot tering to its fall. The idea of forming two or three distinct confederacies took posses sion of the public mind. Western North Carolina revolted, and the new State of Franklin,2 formed by the insurgents, endured several months. A portion of South western Virginia sympathized in the movement. Insurrection against the authorities of Pennsylvania appeared in the Wyoming Valley.3 A Convention deliberated at Port land on the expediency of erecting the Territory of Maine into an independent state.4 An armed mob surrounded the New Hampshire Legislature, demanding a remission of taxes ;5 and in Massachusetts, Daniel Shays, who had been a captain in the Continental army, placed himself at the head of a large body of armed insurgents, and defied the government of that state.6 There was resistance to taxation every where, and disre spect for law became the rule and not the exception.

There was reason for this state of things. The exhaustion of the people was great on account of the war, and poverty was wide-spread. The farmer found no remunera tive market for his produce, and domestic manufactures were depressed by foreign competition.7 Debt weighed down all classes, and made them, feel that the burden

1 Against Great Britain it was charged that slaves had been carried away by her military and naval commanders sub sequent to the signing of the treaty, and on their departure from the country.* It was also complained that the Western military posts had not been surrendered to the United States according to Article VII. of the treaty. Against the United States it was charged that legal impediments had been interposed to prevent the collection of debts due British mer chants by Americans, and that the stipulations concerning the property of Loyalists, found in Articles V. and VI. of the treaty, had not been complied with. These criminations and recriminations were fair, for it has been justly remarked, ' ' America could not, and Great Britain would not, because America did not, execute the treaty."— Life and Works of John Adams, i., 424.

2 See Ramsey's History of Tennessee ; Harper's Magazine for March, 1862.

3 See Lossing's Field-Book of the Revolution. * See Williamson's History of Maine.

5 See Coolidge and Mansfield's History of New Hampshire.

6 See Bradford's History of Maxsachiisetts ; Harper's Magazine for April, 18C2.

7 The idea was prevalent, at the close of the war, that the United States ought to be an exclusively agricultural nation, and that the old policy of purchasing all fabrics in Europe, to be paid for by the productions of the soil, would be the wiser one. Acting upon the belief that this would be the policy of the new government, the merchants imported largely, and, there being very little duty to be paid, domestic manufactures could not compete with those of Great Britain. The fallacy of the idea that exports would pay for the imports was soon made manifest, and almost universal bankruptcy

* See Article VII. of the treaty.

OF THE WAR OF 1812. 25

Washington's Views of Public Affairs. His Suggestions, and those of Alexander Hamilton. Propositions of the latter.

which the tax-gatherer would lay upon them would be the " feather" that would " break the camel's back." There was doubt, and confusion, and perplexity on every side ; and the very air seemed thick with forebodings of evil. Society appeared to be about to dissolve into its original elements.

Patriots — men who had labored for the establishment of a wise government for a free people — were heart-sick. " Illiberality, jealousy, and local policy mix too much in all our public councils for the good government of the Union," wrote Washington. "The Confederation appears to me to be little better than a shadow without the substance, and Congress a nugatory body, their ordinances being little attended to. To me it is a solecism in politics ; indeed, it is one of the most extraordinary things in nature, that we should confederate as a nation, and yet be afraid to give the rulers of that nation (who are the creatures of our own making, appointed for a limited and short duration, and who are amenable for every action, and may be recalled at any moment, and are subject to all the evils they may be instrumental in producing) sufficient powers to order and direct the affairs of the same. By such policy as this the wheels of govern ment are clogged, and our brightest prospects, and that high expectation which was entertained of us by the wondering world, are turned into astonishment ; and from the high ground on which we stood we are descending into the vale of confusion and dai'k- ness.

" That we have it in our power to become one of the most respectable nations upon earth, admits, in my humble opinion, of no doubt, if we would but pursue a wise, just, and liberal policy toward one another, and keep good faith with the rest of the world. That our resources are ample and increasing, none can deny; but while they are grudg ingly applied, or not applied at all, we give a vital stab to public faith, and shall sink, in the eyes of Europe, into contempt."1

Other patriots uttered similar sentiments ; and there was a feverish anxiety in the public mind concerning the future, destructive of all confidence, and ruinous to enter prises of every kind. Already grave discussions on the subject had occurred in the library at Mount Vernon, during which Washington had suggested the idea of a con junction of the several states in arrangements of a commercial nature, over which the Congress, under the Articles of Confederation, had no control. The suggestion was luminous. It beamed out upon the surrounding darkness like a ray of morning light. It was the hei'ald and harbinger of future important action — the key-note to a loud trumpet-call for the wise men of the nation to save the tottering republic. It was the electric fire that ran along the paralyzed nerves of the nation, and quickened into action a broader statesmanship, like that displayed by the youthful Hamilton, who, three or four years before, had induced the Legislature of New York to recommend the " assem bling of a general Convention of the United States, specially authorized to revise and amend the Confederation, reserving the right to the respective Legislatures to ratify their determination."2

occurred among the importing merchants. The imports from Great Britain during the years 1784 and 1TS5 amounted in value to $30,000,000, while the exports thither did not exceed $9,000,000.

1 Letter to James Warren, October 7, 17S5.

2 So early as 17SO, Alexander Hamilton, then only twenty-three years of age, thoroughly analyzed the defects of the Articles of Confederation, in a long letter to James Duane, member of Congress from New York. It was dated, "Lib erty Pole, September 3, 1780." He discussed the subject at great length, gave an outline sketch of a Federal Constitu tion, and suggested the calling of a Convention to frame such a system of government.* During the following year he published in the New York Packet, printed at Fishkill, Duchess County, a series of papers under the title of The Consti tutionalist, which were devoted chiefly to the discussion of the defects in the Articles of Confederation. They excited great local interest ; and Hamilton succeeded, in the summer of 1782, in having the subject brought before the Legisla ture of the State of New York while in session at Poughkeepsie. It was favorably received, and on Sunday, the 21st of July, that body passed a series of resolutions, in the last of which occurred the sentence above quoted.

On the 1st of April, 17S3, Hamilton, in a debate in Congress, expressed an earnest desire for a general Convention, and the subject was much talked of among the members of Congress in 17S4. In the same year Thomas Paine and Pelatiah Webster wrote on that subject. In the spring of 1784, Noah Webster, the lexicographer, in a pamphlet which he says he " took the pains to carry in person to General Washington," suggested a "new system of government, which

• See The Works of Alexander Hamilton, i., 150.

26

PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK

Conveution of Representatives of the States at Annapolis and Philadelphia.

This recommendation had been seriously pondered by thoughtful men throughout the League, but the public authorities were not then ready to adopt it. Washington's proposition for a commercial Convention was favorably received, and in September, the • September ii, following year,a five states were represented by delegates in such Conven- 178S- tion, held at Annapolis, in Maryland.1 Already a desire had been ex

pressed in many parts of the country for a Convention having a broader field of consid eration than commerce, only one of the elements of a nation's prosperity. So thought and felt members of the Convention at Annapolis — a Convention that proved a failure in a degree, inasmuch as only five of the thirteen states were represented. They ad journed after a brief session, first recommending the several states to call another Con vention in May following ; and performing the momentous service of preparing a letter to the General Congress, in which the defects of the Articles of Confederation were set forth.

In February following, the Congress took the proceedings of the Convention into consideration, and recommended a meeting of delegates from the several states, to be held at Philadelphia on the second Monday in the ensuing May ; not, however, for the regulation of commerce, but really for the reconstruction of the national govern ment.2

On the 4th of July, 1776, a Congress of representatives of thirteen colonies met in the great room of the State House in Phila delphia, since known as Independence Hall, and declared those colonies free and inde pendent states. On Monday, the 14th of May, 1787, a Congress of representatives of the same colonies, then become free and independent states, assembled in the same hall for the purpose of establishing the va lidity and power of that declaration, by dis solving the inefficient political League of the states, and constituting the inhabitants of all the states one great and indissoluble nation.

There were few delegates present on the appointed day of meeting ; and it was not until the 25th that representatives from seven states (the prescribed quorum) ap peared. Then Washington, a delegate from Virginia, was chosen president of the Convention, and William Jackson secretary.3 On

WILLIAM JACK.BON.

should act, not on the states, but directly on individuals, and vest in Congress full power to carry its laws into effect." This pamphlet is entitled, "Sketches of American Policy." Thus thinking men all lamented the weakness of the gen eral government, and foresaw the dangers of the doctrine of supreme state sovereignty, which has wrought so much mischief in our day.

i The following are the names of the representatives : New York— Alexander Hamilton, Egbert Benson ; New Jersey— Abraham Clarke, William C. Houston ; Pennsylvania — Tenche Coxe, James Schureman ; Delaware— George Read, John Dickinson, Richard Bassett ; Virginia — Edmund Randolph, James Madison, Jr., St. George Tucker.

8 This action of the Congress took place on the 21st of February, 1787. The resolution (which was submitted by the delegates from Massachusetts) was as follows :

" Resolved, That in the opinion of Congress it is expedient that, on the second Monday in May next, a Convention of Delegates, who shall have been appointed by the several states, be held at Philadelphia, for the sole and express pur pose of revising the Articles of Confederation, and reporting to Congress and the several Legislatures such alterations and provisions therein as shall, when agreed to in Congress and confirmed by the states, render the Federal Constitu tion adequate to the exigencies of government and the preservation of the Union."

3 William Jackson was an eminent patriot, and one of Washington's most intimate personal friends. He entered the Continental army at the age of sixteen years, and served his country faithfully during the whole war for independ ence. He became an aid to the commander-in-chief, with the rank of major. In 1781 he accompanied his friend, Colonel John Laurens, on a diplomatic mission to France. At the close of the war he visited Europe, and on his re turn was appointed, on the nomination of Washington, secretary to the Convention that formed the National Consti-

OF THE WAR OF 1812. 27

William Jackson and Edmund Randolph. Members of the Convention. Attitude of Rhode Island.

the 28th, Edmund Randolph, of Virginia,1 at the request of his colleagues, opened the business of the Convention in a carefully considered speech, in which he pointed out the serious defects in the Articles of Confederation, illustrated their utter inadequacy to secure the dignity, peace, and safety of the republic, and asserted the absolute neces sity of a more energetic government. At the close of his speech he offered to the Con vention fifteen resolutions, in which were embodied the leading principles whereon to form a new government according to his views.

I do not propose to consider in detail, nor even in a synoptical manner, the proceed ings of that Convention, which occupied several hours each day for four months. I will merely direct attention to the really great men who composed it, and the measures that were adopted, and leave the reader to seek in other sources the interesting infor mation concerning the events in the daily sessions of that remarkable congress of wise men, whose efforts bore noble fruit for the political sustenance of mankind.2

The venerable Dr. Franklin, then near the close of a long and useful life, was the most conspicuous member of that Convention next to Washington. Thirty-three years before he had elaborated a plan of union for the colonies, to which neither the crown nor the provinces would listen ;3 now he came to revive that plan, with full hope of success. Johnson, Rutledge, and Dickinson had been members of the Stamp-act Con-

tution. His private record of the proceedings and debates is iu the hands of his family. He became the private secretary of President Washington, and accompanied him on his tour through the Southern States in 1791. He held the office of surveyor of the port of Philadelphia and inspector of customs there until removed, for political causes, by Mr. Jefferson. He then started a daily newspaper, called "The Political and Commercial Reg ister."

Major Jackson lived a life of unsullied honor, and at his death was buried in Christ Church yard, on Fifth Street, Philadelphia. A plain slab about three feet high marks the spot, and bears the following inscription: "Sacred to the memory of Major William Jackson : born March the 9th, 1759 ; depart ed this life December the 17th, 1828. Also to Elizabeth Willing, his relict : born March the 27th, 1768 ; departed this life August the 5th, 1858." Mrs. Jackson was ninety years of age at the time of her death.

I am indebted to Miss Ann Willing Jackson, daughter of Major Jackson, for the portrait given on the preceding page. It is copied from a miniature in her possession, painted by Trumbull. She also has a silhouette profile of her father, cut by Mrs. Mayo, of Richmond, Virginia, the mother of the late Mrs. General Winfield Scott.

The signature of Secretary Jackson is with those of the other signers of JACKSON'S MONUMENT.

the Constitution, on page 32.

1 Edmund Randolph was a son of an attorney general of Virginia before the Revolution. He was an eminent law yer, and a warm patriot throughout the old war for independence. He was a member of the Continental Congress from 1779 until 1782. He was active in the Convention that formed the Constitution. He was elected Governor of Virginia iu 1788, and Washington chose him for his first attorney general of the United States in 1789. He was secretary of state in 1794, but, in consequence of being engaged in an intrigue with the French minister, he retired from public life. He died in December, 1813.

3 Rhode Island was not represented in the Convention. Ignorant and unprincipled men happened to control the Aesembly of the state at that time, and they refused to elect delegates to the Convention. But some of the best and most influential men in Rhode Island joined in sending a letter to the Convention, in which they expressed their cordial sympathy with the objects of the movement, and promised their acquiescence in whatsoever measures the majority might adopt. The following were the names of the delegates from the several states :

New Hampshire.— John Langdon, John Pickering, Nicholas Gilman, and Benjamin West.

Massachrisetts.— Francis Dana, Elbridge Gerry, Nathaniel Gorham, Rufus King, and Caleb Strong.

Connecticut.— William Samuel Johnson, Roger Sherman, and Oliver Ellsworth.

New York.— Robert Yates, Jonn Lansing, Jr., and Alexander Hamilton.

New Jersey.— David Brearley, William Churchill Houston, William Paterson, John Neilson, William Livingston, Abra ham Clark, and Jonathan Dayton.

Pennsylvania.— Thomas MiflJin, Robert Morris, George Clymer, Jared Ingersoll, Thomas Fitzsimmons, James Wilson, Gouverneur Morris, and Benjamin Franklin.

Delaware.— George Read, Gunning Bedford, Jr., John Dickinson, Richard Bassett, and Jacob Brown.

Maryland.— James M'Henry, Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer, Daniel Carroll, John Francis Mercer, and Luther Martin.

Virginia.— George Washington, Patrick Henry, Edmund Randolph, John Blair, James Madison, Jr., George Mason, and George Wythe. Patrick Henry having declined his appointment, James M'Clure was nominated to supply his place.

North Carolina.— Richard Caswell, Alexander Martin, William Richardson Davie, Richard Dobbs Spaight, and Willie Jones. Richard Caswell having resigned, William Blonnt was appointed as deputy in his place. Willie Jones having also declined his appointment, his place was supplied by Hugh Williamson.

South Carolina.— John Rutledge, Charles Pinckney, Charles C. Pinckney, and Pierce Butler.

Georgia.— William Few, Abraham Baldwin, William Pierce, George Walton.William Houston, and Nathaniel Pendleton.

3 " The Assemblies did not adopt it," said Franklin, " as they all thought there was too much prerogative in it ; and in England it was judged to have too much of the democratic."

28 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK

Leading Members of the Convention. Its Objects. Its Proceedings. Gonverueur Morris.

gress in 1765, and the last two had been compatriots of Washington in the Congress of 1774. Livingston, Sherman, Read, and Wythe had shared the same honors. The last two, with Franklin, Sherman, Gerry, Clymer, Morris, and Wilson, had signed the Declaration of Independence. The Continental army was represented by Washington, Mifflin, Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, and Hamilton. The younger members, who had become conspicuous in public life after the Declaration of Independence, were Hamilton, Madison, and Edmund Randolph. The latter was then Governor of Virginia, having suc ceeded Patrick Henry, the "trumpet of sedition" when the states were British provinces. The Convention was marked by long and warm debates, and with dignity suited to the occasion. The most prominent speakers were King, Gerry, and Gorham, of Massa chusetts ; Hamilton and Lansing, of New York ; Ellsworth, Johnson, and Sherman, of Connecticut; Paterson, of New Jersey ; Franklin, Wilson, and Morris, of Pennsylvania; Dickinson, of Delaware ; Martin, of Maryland ; Randolph, Mason, and Madison, of Vir ginia; Williamson, of North Carolina, and the Pinckneys, of South Carolina.

Such were the men, all conspicuous in the history of the republic, who assembled for the purpose of laying the broad foundations of a nation. They had scarcely a prece dent in history for their guide. The great political maxim established by the Revolu tion was, that the original residence of all human sovereignty is in THE PEOPLE: it was for these founders of a great state to parcel out from the several commonwealths of which the new nation was composed, so much of their restricted power as the peo ple of the several states should be willing to dismiss from their local political insti tutions, in making a strong and harmonious republic that should be at the same time harmless toward reserved state rights. This was the great problem to be solved. "At that time," says a recent writer, " the world had witnessed no such spectacle as that of the deputies of a nation, chosen by the free action of great communities, and assembled for the purpose of thoroughly reforming its Constitution, by the exercise and with the authority of the national will. All that had been done, both in ancient and in modern times, in forming, moulding, or modifying constitutions of government, bore little re semblance to the present undertaking of the states of America. Neither among the Greeks nor the Romans was there a precedent, and scarcely an analogy."1

Randolph suggested the chief business of the Convention in his proposition "that a NATIONAL government ought to be established, consisting of a supreme legislative, ex ecutive, and judiciary." Upon this broad proposition all future action was based ; and they had not proceeded far before it was clearly perceived that the Articles of Confed eration were too radically defective to be the basis of a stable government. Therefore, instead of trying to amend them, the Convention went diligently at work to form an

entirely new Constitution. In this they made slow progress, opinions were so conflicting. Plans and amendments were offered, and freely discussed. Dav after day, and week after week, the debates contin ued, sometimes with great courtesy, and sometimes with great acrimony, until the 10th of September, when all plans and amendments which had been adopted by the Convention were placed in the hands of a committee for revision and arrangement.2 Bv

1 Curtis's History of the Origin, Formation, and Adoption of the Consti tution of the United States.

2 This committee, appointed on the 8th, consisted of Messrs. Madison, Hamilton, King, Johnson, and Gouverneur Morris. They were directed to " revise the style of, and arrange, the articles agreed to by the House." They placed the matter in the hands of Gouverneur Morris for the pur pose. In language and general arrangement, the National Constitution was the work of that eminent man.*

* Gouverneur Morris was born near the Westchester shore of the Harlem River, New York, at the close of January, 1752. He was educated at King's (now Columbia) College, in the city of New York, studied law under the eminent

OF THE WAK OF 1812.

Signing the Constitution. Hesitation on the part of some. Patriotic Course of Franklin, Hamilton, and others.

this committee a Constitution was reported to the Convention. It was taken up and considered clause by clause, discussed, slightly amended, and then engrossed. On the loth it was agreed to by the delegates of all the states present. On the 17th a fail- copy on parchment was brought in to receive the signatures of the members — an act far more important in all its bearings than the signing of the Declaration of Independ ence, eleven years before.1

In the performance of that act, as in the former, there was some hesitation on the part of a few. There had been serious differences of opinion during the whole session — so serious that at times there seemed a probability that the Convention would be an utter failure. There were still serious differences of opinion when the instrument was adopted, and delicate questions arose about signing it. A large majority of the mem bers wished it to go forth to the people, not only as the act of the Convention collect ively, but with the individual sanction and signature of each delegate. This was the desire of Dr. Franklin, and, with pleasant words, he endeavored to allay all irritation and bring about such a result. It was finally agreed, on the suggestion of Gouverneur Morris, that it might be signed, without implying personal sanction, in these closing words : " Done by consent of the states present. In testimony whereof, we have sub scribed," etc.

Hamilton patriotically seconded the efforts of Franklin, notwithstanding the instru ment did not have his approval, because it did not give power enough to the national government. " No man's ideas," he said, " are more remote from the plan than my own ; but is it possible to deliberate between anarchy and confusion on one side, and the chance of good on the other?"

The appeals of Franklin and Hamilton, and the example of Madison and Pinckney, secured the signatures of several dissatisfied members ; and all present, excepting Mason and Randolph, of Virginia,2 and Gerry, of Massachusetts,3 signed the Constitu tion.4 While this important work was in progress, Franklin looked toward the chair occupied by "Washington, at the back of which a sun was painted, and observed, " I have often and often, in the course of the session, and the vicissitudes of my hopes and fears as to its issue, looked at that sun behind the President without being able to tell whether it was rising or setting : at length I have the happiness to know that it is a rising sun."

The Convention, by a carefully worded resolution, recommended the Congress to lay the new Constitution before the people (not the states), and ask them, the source of all

William Smith, of that city, and was licensed"to practice in 1771. He was an active patriot during the war, serving in the Continental Congress, on committees of safety, etc. He resided some time in Philadelphia. He was sent abroad on a diplomatic mission, and resided for a while in Paris. He afterward went to London on public business, and was finally appointed minister plenipotentiary at the French Court. He returned to America in 1798, was elected to the Senate of the United States, and was active in public arid private life until his death in 1316.

1 For a full account in detail of all the proceedings in relation to the Constitution, see the History of the Origin, Forma tion, and Adoption of the Constitution of the United States, with Notices of its Principal Framers, by George Ticknor Curtis, in two volumes : New York, Harper & Brothers.

2 George Mason was Washington's neighbor and early personal friend. He was a statesman of the first order among those of his associates in Virginia, and a thorough republican. He was the framer of the Constitution of Virginia, and was active in the Convention that formed the National Constitution. He was so imbued with the state pride for which Virginians have always been noted, that he would not agree to that Constitution because it did not recognize individual state sovereignty — the very rock on which the new republic was then in danger of being wrecked. In conjunction with Patrick Henry, he opposed its adoption in the Virginia Convention, professing to believe that it would be the instru ment for converting the government into a monarchy. He died at his seat on the Potomac (Gunston Hall) in the autnran of 1792, at the age of sixty-seven years.

3 We shall have occasion to consider the public character of Mr. Gerry hereafter. He was Vice-President of the United States in 1812.

4 The names of the delegates have been given in note 2, page 27. The names of those who signed the Constitution are given in our fac-similes of their signatures, which have been engraved from the original parchment in the State De partment at Washington. It will be seen that Alexander Hamilton's name stands alone. His colleagues from New York (Yates and Lansing) had left the Convention in disgust on the 1st of July, and New York was considered not officially represented. But Hamilton, who had not swerved from duty, was there. The weight of his name was im portant, and in the place that should have been filled with the names of delegates from his state was recited, "Mr. Ham ilton, of New York." It will be observed that the hand-writing of all seems defective, the lines appearing irregular. This is owing to the parchment on which their names are written, which did not receive the ink as freely as paper would have done. These irregularities have all been carefully copied, so as to give a perfect fat-simile of the originals.

30

PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK

Signatures to the National Constitution.

OF THE WAR OF 1812.

31

Resolutions Bent to the State Legislatures.

Signatures to the National Constitution.

sovereignty, to ratify or reject it. The views of the great majority of the members of Congress were concurrent, and on the 28th of September that body

"Resolved unanimously, That the said report [of the Convention to the Congress], with the resolutions and letters accompanying the same, be transmitted to the several

32

PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK

Conventions of the People.

The Federalist.

Signatures to the National Constitution.

Legislatures, in order to be submitted to a Convention of Delegates chosen in each state BY THE PEOPLE THEREOF, in conformity to the resolves of the Convention made and provided in that case."

Conventions of \\\Q people were accordingly held in the several states to consider the Constitution. Long and stirring debates occurred in these Conventions, and at every public gathering and private hearth-stone in the land. Hamilton, Madison, Jay, and others fed the public understanding with able essays on government and in favor of the new Constitution.1 That instrument was read and discussed every where. But it

8IGNATUEE8 TO THE CONSTITUTION.

The essays of Hamilton, Madison, and Jay were published under the general title of The Federalist. It was origin ally designed to comprise the series within twenty, or, at most, twenty-five numbers, but they extended to eighty-five, f these Hamilton wrote sixty-five. The first number, written by Hamilton in the cabin of a'Hudson River sloop, was

OF THE WAR OF 1812. 33

Ratification of the Constitution. Opposition to it. The family and state Pride of the Virginians.

was nine months after its adoption by the Convention, before the people of nine states ratified it — that number being necessary to make it the organic law of the land. That ninth state was New Hampshire, and the momentous act of the people occurred on the 21st of June, 1788. The General Congress was then in session, and, on the 2d of July, adopted measures "for putting the said Constitution into operation." They appointed the first Wednesday of the ensuing March as the day when the functions of the new government should commence their action. The people in the states that had ratified the Constitution chose their presidential electors in compliance with its provisions. These met on the first Wednesday in February, 1789, and elected George Washington chief magistrate of the new republic, and John Adams Vice-President. Washington was inaugurated on the 30th of April, and before the close of the year the inhabitants of all the states but one had ratified the National Constitution.1

After earnest deliberation — after the free discussion of every principle of govern ment involving state rights and state sovereignty — after a careful comparison of the advantages and disadvantages of a consolidated nation and the confederacy they had fairly tried, it was solemnly declared that "WE, THE PEOPLE of the United States, in order, to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquillity, provide for the common defense, promote the general Welfare, and secure the blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this CONSTITUTION for the United States of America."2

published on the 27th of October, ITS", a little more than a month after the adjournment of the National Convention. They were published four times a week in a New York daily paper. Of these essays Washington wrote to Hamilton in* August, 1TS8: "When the transient circumstances and fugitive performances which attend this crisis shall have dis appeared, that work [The Federalist] will merit the notice of posterity, because in it are candidly and ably discussed the principles of freedom and the topics of government, which will be always interesting to mankind, so long as they shall be connected in civil society."

1 That state was Rhode Island, which held out until the spring of 1790. The people in the several states ratified the Constitution in the following order : Delaware, December 7, 1787 ; Pennsylvania, December 12, 1787 ; New Jersey, De cember 18, 17S7; Georgia, January 2, 17SS; Connecticut, January 9, 17S8; Massachusetts, February 6, 1788; Maryland, April 28, 1788 ; South Carolina, May 23, 1788 ; New Hampshire, June 21, 1788 ; Virginia, June 20, 1788 ; New York, July 26,1788; North Carolina, November 21,1788; Rhode Island, May 29,1790. During the recess of Congress, in the au tumn of 1789, President Washington visited the New England States. As Rhode Island yet remained a kind of foreign state, he avoided it.

2 The Constitution was violently assailed by the " State Rights" or state sovereignty men— men who regarded alle giance to a state as paramount to that due to the national government. Their chief objection was that it destroyed (as it was intended to do) the alleged sovereignty of the several states, and constituted a consolidated nation. In Virginia, especially, such a result was looked upon by the proud aristocracy with great disfavor. Virginia was then the ruling state in the League, and her political power was swayed by a few families. These were exceedingly proud, and, down to the breaking out of the war for independence, they looked with disdain upon the people of the other colonies.* This feeling was somewhat modified by the operations of the war, and new men were found at the helm of the vessel of state. Yet much of the old pride remained, and the leading Virginians, with a few honorable exceptions, could not bear the thought of having the "Old Dominion," as they were proud to call the commonwealth, stripped of her independent sovereignty. The new leaders seized upon this dominant state pride and made it subservient to their wishes. Patrick Henry violently denounced the Constitution because of its destructive effects upon state sovereignty. lie clearly under stood its character when, with a loud voice, in the Virginia Convention, he demanded, "Who authorized the Convention to speak the language 'We, the people,' instead of 'We, the states? Even from that illustrious man who saved us by his valor, I would have a reason for his conduct." George Mason, in the same Convention, denounced the Constitution be cause, as he asserted, it "changed the confederation of states into a consolidation, and would annihilate the state gov ernments."

The opposition in several other states was very powerful, for various reasons, and the Constitution and the friends of the Constitution were assailed with the most outrageous misrepresentations. Of the opponents in Virginia Washington wrote : " Their strength, as well as those of the same class in other states, seems to lie in misrepresentation, and a desire to inflame the passions and alarm the fears by noisy declamation, rather than to convince the understanding by sound arguments, or fair and impartial statements. Baffled in their attacks upon the Constitution, they have attempted to vil ify and debase the characters who formed it, but I trust they will not succeed."

The papers, by Colonel Byrd (who was a member of the Colonial Council), above referred to, afford a glimpse of the sense of superiority to all the other colonists entertained by the leading families in Virginia, which was always the bane of progress and national feeling, and made large numbers of the politicians of that state disnnionists from the be ginning. In these papers the New Englanders were spoken of as " a puritanical sect, with pharisaical peculiarities in their worship and behavior." Trade was an unfit calling, and a trade eluding laws, though pronounced void, was justly regarded as demoralizing. Such, they charged, was much of the trade of the Eastern provinces. The dwellers of New York had not more favor. The Dutch were also traders— a " slippery people"— intruders on Virginia— encroachers and reformers. New Jersey, in a religious aspect, was not less obnoxious, peopled by "a swarm of Scots Quakers, who were not tolerated to exercise the gifts of the spirit in their own country ;" by " Anabaptists," too, and some " Swedes/' The merits of Penn were equivocal— he was not immaculate; but, though "Quakers had flocked to Pennsylvania in shoals," they had the virtues of " dilligence and frugality," and the " prudence" which became non-combatants. Mary-

* See Byrd's Westover Papars. ,

c

34 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK

Dissolution of the Continental Congress. Its Character, and that of the new Government.

With the birth of the nation on the 4th of March, 1789, the Continental Congress, the representative of the League, expired. Its history is one of the most remarkable on record. It was first an almost spontaneous gathering of patriotic men, chosen by their fellow-citizens in a time of great perplexity, to consult upon the public good. They represented different provinces extending a thousand miles along the Atlantic coast, with interests as diversified as the climate and geography. With boldness un- equaled and faith unexampled, they snatched the sceptre of rule over a vast dominion from imperial England, of whose monarch they were subjects, and assumed the func tions of sovereignty by creating armies, issuing bills of credit, declaring the provinces free and independent states, negotiating treaties with foreign governments, and, finally, after eight long years of struggle, wringing from their former sovereign his acknowl edgment of the independence of the states which they represented. The career of the Congress was meteor-like, and astonished the world with its brilliancy. It was also short. Like a half-developed giant exhausted by mighty efforts, it first exhibited lassi tude, then decrepitude, and at last hopeless decay. Poor and weak, its services forgot ten by those who should have been grateful for them, it lost the respect of all mankind, and died of political marasmus.

Out of its remains, phoenix-like, and in full vigor and grand proportions, arose a nation whose existence had been decreed by the will of true sovereignty — THE PEOPLE — and whose perpetuity depends upon that will. It immediately arrested the profound attention of the civilized world. It was seen that its commerce, diplomacy, and dignity were no longer exposed to neglect by thirteen distinct and clashing legislative bodies, but were guarded by a central power of wonderful energy. The prophecy of Bishop Berkeley was on the eve of fulfillment.1 England, France, Spain, and Holland placed their representatives at the seat of the new government, and the world acknowledged that the new-born nation was a power — positive, tangible, indubitable.

land was a commodious retreat for Papist?, for whom " England was too hot," and to whom, as a neighbor, Virginia was a little cold. The Carolinas, left " derelict by the French and Sapaniards," were the regions of pines and serpents —dismal in their swamps, and deadly in their malaria. "Thus, in the eyes of her favored few," says a late writer, " Virginia was the paradise of the New World." For a farther illustration of this subject, see History of the Republic of the United States of America, as traced in the Writings of Alexander Hamilton and his Contemporaries, by John C. Hamilton. 1 When inspired with his transatlantic mission, Bishop Berkeley wrote his six "Verses on the Prospect of Planting Arts and Learning in America," in which he predicted the rising greatness of the New World, and employed the oft- quoted line,

"Westward the course of empire takes its way."

OF THE WAR OF 1812.

Foundations of Government laid by the People.

They comprehend the Value of the Great Wilderness.

CHAPTER II.

1 Old burial-places, once sacred, are plundered,

And thickly with bones is the fallow field slrown ; The bond of confederate tribes has been sundered —

The long council hall of the brave overthrown. The Sac and Miami bowmen no longer

Preserve at the door-posts unslumbering guard ; We fought, but the pale-browed invaders were stronger; Our knife-blades too blunt, and their bosoms too hard."

W. H. C. HOSMEE.

3 have seen the development of \veak,jsolated commonwealths into a powerful, consolidated nation, and are now to observe the growth of that nation in resources and strength until, by an exhibition of its powers in vindication of its rights before the world, it became absolutely independent, and was re spected accordingly.

That assertion and vindication were made by the moral forces of legislation and the patriotism of the people, co- working with the material forces of army and navy. In this view is involved the whole drama of the contest known in 'history as the War of 1812, or the Second Struggle for Independence — a drama, many of whose characters and inci dents appear upon the stage simultaneously with the persons and events exhibited in the preceding chapter. Looking back from the summer of 1812, when war against Great Britain was formally declared, the causes of the conflict appear both remote and near. The war actually began years before the President proclaimed the appeal to arms.

While statesmen and politicians were arranging the machinery of government, the people were laying broad and deep the visible foundations of the state, in the estab lishment of material interests and the shaping of institutions consonant with the new order of things, and essential to social and political prosperity. They had already be gun to comprehend the hidden resources and immense value of the vast country within the treaty limits of the United States westward of the Alleghany Mountains. They had already obtained prophetic glimpses of a future civilization that should flourish in the fertile regions watered by the streams whose springs are in those lofty hills that stretch, parallel with the Atlantic, from the Lakes almost to the Gulf, across fourteen degrees of latitude. Pioneers had gone over the grand hills and sent up the smoke of their cabin fires from many a fertile valley irrigated by the tributaries of the Ohio and Mississippi. Already they had learned to regard the Father of Waters as a great aque ous highway for an immense inland commerce soon to be created, and had begun to urge the supreme authority of the land to treat with Spain for its free navigation. Already peace and friendship with the savage tribes on the remote frontiers of civil ization had been promised by treaties made upon principles of justice and not fashioned by the ethics of the sword.1

1 Necessity, if noU;onscience, recommended this policy, for at the close of the Revolution the " regular army" had been reduced to less thafceven hundred men, and no officer was retained above the rank of captain. This force was soon still farther reduced to twenty-five men to guard the military stores at Pittsburg, and fifty-five to perform military duty at West Point and other magazines.

Peace was negotiated with most of the tribes which had taken part against the United States in the late war. A

36 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK

Indian Treaties. Anti-slavery Movements. The Ordinance of 178T. First Settlements in Ohio.

By treaty with the chief tribes between the Ohio River and the Great Lakes, and the cession by Virginia1 to the United States of all claims to lands in that region, the general government became absolute possessor of a vast country, out of which several flourishing states have since been formed.2

While the National Convention was in session at Philadelphia in the summer of 1787, the Continental Congress, sitting at New York, feeble and dying, with only eight states represented, took up and disposed of in a satisfactory manner a subject second only in importance to that under discussion in the capital of Pennsylvania. They » July is, adopted,* by unanimous vote, "An Ordinance for the government of the Ter-

1T8T- ritory of the United States northwest of the Ohio."3 In anticipation of this action, extensive surveys had been made in the new territory. Soon after the passage of the ordinance above mentioned, a sale of five millions of acres, extending along the Ohio from the Muskingum to the Sciota, were sold to the "Ohio Company," which was composed of citizens of New England, many of whom had been officers of the Con tinental army.4 A similar sale was made to John Cleve Symmes, of New Jersey, for two millions of acres, in the rich and beautiful region between the Great and Little Miami Rivers, including the site of Cincinnati.

These were the first steps taken toward the settlement of the Northwestern Terri tory, in which occurred so many of the important events of the War of 1812. Hitherto New England emigration had been chiefly to Vermont, Northern New Hampshire, and the Territory of Maine. Now it poured, in a vast and continuous stream, into the Ohio country. General Rufus Putnam, at the head of a colony from Massachusetts, founded a settlement5 (the first, of Europeans, in all Ohio, if we except the Moravian missionary stations6) at the mouth of the Muskingum River, and named it Marietta, in honor of

treaty was concluded at Fort Stanwix (now Rome, New York) in October, 17S4, with the Six Nations. Another was con cluded at Fort M'lutosh in January, 1785, with the Wyandots, Delawares, Chippewas, and Ottawas; and another with the Cherokees, at Hopewell, in November the same year. Dissatisfaction having arisen concerning remuneration for lands, two new treaties were made at Fort Hannar, on the Muskiugum, Ohio, at the beginning of 1789, by which allow ances were made for ceded lands. By treaty, the Indian titles to lands extending along the northern bank of the Ohio and a considerable distance inland, as far west as the Wabash River, were extinguished. This tract comprised about seventeen millions of acres.

1 The deed of cession, signed by Virginia commissioners, with Thomas Jefferson at their head, was executed on the first day of March, 1784. It stipulated that the territory ceded should be laid out and formed into states, not less than one hundred nor more than one hundred and fifty miles square ; that the states so formed should be "distinct repub lican states," and admitted as members of the National Union, having the same rights of sovereignty, etc., as the older states.

After the cession was executed the Congress referred the matter to a committee, of which Mr. Jefferson was chairman. That committee reported an ordinance containing a plan for the government of the whole Western territory north and south of the Ohio, from the thirty-first degree of north latitude to the northern boundary of the United States, it being supposed that other states owning territory south of the Ohio would follow the example of Virginia. The plan proposed to divide the great Territory into seventeen states, and among the conditions was the remarkable one "that, after the year 1800, there shall be neither slavery nor involuntary servitude in any of the said states, other than in the punishment of crimes whereof the party shall have been duly convicted." This provision did not get the vote of nine states, the num ber necessary to adopt it. New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania, with the four New England States, voted for it; North Carolina was divided ; Delaware and Georgia were unrepresented ; Maryland, Virginia, and South Carolina voted against it. (See Journal of Congress, April 19, 1784.) After expunging this proviso the report was adopted, but the subject was not definitoly acted upon.

2 Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, Illinois, and Wisconsin.

3 This ordinance was reported by a committee, of which Mr. Dane, of Massachusetts, was chairman. It contained Mr. Jefferson's anti-slavery proviso, with a clause relative to the rendition of fugitive slaves, similar in form to the one incor porated in the National Constitution a few weeks later.

* This company was formed in Boston, and Rev. Manasseh Cutler, and Winthrop Sargent were the authorized agents of the association to make the contract with the United States Treasury Board. Among the associates were Generals Parsons and Rufus Putnam, of Connecticut ; General Varnum and Commodore Whipple, of Rhode Island ; General Tup- per, of Massachusetts, and men of lesser note in public life.

s Putnam and his party landed on the site of Marietta on the 7th of April, 17S8. The governor of the territory had not yet arrived, so they established temporary laws for their own government. These were published by being written and nailed to a tree. Return J. Meigs, afterward governor of the state, was appointed to administer the laws. Such was the beginning of government in the State of Ohio.

s These devoted missionaries were the first white inhabitants who took up their abode within the present limits of the State or Ohio. The Rev. John Frederick Post and Rev. John Heckewelder had penetrated the wildei||es9 in this direction before the commencement of the Revolution. Their first visit was as early as 1761. Others followed, and they estab lished three stations, or villages of Indian converts, on the Tuscarawas River, within the limits of the present county of that name. These were named Schoenbrun, Gnadeuhutten, and Salem. The latter was near the present village of Port

OF THE WAR OF 1812.

Campus Martms and Fort Washington.

Miss Heckewelder.

General St. Clair.

Maria Antoinette, the queen of Louis the Sixteenth, of France. A stockade fort, called Campus Martms, was immediate ly commenced, as a protection against the hostile Indians.1 In

O

the autumn of the same year a party of settlers seated them selves upon Symmes's purchase, and founded Columbia, near the mouth of the Little Miami. Fort Washington was soon afterward built a short distance below, on the site of Cincinnati.

It has been estimated that with in the years 1788 and 1789, full twenty thousand men, women,

CAMPUS MABTIU8.

and children went down the Ohio

in boats, to become settlers on its banks. Since then, how wonderful has been the

growth of empire beyond the Alleghanies !

Soon after the organization of the Northwestern Territory, Major General Arthur St. Clair,2 an officer in the old French War, and in the Continental army during the Revolution, was appointed its governor by the Congress, of which body he was then president. He accepted the position with reluctance. "The office of governor was in a great measure forced on me," he said, in a letter to a friend.3 Yet, ever ready to go where duty to his country called him, he proceeded to the Territory in the summer of

Washington. There Hecke welder resided for some time, and there his daughter Jo hanna Maria was born, on the GthofApril,17Sl. She was the first white child born in Ohio, and is yet living [1SGT] atBeth- lehera, Pennsylvania, in full possession of her mental fac ulties. She has been deaf for a number of years, and uses a slate in conversation. Her hand is firm, and she writes with vigor, as her signature, carefully copied in the engra ving, made at the close of 1859, attests. It was appended to an autograph note to the writer. The portrait was tak en by the Daguerreian pro cess at that time. In a diary kept by the younger pupils of the Bethlehem boarding- school, where Miss Hecke welder was educated, under date of December 23, 1TS8

(the year when Marietta was founded), occurs the follow ing sentence : " Little Miss Polly Heckewelder's papa re turned from Fort Pitt, which occasioned her and us great joy." See Bethlehem Souve nir, 1S5S, p. 67.

' This fort was a regular parallelogram, with an exte rior line of seven hundred and twenty feet. There was a strong block-house at each corner, surmounted by a tow er and sentry-box. Between them were dwelling-houses. At the outer corner of each block -house was a bastion, standing on four stout tim bers. There were port-holes for musketry and artillery. These buildings were all made or' ea.wed timbers. Twenty feet in advance of these was a row of very strong and large pickets,

with gateways through them, and a few feet outside of these was placed a row of abatis.

1 Arthur St. Clair was a native of Edinburp, in Scotland, where he was born in 1734. He came to America with Admi ral Boscawen in 1759, and served under Wolfe as a lieutenant. After the peace in 1763 he was placed in command of Fort Ligonier, in Pennsylvania. When the Revolution broke out he espoused the patriot cause, and was appointed a colonel in the Continental army in January, 1776. He was active most of the time during that war, and after its close settled in Pennsylvania. He was President of the Continental Congress in 17S7. and the following year was appointed governor of the newly-organized Northwestern Territory. His services in that region are recorded in the text. He survived his misfortunes there almost a quarter of a century, and then died, in poverty, at Laurel Hill, in Western Pennsylvania, in August, 1818, at the age of eighty-four years.

3 William B. Giles, a member of Congress from Virginia.

38

PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK

Temper of the Western Indians. The British tampering with them. Lord Dorchester. Frontier Troops and Posts.

1 788, and took up his abode in Campus a Juiv> Martius,a with Winthrop Sargent as 178S-

SIGNATURE OF WINTUEOP 8AEGENT.

secretary or deputy, who acted as chief mag istrate during the absence of the governor.

St. Clair at once instituted inquiries, in ac cordance with bis instructions, concerning the temper of the Indians in the Territory. They were known to be exceedingly uneasy, and sometimes in frowning moods ; and the tribes on the W abash, numbering almost two thou sand warriors, who had not been parties to any of the treaties, were decidedly hostile. They continued to make predatory incursions into the Kentucky settlements, notwithstand ing chastisements received at the hands of General George Rogers Clarke, the "father of the North west," as he has been called ; and they were in turn invaded and scourged by bands of retaliating Kentuckians. These expeditions deepened the hostile feeling, and gave strength and fierceness to both parties when, in after years, they met in battle.

It soon became evident that all the tribes in the Territory, numbering full twenty thousand souls, were tampered with by British emissaries, sent out from the frontier forts, which had not been given up to the United States in compliance with treaty stip ulations. Sir John Johnson (son of Sir William, of the Mohawk Valley, and the im placable enemy of the United States1) was the Inspector General of Indian Affairs in America, and had great influence over the savages; and Lord Dorchester (formerly

to war. These circumstan ces gave rise to the opinion that the British govern ment, which yet refused to send a representative to

Sir Guy Carleton) was again governor general of those provinces,2 and, by speeches at Quebec and Montreal, di rectly instigated the savages the United States, and treated the new republic with ill-concealed contempt, was pre paring the way for an effort to reduce the members of1 the League to colonial vas salage.

The Confederacy was but feebly prepared to meet hostilities on their northwestern frontier. The military force .at the time the Territory was formed consisted of only about six hundred men, commanded by Brigadier General Harmar.3 Of these there were two companies of artillery, formed of volunteers who enlisted to put down Shays's Rebellion in Massachusetts. The frontier military stations were Pittsburg, at the forks of the Ohio, Fort M'Intosh, on Beaver Creek, and Fort Franklin, on French Creek, near old Fort Venango, in Pennsylvania; Fort Harmar, at the mouth of the Mus-

1 Sir John was the heir to the title and fortune of Sir William, and was at the head of the Loyalists in the Mohawk Valley at the beginning of the Revolution. He had lived some time in England, and returned to settle in Canada in 1785. He had suffered in person and estate at the hands of the republicans, having been expelled from his home, his property confiscated, and his family exiled. These circumstances made him a bitter and relentless foe, and ready to strike a blow of retaliation. His losses were made up by the British government by grants of land. He died at Mont real in 1830, at the age of eighty-eight years. For a detailed account of his career during the old war for independence, see Lossing's Field-Book of the Revolution, vol. i.

2 Sir Guy Carleton was Governor of Canada when the old war for independence broke out, and continued there until its close. He was acquainted with all the affairs of the Indians, and had great influence over them.

3 Appointed brigadier general on the 31st of July, 1787.

OF THE WAR OF 1812.

39

Council at Fort Harmar.

Little Turtle's Opposition.

Uneasiness of the Indians of the Gulf Region.

FOBT IIABMAE.

kingum River; Fort Steuben, on the Ohio River, now Jefferson v ill e, opposite Louis ville ; and Fort Vincennes, on the Wabash River.

Early in I789a Governor St. Clair held a council at Fort Harmar1 with chiefs and sachems of the Six Nations. He also held a council with the leading men of the Wyandots, Delawares, Ottawas, Chippewas, Pottawatomies, and Sacs. With all these representatives of thousands of Indians, scattered over the coun try from the Mohawk Valley to that of the Wabash, he made treaties, when old agree ments were confirmed, and remunerations and boundaries were specified. The Six Nations (or, rather, five of the six nations, for the Mohawks, who were in Canada, were not represented) were faithful to the treaty ; but the great body of the others, influ enced by British emissaries and unscrupulous traders, refused to acknowledge the valid ity of the treaty made by their warriors and rulers.2 Within a few weeks after the council at Fort Harmar, parties of them were out upon the war-path on the frontiers of Virginia and Kentucky.

Nearer the Gulf, the Creeks and Cherokees, brought into immediate contact with the wily Spaniards in Florida and at New Orleans, who were already preparing seduc tive temptations to the settlers in the trans-Alleghany valleys to leave the American League and join fortunes with the children of Old Spain, became first uneasy, and at the time in question were assuming a hostile attitude. The Creeks, led by the talented M'Gillivray, a half-breed, whose father was a Scotchman, had formed a close alliance with the Spaniards, and through them might receive arms and other military supplies. In view of all these pircumstances, the portentous cloud of a threatened general Indian Avar was gathering in the Avestern horizon at the close of 1789.

' This fort was commenced in the autumn of 17S5, by a detachment of United States troops under the command of Major John Doughty. It was on the right bank of the Muskingum, at its junction with the Ohio, and was named in honor of Colonel Josiah Harmar, to whose regiment Major Donghty's corps was attached. It was the first military post of the kind erected within the limits of Ohio. The outlines formed a regular pentagon, embracing about three fourths of an acre. United States troops occupied it until 1790, when they left it to construct and occupy Fort Washington, on the site of Cincinnati. During the Indian wars that succeeded it was occupied by a few troops, and was finally aban doned after the treaty of Greenville in 1795.

2 In the great council at Fort Greenville in 1795, Little Turtle, the most active of the chiefs in the Northwest, gave the following reason for their refusal to comply with the treaties: "You have told me," he said, "that the present treaty should be founded upon that of Muskingum. I beg leave to observe to you that that treaty was effected altogether by the Six Nations, who seduced some of our young men to attend it, together with a few of the Chippewas, Wyandote, Delawares, Ottawas, and Pottawatomies. I beg leave to tell you that I am entirely ignorant of what was done at that treaty."

40 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK

Evidences of British Intrigues. Proposed Western Boundary of the United States. Indian Warriors on the Ohio.

Yet more threatening was the aspect of affairs on the Western frontier in the spring of 1790. Serious trouble was evidently brewing. Major Hamtramck, a small Cana dian Frenchman, and a spirited officer in the United States army, was in command of the military post at Vincennes, an important point on the Wabash,1 surrounded by French families, whose long residence made them influential among the Indians. Many of the latter spoke their language, and some had embraced the Roman Catholic relig ion. Taking advantage of this intimate relationship, Hamtramck sent out Antoine Gamelin, with speeches to the Wabash and Miami Indians from Governor St. Clair, of fering them peace and friendship. In the course of his tour Gamelin obtained positive evidence of the influence of the British at Detroit over the savage mind in the West. He traversed the country from Post Vincennes along the Wabash, and eastward to the Miami village, where the conjunction of the St. Mary's and St. Joseph's Rivers forms the Maumee, or Miami of the Lakes, at the present city of Fort Wayne, Indiana. He made speeches himself, and offered them St. Glair's ; but he was every where met with the reply that they could do nothing definitely until they could hear from Detroit. "You invite us to stop our young men," said the Kickapoos. "It is impossible to do it, being constantly encouraged by the British." " We are all sensible of your speech, and pleased with it," said Blue Jacket, chief warrior of the Shawnoese; "but we can not give you an answer without hearing from our father at Detroit." "We can not give a definite answer without consulting the commandant at Detroit," said Le Gris, the great chief of the Miamis. "The English commandant at Detroit is our father since he threw down our French father," said the Shawnoese.2 And so, on all occa sions, they were unwilling to accept proffers of peace with the United States without first consulting the commandant at Detroit, with whom Johnson and Carleton were in

t

constant communication. Instigated by these men, these Western tribes insisted on the establishment of the Ohio River as the boundary between the Indians and the United States, and would listen to no other terms.3

Hamtramck was so well satisfied of these machinations of the British that he assured Governor St. Clair that a permanent peace with the savages was an impossibility. The governor, meanwhile, had received accounts of the depredations of the Indians along the Ohio from the Falls (Louisville) to Pittsburg. They infested the banks in such numbers, waylaying boats and plundering and wounding the voyaging emigrants, that an utter cessation of the navigation of the river seemed inevitable.

The principal rendezvous of the marauders was near the mouth of the Scioto, on the north bank of the Ohio, and to that point two hundred and thirty Kentucky volunteers and one hundred regular troops were sent, under General Harmar. They assembled at Fort Washington,4 then not quite completed, and marched from thence to the Scioto.

1 Vincennes was so named by the French traders, who established a trading-post there as early as 1730. The name is in honor of the Sieur de Vincennes, an officer sent to the Miamis as early as 1705, and who commanded the post on the Wabash, afterward called by his name. It was alternately in possession of the Americans and British during the Revo lution, while the head-quarters of the latter were at Detroit. It is on the bank of the Wabash, one hundred miles from its mouth, and is the capital of Knox County, Indiana.

J Gamelin's Journal, cited by Dillon, in his History of Indiana, p. 226.

3 This curtailment of the boundaries of the United States, so as to prevent their control of the upper lakes and the valuable fur trade of the country around them, was a favorite scheme of British statesmen. It was even proposed as a sine qtut non, at one time, by the British commissioners who negotiated the Treaty of Peace in 1814, that the Indians inhabiting a portion of the United States within the limits established by the Treaty of 1783 should be included as the allies of Great Britain in the projected pacification ; and that definite boundaries should be settled for the Indian terri tory, upon a basis which would have operated to surrender to a number of Indians, not probably exceeding a few thou sands, the rights of sovereignty as well as of soil, over nearly one third of the territorial dominions of the United States, inhabited by more than one hundred thousand of its citizens.*

* Fort Washington was built on the site of a block-house erected by Ensign Luce within the limits of the present city of Cincinnati, which was first named Losantiville by a pedantic settler, from the words le os antivillf, which he interpreted as meaning "the village opposite the mouth" — mouth of Licking River. Luce was at North Bend with a detachment of troops, charged with selecting a site for a block-house. Judge Symmes wished it to be built there, but Luce, according to the judge, was led to Cincinnati, as Losantiville was then called, on account of his love for the beautiful wife of a set tler, who went there to reside because of the attentions to her of the ensign at the Bend. Luce followed, and erected the

* See American State Papers, ix., 332 to 421, inclusive.

OF THE WAR OF 1812.

41

Fort Washington, on the Site of Cincinnati.

Harmar's Expedition against the Indians.

* 1790.

WASHINGTON, ON TUB 6ITE OF CINCINNATI.

b September 19.

The Indians fled on their approach, and the expedi tion returned without ac complishing any thing.

A more formidable expe dition, to penetrate the Mi ami country, was determ ined upon, and, at the close of September,a Gen eral Harmar left Fort Washington with over four teen hundred troops,1 and moved toward the heart of the hostile Indian country around the head waters of the Maumee. St. Clair, in obedience to instructions from President Washington, had previously sent a let ter1* to the British commandant at Detroit, courteously informing him that the expedition had no designs upon any possessions of the crown. He added that he had every reason to expect, after such a candid explanation, that the

commandant would neither countenance nor assist the tribes in their hostilities. Of course this ex pectation was not realized.

Harmar reached the Maumee at the middle of October. As he approached an In dian town the inhabitants fled, leaving it to be burned by the invaders. Colonel Har- din, with some Kentucky volunteers and thirty regulars, was sent in pursuit. He fell into an ambuscade of one hundred Indians, under Mish-i-Jcin-a-Tcwa, or Little Turtle (an eminent Miami chief), about eleven miles from the site of Fort Wayne, where the Goshen state road crosses the Eel River. The frightened militia fled without firing a gun, while the regulars stood firm until twenty-two of their number were slain. Cap tain Armstrong, who escaped, stood in mud and water up to his chin, and saw the sav ages dance in frantic joy because of their victory.

Harmar moved about two miles to Chillicothe2 and destroyed it; then, after being

block-house there ; and in 1790 Major Doughty built Fort Washington on the same spot. It was a rude but strong structure, and stood upon the eastern boundary of the town as originally laid out, between the present Third and Fourth Streets, east of Eastern Row, now Broadway, which was then a "two-pole alley." The celebrated English writer and traveler, Mrs. Trollope, resided in Cincinnati for a while, and had a noted bazar on the site of the fort. That work was composed of a number of strongiy-built hewn-log cabins, a story and a half in height, arranged for soldiers' barracks. Some, better finished than the majority, were used by the officers. They formed a hollow square, inclosing about an acre of ground, with a strong block-house at each angle. One of these was Luce's. These were built of the timber from the ground on which the fort stood. In 1792 Congress reserved fifteen acres around it for the use of the garrison. In the autumn of 1790, Governor St. Clair arrived at Fort Washington, organized the County of Hamilton, and decreed that the little village of Cincinnati, commenced around the fort, should be the county seat. Thus commenced the Queen City of the West, as it has been called.

1 These consisted of three battalions of Virginia militia, one battalion of Pennsylvania militia, one battalion of mount ed light troops, and two battalions of regulars— in all, 1453. Of these, 320 were regulars.

2 This has been mistaken for the present Chillicothe on the Scioto. Chillicothe was the name of one of the principal tribes of the Shawuoese, and was a favorite name for a village. There were several of that name in the country of the Shawnoese. There was Old Chillicothe, where Boone was a captive for some time. It was on the Little Miami, on the site of Xeuia. There was another on the site of Westfall, in Pickaway County ; and still another on the site of Frank fort, in Ross County. There was an Indian town of that name on the site of the present Chillicothe. All these were within the present limits of Ohio. It signified " the town," or principal one.

42

PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK

Battle near Fort Wayne, and Ilarmar's Defeat.

The Disaster and its Consequences.

October 21, 1T90.

menaced by the Indians, he turned his face toward Fort Washington.* That night was a starry one, and Hardin, who was full of fight, proposed to Harmar a surprise of the Indians at the head of the Maumee, where they had a vil lage on one side of the river and an encampment of warriors on the other side. Har mar reluctantly complied, and four hundred men were detached for the purpose.1 Six ty of them were regulars, under Major Wyllys. They marched in three columns (the regulars in the centre), and pushed forward as rapidly as possible, hoping to fall upon the Indians before dawn. But it was after sunrise before they reached the bank of the Maumee. A plan of attack was soon arranged. Major Hall, with a detachment of mi litia, was to pass around the village at the bend of the Maumee, cross the St. Mary's and the St. Joseph's, gain the rear of the Indian encampment unobserved, and await an attack by the main body of the troops in front. These, consisting of Major M'Mul- lin's battalion, Major Fontaine's cavalry, and the regulars under Major Wyllys, were to cross the Maumee at and near the usual ford, and thus surround the savages. The game was spoiled by the imprudence of Major Hall, who fired prematurely upon a solitary Indian and alarmed the encampment. The startled Miamis were instantly seen flying

in different directions. The militia under M'Mullin and the cavalry under Fontaine, who had crossed the river, started in pursuit, in disobe dience of orders, leaving the regulars under Wyllys, who had also crossed the Mau mee, unsupported. The lat ter were attacked by Little Turtle and the main body of the Indians, and driven back with great slaughter. Richardville, a half-blood and successor to Little Tur tle, who was in the battle, and who died at Fort Wayne in ] 840, often asserted that the bodies of the slain were go numerous in the river at the ford that he could have crossed over the sti'eam upon them dryshod.2

While this conflict was going on at the ford, M'Mullin and Fontaine, in connection with Hall, were skirmishing with parties of Indians a short distance up the St. Jo seph's. Fontaine, with a number of his followers, fell at the head of his mounted militia, in making a charge. He was shot dead, and, falling from his horse, was imme diately scalped. The remainder, with those under Hall and M'Mullin, fell back in confusion toward the ford of the Maumee, and followed the remnant of the regulars in their retreat. The Indians, having suffered severely, did not pursue.

General Harmar was informed of the disaster by a horseman who had outstripped the rest. A detachment of militia was immediately ordered to the assistance of the retreating parties ; but such mortal fear had taken possession of these raw recruits that only thirty, willing to go, could be found among them. On his arrival at camp Hardin urged Harmar to proceed with his whole force to the Maumee. The latter, „ October 23 having lost all confidence in the militia, refused ; and, as soon as prepa rations could be made, the whole army took up its marchb for Fort Wash-

1 Harmar's halting-place was on Nine-mile Creek, a tributary of the Maumee, nine miles south of Fort Wayne.

2 Statement of John P. Hedges, of Fort Wayne, to the author.

THE MAUMEE FOKD — PLACE OF IIARMAR'S DEFEAT.

OF THE WAR OF 1812.

43

Scene of Harmar's Defeat.

Visit of the Author to the Places of Conflict.

Site of the Miami Village.

ington, which they reached on the 4th of November. l

I visited the scene of the disas ter at the Maumee Ford toward the close of September, 1860. I came up the Maumee Valley to Defiance on the night of the 24th, and, after visiting places of histor^ ic interest there the next morn ing (of which I shall hereafter write), I rode on to Fort Wayne upon the Toledo and Wabash Rail way, a distance of forty -three miles. It was a delightful day. but the journey was very monot onous, because almost intermina ble forests covered the flat country over which we passed. I arrived

at the flourishing city of Fort Wayne, the shire town of Allen County, Indiana, late in the afternoon, and by twilight had visited the fords of the Maumee and St. Joseph's, made famous by the events of the 22d of October, 1790. I was accompanied by the Hon. F. P. Randall, the mayor of the city, who kindly offered his services as guide. We crossed the great bridge at the head of the Maumee, and rode first down that stream to the place yet known as "Harmar's Ford." It is about half a mile below the confluence of the St. Mary's and St. Joseph's at Fort Wayne. The river was not then fordable there, a dam having been built about half a mile below, making the water four feet deep at the old crossing-place. The road that led to and crossed the ford was along the margin of the Maumee, which was skirted by the same forest-trees in whose presence the battle was fought. They had grown to be grand and stately, and were made exceedingly picturesque by the trailing grape-vines.

We returned to the bridge and rode up the St. Joseph's to the place where Major Hall and his detachment forded it. It is about half a mile above the bridge. There the St. Joseph's, with its banks fringed with a variety of graceful trees, swept in gentle curves, and presented to the eye pictures of great beauty. Near the spot here represented, on the east bank of the St. Joseph's, was once a stockade, built by the French, and occupied by the En glish in PoHtiac's time.

The land of the point between the St. Joseph's and the Maumee, on which Little Turtle was encamped and the principal Miami village was situated, is a level bot tom, and known as the Cole Farm. Much of it was covered with Indian corn of lux-

CBOSBING-PLAOE.

1 Harmar lost, in this expedition, 183 killed and 31 wounded. Among the killed were Majors Wyllys and Fontaine. The loss of the Indians was supposed to he about equal to that of the white people. Criminations and recriminations grew out of this expedition. Harmar and Hardin were both tried by court-martial and both were acquitted. Harmar resigned his commission on the 1st of January, 1792. Hardin had been a lieutenant in Morgan's rifle corps in the Revo lution, and was a brave soldier. He was a Virginian by birth, but settled in Kentucky after the war. He was killed by some Shawnoese while on a mission of peace to them in 1792, when he was in the thirty-ninth year of his age. A coun ty in each of the states of Ohio and Kentucky bears his name, in his honor.

44

PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK

A venerable Historical Apple-tree.

Chief Richardville.

The Twightwees.

Their Cruelty to Prisoners.

uriant growth ; and I was told that there is evidence that a similar crop has been raised from it year after year for almost a century, and yet the soil was black, rich, and apparently inexhaustible. Here, it is said, was the place where the Miamis were accustomed to burn their prisoners.1

About three hundred yards westward from Harmar's Ford, on the site of the In dian camp, was a venerable apple-tree, full of fruit^ its trunk measuring fifteen feet in circumference. Under this tree Chief Richardville, to whom allusion has been made, was born a little more than a hund red years ago.2 It was a fruit - bearing tree then, and is supposed to have grown from a seed dropped by some French trader among these Twightwees, as the Miamis were called in early times.3 In the sketch of the apple-tree the city o f Fort Wayne is seen in the distance. The spires on the left are those of the Roman Catholic Cathedral.

We returned to Fort Wayne at twi light, and I spent the evening profitably with Mr. Hedges, one of the oldest and most intelligent of the inhabitants of that town.4 He was there in the spring of 1812, while the old stockade was yet standing, and before a garrison of United States troops from Harrison's army arrived. He has seen the city bloom out into its present form and beauty from the folds of the dark forest, and its history and traditions are as familiar to him as those of his own biog raphy. We chatted on the events of the past until a late hour, and parted with an agreement to visit the historic scenes together in the morning. The air toward mid night was as mild as early June, but a dappled sky prophesied a storm. At three o'clock in the morning I was aroused by heavy thunder-peals, and the dawning of the

APPLE-TREE SEAK 1IAKMAK 8 FOKD.

1 We have mentioned Mr. Gamelin's peace mission, on page 40. He was at this place, and only three days after he left (about the 1st of May, 1700), the savages, as if in derision of the United States authority, brought an American pris oner there and burned him.— See DILLON'S History of Indiana.

About seventy years ago a white man was bound to the stake at this place. The mother of Chief Richardville, men tioned in the next note, and a woman of great influence, had made fruitless attempts to save him. The torch was ap plied. Richardville, then quite young, had been designated as their future chief. She appealed to him, and, placing a knife in his hand, bade him assert his chieftainship and cut the cords that bound the prisoner. He obeyed, and the pris oner was released. The kind-hearted Miami woman secreted the prisoner and gent him down the Maumee in a canoe, covered with furs and peltries, in charge of some friendly Indians. Many years afterward Richardville stopped at a town in Ohio. A man came to him and threw his arms affectionately around his neck. It was the rescued prisoner. — Lecture before the Congregation of the First Presbyterian Church, Fort Wayne.

2 Pis-he-ioa (Wildcat), or Jean Baptiste Richardville, was born in 1750. His father was Joseph Drouet de Richard ville, a Frenchman, who traded at Kc-ki-on-ga* (Fort Wayne) from 1750 to 1770. He was elected chief of the Miamis, on the death of Little Turtle, in 1811. He was a large, flue-looking man, of quite light complexion, and spoke English well. Richardville left a fortune at his death in 1840. I was told by an old resident of Fort Wayne, who knew him well, that he had received large sums of money and immense tracts of land, from time to time, in consideration of his signing treaties ; and that, at his death, he had $200,000 buried where no one but his daughter could find it. He was a temperate man, with acquisitiveness largely developed. He was buried in Fort Wayne.

3 The Twightwees once formed a powerful confederacy of tribes, and claimed to be the possessors of a vast territory. At the treaty with Wayne at Greenville, which we shall notice presently, Little Turtle thus defined the ancient bound ary of the Twightwees or Miamis : " It is well known by all my brothers present that my forefather kindled the first fire at Detroit ; from thence he extended his lines to the head waters of the Scioto ; from thence to its mouth ; from thence down the Ohio to the mouth of the Wabash ; and from thence to Chicago, on Lake Michigan."— American State Papers, i., 570. This comprises about one half of Ohio, the whole of Indiana, and a part of Southern Michigan.

4 John P. Hedges was employed in the commissary's department, under John H. Piatt, of Ohio, the contractor for the army of the Northwest, commanded by General Harrison. He was active in that department during the whole of the war, and became familiar with all the territory. He was with General M'Arthur in his campaign in Western Canada, and was with Harrison at the battle of the Thames. He was at the treaty with the Indians at Greenville in 1814, and distributed provisions to the savages on that occasion.

Ke-ki-on-ga in the language of the Miamis, and Kee-ki-ogue in that of the Pottawatomies.

OF THE WAK OF 1812. 45

Indian Hostilities continued. Expeditions of Generals Scott and Wilkinson. Destruction of Villages and Crops.

28th was made dreary by a cold drizzle drifting upon a northeast wind. I went out alone, and made the sketches at the two fords and other drawings, and, after visiting the grave of Little Turtle, departed in the midday train for Indianapolis. Of Fort Wayne in 1812, and of Little Turtle and his grave, I shall hereafter write.

Although Harmar in his expedition had punished the Miamis and Shawnoese se- verely, and Hamtramck meanwhile had been up the Wabash to the mouth of the Vermilion River and destroyed some deserted villages, Indian hostilities in the North west were not even checked. The settlers along the Ohio were continually menaced and sometimes attacked by the savages, back of whom was distinctly heard the voice of the British commandant at Detroit. Western Virginia and Kentucky were threat ened, and life and property on the frontiers were in jeopardy every hour. The Vir ginia Legislature adopted measures for the protection of the settlers, and the national government, awake to the importance of the subject, put forth all its available strength for the same purpose. General Knox, the Secretary of War, issued orders to proper authorities beyond the mountains " to impress the Indians with the power of the United States," and " to inflict that degree of punishment which justice may re quire."1 Under these instructions, General Scott, of Kentucky, with eight hundred mounted men, crossed the Ohio,a and penetrated the Wabash country to the a May 2s, large village of Ouiatenon, situated about eight miles below the present vil- ml- lage of Lafayette, Indiana, where several French families resided. There he found ample evidence of the Indians' connection with and dependence on the British at Detroit. Scott destroyed the town, and several villages in the neighborhood, and desolated the country. He killed thirty-two Indians, " chiefly warriors of size and figure," and took fifty-eight prisoners, without losing any of his own men.2

On the 1st of August Brigadier General James Wilkinson left Cincinnati (Fort Washington) with five hundred and twenty-five men, and penetrated the same region, by a different route, to the important Ouiatenon village of Ke-na-pa-com-a-qua, which the French called UAnguille (The Eel), on the Eel River, about six miles from the present Logansport, Indiana.3 He destroyed that village, desolated the country around as far as Tippecanoe, and then pushed forward to the great prairies that stretch away toward Lake Michigan. But deep morasses, into which he was some times plunged armpit deep, compelled him to retiirn. He then destroyed another Kickapoo village of twenty houses, desolated all the crops, and, after a march of four hundred and fifty miles, reached the Falls of the Ohio (Louisville) on the 21st of August.4

The misfortune that befell the Indians under the lash of Scott and Wilkinson did not quiet them. The British emissaries stimulated their courage to a point of desperation by assuring them that the grand object of the United States was to exterminate the tribes and take possession of their lands.5 Thus two most powerful incentives to war

1 Instructions of the Secretary of War to Brigadier General Scott, of Kentucky, March 9, 1791.

2 Scott's official report to the Secretary of War, June 2S, 1791.

3 Fort Ouiatenon, a stockade built by the French, was near the present city of Lafayette, Indiana.

* "I have destroyed," he said, "the chief town of the Ouiatenon nation, and made prisoners of the sons and sisters of the king. I have burned a respectable Kickapoo village, and cut down at least four hundred and thirty acres of corn, chiefly in the milk. The Ouiatenons, left without houses, home, or provisions, must cease to war, and will find active employ to subsist their squaws and children during the impending winter."— WILKINSON'S Official Report to Governor St. Clair, Auirust 24, 1791.

5 The most active of these British emissaries were Simon Girty, Andrew M'Kee, and Mathew Elliott, three malignant Tories during the Revolution. The two latter were natives of Path Valley, Pennsylvania. Many a murder was justly charged to these men while the old war for independence was in progress. They carried on their depredations on the frontier with a high hand, and, for their faithfulness in inciting Indian hostilities during that war that led to frightful massacres, the British government rewarded them with official station. They married Indian women, and became thor oughly identified with the savages. At the time we are now considering Elliott and M'Kee were subordinate agents in the British«Indian Department, and, with Girty, had homes near Alalden, in Canada, on the Detroit River. We shall meet Elliott again. Girty was an unmitigated scoundrel. More brutal than the most savage Indian, he had not one redeeming quality. He was the offspring of crime. His father, an Irishman, was a sot ; his mother was a bawd. He was nurtured among the warlike Senecas, and his innate cruelty had free scope for growth. With Elliott and M'Kee, who, with him, had been imprisoned at Pittsburg in 1778, he aroused the Indians in the Northwest with the same cry

46 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK

Efforts to form an Indian Confederacy. Building of Forts in the Indian Country. A Camp deep in the Wilderness.

were presented — self-preservation and patriotism. In defense of life and country they resolved to fight to the last. Little Turtle, of the Miarais, Blue Jacket, of the Shaw- noese, and Buck-ong-a-helos, of the Delawares, put forth all their energies in the sum mer of 1791, as Pontiac had done thirty years before, to confederate all the Western tribes in an eifort to drive every European from the soil north of the Ohio. The protestations of St. Clair that peace, friendship, and justice, not war, subjugation, and robbery, were the desire of the people and government of the United States, were of no avail ; and he was compelled, for the sake of the national life on the frontier, to attempt to convince them, by the stern argument of arms, that they were governed by bad counselors at Detroit.

It was determined to establish a strong military post in the heart of the Miami country, on the site of the present city of Fort Wayne. Congress authorized the raising of sufficient troops for the purpose, and during the spring and summer of 1791, St. Clair was putting forth strong efforts in that direction, but with indifferent success. Enlistments were slow, and it was not until the beginning of September that he had collected a sufficient force to attempt the enterprise with an appearance of safety. These had been collected in the vicinity of Cincinnati, and placed under the immediate command, in camp, of Major Hamtramck, who was remarkable as a tactician and disciplinarian.1 St. Clair took the field as commander-in-chief. Major General Richard Butler, of Pennsylvania, was his second in command, and Winthrop Sargent, Secretary of the Territory, was appointed adjutant general.

An army little more than two thousand strong, under the immediate command of General Butler, and accompanied by General St. Clair, moved forward on the 5th and 6th of September.81 On the bank of the Great Miami, little more than twen ty miles from Fort Washington, they halted and built Fort Hamilton, on the site of the present village of Hamilton. Forty-two miles farther on, at a point about six miles south of Greenville, in the present Darke County, Ohio, they built Fort Jef ferson. When they moved from there, on the 24th of October, they began to encoun ter the subtle foe in small parties. It was evident that dusky scouts were hanging upon their flanks, and they became hourly more cautious and vigilant. The nights were frosty, but serene. The days were genial and brilliant. The summer warmth had been diffused over the whole of September ; and now the forests were arrayed in all the gorgeous beauty of autumnal splendors peculiar to them.

At length, when dark clouds were overhead, and falling leaves were thick in their path, the invading army halted and encamped upon the borders of an unknown stream, which proved to be a chief tributary of the Upper Wabash. They were ninety-seven miles from Fort Washington, deep in the wilderness. A light fall of snow lay upon the ground — so light that it appeared like hoar-frost. Over a piece of rising ground, timbered with oak, ash, and hickory, the encampment was spread, with a fordable stream, forty feet in width, in front. The army lay in two lines, sev enty yards apart, with four pieces of cannon in the centre of each. Across the stream, and beyond a rich bottom land three hundred yards in width, was an elevated plain, covered with an open forest of stately trees. There the militia — three hundred and fifty independent, half-insubordinate men, under Lieutenant Colonel Oldham, of Ken tucky — were encamped.

Eight weary miles through the woods the soldiers had marched that day, and when the camp was arranged the sun was low in the cloudless sky of the west. The tired soldiers early sought repose, without suspicion of danger near. All around them

that now alarmed them : " The Americans want to take your lives and your lands." For more than twenty years the women and children of the Ohio country turned pale when his name was mentioned. •

1 Hamtramck was a poor rider. " He was crooked like a frog on horseback," said the venerable Major Whitlock, of Crav.-fordsville, to me, who knew him well, and had served under him. He had the faculty of inspiring the men with self-confidence, and, notwithstanding he was a most rigid disciplinarian, the troops all loved him, for he was kind- hearted, generous, and brave.

OF THE WAR OF 1812.

47

St. Clair's Troops and the Indians.

St. Clair's Camp.

The Tribes represented by the Warriors.

PLAN OF ST. CLAIK'S CAMP AND BATTLE.1

were evidences of old and recent Indian camps, and a few lurking savages had been seen by vigilant eyes; but no one knew whether Little Turtle and his confederates, with their followers, were near or far away.

They were near. Only a few miles distant the great Miami leader, Blue Jacket the Shawnoese chief, and Buck-ong-a-helos, the leader of the Delawares, with the cruel Girty and other white men in the British interest, were lying in wait, with two thousand fierce warriors at their beck.2 These had been watching St. Clair's move ments for several days, and were waiting for the proper moment to fall upon him like a bolt from the cloud.

The morning of the 4th dawned brilliantly. "Moderate northwest wind, serene at mosphere, and unclouded sky."3 All night long the sentinels had been firing upon

i This sketch of St. Clair's encampment is from Winthrop Sargent's MS. Journal of the Campaign, kindly lent to me by his grandson, Winthrop Sargent, Esq., of Philadelphia. It is a foe-simile of Mr. Sargent's sketch.

EXPLANATION.— a, Butler's battalion ; 6 6, artillery ; c, Clarke's battalion ; d, Patterson's battalion ; e, Faulkner's rifle company ; //, cavalry ; g, detachment of U. S. Second Redment ; h, Gaither's battalion ; j, Beddhurer's battalion ; b np, flank guards ; o 2, pickets ; s, swamp ; m, camp guard. The numerous crosses represent the enemy ; z z, troops retreat ing ; the crooked stream, a tributary of the Wabash.

8 The late Colonel John Johnson, of Dayton, mentioned hereafter, informed me that, from the best information he could obtain, the Indians numbered about two thousand. Some have estimated their number at one thousand^ and others at three thousand. The principal tribes engaged in the battle were the Miamis, Delawares, Shawnoese, Wyan- dots, Ottawas, and a few Chippewas and Pottawatomies.

3 Winthrop Sargent's MS. Journal, November 4, 1791.

48 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK

St. Glair's Battle with the Indians and his Defeat. Flight of the vanquished Army. A fleet-footed Woman.

prowling Indians, and the men, by order of the commanding general, had slept upon their arms.

The troops had been early mustered and dismissed from parade. They were pre paring for breakfast, when, ha