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THE GENERAL ARMOEY
ENGLAND, SCOTLAND, IRELAND, AND WALES.
THE
GENEEAL AEMOET
ENGLAND, SCOTLAND, IRELAND AND WALES;
COMPBISFNG
A REGISTRY OF ARMORIAL BEARINGS FROM THE EARLIEST TO
THE PRESENT TIME.
SIR BERNARD BURKE, C.B., LL.D.,
ULSTER KING OF ARMS,
AUTHOB OF " THE PEEEAGB AND BAEONETAOE," " HISTOBY OF THE LANDED GENTEY," " DOHMANT
AND EXTINCT PEEEAGE," " VICISSITUDES OF FAMILIES," " HEMINISCENCES,
ANCE8TKAL AND ANECDOTAL," &C., &.C.
WITH A
SUPPLEMENT.
LONDON :
HARRISON, 59, PALL MALL,
loohs^ller io iht ©imii m\b g.g.^. H^t f rince of Males.
1884.
LOMJDON : PRINTED BY HABEISON AND SONS, PBINTERS IN OEDlNARr TO HER MAJESTY, ST. martin's lane, CHAKING CKOSS.
Ileprintpfl by Wm. Clowes & Sons Ltd., Beccles, for the publishers, Burke's
iVcrage Lt<l., in conjunction with Shaw Publishing Co. Ltd. (Registered
offices: \m Fleet Street, London, E.C.4. Publishing offices: Mercury House,
109 - 119 Waterloo Road, London, S.E.I, England).
UlllVERSITY 01^ CALIFORNIA
SANTA UAilBARA
NOTICE.
The reader is earnestly requested to refer to " THE Supplement " before consulting the Work. A few words are all that are required in addition to the original Preface. The learned and accomplished friends whose co-operation I then gratefully acknowledged, have been equally kind and obliging in this re-issue. One, Mr. Stephen Tucker, has since become Somerset Herald, ahd has been succeeded as Rouge Croix by my son, Mr, H. Farnham Burke, F.S.A., who has rendered me essential service in this edition.
J. BERNARD BURKE,
Ulster.
PREFACE.
The General Armory first appeared in the year 1842, and was most iavourably received. The long period that has since elapsed has, by the acquisition of vast materials, tended to the completion, and it is hoped to the perfection of the original work. Founded on the Heralds' Visitations. the County Histories, and the heraldic writings of Dugdale, Camden, Guillim, Edmondson, Berry, Nicolas, and others, the present edition of the Armory is, I venture to assert, the most comprehensive Collection of Arms ever brought together, embracing, as it does, some 60,000 coats. The most minute and watchfdl editing, rendered necessary by the technical nature of the blazons, has been bestowed upon it. Every line required to be closely examined, and each heraldic description to be correctly entered. Despite, however, of this anxious attention, errors will doubtless be detected; but these will, it is confidently expected, meet with the reader's indulgence. The work comprises the Armorial Bearings of the Noblemen and Gentlemen of the British Empire, and the various Coats that are to be seen in churches and family mansions, together with those traceable on Seals, Deeds, Wills^ and Monumental remains.
History and genealogy, linked as they are with Heraldry, are illustrated and in some iastances explained, by the Science of Arms. -^ Heraldry arose with feudalism, attained its full growth iu mediaeval times, and now, in the 19th century, is prized by all who can show honourable ancestry, or wish to found honourable families.
Valuable as the assistance has been which I have derived fi-om the authorities who have written upon the subject, the result of my endeavours would be incomplete were it not for the generous aid afibrded me by many distinguished friends.
To George Burnett, Lyon King of Anns, my deepest obligation is due. With energy imtiring, with liberality unrestiicted, and with kindness unwearied, he has done for this book and for Scotland generally what has never before been attempted. The heraldry of the historic kingdom over which his jurisdiction extends is, thanks to his learning and abihty, fully and authoritatively given in this edition of the General Armory. My debt is also great, and my acknowledgments are most cordially ofiered, to several members of the Heralds' College England. My old and esteemed friend
ji PREFACE.
Sir Albert Woods, Garter, head of that famous Corporation, has responded with unfailing courtesy and consideration to every question I have put to him; and Chester, Lancaster, and York Heralds, Mr. Murray Lane, Mr. Cokayne, and General de Havilland, always so kind and obliging, have supphed most important information. And here I take occasion to express the gratitude I especially feel to another member of the Heralds' College, my accomplished friend Stephen Tucker, Rouge Croix. His skill and great heraldic knowledge have, from the Glossary to the very end of the Armoiy, amended and adorned the book. There is scarcely a page that does not afford evidence of the value of his co-operation.
Outside of the Lyon Office and the Heralds' College numerous con- tributors have essentially aided me in the compilation of this volume.
John H. Glascott, J.P., of Killowen, co. Wexford, so vrell known as a Genealogist and Herald, has, with indefatigable zeal and assiduous care* watched the progress of the work from the very beginning. I have also to return my warmest thanks to many others who have most kindly seconded my endeavours, and particularly to Mr. H. Sydney Grazebrook, Barrister- at-law. Captain Alfred E. Lawson Lowe, of Highfield, Sfr John Maclean, F.S.A., Mr. Robert Riddle Stodai-t, of the Lyon Office, Mr. Alfred W. Morant, F.S.A., Mr. J. Paul Rylands, of Highfields, F.S.A., Mr. Tyssen- Amherst, of Didlington Hall, Mr. Reginald Stewart Boddington, Mr. H. A. Johnston, of the Irish Bar, Rev. E. H. Mainwaring Sladen, M.A., Mr. George D. Tomlinson, Mr. W. Smith ElHs, of Hydecroft, Rev. John Woodward, George W. Marshall, LL.D., F.S.A., Mr. Charles J. O'Donel, of Dublin, Banister-at-law, Mr. James Greenstreet, Viscount Gort, Mr. E. P. Shiiley, of Ettington Park, and Hon. Robert C. Winthrop and Mr. Thomas C. Amory, both of Boston, U.S.
Thus produced and thus largely increased, the Armory will, it is earnestly hoped, become a book of general and satisfactory reference on the subject of Heraldry and Arms, and form the sequel to my series of works in elucida- tion of the genealogy and history of the titled and untitled orders of the three Kingdoms.
J. BERNARD BURKE, Ulster.
-AQt^j^^S^
CONTENTS.
Positions
HERALDRY
Animals, Attitudes or Posi- tions of
Archbishop's Anns
Arms, Right to Bear
Badges
Banners
Birds, Attitudes or of . .
Bishop's Anns
Blazoning
Cadency, Marks of
Chapeaux
Coronets
Crests . .
Crowns
Escutcheon of Pretence
Fishes, Attitudes or Positions of . .
Hatchments . .
Helmets
Heralds' Visitation
Heralds
Impaling
PAGE
v-xxvii
xii
vii xiii
xii
X
viii
xii
xvii
xvii
xiii
xvii
ix
xii
xvii
vii
xxiv
ix
Kings of Arms
Mantles
Marshalling . .
Motto . .
Quartering
Seize Quartiers
Shield of Anns
Standards
Supporters
Visitations
Wreaths
PAGE
viii-xxiv
xvii
ix
XV
X
Yirii
xi
XX
xviii vii xiii
GLOSSARY .. .. xxviii-xxxvi Appendages of the Shield . ,. xxxiii Charges in Heraldry . , . . xxxiv Colors . . . . . . xxviii, xxix
Coronets
Crowns
Furs . .
Metals. .
Ordinaries
Partition Lines
Shield, Appendages of
Sub-Ordinaries
DICTIONARY OF TERMS USED IN HERALDRY
ABBREVIATIONS
THE ROYAL ARMORY
Her Majesty the Queen The Prince of Wales
The Duke of Edinburgh
The Duke of Connaught and Stratheam . .
The Duke of Cumberland . .
The Duke of Cambridge
Princes and Princesses of the Blood Royal
Arms of the different Monarchs since the Conquest
Arms of Scotland . . , ,
Arms of Ireland
The Royal Tribes of Wales
Noble Tribes of Wales and Powys
xxxiv xxxiv xxviii xxviii
XXX
xxix
, , xxxiii
xxxi
xxxv-xlvii
xlviii
xlix
xlix
1
li
m
liii liv Iv Iv Ix Ixi Ixi .. Ixiii
|
w |
CONTENTS. |
PAGE |
|
ORDERS OF KNIGHTHOOD . . |
, , . . Ixvii |
|
|
The Garter |
Ixvii |
|
|
The Thistle |
. . |
Ixviii |
|
St. Patrick |
Ixix |
|
|
The Bath |
Ixx |
|
|
Star of India . . |
Ixxi |
|
|
St. Michael and St. George . . |
. . Ixxii |
THE GENERAL ARMORY, comprising in alphabetical order, the Armorial Bearings of the Noblemen and Gentlemen of the three Kingdoms, and the various Coats to be seen in Churches and Family Mansions, on Deeds and Wills, &c 1-
1153
SUPPLEMENT TO THE GENERAL ARMORY . .
1154-1161
MOTTOES in alphabetical order .
1162-1185
HERALDRY.
Heraldry may be defined " the art of blazoning', assigning, and marsTialling coat armour," or more particularly " the art of arranging and explaining in proper terms all that relates or appertains to the bearing of Arms, Crests, Badges, Quarterings, and other hereditary marks of honour." The marshalHng of processions, tho conducting of public solemnities, the declaring of peace and war, come also within ^<i province of a herald's duties.
The origin of badges and emblems may certainly be traced to the earliest times, and the enthusiasm of some of the primitive writers on the subject has led them to gravely assert that even Noah and Japhet had distinctive armorial bearings ! But while it may be admitted that in the ancient world warlike nations bore on their shields and standards distinguishing devices, it is not clear that our Heraldry can in strictness be traced to a more remote period than the twelfth or, at furthest, the eleventh century. Numerous tombs exist of persons of noble blood, who died, before the year 1000, yet there is not an instance known of one with a heraldic bearing. The Pere Menestrier made a minute and extensive search through France, Italy, Germany, and Flanders, and the most ancient Coat of Arms he was able to discover was that upon the monumental eflBgy of a Count of Wasserburg, in the church of St. Emeran, at Ratisbon : the ensigns were " Per fess ar. and sa. a lion rampant counterchanged ; " and the date 1010. Yet even here *' there is good reason to believe," says the learned Frenchman, " that this tomb was restored some time after the Count's death by the Monks of the Abbey he had endowed."
Sir John Feme is of opinion that the science was borrowed from the Egyptians. Sir George Mackenzie ascribes it to the age of Charlemagne, and says that it began and grew with the feudal laws, but took its origin, perhaps, in the time of Jacob, who, blessing his sons, gave them marks of distinction, which the twelve tribes afterwards bore on their ensigns : but our old reliable friend, Guillim, will have it that Heraldry — as a science in England — cannot go back to an earlier epoch than about the year 1200. For my own part, I consider that the registry of its birth may be found among the archives of the Holy Wars, that its cradle was rocked by the soldiers of the Cross, and that its maturity was attained in the chivalrous age of Feudalism.
However, at the trial of the celebrated controversy between Sir Richard Le Scrope and Sir Robert Grosvenor, for the right to bear the arms " Az. a bend or," held 20th August, 1385, before the High Constable of England and Sir John de Multon, Deputy to the Earl Marshal, and adjourned to 16th May, 1386, John of Gaunt, Duko of Lancaster, deposed that the said arms were of right the arms of Sir Richard Le Scrope, and his ancestors at the time of the Conquest, and that in the French wars, under Edward III., one Carminow of Cornwall, challenged Sir Richard Le Scrope's right to the same, that the dispute having been referred to six knights, they found that the said Carminow was descended of a lineage armed " Az. a bend or," since the time of King Arthur, and that the said Sir Richard Le Scrope was descended of a right line of ancestors armed with the same arms since the time of King William the Conqueror. Owen Glendower, the Welsh Prince, deposed at the trial that the Grosveuors bore the same axaaa fi-om the time of tha Conquest.
VL
HERALDRY.
The word Heraldry is derived from the German «§eer, a host, an army — and «§cli), a champion ; and the term hlason, by which the science is denoted in French, English, Itahan, and German, has most probably its origin in the German word Skgen, " to blow the horn." Whenever a new knight appeared at a Tournament, the herald Bonnded the trumpet, and as the competitors attended with closed vizors, it was his duty to explain the bearing of the shield or coat-armour belonging to each. Thua, the knowledge of the various devices and symbols was called Heraldry, and as the announcement was accompanied with sound of trumpet, it was termed " blazoning the arms." The Germans transmitting the word to the French, it reached us after the Norman Conquest.
At first, armorial bearings were probably like surnames, assumed by each warrior at his free will and pleasure ; and, as his object would be to distinguish himself and his followers from others, his cognizance would be respected by the rest, either out of an innate courtesy or a feeling of natural justice disposing men to recognize the right of first occupation, or really from a positive sense of the inconvenience of being identified or confounded with those to whom no common tie united them. Where, however, remoteness of stations kept soldiers aloof, and extensive boundaries, and different classes of enemies from without, subdivided the force of a kingdom into many distinct bands and armies, opportunities of comparing and ascertaining what ensigns had been already appropriated would be lost, and it well might happen, even in the same country, that various families might be found unconsciously using the same arms.
It has long been a matter of doubt when the bearing of coats of arms first became hereditary. The Norman tiles engraved in Mr. Henniker's letter to the Society of Antiquaries, were supposed to have fixed the date at the period of the Norman Conquest, but Mr. Montagu very ably argues that it is not at all clear that these tiles were of the same antiquity as " the Abbaye aux Hommes at Caen," in which they were found ; indeed he seems to prove quite the contrary. Certain it is that it was not until the Crusades that Heraldry came into general use. In the History of Battell Abbey, Richard Lucy, Chief Justice temp. Henry II., is reported to have blamed a mean subject for carrying a private seal, when that pertained, as he said, to the King and Nobility alone. Under Edward I., seals of some sort were so general, that the Statute of Exon ordained the coroner's jury to certify with their respective signets, and in the following reign they became very common, so that not only such as bore arms used to seal, but others fashioned signets, taking the letters of their own names, flowers, knots, birds, beasts, &c. It was afterwards enacted by statute, that every freeholder should have his proper seal of arms ; and he was either to appear at the head court of the shire, or send his attorney with the said seal, and those who omitted this duty were amerced or fined.
The earliest Heraldic document that has been handed down to us is a Roll op Arms, made between the years 1240 and 1245. It contains the names and arms of the Barons and Knights of the reign of Henry HI., and affords incontrovertible evidence of the fact that Heraldry was at that time reduced to a science. It is curious, too, as indicating the changes that have taken place between a period approximating so nearly to its origin and the present ; and invaluable, as offering contemporary testimony of the exact bearings of the ancestors of some of our most distinguished families. This important manuscript as well as three other similar collections, " The Siege of Carlaverock," " A Roll of Arms, temp. Edward II.," and " A Roll of Arms, temp. Edward III.", were published by the late Sir Harris Nicolas, accompanied by prefatory remarks and occasional notes.
" The Sikge of Carlaverock " is a poem descriptive of the Banners of the Peers and Knights of the English army who were present at the siege of Carlaverock Castio in Scotland, in February, 1301.
The Roll of Arms of the time of Edward II., made between the years 1308 and 1314, is divided into counties, and comprises the names and arms of about eleven
HERALDRY. vii
hnndred and sixty persons. It still remains in the Cottonian Library, British Museum (Calig. A. xviii.).
The FoDETH Roll, temp. Edward III., appears to have been compiled between the years 1337 and 1350. Its plan was most comprehensive, embracing the arms of aH the Peers and Knights in England, arranged in the following order : — I. The King, the Earls, and the Barons. n. The Knights under their respective counties.
III. The great Personages who lived in earlier times.
Besides these Rolls, other collections of arms have been published, adding much to our iuformation on the subject. In these ancient rolls Heraldry first assumes the appearance of a science, and it would seem that the rules by which it is governed then existed.
The earliest writer on the subject, whose work has descended to us, is Nicholas Upton. His treatise was composed in the reign of Henry V., and translated in that of his successor, in the work well known to all admirers of the art as " The Boke of St. Albans." With the decline of chivalry the study of Heraldry was neglected, and the exaggerated dignity to which Feme, Mackenzie, and other enthusiasts endeavoured to raise it, only gained for it contempt ; but a taste for the study of antiquities generally has gradually revived ; and the use of Heraldry as a key to history and biography is becoming every day more and more acknowledged, not only in England, but throughout Europe.
RIGHT TO BEAR ARMS.
*' Ensigns,'' says a learned writer, " were, in their first acceptation, taken up at any gentleman's pleasure, yet hath that liberty for many ages been deny'd, and they, by regal authority, made the rewards of merit or the gracious favours of princes."
In the reign of Henry V. the following proclamation issued, prohibiting the use of heraldic ensigns to aU who could not show an original and valid right, except those " who had borne arms at Agin court : " " Quod nullus cujuscunque status, gradus sen conditionis fnerit, hujusmodi arma sive tunicas armorum in se sumat, nisi ipse jure antecessorio vel ex donatione alicujus ad hos sufl3.cientem potestatem habentis, ea possideat aut possidere debeat, et quod ipse arma sive tunicas illas ex cujus dono obtinet, demonstrationis suae personis ad hoc per nos assignatis manifeste demonstret, exceptis illis qui nobiscum apud helium de Agincourt arma portabant, &c." But, despite the royal ordinance, a multiplicity of abuses found their way into all matters touching descent and arms, which called aloud for reformation, and gave rise, in the early part of the sixteenth century, to the Heralds' Visitations, documents of high authority and value. Royal commissions were issued under the Great Seal to the two Provincial Kings of Arms, Clarenceux and Norroy, authorising and commanding each, by himself or his deputy, to visit the whole of his province as often as he should deem it necessary, to summon before him aU those who bore or assumed to bear arms and were styled esquires, to cause them to produce authority for bearing and using same, " to peruse and take knowledge of aU manner of coat armour, cognizances, crests, and other like devices, with the notes of the descents, pedigrees, and marriages, of all the nobility and gentry therein ; and also to reprove, control and make infamous by proclamation, all such as unlawfully, end without just authority, usurped or took any name or title of honour or dignity." In these documents are set forth the principal hereditary achievements of the kingdom.
All persons who can deduce descent from an ancestor whose armorial ensigns have been acknowledged in any one of the Visitations, are entitled to carry those arms by right of inheritance. When, however, no such descent can be shown, the party must, if it be possible, prove himself to be descended from some one whose right has been admitted ; from a Grantee ; or, in fault of that proof, must become a Grantee himself.
.^ HERALDRY.
These observations apply more especially to the usage of arms in England.
In Eno-land and "Wales, Arms are granted, nnder the authority of the Eavl Marshal, by Grarter and one of the Provincial Kings, according to his jurisdic- tion. In Scotland, Lyon King of Arms, and in Ireland, Ulster King of Arms, have the sole power to grant or confirm Arms in their respective Kingdoms. In consequence of the disturbed state of Ireland towards the close of the sixteenth and nearly all through the seventeenth century, the very period when the English Heralds made their Visitations, and admitted arms to all who proved their right, it was impossible to carry out Visitations in Ireland. In fact, there are only three Irish Visitations remaining on record, viz., Dubhn County, 1606 ; DubHn City, 1607 ; Wexford County, 1618. To provide for this want of Visitation, Ulster King of Arms has authority to give a Confirmation (with some slight heraldic difierence to indicate the fact of its being a Confirmation), to a claimant who can prove to his satisfaction that he, the claimant, and his family have used for a certain number of generations the said arms and crest.
BLAZON OF ARMS.
Blazon, or Blason, is the proper technical description of Armorial Bearings, according to the scientific rules of Heraldry. In blazoning a coat of arms, brevity is to be studied, and tautology avoided, care being still taken to give a minute description of every bearing, its position, place on the shield, tincture, &c. Though the same metal, colour, or fur, may occur more than once, the repetition of its name should be scrupulously guarded against, by describing the charge, which happens to be of a tincture already mentioned, as of the first, second, or third, according to the relative position that tincture may hold in the blazon ; for example, the arms of Preston of Furness Abbey are, "Ar. two bars gu. on a canton of the second a cinquefoil or." In this blazon the colour of the canton is described of the second, to obviate the repetition of the word "gu." The next general rule to be observed is to begin the blazon with the description of the field, its tincture or tinctures, unless it is divided by any of the main partitions already treated, in which case the descriptive blazon would begin as perfess,per pale, per saltire, &c. The principal ordinary, if any, should next be described, with its tincture, &c. ; and then the charges around it generally, giving the surcharges upon such ordinary, after those between which it is borne ; the chief, canton, or any charge placed in a particular point of the shield, with its surcharges, if any, being generally blazoned last.
If a coat consists of two tinctures only, it is blazoned, as in the arms of Lambton, *' Sa. a fess between three lambs pass. ar. which indicates that both the fess and lambs are of the tincture argent ; when the last-mentioned charge, or bearing, is of the same tincture as that one named immediately before it, and yet cannot be included under ono word, it is necessary to describe it as " of the last : " thus, in the arms of DoEMER, " Az. ten billets, four, three, two and one, or, on a chief of the last a demi lion ramp, issuant sa." Of the last is used to prevent a repetition of " or."
If there be two sets of charges of equal number on any parts of the shield, or one set of charges on an ordinary between the same number of charges on the shield, the repetition of the number must be avoided, by describing the second set of charges by the words " as many." Thus, in the arms of Wilmot, " Ar. on a fess gu. between three eagles' heads erased sa. as many escallops or : tho words " as many " prevent the repetition of the number " three " in this example.
When charges are borne without the interposition of the ordinaries, the exact position they occupy on the Bhic\d—fes sways, or in fess, if in line across the field ; paleways, or in pale, if perpendicular, one over the other ; and hendways, or in bend, if placed diagonally from the dexter chief to the sinister base, mast bcdescribcd, as well OS the attitude and tinctures of such charges, e.g.
HERALDRY. ix
" Matjleverer (Arncliffe, co. York). Sa. three greyhounds courant in pale ar. collared or : " in pale signifying that the greyhounds are borne perpendicularly one above the other.
When charges are three, whether with or without ordinaries, the usual way they are borne is two in chief and one in base, and this is understood without being mentioned ; but if they be not so placed, or exceed the number three, their position must be specifically described, according to the preceding rule ; or if horizontal rows, of an equal or unequal number, their number, &c., must be stated. The last remark, the arms of Brounckee will tend to elucidate, viz. : " Ar. six pellets in pale, three, two, and one, a chief embattled sa.," implying that the six pellets are borne in three rows, three in the uppermost, two in the second, and one in the lowest.
MARSHALLING ARMS.
Marshalling arms is defined by Guillim and Mackenzie to be " the conjoining of two or more coats in one shield," or, strictly speaking, the proper arrangement in one shield, either by impaling or quartering, of two or more ensigns,
" Impalikg " applies to the method of using the wife's arms, and is usually practised by dividing the shield into two equal parts, and placing the husband's arms in the dexter, with the wife's in the sinister. When there happens to be a border round one or both of them, the portion of the border where the two coats unite is omitted. There are, however, two rules to be attended to : —
No husband can impale his wife's arms with his own on a surcoat, ensign, or banner, nor can a Knight of the Garter, or of any other Order, when surrounding the shield with the motto of his knighthood, bear his wife's coat within it ; for, saith Sandford, although the husband may give his equal half of her escutcheon, yet he cannot share his temporary order of knighthood with her, except she be Sovereign of the Order. This restriction is not allowed by Edmondson, who argues that there is not a single article in all the Statutes of the Order, that debars the new-made knight from continuing to impale, as he had done previously, his wife's arms. It has always struck me that the churlish regulation of modern heraldry, which precludes a knight from bearing his wife's arms within the ribbon or collar of his order, is an anomaly. The wife of a knight shares the precedence, title, and dignity of her husband. Why then should she be debarred participation in the heraldic bearings, and the beautiful garter that encircles them ? This exclusion is not of ancient date. The old Stall Plates of the Knights aSbrd proof of the contrary, and gives several instances of husband's and wife's arms impaled within the Garter. In the monu- ment at Stanton Harcourt there is not only the Garter tied round Lady Harcourt's left arm, but at the head of the tomb appear the bearings of her husband impaling within a Garter the lady's own arms.
If a man marries an heiress or co-heiress, instead of impaling his wife's arms with his own he bears them on an escutcheon of pretence in the centre or fess point of his paternal coat, but he cannot so bear them during the lifetime of his wife's father. When a lady who is an heiress dies leaving her husband surviving, his right to bear her arms on an escutcheon of pretence ceases ; the right to bear her arms descends to her issue to be borne as a quartering. A man cannot bear his wife's arms as an impalement after her death : he must bear his arms as before his marriage, otherwise there is no heraldic mode of showing that his wife is dead. The case differs, however, as regards a widow : whilst she remains such, she is obliged to bear the arms of her deceased husband ; and I am inclined to think that a widower should continue to impale or otherwise associate his late wife's arms with his own if there was issue of the marriage. A husband whose wife is by descent entitled to a shield of quarteringa, may impale all the qaartcrings his wife is entitled to ; bafc this is not usual.
, HERALDRY.
If a commoner marry the widow of a peer he impales only the arms of his wife's father, the lady on a subsequent marriage losing all right to any armorial bearings of her former husband or husbands.
Edward III. appears to have been the first that quartered arms in England, •when, in right of his mother Isabella, daughter and heiress of Philip IV. of France, he assumed the arms, Az. semee-de-lis or, as a quartering on the national banner ; and John Hastings, second Earl of Pembroke, was the first subject who imitated his royal master's example, quartering, Az. six lioncels ramp, ar., in right of his grand- mother, Julian, daughter of Thomas de Leyburn, and heiress of William de Leyburne, summoned to Parliament 1299.
The intention of Quartering is to show the descent of one family from heiresses or co-heiresses of other houses, and to exhibit and perpetuate this representation. Thus, the children of an heiress are entitled, at her death, to quarter with their paternal coat her arms, as well as all quarterings which she may have inherited. It must be borne in mind that an heiress or co-heiress in Heraldry is, by the laws of arms, a lady who is, by having no brother, or by her brother or brothers having died without issue, a representative in blood of her father, and that thereby she transmits to her descendants the right to quarter her family arms. The term " heiress " in Heraldry does not apply to the succession to property : Andrew Lynn, Esq., of BalHnamona, co. Waterford, disinherited his son, and bequeathed his estates to his daughter Ann, the wife of Robert Carew, ancestor of* Lord Carew ; her descendants inherited the estates so bequeathed, but did not acquire a right to quarter the arms of Lynn. In marshalling quarterings, the first, after the paternal arms, is the shield of the earliest heiress, which the bearer's direct ancestor in the male line has married, and then succeed any quarterings her descent may bring in ; Tfith the second heiress the same rule is followed, and so on, in chronological rotation, to the end of the chapter.
When a daughter becomes heiress or co-heiress to her mother (also an heiress), and not to her father, which happens when the father marries a subsequent wife, and has by her male issue, to represent him, she is entitled to bear the maternal coat with the arms of her father on a canton, taking all the quarterings to which her mother was, by descent, entitled. When married, she conveys the whole to be borne on an escutcheon of pretence, and transmits them at her death to be borne as quarterings by her descendants, the paternal canton on the first shield still indicating the nature of the representation.
If an heiress E.B., marry first F.G., and have a son R.G., and marry secondly H.I., and have by her second husband an only child, a daughter, S.I., the son of this lady S.I., viz., T.N., would quarter the arms of that second husband as well &3 the arms of his grandmother E.B. This point has been thus settled by the Heralds' College in London, but the question requires farther consideration and adjudication before it can be finally admitted.
The following sketch wUl illustrate the point: —
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A. B. = C.D. 1 |
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P.O., |
= E. B., = H. I., |
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let Husb. |
adau. & 2nd Husb. |
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1 |
heir. 1 |
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R. O., |
S. I., = M. N. |
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a son. 1 |
an only dau. |
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lesae. |
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T. N., |
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a Bon, who claimB to quarter |
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the arms |
of A. B. |
An ABcnBiSHOP or a BfSHOP impales the arms of his See with his family arms,
HERALDRY. xi
being, if I may so expi-ess it, married to the church, the arms of the See on the dexter side, and his family arms on the sinister, but if he be married, he does not carry his wife's arms on his shield. On his hatchment he uses two shields, the first on the dexter side, viz., the arms of his See impaled with his own arms, surmounted with a mitre, the second on the dexter, his own arms impaled with his wife's, in the same way as knights of the different Orders.
If a man marry a widow, he impales her maiden arms. A widower entering on a second marriage, marshals with his own the arms only of his second wife. He is not, according to the laws of arms, entitled to continue the usa^e of his deceased wife's ensigns.
THE SHIELD OF ARMS.
According to the received authorities, there are ten classes of arms : —
1. Arms of Dominion, those borne by Sovereigns and annexed to the territories they govern.
2. Arms of Pretension, used by Sovereigns who are not in possession of the dominions to which such arms belong, but who claim, or pretend a right to them. Thus the Kings of England from Edward III. to George III. quartered the arms of France.
3. Arms op Community, those of bishoprics, universities, cities, and other corporate bodies.
4. Arms op Assumption, adopted without the grant of the Sovereign or of a King-of-Arms, and used as a proper right. For instance, if a prince or nobleman be taken prisoner in lawful war, the victor may bear the arms of the person so taken, and transmit them to his heirs.
5. Arms of Alliance : these are adopted by families or private persons, and are joined with their ovra heraldic bearings to denote the alliance which they have contracted by marriage. Arms of this description are impaled, or are borne in an escutcheon of pretence by those who have married heiresses. But the latter arrange- ment (that of the separate escutcheon) is not allowed until the death of the father of the lady.
6. Arms of Adoption are borne by a stranger in blood, and are specially granted by the Sovereign to empower the person applying for them to obtain certain moneys or estates bequeathed on the condition of his assuming the name and arms of the testator.
7. Arms op Concession or Honourable Augmentation are peculiar marks of honour granted by the Sovereign for some act deserving of royal approbation.
8. Arms Paternal and Hereditary are those transmitted from the first possessor to his heirs ; the son being a gentleman of second coat armour ; the grand- son a gentleman of blood ; and the great-grandson a gentleman of ancestry.
The Shield admits of various forms, and is divided into nine integral parts to- mark the position of the several charges, but I shall only here allude to the relative positions of the principal parts.
First, it is to be observed, that the side of the escutcheon opposite the left hand of the person looking at it, is the dexter, or right side, and that opposite to the right hand, the sinister, or left. The centre of the shield is called the fess point ; the top of the dexter side, the dexter chief ; the top of the sinister side, the sinister chief. The hottom of the shield is called the hose, and its respective sides are called the dexter and sinister base.
The Colours common to shields and their bearings are called tinctures, and are of seven different kinds ; two metaLs and five colours, viz., or, gold ; argent, silver j azuTGy blue ; gules, red ; vert, green ; purpure, purple ; and scMe, black. Some writers
^ HERALDRY.
on the science admit two additional, tawney, or tenec, orange ; and sanguine, blood colour ; but they are rarely to be met with in British Arms.
When natural objects are introduced into Heraldry, they are often represented in their ordinary colours, and this is expressed by the term proper.
A shield is said to be quartered when it is divided into four equal parts by horizontal and perpendicular lines crossing the centre ; that at the top of the dexter side is called the first quarter ; the top of the sinister side is called the second quarter ; the tTiird quarter is at the bottom of the dexter side, and the bottom of the sinister side is the fourth quarter. When the shield is divided into two equal parts by a perpendicular line, it is called impaling : the dexter being the man's side, the sinister the woman's. Dividing the shield into two equal parts by a horizontal line is called per f ess.
Charges arc the various figures depicted on shields, by which the bearers are distinguished from one another.
All charges of Arms are either proper or common ; those charges are said to be proper which by a certain property do particularly belong to the Art of Heraldry, and are of ordinary use therein : hence they are styled " Ordinaeies :" the common charges are the representations of all the emblems which retain their own names in the blazon. The principal Ordinaries are — the Chief, the Pale, the Bend, the Fess, the Cross, the Saltire, and the Chevron. The Sub-Ordinaries are — the Border, the Orle, the Inescdtcheon, the Quarter, the Canton, the Paile or Pall, the Gyeon, the Pile, the Flaunch, &c.
Differences, or Marks of Cadency, are the distinctions used to indicate the various branches or cadets of one family. The eldest son (during the lifetime of his father) bears a Label ; the second, a Crescent ; the third, a Mullet ; the fourth, a Martlet ; the fifth, an Annulet ; the sixth, a Fleur-de-lis ; the seventh, a Rose ; the eighth, a Cross-Moline ; the ninth, a double Quatrefoil.
The mode of using these marks of cadency, as practised by the Heralds' College, London, and Ulster's Office, Dublin, is to carry them down to the third generation. There is no rule as to the colours of cadency marks except one, the label of three points must not be argent except for the Royal Family ; but the same heraldic rule applies to these marks as to ordinary heraldic charges, colour cannot lie on colour, or metal on metal.
If a younger son, say a third son, who bears a mullet for difference, assume by Royal Licence an additional surname, in addition to and after his own surname, and the arms belonging to that assumed surname, which would consequently be borne in the first quarter of his escutcheon, it is not necessary for him to continue the mark of cadency, as the compound coat is sufficient to distinguish him from the head of the family -, if, however, he wish to use the mark of cadency, it should bo borne in the fess point of the compound coat.
ATTITUDES OR POSITIONS OF ANIMALS, BIRDS, AND FISHES.
When a lion or other beast of prey stands upright, with only one ear and one eye seen, with the head in profile, he is termed rampant; when walking forward, with one eye and ear seen, passant ; when sitting, sejant ; when lying down, couchant. If in any one of these positions the animal look full face, so that both eyes and cars may be seen, the word guardant is annexed to passant, rampant, sejant, or couchant, a.s the case may be ; and if he look back, the word reguardant. An animal is salient when leaping forwards bendways and having both the hind legs in the same position.
To griffins the term segreant is given, in place of rampant. Animals of the deer kind have their positions otherwise blazoned. Thus, when looking full-faced, they
HERALDRY. xiii
are said to be at gaze; vfhen standing, statant ; when walking, tripping; when leaping forward, springing ; when rnnning, courant ; and when at rest on the ground, lodged.
A horse when running is blazoned courant, or in full speed; when leaping, salient, cahre, or effray ; when rearing, forcene, but these three last terms are very seldom met with.
Birds are blazoned, when standing with their wings down, close; when preparing to fly, rising; when flying, volant; when spread open, with both wings stretched out, and their breasts seen, displayed. The wings open and against each other are called indorsed. Two wings conjoined and expanded are calle a vol. One wing is a demivol.
Fishes, when placed horizontally, are naiant ; when perpendicularly, hauriant ; when drawn in an arched form like a dolphin, they are embowed.
Any heraldic figure placed on or apparently emanating from an ordinary or other charge is called issuant. The term jessant is applied either to a general issuing of one charge from another, as "a chevron jessant-de-lis," or to the common device of a leopard's or lion's head "jessant-de-lis." A fish or amphibious creature is described as naissant from an ordinary when any portion of the body with the tail is seen. A serpeat placed horizontally is said to be gliding.
CRESTS, TORCES OS WREATHS, AND BADGES.
The Crest yields in honour to none of the heraldic insignia. It was the emblem that served, when the banner was rent asunder, and the shield broken, as a rallying point for the knight's followers, and a distinguishing mark of his own prowess. The Crest, named by the French Cimier, from Cime, the top or apex, and by the Italians Gimiero, originated in the necessity of distinguishing one chief from another, and making him known in the battle-field and the tournament ; consequently, no crest is ever allowed to a female. As early as the yesir 1101, a seal of Philip, Count of Flanders, represents him with his crest ; but at that period, and for a century and a half after, few of lesser degree than sovereigns and commanders in the wars ventured to carry this mark of distinction. The first example of a crest upon the helmet among English sovereigns occurs in the second great seal of Richard Coeur de Lion. The helmet has several vertical openings in front, and upon the top is placed a golden lion guardant. The seal, too, of Roger de Quincy, Earl of Winchester, one of the holy warriors of the reign of Henry III., exhibits on a cylindrical casque a dragon as a device. After the institution, however, of the Garter, the knights o£ that illustrious order adopted crests, and the practice soon became so general, that these emblems were assumed indiscriminately, by all those who considered themselves legally entitled to a coat armour.*
At their first adoption, crests were usually assumed from some charge in the shield ; and thus, in very many ancient houses, we find the crest a mere emanation of the arms. Little information remains to us of the crests borne by the early nobility ; aud the little we do possess we owe to monumental effigies and illuminated manu- scripts. Froissart, in particular, affords many curious examples. Nisbet and some other writers contend that these heraldic ornaments might be changed according to the good pleasure of the bearer, but this has long been forbidden by the Kings of Arms. If crests be the distinguishing tokens by which families may be known (and
• The monument of Sir Oliver de Ingham, in Ingham church, Norfolk, who lived temp. Edward m., "affords," says Meyrick, "one of the earliest specimens of the jousting helmet of his times, sur- mounted by its crest ; and the sepulchral effigy of Sir John Harsick is a remarkable example of English armour towards the close of the reign of the second Richard. The knight is represented with his helmet on, over his coat of chained mail, so as to display the mode of wearing the crest and the muntle."
:riv HERALDRY.
this seems mcsf; assuredly to be the intention of the device), one might as well alter a coat of arms as an hereditary crest. Still, however, circumstances may arise in •which a change becomes desirable ; but this should never be made on slight or •unimportant grounds. In early times, Thomas Mowbray, Duke of Norfolk, Earl Marshal of England, was, by the special concession of Richard II., allowed to carry the crest of England — " the lion passant guardant or ; " and John Howard, in a subsequent reign, having married the daughter and heiress of Mowbray, substituted for the old crest of Howard, viz., " two wings, each charged with the family arms," the new but honourable cognizance of the golden lion.
No one is entitled to more than one crest unless he bears two surnames, or has received the additional device by a specific grant. The Germans, indeed, have long been accustomed to display in a row over their shields of arms the crests of all the houses whose ensigns they quarter ; but their heraldry is peculiar, differing from that of the other countries of Europe. In truth, the impropriety of the practice of carrying more than one crest is remarkably striking, if we consider for a moment the purpose for which these cog^nizances were first designed.
Originally crests were carved in light wood, or made of boiled leather passed into a mould, in the form of some animal real or fictitious, and were fastened to the helmet by the torce or wreath, which was formed of two pieces of silk, " twisted together by the lady who chose the bearer for her knight." The tinctures of the •wreath are always those of the principal metal and colour of the arms ; and it is a rule iu delineating the -wreath (shown edgewise above the shield) that the first coil shall be of the metal, and the last of the colour of which the achievement is constituted. Such are the wreaths in general use. In depicting arms the wreath consists of six twists ; when the crest is placed on a cap of maintenance, or on, or issuing out of a ducal or other crown, the wreath is not borne. The colours and metals of Liveries are governed by the tinctures of the wreath, or in its absence by the principal metal and colour of the arms ; thus, if the principal metal of the arms be argent, the buttons and lace of the livery is silver ; if or, they are gilt. The cloth is blue, red, black, or green, according to the prevailing colour in the arms ; if the colour be red, the colour of the livery may be modified to claret colour ; if the field of the arms be a metal, and the charge an animal of its proper colour, and no other colour depicted in the arms, the colour of the livery should follow as near as possible the proper colour of the charge. The most usual colour used in such cases is brown.
Crests have sometimes, but very improperly, been confounded with " badges," altogether distinct de-vices, intended to distinguish the retainers of certain great noblemen, and wrought or sewn upon the liveries with which they were supplied by their lord. The badge appeared also emblazoned on the chief's standard or pennon, and was much esteemed until the reign of Queen Elizabeth, when the last brilliant relics of the feudal system — the joust, the tournament, and all their accompanying parapher- nalia— fell into disuse. Henry II. bore an escarbuncle or ; and also introduced the famous badge borne so constantly by his successors, of the broom sprig or Planta Gcnistffi (" II portait ung Gennett entre deux Plantes de Geneste ") ; and his son, Richard I., on assuming the title of King of Jerusalem, hoisted the banner of the Holy City — the dormant lion of Judah — the badge of David and Solomon. Edward I. had a rose, stalk green and petals gold. Edward II. commemorated his Castilian descent by the badge of a gold tower. Edward III. bore " silver clouds with rays descending." Richard H. adopted the white hart,t the device of his mother, the Fair Maid of Kent, and used besides a Wliite Falcon; and his successor, Henry IV.,
t " Among the few friends who attended Richard H. after his capture by the Earl of Northum- berland, was Jenico d'Artois, a Qascoigno, that etill wore the cognizance or device of his master, King Bichard, that is to say, a white hart, and would put it away from him neither by persuasion nor throats ; by reason whereof, when the Duke of Lancaster understood it, ho caused him to be committed to prison, within the Castle of Chester. This man was the last (as saith mine author) which wore that device, which showed well thereby his constant heart towards his master." — Holmshed.
HERALDRY.
XV
introduced the red rose of Lancaster, which became ever after the badge of tho Lancastrians, as opposed to the white rose of Tork. He also had for cognizance tho antelope, as well as the silver swan of the De Bohnns. When he entered the lists against Mowbray, Duke of Norfolk, his caparisons were embroidered with the antelope and swan. Henry of Agincourt carried a beacon and fleur-de-lis crowned. " The white rose, en soleil," denotes the fourth Edward, and " the white boar," the third Richard. Henry VI. had for badge a Panther, and also two ostrich feathers in saltire, one silver, the other gold. His Queen, Margaret of Anion, adopted a " daisy," in allusion to her name :
" The daise a floure white and rede, In French called la belle Margarete."
Henry VII. carried " the red dragon " of Wales, and also the porfccnllis as well as the red and white roses combined, emblematic of the union of the rival houses. " In the marriage procession of Henry Tudor and Elizabeth of York," says an agreeable writer, *' each partizan of Lancaster gave his hand to a lady of the York party, holding a bouquet of two roses, red and white entwined ; and at the birth of Prince Henry, the armorists composed a rose of two colours (the leaves alternating red and white), as an emblematical offspring of the marriage. Horticulturists, too, forced nature into an act of loyalty, and produced a psirty-coloured flower known to the present day as the rose of York and Lancaster."
The same cognizances were used by Henry VIII, and Edward VI., the former of whom displayed sometimes a greyhound courant and collared ; and at others, after the seige of Boulogne, a white swan, the arms of that city. Queen Mary, before Ler accession, adopted the red and white roses, but added a pomegranate, to show her descent from Spain ; but, on assuming the sceptre, she took " Winged Time drawing Truth out of a pit," with "Veritas temporis filia" for motto. The badges of Queen Elizabeth were the red and white roses, the fleur-de-lis, and the Irish harp, all ensigned by the royal crown, to which James I. added the Scottish thistle. Many of the greater nobility followed the royal example ; Beauchamp had " the bear and ragged stafE ; " FitzAlan, " the white horse of Arundel ; " Vere, " the blue boar ; " Percy, " the crescent and manacle ; " Stafford and Bourchier, *' the knot,"
THE MOTTO.
The Motto is, according to Guillim, "a word, saying, or sentence which gentle- men carry in a scroll under the arms, and sometimes over the crest." It had its origin, most probably, in the " cri de guerre," or the watchword of the camp, and its use can be traced to a remote period. Camden assigns the reign of Henry III. as the date of the oldest motto he ever met with, that of William de Ferrers, Earl of Derby, who encircled his shield with the legend, " Lege, lege ; " and the same antiquary mentions the old seal of Sir Thomas Cavall, who bore for his arms a horse, and for Lis motto, " Thom8B credite, cum cernitis ejus equum." Other authorities, however, refer to several cases, that of Trafibrd of Trafford in particular, and carry up the mottoes to a much earlier epoch. Be this as it may, their general usage may be accurately dated, if not from an earlier period, certainly from the institution of the 0»der of the Garter ; and after that celebrated event they became very general, and daily gained in public favour. During the wars of Henry V., Henry VI., and Henry VIII., innumerable mottoes graced the shields of the waniors of the time, and in the courtly days of Queen EUzabeth devices were especially fashionable.
Mottoes may be taken, changed, or relinquished, when and as often as the bearer thinks fit, and may be exactly the same as those of other persons. Still, however^ the pride of ancestry will induce most men to retain, unaltered, the time-honoured sentiment which, adopted in the first instance as the memorial of some noble action, some memorable war-cry, or a record of some ancient family descent, has been handed down from sire to son through a long series of generations.
xn
HERALDRT.
" Montjoye Sfc. Denis " was the cri de guerre of the French kings, " St. Andrew '* of the Scottish monarchs, and "St. George for merry England," of the English. " Dieu ayde au premier Chretien " rallied the Montmorencys ; and " A Douglas ! a Dono-las ! " was not infrequently heard on the English borders, in answer to the Percy " Esperance."
The same conceit, as in Heraldic Bearings, of accommodating the motto to the name, has prevailed occasionally either in Norman-French or Latin : thus we have " Mon Dieu est ma roche," for Roche, Lord Fermoy ; "Let Curzon holde what Curzon helde," for Curzon; " Strike Dakyns, the devil's in the hempe," for Dakyns ; " Cavendo tutus," for Cavendish ; " Forte scutum salus ducum," for Fortesnue ; " Set on," for Seton, Earl of Winton; "Ne vile velis," for Neville ; " Vero nihil verius," for Vere; aud ♦' Ver non semper viret," for Vernon.
How admirably suited is " Pro magna charta " to the Premier Barony, Le Des- pencer ; and how plaintive is the expressive motto adopted by the oace regal Courtenays of Powderham, after the loss of the Earldom of Devon, " Ubi lapsus f quid feci?" The " Fuimus " of the Earl of Elgin tells that the Bruces were once Kings ; and the " Crom a boo " of the Geraldines recalls the time when an Act of Parliament made it treason to repeat that famous war-cry.
Mottoes are also frequently allusive to the arms and crests, and very often commemorative of some deed of chivalry. With reference to " the Hedgehog," the crest of the Kyrles of Herefordshire, the family of " the Man of Ross," is the inscription " Nil moror ictus " (I do not care for blows) ; the Gores, whose ensigns comprise the cross crosslet, have " In hoc signo vinces." " Caen, Cressie, Calais," the motto of the Radclyffes, commemorates the services of Sir John Radclyffe, Knt., of Ordsali, at the seiges of Caen and Calais, and at the battle of Cressy ; and " Boulogne et Cadiz," borne by the Heygate family, records the presence of their ancestor at those famous seiges.
" Grip Fast," the device of the Leslies, has remained unchanged since the time of Margaret, Qaeen of Scotland, by whom it was given to Bartholomew Leslie, the founder of the family, under the following circumstances : — In crossing a river, swollen by floods, the Queen was thrown from her horse, and in danger of being drowned, when the knight, plunging into the stream, seized hold of the royal girdle, and as he brought her with difficulty towards the bank, she frequently exclaimed, *' Grip fast," words which she desired her preserver to retain for his motto, in remembrance of this circumstance.
The traditionary origin of "Lamh dearg Erin " (the Red Hand of Ireland), the motto of the O'Neills, is this : — In an ancient expedition of some adventurers to Ireland, their leader declared that whoever first touched the shore should possess the territory which he reached. The ancestor of the O'Neills, Princes of Ulster, bent upon obtaining the reward, and seeing another boat likely to land, cut his hand o£E and threw it upon the coast.
Many mottoes are allusive either to a portion of the heraldic bearings, or to the- family surname. " Leoni non sagittis fido," I trust to the lion not to the arrows, is that of the Egertons, whose shield exhibits a lion between three pheons ; and the Martins use these singular words ; " He who looks at Martin's ape, Martin's ape shall look at him ! " having reference to their crest, of " an ape observing himself in a looking- glass." The AiTONs of Kippo, a branch of Aiton, of that Ilk, adopted for mottOr " Et decerptoo dabunt odorem," an elegant allusion to their crest of "a rose bough ppr," and of their being an offshoot of the parent stem.
The generality of mottoes, however, are expressive of sentiments of piety, hope, or determination.
Many of the most ancient houses in Scotland, Ireland, and Wales, adopted for their motto the slogan or war-cry of their sept, which was sometimes derived from the name of the chieftain's feudal castle ; thus Colquhoun of Luss bears " Cnockelachan ; " Fitz- Gerald of Lcinster, " Crom a boo ; " and Ilughss of Gwerclas, " Kymmer-yu-
HERALDRY. xvi.
Edeirnion." The descendants of Irish families also adopted the war-cry of their septs as mottoes ; thus O'Brien, " Lamh laidir an nachtar," The strong hand upper- most, "Lamh dearg Erin," The red hand of Ireland; O'Hagan, " Buadh no has," Victory or death ; O'Donovan, " GioUa ar a-namhuid a-bu," A man over his enemy for ever; O'Gorman, " Tosach catha agus deineadh Slvc,'" First in battle and fierce in slaughter; O'Doinn, " MuUach a-bu," The tops of the mountains for ever, &c., &c. Mottoes not infrequently indicate the antiquity and derivation of the families by whom they are borne. In " Loywl as thow fynds," we recognise the Saxon origin of the Tempests of Tong, and in " Tou^-s jours prest," the Norman ancestry of the Talbots of Bashall : but this rule is far from being general : many families of Norman origin used English mottoes at a very early period, as Darell of Calehill, " Trow to you."
CROWNS, CORONETS, CHAPEAUX, HELMETS, AND MANTLES.
Crowns were not originally marks of sovereignty, but were bestowed on those who gained a prize at the Olympic games, and at first were only bands or fillets, but subsequently they assumed various forms according to the peculiar feat of valour the person to whom they were granted performed.
The Crown, a distinctive badge of royalty, was anciently made open, but is now closed at the top with four arches and is usually called the Imperial Grown. That used at the coronation of the Sovereigns of England is made in imitation of the Crown supposed to have been worn by Edward the Confessor. The present imperial Crown has the rim adorned with four crosses pattee, and as many fleurs-de-lis alternately. From each cross rises an arched diadem closed at the top under a mound supporting a cross. The cap within the Crown is of purple velvet (heraldic- ally represented crimson), and turned up with ermine. See p. xlix.
The Coronet of the Prince of Wales is, according to a warrant of Charles II, dated 19 February, 1660, composed of a circle or fillet of gold, adorned with four crosses pattee, and as many fleurs-de-lis alternately ; from the two centre crosses rises an arched diadem, closed at the top under a mound supporting a cross, one arch only from the centre cross appearing in the representation. The cap is of crimson velvet, lined with white sarsnet, and turned up with ermine. The Prince of Wales also bears as a badge a plume of three ostrich feathers, encircled by a coronet adorned with crosses and fleurs-de-lis ; the motto peculiar to this badge being " Ich dien."
The Coronet of the Princes of the Blood Royal is similar to that of the Prince of Wales, without the arched diadem. The cap is of crimson velvet, bordered with ermine, with a tassel of gold.
The Princesses bear a similar Coronet, but instead of the four crosses and as many fleurs-de-lis, it is adorned with three strawberry leaves alternately, with a similar number of fleurs-de-lis and crosses.
The Arms and Coronets of the Members of the Royal Family are always assigned by the Sovereign to them individually.
The Coronet of a Duee is composed of a circlet of gold, chased as jewelled, having raised on it eight golden strawberry leaves, five of which are seen in repre- sentation. The cap is of crimson velvet, turned up ermine, thereon a golden tassel. It is sometimes used as a charge in armorial bearings, when it is called a Ducal Coronet, and is represented with only three strawberry leaves, and without the cap, tassel, or ermine.
The Coronet of a Marquess is a circlet of gold, chased as jewelled, charged with four strawberry leaves and as many large pearls alternately ; when represented, only two pearls and three leaves appear. The cap is similar to that of a Duke.
An Earl's Coronet is a circlet of gold, chased as jewelled, upon which rise eight pyramidical points gold, each of which supports a large silver ball, the spaces between
xviii HERALDRY.
the points being filled up at the bottom with strawberry leaves of gold, not rising as high as the balls. Only five of the balls appear when heraldically displayed. The cap is the same as the Duke's and Marquess's.
A Viscount's Coronet is a circlet of gold, cbased as jewelled, supporting sixteen silver balls, seven of which appear in the representation.
The Coronet of a Baron is a plain circlet of gold, thereon six silver balls, four of which are seen in the representation.
The two last-named Coronets have the crimson velvet cap with the tassel, and the edging of ermine, the same as those of a Duke, Marquess, and Earl. See p. xxxiv.
The Coronet of a King of Arms is silver gilt, formed of a circle, upon which is inscribed part of the first verse of the 51st Psalm, viz., " Miserere mei Deus secundum magnam misericordiam tuam ; " the rim is surmounted with sixteen leaves, in shape resembling the oak leaf, every alternate one being somewhat higher than the rest, nine of which appear in the profile view of it ; the cap is of crimson satin, closed at the top by a gold tassel, and turned up with ermine. See p. xxxiv.
A crest-coronet or ducal coronet, on which, or issuing from which crests are often borne, is composed of a circlet of gold chased and jewelled, having raised on it four strawberry leaves, three of which appear in representation.
As the Crown of the Sovereign of England is not exactly similar to those borne by other potentates, so most of the Coronets of foreign noblemen are different from those of British peers.
Archbishops and Bishops bear the arms of their Sees impaled with their own family arms, without crest or motto, and with a mitre over the shield. The mitre of both Archbishops and Bishops is (with the exception of the mitre of the Bishop of Durham) exactly the same. It is a high golden cap, enriched with jewels, pointed and divided at the top, with fringed pendants hanging from the lower part ; each top is surmounted by a cross, the present usual form of which is that of a cross-pattee. The mitre of the Bishop of Durham differs from that of the other Prelates in being encircled with a ducal coronet.
The Helmet, helme, casque, or, morion, varied in shape in different ages and countries. See p. xxxiii.
The Mantle, Guillim informs us, was named from the French word " Manteau" and served as a protection (being spread over and pendent from the helmet) "to repel the extremity of wet, cold, and heat, and withal to preserve the accoutrements from mst." Guillim thus continues : " Mantles, like other habits, have not escaped trans- formation, but have passed through the forge of fanatical conceit, in so much as (beside the bare name) there remaineth neither shape nor shadow of a mantle. But as they are used in achievements, whether you call them mantles or flourishings, they are evermore said in blazon to be doubled, that is, lined throughout with some one of the furs."
The mantle is sometimes termed a Lambrequin or Lamequin. The numerous strips and cuts into which it is usually divided, are supposed to indicate that it has been thus torn and hacked in the field of battle, and betokened a certain evidence of prowess.
The Chapeau (cap of maintenance or dignity) is of crimson velvet, lined with ermine, turned up into points at the back. It was formerly a badge of high dignity, and is now borne under the crest of several eminent families, instead of the wreath.
SUPPORTERS.
Sdpporters date from the fourteenth century. Menestrier and other authorities ascribe their origin to a practice at the tournaments, and the ground on which they base their opinions Hccms tenable enough. In those chivalrous pastimes no one was suffered to participate but he who was of noble descent or warlike renown, and each
HERALDRY. xix
champion, to prove his title to those qualifications, exhibited his armorial shield upon the barriers and pavilions within the lists. Pages and esquires attended to watch their masters' escutcheons, and to report the name and quality of any knight who thought proper to challenge to the encounter. The chroniclers further relate, that on these occasions the armour bearers, who were thus employed, assumed the most grotesque, fantastic costume, enveloping themselves in the skins of lions or bears, and that hence arose the custom of using supporters. Of these masquerade characters, several curious specimens may be found in the illuminated manuscripts of Froissart, in the British Museum.
The appropriation of supporters, as legitimate parts of armorial bearings, does not appear to have been recognised in England, earlier than the reign of Edward III. An heraldic document, compiled by Cooke, Clarenceux, in 1572, indicates the various changes the royal supporters underwent : Edward III. adopted dexter, a lion rampant; and sinister, a raven, both crowned ; Richard II. a lion and a stag ; Henry IV. an antelope and a swan ; Henry V. a lion and an antelope ; Henry VI. an antelope and a leopard; Edward IV. a bull and a lion; Richard III. a lion and a boar; Henry VII. a dragon and a greyhound ; Henry VIII. the same ; Edward VI. a lion and a dragon Mary I., an eagle and a dragon ; and Queen Elizabeth the same as her brother Edward. King James I., on ascending the English throne, introduced the unicorn of Scotland, and from that monarch's reign to our own times the lion and the unicorn have remained the royal supporters.
The position of these external ornaments of the shield is, in genuine and ancient Heraldry, always erect ; and surely nothing qan be more at variance with true blazonry than the absurd attempt of some modern artists to display them in picturesque attitudes. Thus the characteristics of a rude and contemporary era are violently destroyed, and the vestiges of the graphic art confused or annihilated.
In England the right to bear supporters is confined to Peers of the Realm, Knights of the Garter, the Thistle, and St. Patrick ; Knights Grand Cross of THE Bath (G.C.B.) ; Knights Grand Cross of St. Michael and St. George (G.C. St. M. St. G.) ; and to those Baronets and others (of which the number is extremely limited) who may have obtained them by special grant. The prac- tice of the Sovereigns of England granting Supporters to the Peers of each degree, seems to have commenced in the reign of Henry VIII., as did that of granting the like ornaments to the Knights of the Garter and Bath. Further, in addition to these. Supporters are assumed and borne, but without any legal right, by the heirs apparent of dukes, marquesses, and earls, and by all the children of peers, to whom courtesy allows the prefix of "Lord." In ancient times, too, many eminent though unentitled families used these appurtenances to their shields. Edmondson says, " It may be justly concluded that those who used such additions to their shields, or on their shields, banners, or monuments, or had them carved in stone or wood, or depicted on the glass windows of their mansion, and in the churches, chapels, and religious houses of their foundation, as perspicuous evidences and memorials of their having a possessory right to them, are fully and absolutely well entitled to bear them, and that no one of their descendants ever ought to alienate such supporters, or bear their arms without them." Among the distinguished houses that use supporters under these circumstances, we may mention those of Fulford of Great Fulford, Devon, Trevanion of Cornwall, Savage of Cheshire, Stawell and Luttrell of Somersetshire, Hilton of Hilton, and Tichborne of Tichborne. In Ireland, the heads of the different septs assert their claim to them, but no registry of supporters to an Irish chieftain appears in Ulster's Office, in right of his chief taincv only, and without the honour of peerage, nor does any authority to bear them exist. In Scotland, the right to supporters belongs to the representatives of minor barons who had full baronial rights prior to 1587, and to the heads of a limited number of importajit families, including the chiefs of the more considerable clans. Lyon may also confer supporters e gratia, a prerogative which, generally speaking, has been very
XX HERALDRY.
sparingly exercised. Nova Scotia baronets have, as such, no right to supporters, though many of them bear them in respect of the baronial qualification.
BANNERS AND STANDARDS.
The Banner is coeval with the introduction of Heraldry, and dates consequently from the twelfth century. It was of nearly a square form, exhibiting the owner's arms, and it served as the rallying point of the several divisions of which the army was composed. To judge from the siege of Carlaverock, it would seem that early in the fourteenth century there was a banner to every twenty-five or thirty men-at- arms, and that thus the battle array was marshalled, kt that period the English forces comprised the tenants in capite of the Crown, with their followers ; and it appears that such tenants were entitled to lead their contingent under a banner of their arms ; but the precise number of men so furnished, which conferred this privilege, has not been ascertained. When the tenant in capite was unable to attend in person, from illness or other cause, he nevertheless sent his quota of soldiers or archers which the tenure of his lands enjoined, and his banner was committed to the charge of a deputy of equal rank to his own. Thus, at Carlaverock, the Bishop of Durham sent one handred and sixty of his men-at-arms, with his banner entrusted to John de Hastings; and "the good Edmund, Lord d'Eyncourt," who could not attend himself, sent " ses deux bons filz en son lieu mist," (his two brave sons in his stead), and with them his banner of "" blue, billetee of gold with a dancette over all."
The right to bear a banner was confined to bannerets and persons of higher rank. In 1361, Edward III. granted to Sir Gruy de Bryan two hundred marks a year for having discreetly borne the king's banner at the siege of Calais in 1347 ; and Thomas Strickland, the esquire who so gallantly sustained the banner of Henry V. at Agincourt, urged the service as worthy of remuneration from Henry VI. In France, 80 long as the chivalry of the old regime endured, and the observances derived from St. Louis, Francis I., and Louis XIV. were respected, the custody of the Oriflamme was hereditary; and still in Scotland the representative of the great house of Scrymgeour enjoys the honour of being banner-bearer to the sovereign. Ireland claims a higher antiquity in the use of banners and standards than any other European nation — penetrating even beyond the Christian era. The office of standard-bearer was hereditary in families, as, for instance, the O'Hanlons were hereditary standard-bearers to the O'Neills, and the Mac AfEreys to the McGuires. "Three lions rampant " were borne on the banner of O'Brien, and " the red hand " was emblazoned on that of O'Neill. The different septs or clans rushed to battle with their banners borne aloft, and uttering war-cries. That of O'Brien, iam^ laider a-bu ! *' The strong hand for ever ! " but after the Anglo-Norman period these war cries became Anglicised, as, for instance, "O'Neill a-bu!" " O'Donnell a-bu!" i.e., "O'Neill for ever," " O'Donnell for ever." The great Anglo-Norman families followed the example, by adopting similar war-cries. The Fitz-Geralds had " Crom a-bu!" the Butlers of Ormonde, "Butler a-bu!" and the Burkes or De Burgos had " Clanrickard a-bu ! " and " MocWilliam a-bu ! "
The Standard was long and narrow, and split at the end. In the upper part of the English standard appeared the Cross of St. George, the remainder being charged with the motto, crest, or badge, but never with the arms. It is difficult to determine the qualifications which constituted a right to a standard, but there is reason to believe that no person under the rank of a knight could use one.
The length of the standards varied according to the rank of the bearer ; the King's was from eight to nine yards in length ; that of a Duke seven yards ; of a Marquess, six yards and a half; of an Earl, six yards ; of a Viscount, six yards and
HERALDRY. xxi
a half ; of a Baron five yards ; of a Banneret, four yards and a half; and of a Knight, four yards.
Two manuscripts in the British Museum, not older in date than the reign of Henry VIII., afford the most authentic information as to the size of banners, standards, and pennons. A. question having been recently raised as to what is the proper flag (if any) to be hoisted over a private gentleman's mansion, and what the correct armorial bearings to be displayed thereon, it appears there is not any direct authority or rule on the subject, but it is understood that the flag (if allowed) should display the arms of the possessor of the mansion only, and though the banner of St. George has been sometimes used, and the Union Jack has been also displayed, this seems to be an error, as no right exists for such.
HATCHMENTS.
How many are there who look on these heraldic decorations as mere general emblems of mortality, indicating nothing more than that a death has lately occurred. Yet we can, on making ourselves acquainted with the simple rules by which the arrangement of several achievements is regulated, at once know what rank the deceased held when Kving. If the hatchment be that of a lady, whether she was unmarried, a wife, or widow ; if that of a gentleman, whether he was a bachelor, a married man, or a widower.
To show how easily this information can be acquired, I will briefly state the several distinctions.
On the morning of interment, a hatchment is placed on the front of the house belonging to the deceased, and another over the vault or tomb after burial.
The funeral escutcheon of a bachelor, represents his paternal arms single, or quartered with those to which he may be entitled, and accompanied with the helmet, crest, and motto. The ground of the hatchment (the vacant canvas of each side of the shield) is black.
For a viaiden, her paternal arms are placed in a lozenge, single or quartered as those of a bachelor, with no other ornament than a gold cord loosely knotted at the top of the lozenge. The ground outside the shield is, like the former hatchment, black.
When a husband dies, leaving his wife surviving, the ground on the dexter side of the hatchment (that is, the side of the escutcheon opposite the left hand of the person looking at it) is black ; and that on the sinister side (opposite the right hand of the spectator) is white. The arms in this case are impaled, that is, divided by a perpendicular line down the centre of the shield ; those of the husband at the dexter side being black, to indicate his death. The crest is placed over the shield, and beneath it the family motto.
When a wife dies, leaving her husband surviving, the ground of the hatchment is black on the side opposite to the right hand of the person looking at it ; at the opposite side white. Their arms are displayed as in the preceding case, but without crest or motto, and the shield appears suspended by a ribbon in a bow, and ornamented with a cherub's head and wings.
The hatchments of ladies (except peeresses, who are entitled to a robe of estate) are always without mantle, helmet, crest, or family motto, although funeral words and sentences are sometimes introduced.
A widower's hatchment represents his arms with those of his wife in the same manner as when living ; that is impaled, or divided by a perpendicular line down the centre of the shield. His crest and motto are also emblazoned, and all the ground outside the escutcheon is black.
The hatchment of a widow represents her arms impaled with those of her
xxii HERALDRY.
husband and enclosed in a lozenge, having a bow of ribbon at the top, and ornamented with a cherub's head and wings ; all the ground outside the shield being black.
For a man leaving a second wife, the hatchment represents his arms (not impaled) on a black ground. On the dexter side, or that opposite the left hand of the spectator, is placed, apart fi"om the shield of the husband, a small funeral escutcheon, on which his arms, with those of his first wife, are impaled ; all the ground at this side of the hatchment being black, to indicate her decease. On the opposite side of the hatchment, that is, facing the right hand of the person looking at it, another small escutcheon is similarly placed apart from the husband's shield, and on it are dis- played his arms impaled with those of his second wife ; the ground at the extreme sinister side of the shield being white, to show that she survives him.
If a widower or a bachelor be the last of his family, a skull or death's head (heraldically termed a mart) is annexed to the escutcheon — -the arms, crest, and motto beino- displayed in the manner already described ; and the hatchment of a maid or widow, who is the last of her house, represents the arms in a lozenge, with a "tnort annexed.
The hatchments of Peers and Peeresses have their distinguishing coronets.
On the hatchments of Baronets a front-faced, open helmet is placed over the shield, on some part of which is displayed the red hand.
The armorial bearings of Knights are surrounded with the insignia of their respective orders, and surmounted with the front-faced open helmet, which is also assigned to knights bachelors.
The hatchments of Archbishops and Bishops represent their arms impaled with those of their See; the latter being placed on the dexter side, that is, opposite the left hand of the person who looks at it, consequently the opposite side is painted black, that under the arms of the see being white.
The hatchment of the wife of an Archbishop or Bishop represents two shields ; that to the left of the spectator displays the arms of the See impaling the paternal coat, and surmounted by the mitre. The sinister shield (that to the spectator's right) is suspended by a knot, bearing the prelate's family arms impaled with those of his wife : the surface of the hatchment underneath the sinister shield being black, to denote the lady's death.
The same rule is observed with respect to the hatchments of the wives of Knights of the different orders, while those of Peeresses who have married commoners display the arms of their dignity at the sinister side (that is, the side opposite the spectator's right), apart from the heraldic bearings of their husbands.
SEIZE QUARTIERS.
If title be with us the test of position and precedence, the Seize Quartiers have been considered in Continental Europe as the test of blood, or what is strictly signified by tiie term " birth." It is the reverse of what is generally understood by " a family tree," for there, the stream commencing with the earliest known ancestor, flows down to the living generation; but in the " seize quartiers," beginning with the latter, the stream, dividing on the mother's and father's sides into two lines, Ihence continues to ascend, ramifying into the several sources whence it derives the vital current. Thus at a glance is displayed and analysed the heraldic componency of the warm flood circulating beneath each blazoned breast, betraying any alloying admixture that may exist, and may, as in the pedigree of a race-horse (if I may venture to use the simile), disentitle it to the character of "thorough-bred."
Increasing ])y a regular succession of reduplications in every generation, the range of that of the great-groat-grandfathcr displays a series of sixteen shields of arms, the "seize quartiers ; " the generation beyond has thirty-two shields, that succeeding it, sixty-four, and so on till in the thirtieth generation the series of names for that generation alone would exceed the present estimated population of the whole globe ;
HERALDRY. xxiu
and when the number, diminishing by one-half in each descending step, is added to the above, the total of individaals whose blood is transmitted into the living man is something prodigious ; consequently the number ascending to the beginning of the world would be utterly uncountable. In this latter case it must be observed that the same individual must have figured several times in different positions of relation- ship, for otherwise in the generation contemporaneous with the creation of man, the broad array of progenitors would be totally incompatible with the solitary Adam and Eve, the fountain sources of all human blood.
The ancient chivalry of St. John of Jerusalem, which bore successively the titles of Knights of Rhodes and Knights of Malta, was variously exacting in its require- ments of proof of noble birth from candidates seeking admission to its ranks. Vertot, the historian of the Order, tells us that the languages of Provence, Auvergne, and France were obliged to prove eight quarters, or coats of arms, that is the genera- tion of great-grandfathers and great- grandmothers ; Italy, only four quarters or shields, i.e., the grandfathers and grandmothers ; but it was required that these four quarters should belong to families of a noblesse acknowledged for the pre- ceding two hundred years. Four quarters was the number also required from the language of Aragon and Castile, including Portugal, but for German knights sixteen quarters were necepsary, that being the number demanded by the Teutonic Order from its postulants. This is and was at all times considered a very rigorous ordeal, requiring often most laborious searches among archives and sources difficult of access, as well as condemning numbers to exclusion, for it is not alone in our days that ruined gentle blood sought to establish itself by union with merely plebeian gold : title availed nothing.
The mode of proceeding in drawing up a pedigree of " Seize Quartiers," is as follows, and the progression is very simple, though not generally understood : the very words being familiarly comprehended neither as to their verbal import, the rarity of the possession of such a pedigree, even among some of the most proudly titled families in the peerage, its intrinsic genealogical value abroad amid heraldic nations, or its being the real and actual test of the nobility of the blood of any individual.
First write down the name of the postulant, then above his name those of his father and mother, which form thus two quarters : the father's father and mother then follow, and the mother's father and mother fill up the line of getieration, i.e., the grandfathers and grandmothers. Proceeding in the same way, we next mark down the father and mother of each grandfather and grandmother, which form the line of great-grandfathers and great-grandmothers, eight individuals, quarters or coats of arms ; and the succeeding line of fathers and mothers of each great-grand- father and great-grandmother, constitute the series of the great-great-grandfathers and great-great- grandmothers, or sixteen quarters. This ramification, however, is best understood by a glance at the following diagram :
Eight paternal quarterings. Eight maternal quarterings.
1234567 8123 4567 8 Line of great-great-grandfathers and great- A=B C=D E=F G=H. J=K L=M N=0 P=Q
great-grandmothers. I ! ' I
Line of great-grandfathers and great-grand- A = C E=Q- J=j=L N = l*
mothers. i i
' ! ! f
Line of grandfathers and grindmothers .. .. Ah=E J==N
L.
Line of father and mother . . . . . . . . . . A= J
A
who combines in his person the blood of the sixteen families, arrajed in the uppermost line, and displays sixteen coats of arms in his shield, as a postulant in chivalry.
xxiv HERALDRY.
I have thus endeavoured to explain the exact meaning of " Seize Quar- tiers." By the universal consent of continental Europe, the sixteen quarters have been considered the test of blood; they have at all times been the Sesame which has opened the door of every presence-chamber of royalty, of every high place at foreign courts, and of every rich and noble Chapter. Nevertheless, according to our English notions, this test is rather, I think, one of curiosity than real value ; for, compare the continental nobility, which very generally still possesses it, with the British nobility, which very rarely does, and mark the difference between them. Our own aristocracy yields to none other in high breeding, honour, noble daring, brilliancy of ancestry, talent, and simple, unostentatious grandeur of character, and yet, comparatively speaking, few even among that elevated class can trace their descent up to sixteen families on both sides entitled to armorial bearings ; or, at least, in cases where this is practicable, many of the progenitors are of a very secondary station, and belong to a gentry wholly without illustration. The proof of value is its result ; and considering that the aristocracy of Britain may justly claim superiority over the more exclusively well-bom aristocracy of the rest of Europe, I cannot bring myself to believe that the test of " the Seize Quartiers " enters, neces- sarily, into the composition of a first-rate English nobleman or gentleman. That which is truly ennobling is a long line of gentle ancestors, either from father to son, or through heiresses bringing the right of representation, combined with honourable and appropriate alliances. Who would venture to dispute the nobility of birth of the ducal representative of the Douglases and the Hamiltons, on the ground that an alliance with a Gunning or a Beckford might perchance interfere with the perfection of the German test of " the Seize Quartiers ? "
KINGS OF ARMS AND HERALDS.
The office of " King of Arms " is of feudal origin, and was one of the attributes of the pomp and splendour annexed to feudal sovereignty. There is no trace of such an institution anterior to the Norman invasion, which overturned the pre-existing system in England, formed as it had been by a fusion of the usages of the ancient Britons, Saxons, and Danes. Having so overturned it, the Normans introduced the military and chivalrous code of feuds, with its homage, and fealty, and services. Sir Henry Spelman is of opinion that the title of King of Arms was attributed to such heraldic officers in England as belonged immediately to the person of the King's majesty, while those who appertained to princes of the blood royal, or to the nobility, were staled simply Heralds. Another learned author states that the title of " King of Heralds (of later times called King of Arms) was given to that personage who was the chief or principal officer presiding over the heralds of any kingdom, or of any particular province usually termed the marches, or of any order of knighthood."
The primary duty of the English Kings of Arms and Heralds, at the time of their establishment, corresponded with that of the Heralds of foreign princes ; they carried and delivered all messages of importance to allies, enemies, and rebels, gave solemn defiances and denunciations of war; summoned cities, castles, &c., to sur- render ; made propositions of peace, truce, and accommodation, and offered mercy and pardon to rebellious subjects and insurgents. They had also the cognizance, inspection, marshalling, and regulation of coats of armour, and the several marks of distinction connected with them ; they received all foreign nobility and others coming to England to perform feats of arms, and gave safe conduct to them from their arrival to the time of their leaving the kingdom; assisted at tilts, tournaments, and feats of arms, and attended to the honour and reputation of military persons, and to the safety, welfare, and defence of the King and his realms. They had also the arrangement, order, and progress of legal combats; were likewise employed in marshalling and conducting coronations, marriages, baptisms, funerals, interviews, and other august assemblies, processions, pomps, and solemnities of the ancient
HERALDRY. xxv
monarclis, and took care that the orders, rites, and ceremonies established for those ceremonials were duly observed; and that the rules of precedence were strictly adhered to.
The pride and ambition of the nobility prompted them to imitate, and oftentimes to vie with, their Monarclis in state and magnificence. Hence it is that we find the Heralds attending at the faneral rites and ceremonies of the nobility, as well as at the celebration of their marriages, christenings, and other festivities, and practising the same forms and grandeur as were observed at those of the royal family.
Noble and illustrious descent having also been held in high esteem, strict attention was paid to the observance of a just and exact distinction between the different ranks or classes of the people. The ignoble never presumed, in those ancient times, to arrogate a participation in the rights annexed to eminence of parentage, or to claim honours to which their superiors alone were entitled. And the nobiKty and gentry, cautiously jealous of their dignity, avoided mixing with the vulgar, and were sedulously careful for the preservation, on all public and solemn occasions, of that purity of rank and precedence which was due by the feudal system to their birth and station in life. Family arms being the general criterion which distinguished the gentleman from the peasant, no persons were suffered to enter the lists to tourney, or exercise any feats of arms, unless they could, to the satisfaction of the Kings of Arms, prove themselves to be gentlemen of " Coat Armour." And the ancient gentry took particular care to have their arms embroidered on their common-wearing over-coats, and would not suffer any person of the lower class, although become rich, to use such tokens of gentle birth and distinction ; nay, so jealous were they of any infringement of the armorial rights to which they were entitled, that whenever the arms which they and their families had borne happened to be claimed by any other gentlemen, they vindicated their rights in the military courts, and very often by duel. Under those circumstances it became essential and was a necessary part of the duties of Heralds, to draw out, with accuracy and exactness, the authentic genealogies of noble families, and families of " gentle birth " to continue, and from time to time, to add to and preserve their pedigrees in direct and collateral lines; and to have a perfect knowledge of all hereditary arms, ensigns, badges of honour, and the external marks as well of personal as of family rank and distinction.
Some portion of the ancient duties of the Herald has become obsolete with the decay of the feudal system, but enough remains to render the office important and useful. That branch of his labours connected with genealogy is valuable in the highest degree. Genealogical tables and authentic pedigrees, regularly deduced, contain memorials of past transactions and events, and from them chronologers and historians have drawn very considerable assistance ; they have operated to the detec- tion of frauds, forgeries, and impostures ; cleared up doubts and difficulties ; established marriages ; supported and defended legitimacy and purity of blood ; ascertained family alliances ; proved and maintained affinity and consanguinity ; vindicated and corroborated the titles of lands to their possessors ; and have been of essential use in settling claims and rights of inheritance without litigation, by furnishing effectual evidence. Such has been, and ever must be, the utiUty of genealogies, when they are framed with integrity and authenticated by evidence.
The HERALDIC AUTHORITY ovcr England and Wales is delegated by the Crown to the hereditary Earl Marshal (the Duke of Norfolk), and three Kings of Arms, Garter, Clarenceux, and Norroy, who form, together with the Heralds and Pursuivants, the College of Arms. Of these, the principal is "Garter King of Arms." In his Patent he is styled Principal King of English Arms, and Principal Officer of Arms of the most noble Order of the Garter. To him immediately belongs, inter alia, the adjustment of arms in England and Wales, and likewise the power of granting arms under the authority of the Earl Marshal, in conjunction with the provincial Kings of Arms occording to their several jurisdictions, to persons qualified to bear them. " Clarenceux King of Arms," so named from the Dukedom of
ssvi HERALDRY.
Clarence, bas jurisdiction over the south-east and west parts of England ; and " Norroy King of Arms," the most ancient of the heraldic sovereigns in England possesses as his province, England north of the Trent. He is the North King — " Norroy." The Enghsh Heralds bear the designation of " Windsor," " Chester," "Somerset," "Lancaster," "York," and "Richmond," the Pursuivants are known by the names of " Rouge Dragon," " Rouge Croix," " Bluemantle," and " Portcullis." The date of the creation of the historic and dignified ofl&ce of Garter Kino of Arms may be fixed with certainty to have been between May and September, 1417. The first Garter was William Bruges, originally styled " Guyenne King of Arms," and subsequently " Garteir Roy d'Armes des Anglois." By the constitution of King Henry VIII., it was provided that Garter should be Sovereign within the College of Arms above all the other officers, that he should have the correction of Arms, Crests, Cognizances, and Devices, as well as the power and authority to grant Armorial Bearings ; and that he should " walk in all places next to Our Sword, and no one between thena except the Constable and Marshal when they carry the batons of their office."
In addition, Garter King of Arms has various other duties of considerable importance to perform, such as the regulation of precedence, the guidance of Coronations, and State Ceremonials, the control and management of all matters concerning the Order of the Garter, &c.
The Badge of Garter is of gold, having on both sides the Arms of St. George, impaled with those of the Sovereign, within the Garter and Motto, enamelled in their proper colours, and ensigned with the royal crown. His sceptre is of silver gilt, about two feet in length, the top being of gold, of four sides of equal height but of unequal breadth. On the two larger sides are the Arms of St. George impaling the Sovereign's, and on the two lesser sides, the Arms of St. George, surrounded by the Garter and Motto, the whole ensigned with an imperial crown.
The ancient office of Lyon King of Arms, long styled Lord Lyon King op Arms, the King of Arms of Scotland, is found occupying a very prominent position so far back as 1371, the year of the coronation of Robert II., at Holyrood. He derives his authority directly from the Sovereign, and is entitled to wear an oval badge suspended by a broad green ribbon. The Badge consists on the obverse of the e&igj of St. Andrew bearing his cross before him, with a thistle beneath, all enamelled in the proper colours on an azure ground. The reverse contains the arms of Scotland having in the lower parts of the Badge, a thistle, as on the other side ; the whole surmounted with an Imperial Crown. Lyon is the chief Heraldic Officer of the Order of the Thistle, and enjoys the same rights and privileges in Scotland as Garter King of Arms does -in England. The insignia of the Lyon Office are, "Argent, a lion sejant full-faced gules, holding in the dexter paw a thistle slipped vert, and in the sinister an escutcheon of the second, on a chief azure a St. Andrew's cross of the first."
In Ireland, Ulster King of Arms has the sole heraldic jurisdiction, and has under him Athlone Pursuivant: he is, ex-officio, Knight Attendant on the most illustrious Order of St. Patrick.
The title of "Ulster King of Arms," was created in the reign of Edward VI. But the office itself, under the designation of " Ireland King of Arms," had its origin in more remote times, the first express mention of Ireland King of Arms being in the sixth year of King Richard II., 1482 ; Froissart, vol. ii., calls him " Ckaundos le Roy d' Irelande.'' A regular succession of officers by the title of " Ireland King of Arms," continued from that time to the reign of King Edward IV., who promoted Thomas Ashwell to that office.
This title of " Ireland," as Sir Henry Spelman and Sir James Ware say, was afterwards, by Edward VI., altered into that of Ulster. That King himself, in his journal, takes notice of it as follows — "Feb. There was a King of Arms made for Ireland, whose name was Ulster, and his province was all Ireland." The patent
HERALDRY. xsvii
passed under the great seal of England, 1553, with an ample preamble, in testimony of the necessity and dignity of the office, \^hich was given to Bartholomew Butler, York Herald. And a warrant bearing equal date with the patent was issued to Sir Ralph Sadleir, Knt., of the King's Wardrobe, to deliver him " one coat of blue and crimson velvet embroidered with the gold and silver upon the same with the King's Arms." The Badge of " Ulster " is of gold, containing ou one side the cross of St. Patrick, or as it is described in the statutes, " The cross gules of the Order upon a field argent, impaled with the Arms of the Realm of Ireland," and both encircled with the Motto, " Quis Separabit," and the date of the institution of the Order, MDCCLXXXIII. The reverse exhibits the Arms of the Office of Ulster, viz., " Or, a cross gules, on a chief of the last a lion of England between a harp and portcullis, all of the first," placed on a ground of green enamel, surrounded by a gold border with shamrocks, surmounted by an Imperial Crown, and suspended by a sky blue ribband from the neck.
The general precedence of Ulster King of Arms was affirmed by his Majesty King William IV. by royal warrant, dated at St. James's, 17th day of May, 1835, which was issued for revising and making alterations in the statutes of the Order of St. Patrick. After reciting that, by the Act of Union, Ireland became part and parcel of the United Kingdom, and " our King of Arms of all Ireland has not had, since that event, any specific place or i)recedence assigned to him among our Kings of Arms by special ordinance or royal authority ; We do hereby direct and command that in all ceremonials and assemblies Ulster King of Arms shall have place immediately after the Lord Lyon, King of Arms of Scotland." Hence, the general precedence of the Kings of Arms for Great Britain and Ireland stands arranged thus : 1st. Garter King of Arms of England ; 2nd, Lyon King of Arms of Scotland ; 3rd. Ulster King of Arms of all Ireland ; 4th. Clarenceux King of Aims ; and 5th. Norroy King of Arms.
The local precedence of Ulster King of Arms at the Irish Court was established at the institution of the office in Ireland, and the place assigned him the head of the officers of state, and next the person of the Viceroy. This order of precedence was afterwards confirmed by successive Lords Lieutenants and Lords Justices. In an ordinance of the Earls of Orrery and Muontrath, Iiords Justices, dated at Dublin Castle, 18th April, 1661, the programme of precedence of the officers of state at the Irish Court was set forth in detail, and stated therein to have been " what had formerly been used " by the " lords deputies or lords justices," and the place of the King of Arms was therein set forth as first in order, and next to the lords justices as representatives of the sovereign.
The Duke of Bolton, by an ordinance dated at Dublin Castle, 17th day of August, 1717, confirmed that order of precedence, and assigned the place of Ulster King of Aims to be next to the person of his Grace ; and after Ulster, the other official personages of the Court.
By another order, of Lord Carteret, dated from "his Majesty's Castle of Dublin the 29th day of October, 1724," the same roll of precedence was affirmed and ordered. The last order upon the subject of the precedence of the person holding the office, was the royal warrant of his Majesty King William IV., already mentioned.
Very considerable powers and duties, in addition to the due control and registra- tion of arms and pedigrees, were from time to time conferred and imposed upon the Ulster King of Arms, in matters of official proceedings and courtly duties, which he regulates, whence the archives of his office present not only an interesting record of the various ceremonials observed from time to time at the Irish Court, but are also landmarks of genealogy, and consist not merely of genealogical materials and references, but in great measure of genealogies of families, full, ample, and complete.
GLOSSARY.
The Shield, or Escutcheon,
Is the principal object whereon the emblems or charges of Heraldry are depicted. It Taries much in shape, but is depicted triangular, or, as it is technically called, " Heater-shaped," on the oldest monuments, coins, and seals. The surface or space within the bounding lines of the shield is called the Field.
The Shield is divided into the following parts, ABC, the chief, subdivided into A' the dexter, or right hand chief point ; B, the middle chief point ; C, the sinister, or left hand chief point ; D, the coUar, or honour point ; E, the heart, or fess point ; F, the nombril, or navel point ; and G H I, the base, subdivided into G-, the dexter base
^. point ; H, the middle base point ; and I, the sinister base point.
The Shield is distinguished by certain heraldic colours called Tinctures, separated by division lines, and charged with a variety of animals, real or fabulous, instruments, and other objects, which themselves bear the designation of charges.
The Tinctures used in Heraldry are metals, colours, and furs.
To Svlvester Petra-Sancta, a celebrated Italian Herald, is assigned the invention of the lines and points by'which the tinctures are expressed.
The Metals are —
Qr — gold — known in uncoloured drawings and engravings by dots or points.
Argent — silver — expressed by the shield being plain.
The CoLOUES are —
Azure — blue — depicted by horizontal lines.
Qules — red— depicted by perpen- dicular lines.
Vert — green— depicted by lines from the dexter chief to the siniater base.
Sable — black — depicted br cross lines, horizontal and perpendicular.
The FuBS are —
Ermine — a white field with black spots.
Ermines — a black field with white spots.
/ . .1. . \ Erminois — a gold field with black '■•i-"^.i» -I spots.
Pean — a black field with gold spots.
Vair — composed originally of pieces of fur, but now silver and blue, cut to resemble the flower of tlie campanula, and opposed to each other in rows ; when of diflerent tinctures, they ore sjiccified and described vaire.
Counter Vair — differs from " vair " by having the bells or cups arranged base against base, and point against point.
Potent Counter Potent — is composed of figures like crutches' heads.
GLOSSARY.
XXIX
The earliest representation of the indication of colour hy engraved lines, in England, is on the impression of a seal to the death warrant of Charles I.
The old Heralds used more minute distinctions : the Arras of gentlemen, esquires, knights, and baronets, they blazoned by tinctures ; those of the nobility by precious stones ; and those of emperors, kings, and other sovereign princes, by planets.
|
Colours and Metals. |
Tinctures. |
Precious Stones. |
Planets. |
Names Abridged. |
|
|
Yellow, or G-old |
Or |
Topaz . . |
Sol 0 |
0 |
Or, |
|
White, or Silver . . |
Argent .. |
Pearl . . |
Luna J) |
A |
Ar. |
|
Black |
Sable . . |
Diamond |
Saturn li |
S |
Sa. |
|
Eed |
Gules . . |
Ruby . . |
Mar s ^ |
G |
Gu. |
|
Blue |
Azure . . |
Sapphire |
Jupiter v. |
B |
Az. |
|
Green |
Vert |
Emerald |
Venus ? |
V |
Vert. |
|
Purple |
Purpure |
Amethyst |
Mercury § |
P |
Purp. |
|
Tawney |
Tenne . . |
Jacynth . . |
Dragon's Head . . |
T |
Ten. |
|
Murrey |
Sanguine |
Sardonix |
Dragon's Tail |
San |
Sang. |
The term Counterchanged {French, de I'un en I'autre) expresses that the field is of two tinctures, metal and colour, and that the charge upon it partakes of both, — the charge, or part of the charge, being of metal, which lies upon the colour ; and the charge, or part of the charge, being of colour, which lies upon the metal. " Transmu- tation, or counterchanging," says GuilLim, " is an intermiiture of the several tinctures of the shield and charge, occasioned by the apposition of some one or more lines of partition over the whole."
It is an inviolable rule of Heraldry, that metal shall never be placed upon metal, nor colour upon colour ; that is if the field be of colour, the immediate charge must be of metal, and vice versa, but numerous exceptions to this rule are found, not only in coals of a date anterior to the systematic or scientific arrangement of Armorial Bearings, but in many of foreign origin.
PARTITION LINES.
Partition Lines are those that divide the field or charge ; and are always Right or Straight Lines, unless when otherwise described ; those that vary from the Right Line are called —
Enffrailed.
Invected. Wavy.
Embattled, or Crenellee.
ISlSlSlSXSlSU ^'''^^-
Indented.
Dancettee.
Raguly. Dove-tailed.
To these may be added, those of rarer occurrence, Champagne or Urde, which resembles an
embattled line with the battlements and indentures drawn to a point instead of being cut straight, and Potentee, when the edge of the hne resembles the heads of crutches.
line
Party* per Pale. The field, or charge, divided into two equal parts by a perpendicular
• This word, in the blazon of Arms, is generally omitted; per pale, per fess, &c. implying the division of the siiield.
XXX
GLOSSARY.
Quarterly; the field, or charge, divided into four equal parts by tvo lines, one perpendicular, the other horizontal.
Party per Fess ; the field, or charge, divided into two equal parts by a horizontal line.
><- — =( Party per Send; the field, or charge, divided into two equal parts, by a diagonal ^ffl line from the dexter chief to the sinister base.
Party per Bend Sinister ; the field, or charge, divided into two equal parts by a diagonal line from the sinister chief to the dexter base.
Party per Chevron; the field, or charge, divided into two equal parts by two lines meeting pyramidically in the fes» point, drawn from the dexter and sinister base.
Party per Saltire ; the field, or charge, divided into four equal parts, by two diagonal lines crossing each other.
Oyronny of Eight; the field divided into eight equal parts by four lines, two per saltire, and two quarterly.
ORDINARIES.
All charges of Arms are either proper or common ; those charges are said to be proper which by a certain property do partiriularly belong to the art of Heraldry, and are of ordinary use therein ; hence they are styled ordinaries ; the common charges are the representations of all emblems which retain their own names in the blazon. The term here employed " proper " must not be confused with the similar one (see Dictionary of Terms) which indicates that any heraldic chargo in a shield, crest, or supporter, is of its natural colour or nature.
The principal Ordinaries are —
The Chief (called by French Heralds, un Chef, signifying head, from the place it occupies in the shield) is the whole upper part of the field, cut off horizontally by a straight or any other of the partition lines used in Heraldry, and should comprise a third part* of the escutcheon.
The Pale is formed by two lines drawn perpendicularly from the top to the base of the escutcheon, comprising a third part of the field. " The French," observes Mackenzie, " say that Boldiers of old carried pales of wood to encamp them, which they fixed in the earth," and thus originated this heraldic bearing.
The Send (Baltheus) is formed by two lines drawn diagonally from the dexter chief to the sinister base, and comprises the third part of the shield. It represents a shoulder- beh, or scarf.
• The Chief and the other ordlnarien which nrc mentioned as ocmipying a third part of the escutcheon, should, strictlj- comprlae that ipare ; but In armorial drawings thin rule U seldom adiicred to.
GLOSSARY.
XXXI
The Bend Sinister is the same as the Bend, excepting that the lines are drawn from the Binister chief to the dexter base.
The Fess is formed by two horizontal lines drawn across the field, comprising the centre third part of the escutcheon. It is emblematic of the military girdle worn round the body over the armour.
The Bar is a diminutive of the fess, and of the same form, containing one-fifth of the field, and may be placed in any part of the escutcheon.
The Cross is composed of four lines, two parallel lines perpendicular, and two transverse, not drawn throughout, but meeting by couples at right angles, near about the fess point.
The Saltire (the Cross of St. Andrew) is formed by four lines, two drawn from the dexter chief towards the sinister base, and the others from the sinister chief towards the dexter base, meeting in the middle by couples in acute angles, and resembling two bends, dexter and sinister, uniting or blending where they cross.
When charges are borne upon ordinaries, they are described " on a fess," " on a chevron," " on a bend," &c., as the case may be. When charges are placed in the position that ordinaries occupy, they are blazoned as "in pale," or " in fess," or " in bend," &c., as the case may be.
The Chevron (supposed by some writers to have been adopted from the bow of a war saddle, which rose high in front) is formed by two parallel lines drawn from the dexter base, meeting pyramidically, about the fess point, two other parallel lines drawn from the sinister base.
SUB-OEDIN ARIES.
The Border {French, Bordure) was formerly a mark of difference, to distinguish one branch of a family from another. It surrounds the field, occupying one-fifth of it, and is of an equal breadth at every part.
The Orle, is an inner border that does not touch the extremities of the shield, the field being seen within and round it on both sides. It has the appearance of an escutcheon voided, or, as it were, insulated. The Tressure is a diminutive of the Orle.
The Inescutcheon, is a small escutcheon, home within the shield.
The Quarter, is the space formed by two lines, the one drawn horizontally from the side of the shield to the centre, and the other perpendicularly from the chief to meet it in the same place, and occupies one-fourth part of the shield, as the term implies.
The Canton, derived from cantonn6e, cornered, is less than the Quarter, comprising only the third part of the chief, and is formed, as the Quarter, by a perpendicular line drawn from the top of the shield, meeting another drawn horizontally from the side. The Canton always occupies the dexter chief of the escutcheon, unless otherwise expressed.
^
Cheque, or Chequy, is used when the field, or any armorial charge, i^ divided by transverse lines perpendicularly and horizontally into equal parts or squares alternately of different tinctures, like a chess-board. On ordinaries, chequy must consist of at least three ranges of square pieces.
GLOSSARY.
Quarterly/; the field, or charge, divided into four equal parts by tvo lines, one perpendicular, the other horizontal.
Party per Fess ; the field, or charge, divided into two equal parts by a horizontal line.
Party per Bend; the field, or charge, divided into two equal parts, by a diagonal ^1 line from the dexter chief to the sinister base.
Party per Bend Sinister ; the field, or charge, divided into two equal parts by a diagonal line from the sinister chief to the dexter base.
Party per Chevron ; the field, or charge, divided into two equal parts by two lines meeting pyramidically in the fes» point, drawn from the dexter and sinister base.
Party per Saltire ; the field, or charge, divided into four equal parts, by two diagonal lines crossing each other.
Oyronny of Eight; the field divided into eight equal parts by four lines, two per saltire, and two quarterly.
ORDINAEIES.
All charges of Arms are either proper or common ; those charges are said to be proper which by a certain property do particularly belong to the art of Heraldry, and are of ordinary use therein ; hence they are styled ordinaries ; the common charges are the representations of all emblems which retain their own names in the blazon. The term here employed " proper " must not be confused with the similar one (see Dictionary of Terms) which indicates that any heraldic charge in a shield, crest, or supporter, is of its natural colour or nature.
The principal Ordinaries are —
The Chief (called by French Heralds, un Chef, signifying head, from the place it occupies in the shield) is the whole upper part of the field, cut off" horizontally by a straight or any other of the partition lines used in Heraldry, and should comprise a third part* of the escutcheon.
The Pale is formed by two linos drawn perpendicularly from the top to the base of the escutcheon, comprising a third part of the field. " The French," observes Mjxckenzie, " say that soldiers of old carried pales of wood to encamp them, which they fixed in the earth," and thus originated this heraldic bearing.
The Bend (Baltheus) is formed by two linos drawn diagonally from the dexter chief to the sinister base, and comprises the third part of the shield. It represents a shoulder- belt, or scarf.
• The Chief and the other ordinariei which nro mentioned as ocnipyinpr a third part of the escutcheon, should, strlctlj' Gomprlte that space; but In armorial drawings thiR rule is seldom adhered to.
GLOSS A.RY.
The Bend Sinister is the same as the Bend, exceptiag that the lines are drawn from the einister chief to the dexter base.
The Fess is formed by two horizontal lines drawn across the field, comprising the centre third part of the escutcheon. It is emblematic of the miUtary girdle worn round the body over the armour.
The Bar is a diminutive of the fess, and of the same form, containing one-fifth of the field, and may be placed in any part of the escutcheon.
The Cross is composed of four lines, two parallel lines perpendicular, and two transverse, not drawn throughout, but meeting by couples at right angles, near about the fess point.
TTie Saltire (the Cross of St. Andrew) is formed by four lines, two drawn from the dexter chief towards the sinister base, and the others from the sinister chief towards the dexter base, meeting in the middle by couples in acute angles, and resembling two bends, dexter and sinister, uniting or blending where they cross.
"When charges are borne upon ordinaries, they are described " on a fess," " on a chevron," " on a bend," &c., as the case may be. When charges are placed in the position that ordinaries occupy, they are blazoned as " in pale," or " in fess," or " in bend," &c., as the case may be.
The Chevron (supposed by some writers to have been adopted from the bow of a war saddle, which rose high in front) is formed by two parallel lines drawn from the dexter base, meeting pyramidically, about the fess point, two other parallel lines drawn from the sinister base.
SUB-ORDINARIES.
The Border {French, Bordure) was formerly a mark of difference, to distinguish one branch of a family from another. It surrounds the field, occupying one-fifth of it, and is of an equal breadth at every part.
The Orle, is an inner border that does not touch the extremities of the shield, the field being seen within and round it on both sides. It has the appearance of an escutcheon voided, or, as it were, insulated. The Tressure is a diminutive of the Orle.
The Inescutcheon, is a small escutcheon, home within the shield.
The Quarter, is the space formed by two lines, the one drawn horizontally from the side of the shield to the centre, and the other perpendicularly from the chief to meet it in the same place, and occupies one-fourth part of the shield, as the term implies.
TTie Canton, derived from cantonnle, cornered, is less than the Quarter, comprising only the third part of the chief, and is formed, as the Quarter, by a perpendicular line drawn from the top of the shield, meeting another drawn horizontally from the side. The Canton always occupies the dexter chief of the escutcheon, unless otherwise expressed.
s
Cheque, or Chequy, is used when the field, or any armorial charge, i^ divided by transverse lines perpendicularly and horizontally into equal parts or squares alternately of different tinctures, like a chess-board. On ordinaries, chequy must consist of at least three ranges of square pieces.
GLOSSARY.
Qri f Billets. Billets are oblong figures. When they exceed ten, and are irregularly placed, ^ \ their number is not expressed in the blazon ; but the field or charge covered with them is said to be billettee.
The Paile, or Pall, is composed of the upper half of a saltire and half a pale, the latter issuiug from the base point of the shield to the centre.
The Oyron, is of a triangular form, composed of two lines, one drawn diagonally from the dexter chief angle of the shield, and the other horizontally from the dexter side, both meeting in the centre.
The Pile (representing a pile used in the erection of miUtary bridges), s-hould contain, if borne plain, one-third of the chief in breadth, and when charged, two-thirds : it issues from the chief and tapers to a point, like a wedge, towards the base.
The Flaunch, or Flanque, is made on each side of the shield,. by the segment of a circular superfices drawn from the corner of the chief to the base point.
The Lozenge, in a parallelogram with equal sides, forming two acute and two obtuse angles.
The Mascle, is a Lozenge perforated or voided, so that the field appears through the opening.
The Fusil (representing a kind of spindle used in spinning) resembles the lozenge in shape, but is somewhat longer. The field or charge when divided by diagonal lines dexter and sinister, so as to form fusils all over it, is denominated Fusily. There are two other well known, though not modernly adopted, forms of the fusil, and more characteristic of the spindle which they are intended to represent.
The Roundle, is of a circular form, like a piece of money, and assumes a different name according to its tincture : —
|
Sezant |
Yellow, or G-old. |
|
|
Plate |
White, or Silver. |
|
|
Torteau |
Red. |
|
|
Pomey |
Green, or Vert. |
|
|
Hurt |
Blue, or Azure. |
|
|
Ogress, or |
Pellet '.'. '.'. '.'. |
Black, or Sable. |
|
Golpe |
. . |
Purple. |
|
Orange |
Tawncy. |
|
|
Guze |
Sanguine. |
For the origin or meaning of these charges, see them, respectively, in the Dictionary of Terms. The Annulet, is a ring, the tincture of which must be expressed.
Lozengy, is when the field or any armorial charge is divided by diagonal linos trans- versely, into equal parts or lozenges, alternately of different tinctures.
The Fret, is composed of six pieces, viz., two long ones in saltiro, extending, as a rule, but not necrflHarily, to the extremity of the field, and four pieces conjoined in the centre in the form of a mascle, interlaced or fretted by those in saltire.
GLOSSARY.
XXXUl
The Qoutte, is the representation of a drop of liquid, and assumes a different name according to its tincture. When yellow, it is called goutte, or gutte, d'or ; when white, goutte d'eau ; when red, goutte de sang ; when blue, goutte de larmes ; when green, goutte de vert ; when black, goutte de poix. If a field, or charge, be covered with more drops than ten, it is termed goutte d'or, de larmes, de poix, as the case may be.
THE APPENDAGES OF THE SHIELD.
The Selmet, Mantling, Wreath, Crest, Supporters, and Motto.
The Selmet, Melme, Casque, or Morion, has varied in shape in different ages and countries. The most ancient form is the simplest, composed of iron, of a shape fitted to the head, and flat upon the top, with an aperture for the light. This is styled the Norman Helmet, and appears on very old seals, attached to the Gorget, a separate piece of armour which covered the neck. In the twelfth century, a change was made to mark the rank of the individual bearer.
The Selmet assigned to Kings and Princes of the Blood Roi/al, is full-faced, composed of gold, with the beauvoir divided by six projecting bars, and lined with crimson.
The Selmet of the Nobiliti/ is of steel, with five bars of gold : it is placed on the shield incUning to a profile.
The Selmet of KnigJifs and Baronets-, is the full-faced steel helmet, with the visor thrown back, and without bars.
The Selmet of Esquires, always depicted in profile, is of steel, with the visor closed.
Each of these Helmets is placed immediately above the escutcheon, and supports the wreath on which is the crest.
iizin
MAEKS OF CADENCY.
t^^(6)
Differences, or Marks of Cadency, are the distinctions used tb indicate the various branches or Cadets of one family. The eldest son during the lifetime of his father bears a Label ; the second, a Crescent ; the third, a Mullet ; the fourth, a Martlet ; the fifth, an Annulet ; the sixth, a Fleur-de-lis ; the seventh, a Rose ; the eighth, a Cross moline ; the ninth, a Double quatrefoiL
XXXIV
GLOSSARY.
Croton0> Coronets, etc.
Duke's Coronet.
Baron's Coronet.
VkmWi
Naval Crown.
Celestial Crown.
Ducal Coronet.
Marquess's Coronet. Earl's Coronet.
Yiscount's Coronet.
Baron's Cap. King of Arms' Crown.
Crown Pallisado. Eastern Crown, or Antique.
Crown Vallery.
Mural Crown. Cap of Maintenance. Civic Crown.
C6arge0 in 8)etaltirp.
Mullet. Estoile. Crescent.
Escallop. Fetterlock. Clarion, or Rest. Hawk's Lure.
Galtrap.
Delve.
Billet.
Eagle's head erased. Falcon's head coupcd. Martlet.
Annulet. Mullet pierced. Pheon. Chessrook.
Cinquefoil. Quatrefoil. Trefoil slipped.
Bugle.
Stag trippant.
Falcon close. Falcon rising.
Water bouget. Miilrind, or Fer-de-
moline. Gurges. Fountain.
A Fish naiant. Fleur-de-lis.
Rose.
Q-arland.
Garb (orWheatsheaf) .
Battering Bam. Portcullis.
Lion's head erased. Wolf's head erased. A Lion's gamb erased. An Eagle's head couped.
Bear's head couped. Leopard's face. Boar's head couped. Stag's head cabossed.
Unicorn's head erased. Bull's head couped.
A Fish embowed. A Fish haurient.
DICTIONARY
OF
TEEMS USED IN HERALDEY.
Abased (abaise) is applied to an ordinary borne below its usual position.
Abatements, marks of degradation of coat armour , of which heraldic writers enumerate nine.
Accolle (the same as gorged, which see).
Accosted, side by side.
Accrued, grown to matuinty.
Acorned, bearing acorns.
Addorsed, placed back to back.
Affrontee, full-faced.
Aisle, winged.
Alant, 6r aland, a mastiff dog with short ears.
Allerion, an eagle without beak or feet.
Amethyst, a precious stone, formerly used to ex- press purpure.
Ancred, or anchored, applied to a cross, of which the four extremities resemble the flook of an anchor. See imder Crosses.
Annulet, a ring.
Antelope, the animal of that name. Theheraldic antelope is represented somewhat differently as shown on the annexed cut.
Appaume, the hand open, presenting the palm, and the fingers and thumb at full length.
Argent, silver or white.
Armed. All birds which have talons and bills that aid them to seize and rend their prey, are in blazon said to be armed when those weapons differ in tincture from their bodies. But to swans, wild geese, and other birds without talons, the word armed does not apply. They, in like case, are termed beaked and membered. Beasts are also described as armed, when their horns or hoofs are of another colour than their bodies.
Arrache, same as Erased.
Arrondie, made circular or round.
Assis, same as Sejant.
Atchievement, a term used for a fully marshalled coat, but generally for a funeral hatchment.
Attired, is applied to the horns of animals of the deer species, instead of armed, as they are supposed to wear their antlers not as weapons, but ornaments.
Attires, the horns of a buck.
Azure, blue.
Itailloni, applied to a lion holding a staff in his
mouth. Balista, an engine to throw stones and darts, also
called a Swepe. Banded, encircled with a band or ribband. Bar. See p. xxxi. Barbed, is derived from the French word " barbe."
The five leaves which appear on the outside of
a full-blown rose are, in Heraldry, called the
barbs, and thus blazoned, a rose gu. barbed and
seeded ppr. Barnacles, instruments used by farriers to curb
horses. Baron and femme (per), impalement of the arms
of husband and wife.
Bars-Oemel, two bars or barrulets placed parallel to each other, the the word Gemel being derived from " Qemelli," twins.
Barrulet, a diminutive of the bar.
Barry and barruly, describes the field or charge, divided by lines horizoatal.
Basilisk. An heraldic monster, resembUng in shape the wivem or cockatrice, but having, at the end of its tail, the head of a dragon.
Basnet {basinet), an old name for a helmet.
Baton, derived from the French word baston, staff or cudgel, and generally borne as a mark of Bastardy. It does not go from side to side of the shield as the bend does ; but is couped in the form of a truncheon.
Battering-ram, an instrument used by the ancients to beat down the walls of a besieged city. See p. xxxiv.
Battled arrondie, denotes that the battlement is rounded at the top.
Battled-imbattled, one battlement upon another.
Beacon, a contrivance anciently used to warn against the approach of an enemy, and to alai-m the country. It is represented as an iron grate or basket containing tire, on the top of a high pole or pillar, against which a ladder is placed.
Beaked. See Armed.
Bearing, applicable to any single charge or heraldic device.
Belled, applied to the hawk, to which bells are generally affixed.
Bend. See p. xxx.
Bendlet, a diminutive of the Bend, of which it is half the size in breadth.
Bendy, describes a field or charge divided, dia- gonally, into four, six, eight, or more equal parts.
Bendy bordure.
Bezant, the current coin of Byzantium, or Con- stantinople—in English Heraldry, represented as round flat pieces of gold without unpress.
Bezants, seme of bezants.
2*
xxxvi
DICTIONARY OF TERMS
Billets are oblong squares, by some supposed to represent bricks, by others letters. See p.
ixxii. Billete, seme of billets. Bird-bolt, a small arrow with a blunt head. Border, or bordure. See p. xxxi. Botonny, appKed to a cross, whose extremities
reseirble the trefoil. See Crosses. Bouget. See Water bouget. Bowed, embowed or arched. Braced, same as interlaced. Bretesse, imbattled, that has its battlements on
each side, one against the other. Brimsey, a gad-fly. Brassarts, and brassets, armour for the elbows
and arms. Burgonet, a sort of steel cap, formerly worn by
foot soldiers in battle.
Cabossed, caboshed, caborsed, or trunked, signifies the head of any beast looking right forward, or full-faced, with nothing of the neck seen.
Cabree, or effray, or saliant, terms applied to a horse rising on its hind feet.
Cadency, marks of. See p. xxxiii.
Caltrap, or galtrap, or chevaltrof, an instrument made of iron, which, in ancient time, was used in war to gall and wound the horses' feet, it having spikes so placed that whichever way it lay upon the ground one point would always be uppermost. See p. xiv.
Calvary cross. See Cross^
Canting arms, such as have any punning reference or aUusion to the name of the bearer.
Canton. See p. xxxi.
Cartouche, a variously formed and fancifully fashioned oval, on which it was the custom of the old Heralds to depict the armorials of the Popes and all churchmen, deeming the ordi- nary shield as inappropriate to their calling.
Cap of maintenance, or dignity, by the French called a chapeau, a head -gear of crimson velvet turned up with ermine. See p. xixiv.
Caparison, the furniture of a war-horse.
Carbuncle, or escarbuncle, a precious stone whose lustre was vulgarly supposed not to be darkened by the night ; in Heraldry rays are a represen- tation of this bearing.
Casque, a helmet.
Castle, this bearing in heraldry is generally repre- sented by two towers with a wall between them, the wall being embattled and having a gateway or entrance. A castle with three towers is similar to the last, but has a third tower similar to the other two appearing be- hind the gateway.
Cat-a-mountain, a wild cat always drawn guard- ant.
Catharine-wheel, an instrument of torture with iron teeth, called from St. Catharine, the virgin having suffered upon it.
Centaur, or Sagittarius, an imaginary creature, half man and half horse.
CercelUe, or recercellie, appUed to a cross curling at the ends.
Chain-shot, bullets united with a chain.
Chamber piece, a short piece of ordnance without a gun carriage. See Mortar.
Champagne, a lino of partition. See p. xiix.
Chapeau. See Cap of maintenance.
Chaplet, a garknd of flower and leaves.
Charged (French, charg6), applicable to the field or ordinaries bearing any device upon them.
Charges, the bearings and emblems of Heraldry.
ChautsS, shod.
Chequy or cheeky. See p. ixxij.
Cherub, a celestial being, frequently represented in Heraldry, as an infant's head between wings. This is a Hebrew word, the plural of which is cherubim.
Chess-rook, a piece used in the game of chess. See p. xiv.
Chevron. p. ix.
See p. X. Fer chevron.
Chevronel, a diminutive of the chev- ron, of which it is half the size.
Chief. See p. xxx.
Chimera, an imaginary figure, represented with
a maiden's face, a lion's mane and legs, a goat's
body, and a dragon's tail. Chough. See Cornish chough. Cinquefoil, a grass of five leaves. See p. xiv. Civic wreath, or crown, a garland composed of oak
leaves and acorns. See p. xxxiv. Clarion, or clarioord, the rest for a lance. See
p. xxxiv. Clenched, the hand shut. Close, denotes the wings of a bird lying to the
body. Closet, a diminutive of the bar.
Cockatrice, a monster with the wings and legs of a fowl, and the tail of a snake ; it difiers from the wyvern by having the head, comb, wattles, and spurs of a dung-hill cock.
Combatant, fighting, or rampant face to face.
Compony, and compony counter-compony, describes a border, pale, bend, or other ordinary made up, the first of one row and the second of two rows of squares, consisting of metals and colours alternately.
Confronts, facing, or " respecting " each other.
Conjoined, joined together.
Conjoined in lure, is applied to two wings joined together with their tips downwards.
Contourne, applied to an animal in any position, with its face to the sinister side of the es- cutcheon.
Corded, an ordinary or charge bound with cords.
Cornish chough, a bird of the raven species, com- monly accounted the king of crows ; it is black, with beak and legs of a reddish yellow.
Coronet, the badge or cognizance of Princes and Peers. See pp. xvii. and xxxiv.
Cotised, or cottised (French, bande di- minu.'e qui cotoye une autre bande) is j a diminutive of the bend, being one- fourth of its breadth, and one-half of the width of the bendlet. They are ' generally borne in couples with a bend or charge between them. When there are two, they are then termed coftises, but when borne on each side of the fess or bend, are usually blazoned a bend or fess cotised.
Cotton-hank, a skein of cotton yam, in a bow or knot.
Couchant, applies to an animal lying down. See Lion couchant.
Counter, clianged.
Counter changed. See p. xxix.
Couped, term used when the head or limb of an animal, or when any other charge is cut off by an even line.
Couple-close, a diminutive of the chevron, and often borne with it as the cotise is borne with
USED IN HERALDRY.
xxxvu
the bend ; it contains one fourth of the chevron, and is always borne in pairs, and should be blazoned " a chev. betw. two couple-closes."
Courant, running.
Covert, a term appHed to a chief which has a piece of hanging falling over its upper part, so as not to hide, but only to be a covering to it.
Coward, an animal is termed coward when drawn with its tail /between its legs.
Cramp, a piece of iron, turned up at each end, usually borne in pairs.
Crampet, or batter olle, the steel mounting at the bottom of the scabbard.
Crescent. The crescent differs from the in- cescent and the decrescent; in having its horns turned towards the chief of the shield.
Crenelle. See Emlattled.
Crined, is used when the beard or hair difEers in tincture from the body.
Cronel, the iron head of a tilting-spear.
Crosier, the staff of a prelate.
Cross. See p. xxxi. The principal forms of crosses are, —
cross mohne. cross crosslet. cross patonce. cross pattee, or formee.
cross engrailed, cross couped, or
humettee. cross potent, cross pomel.
cross fimbriated, cross wavy, cross formee. cross flory.
cross patriarchal.
cross rayonnant.
cross crosslet
fitchee. cross botonnee. cross potent, cross pattee
fitchee.
cross raguly.
cross quarterpierced.
cross formee fitchee
at the foot, cross pattee flory.
cross aiguisee. cross recerceUee. cross aveUane. cross humettee.
cross calvary.
cross passion.
Crusily, when the field or charge is strewed over with crosses.
Cubit-arm, an arm with the hand attached, oouped
at the elbow. Cuisses, the armour covering the thighs and knees. Cygnet, a young swan.
Dancette (in French, dancke and dentelle) is ap- plied to lines, of which the teeth or indents are larger and wider than those of the line indented. See Partition lines, p. xxix.
Debruised, signifies an ordinary or sub-ordinary placed over an animal or other charge. (See Surmounted)
Decked. When the feathers of a bird are trimmed at the edges with a small Line of different tinc- ture from the rest of the body, they are said to be decked of such colour or metal.
Decrescent, a half moon, having the horns towards the sinister side of the shield.
Defamed, an animal without a tail.
Degreed, or degraded, having degrees, or steps, at the end.
Dejected, a term in old blazon for anything thrown down, as " A garb dejected."
Delve, one of the nine marks of " abatement," a mark of disgrace for him who revokes a chal- lenge, or goes from his word ; it resembles a square turf or clod of earth. See p. xxxiv.
Demembre, or dismembered, is said of an animal or other charge cut into pieces, which are set at small distances from each other, but still pre- serve the form of the figure.
Demi, the half ; in Heraldry the head or top part is always understood when no other is men- tioned.
Derrache, the same as demembre.
Despectani, a term applied to animals looking
downwards. Developed, unfurled, as colours flying. Dimidiated, divided into two equal parts. Disclosed, expanded, or expansed, terms given to ail tame fowl instead of displayed.
Displayed, applied to any bird of prey with its wings expanded.
Distilling, letting blood. Distinctions of houses. See Cadency. Dormant, sleeping.
Dove-tail, in form of the well-known wedges called dove-tail. See Partition lines, p. xxxix.
Dragon, an imaginary heraldic monster.
Drapeau, a flag.
Drawing-iron, an instrument used by wire- drawers.
Ducal coronet, or Crest coronet, is composed of four leaves, all of equal height above the rim. See p. xxxiv.
Duciper, a cap of maintenance. See p. xxxiv.
Eastern crown, the crown formerly worn by the Jewish kings. See p. xxxiv.
Eightfoil, an eight-leaved grass {huitfoiT).
Elevated, applied to the wings of birds when open and upright.
Embattled, or imbattled (French, cre- nellee) , the battlementa of towers, i churches, and houses ; one of the hnes , of partition {which see, p. xxix.). When an ordinary is so msirked on I each side it is said t^ be " embattled and counter-embattled."
XXXVlll
DICTIONARY OF TERMS
Embowed (French, cowrie), applicable to anything bent or bowed.
Embrved, bloody.
Enaluron, eight birds placed in the border.
Endorse, a diminutiye of the pale, of which it is the fourth part.
Endorsed, same as Addorsed.
Enfield, an imaginary heraldic animal, composed of the head of a fox, the chest of an elephant, the mane of a horse, the forelegs of an eagle, the body and hind legs of a greyhound, and the tail of a lion. It is the crest of O'Kelly.
Enfiled, a term appUed to the head of an animal, or any other charge, pierced by the blade of a weapon.
Englishman's head, applied in Welsh blazon as commemorative of some achievement performed in the struggle against the EngUsh for Cambrian independence. Thus the Lloyds of Plymog derived, in common with the house of Tudor, from Ednyfed Vychan, Lord of Brynfenigle, who defeated the English army under Ran- dolph, Earl of Chester, and killed three of their commanders, bear to this day, Gu. a chev. erm. betw. three Englishmen's heads in profile ppr.
Engoule, a term given to all bends, crosses, sal- tii-es, and other pieces, when their extremities enter the mouths of animals
Engrailed, a line of partition. See p. xxix.
Enhanced, denotes an ordinary placed higher than its usual place. See the coat of Byron.
Enmanche, an heraldic sleeve. See Manch.
Ensigned, a charge having any other relative one placed above it is said to be " ensigned " with such charge.
Enurney, a border charged with eight animals,
Environne, surrounded.
Enwrapped, folded round.
Epaulier, the armour on the shoulder.
Equipped, appUed to a horse when furnished with all his trappings.
Eradicated, torn, or rooted up by the roots ; ap- lied only to trees or plants.
Erased, forcibly torn from the body ; a head, Jimb, or other object erased, has its severed parts jagged.
Erect, upright.
Ermine "|
Erminois > Furs. See p. xxviii.
Ermines j
Escallop-shell, the pilgrims' badge in their ex- pedition to holy shrines.
Escarbuncle, a precious stone, fancifully exag- gerated in heraldic representation. JSee the coat of Mandeville.
Escutcheon, points of. See p. xxviii.
Escutcheon of pretence, is the shield on which a man carries the arms of his wife, if she be an heiress or co-heiress. It is borne in the centre of his own shield, and is usually of the same shape.
Esquirre is a bearing similar to the gyron, but differs from it in that the gyron cannot extend beyond the fess point of the shield, while the esquirre may extend all across. The well-known coat of Mortimer is an example of the Esquirre.
Ealoile, a star ; in heraldry it has six waving points, which distinguishes it from the mullet, which has five straight ones.
Evett or lizard, a small animal in form like a crocodile, used in the arms of the ancient Irish families ; it is generally depicted vert.
Expanded, or expansed, the same as displayed.
Falchion, a kind of broadsword. Fan, the instrument by which chaff is blown away.
Feathered, is applied to arrows when the pliune is of a different tincture to the shafts ; it is also c&MeA flighted.
Fer-de-moline, the original name for the iron fixed in the centre of a millstone, serving to bear it up and gioide its motion ; by some it is com- monly called a millrind, and by others an inJc' moline and inke-de-moline.
Fer-de-Jburchetfe, a term given to all crosses and saltires whose extremities end with a forked iron.
Femau, ovfermaile, the buckle of a belt.
Fess, one of the honourable ordinaries. See p. xxxi. Per fess. See p. xxx.
Fetterlock. See p. xxxiv.
Feuil-de-scie, a pale, or fess, indented on one side with small teeth like the edge of a saw.
Field, is the whole surface of the escutcheon, or shield, upon which the charges, or bearings, are depicted.
Figured, a term sometimes used in blazoning charges depicted with human faces, as the sun, crescents, bezants, &c.
File. See Label.
Fillet, a diminutive of the chief.
Fimbriated, bordered or hemmed with a different tincture.
Firme, applied to a cross pattee when it extends to each side of the escutcheon.
Fireball, a grenade, or bomb, with flames issuing from the top.
Fire beacon. See Beacon.
Fitche, pointed at the end.
Flanches, or flaunches (see ante), divisions of the shield, always on both sides, formed by the segment of a circle drawn from the chief to the base. See p. xxxii.
Fleur-de-lis, the flower of the lily. The heraldic lily differs from that of the garden in having three leaves instead of five. See p. xiv.
Fleury, flurty, fioretty, or flory, flowered vidth fleurs-de-lis.
Flexed, bent, or bowed.
Flotant, floating.
Flotoer of the flag, another name for the fleur-de- lis.
Flouretti, same as Fleury.
Foliated, leaved.
Formee. See Pattee.
Fountain, a roundle ban-y wavy of six ar. and az. See p. xxxiv.
Fracted, broken.
Fraise,frasier, or f raze, the Scotch technical for " cinquefoil." The coat of Frazer is a "cant- ing " one so blazoned.
Fresne, rearing or standing on the hind legs.
Fret. See p. xxxii.
Fretty, interlaced fillets crossing the field or charge lozenge ways.
Fructed, bearing fruit.
Fumant, emitting smoke.
Furchy, forked at the end.
Furnished, applied to a horse when bridled, sad- dled, and completely caparisoned ; it is appUca- ble to other things, as the attires of a stag, &c., furnished with six antlers.
Furs. See p. xxviii.
Fusil. See p. xxxii.
Fusilly. See p. xxxii.
Oad-bee, a dun fly, or brinsey.
Oads, plates of steel or iron.
Oaltrap. See Caltrap.
Qallies, ancient ships with oars ; also called lym-
phad. See Lymphad. Oamb (from the French " jambe ") the whole
foreleg of a lion or other beast ; if couped or
USED IN HERALDRY.
emsed near the middle joint, it is then only a paw.
Garb, a sheaf of any kind of grain ; but when other than wheat, the kind must be expressed.
Oardant, or guardant, front or fuUfaced. See Oaze, as applied to beasts of chase.
Garde-visure, the vizor of a helm et.
Garland, a wreath of leaves or flowers.
Garnished, ornamented.
Garter, a circular buckled ribband, generally bearing the motto of some order of knight- hood.
Gauntlet, an iron glove, or armour for the hand.
Oaze, applied to a beast of chase when looking full front. See Oardant, as appUed to other animals in this position.
Gem ring, a ring set with a diamond or other
precious stone or gem. Gemel. See Bars gemel. Gillyflower, or July flower, a, species of cajmation
of a blood-red colour. Giron. See Oyron.
Girt, or girded, bound round with a band. Givers, or gringalee, crosses, saltires, or other figures, having serpents' heads at their ex- tremities. Gliding, applied to snakes, serpents, adders, &.c.,
when moving forward fessways. Glory, a series of rays surrounding or issuing
from a charge or ordinary. Gobony, same as Compony. Golden fleece. See Toison d'or. Golpes, roundles of a purple colour. Gonfannon, a standard, banner, or ensign. Gordian knot, represents a double orle of annu- lets linked to each other, and to one in the centre gyi-onwise. Gore, or gusset, an abatement of honour, consist- ing of two curved lines, one from the sinister chief point, the other from the base middle point, both meeting in an acute angle at the f ess point. Gorge, a term used by the old Heralds for a
water-bouget. Gorged, encircled round the throat. Gorges, a whirlpool. See p. xxxiv. Gorget, armour for the breast. Ghutte, a drop. See p. xxxiii., also Onttee. Gradient, applied to a tortoise when supposed to
be walking. Chappling-iron, an instrument used in naval
warfare. Greave, armour that protects the legs. Grices, young wild boara.
Grieces, steps, or degrees, on which crosses are sometimes placed.
Qriffin, or gryphon, an imaginary animal, the up- per haK that of an eagle, and the lower half that of a Hon.
Griffin-male, the same as griffin without wings,
but having large ears. Orittie, a term for the field, composed equally of
metal and colour. Chiardant. See Oardant. Guidon, or pennon, a flag. Guiure, or gringole, from guivris, a viper, or
serpent, applied to crosses, saltires, and other
figures, when their extremities terminate with
heads of serpents, &c. Gules, the colour red.
Gun shot, or gun stone, a very ancient heraldic term for the roundle called ogress or pellet, which is invariably sable or black.
Gurges. See Gorges.
Outtee, or gutty, from the Latin gutta, a drop, implies sprinkled and liquid drops, termed gouttes, and varying in colour, as follow —
Guttee d'huile, or guttee d' olive, represents drops of oil of vert or green colour.
Guttee de larmes, sprinkled with tears, painted to represent water, or tears.
Outtee de'eau, sprinkled with water, and so repre- sented.
Guttee d'or, drops of gold.
Guttee de poix, sprinkled with pitch, painted sable or black.
Guttee de sang, sprinkled with blood, painted red.
Outtee reversed, when the drops are placed con- trary to their natural position.
Guzes, roundles of blood colour.
Gyron. See p. xxxii.
Gyronny, the division of the shield by cross and saltire, in parts from six to twelve.
Sabergeon, a short coat of mail, consisting of a
jacket without sleeves. Habited, clothed, sometimes blazoned, vested. Halbert, a pole-axe. Half-spear, a spear with a short handle.
Harpy, a fabulous monster, represented as a bird with a virgin's face, neck, and breasts, and a vulture's body and legs.
Harpoon, a salmon or eel-spear. See arms of Glynn.
Harrow, the instrument used in husbandry.
Hart, a stag after its sixth year.
Harvest-fly, a butterfly.
Hatchment, or achievement, the bearings of a deceased person, usually placed on the front of the house.
Hauberk, a twisted coat of mail.
Haurient, or hauriant, applied to a fish when erect or upright, as if putting the head above water to suck in thje air.
Hausse, or enhanced, applied to a chevron or fesse when placed higher than their usual position.
Hawk, or falcon, the ordinary bird of prey.
Hawk's bells and jesses, the jesses are leather thongs with which the bells are fastened to the hawk's legs.
Hawk's lure, a decoy used by falconers, com- posed of two wings conjoined, with their tips downwards, joined with a line and ring. See p. xxxiv.
Heads, either of men, beasts, birds, &c., are com- mon bearings in coat armour, and must have their position expressed in the blazon ; in pro- file, or sidefaced ; affronte and guardant, when f ullfaced ; and reguardant, when looking back- wards. The term head, without any addition, implies sidefaced, or in profile. Healme, or casque, a helmet. Helmet. See p. xxxiii.
Hemp break, or hackle, an instrument formerly used to break or bruise hemp. See arms of Hampson. Herd, used to express a company or number of
deer together. Hill, or hillock, sometimes used in heraldry when only one hill is used, but if more than one be borne they are called hillocks or molehills. Hilted, refers to the handle of a sword.
DICTIONARY OF TERMS
Sind, female steg, generally blazoned trippant.
Honour point. See p. xiviii.
Sood, the coif or hood of a monk.
Hooded, is said of the human face when the head dress is of a different tincture ; and of the hawk, or other bird of prey, when borne with a hood over the head, a covering used in falconry.
Hoofed, the particular tincture of the hoofs of animals, when borne of tincture different from the animal itself, must be expressed in the blazon ; cloven footed animals are said to be unguled.
Horned, animals borne with horns arp said to be horned of such a metal or colour when the horns differ in tincture from the animal itself, or from the natural colour of such horns, but | see as to this, Attired.
Huit-foil. See Eightfoil.
Humet, or humette, applied to a fesse, chevron, cross, or other ordinary, when cut off or couped, BO that the extremities do not reach the sides of the shield.
Hunting-horn, cornet, or buglehorn, a common bearing in coat armour, representing an ordi- nary semicircular horn ; and when the baudreck or belt is of another colour, it should be ex- pressed as stringed of such a tinct\ire.
Hurst, a group of trees.
Hurts, roundles of azure or blue.
Hurty, charged with hurts, or semee of hurts, strewed with hvirts without any regard to number.
Husk, the upper part of the stalk from which the gillyflower or pink blows ; it is not expressed unless borne contrary to its natural colour.
Hydra, a many -headed dragon.
Ibex, an imaginary animal, somewhat resembling
the heraldic antelope, but with two straight
horns projecting from the forehead, serrated,
or edged like a saw. Imbattled, or embattled (French bretesse, cre- nelle), applied to any ordinary when the line
forming it is embattled. See Lines, p. xxix. Imbowed. See JEmbowed. Imbrued, or embrued, stained with blood, or
having drops of blood on it. Imbued, stained with blood. Impaled and impaling. See Marshalling of Arms,
p. ix. Imperially crowned, denotes that the charge, crest,
or supporter to which it is applied, is crowned
with a regal crown. Incensed, when fire issues from the mouth of an
animal it is blazoned incensed. Incensed, or incensan, applicable to the boars,
panthers, &c., when borne in a furious angry
position, with fire issuing from their mouths
and ears. Increment, or increscent, used when the moon or
crescent is borne with the horns towards the
dexter side of the shield. Indented, a line of partition. See p. xxix. Indian or Assyrian goat, resembles an English
goat, except that the horns are more bent, and
tho cars are like those of a talbot. Indorsed, or endorsed, pla'ied back to back. See
Addorsed. Inescutcheon, a small shield homo as a charge on
another, or in its centre, indicating, as a rule,
marriage with an heir or co-heir. Inflamed, burning in flames. Infula, a Allot or crown ; the tiara. Ink moline. See Fer-de-moline. In lure, two wings conjoined and inverted, with
the tips downward, are said to bo in lure.
In pride, applied to a peacock, or turkey cock, when its tail is displayed.
Inter, between.
Interlaced, linked together.
Invected, a line of partition. See p. xxix.
luverted, and conjoined, turned the wrong way.
Invexed, arched.
Ire, angry, exasperated.
Iron ring, a tool used by wire-drawers.
Issuant, rising or coming out of ; when an animal is blazoned as issuing or issuant, only the upper half of such animal is depicted.
Jagged, is said of the division of a field or outlines of an ordinary which appear rough by being forcibly torn asunder.
Jambe, same as gamb.
Javelin, a short spear with a barbed point.
Jellop, or jowlop, the comb of a cock, cocka- trice, &c.
Jessant, shooting forth as vegetables spring forth ; half the charge only is depicted when blazoned jessant.
Jessant-de-li^, said of a fleur-de-lis passing through a leopard's face, through the mouth.
Jesses, the leather thongs that fasten the bells to
the legs of a hawk or falcon. Joinant, same as Conjoined. Jupon, a surcoat.
Kine, the plural of cow or calf.
Knots, differently formed, are borne as badges by the families of Bouchier, Bowen-Dacre, Har- rington, Heneage, Lacy, Stafford, Wake, &c.
Knowed. See Wowed.
Label, or lanibel, a piece of silk stuff, or linen, with three pendants ; it is generally used as a mark of cadency, but is a common charge or difference in ancient arms. See p. xxxiii.
Ladder, scaling, used in ancient and mediaeval warfare.
Lambrequin, the mantling. See p. xviii.
Langued, used when the tongues of animals are to be described as of different tincture from their bodies.
Larmes, Oouttes de. Pee Oouttes.
Lattice, tirlace, treilee, a kind of fret, where the pieces do not interlace each other, but are nailed together at the crossings.
Launce, a tilting-spear.
Laurel, the emblem of victory and triumph.
Later, a cutter or ploughshare.
Lead line, an instrument used by mariners to sound the depth of the sea.
Leash, a small thong of leather, with a button at the end, by which falconers (having run it through the varvels) hold the hawk fast upon the hand, after folding it several times round the finger. Leash is also applied to the line which passes from the collar of a greyhound or other dog ; it signifies moreover a band to bind anything.
Legged, or membered, used when the legs of birds, &c., are to be blazoned of a different tincture to tho body.
Lenlally, the same as Indented.
Leopard, the French heralds call tho lion passant giiardant a leopard, and the royal lions of Eng- land were and are frequently so blazoned.
Leopards^ faces, so blazoned when no part of the neck appears, and the position ia guardant, or
USED IN HERALDRY.
xli
full-faced ; but when erased, or couped at the neck, in profile, the word " head " is used in blazoning.
Level, an instrument used by masons.
Lever, a name sometimes given to the cormorant.
Leveret, a young hare.
Lined, the inside lining of a mantle, garment, cap, &c., borne of a different tincture. It is also appUed to chains as well as lines affixed to the collars of animals.
Lines of partition. See p. xxix.
Lionel, or lioncel, a young lion.
Lion, demi. See Lions.
Lion dragon, the upper half a lion and the other a dragon.
Lion of England, a term sometimes used for a Hon rampant guardant.
Lion poisson, or sea-lion, an imaginary animal, re- sembling a lion in the upper half and a fish in the lower, with webbed feet.
Lions,
rampant.
rampant guardant.
rampant reguardant.
passant.
passant guardant.
issuant.
combatant.
couchant.
coward.
dormant.
conjoined.
demi lion.
Liston, the scroll or ribbbn upon which the motto is inscribed.
Lizard, or lezard, a beast somewhat Uke a cat-a- mountain, with a short tail and long dark brown hair spotted, to be found in Denmark and Sweden ; it is borne as the crest and dexter supporter by the Skinners' Company of London.
Lizard. See Evett.
Lodged, applied to the stag, hart, &c., or beasts of chase, when at rest, or lying on the ground.
Lopped, or snagged, cut so as to show the thick- ness.
Lozenge. See p. xxxii.
Lozenge, or lozengy. See p. xxxii.
Lucy, an heraldic name for the fish called a pike.
Luna, the moon.
Lure, or leure. See Hawk's lure. Wings con- joined with their tips turned down are said to be in lure.
Lymphad, or galley, an ancient ship with one mast, and propelled by oars. See the quartering for the Lordship of Lome in the coat of Campbell.
Maiden's head, used in heraldry for the head and neck of a woman couped below the breast, the head wreathed with roses, and crowned with an antique crown.
Mail, a dress, or piece of defensive armour for the body and arms, wrought in small close rings called mails, linked together as if woven in a loom, and represented like the scales of a fish.
Mailed, clothed in mail.
Main, a hand.
Maintenance, cap of See p. xxxiv.
Mallard, a wild drake.
Mallet, a tool used by masons.
Manacles, handcuffs.
Manch, or maunch, an old-fashioned \ sleeve, with long hanging ends. See the coat of Hastings, &c.
Manchet, a cake of bread, not unlike a muffin.
Mandrake, a vegetable root.
Maned, said of a unicorn, horse, or other animal, when the mane is of a different tincture to the body.
Mantelle, or chappe, used when the two upper angles of the field are cut off by two lines issuing frem the middle chief point to either side of the shield, forming two triangles of a different tincture to the field, as if a mantle were thrown over it and the ends drawn back.
Man-tiger, an imaginary monster, with a hon's body, the head and face of an old man, and horns on the head like an ox.
Mantle, or lambrequin, the name given to the f oldage or great cloak whereon achievements are painted. See p. xviii.
Mantlings, ornamented foliage-work for the adorn- ing of helmets in painting armorial bearings.
Marined, a term used for an animal with the lower parts of the body like a fish.
Marine wolf, a seal.
Martlet, or merlion, a fabulous bird, of constant adoption in armorials, shaped like a martin or swallow, and always drawn without legs, with short tiif ts of feathers instead, divided into two parts, somewhat like an erasure, and forming, as it were, thighs. This is the distinctive mark of the fourth son.
Mascle. See p. xxxii.
Masculy, covered with mascles.
Ma'iony, mas^onne, or masoned, is when the field, charge, or crest, is divided by lines in the nature of a wall or building of stone.
Maunche. See Manche.
Meinbered, signifies the beak and legs of a bird, when of a different tincture to the body.
Merlion. See Martlet.
Mermaid, a fabulous creature, half woman and half fish, generally represented with a comb ia one hand and a mirror in the other.
xlii
DICTIONARY OF TERMS
Merman, an imaginary seaman. See Neptune.
Mesle, mingled.
Metals. See Tinctures, p. xxriii.
Millpick, an instmment used by millers and mill- wrights in dressing millstones.
Millrind, the iron affixed to the centre of the millstone, otherwise called a fer-de-moline.
Mitre, the cap of dignity borne over the arms of a bishop or archbishop.
Modilion, cotoose, or scroll, the foliage ornament of a pillar.
ifoline. See Crosses.
Mort, a skiill, or death's head, usually placed on the hatchment of the last of a family.
Moor cock, the male of the black game, or large black grouse.
Moor's head, the heraldic term for the head of a Negro man, in profile, couped at the neck, wreathed about the temples.
Mooted, or moulted, used in the same sense as eradicated.
Morion, an ancient steel cap or helmet.
Mome, or mortne (French, bom dead, or still- bom), a lion rampant, without tongue, teeth, or claws.
Morse, a sea-lion.
Mortar, a piece of ordnance or chamber-piece.
Morticed, square pieces let one into the other.
Mortier, a cap of state.
Motto, a word, saying, or sentence adopted at pleasure, and borne on a scroll under the coat armour, and sometimes over the crest. Mottoes occasionally allude to the name of the bearer ; thus, " De raonte alto " is the motto of the family of De Monte Alto, Moutalt, or Maude ; often to the bearings ; and more frequently are short, quaint sentiments, according to the whim or caprice of the person who first adopted them, or in allusion to some particular actions or circumstances they are meant to perpetuate. See p. XV.
Moulted, the same as Eradicated.
Mound, a corruption of the French word monde, or Latin, mundu's, the world ; a name given in heraldry to a ball or globe, encircled with a horizontal band, enriched with diamonds and precious stones, from the upper edge of which springs a semicircular band, enriched in like manner, and having on the top a cross. The mound forms part of the regalia of an emperor or king.
Mount. When the bottom or base of the shield is represented green, as a field, and curved somewhat semicircularly arched, it ia then called a Mount vert.
Mountain-cat. See Cat-a-mountain.
Mounted, a term applied to a horse bearing a rider.
Mounting, expresses that position m animals of chase which rampant does in those of prey.
Mourned (moni§), blunted.
Mullet, the rowd of a spur ; English heralds make it of five straight points ; French heralds of six ; when borne of six, eight, or more points, the number should be expressed in the blazon. The best authorities consider when it has more than five points it should be described as a star.
Mullet-pierced, same as the mullet ; but is per- forated in the centre, allowing the tincture upon which it is borne to appear through it.
Muraille, walled, or enibattlod and masoned.
Mural crown. See Crotons, p. xxxiv.
Murrei/, the colour sanguine.
Muschetors, or mushetours, the black tail of the ermine, without the three spots or specks over it used in depicting ermine.
Muzzled, said of a bear or other animal whose mouth is banded or tied up to prevent its biting.
Naiant, or natant, swimming ; applied to fish
when borne horizontally. Naissant, rising, or coming out of ; applicable to
all living things when represented as issuing out
of the middle of a fess or other ordinary. Narcissus, a flower consisting of six petals, each
resembUng the leaf of the cinquefoil. Naval crown. See Crowns, p. xxxiv. Nebular, drawn waived, so as to represent clouds. Nebule, or nebuly, a Hne of partition. See p. xxix. Neptune, the ideal god of the sea ; generally de- picted vrith trident, &c. Nerved, said of leaves and plants, the fibres of
which are borne of a different tincture from the
other part. Newt, a small water animal of the lizard species ;
called also an efTet or eft. Nislee, or nyllee, slender, narrow, or reduced
almost to nothing. Nombril, the navel point. See p. xxviii. Nowed, tied in a knot ; said of a serpent, wivern,
or other creature, whose bodies and tails are
twisted like a knot. Naunce, the same as nebule.
Ogresses. See Pellets,
Ombre, shadowed.
Ondi, or unde, wavy.
Opinicus, a fictitious heraldic animal, with a lion's
body and an eagle's head and neck ; to the
body are affixed wings, and a short tail, like the
camel's. Oppresssed, the same as Debruised. Or, the tincture gold or yellow. Ordinary. See p. xxx. Organ rest. See Rest. Orle. See p. xxxi. Orle, bordered. Ounce, or lynx, the upper part of the body of
this animal is of a tawney white, the lower pai*t
of an ash colour, and he is sprinkled all over
with irregular black marks. Over all (French, Sur le tout), is when a charge
or ordinary is placed over other bearings.
Surmounted, debruised, and oppressed, nearly
signify the same thing. Overt^ applied to the wings of birds when open
for taking flight. Owl, this bird is always drawn full-faced.
Pack-saddle, a saddle for the conveyance of packages (see coat of Hervey).
Pale, one of the ordinaries. See p. xxx.
Pall, or paile, an archiepiscopal vestment, made of white lambs' wool ; formed in heraldry by half a pale issuing from the base, and meeting, or conjoined with, in the fess point, half a saltire, issuing from the dexter and sinister chief ; thus presenting the figure of the letter Y. See p. ixxii.
Pallet, a diminution of the pale.
Palisado. Sec Crowns.
Palisse, pily-paly ; that is, a division of the field in the form of piles, reaching from top to bottom. They are meant to represent the pali- sades before a fortification.
Paly, a field or charge is said to be paly when divided into any equal number of pieces of alternate tinctures by perpendicular partition lines; and the number of divisions must be named also, as paly of six, of eight, &c.
Paly-bendy, is when the preceding divisions are again cut by diagonal partition lines.
USED IN HERALDRY.
xliii
Palmer's staff" (French, un bourdon) a pilgrim's
staff. Panther, a wild animal, whose fierceness heralds were wont to depict bj drawing him with fire issuing from his mouth and ears : his position in heraldry is generally guardant.
Papilone, is a field divided into variegated specks, like those on a butterfly, but ranged like the scales of a fish.
Park pales, palings depicted close to each other, with pointed tops. See the arms of the Borough of Derby.
Partition lines. See p. xxix.
Party, Per. The former of these two words should be omitted, as the latter implies the same ; it is used to denote the particular man- ner in which a shield, ordinary, or charge, is divided by any of the partition lines — as per bend, per pale, &c. See p. xxix.
Pascaunt, or Pasquant, a term used for animals when grazing.
Paschal, or Holy Lamh, is a lamb passant ar. carrying the banner of St. George.
Passant, the heraldic term for beasts in a walking position. A hon passant sa. on a bend ar. and a field gu. is the armorial bearing of Davies of Q-wysaney ; and its Kenwatine brandies, Davies of Harrington, and Davies of Eton House.
Passant guardant. A beast walking, but with the head aifrontee or full-faced.
Passion cross, same as the Cross Calvart/.
Passant reguardant. Walking, but looking back.
Passant repassant, when animals are borne pas- sant contrariwise to the dexter and sinister.
Pattee- See Crosses.
Pater noster, or nostre, a cross composed of beads.
Patonce. See Crosses.
Patriarchal. See Crosses.
Pattes, the paws of any beast.
Pavement, depicted like masonry.
Pavilion, an oblong tent with a projecting entrance.
Paiv, the foot of a lion, bear, seal, &c., cut off or erased at the first joint.
Pean, a fur. See p. xxviii.
Pearched, or perched, applied to birds when in a sitting posture upon a branch or other sub- stance.
Peel, a tool used by bakers for drawing bread out of the oven.
Pegasus, a fabulous horse with wings.
Pelican. This bird is always represented with her wings endorsed, neck embowed, and peck- ing her breast, from which issue drops of blood.
Pellet, or ogresses, roundles, black or sable.
Pelletty or pellettee. Semee of pellets.
Penner and ink horn, as case for holding pens and ink.
Pennon, a flag of an oblong form.
Pennoncels, or pencils, small streamers or flags.
Penny-yard penny, smaU coin.
Per. See Party per, p. xxix.
Perforated, voided or pierced.
Petronel, an ancient name for a pistol.
Pheon, the head of dart or. arrow.
Photnix, an imaginary bird, always drawn in flames.
Pierced, signifies when any ordinary or charge is perforated, so as to show the field under it. The form of the perforation should be expressed —square, round, lozenge, &c.
Pike-staves, formidable instruments of destruction used in warfare.
Pile, one of the ordinaries. See p. xxxii. Pilgrim's scrip, a wallet or pouch. See the coat of Palmer.
Plate, a roundle arg. or white. Playing tables, when used in heraldiy, are de- picted as backgammon tables. Plenitude, denotes the moon in her full, or full moon.
Pile, the same as close, applied to a bird.
Plough, an instrument used in husbandry.
Ploughshare. That part of the plough which cuts the ground at the bottom of the furrow and raises the sod to the mould board.
Ploye, bowed and bent.
Plummet, an instrument used by masons and others to prove perpendiculars.
Poing, the hand closed, in contradistinction to " appaume."
Points of the escutcheon. See p. xxviii.
Pomegranate, a foreign fruit, in blazon it is neces- sary to add, slipped, leaved, or seeded, as it is always so represented in coat armour. See the coat of Granger.
Pomeis, roundles, when vert or green.
Pommel, the rounded knob at the extremity of the handle of a sword.
Popinjays, small green parrots, with red beaks and legs.
Portant, a term used of a cross that is not erect, but placed athwart the shield as if it were carried on a man's shoulder.
Portcullis, an engine formerly used in fortifying and defending the gateway of a city, town, or castle, before which it hung down by chains, and formed a barrier ; it resembles very much a harrow, the perpendicular bars being spiked.
Pose. See Stafant.
Pot. In armoury, a kind of head-piece or hat made of steel.
Potent, a crutch or walking stick. See also Furs.
Potente, a line of division, which see.
Pots, so termed in heraldry, are of iron vnth three legs.
Pouldron, armour for the shoulder.
Pounce, the talons of a bird of prey.
Powdered. A term in heraldry, when the field, crest, or supporter, is promiscuously strewed aU over with minor charges, such as mullets, crescents, or fleurs-de-Hs. The French term " Semee," has, however, been lately adopted by English heralds to express this.
Prester John, a term obviously applied in error by the early heralds to describe the sitting figui-e of our Saviour in the arms of the See of Chichester.
Pretence, escutcheon of. See Escutcheon.
Preying, a ravenous beast or bird standing on and in a suitable position for devouring its prey.
Pride, in its, or their, applicable to a peacock, turkey cock, and other birds which spread their tails in a circular form, and drop their wings.
Proboscis. The trunk of an elephant.
Proper, apphcable to every animal, tree, vegetable, &c., when borne of their natural colour, and abbreviated by the letters ppr.
Purjled, trimmed, or garnished, terms for the studs and rims of armour being gold.
Purjlew, or purfled, signifies a border or embroi- dery of fur, shaped exactly like vair ; when of one row it is termed purflewed, when of two, counter-purflewed, and when of three, vair.
Purpura. Purple. See Tinctures, p. xxviii.
Python, a winged serpent.
Quarter. See Ordinaries, p. xxxi. Quarterings. See Marshalling, p. ix. Quarterly. See p. xxx. Quatrefoil, a four-leaved grass. Queue, tail of an animal.
xliv
DICTIONARY OF TERMS
Quintain, a tilting post or block.
Quiver of arrows, a case filled with arrows.
Quise, a la, at the thigh (for a la cuisse).
Radiant, rayonned,ratiomiant,rayonnee, are terms used to express any ordinary or charge edged with glittering rays, like those of the sun. Rainboio, a semicircle of various colours arising
from clouds. Ragged staff, the bear and ragged staff, the badge
or crest of the House of Leicester. Raguly, ragided, jagged or notched in an irregu- lar maner. See Lines of division. Rame, a French term for branched or attired. Rampant, animals standing erect on the hind legs. A lion ramp. sa. on a white field, was the armorial bearing of the Princes of Powys, and is still borne by their descendants, the Hughes' of Gwerclas, Barons of Eymmer-yn- Edeirnion. Rampant sejant, is said of the lion when in a
sitting position with the forelegs raised. Range, arranged in order. Raping, applied to ravenous animals devouring
their prey. Razed, the same as erased.
Rags. When depicted round the sun they should
be sixteen in number ; when round an estoile
line they must be drawn straight and waved
alternately.
Rearing, a term appUed to a horse when standing
on the hind legs with the fore legs raised. Rebated, when the top or point of a weapon is
broken off, or part of a cross cut off. Reboundant, an ancient term for the tail of a lion when turned up and bent in the form of a letter S with the point outwards, the ancient way of depicting the tail was usually with the point turned towards the back, unless blazoned reboundant. Rebus, in heraldry means such a coat, as by its charges alludes to the name of the bearer, as Castles, for Castleton — Salmons, for Salmon, &c. Recercellee, a term applied to a cross similar to a cross moline, but with the ends turned more round. Reclinanf, bending backwards. Refected, or reflexed, curved or turned round as the chain or line from the collar of a beast thrown over the back. Reguardant, looking behind or backwards. Reindeer, as drawn in heraldry, is a stag with
double attires. Remora, denotes a serpent.
Removed, implies the ordinary has fallen, or be- come removed from its proper position. Rencontre, same as caboshed.
Renversp, when anything is set with its head downwards, or contrary to its natural way, or turned upside down. Rere mouse, a bat. Rcvpectant, or respecting, applied to animals face
to face.
Reserved, contrary to the usual way and position.
Rests, clarions, or clnricords. Tlie rest for u lance ;
by some autlioritics called musical inslrunients j
tficy bear rcMemblaiice to a fluted bracket. Sec
p. xiv.
Relorled. Serpents, wreathed one in another, or
a« a fret, are said to he retorted. Reversed, turned upside down. See coats of
Orcndon and Newton. Riband, or ribbon, one-eighth part of a bend, of
wliicli it is a dituinutive. Rising, wlicn birds arc in a position as if prepar- ing to take fliglit. Rompe, or rompu, broken.
Rose, this well known beautiful flower, always represented in coat armour as f uU blown, with the petals or flower leaves expanded, seeded in the middle and backed by five green barbs or leaves. When an heraldic rose is red it must be blazoned gu. not ppr. ; a rose is termed barbed and seeded ppr. when the barbs are green and the seeds yellow. Roundles, are round figures of metal, flat — but when of colour, spherical : they change their names according to their tinctures, as when or, they are called bezant.
arg a plate.
vert pomeis.
azure .... hurt. ogress, or pellet, when sable.
torteaux gu.
golpes purple.
oranges tenne or tawney.
guzes sanguine, or mur- rey colour. Rousant, the same as rising, applied to a bird. Rustre, a lozenge pierced round in the centre.
Sable, black. See Tinctures, p. xxviii.
Sabre, a sword with a broad curved blade.
Saere, or saker, a kind of falcon, with the head grey, feet and legs bluish, and back dark brown.
Sagittarius, one of the signs of the Zodiac. An imaginary creature, half man and half horse, in the act of shooting with a bow and arrow.
Salamander, an imaginary animal, feigned to be bred in fire ; it is represented green, sui'rounded with flames.
Salient, the posture of an animal leaping on its
prey. Salmon spear, the same as a harpoon. Saltatit, applied to the squirrel, cat, weasel, rat,
&c., when springing forward. Saltire. See Ordinaries, p. xxxi. SaUirewise, in the form or position of the saltire. Sanglier, a wild boar. Sanguine, murrey colour. Sanglant, bloody, torn off, or erased. Sans, without. Saracen. See Savage. Sarcelled, cut through in the middle. Satyral, a fictitious creature, with the tail of a lion, tail and horns of an antelope, and the face of an old man. Scallop. See Escallop. Scalp, the skin of the forehead. Scarpe, a diminutive of the bend sinister, sup- posed to represent a shoulder-belt, or officer's scarf. Sceptre, a royal staff used at coronations, &c. Scintillant, sparkling.
Scorpion, in shape somewhat resembhng a cray- fish, and usually placed erect. Scrip. Sec Pilgrim's scrip. Scroll, whereon the motto is placed. Sea dog, sliapcd like a talbot, but with a tail like a beaver, a scailupod fin continued down the back from head to tail ; the whole body, legs, and tail, scaled, and the feet webbed. Sea horse, the fore part is like a horse with webbed feet, and the hinder ending in a fish's tail. Seal. See Marine wolf.
Sea lion, the upper part of a lion's body termi- nating in a fish's tail. Sea mew, a sort of sea-gull.
USED IN HERALDRY.
xlv
8ea pie, a water fowl of a dark brown colour,
head red, and the neck and wings -white. Seax, a scimetar, with a semicircular notch hoi- lowed out of the back of the blade. Seeded, applied to the seed of roses, lilies, &c.,
when borne of a tincture different to the flower
itself. Segreant, appHed to a griffin when erect, with
wings endorsed. Sejant, signifies sitting, as applied to the lion, &c. Sejant addorsed, when two animals are sitting
back to back. Seme, or semee, strewed over. See Powdered. Seraph's head, a child's head between three pairs
of wings, two in chief, two in f ess, and two in
base. Serpent or snake is borne, coiled, and twisted in
various forms, as torqued, i.e., erect ; gliding,
i.e., creeping ; nowed, i.e., twisted into a knot,
&c., &c. Serrated, indented, or cut like a saw. Sexfoil, a grass or flower with six leaves, in form
like the cinquefoil. Shackle, a Hnk of a fetter. Shack-bolt, a fetter put on the wrists or ancles of
prisoners. Shafted, is used to denote that a spear-head has a
handle to it. Shake-fork, is in form like the pall, but does not
touch Che edges of the shield, and has a point
at each end, in the same manner as the pile.
See the coat of Cunningham. Shambrouffhs, a kind of ship. Shamrock, trefoil or three-leaved grass, the emblem
of Ireland. Shapewined, in a curved line. Sheaf. See Oarh. Sheldrake, a kind of duck. Shield. See p. xxviii. Shinbones, bones of the human leg generally borne
in saltire. Shivered, broken or splintered. Shoveller, a species of water-fowl. Shuttle, an instrument used by weavers. Side, a portion of the shield cut off by a per- pendicular line. See coat of Grote. Sinister, the left.
Sinister chief, the left side of the chief. Sinople, a French term for " vert," green. Siren, a mermaid. Skein, a short sword or dagger. A weapon used
by the Irish. Slashed, sleeves of garments but open lengthways,
and the gashes filled with a puffing of another
colour. Slay, slea, or reed, an instrument used by
weavers. Sledge, a sort of carriage without wheels, used in
husbandry. Slipped, the stalk depicted so as torn from the
original stem. Soaring, flying aloft. Soldering iron, a tool used by plumbers. Spade iron, or shoeing of a spade. Spancelled, or fettered, applied to a horse that
has the fore and hind legs fettered by fetter- locks fastened to the ends of a stick. Spear, an ancient weapon of warfare. Sear-head imbrued, i.e., with the point bloody. Spervers, tents. Sphinx, a chimerical animal, said to have the
body of a lion, the wings of an eagle, and the
head and breasts of a woman. Spindle. See Fusil. Spit, a spade. Splendour, a term for the sun when represented
with a human face, and environed with rays.
Sruttle, a winnowing fan or basket.
Standard. All standards are split at the end. They are regulated in length according to the degree of the bearer, and, dating from the national ensign, are charged with his badges, crests, and motto, arranged on his livery colours.
Staple, an iron fastening to a door.
Star. See £stoile.
Starved, stripped of leaves, &c.
Statant, standing.
Staves, walking-sticks used by palmers or pil- grims.
Staves of a carbuncle, the eight rays which issue from its centre.
Sfnel caps, or morions, pieces of armour for the head, of various shapes.
Stern, the hinder part of a ship, and which forms part of a naval crown.
Still, or alembic, an utensil of the distillery.
Stilt, an instrument made to walk with, anciently used for scaling castles, walls, &c.
Stirrup, of an ordinary saddle.
Stock, the stump or trunk of a tree.
Stole, part of the vestment of a priest.
Stringed, applied to a buglehorn, which is gener- ally borfie with strings affixed thereto, tied in a bow ; also applied to the harp, &c.
Studded, adorned with studs.
Stump, part of the stock or trunk of a tree.
Subverted, reversed, turned upside down.
Sufflue, rest or clarion.
Sun, in heraldry is represented with a human face, environed in rays, and is termed a sun in splendour, or full glory.
Super charge, one figure charged or borne upon another.
Supporters. See p. xviii.
Surcoat, a loose, light, thin, taffety coat, formerly worn by military men over their armour.
Surgeant, rising.
Surmounted, where one charge is placed over another.
Surtout, or sur-le-tout, an escutcheon placed upon the centre of a shield of arms is said to be surtout.
Swepe, the balista, an engine anciently used for throwing stones into fortresses. It was formed like the machine brewers used to raise water out of wells, and therefore was nnmed after their contrivance.
Swivel, two iron Hnks, which turn on a bolt.
Sykes, a fountain. See coat of Sykes, &c.
Syren, a mermaid.
Tabard, the name given to the surcoats embroi- dered with the Sovereign's arms, and worn by the heralds and pursuivants of arms upon great festivals and other public occasions.
Tabernacle, a tent or pavihon.
Talbot, a hunting dog, with thick snout and hanging ears, borne for crest by the Talbots of Bashall, the senior line of the house of Shrewsbury.
Talons, the claws of a bird.
Tjrgant, torganf, or torqued, bending and re- bending like the letter S.
Target, a round buckler.
Tasces, or f asses, that part of the armour wlxich covers the thighs.
Tassel, an ornament pendant at the comers of cushions.
Tau, a cross nearly like a cross potent.
Teazel, the head or seed vessel of a species of thistle.
xlvi
DICTIONARY OF TERMS
Tenne, or tavmey, orange colour.
Tite, the head.
Terras, the representation of a piece of ground at the bottom of the base, and generally vert.
Thatch rake, an instrument used in thatching.
Thistle, the emblematic plant of Scotland.
Threstle, three-legged stool.
Thunderbolt, in heraldry a twisted bar in pale, inflamed at each end, sm-mounting two jagged darts in saltire betw. two wings expanded, with streams of fire issuing from the centre.
Tiara, or triple crown, a cap or helmet of golden cloth, from which hang two pendants, embroi- dered and fringed at the end, semee of crosses of gold. The cap is inclosed by three mar- quises' coronets, on the top is a mound of gold with a cross of the same.
Tierce, a French word, implying that the shield is divided into three equal parts of different colours.
Tilting- spear, a weapon used in tilts and tourna- ments.
Timbre, signifies the helmet, when placed oyer the arms in a complete achicTement.
Tincture. See p. xxviii.
Tirret, a modem name for manacles or handcxiffs.
Toad, this animal in coat armour is always repre- sented as if sitting in water, holding up its head : by some called the lordUngs of frogs — their heads appearing above water like helmets.
Toison d'or, a term borrowed from the French, to express a golden fleece, or the holy lamb.
Tomahawk, an Indian war axe.
Torn, an ancient name for a spinning-wheel.
Torqued, wreathed.
Torse, the wreath on which the crest is placed.
Torteaux, a roundle of red colour.
Tortille, a French term for nowed, twisted, or wreathed.
Toume, same as reguardant.
Tower, tripled towered, when the word Toioer only is used in blazon, it ehould be represented without the three small towers or turrets iesuing | from the battlements.
Towered, or turretted, having towers or turrets.
Transfixed, pierced through.
TVansfluent, a term for water flowing through the
arches of a bridge. Transmuted, counterchanged. Transpierced, pierced through. Transposed, reversed or turned contrary to the
usual position. Traversed, turned to the sinister side of the shield. Trefiee is said of a cross, the arms of which end
in three semicircles, each representing the tro-
Toil or three-leaved grass, a bend treflee lias
trefoils issuing from the side. Trefoil, three-leaved grass. Treille, or trellise, latticed. It difiers from fretty,
for the pieces do not interlace under and over,
but cross athwart each other, and are nailed at
the joints. Treasure, the diminutive of the orle, being half
its size.
Trentwre fiory
Tresmre fif>ry counter flory, pamc as florj-, but that each alternate fleur-de-lis points to the centre of the field.
Trevet, a tripod, or three-legged frame of iron, u»ed to set over the fire to support a pan or pot.
Trevet, triangular.
Trian aspect, showing three-fourth parts of the body.
Triyle, or treble arched, formed of three arches.
Tricorporate, is said when the bodies of three ani- mals are represented issuing from the dexter, sinister, and base points of the escutcheon, and meeting conjoined to one head in the centre.
Trident, a three-pronged barbed fork or spear.
Trien, three.
Trippant, applied to stags and other beasts of chase, as passant to beasts of prey, &c., repre- sented with one foot up as if on a trot.
Counter-tripping, is when two beasts are tripping, one passing one way and the other another.
Triumphal crown, or garland is composed of laurel.
Trononee, and demembree, signifies a cross or other bearing cut in pieces and dismembered, yet so as all the pieces preserve and retain the form of a cross, or whatever bearing it may be, although placed at a little distance from each other.
True lovers' knot, a kind of double knot made with two bows on each side, interlacing each other, and with two ends ; serpents are sometimes twisted in this form.
Trunk ed, or truncated, trees couped or cut off at the top, the branches lopped off, ^nd separa- ted from the root.
Trundles, quUls of gold thread, used by em- broiderers.
Trunk of a tree, is when the root of a tree is torn up and the top cut off.
Trussed, close, or complicated, applied, although unnecessarily, when birds are borne with their wings close to the body, which is always im- pHed unless the contrary is expressed.
Tuberated, gibbous, knotted, or swelled out ; as the middle part of a serpent.
Tuft, a bunch of grass.
Tun, a large vessel for holding liquor, similar in shape to a barrel.
Turned up, the lining turned up over the edge.
Turreted, is said of a wall or tower having small towers upon it.
Tusked, is said of the boar, tiger, elephant, &c., when their tusks are borne of a different tinc- ture to that of the body of the animal.
Tynes, a name given by heralds to the branches of the horns of stags, bucks, &c.
Umbraced. See Vambraced.
Umbrated, or adumbrated, shadowed.
Unde, wavy.
Unguled, applied to the hoof of the stag, hind, horse, bidl, &c., when of a different tincture to the body.
Unicorn, a beautiful suppositious animal with a long twisted horn out of its forehead, its head and body like a horse, but lias cloven feet, hair under the chin like a goat, tail like a lion, and is of a bay colour, unless otherwise described.
Unifoil, a single-leaved grass.
Urchin, liedgohog.
Urdee. See Crosses and Lines, p. xxii.
Urinant, applicable to the dolphin or other fish, when borne with the head downwards and the tail erect, exactly in a contrary position to bauriant.
Urvwnt, or urved, turned, or bowed upwards.
rr • '' e F Furs. See p. xxviii. Vaire, &c. J ^
Valla/ry Crown. See p. zxxiv.
USED IN HERA.LDRY.
xlvii
Vambrace, armour for the arm.
Vambraced, applied when the arm is wholly
covered with armour. Vamplate, a gauntlet or iron glove. Vamplet, of a tilting-spear ; a broad pan of steel
formed like a funnel, placed on the lower part
of the staff to protect the hand. Vams, or wamays, an old kind of short hose to
the ankles only. Vannet, the escallop when represented without
the ears. Yarvelled, when the jesses of a hawk have rings
at the ends. Verblee, a hunting-horn edged round with metal
of different tinctures from the other part. Verdoy, a. border charged with eight flowers,
leaves, fruit, or other vegetables, as a border
gules, verdoy of oak leaves or. Vert, green. See Tinctures, p. xxviii. Verted, and reverted, same as Flexed and Rejlexed,
&c. Vervels, small rings to which the jesses of the
hawks are fastened. Verules, or ferrals, several rings, one within
another, which have the same centre. Vested, habited, clothed. View, is the footing, treading, or track of a buck,
and all fallow dear. Vigilant, applied to a cat when in a position as if
on watch for prey. Vizor, the part of a helmet which protects the face. Volant, flying. Voided, signifies a cross, or other charge, which
has the middle cut so that the field is seen
through it, and nothing but its outward hem
or hedge is left. Vorant {engoulant), devouring. Vulned, wounded so that the blood appears
dropping. The peUcan is ordinarily described
as " vulning herself" to feed her young.
Wales, Prince of, feathers.
Wallet. See Pilgrim's scrip. Wastle cakes, round cakes of bread. Watching, better vigilant, for a cat watching to seize its prey.
Water, when borne should be painted to imitate nature.
Water bouget, a vessel to carry water.
Waterpot, a fontal ; called also a scatebra, out of which naiads — river gods — are represented as pouring the waters or rivers over which they preside.
Wattled, a term applied to the gills of a cock, when of different tincture from the body.
Waved, the same as wavy or undee.
Waved sword, by some called improperly a flaming sword.
Wavy, or undee, formed like waves ; a line of partition. See p. xxix.
Weare, weir, or dam, in fess, is made with stakes and osier twigs wattled, or interwoven as a fence against water.
Wedge, or stone bill, a tool to split or rend tim- ber with.
Weel, a device for catching fish.
Welke, a shell-fish.
Welt, or edge, a narrow kind of border to an or- dinary or charge, sometimes improperly called a fimbriation.
Wervels. See Vervels.
Wharrow-spindle, and old term of blazon for " fusil."
Whirlpool. See Gurges.
Wine-piercer, an instrument to tap or bore holes in wine casks.
Winged, having wings, or adorned with wings.
Wings conjoined, are wings expanded, elevated, and united at the bottom. See Lure.
Wi.nnowing -basket, used for winnowing corn.
Wood, in heraldry, a small group of trees grovring on a mount, sometimes called a hurst.
Woodman, wild man or savage.
Wool cards, instruments used for carding wool.
Wound, roundles when purple. Same as Golpes.
Wreath, a garland, chaplet, or attire for the head. The wreath upon which " the crest " is usually borne is composed of two bands of silk inter- woven or twisted together. See p. xiv.
Wreathed, having a wreath on the head or else- where, or anything twisted in the form of a wreath.
Wyvern, an imaginary heraldic animal, the wings and upper part resemble a dragon, the lower part resembling that of an adder or snake ; it is similar in form to the cockatrice, but has the head of a dragon.
ABBREVIATIONS.
or .... gold, or yellow.
ar argent, or silver, or white.
az azure, or blue.
gu giles, or red.
vert. . . . green.
purp. . . purpure, or purple.
sa sable, or black.
erm. . . ermine,
ppr. . . proper,
chev. . . chevron,
engr. . . engrailed,
ramp. . . rampant,
pass. . . passant.
d died.
m married.
b bom.
s.p sine prole, without issue.
d.v.p. . . died vita patris. betw. . . between. fun. ent. funeral entry. F.E.I. . . funeral entry Ireland, visit. . . visitation of a county by a herald.
reg registered.
ped pedigree.
xlix
THE EOYAL ARMORY.
ICTORIA, By the Grace of God of the United Kingdom OF Great Britain and Ireland, Queen> Defender of THE Faith, Empress of India.
Arms — Quarterly, 1st and 4th, gu. three lions pass, gnai'd. in pale or, for England ; 2nd, or, a lion ramp, within a double tressure flory counterflory gn., for Scotland ; 3rd, az. a harp or, stringed ar., for Ireland ; the whole encircled with the Garter.
Crest — Upon the royal helmet the imperial crown ppr., thereon statant guardant or, a lion imperially crowaed also ppr.
Supporters — Dexter, a lion ramp, giiard. or, crowned as the crest ; sinister, an unicorn ar. armed, crined, and uuguled or, gorged with a coronet composed of crosses patt6e and fleurs de-lis, a chain affixed thereto, passing between the fore-legs, and reflexed over the back, of the last.
Crest of Scotland — On an imperial crown ppr. a lion sejant affront^e gu. imperially crowned or, holding in the dexter paw a sword, and in the sinister a sceptre erect, also ppr.
Crest of Ireland — On a wreath or and az. a tower triple-towered gold, from the gate a hart springing ar.
Motto — DiEU ET MON Droit, in the compartment below the shield ; with the Union rose, shamrock, and thistle engrafted on the same stem.
Crown of England — A circle of gold, issuing therefrom four crosses patt^e and four fleurs-de-lis, arranged alternately : from the crosses pattee arise two arched and golden diadems, ornamented with pearls, closing at the top under a mound, surmounted by a cross pattee, also gold, the whole enriched with precious stones : cap of crimson velvet, turned up erm.
Badges — 1. England — The red and white rose united. 2. Scotland — A thistle. 3. Ire- land— A harp or, the strings ar. 4. Ireland — A shamrock leaf vert. 5. Wales — A dragon pass, wings elevated gu. upon a mount vert. All ensigned with the royal crown.
* * The arms of the three Royal Dyuiisties of Wales were —
I. North Wales, Quarterly, or and gu. four lions pass, guard, counterchanged. II. South Wales, Gu. a lion ramp, within a bordure indented or. III. PowYS, Ar. a lion ramp. sa. (the Black Lion of Powys).
THE ROYAL ARMORY.
THE PRINCE OF WALES.
rpHE Most High, Most Pdissant, and Most Illustrious Prince ALBERT EDWARD, -*- PRINCE OF WALES, Duke of Saxony, Duke of Cornwall and Rothsat, Earl of Chester, Carrick, and Dublin, Baron of Renfrew, and Lord of the Isles, Great Steward of Scotland, K.G., K.P., K.T., G.C.B., G.C.S.I., &c., &c.
Arms — Quarterly, 1st and 4th, gii. three lions pass, guard, in pale, or, England ; 2nd, or, a lion ramp, within a double tres.sure tlory and counterflory gu., Scotland ; 3rd, az. a harp or, stringed ar., Ireland ; differenced by a label of three points ar. and in the centre of the said royal arms an escutcheon of the arms of the august house of Saxony, viz., barry of ten or and sa. a crown of rue in bend vert, for Saxe-Coburg.
Crest — On the coronet of the Prince of Wales a lion statant guard, or, crowned with the like coronet, and differenced with a label of three points ar.
Badge — A plume of three ostrich feathers ar. enfiled by a coronet composed of fleurs- de-lis and crosses patt6e alternately, and motto, " Ich Dien," being the badge of H.R.H. as Prince of Wales.
Supporters — Dexter, a lion giiard. or, crowned with the Prince of Wales coronet, and differenced by a label of thiee points ar. ; sinister, an unicorn ar. gorged with a coronet com{xj8ed of fleurs-de-lis and croa.ses patt^e, therefrom a chain reflexed over the back or, differenced with a label of three points ar.
Motto— Ich Dien.
THE ROYAL ARMORY.
THE DUKE OF EDINBURGH.
TTIS EoTAL Highness Prince Alfred Ernest Albert, Duke of Edinburgh, Earl * * OF Kent, and Earl of Ulster, in the Peerage of the United Kingdom, Prince of the United Kingdom, Duke of Saxony, Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, K.G., K.T., G.C.S.L, G.C.M.G., &c., &c.
Arms — The Eoyal Arms, differenced by a label of three points ar. the centre point charged with St. George's Cross, and each of the other points with an anchor az. ; and in the centre of the said royal arms, an escutcheon of the august house of Saxony, viz., barry of ten or and sa. a crown of rue in bend vert.
Crest— On a coronet composed of crosses pattee and fleurs-de-lis a lion statant guard, or, crowned with the like coronet, and difl'erenced with a label of three points ai*. charged as in the arms.
Supporters — The Royal Supporters, differenced with the like coronet and label.
Ill
THE ROYAL ARMORY.
THE DUKE OF CONNAUGHT AND STRATHEARN.
TTIS RoTAii HionNESs Prince Arthur William Patrick Albert, Duke of Connaught * ' AND OF Strathearn, anu Earl OF SussEX, in the Peerage of the United Kingdom, Prince of the United Kingdom, Duke of Saxony, Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, K.G., K.T., K.P., G.C.M.G., &c.. &c.
Arms—The Royal Arms, differenced by a label of three points ar,, the centre point charged with St. George's Cross, and each of the other points with a fleur-de-lis az. ; in the centre of the said royal arms, an escocheon of the august house of Saxony, viz., barry of ten or and sa. a crown of rue in bend vert.
Crest — On a coronet composed of crosses patt6e and fleurs-de-lis, a lion statant guard. or, crowned with the like coronet, and differenced with a label of three points ar. charged as in tlie arms.
Supporters — The Royal Supporters, differenced with the like coronet and label.
THE ROYAL ARMORY.
m*
THE DUKE OF ALBANY.
TTIS Royal Highness Prince Leopold-George-Duncan- Albert, Duke of Albany, -*-■- Earl of Clarence, and Baron Arklow, Prince of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, Duke of Saxony, Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, K.G., K.T., G.C.S.I., G.aM.G.
Anm — The royal arms, diflferenced by a label of three points arg., the centre point charged with St. George's Cross, and each of the other points with a heart gules ; in the centre of the said royal arms an escutcheon of the august House of Saxony, viz., barry of ten or and sa., a crown of rue in bend vert.
Crest — On a coronet composed of crosses-patee and fleurs-de-lis, alien statant guardantor, crowned with the like coronet and difiersnced with a label of three points, charged as in the arms.
Supporters — The royal supporters diflferenced with the like coronet and label.
Uii
THE ROYAL ARMORY.
THE DUKE OF CUMBERLAND.
I I IS Royal Highness George Frederick Alexander Charles Erkest Auqu8TTJs, * *■ Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale, in the Peerage of Great Britain, and Earl
OF Armagh, in the Peerage of Ireland, Prince of the United Kingdom, Duke of Bruns-
wick-Luneburg, Ex -King of Hanover, K.G., G.C.H., &c., &c.
Arms, <&c. — The Royal Arms of England, as borne by King George III., with the necessary labels of distinction, viz., a label of three points ar. charged with a fleur-de-lis betw. two crosses gu.
THE ROYAL ARMORY.
liv
THE DUKE OF CAMBRIDGE.
XT IS RoTAL Highness Prix^ce George William Frederick Charles, Duke op Cam- ■*-*- BRIDGE, Earl of Tipperart, and Baron Cdlloden, in the Peerage of the United Kingdom, Prince of the United Kingdom, K.G., K.P., G.C.B., G.C.H., G.C.S.I., Field Marshal Ciommanding in Chief Her Majesty's Army, &c., &c.
Arms— The Royal Arms of England, as borne by King G^orije III., with the necessary labels of distinction, viz., a label of three points ar. charged on the centre point with a cross, and on either side with two hearts in pale gu.
THE ROYAL ARMORY.
It
The Princes and Princesses of the Royal Blood bear the Royal Arms, Crest, and Supporters, differenced with the proper labels assigned to each distinctly.
lix
K
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2I-^1K
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Prixce Leopold George Duncan Albert. A label of three points ar., the centre point charged with St. Greorge's Cross, and each of the other points with a heart gu.
Victoria Adelaide Maria Louisa, Princess Royal, Crown Princess of Germany. A similar label, charged in the centre point with a rose, and in each of the other points with a St. George's Cross gu.
Princess Alice Maud Mart, Princess Grand Duchess
_ . of Hesse. A similar label, charged in the centre point with
/ ^ \ a rose gu. barbed vert, and in each of the other points with
an erm. spot sa.
^
iX
-M~M~l^
Princess Helena Augusta Victoria, Princess Chris- tian of Schleswig-Holstein. A similar label, charged in the centre point with St. George's Cross, and in each of the other points with a rose gu.
Princess Louise Caroline Alberta, Marchioness of Lome. A similar label, charged in the centre point with a rose, and in each of the other points with a billet gu.
Princess Beatrice Mary Victoria Feodore. A simi- lar label, charged in the centre point with a heart, and in each of the other points with a rose gu.
OF THE DIFFEEENT MONARCHS SINCE THE CONQUEST.
William I. (the Conqueror). Gu. two lions pass, guard, or. Much controversy has arisen regarding leopards or lions, but the latter would appear the more correct. John, the Monk of Harmonstier, in Tourain, a contemporary writer, relates, that when Henry I. selected Geoffrey Plantagenet to be his son-in-law, " Clypeus TiConculos aiireos imaginarios habens coUo ejus suspenditur."
William II. (Rufos), second sou of the Conqueror. The same Arms as those of his father.
Henry I., third son of the Conqueror. Arms similar to those of his predecessor.
King Stephen. This Prince's Arms are differently described : by some he is said to have borne the same Arms as his maternal grandfather, William the Conqueror ; by others— Gu. the bodies of three lions pass, the necks with men's bodies or, in form of the sign of Sagittarius ; by a third, which is the most correct, Gu. a Sagittarius ar. King Stephen is said to have adopted the latter bearing from the great assistance afforded him by the archers, and having entered the kingdom when the sun was in the sign Sagittarius.
Ivi THE ROYAL ARMORY.
<?ri-/^,4^ Henry II. Gu. two lions pass, guard, or, previously to the King's
^^^^r marriage with Eleanor of Aquitaine, when he adopted a third lion, for
Q^^^^^^ Aquitaine. On the Great Seal no Arms appear, the concave side of the aT^;^ /^ shielding only exhibited. Henry II. appears to have been the first monarch M ^*^^ U w^o "^®^ ^ badge, he first bore an escarbuncle of gold, an ancient mark of ^ *V*^^ ^ hj** paternal House of Anjou, and afterwards introduced the sprig of broom ff ^^^ Vi ^laxit, or Planta Genista, from which his surname, Plantagenet, was derived, > v!^^^_--^ ^^^^ which was a favourite badge with some of his descendants. He is also ^k<^o-^S^^^J^ said to have borne a jennet between two sprigs of broom.
Richard I. {Coeur-de-Lion). Before the Crusade, Richard's Great Seal shows but a moiety of the shield (the dexter side) with a lion ramp, sinister, from which the inference is that he then bore two lions combatant. After his exploits in the Holy Land, another Great Seal bears the three lions, which henceforward became the hereditary bearings of the Kings and Queens of England. This King bore as a badge a broom branch with the pods open, this device appears on his first Great Seal ; he also used a crescent surmounted by a star. Having defeated the French at Gisors, 1198, and his watchword there being " Dieu et mou droit," he adopted it for liis motto, and it continued the motto of nearly all his successors.
King John. Prior to his elevation to the throne, when Earl of Mortagne, in Normandy, this Prince bore two lions only ; after his accession he assumed the Arms of his predecessor. King John used as a badge the crescent surmounted by a star, one of the badges of his prede- cessor, Richard I.
Henry III. bore the same Arms as his father King John, and used the Planta Genista, or broom slip, for his badge.
Edward I. bore the .same Arms as his father, Henry III., and his grandfather, King John ; his badge was, A rose slipped, the sialk vert, the petals or.
Edward II. bore the same as his three immediate predecessors ; his badge was a golden tower, in allusion to the arms of his maternal grandfather, Ferdinand III., King of Castile.
Edward III. This Prince assumed the title of King of France, in sup- posed right of his mother, Isabel, daughter of Philip IV., who became that monarch's sole heiress, his three sons having died issueless. Quarterly, 1st and 4th, France, az. semue-de lis or ; 2nd an 3rd, England, gu. three lions pass, guard, or. His favourite badge was "Sunbeams issuing from clouds." Henry VIII. caused this cognizance to be represented on the habits of Knights of the Garter, in memory of this sovereign, the founder of the Order. Edward III. also bore, A trunk or stump of a tree eradicated and couped or.
Cre/<t — Upon a chapeau gu. turned up erm. a lion pass, guard, crowned
or. Edward III. was the first English King who bore a crest, which was continued by
succeeding monarchs to Edward VI. inclusive, on the Great Seal.
The Order of the Garter was instituted by King Edward, and the ribbon was generally
borne round the Royal Arms by his successors, although not introduced on tlie Great Seal before
the time of Henry VIII.
Richard II., son of the Black Prince. This monarch bore the same Arms upon the Great seal as Edward III., but iiaving chosen St. Edward the Confessor for his patron, he impaled the Arais of the Confcs-sor, Az. a cross patonce Ijetw. five martlets or, with the Arms of France and England, quarterly.
Richard wius tlie finst Engli.sh King who used Supporters, namely, two angels ; beneath the shield, a white hart coiichaut, gorged witli a gold coronet, and chained under a tree ; a device from the ensigns of his mother Joan, the Fair Maid of Kent, a white hind, which he lK>re ;is a badtje. He likewise used other badges, viz., A pe;i.scod branch, with the cods open and eini)ty, 'Jhe sun in splendour, and The eradicated st\iinp of a tree couped or ; he also used A white falcon. At a tournament held at Windsor, j)revious to his departure for Ireland, forty krii{,dits and as many escpiires were apparelled in green, with a white falcon for a badge. The "Sunbeams issuing from clouds," the " Pl.mita Genista,'' and the " White hart," appear on the mantle and kiitle of his monumental ertigy in Westminster Abbey. An ostrich ducally