Hh 0

A

HANDBOOK FOR TRAVELLERS

EGYPT.

LONDON :

PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, STAMFORD STREET, AND CHARING CROSS.

HANDBOOK FOR TRAVELLERS

IN

EGYPT;

INCLUDING DESCRIPTIONS OF

THE COUESE OF THE NILE THKOUGH EGYPT AND NUBIA,

ALEXANDRIA, CAIRO, THE PYRAMIDS, AND THEBES, THE SUEZ CANAL,

THE PENINSULA OF MOUNT SINAI, THE OASES, THE FYOOM, &c.

LONDON:

JOHN MUEKAY, ALBEMAELE STREET.

PARIS: GALIGNANI; BOYVEAU. MALTA: MUIR. CAIRO AND ALEXANDRIA : ROBERTSON.

1873.

FOURTH EDITION, REVISED ON THE SPOT.

The right of Translation is reserved.

THE ENGLISH EDITIONS OF MURRAY'S HANDBOOKS MAY BK OBTAINED OF THE FOLLOWING AGENTS : —

G

many,

aix-la- \ chapelle ( amsterdam .

ANTWERP HA DEN-BAD EN RERL1N . BRUSSELS CARLSRUHE . COLOGNE. DRESDEN FRANKFURT . GRATZ . THE HAGUE . HAMRURG HEIDELBERG . KISSINGEN LEIPZIG .

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I. A. MAYER.

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ATHENS, KARLWILBEBG.

/

PEEF ACE.

IS?

The original Handbook for Egypt was a reprint of Sir Gardner Wilkinson's learned and exhaustive work, 'Modern Egypt and Thebes,' corrected and revised by the erudite author himself, so as to meet as far as possible the requirements of a guide book. A few additions and corrections were sub- sequently made from time to time, but substantially the Handbook remained the same as when it was first published. G-reat changes, however, have taken place in Egypt since then, especially during the last ten years, and it was felt that a thorough revision, and even recasting, were necessary in order to bring the Handbook up to the standard required by travellers at the present day.

Since the accession of the Khedive, Ismail Pasha, the work of change and progress has been carried on in Egypt at an almost feverish rate of speed. Several hundreds of miles of railway have been completed, and are in full operation. The telegraph wires intersect every part of the country. Many parts of Alexandria and Cairo are so changed that those who saw them only a few years ago would hardly recognise them ; and while some towns in the Delta have declined, many more have risen and are rising into con- siderable importance. The Suez Canal from being a " chi- merical " project has become an accomplished fact ; and the towns of Port Said, Ismailia, and it may almost be said Suez, have sprung into existence with it.

The changes of which these are a few instances have, in a great measure, arisen from, and in their turn caused, an increased communication between Egypt and the West. Resi- dent foreigners in Egypt may now be counted b}T thousands, instead of, as was the ca^e twenty years ago, by tens : and

vi

PEEFACE.

the increased facilities for travel, combined with the increased thirst for "doing" all possible countries, send every winter a greater number of travellers to the Nile.

Even in the matter of its old remains, Egypt has not been standing still, and the discoveries of M. Mariette at San, Sakkarah, Abydus, Denderah, and other places, have not only provided fresh objects of interest in the country for the intelligent traveller to visit, but have helped to throw new light on some of the many obscure portions of old Egyptian history.

The endeavour in this new edition of the Handbook has been to supply the traveller with all the latest information on every point of interest, including many subjects which were not touched upon in the former work : and while keep- ing, especially in the accounts of antiquities aud rains, the substance of the original description, to arrange it in a more handy form, and to add whatever was new and likely to interest.

Five visits to Egypt between the years 1862 and 1871, extending over periods varying from four to eight months, have enabled the Editor to make himself thoroughly acquainted with the changes that have occurred during that time ; and three voyages to the Second Cataract have, he hopes, given him some knowledge of the wants and requirements of travellers on that trip. He has, however, endeavoured to supplement his own knowledge by consulting all the best books recently written on Egypt, and by culling from many kind friends the results of their personal experience.

The name of M. Mariette, the learned and indefatigable Conservator of the Museum of Egyptian Antiquities at Cairo, and the director of all discoveries and excavations in Egypt, will be found constantly occurring in the pages of the Hand- book. Most of the information respecting the new and in- teresting discoveries which have thrown so much fresh light on Egyptian history, and upset, in the opinion of many learned Egyptologists, numerous apparently well founded theories, has been derived either directly from him, or through the medium of an excellent little work lately pub- lished by him, and of which he kindly allowed the Editor

PEEFACE.

Vll

to make full use, entitled Itineraire de la Haute Egypte, and containing a description of the principal ruins between Cairo and Philse, with some useful hints preparatory to making a study of them. The plans of an Egyptian tomb and of the Temple of Denderah are taken from M. Mariette's work. The able remarks of Dr. Grant of Cairo, on the temperature, seasons, &c, of Egypt, will be read with great interest by all, and especially by invalids. To Mr. Greville Chester the readers of the Handbook are indebted for a most interesting paper on the Coptic Churches of Old Cairo — a subject which has never before received the attention it merited. The notes for Eoute 22, Wady Halfah to Khartoom, were kindly fnrnished by Mr. George Goldie-Taubman, late of the Eoyal Engineers. Nearly all the valuable information contained in Eoute 14, Cairo to Mt. Sinai, is taken from the Ordnance Survey of the Peninsula of Sinai, for the loan of which the Editor is indebted to Captain C. W. Wilson, E.E., of the Topographical Department of the War Office. Acknowledg- ment for kind assistance in various ways is also due to H.E. Nubar Pasha, Minister of Foreign Affairs in Egypt ; Colonel Stanton, C.B., H.B.M.'s Agent and Consul-General for Egypt; Lieutenant- Colonel G. Clerk, late Deputy Assistant Quartermaster-General at Suez ; the Hon. Charles Hale, late United States Agent and Consul General for Egypt ; the Eev. Dr. Barned, American Missionary at Cairo ; Major-General Lord Henry Percy, V.C. ; E. T. Eogers, Esq., H.B.M.'s Consul at Cairo ; F. Ayrton, Esq. ; the Eev. E. F. Wayne ; A. Baird; Esq. ; C. L. Arkwright, Esq. ; and many others.

The principal additions to the Book are : nearly all the Preliminary and General Information prefixed to the descrip- tions of the various chief towns and routes ; Excursions iv and vn from Cairo ; Eoutes 6, 7, 9, 14, and 22 ; and the greater part of Eoutes 10 and 15. A great deal of fresh matter has been introduced into the Descriptions of Alexandria, Cairo, and Thebes ; Excursions I, n, in, v, and vi from Cairo ; and Eoutes 8, 18, 20, and 21. Little or no alteration has been made in Eoutes 11, 12, 13, 16, 17, and 19, the Editor not having had the opportunity of personally visiting them, nor having been able to find any authentic information later

viii

PREFACE.

than that given by Sir Gardner Wilkinson. This, however, may be considered of less importance, as these routes are very seldom travelled, and the places mentioned in them are not likely to have nmch changed since they were described by the original author of the Handbook. The table of Egyptian dynasties has been altered, so as to afford the opportunity of judging of more than one system of chronology ; and a few cartouches of the earlier monarchs have been added to the list of kings. The list of Caliphs, and the Arabic Vocabulary remain as they were, though the Editor hopes in a future edition to make some changes which appear to be needed in the latter. It was intended to insert new maps of Alexandria and Cairo, but unfortunately no trustworthy ones have yet been published, showing the numerous changes which have taken place in those two cities, and it seemed better to await their appearance, and be in the mean time content with the old ones, rather than give imperfect new ones.

In conclusion, the Editor hopes that travellers will kindly send to him, at the office of the Publisher, 50 A, Albemarle Street, W., any information obtained on the spot, which may serve both to correct the errors into which he may have fallen, and to furnish fresh material for insertion.

December, 1872.

HANDBOOK OF EGYPT.

LATEST INFORMATION, ADDENDA, AND CORRIGENDA.

Introduction, p. xv.

A very good plan for those who j intend going to Egypt by sea from Southampton, is to choose one of the i steamers which are now sent by the I P. & O. through the Suez Canal, and go in it as far as Suez. They then have the opportunity of seeing the Canal very well and comfortably, and can reach Cairo or Alexandria by train from Suez.

Alexandria, Sect. I., p. 72, col. 1.

The Peninsular and Oriental Hotel, or Hotel d' Orient, no longer exists, nor the Hotel d'Angleterre.

P. 72, col. 2, 1. 52.

For Colonel, read General. P. 72, col. 2.

The Italian steamers no longer cany mails. American letters may also be found at the Austrian post- office. By the new convention with the Egyptian Government letters can now be sent direct from England to any part of Egypt.

P. 73, col. 1.

Mr. Barthow is dead. Mr. Beards- ley is Consul-General, and Col. Bab- bit Consul.

P. 73, col. 1. Dr. Grosjean no longer practises. Dr. Davidson assists Dr. Mackie. Mr. Waller, dentist,

P. 73, col. 2. The American Mission hold an Arabic service in the Scotch Church at 8-30 a.m.

P. 73, col. 2. A donkey for the whole day, 5s.

P. 74, col. 1. The Nile steamers are now man- aged by Messrs. Thos. Cook and Sons. P. 96, col. 1. For Kaisersworth, read Kaisers- werth. The new hospital of these deaconesses is situated outside the Moharram Bey Gate.

Cairo, Sect, n., p. 115, col. 2. The Hotel des Ambassadeurs no longer exists. The Hotel Abbat, opposite Rudouans store in the Station Road, is well spoken of.

P. 117, col. 1. The English Post-Ofjice has been i abolished, and letters and papers are sent through the EgyptianPost, which charges an additional 2d. for the transit between Cairo and Alexandria, making the rate of postage between Cairo and England lOd. via Brindisi, and 8<2. via Southampton. Letters, however, can still be sent to England by the French post for 6d., but not vice versa.

P. 117, col. 2. General Stanton now resides, when at Cairo, in a part of the block of buildings erected by the Duke of Sutherland facing the Esbekeeyah Gardens. Mr. Rogers occupies the house to which the Consulate is attached.

P. 118. col. 1. Messrs. Robertson and Co. have no longer the superintendence of the Nile steamers. There is a large bookseller's shop opposite the Bourse. Joanovich, in the Mooskee, is a good chemist. The Magazin Universel, behind the Bourse, is a good general shop. H. Ralph and Co., in the Station Road, are good provision and wine merchants; they also keep a general shop and an agency for for- warding goods.

P. 118, col. 2. The English Church will, it is hoped, be soon completed, and divine service regularly performed there by a permanent chaplain. The American Mission now hold their Services in the German Lutheran Church.

)

P. 119, col. 1. The nearest station to Cairo on the Upper Egypt line is a new one close to a village called Boolak Dakroor, and in a direct line with the two new iron bridges over the Nile. The ter- minus of the Upper Egypt line will be in the Delta, at Tel-el-Barood.

P. 120, col. 2. The management of the Nile Steamees is now in the hands of Messrs. Thos. Cook and Sons, the well- known travelling agents, who have an office in the garden of Shepheard's Hotel, next door to Kobertson's shop. The fare for the voyage up the Nile to Assooan has been raised to £46 ; but the steamers now start regularly, and the accommodation and food are said to be very much improved.

P. 125, col. 2, 1. 35. For 37,000, read 370,000.

P. 143, col. 1. The river now flows again through the W. branch.

P. 143, col. 1, 1. 33. For Kasr-el-Ain, read Kasr-el- Aali.

P. 160, col. 1. The word " Matareeah" is probably of Coptic origin, Ma-ta-re signifying " town " or " place belonging to the sun " — an exact equivalent of Helio- polis.

P. 170, col. 2. Later investigations have proved that there are 17 cubits in the Nilo- meter, and that they are not all of the same length.

P. 174, col. 1. The Nile has been again allowed to flow through the channel to the W. of Gezeereb, converting once more that place into what its name implies, an " island ;" and the road to the Pyra- mids crosses this branch by another iron bridge, and continues in a more direct line than before.

P. 187, col. 2. Dr. Grant and Mr. Dixon disco-

I vered two channels in the N. and walls of the Queen's chamber, but not communicating with it ; the ends of the channels being separated from it by 5 inches of stone, up to which point the channels had been grooved out. They are about 9 in. square, and after going horizontally for about 7 ft. ascend at an angle of 33°. In one was found a double-hooked bronze handle with two clamps, to which fragments of wood still adhered, a piece of wood 5 in. in length, and a large black basalt vase, probably a weight. The end and object of these channels are at present conjectural.

P. 199.

About 10 miles due W. of the Py- ramids is a conical hill of reddish miocene formation which looks from a distance like a pyramid. At the base, and for some distance round, are great quantities of petrified wood, some of the trees being of large size. It can be reached on donkeys in about 2| hrs. from the Great Pyramid.

P. 220, col. 2. The Hotel Pagnon at Ismailia is good.

P. 233, col. 2, 1. 52.

For cent, read share.

P. 234, col. 2, 1. 24. For 223,598, read 223,398.

P. 234, col. 2, 1. 24. For 4,471,960, read 4,467,960.

The Nile, Sect. III., p. 318. The railway now goes as far as Khoda.

P. 319.

Tickets for the Nile Steamers may be taken in England at Messrs. T. Cook and Sons', Ludgate Circus, or at their Offices at Alexandria and Cairo ; at all of which places infor- mation can be obtained as to the dates of starting, &c. The fare is now £46.

P. 323, 1. 17. For Preliminary Information, read Introduction.

P. 340, col. 1. 1. 50. For 1837, read 1787.

CONTEXTS.

PREFACE

INTRODUCTION

a. Season for visiting Egypt, page xiv. — b. Journey from England to Egypt, xv.-c, Malta, xv. — d. Things that should be bought in Eng- land for the Nile Journey, xix.

Sect. I.— EGYPT.

Preliminary Information

a. General remarks on Sanitary State of Country, 1. — b. Temperature, 2. — c. The Seasons, 3. — d. Diseases for which Climate is Beneficial, 4. — e. Clothing and Mode of Life. 6. — /. Medicines, and Treatment of Slight Ailments incident to the Country, 7. — g. Presents, 8. — h. Pass- port, 8. — i. Coinage, 8,—k. Weights and Measures, 10.— /. Population and Revenue, 11. — m. Reigning Family and Mode of Government, 11. — n. Chronological Table of Egyptian Dynasties and Kings, 12. — o. List of Caliphs and Sultans of Egypt, 27. — p. Certain Points re- quiring Examination, 43. —q. English and Arabic Vocabulary, 45.

ALEXANDRIA.

General Information

1. Landing at Alexandria, 69. — 2. Hotels, 72. — 3. Lodgings. Houses, 72. — 4. Cafe's. Restaurants, 72. — 5. Post Office, 72. — 6. Bankers, 72.— - 7. Consulates, 72.-8. Physicians, 73. — 9. Shops. Tradespeople, 73. 10. Agents for forwarding goods, 73. — 11. Churches, 73. — 12. Con- veyances, 73. — 13. Railways. 73. — 14. Steamers. 74.— 15. Telegraph, 74. — 16. Servants, 74. — 17. Boats for Nile Voyage, 74.

Description of Alexandria

1. History and Topography, Ancient and Modern, 75. — 2. Principal Ancient Buildings, 82. — 3 Present Remains of Ancient Alexan- dria. 87. — 4. Population, 89. — 5. Climate, 91. — 6. Government, 91. — 7. Commerce and Industry, 92. — 8. Ports. Gates. Walls, 92. — 9. Streets. Public Places, 93 —10. Canals, 94.— 11. Mosks. Churches, 95—12. Hospitals. Charitable Societies, 96.— 13. Schools, 96.— 14. Theatres, Amusements, &c, 96. — 15. Drives. Excursions, 97. — 16. Plan for seeing Alexandria, 100.

a 3

X

CONTENTS.

EOU

ROUTE PAGE

1. Alexandria to Bosetia, by land.

— Canopus — Abookir Bay . . 101

2. Rosetta to Atfeh and Cairo,

by the Nile 104

3. Alexandria to Cairo, by land,

through the Delta . . . . 104

4. Alexandria to Cairo, by the

Western Bank. — Embabeh .. 104

Exc.

I. Shoobra, 156.

II. Heliopolis — a. Drive to Abbassee-

yah and Koobah, 157. — b. Vir- gin's Tree, 158. — c Obelisk and Remains of Heliopolis, 158.— d, Matareeah, 160. — e. Birket-el- Hag and Ruined Towns, 161.

III. The "Petrified Forest," 161.

IV. The Barrage, 162.

V. Old Cairo — a. Drive to and De- scription of Old Cairo, 163. — 6. Mosk of Amer, 164. — c. Roman Fortress of Babylon, 165. — d. Coptic Convents and Churches, 166. — e. Island of Roda and Nilometer, 170. VI. The Pyramids — a. Preliminary Observations, 172. — b. Drive to the Pyramids, Boolak, Gezeereh, Geezeh, 173.— c. The History and Object of pyramidal buildings in

T E S.

ROUTE PAGE

5. Alexandria to Atfeh and Cairo,

by the Canal and the Nile. — ■ Sa-el-ffagar (/Sen's) — Boolak 105

6. Alexandria to Cairo, by the

Railway. — Damanhoor — Kafr-ez-Zyat — Tantah — Benha (Athribis) Ill

115

121

Exc.

Egypt, 176. — d. The pyramid platform of Geezeh, 177.— e. The Great Pyramid, 179.—/. The Second Pyramid, 189. — g. The Third Pyramid, 191. — h. Other small Pyramids, 193. — L The Sphinx, 193. — *. The Tombs, 196. — I. The Causeways, 198. — m. Pyramid of Abooroash, 199. — n. Pyramids of Abooseer, 200. VII. Sakkarah — a. Preliminary Obser- vations, 201. — b. Bedreshayn, Mitrahenny, 202.— c. History of Memphis, 202. — d. Remains of Memphis, 205. — ,e. Village of Sakkacah — Site of Necropolis, 206.—/. Pyramids, 206 —g. Sera- peum, or Apis Mausoleum, 207. — h. Tombs, 209. —i. Pyramids of Dashoor, 214.

Sect. II. — CAIRO.

General Information . .

1. Hotels, 115. — 2. Lodgings. Houses, 115. — 3. Cafes. Restaurants, 117. —4. Post Office. 117.— 5. Bankers, 117— 6. Consulates, 117.— 7. Physicians, 117. — 8. Shops. Tradespeople, 118. — 9. Agents for for- warding Goods, 118. — 10. Churches, 118. — 11. Conveyances, 118. — 12. Railways, 119.— 13. Telegraphs, 119.— 14. Servants, 119.— 15. Boats for Nile Voyage, 120.

Description of Cairo . ,

1. History and Topography, 121. — 2. Oriental Character of the Town, 123. — 3. Climate, 125. — 4. Population, 125. — 5. Local Government, 126.— 6. Manufactures and Industry. 127.— 7. Gates. Walls, 127. — 8. Canals. Lakes, 128.— 9. Citadel, 128.— 10. Mosks. Churches, 130. — 11. Tombs. Cemeteries, 138. — 12. Sebeels, or Public Fountains, 139.— 13. Streets. Public Places, 140.— 14. Baths, 141.— 15. Bazaars, 141.— 16. Palaces, 143. — 17. Schools. Libraries. Museum, 143. — 18. Hospitals. Benevolent Societies, 151. — 19. Theatres. Amuse- ments, 152. — 20. Festivals and Religious Ceremonies, 152. — 21. Modes of seeing Cairo and Neighbourhood, 1 55. — 22. Drives. Excursions : —

CONTENTS.

xi

ROUTES.

ROUTE PAGE

7. Cairo to the Suez Canal. — ■

Zagazig — Suez— Coast of Red Sea — Bitter Lakes — Ismailia — Lake Tims ah — Port Said 215

a. Hints for the Excursion, 215.— 6. Cairo to Suez, 216. — c. Town of Suez, 223.-d. Egyptian coast of Red Sea, 227. — e. Ancient canals of communication between the Mediterranean andRed Seas, 229. — /.Various modern pro- jects for connecting the two Seas, 231. — g. Financial and Political History of the pre- sent Maritime Suez Canal, 232. — h. Suez to Port Said by the Canal, 235.

8. Cairo, by water, to Damietta. —

Semenood — Behayt-el-Hagar (Iseum) — Mansoorah (Ex- cursion by Canal of Men- zaleh to Menzaleh and the Lake— Tel-et-Tmei (Thmuis) 247

9. Cairo to Damietta by rail — (a)

Via Zagazig and Mansoorah (|3) Via Tantah 253

10. Cairo to San, the ancient

Tanis, and Lake Menzaleh, by rail and water, via Zagazig. — Matareeah' : 254

11. Cairo to the Natron Lakes and

Monasteries. — The Bohr el Fargh, or Bahr-bela-ma . . 259

12. Cairo to the Seewah, or Oasis

of Ammon 265

13. Cairo to Syria by the "Short

Desert." — Pelusiurn — El Areesh — Gaza 268

14. Cairo to Mount Sinai and Con-

vent of St. Catherine. — Suez — Magharah — Sardbit el Khd- dim — Wddy Mokatteb — Wddy Feirdn — Jebel Serbdl — Tor. Continuation of " Long De- sert " Route via Akabah and

Petra to Syria 271

a. Preliminary Hints, 271. —b. Cairo to Suez, 274. — c. Inhabitants of the Peninsula of Sinai, 275. — d. Geography and natural features, 276. —

ROUTE PAGE

e. Natural History and Cli- mate, 278.— /. Ruins, 279. g. Route of the Israelites from Egypt to Mt. Sinai, 279. — h. Route from Ain Moosa to Jebel Moosa (Mt. Sinai) and the Convent of St. Catharine : (a) via Wady Mukatteb and Feiran, 281 ; ()8) via Sarabit el Khadim, 290. — i. Description of Con- vent, 291. — k. Ascent of Jebel Moosa and Ras Sufsa- feh, 294.— Ascent of Jebel Katareena, 295. — m. Other excursions, 296. — n. Con- tinuation of the journey by the Long Desert, via Akabah and Petra, or via Nakb, to Palestine, 297.

15. Cairo to the Fyoom. — Medeenet

el Fyoom — Labyrinth — Lake Mceris — Birket-el-Korn .. 298

a. Preliminary Hints, 298. — b. Description of the Fyodm, 299. — c. Cairo to Medeeneh, 299. — d. The Labyrinth and Lake Moeris, 300. — e. Other excursions from Medeeneh, 302. — /. The Birket el Korn, 303.— g. Kasr Kharoon, and other ruins on the shores of the Birket el Korn, 303. — h. Other parts of the Fyoom, 305.

16. Cairo to the Little Oasis, the

Great Oasis, and the Oasis of Dakhleh, by the Fyoom, "Wddy Ryan, and Moileh. — Small Oasis of El Hayz — Oasis of Fardfreh — Oases of the Blacks — Tomb of Emeer

Khdled 306

a. Different roads to the Oases, 307. — b. Requisites for the Journey, 307. — c. Distances, 307. — d. Wddy Ryan, and Moileh, 308. — e. Little Oasis, 308. — /. El Hayz,310.— g. Farafreh, 310. — h. Oases of the Blacks in

Xll

CONTENTS.

ROUTES.

ROUTE PAGE

the interior to the west, 310. —I Oasis of Dakhleh, 311. j. Great Oasis, 312. — k. Dis- tances in the Great Oasis, 315.—/. Road to the Nile at

ROUTE PAGE

Abydus, 315. — m. Road to Esneh, 315. 17. Cairo to the Convents of St. Antony and St. Paul, in the Eastern Desert 316

For the Desert south of Kcsseir, see Koute 19.

Sect. III.— VOYAGE UP THE NILE.

a. Introduction, 318. — b. Voyage by Steamer, 318. — c. Voyage in a Daha- beeah with a Dragoman, 319. — d. Voyage in a Dahabeeah without a Dragoman, 322. — e. General hints, 324. — /. Shooting and Natural History, 326 .— Geography and Products, 328. — h. Inhabitants, 332.. ». Antiquities and Ruins, 333.

ROUTES.

ROUTE

1 8. Cairo to Thebes. — Benisooef — Maghagha — Minieh — Grottoes of Beni Hassan — Rhoda — Tel el Amarnn — Manfaloot — As-

yoot — Soohag — Girgeh — Bel- lianeh, for Abydus — Denderah — Eeneh— Luxor, for Thebes 339

Sect. IV. — THEBES.

Preliminary Information 395

a. Arrival at Luxor and General Information, 395. — b. Mode of seeing Thebes, 396.— c. History and Topography of Thebes, 397 — d. Ruins and Remains : — Western Bank — 1. Temple of Koorneh, 399. — 2. Ra- meseum or Memnonium, 401. — 3. The Colossi; Vocal Memnon, 407. 4. Temples of Medeenet Haboo, and other Ruins near, 409. — 5. Dayr el Medeeneh, 417. — 6. Dayr el Bahree, 418. — 7. Tombs of the Kings, 420. — 8. Tombs of Priests and Private Individuals, 428. — Drah Aboo '1 Negga, 428. — Assaseef, 428. — Sheykh Abd el Koorneh, 430.— Koor- net Murraee, &c, 435. — 9. Tombs of the Queens, 436. — Eastern Bank— 10. Luxor, 437.— 11. Karnak, 439.

ROUTES.

19. Thebes and Keneh, to Kosseir, on the Red' Sea.— The Abab-

deh Desert 447

For places on coast of Red Sea, see Rte. 7 (<2.)

ROUTE

20. Luxor (Thebes) to Assoodn, the First Cataract, Elephantine, and Philw. — Erraent — Esneh - El Eab — Edfoo — Hagar Silsileh — Eom Ombo .. ..451

CONTENTS.

Xlll

Sect. Y. — NUBIA.

Preliminary Observations, 472. — c Ancient History and Geography, 472.- c. Modern Inhabitants, 473.

ROUTES.

ROUTE \ PAGE

2 1 . Philse to Wady Halfah.—Kalab-

shee — Korosko — Derr — Aboo Simbel 475

22. Wady Halfah to Khartoom.—

ROUTE PAGE

Dongola — Meroe — Berber : — and Khartoom, via Berber, to Sowakim on the Red Sea 490

Index 495

LIST OF MAPS AND PLANS.

Plan of Alexandria ■• 76

Plan of Cairo 116

Plan of the Pyramids of Geezeh , .. .. 178

Plan of the Great Pyramid 183

Plan of an Egyptian Tomb 210

Map of the Eastern part of the Delta and of the Suez Canal .. .. to face 216 Plan of Mount Sinai, and of the surrounding Valleys and Hills . . . . „ 289

Plan of the Temple of Sethi I. at Abydus 380

Plan of the Temple of Denderah 386

Plan of the Rameseum, or Memnonium 401

Plan of the Great Temple of Karnak 440

Map of Egypt at the end.

( xiv )

INTRODUCTION.

a. Season for Visiting Egypt. — b. Journey from England to Egypt. — c. Malta. — d. Things that should he nought in England for the Nile Journey.

a. Season for Visiting Egypt.

From October to April is the best season for a residence in Egypt. For those who intend to do the whole Nile voyage, and who can choose their own time, the months especially to be recommended, both for climate and convenience of travelling, are November, December, Janu- ary, February, and March. During these months winds from the North are more or less prevalent, and they not only cool the air, but are absolutely necessary for making progress up the Nile. A good deal will, of course, depend on the destination of the traveller after leaving Egypt. If he intends going to Syria, he should arrange so as not to get there before April, it being too cold to travel comfortably in Syria before that date. For those who propose to do the so-called Eastern tour completely the following average time-table may be given : Arrive in Egypt about the middle of November, and remain there till the end of February, going in a daliabeeah up to the Second Cataract and back. Leave Egypt at the beginning of March, and go by way of Sinai and Petra to Jerusalem, arriving there about the second week in April. Five or six weeks in Palestine will then bring the traveller to Beyrout before the end of May. The omission from this programme of the Long Desert — a journey undertaken by comparatively few — would make a month's difference in the traveller's arrival in Syria ; but unless he thinks cold and damp — under a tent, be it remembered — less harmful than heat, he had better arrange for spending that month in Egypt, and if he does not care to give more than three months to that country, arrive there in December instead of November. Of course these remarks are not intended to apply to those who merely propose to do the country in the shortest possible time that steam and their own energy can enable them to accomplish it in. They may go from London to the Second Cataract and back in six weeks, and any time during the months named above will be as good as another. But even to them it may be said, choose, if you can, some period between the middle of December and the middle of February. It is perhaps, every

INTRODUCTION.

XV

thing considered, the most delightful season in Egypt. The tempe- rature is delicious, often indeed, cool, the Nile neither too high so as to cover land, nor too low so as to look like a huge canal flowing between high banks, over which it is impossible to see from the deck of either boat or steamer, and the country perfectly lovely in colouring — it is in fact spring time. Further information useful for invalids, as to the season for visiting Egypt, will be found under Preliminary Informa- tion, d.

I. Journey from England to Egypt.

There are various routes by which the traveller may reach Egypt from England, but he will probably choose one of the four following : (1.) Direct from Southampton to Alexandria by P. & 0. steamer, via Gibraltar and Malta. (2.) Across the Continent to Brindisi, and thence by P. & 0. or Italian steamer to Alexandria. (3.) Across France to Marseilles, and thence by Messageries steamer to Alexandria,. (4.) Across the Continent to Trieste, and thence by Austrian Lloyd steamer to Alexandria. Eoute No. 1, as the cheapest, and involving the least trouble, is the best adapted for large families. Fare, 1st Class from Southampton to Alexandria, 201., wine not included. The voyage occupies about 13 days. Eoute No. 2 is the one taken by the Indian mail, and is at once the quickest and the most direct. To those who dislike the sea it especially recommends itself by the shortness of the sea passage, only 75 hours. The time and expense will entirely depend on the road chosen by the traveller for reaching Brindisi. Assuming that he goes direct via France and Italy with as little delay as possible, he may reckon the whole expense as far as Brindisi at about 151. From Brindisi the lst-Class fare by P. & 0. boat is 121., without wine ; by the Italian boat 111., with table wine. Through tickets are issued across the Continent at a reduced rate. Eoute No. 3 will be preferred by those who equally disliking a long railway journey and a long sea voyage, and not knowing which to avoid, choose a sort of middle course, which gives them 30 hours' railway and 6 days' sea. The average expense will be about the same as via Brindisi. Eoute No. 4 has nothing special to recommend it except that is the most convenient for those who* wish to go through Germany, and that the Austrian Lloyd steamers are very good ones, and the food provided on board exceptionally excellent. The expense would be about the same as the other continental routes. For the dates of departure of the various steamers and the fares, it is better to consult the different companies' latest published information, which may always be obtained at the several offices.

c. Malta. •

If on arriving at Malta you intend staying there for any time, either in going to or returning from Egypt, and have to land any luggage, it is agreeable to find there is no custom-house examination : all you have to do is to hire a boat as soon as the officer from the Board of Health has pronounced the steamer to be in pratique.

xvi

INTRODUCTION.

Hotels at Malta. — Dunsford's, in S trad a Keale, and the Imperial, both good hotels.

Lodging-houses. — Morelli's, in Strada Eeale, very comfortable. They are well adapted for persons intending to make some stay in Malta ; and then it is better to come to an agreement, according to the time.

English money is the current coin in Malta.

In returning to Malta from Egypt there is no longer any quarantine, except that when cholera happens to be in Egypt travellers are subject to a quarantine of 15 days.

Sights at Malta. — There are few objects worthy of a visit at Malta. The principal in the town of Valetta are — the palace, the government library, the cathedral church of St. John, the fortifications, the view from the two Baraccas, and the palaces of the knights, called " Auberges," particularly those of CastiUe and Provence.

In the Palace are the Armoury, a few good pictures, and some curious tapestry. Many of the apartments are handsome, especially the ball-room.

The Armoury is well arranged, but the specimens of armour are not so curious nor so varied as might be expected in the city of the Knights. The complete suit of Vignacourt is very elegant and simple. It is the same he wore when painted by Caravaggio in a picture in the dining- room, a copy of which is placed above it. There is a large suit near the other end of the room, that appears, from its immense weight, not to have been worn ; and not far from this is a very primitive field- piece, made of copper bound round with ropes, over which a composi- tion of lime was put, cased in leather.

The Turkish and Moorish arms are few, and not remarkable for beauty, which is singular in a place so long at war with the Osmanlis and the Moors. The library was founded in 1790 by the Bailli de Tencin, who presented the public wTith 9700 volumes. It contains many curious and old works, and is composed of the private col- lections of the knights, who were obliged to bequeath their books to this public institution. Here are deposited some antiques of various kinds found in Malta and Gozo ; among which are a parallel Greek and Punic inscription, several strange headless figures from Crendi, two coffins of terra- cotta, and a few other objects of various styles and epochs.

Of St. John's Church observe the floor, where the arms of all the grand masters are inlaid in various coloured marbles. They have been very useful in heraldry.

The tapestry of this church is also very fine. It is put up at the fete of St. John, and continues to be exposed to public view for several days before and after that ceremony. The silver railing in the chapel of the Madonna, at the east end. is said to have owed its preservation, at the time of the French occupation of the island, to the paint that then concealed the valuable material of which it is made.

In one of the side chapels is a picture by Michael Angelo Cara- vaggio, representing the beheading of St. John : a good painting, but badly preserved. It is said that the artist made this a present to the order, on condition of being created a knight of Malta, in

INTRODUCTION.

xvii

consequence of the following occurrence : — One of the knights having offended the artist, the latter challenged him to single combat, and satisfaction being refused, on the plea of his not being worthy to meet his antagonist in a duel, Caravaggio sought to obtain a posi- tion which should entitle him to this right. He therefore applied to the grand master, in the hopes of obtaining the rank of knight ; which was granted, on condition of his painting this picture. It was done, he became a knight, and fought his duel ; but in order to diminish as much as possible the value of a work which the pride of a member of the order had condemned him to execute, he painted the picture on cotton instead of canvas, whence its decayed state, and the difficulty of its restoration. Such is the story at Malta, the truth of which may be doubted ; though the most important point is true, that he painted the picture.

In the crypts below the cathedral are the tombs of some of the grand masters.

The principal objects in the vicinity of Valetta and in the country are the ruins near Crendi, or Cased Crendi ; the hollow called the Devil's Punchbowl, or Makluba ; St. Paul's Buy ; Citta Vecchia and the Cata- combs ; the Garden of Boschetto ; the Governor's Villa of San Antonio ; the Grotto of Calypso ; and the Aqueduct built by the Grand Master Vignacourt in 1610.

The ruins near Casal Crendi, excavated by order of the governor, Sir Henry Bouverie, in 1839-40, are about twenty minutes' walk from that village, and are called Hagar Keem, " the upright stone :" — a name which has been very improperly written Khem, and has been erroneously supposed to bear some relation to Egypt, or the land of Ham (Khem). They consist of several apartments of various sizes, irregularly placed within one common enclosure, mostly con- nected with each other by passages or doorways. The rooms are either oval, or have one end of semicircular form ; and their walls \ are composed of large stones placed upright in the ground. The principal entrance is on the S.S.E. A short passage leads from it I into a small court, in which, on the left-hand side, is a small altar 1 ornamented with a rude attempt at sculpture, representing a plant growing from a flower-pot ; and near it is a flat stone like a seat, above which are engraved on an upright block two volutes, protruding j on either side of an oval body. This as well as the altar may be of later date than the ortholithic masonry, and it is worthy of remark that the volute ornament is exactly the same as that placed beneath the feet of the Phoenician Venus, Astarte, whose statue may, therefore, I have stood on the slab above. That the Phoenicians, a people so j renowned as builders, should have erected these rude monuments is I lot probable ; but there may have been sufficient connexion between ,he religion of their Punic * colonists and that of the founders of Hagar Keem to induce the Phoenicians, or the Carthaginians, to add this jmblem of their goddess ; and the horizontal courses of masonry found )Ccasionally here, and at similar ruins in Gozo, which are evidently

* Pceni, Phoenician, and Punic, have the same meaning, and signify, like Adamic, Edoniito, i [emyarite, Aamaric (Abyssinian), red; Carthaginian, like Sidonian and Tyrian, being from I he city.

xviii

INTRODUCTION.

later additions, may be attributed to the same people. There are not other signs of sculpture ; but a peculiar kind of ornament is common on these and all the principal members of the building, consisting of round holes punctured all over the face of the stones, extending little deeper than the surface.

On either side of this court is a semicircular chamber ; and after passing on through a door in a line with the main entrance, you come to a second court, at the upper end of which, to the right, is the prin- cipal sanctuary. It is of semicircular form, and the upper part of its walls is built of stones placed in horizontal courses, put together with ■ care, and breaking joint; evidently of a later period than the small original sanctuary which it encloses, and which is formed of rude f blocks placed upright in a circle, with an entrance corresponding to | that of the larger external sanctuary. All the stones have been punc- j tured in the manner above mentioned.

On the left of this second court are two large stone altars ; one on each side of a door leading to a small apartment, connected with which I is another little chamber, also containing an altar. There are four more apartments at this (south-west) end of the ruins; and in the outer ! wall of circuit are some very large stones placed upright, about 15 ft. . high above the ground. A stone of similar size stands near the sane- tuary to the north-east, and another of still larger dimensions is placed \ horizontally a. little to the east of the main entrance. Mr. Ehind found, on the summit of one of these upright stones, a fiat-bottomed basin 3 ft. 8 by 1 and 10 inches deep, hollowed out by the hand of man.

About 120 ft. to the north of these ruins are other semicircular enclosures, made with stones placed upright in the ground ; and about a mile to the south, near the sea, are some ruins similar to the Hagar Keeni, which are also deserving of examination.

In the same excursion may be included a visit to Makluba, and even I to the cave called Ghar Hassan on the sea-coast to the south-east of | Crendi.

Other ruins, similar to, though much smaller than, those of Crendi, are found close to Valetta, at the Coradino, near Captain Spenser's monument and the new tank. f

With regard to the date of these peculiar structures, and the people by whom they were built, it would be rash to offer any opinion. In Britain they would be considered Druidical, but there is nothing to guide us respecting their history, and the small headless figures dis- covered there (now preserved in the Government library at Valetta) in no way aid in solving the question.

In Gozo is another ruin called Torre dei Giganti, " the Giants' Tower," inland on the eastern side of the island, which is on a grander scale than the ruins of Crendi, though of similar construction, and evidently the L work of the same people.

Eowing and sailing boats go over to Gozo from Valetta daily, and L sometimes a small yacht may be hired for the occasion, which is cleaner1 fa and more comfortable.

INTRODUCTION.

xix

Valetta has a small theatre, where Italian operas are performed during the season. Many public and private balls are also given, par- ticularly in the winter.

d. Things that should be bought in England for the Nile

JOUENEY.

It is not absolutely necessary now for the intending traveller in Egypt to provide himself before leaving England with anything more than he would take for an ordinary journey. There are shops at Alexandria and Cairo which will supply his every want more or less effectively and expensively. But at the same time there are certain things which, though they could be procured in Egypt, can certainly be bought better and cheaper in Europe. These are : —

Guns.

Gunpowder.

Cartridges, and all shooting appliances. Thermometer, aneroid barometer, and all

instruments. Field-glasses, or telescope, j Measuring-tape.

j Writing, drawing, and painting materials.

| Magnesium wire. Very necessary for pro-

I perly seeing tombs and excavated tem- ples,without doing the injury to the sculp- tures and paintings that torches cause.

; Saddle and bridle, for Syria and Greece. A lady will not only require a side-saddle for the Syrian journey, but also for the many excursions that are to be made on donkey-back up the Nile.

I Clothes. See Preliminary Information, e.

9 Mosquito net.

1 Medicine. Very convenient cases, varying in size and price, can be obtained at Savory and Moore's. See Preliminary 8 Information, /.

Books. There is a very good and well- 5 stocked bookseller's at Alexandria and [ Cairo, Robertson and Co., where the ( j traveller can procure any book he may have forgotten to bring from England. The following list comprises some of the 1 best known and most modern works on t , Egypt :—

u [ List of Books.

& 5 Rawlinson's Herodotus, vol. ii.

Wilkinson's Ancient Egyptians. i(j ! Lane's Modem Egyptians.

Sharp's History of Egypt.

Mariette's Apercu ge'ne'rale de l'Histoire d'Egypte.

Diodorus. Book I. Strabo. Book 17.

Bunsen's Egypt's Place in Universal His- tory.

Kenrick's Ancient History of Egypt. 1872. * Mariette's Itineraire de la Haute Egypte. Piazzi Smyth's Our Inheritance in the

Great Pyramid. Lady DuiF-Gordon's Letters from Egypt. Lane's Arabian Nights. Kinglake's Eothen. Warburton's Crescent and the Cross. Lord Lindsay's Letters from Egypt and

the Holy Land. About's Le Fellah. Hopley's Under Egyptian Palms. Prime's Boat Life in Egypt and Nubia. Curzon's Monasteries of the Levant. Smith's Attractions of the Nile. Eden's Nile without a Dragoman. 1871. Beaufort's Egyptian Sepulchres and Syrian

Shrines. Stanley's Sinai and Palestine. Macgregor's Rob Roy on the Nile and the

Jordan. 1871. Russell's Diary in the East. Irby and Mangles' Travels in Egypt, &c. Didier's Cinq Cents Lieues sur le Nil. Hoskins' Winter in Upper and Lower Egypt . Curtis's Nile Notes of a Howadji. Martineau's Eastern Life. Zincke's Egypt of the Pharaohs and the

Kedive. 1872. Shelley's Birds of Egypt. 1873.

Articles of food. Nothing need absolutely be procured in England, as all that can be wanted is to be found at Alexandria or Cairo ; but for those who are very

XX

INTRODUCTION.

particular as to the quality of what they eat and drink, and who have time to make their preparations beforehand, the following list of things to be bought in Europe is suggested : — Tea. — Wine : light Bordeaux or Rhine wines are the best. — Brandy. — Butter in jars. — Jams. — Pre-erved vegetables. — Salad oil. — Tongues. — Hams. — Currie powder. — Liebig's Extractum Carnis. — Biscuits. — Paraffin candles.

But it must be remembered that if the traveller intends to pat himself entirely

into the hands of a dragoman, everything except wine and spirits will be provided for him. Full particulars as to what is required for those who intend to cater for themselves are given under Sect. III., Voyage up the Nile.

All heavy goods can be sent at a small expense either by Southampton or Liver- pool.

In London, Messrs. IVI'Cracken, of Cannon Street, are amongst the principal Agents for forwarding Parcels to Alex- andria and Cairo.

HANDBOOK

FOB

TRAVELLERS IN EGYPT.

SECTION I. , EGYPT.

Preliminary Information.

a. General Remarks on Sanitary State of Country. — b. Temperature. — c. The Seasons. — d. Diseases for which Climate is Beneficial. — e. Clothing and Mode of Life. — f. Medicines, and Treatment of Slight Ailments incident to the Country. — g. Presents. — h. Passport.— i. Coinage. — k. Weights and Mea- sures.— 1. Population and Revenue — m. Reigning Family and Mode of Government. — n. Chronological Table of Egyptian Dynasties and Kings. — o. List of Caliphs and Sultans of Egypt. — p. Certain Points requiring Examination. — q. English and Arabic Vocabulary.

ROUTE PAGE

1. Alexandria to Rosetta, by-

land — Canopus — AbooJcir Bay 101

2. Kosetta to Atfeh and Cairo,

by the Nile 104

3. Alexandria to Cairo, by land,

through the Delta .. .. 104

ROUTE PAGE

4. Alexandria to Cairo, by the

Western Bank— Embabeh 104

5. Alexandria to Atfeh and Cairo,

by the Canal and the Nile 105

6. Alexandria to Cairo, by the

Eailroad — Damanhoor — Kafr - ez - Zyat — Tantah — Benha ( Athribis) . . .. Ill

a. General Remarks on Sanitary State of Country *

The climate of Egypt is remarkably dry and salubrious, and although the mortality amongst the inhabitants is great, it can easily be accounted for apart from the climate. Through the ignorance, superstition, and filthiness of the natives, there is an excessive infant mortality, and the death-rate amongst the

* The information contained under the headings a, b, c, has been supplied by Dr. Grant, resident physician at Cairo.

[Egypf] b

2

a. SANITARY CONDITION. b. TEMPERATURE. Sect. I.

youug and adult Egyptians is greatly increased by the privations, hard work, and exposure they have to endure. Besides this, a great number of the poor die for want of medical care and advice, which the Government does not supply them with, unless in the hospitals, of which the natives have a deep- seated dread. They prefer to die at their homes, surrounded by their friends, rather than enter a hospital. For these and other reasons the deaths far exceed the births : hence the native population must be dying out.

But through the civilized measures that are being introduced by the present ruler, this state of matters will in time take quite a different course. Except the Delta and sea-coast towns, the country is quite exempt from low fevers and diseases of the chest. Ophthalmia, diarrhoea, dysentery, and affections of the liver are the principal endemic complaints. Only two or three months of the year can be called unhealthy, and that not to any great degree ; but about every ten years a severe epidemic sweeps over the country and depopulates whole districts. Formerly it used to be " the plague," but in later years it has taken the type of cholera, which up to the present date would find a favourable nidus for propagation in the pestiferous houses of the towns and in the personal dirtiness of the fellaheen. When an epidemic breaks out, it generally rage3 for three or four months ; all business is suspended, and Europeans and others flee the country, to return again after the danger is past. Occasionally, also, murrain is prevalent as an epidemic among the cattle, and vast numbers of them are destroyed by it. An extremely low Nile is apt to produce disease both in man and beast : thus, cholera and murrain may both exist together, as in 1865.

b. Temperature.

The Egyptian climate is more uniform than that of any other place on the globe. Still it varies considerably thiough the different parts of the country. The whole of Middle and Upper Egypt is characterized by great dryness and clearness of the atmosphere, while the Delta enjoys a much cooler and damper climate. Certain localities are having their climates noticeably modified by new and extensive irrigation, by the cultivation of large tracts of previously sterile land, and by the growth of trees. The immense surface of water now exposed by the Suez Canal to the influence of a tropical sun must produce local disturbances of the atmosphere, while the northerly winds, that blow for about eight months in the year, as they pass over the Canal district, will carry along with them a considerable amount of moisture, which, combined with that arising from the annual overflow of the Nile, would lead us to expect still milder summers but damper winters in Middle and Lower Egypt.

The mean annual temperature at Cairo is about 71° F. From the peculiar dryness of the atmosphere it is rendered more susceptible of sudden changes of temperature ; but the fact of its dryness prevents the injurious effects that often result from such sudden changes. The thermometer often indicates a variation of 12° F. between morning and mid-day, and as much between mid- day and evening. The early morning is invariably cool, but after two or three hours the sun's warmth is speedily communicated to the atmosphere, which continues warm till near sunset, when it rapidly cools, and if there be any moisture in the air it now appears as dew which has fallen on the ground by half an hour after sunset. Although the thermometer falls suddenly about sunset, it soon rises again from the radiation of the heat absorbed by the earth during the day. Towards morning it falls again, to rise with the return of the sun.

The thermometer seldom falls to 40° F. at Cairo, but it is frequently lower on the Nile. The coldest months in the year are December and January, and the hottest are August and September, but even then it is cool in the shade.

Egypt.

C. THE SEASONS.

3

The humidity of the atmosphere is principally controlled by the rise and fall of the Nile. Fogs prevail during the first two months of the receding of the waters. Evening fogs descend very quickly as the sun goes down, and are as quickly deposited after the sun has set, leaving the sky clear and the air as fresh as after a good shower. Morning fogs are soon dispelled by the heat of the sun, and then follows the clear beautiful day.

On the desert the air is always dry and bracing, and much cooler than that over cultivated land. Dews at night are common in the early and later parts of the year, but exposure to them is not attended with any risk. During winter the nights are piercingly cold on the desert. The moonlight nights are singularly brilliant, but when there is no moon the darkness that envelopes the earth seems so thick that you can almost feel it, while the sky above is quite clear.

c. The Seasons.

There are but two seasons in the year — Summer and Winter. The summer extends from April to the end of September. It is ushered in by strong equi- noctial winds, which are at first cool ; but they soon give place to the hot south wind, or khamaseen, so called from blowing at intervals during a period of 50 days. This wind is very peculiar, and may be thus described. It is preceded by an unusual stillness of the atmosphere, and, as it approaches, the air assumes a dusky yellow hue from being laden with impalpable dust, through which the sun shines obscurely, and gradually becomes quite concealed. Electric influ- ences accompany this wind, so that, notwithstanding the excessive heat, one feels excited rather than depressed by it. The respiration is quickened, and the skin becomes quite dry and shrunk ; and sometimes a prickly sensation is felt all over the body. This wind blows generally for three days in succession, with intervals of four or five days. It sometimes lasts from ten to twelve days continuously, and if blowing from the south-east is not only very destructive to vegetation, but exhausting to the animal organism. The khamaseens are not so severe as formerly, and they always cease about the middle of May ; northerly winds then set in and blow almost constantly till November, when for two or three weeks easterly winds prevail.

A north wind blowing constantly during the summer months modifies the heat considerably. After the harvest in June, the country becomes an arid- looking waste; everything appears burned up. and the ground is dry and cracked in every direction. During May and June the Nile remains at its lowest, but by the end of June it begins to rise, and continues to increase till the middle of September. Before it has reached its height all the canals are filled, and the water is admitted into the fields. Such a surface of water materially alters Ihe temperature, and light dews now occur about sunset, all through the lower country. As the river falls, leaving the land wet and exposed to the action of the sun, exhalations arise, which render the Delta somewhat unhealthy ; the prevailing diseases then being ophthalmia, dysentery, diarrhoea, and ague. By the middle of November the river has retired within its banks ; and, except at this particular time, the atmosphere is remarkably free from humidity. The average summer temperature is about 85° F. : the mornings and nights throughout the whole summer being always pleasantly cool.

The winter begins in October and ends in March. It is so genial and uniform as to prove a great attraction to invalids, who find here a winter climate unsurpassed by that of any other country in the world. " Boat life on the Nile is the most enjoyable of all restoratives for the sick, and for lovers of all that is luxurious in travel, of all that is glorious in memory, of the grand, the beautiful, the picturesque, and the strange, Egyptian travel is the per-

4

d. DISEASES BENEFITED BY CLIMATE.

Sect. I.

faction of life." The atmosphere continues to be comparatively dry till the middle of November, when there is an appreciable amount of humidity arising from the land left wet by the Nile. The dews at night and in the morning are now sometimes quite heavy, but they are of short duration, and by the end of December they more or less disappear, and the air regains its former dryness, though there are occasional showers. Kain seldom falls in Upper Egypt ; but on the Delta and along the Mediterranean Coast it is not at all uncommon at this season. About Alexandria there would be on an average 13 rainy days during the winter. At Cairo, five or six showers would be the average, and these not at all heavy. In winter, as in summer, "great changes of tempera- ture take place in the 24 hours owing to the general dryness and clearness of the atmosphere, which favour rapid evaporation during the day and radiation of heat during the night." At Cairo the thermometer rarely falls under the freezing-point, yet ice is occasionally seen there. Snow is unknown ; but in Upper Egypt and on the Delta, hail and thunder-storms sometimes occur with great violence, and do much injury; the hailstones being frequently as large as a pigeon's egg.

North winds prevail in December, January, and February, and they are often piercingly cold.

As you ascend the Nile (which by the middle of November has fallen one half, and continues decreasing till middle of May), the weather becomes warmer and the atmosphere drier, so that Upper and Middle Egypt are more healthy than the lower country or Delta.

The mean winter temperature at Cairo is about 58° F. The season ends with boisterous southerly winds and dust storms, which begin to blow about the latter part of March, and continue for one, two, or three days at a time till the proper khamaseen sets in.

d. Diseases for which Climate is Beneficial.

The following very trustworthy and judicious remarks are from Dr. Patter- son's book, called Egypt and the Nile, a little work which every invalid would do well to procure, in the absence of any exhaustive medical treatise on the climate of Egypt, a thing much needed : —

" Phthisical and bronchial affections, chronic diseases of the mucous mem- branes, congestive diseases of the abdominal viscera, nervous exhaustion, debilitated circulation from progressive disease of the heart, and especially that form attending advancing years, scrofulous diseases of every kind, and struma in its various manifestations, are the diseases in which a most marked improvement has been observed from a residence in Egypt. In the early stage of phthisis, hereditary or acquired, indicated by general delicacy of consti- tution, a prolonged residence in Egypt is generally attended with the best results ; but the patient should spend two or three winters at least. In that form of early phthisis where much bronchial irritation exists, the stimulating effect of the dry air on the irritable mucous membranes of the trachea and bronchi is sometimes great for the first few days after arrival, but it soon wears off. Cases of this kind should not come straight on to Cairo, but spend a few days in Alexandria ; they may then safely proceed on their Nile journey. Under such favourable conditions of atmosphere, the effect of a comparatively high temperature, and a peculiar, not to be described — stimulating, yet balmy — influence in the geneial functions of the body, this climate may be, often is, of great service in the more advanced stages of pulmonary phthisis. It may succeed for a time, and I believe does, in arresting the progress of suppurative tubercle; yet the effects of a long journey, the frequent changes of diet, and the want of many of the personal comforts and attentions to which such

Egypt.

d. DISEASES BENEFITED BY CLIMATE.

5

patients have been accustomed, cause me strongly to impress a careful consi- deration before advising them to come to Egypt, and especially to go up the Nile. If it be desirable that such cases should come, let them be advised to remain in Cairo for a time, where they can lead a quiet, regular, and vege- tative sort of life ; then, should they improve, they can try the Nile. As a rule, the Nile-boat life is not adapted to such cases, unless they proceed under very favourable conditions of attendance and companionship ; otherwise the fatigue and excitement attending the preparations and details of the Nile voyage irritates and weakens them. They are far away from medical advice, and, from debility, are seldom in a condition to take the amount of exercise requisite to keep their functions in order. The invalid in an incipient state of consumption can, by regulating his movements, command an almost uniform condition of daily climate for several months : first, by a short stay in Cairo ; then, by following the seasons, he may proceed up the Nile until he reaches a climate where the heat is just sufficient to allow him to spend much of the day in the open air, and have regular exercise, without being much fatigued. He can then drop gradually down the Nile towards Cairo, keeping nearly the same temperature all the way. If he reaches Cairo late in March, or even a little earlier, he will then find a condition of climate such as is, probably, found in no other place, in which he can remain a few weeks. About the middle of April the mid-day temperature begins to be felt a little too warm for a debilitated system, and the chance of being surprised by the hot winds renders it advisable to depart. A short stay in Alexandria will then be found beneficial, as the air is several degrees cooler than that of Cairo, the

humidity not too great, and the early hot winds are little felt Chronic

bronchitis, with or without much secretion of bronchial mucus, chronic affections of the larynx and trachea, nearly all derive benefit. . . . Pure asthmatic affections follow their usual vagaries here, as elsewhere. Some are benefited, others not at all. Patients of this class, however, when residing in Egypt, are favourably situated as regards the facility for change. They are within access of four modifications of climate — Alexandria, Cairo, Suez, and Ismailia — so that when one does not gdve relief, another may be tried. There are also the Nile and the desert. The latter, however, is seldom available,

except under circumstances unfavourable to debilitated states of system

The Egyptian climate, by allowing such great freedom for open-air exercise, and exposure to the tonic action of sun-light, has a marked influence in modifying the ill-effects arising from a scrofulous state of system. Few of the

sufferers from this disease, from colder latitudes, go away unbenefited

Diseases of rheumatic and gouty origin are often benefited, when the patient will lead the life he ought to do ; but this class of invalid seldom does so. . . . To the overworked teacher and student, the care-burdened merchant and man of business, and those subjected to a hard daily routine, which has broken down their stamina, and induced a highly excited state of nervous system ; the con- firmed dyspeptic and hypochondriacal invalid ; the depressed and anxious- minded ; the nervous and hysterical female ; — to all these the Egyptian climate may be beneficial. In a country where the manners and habits of life are so different from what obtains in European countries, pleasant and varied objects of attention, which strike the imagination and keep the mind employed, tend much to improve the depressed morale and morbidly anxious mind of the invalid. The bright and sunny sky is in itself an incentive to cheerfulness and pleasure, which, combined with the amount of healthy open-air exercise necessary to attain the enjoyment of sight-seeing, cannot fail to produce favourable results whenever that is possible. Indeed, in all cases where a dry and bracing air, bright sunshine, freedom from rain and atmospheric impurities, are the desiderata, the Egyptian winter climate claims an important, if not the most important, place."

6

e. CLOTHING AND MODE OF LIFE.

Sect. I.

To these last remarks may well be added those of one of the latest writers on Nile life, himself an invalid. Mr. Frederic Eden, in his Nile without a Dragoman, says : — " I cannot make an end without saying once more that the climate of Upper Egypt, in the winter, is as enjoyable as I believe any on earth can be ; that of the monotony experienced by some travellers we found none ; and that, to a sick man, the life led on the Nile is as agreeable as it is health- giving. To be absolutely free from any care, but that perversely carried with you ; to be absent from the hurry, bustle, and activity of home daily life, witii enough to occupy and distract, and nothing to fatigue the brain ; with air as balmy as it is soft, appetite-giving and sleep-compelling ; with sun to warm by day, and freshness by night to string and brace the nerves ; with all temptation to live in the open air, and cabins to retire to, literally under the foot, whenever rest or quiet be desired ; — every aid is given to weary nature striving to recover her lost powers. And of all the many places to which, seeking for health, I have been sent by doctors, by friends recommended, or by fancy prompted, I know of none to be compared to the Nile, either for the enjoyment it affords, or the chances of recovery it offers."

e. Clothing and Mode op Life.

Invalids coming to Egypt for the winter should be well provided with warm clothing, and should always wear flannel next the skin. Two tweed suits, one of lighter texture than the other, form the best outfit for the ordinary traveller: and on the Nile voyage he will find flannel shirts the best both for health and convenience of washing. A broad belt round the waist is thought to be a useful precaution ; perhaps the best thing of its kind is the Syrian silk scarf so much used by the natives. The head should be well protected : for this purpose the best head-dress is a common felt wide-awake, with a turban of white muslin wound round it. Some prefer a pith helmet, as it shelters the eyes more. The red tarboosh with which travellers so often delight to adorn themselves, even when worn, as it should be, with the linen cap or takeea underneath, affords little or no protection to those unaccustomed to an Egyptian sun : and it may be remembered with advantage that the wearing of a tarboosh by an European carries with it rather an air of assumption, as it presupposes him in the employ of the Egyptian Government. It is true that it is worn by many of the shopkeeping and lower-class Europeans, but no respectable European resident in the country would think of appearing in it in public, unless he were an employe of the government of the Khedive. Brown leather boots and shoes will be found the most useful up the Nile. Ladies would find Wellington boots of brown leather a great convenience. Coloured glass spectacles with gauze sides afford great relief to the eye from the glare of the sun, and a blue or green veil is often useful for the game purpose.

In winter it is unnecessary to make any change in the mode of living from that usually adopted in Europe ; and most persons may eat whatever they are accustomed to in other countries. It is, however, better to avoid much wine or spirits, as they tend to heat the blood, and cause the hot weather to be more sensibly felt ; and some will find that fish (chiefly those without scales), eggs, and unboiled milk, do not always agree with them. Bathing in the Nile is by no means prejudicial in the morning and evening ; and, except in the neighbourhood of sandbanks, there is no fear of crocodiles. Fruit and vegetables, when the former are not eaten to excess and the latter are properly cooked, are wholesome and cooling, and mutton is better than beef. The fish of the Nile are not very good ; the booltee and kisher are perhaps the best. Light Bordeaux and Bhine wines are the most wholesome; beer requires strong exercise. " The Nile water, when well filtered, is soft and pure, and

Egypt.

f. MEDICINES AND SLIGHT AILMENTS.

7

may be safely used. With some it may at first disagree, and have a tendency to induce diarrhoea, and until this is overcome it should be tempered with a little good brandy." Care should be taken never to sleep in a draught : and invalids should avoid bedrooms on the ground-floor. A warm great-coat and rugs will often be found needful in Egypt during the winter, as the evenings, especially on the Nile, are often very cold.

/. Medicines, and Tkeatment op Slight Ailments incident to the Country.

Travellers who intend going up the Nile had better be provided with a small medicine chest, containing *blue pills, calomel, *rhubarb pills, *Dover's powder, *Gregory's powder, *James's fever powder, *carbolic acid, *laudanum, *sulphate of quinine, diluted sulphuric acid, *sweet spirits of nitre, chloro- dyne, *sulphate of zinc, nitrate of silver, *seidlitz powders, cream of tartar, ipecacuanha, essence of peppermint, essence of ginger, blistering plaster, *sticking plaster, *lint, * arnica. Those marked with an asterisk are the most useful. The following directions, chiefly from Dr. Patterson's book, for the treatment of ailments incident to the climate, will be found of service. Headache and biliary disturbance is often brought on by exposure to the sun. It is best treated by a smart purgative, and by bathing the head copiously with cold water, while the feet are kept in hot water, to which a tea-spoonful of common mustard may be added. If very severe, 8 or 10 leeches should be applied to the temples. In simple diarrhoea take a blue pill, and after three hours 5 grains of Dover's powder, which may be repeated, if need be, at the same interval ; or a small table-spoonful of castor-oil, with 10 drops of laudanum, or 3 grains of Dover's powder. In severer cases of diarrhoea, take 15 drops of diluted sulphuric acid in a small wine-glass of water every half hour, till four doses have been given ; and if then no effect is produced, take Dover's powder as above. For dysentery, the best treatment is first a blue pill, and after three hours a table- spoonful of the following mixture, to be repeated every hour, or two hours, according to the severity of the symptoms : — castor oil, 2 table-spoonfuls ; whites of 4 eggs ; 2 wine-glassfuls of water to be added gradually, and beaten up with the above ; a little powdered gum arabic may be usefully added to this mixture. In all cases of diarrhoea and dysentery, a rice diet is the best ; and the drink should be rice-water, or toast-and-water, or the whites of a few eggs beaten up with water. A grain of quinine a day is a very convenient tonic after the attack is over. Ophthalmia begins by a slight redness and itching of the eyelids, and feeling of grittiness in the eyes, as though sand had got into them, accompanied after a time by a viscid matter causing the eyelids to adhere together. The best simple remedies are constant sponging of the eyes with tepid water and milk, or simple tepid (never cold) water, taking care to wipe them quite dry afterwards, avoidance of light, wearing a shade, and dropping between the eyelids three times a day a few drops of a wash containing from 5 to 6 grains of sulphate of zinc in a large table-spoonful of water, or, still better, rose-water. A slight purgative and low diet is also necessary. In very severe forms of this complaint, it may be necessary to have recourse to more severe measures, such as leeches, and the use of a strong collyrium containing from 5 to 8 grains of nitrate of silver in 1 oz. of water, or rose-water. Simply bathing' the eye with warm water will often remove an irritation which, if neglected, might end in ophthalmia. In all cases of sickness, one piece of advice should be borne in mind alike by the physician and the patient. Use all medicines sparingly, especially the stronger purgatives. " Many invalids partly nullify the good effect of change of climate, by continually dosing them- selves with physic, aud keeping their organs in a constant state of irritation."

8

g. PRESENTS. Jl. PASSPORT. Z. COINAGE. Sect. I.

g. ' Presents.

With regard to presents in Egypt, it may be laid down as a general rule that they are quite unnecessary ; which was not the case in former times. But it will sometimes happen that the civilities of a Sheykh Belled, or even of a Turkish governor, require some return; in which case some English gunpowder, a watch, or a telescope for the latter, and a white shawl and tarboosh, or an amber mouth-piece for the former, are, generally speaking, more than they have any reason to expect. And although, on those occasions when their politeness arises from the hope of reward, they may be disappointed in their expectations, yet they would only consider greater presents proofs of greater ignorance in the person who made them. But in all cases the nature of a present must depend on the service performed, and also upon the rank of both parties.

h. Passport.

Though no passport is really needed in Egypt, it is demanded on landing at Alexandria ; and it is therefore advisable, in going to Egypt as to every country, to be provided with a Foreign-Office passport.

t. Coinage.

The money tables for Egypt, if put into the form used in school arithmetics, would be as follows : —

40 paras make 1 piastre, 500 piastres make 1 purse ;

and happy would it be for the traveller if all his money transactions in the country could be based on such a simple formula . but unfortunately there are nearly as many foreign coinages legally current in' Egypt as there are foreign consuls exercising jurisdiction, and the result in both cases is eminently un- satisfactory. Before endeavouring to guide the traveller through this pecuniary labyrinth by means of a table showing the comparative value of the different coins met with, it must be remarked, with regard to Egyptian money itself, that piastres have two values — tariff and current : the tariff value is the standard one, and is used in all the government offices, by bankers in their accounts, and in the lists of fares for the railways and telegraphs ; the current value is con- tinually changing, precisely as the value of paper money fluctuates as compared with gold, but with this difference, that there is no paper money nor anything else to represent the current piastre. All the petty commerce of Egypt at the markets and in the bazaars is earned on in current piastres, and consequently whenever the traveller is told the price of anything in piastres, it is current piastres that are meant. It may be taken as a general rule that the current piastre is half the value of the tariff piastre, therefore the two silver Egyptian pieces most commonly met with represent respectively J a piastre and 1 piastre tariff, or 1 piastre and 2 piastres current : there is but one coin to represent the two values. Those who wish to study the subject of Egyptian exchanges, and the conversion of current into tariff piastres, should purchase the Egyptian Commercial Calculating Tables, published by Messrs. Eobertson & Co., of Alexandria. The following is a table of the principal coins found in circu- lation in Egypt, with their approximate value in Egyptian, English, and French currency. The Egyptian currency is given in current piastres. It will be easy for the traveller to recollect that, as a rule, half the number of current piastres represent the tariff value.

Egypt.

I. COINAGE.

9

Name of coin in Arabic.	Coin.	Egyptian currency.	English currency.	French currency.
		Pias.	Paras.	£. s. d.	TV rrancs. cents.
Guinee . .	Sovereign	195	0	1 0 0	25 0
Noos- guinee ..	Half-sovereign	97	20	0 10 0	12 50
Shilling ..	Shilling	9	30	0 10	1 25
Binto . .	Napoleon	155	0	0 16 0	20 0
Noos-binto	Half-napoleon	77	0	0 8 0	10 0
Tarali or Eeyal	5-franc piece	38	20	0 4 0	5 0
Franc		7	20	0 0 10	1 0
Eoobee		18	0	0 2 0 at hotels and shops, 0 1 10 at British Post Office and Telegraph.	2 50 except at French Post Office, where subject to same reduc- tion as at British .
Noos-roobee	Half-rupee	9	0 ]	Same difference in value in
Kebba-roobee	Quarter-rupee	4	20 /	proportion as rupee.
	Eouble	30	„ 1 0	0 3 0	4 0
	25-kopeck piece	7	20	0 0 10	1 0
" Sebaeen " . .	10-kreuzer piece, J called a "sebaeen"!	1	30	j Four generally go to the 1 franc, and five to the ; shilling, though in re-
	from its being worth [	j ality the franc is worth
	70 paras.			j 20 paras more, and the
			' shilling one piastre more.
Medjidieh	Turkish dollar	36	0	0 4 0	5 0
Noos-medj idieh	Turkish |-dollar	18	o	0 2 0	2 50
Shilling .. ..	Turkish shilling . .	9		0 10	1 25
Tarali or Eeyal	Egyptian dollar Egyptian ^--dollar	40	I	0 4 0	5 0
Noos - tarali or	20	0	0 2 0	2 50
-Keyal
Shilling ..	Egyptian shilling	10	0	0 10	2 50
Groosh, geersh-pl	Egyptian silver pi-| astre j	2	0	0 0 2±	0 25
	Egyptian silver J-i piastre .. .. /	I	o	0 0 1J
Ashareen fo'dda	Egyptian copper 20- 1	0	20
Asharah fudda	para piece . . . . \
Do. do. 10-para piece	0	10
Khamsah fudda	Do. do. 5-para piece	0	5

There will now and then be found some other coins in circulation. The above table will perhaps be of some assistance to the traveller, in enabling him to form an approximate estimate of the value of the motley handful of change which will be so often tendered to him in the shops of Alexandria and Cairo. Both Turkish and Egyptian gold coins are sometimes met with, but rarely : the Turkish sovereign is worth about 18 shillings, the Egyptian about 20 shillings and sixpence. There are also half sovereigns, and four and one shilling pieces. When drawing money from a banker, English sovereigns, or napoleons, had better be taken. The rate of exchange will be calculated in tariff piastres, which vary from 97 4 par to 94 for the sovereign, and from 77 to 74| for the napoleon. Alike on letters of credit and on circular notes the bankers, by means of the exchange and their commission, will often manage to charge from Is to 2 per cent., though 1 at the utmost is all that should, unless the exchange

b 3

10

h. WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.

Sect. I.

is very low, be demanded. The traveller should certainly resist the charge of 2 per cent., and if it is persisted in, go to some other banker. It makes very little, or indeed no difference, whether sovereigns or napoleons are taken. For all practical purposes the sovereign may be reckoned at 25 francs (rather less than its value), and the napoleon 16 shillings (rather more than its value). English people will probably prefer the sovereign, and their contract with the dragoman will usually be made out in that coin. In the European shops at Alexandria and Cairo the prices will be named according to the nationality of the shopkeeper ; and in the native shops to which travellers usually resort the price is asked nearly always in sovereigns (Arabice, guinee), napoleons (Arabic^, binto), shillings (same word), or francs (same word). The hotel bills will be made out either in English or French money. Before starting up the Nile, the traveller should provide himself with some small change for purchases, &c. This should be taken in Turkish dollars, 1 and 2 piastre silver pieces, and 5, 10, and 20 para copper pieces. The bankers will procure this change for him, or he can get it for himself at a money-changer's. Donkey-boys and others will often be found anxious to exchange 10 and 8 rupees for a sovereign and a napoleon respectively. Of course if the traveller only uses his rupees where they pass current for 2 shillings each, this involves no loss to him ; but if he presents them where they are only reckoned at Is. 10d., or at their value in piastres, he will realise that he has lost about eighteenpence by the transaction, since while, e. g., the sovereign would be counted at 195 piastres, the 10 rupees would only represent 180.

Jc. "Weights and Measukes.

8 Mitkal make 1 Okeea (wokeea) or Arab oz.

12 Okeea — 1 Rotl or pound (about 1 lb. 2 oz. 8 dwt. Troy).

2f Kotl — 1 Oka or Wukka.

100 to 110 Kotl 1 Kantar (about 98f avoirdupois).

108 Rotl — 1 Kantar for coffee.

102 Rotl — 1 Kantar for pepper, &c.

120 Rotl — 1 Kantar for cotton.

150 Rotl — 1 Kantar for gums, &c.

For Gold, Gums, &c.

make

4 Kunik (Grains) 64 Grains or 16 Keerat —

14 Derhm, or 24 Keerat —

12 Derhm

12 150

Okeea Rotl

1 Keerat (Carat) or Kharoobeh. 1 Derhm (47| to 49 grains English). 1 Mitkal (from about 1 drachm to 72 grs. English).

/ 1 Oke'ea or oz. (from 571 I to 576 grs. Eng- ~\ lish).

— 1 Rotl or pound.

— 1 Kantar.

Measures of Length.

Fitr, or span with forefinger and thumb.

Slribr, longest span with little finger and thumb.

Kubdeh, human fist, with the thumb erect.

1 Drah beledee, or cubit, equal to 22 to 22§ inches English.

1 Drah Stambdolee equal to 26 to 26| inches English.

1 Drab Hindazee (for cloth, &c.) equal to about 25 inches English.

2 Bah (braces) equal to 1 Kassobeh or 11 A, feet.

Egypt. I. population, &c. — m. reigning family.

11

Land Measures. 22 (formerly 24) Kharo'obeh or Kubdeh make

13| Kassobeh or rods

24 Keerat, or 333 Kassobeh

In Lower Egypt. 9 Kuddab make 1 Melweh. 4 Kuddab — 1 Koob. 2 Koob — 1 Kayleb. 4 Eoob — 1 Wavbeb. 24 Koob — 1 Ardeb.

1 Kassobeb, equal to from 11 ft. 4^ in. to 11 ft. 11 in. ( Englisb.

— 1 Keerat.

— 1 Feddan or acre.

Corn Measure.

In Upper Egypt 4 Roftow make 1 Mid.

3 Koob — 1 Mid.

!1 Ardeb, or nearly 5 Eng. bushels.

8 Mid or 6 Waybeh

I. Population. — Revenue.

The total population of the countries under Egyptian rule may be estimated at about 7,000,000, of whom about 5,000,000 belong to Egypt proper. These 5,000,000 may be thus divided :—

Fellaheen Arabs .. 4,000,000 Turks .. .. .. .. 30,000

Copts 500,000 Europeans 85,000

Bedaween Arabs .. 300,000 Armenians, Jews, Levantines, &c. 85,000

According to the Budget presented to the Assembly of Delegates in July, 1871, for the Coptic year 1588 (Sept. 11, 1871, to Sept. 10, 1872), the amount of the Public Revenue for that year is reckoned at 7,694,166?., of which 4,639,658?. is derived from the land-tax. The expenses for the same period are calculated at 6,638,462?., the two largest items being 675,216?. for the tribute, and 717,948?. for the army.

m. Reigning Family — Mode of G-oveenment.

The following table will show the principal male members of Mohammed Ali's family down to the present time : —

Mohammed Ali Pasha.

Ibraheem Pasha, 2nd Viceroy.

Toossoon Pasha.

Abbas Pasha, 3rd Viceroy.

Said Pasha, 4th Viceroy.

Toossoon Pasha.

Haleem Pasha.

Achmet Pasha (dead).

Ismail Pasha, present Khedive.

Mustapha Pasha.

Ibraheem Achmet Pasha. Bey.

Mohammed Hussein Hassan Ibraheem Osmau Towfik Pasha. Pasha. Pasha. Pasha, Bey.

and others.

The succession formerly went to the oldest member of the family, but in 1866 this custom was abolished, and the succession is now hereditary in a direct line from father to son.

Mohammed Ali, the founder of the present dynasty, was born at Cavala in Roumelia, in 1768. In 1806 he was made Viceroy of Egypt by the Porte. In 184S he was attacked with a mental ailment, and died in 1849. Besides the sons mentioned in the above table, he had several other children, of whom

12

ft. CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE.

Sect. I.

the best known are Ismail Pasha, burnt alive during an expedition to Sennaar, and Nuzleh Hanem, married to Mohammed Bey Defterdar.

Ibraheem Pasha, Mohammed Ali's eldest son by adoption, was born in 1789, and succeeded Ids father in the viceroyalty in 1848, when the latter became incapable of governing, but died four months after his accession. He was succeeded by his nephew Abbas Pasha, who reigned till 1854. The throne then devolved on Abbas Pasha's uncle, Said Pasha, the 4th son of Mahommed Ali, born in 1822. To him succeeded, in 1863, his nephew, the present sovereign, Ismail Pasha, 2nd son of Ibraheem Pasha, born in 1830. The eldest son, Achmet Pasha, was drowned in the Nile in 1856. According to the old system of succession the next heir would be Mustapha Pasha, the 3rd son, but in accordance with the new law, Ismail Pasha's eldest son, Moham- med. Towfik Pasha is to succeed him. In 1868 the title of Viceroy was ex- changed for the higher one of Khidewi, commonly called Khedive — a Persian title, of which it is difficult to determine the exact signification and value. The Khedive is always addressed as " His Highness."

Although nominaily owing allegiance to the Sultan as his suzerain, the Khedive is in many respects practically independent. The payment of a con- tinually increasing tribute, now amounting to more than half a million, has enabled him to purchase a release from many of the restrictions under which he laboured. The army, which is limited to 15,000 men, amounts in reality, owing to the adoption of the short-service system, to 4 or 5 times that number. The revenues are entirely at the disposal of the Khedive ; and he can now levy taxes and contract loans without the authorisation of the Porte. The Khedive is assisted in the government by ministers appointed by himself, and removable at will. The most important posts are those of the Ministers of the Interior, Foreign Affairs, and Finance. There is an Assembly of Delegates, which meets every summer at Cairo to discuss matters in connection with the internal administration of the various towns and provinces.

n. Chronological Table op Egyptian Dynasties and Kings.

Any chronological table of the Kings of Egypt must necessarily be given with great reserve. There can be no certainty before the reign of»Psammetichus I., 665 B.C. The enormous number of years required by the only ancient authority extant, the lists of Manetho, has caused many authors to consider some of the dynasties given by him as not successive but contemporaneous. Eecent dis- coveries, however, seem to show that the dynasties he gives a list of did succeed one another, though it is possible there may have been others reigning at the same time in different parts of Egypt, which are considered by him a3 illegiti- mate, and therefore left unnoticed. This does not, however, throw much light on the chronological question, and some who agree in considering Manetho's dynasties as, with one or two exceptions, successive, recoil from accepting the enormous total to which the addition of the duration assigned by him to each dynasty amounts.

The following Table may help the traveller in Egypt to form some idea of the dynasties and their dates according to the different methods. The 1st column shows the date of each dynasty, according to the system of those who support the idea of many of Manetho's dynasties being contemporaneous : the 2nd gives the number of the dynasty, and the 3rd its name : the 4th the most noted kings of that dynasty : the 5th and 6th show the date, according to those who think that Manetho's dynasties are, as a rule, successive, but differ as to the duration to be allotted to each— the 5th being the date according to Bunsen's method, who assigns the least number of years, and the 6th, the date according to M. Mariette, who hesitatingly accepts Manetho's own figures: the 7th con- tains a short notice of any remarkable events. All authorities agree in con- sidering the dynasties subsequent to the XVIIth as successive ; and after the XXIst dynasty the differences in the dates are inappreciable.

Egypt.

71. CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE

13

Events, &c.	The first known Egyptian king and founder of Memphis. Great Pyramid of Geezeh built. Second do. do. Third do. do. Tomb of Tih at Sakkarah. •
Date according to suc- cessive method.	Mariette.	B.C. 5004 4751 4449 4235 3951 3703 3500 3358 3249 3064
Bunsen. |	B.C. 3623 3433 3209 3054 2947 2925 2925
Most noted Kings.	Menes. Shoofoo (Cheops). Shafra (Chephren). Menkeoora (Myce- rinus). Pepi (Apappus).
Name of Dynasty.	Thinite (Abydus). do. Memphite. do. Elephantine. Memphite. do. do. Heracleopolite (Ahnasieh). do. Theban.
No. of Dynasty.	M ti s e > p g g y m a
Date according to Poole, Wilkinson, and others.	B.C. 2700 2450 2650 2450 2450 2200 1800? 1800? 2200 1800 2200

14

W. CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE.

Sect. I.

Events, &c.	Flourishing period of Egyptian history. Date of the Obelisk of Heliopolis, Tombs of Beni Hassan, the Labyrinth, Lake Moeris, &c. Abraham visits Egypt somewhere between 2900 and 2000 B.C. Joseph in Egypt somewhere between 2800 and 1800 B.C. Conquers and expels Hyksos, and founds a powerful dynasty. Egyptian dominions greatly extended. Sister of Thothmes II. and III.
	cesslve method.	Mariette.	B.C. 3064 2851 2398 2214 1703
Bunsen.	B.C. 2781 2634 2547 2287 1776 1625 • •
Most noted Kings.	Osirtasen I. Osirtasen III. Amenemha III. Amosis. Amunoph I. Thothmes I. Thothmes II. Amunnoohet or Hatasoo.
Name of Dynasty.	Theban. do. Xoite. Hyksos or Shep- herds, do. do. Theban. The period of 200 to 250 years during which this dynasty ruled Egypt, was one of the most glorious and most brilliant in Egyptian his- tory. The power and magnificence of its kings is at- tested by the nu-
No. of Dynasty.	XII. XIII. XIV. XV. XVI. XVII. XVIII.
Date according to Poole, Wilkinson, and others.	B.C. 2080 1900? 2080 2080 2080 2080 1520

Egypt.

n. CHEONOLOGICAL TABLE.

15

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16

W. CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE.

Sect. I-

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Egypt.

71. CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE.

17

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18

71. CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE.

Sect. I.

Events.

122 Visit of Adrian to Egypt ; and again a.d. 130. 297 Taking of Alexandria by Diocletian.

325 Council of Nicaea in reign of Constantine. Athanasius and Arius. 379 Edict of Theodosius. Destruction of the Temple of Sarapis. 622 Conquest of Egypt by Amer (miscalled Amrou). (See Table of Caliphs.)

1517 Conquest of Egypt by the Turks under Sultan Selim. 1763 Rebellion of Ali Bey.

1798 Invasion of Egypt by the French. Discovery of Rosetta Stone.

1801 Expelled by the English.

1806 Mohammed Ali made Pasha of Egypt.

1818 Mohammed Ali imbecile ; succeeded by his son, Ibraheem Pasha,

who died after 2 months' reign. Accession of Abbas Pacha. 1849 Mohammed Ali died ; August 2nd. 1854 Death of Abbas Pasha. Accession of Said Pacha. 1859 1 Commencement of Suez Canal. 1863 , Death of Said Pacha. Accession of Ismail Pacha.

1868 J Receives the title of Khidewi, or Khedive.

1869 ; Opening of Suez Canal, Nov. 19th.

24

n. LIST OF KINGS.

Sect. I.

Egypt

0. THE CALIPHS AND SULTANS.

27

o. — List of the Caliphs and Scltans of Egypt.

The frequent mention of these Kings, particularly in describing the monu- ments of Cairo, and the necessity of knowing at least when they reigned, may give value to this Chronological Table.

Ommiades, or Ammawe'Sh.	Events during their Reign.	Began to reign.
		A.D.
Aboo Bukr, or Aboo	Invasion of Syria commenced.	632
Bekr (e' Sadeek).
Omar (ebn el Knut-	Conquest of Persia, Syria, and b.gypt.	634
tab, or Khattab).	A'mer, or Amr (ebn el As) enters Egypt in June, 638.
Othman.	Conquest of Africa begun.	644
A'li (or Alee), and	Ali in Arabia reigns till 661 ; and El	656
Moawieh I.	Hassan, his son, nominally succeeds him, and having reigned six months abdicated, a.d. 661. Death of Hassan, 670. Moawieh in Egypt and Syria.
House of Ammaveeh (Ommiades) ,
Moawieh I.	Alone. Fruitless attack on Constanti- nople by the Saracens,	661
Tezeed I.	His son. Hossayn killed at Kerbela.	680
Jloawien 11.	His son. [Abdallah, son of Zobayr, reigned nine years in the Hegaz (Arabia), from 64	684
	to 73 a.h., or 684 to 693 a.d.*]
Merawan T.	684
Abd el Melek.	His son. Conquest of Africa completed. Abd el Azdez, his brother, made a kilo- meter at Helwan. In 76 a.h. first Arab coinage. The oldest coin found is of 79 a.h. (699 .a.d.) ; it is a silver Der'hem. The oldest gold deendrs are of the years 91 and 92 a.h.	684
El Weleed L	His son. Conquest of Spain, 710. First invasion of India by the Moslems.	705
Soolayman.	His brother. Second failure before Con-	714
	stantinople. Was the first who founded a Kilometer at the Isle of Roda.
Omar IT.	Son of Abd el Azeez.	717
Yezeed IT.	Son of Abd el Me'lek.	750
Hesham.	His brother. Defeat of Abd e' Rahman in France, by Charles Martel, 732.	< 24
El Weleed II.	Son of Zeze'ed.	743
Yezeed III.	His son.	744
Ibrahim.	His brother.	744
Merawan II.	Grandson of Merawan I., killed at Aboose'er,	744
	a town belonging to the Fyodm in	to
	Egypt.	749

* The Hegira, or Moslem era, begins 622 a.d., dating from the "flight" of the prophet from Mecca. To reduce any year of the Hegira to our own, we have only to add 622 to the given year, and deduct 3 for every hundred, or 1 for every 33; e.g. 1233 + 622=1855 ; then for the 12u0 deduct 36, and 1 for the 33=37, leaves 1818 a.d.

C2

28

0. ABBASIDES. TOOLOOXIDES, AGLEBITES. Sect. I.

o 5 bp bf.'S	A.X). 755 800 to 811 oan), nded and but
Contemporary Dynasties,	Established the Ommiade dy- nasty at Cordova in Spain ; an example followed by the House of Ali, the Edrissites of Mau- ritania, and the Aglebites and Fatemites of Eastern Africa. A'jlehite Dynasty in Afrioa, Governor of Africa. 1 hrows otr his allegianoe to the Caliphs. Regular troops first introduced by him. ill the year a.d. 900. I£ayrawan (Cair f Tunis, was their capital. It was fou by the Fowiitem or Fatemite Dynasty. brahim el Agl»'b, Ahmed ebn o' Tooloon, ".son," should properly be written ben ; i Egypt) ebn is used.
Abd e' Rahman. Aglebeeh, or Ibrahim ebn* (or ben) el A'gleb (or Akleb). This Dynasty rules 1 70 miles south c a.d. 670. This is followed in 910 * In these names, I others, the word ebn, in speaking (at least ii
Began to reign. .	A.D. 749 754 775 785 786 809 813 842?
5 tv o ■■§ s |.S *1 £<; o	His brother. Bagdad is founded by Munsoor, and becomes the seat of empire. Under these Caliphs, astronomy and other sciences were particularly en- curaged. His son. His son. His son. The hero of Arabian tales, the "ally" of Charle- magne, and the dread of the Romans. The Edrissites found the kingdom of Faz (Fez). His son. Son of Haro(5n. A great en- courager of arts and sciences, particularly astronomy. By his order Greek authors were translated into Arabic. Mea- sures a degree of the meridian. His brother. War with Theo- philus. Turkish guards taken into the service of the Caliphs. Decline of the Caliphate.
F/ Seffah, Aboo 1' Abbas, Abdallah. El Munsoor, Aboo Gafer, Abdallah. El Mahdee Mo- hammed. El Hadee Moosa. Harodne' Rasheed, or E' Rasheed 11 a- ro6n. El Amedn Moham- med. El Mamodn Abdal- lah. (Ibrahim, son of El Mahdee, his competitor from 817 to 818). El Mautussim bil- ldh, Mohammed.

Egypt.

O. ABBASIDES. TOGLOONIDES. AGLEBITES.

29

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O. ABB ASIDES. AKHSHEEB DYNASTY.

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0. AIOOBITE SULTANS OF EGYPT.

35

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Egypt.

0. MEMLOOK SULTANS.

37

into 3CUS, th of pital 6. .ere)	Tar-
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9-80 sends an , and recovers 3 Egypt since t ers. Founds t' ^rostan in Cai n. Takes Ak the Christian; other.	igain overrun 1295-6.
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38

0. MEMLOOK SULTANS.

Sect. I.

A.D.	1309 1310 1341 1341 1342 1342 1345 1345 1348 1351 1354 *
Baharite Memlook Kings.	Agriculture and the arts encou- raged. His son. His brother. His brother. His brother. His brother. His brother. His brother. Built the mosk of Sultan Hassan in Cairo.
El MedefFur, or el Mozuffer, Rookn-e' deen, Baybers, e' Ga- shenke'er, elMun- sdoree. E' Naser Moham- med, Ebn Ka- ladon (restored again). El Munsoor Aboo Bekr. El Ashraf Ke- gels. E' Naser Shahab e'deen, Ahmed. E' Saleh Ismdil. El ^ Kamel Sha- ban. El MedufFer (or Mezuffer) Ha- gee. E' Naser Hassan. E' Sdleh, Salah— e'deen. E' Naser Hassan (restored).
e <	1302 1341 1341
Abbasdeh in Egypt.	His son. Abdicated, and was banished to Koos by Naser Mohammed, who crowned El Wathek as the new caliph. Deposed by Naser at his death. Son of Mostukfee.
El Mostukfee bil- Idh Soolayman. El Wathek billah, Ibrahim. El Hakem be Omr Illah, Ah- med.

Egypt.

0. MEMLOOK SULTANS.

39

a	1361 1363 1377 1381 to 1382 iase'eh), 1382 1399
Borgeeh, or Circassian Meniloolcs.	Son of Hagee, the son of Ka- ladon. The first who ordered the She- reefs, or descendants of the Pro- phet, to wear green turbans. In 1365 Peter de Lusignan, King of Cyprus, besieges Alex- andria and fails. Deposed ik el Borgeeh, e' Gerdhseh (or Token ian or Borgite Meinlooh Kings. Marches into Syria, and twice repulses the Tartars under Tee- moorlang, or Teemdor (Tamer- lane or Timur), in 1393-4. His son. The governor of Syria having re- belled, Furreg marches against him, takes him prisoner, and puts him to death, 1399-1400. The Tartars again invade Syria : Furreg marches against them, but is defeated, and returns to Egypt, 1400-1. He recovers Syria, 1405-6.
El Munsoor Mo- hammed. El Ashraf Shaban. (A great-grand- son of Kaladon.) El Munsoor Ali. E' Saleh Hagee. Dowlet el Memala Circast E' Zdher Bcrkdok. E' Ndser Furreg.
A.I).	1352 1362 1378 1378 1384 1387
s. J 1 1 <	His brother. His son, deposed in Deposed after one month. Restored, and deposed again after six years. Restored in 1387, and reigned till 1390.
El Mautuddid bil- lilh, Aboo Bekr. Allah, Moham- med. El Mautussim Za- kareeh. El Motawukkel. El Wdthek billah, Omar. El Mautussim Za- kareeh.

0. MEMLOOK SULTANS.

Sect. I.

A.D.	CD CO CN rH <M 00 OOCOCO O O — i <N(N<MCq CO- COi^iO Tt< T*< r)< ^< T)* T* ^ ^
Borgeeh, or Circassian Memlooks.	Reigns forty-seven days. The para was, until this reign, of a drachm's weight of silver, and Moaiud coined, instead of it, the modutdee, now corrupted into maydee. Attacks Cyprus, and, taking John III. prisoner, enforces the regu- lar payment of tribute, 1423-4. et e' Nazereen.
El Munsoor Abd el Azeez. E' Naser Furreg (restored).* El Moaiud, Aboo 1' Nusr, Shekh. El Meduffer Ah- med. E' Zaher, Aboo '1 Futteh, Tatr. E' Saleh Moham- med. El Ashraf, Bursa- bai, or Borosbai. Abd el Azeez, Aboo T Mahasin, Yoosef. E' Zaher Gek- meh. El Munsoor Oth- man. El Ashraf Eenal. ' possession, of the Noozli
<	1390 1406 to 1413 1413 1442 1452 a MS. in mj
Abbaseeh in Egypt.	Restored again and died in 1406. His son, deposed by Moaiud Shekh, in 1413, and imprisoned at Alexandria till his death. His brother. His brother. His brother ; deposed by El Ashraf Eenal, in 1455, and exiled to Alexandria. * According to
E Motawukkel. El Mostain billah, Aboo '1 Fodl, el Abbas. El Mautuddid bil- lah aboo '1 Fet-h, Daood. El Mostukfee bil- lah, Soolayman. El Kaiem be-omr- Illah, Hamza.

Egypt.

0. MEMLOOK SULTANS.

41

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Egypt.

p. POINTS REQUIRING EXAMINATION.

43

p. Certain Points requiring Examination.

The attention of those who are induced to make researches might be usefully directed to the following points. The additions in italics show what has been done lately towards their elucidation : —

1. Alexandria. — Ascertain the sites of the buildings of the old city. Something

has been done towards this, but. the result has not been such as to lead to the hope of there being much to find.

2. Canopic branch. — Ascertain the site of Naucratis, Anthylla, and Archandra,

and the course of the Canopic branch.

3. Sais. — Excavate, and make a plan of Sais : at least look for the temple of

Neith. Excavations have been made at Sais by M. Mariette, but only to reveal more completely its utter state of ruin.

4. Delta. — Examine the sites of the ruined towns in the Delta. Look for their

name in the hieroglyphics, and for Greek inscriptions ; but particularly for duplicates of the Rosetta Stone. Look at Fort Julian below Rosetta for the upper part of that stone. A trilingular stone is said to be at Menouf, and others at Tanta and Cairo. Much has been done, and much yet remains to be done, in the Delta. Another trilingual stone, similar to the Rosetta Stone, has been found at San : it is in the Museum at Cairo : the British Museum has a cast. Every attempt has been made to discover the remainder of the Rosetta Stone, but without success.

5. Heliopolis. — Excavate (if possible) the site of the temple of Heliopolis ; and

look for the tombs of Heliopolis. The only result^of excavations at Heli- opolis by M. Mariette have been the discovery of the foundations of tlie other obelisk, and the finding at Kafr Gamors of a part of the Necropolis.

6. Pyramids. — Look for the hieroglyphic record mentioned in the Greek in-

scription in honour of Balbillus, found before the Sphinx. Not yet found, and in all probability finally lost.

7. Memphis.— Make a plan of Memphis. Excavate about the Colossus for the

temple. Examine the mounds. Those at the nitre-works are modern. The chief results of M. Mariette' s examination of the site of Memphis have been — the discovery of the foundations of the Temple of Phtah ; of a small temple of Rameses II. on the borders of the lake ; and of the debris of another colossus. The objects yielded by the mounds will be found at the Cairo Museum.

8. Look for new names of Memphite kings, about the pyramids, Sakkarah, and

the site of Memphis. A list of kings' names, commonly called the Tablet of Sakkarah, has been found at Sakkarah by M. Mariette.

9. Look for trilingular stones in the mosks of Cairo. None have yet been found,

but they may exist. Inscriptions of any kind found at Cairo should be care- fully copied.

10. Onice.— Excavate the mounds of Onice, and look for the temple built by

Onias. No systematic excavations have been made, but the removal of nitrous soil from the mounds by the villagers in 1871 laid bare some very interesting remains. Some specimens of what was found are in the British Museum. There is little doubt that the site of the city of Onias, called here Onice, is at at the mounds called Tel-el- Yahoodeh, near the modern village of Shibeen-el- Kanater, a station on the railway between Cairo and Zagazig, about 20 miles from the former place.

11. Ahnasieh. — Ascertain the hieroglyphic name of Ahnasieh (Heracleopolis).

According to M. Mariette, the hieroplyphic name is Sooten-see-nen.

12. At Dayr Aboo Honnes, S. of Antinoe, examine the Convent in the village,

which is said to be of early time. The Convent is destroyed.

13. Metdhara. — Copy kings' names at the tombs of Metdhara, and columns

with full-blown lotus capitals. The kings' names at Metdhara have been copied and published by Lepsius.

44

p. POINTS REQUIRING EXAMINATION.

Sect. I.

14. Hermopolitana and Thebaica Phylace. — Look for tombs in the neighbourhood.

15. Ekhnrdm. — Look for its tombs. Ascertain the hieroglyphio name of the goddess

Thriphis. Little or nothing found by Lepsius at Eklimeem.

16. Thebes. — Copy all the astronomical ceilings in the tomb of Memnon, and

other tombs of the kings ; also the whole series of the sculptures and hieroglyphics of one entire tomb. Copies have been made and published by Lepsius.

17. Esneh. — Look for inner chambers of the temple behind the portico. Ex-

amine the old Convent. No steps could be taken towards clearing out the inner chambers of the temple without first destroying that part of the modern village which is built over them. The convent still requires examination, and there are Coptic inscriptions to be copied.

18. Ascertain what town stood near El Kenan, and the pyramid of Koola.

19. Edfoo. — Copy the great hieroglyphic inscription of 79 columns. Copied and

published.

20. Assoodn. — Look for early Saracenic buildings, and the oldest pointed arches.

21. Oasis. — Ascertain the date of the crude-brick pointed arch given by Mr.

Hoskins at Doosh.

22. Ethiopia. — Copy the names and sculptures of Upper Ethiopia, and make

a list of Ethiopian kings according to their succession, and ascertain their dates.

23. Mount Sinai. — Make a plan of the temple at Sarabut el Khadem. Made by

the Ordnance Survey.

In addition to what may yet remain to be done in any of the above points, the following subjects may be mentioned as worthy of occupying the attention of the traveller : —

1. San. — Copy all the fragments of inscriptions on the numerous blocks of

granite.

2. Lsthmus of Suez. — Follow the course of the ancient Pharaonic canal, and

look for cuneiform inscriptions.

3. Sdkkarah. Pyramids. — Copy the whole of the inscriptions in some tomb of

the Old Empire at either of these places : this, if properly and com- pletely done, would be of great service to science.

4. Old Cairo. — Make a plan of the old Roman fortress, and of the Coptic

church of Sitt Miriam, known as El Moallaka, " The Suspended."

5. Asyoot. — Copy the great hieroglyphic inscription on the right of the entrance

to the grotto called Stabl Antar.

6. Abydos. — Try and re-construct the architectural elements of the small brick

pyramid of the 10th and 13th dynasties.

7. Copy in facsimile the Coptic inscriptions in the grottos of Kasr Seyad, on

the right bank of the Nile, to the north just before reaching Keneh.

8. Thebes, a. Luxor. — Copy the poem of Pentaoor on the base of the pylon.

b. Medeenet Haboo. — Copy the two great historical inscriptions on the first pylon in the first court of the great temple, c. Tombs of the Kings. — Make a fac-simile copy in the two colours, black and red, of the roughly-drawn figures on the square pillars of No. 17, Belzoni's tomb, d. Earnak — Copy the two lists, containing each 115 names of peoples vanquished by Thothmes III., on the small pylon in front of the granite sanctuary.

9. Look for stelas said to contain the names of the kings of the Xlth dynasty,

on either bank of the river, to the north of Gebel Silsileh.

10. Copy the historical inscriptions on the rocks of the island of Sehayl, near

Assooan.

11. Look for and inquire after papyri everywhere, and buy them at any price,

but be careful of forgeries.

Egypt

q. ENGLISH AND ARABIC VOCABULARY.

45

It should be added, by way of caution, and also in explanation of the absence from the above list of any point involving excavation, that all old Egyptian remains having been placed by the Khedive under the charge of M. Mariette, no private individual is allowed to dig or excavate anywhere without his per- mission, and the exportation of objects of antiquity from the country is strictly forbidden. This last remark applies also to Coptic and Arab antiquities.

q. English and Arabic Vocabulary.

In introducing this imperfect Vocabulary, it should be observed that it is only intended for a person travelling in Egypt, to which the dialect followed particularly belongs. The English pronunciation, as much as possible, has been kept in view, the mode of spelling being guided by the sound of a word, rather than by its Arabic orthography, consequently a p has been now and then introduced, which letter does not exist in Arabic, but which nevertheless comes near to the pronunciation in certain words. It has also been thought better to double some of the consonants, in order to point out more clearly that greater stress is to be put on those letters, rather than follow the orthography of the Arabic, where one only was used. He, his, him, at the end of words, should properly be written with an h ; but it is here merely expressed as pronounced, with oo. For the verbs the second singular of the imperative has been preferred, which in an Arabic vocabulary for general use is better than the third person singular of the perfect tense (though this gives the root), or than the infinitive (musder). Those in Italics are either derived from, have been the origin of, or bear analogy to, a European or other foreign word.

It may also be observed, that there have sometimes been introduced words used only by the Arabs (of the desert), and some of the common expressions of the people, in order that these (when of frequent occurrence) might not be unknown to a traveller; but in general the first and second words are the most used. The four kinds of Arabic are the ammee, vulgar or jargon ; ddrig, common parlance ; Idghaicee, literal ; and ndhwee, grammatical.

Pronunciation.

The a, as in father ; ay, as in may ; a or a, very broad, and frequently nasal.

E, as in end ; ee, as in seek ; eeh, nearly as in the Italian mie.

Ai and ei, as in German, or as y in my ; but ai rather broader. A single e, at the end of words, as in Doge, stroke, &c.

/, as in is. /, as in English, but for it I have almost always used g. Indeed in Lower Egypt the g (gim), which should be soft, like our j, is made hard, and pronounced as if followed by a short i, like the Italian word Ghiaccio ; but whatever letter it precedes or follows, it should properly be pronounced soft. For the ghain, however, I use gh, a hard guttural sound. Dj as/.

H, as our h ; and h with a dot, a very hard aspirate.

K, as in kill.

For the kaf, or gaf, I have used 1c with a dot, or line, below it. Its sound is very nearly that of a hard g, almost guttural, and much harder than our c, in cough. Indeed it is frequently pronounced so like a g that I have sometimes used that letter for it.

Kh, as the German ch and Greek %■> Dut mucn more guttural.

0, as in on, unless followed by w.

0 as in go ; 5 and 6, rather broader; oo as in moon ; oic, as in cow. R is always to be distinctly pronounced, as well as the h in ah ; this h is fre- quently as hard as ch in loch.

46

q. ENGLISH AND ARABIC VOCABULARY.

Sect. I.

S, and sh, as in English ; but s, a hard and rather guttural sound.

T, as in English ; and with a dot, t, very hard, almost as if preceded by u. Dth is like our th in that.

Z7, as in bud: qu, as in English, when followed by another vowel: as quiyis, or quetis, "pretty."

Z, as in yes at the commencement, and as in my in the middle of syllables. Before words beginning with t, th, g, d, dth, r, z, s, sh, and n, the / of the article el is ellipsed, and the e alone pronounced ; thus el shemdl reads e' shemdl, the left, or with the consonant doubled, esh-shemdl ; e' ras, or er-rds, the head. The doubled consonant, indeed, is nearer the pronunciation.

Words within a parenthesis are either uncommonly used, as hhobs, hisra, for " bread," or are intended, when similar to the one before, to show the pronun- ciation, as makasheh (magasheh), a " broom ; " though the two words are often only separated by or, and a comma. Some give another meaning.

I ought to observe that the difference of letters, as the two h's, fs, and others, is not always marked, but those only which I have thought of most importance, and in some words only here and there, to show their orthography.

ENGLISH AND ARABIC VOCABULARY.

Able

About Above Absurdity Abundance Abuse, v. Abuse, s.

kader.

howalayn.

fok, or foke.

mus'khera.

zeeadeh.

ish'tem.

sheteemeh.

Abusive lan- id. guage

By accident ; see ghusbinanee (i

By force Accounts, or

reckoning Add up Adore

Advantage, pro

fit Afraid I am afraid After

Afterwards

Again

Age

His age

Agent

Long ago

Agree, v.

A pledge, earnest,arboo in an agree- ment

"We agreed to gether

Air

Alabaster Alive

spite of myself), hesab.

eg'ma. abed.

fyda, or fdideh,

nef'fa. kheif (khyf). ana kheif, a-khaf. bad.

ba'den, bad-zalik. kummum, kummum om'r. [noba, tanee. om'roo. wekeel. zemdn. ittef'fuk.

tteffuk'na weeabad.

how'a, or how'eh. mar-mor, boorfee'r. hei, saheh (awake).

All, collectively All

All together

At all Allow, v. Almond Aloe

Alphabet Also

Alter, v.

Altitude

Alum

Always

Amber

America

Amuse, v. Anchor Ancient The ancients And

Et caetera

Angel

Anger

To be angry

Angle Animal Ankle Annoy, v.

gimleh, gemmeean. kool, koolloo, pi.

kool-loohom. koolloo weeabad,

kolloohom sow'a. wasel. khal'lee. loz, or loze. subbara. ab'ged.

la'kher, gazalik,

aidun. gheier. ertifali. sheb.

de'iman, or dyman. kahraman.

Yenlcee dodneea (Turk- ish, i. e. the New World).

itwun'nes.

mur'seh, helb.

kadeem, anteeka.

e' nas el kadeem.

oo.

oo ghayr zalika. maldk, pi. maleiikeh. kahr, ghudb, zemk,

homk. ez'muk, ugh'dub,

inham'mek. zow'yeh. hywiin. kholkhaL iz'al.

Egypt

q. ENGLISH AND ARABIC VOCABULARY.

47

Annoyed Another

Answer Answer, v. You are answer- able for Ant

Antimony

Ape

Apostle Apparel

It appears

Appetite

Apple

Love apple (to- mato)

Custard, apple

Apricot (fresh or dry)

dried sheet

of,

Arabic

In Arabic

Arab (i. e. of the desert)

Arch, bridge

Architect

The ark of Noah

Arm (of man) Arms (weapons) Arrange, v. Arrangement Art, skill Artichoke As

Be, or I am,

ashamed. Ashes Ass Ask, v. Ask for, v. Assist, v. At

Avaricious Awake, v. a.

, v. n.

Awl

zalan.

wahed tanee, wahed

ghayroo. gowab (jowab). rood, or roodd. elzemak.

nem'el, or neml. kohl (for the eyes )

Ezek. xxiii. 40 ;

2 Kings, ix. 30. kird, pi. kordod

(gordod). rossool.

lips (libs), hedodm,

how^ig. bain, or byin. nefs. teffah.

bedingan-kdta.

kish'teh. mishmish.

kumredeen (kumr-

eddeen). A'rabee. bil A'rabee. Beddowee, pi. Arab *

(Shekh - el - Arab,

an Arab chief), kantara. mehendez. sefeenet saydna

Nodeh. drah.

sillah, soollah.

sullah, sul-lah.

tusle'eh.

sun'na.

khar-shdof.

zay.

astayhee, akhtishee.

roomad.

homar.

essal, saal.

etloob.

sad, saad.

fee, and.

tumma'.

saheh.

as'her.

mukh'ruz.

Awning (of a esh'eh, tenda (Hal.).

boat, &c.)

Axe, or hatchet bal'ta.

Pickaxe fas, tooree (Coptic).

Back

Back stream,

eddy Bad (see Good)

A bag

Bald

Ball

Balsam

Banana

Bank of a river

Barber

Bark, v.

Bark, s.

Barley

Barrel

Basket

(of palm

sticks)

"Wicker

Basin Bat (bird) Bath Bathe, v. Battle Bead

Beads, string of, carried by the Moslems

Beans

Bear, support, v.

Bear, put up

with, v. The bearer The bearer of

this letter A bear Beard His beard Beat, v. A beating Beau, dandy Beauty Beautiful Because Become Bed

Bedstead

dahr, kuffa'. shaymeh, sheemeh.

raMee, wahesh,

moosh- ty'eb. kees, or keese. ak'ra. ko'ra. belisdn. moz (moze). gerf, shut, mezayin, mezayn. habhab. kishr (gishr). shayeer. burmeel. muk'taf, kdffah. kafFass.

me-shenneh. tusht, or tisht. watwat, pi. wataweet ham mam. istahamma. harb, shemmata. kharras, hab sib'ha.

fool.

is'ned ; (raise) er'fa

(see Carry), istah'mel.

rafa.

rd,fa haza e'gowab.

dib'-h. dagn, dakn. dakneo. id'rob (drub). derb, hal'ka, kut'leh. shellebee, fun'garee. queiasa, koueiasa. quei-is, quiyis. seb'bub, beseb'bub. ib'ka (ib'ga). fersh, fursh.

* Beddowee and Arab have the same meaning ; one is generally singular, the other plural : thus, " that is an Arab," " da Beddowee ; " those are Arabs," '■ d61 Arab."

48

q. ENGLISH AND ARABIC VOCABULARY.

Sect. I.

Bee

Hive-bee Beef

Beetle

Before (time) Before (place) Beg, v.. Beggar

The beginning

Behind

Believe, v.

I do not believe

Bell Belly

This belongs to me

Below (see Under) . A bench Bend, v. Bent (crooked) Berry Besides

, except

The best Better

You had better

do so A bet Betray, v. Between Beyond

Bible Big

Bill, account Bird, small

, large

Bit, piece

of a horse

Bite, v.

Bitter

Black

Blade Blanket Blind Blood Blow, v. A blow

daboor (dabboor).

nahl, nah-1.

lahm bukkar, lahm

khishn. [fus. goran, or joran, khon- kub'lee. kod-dam. ish'-hat. shahat.

el owel, el as'sel, assl,

el ebtidah. warra, min kuffah. sed'dek.

ana ma aseddek'shee or lem aseddek.

gilgil, nakoos.

batn, or botn.

deh betaee, /. dee be- tatee (betahtee is used, hit is vulgar}.

tah-t.

mus'taba. et'nee, inten'nee. metnee (maoog). hab.

ghayr, khelaf. ilia, il\ el ah'san. ah'san, a-khayr. ah'san tamel keddee.

rah an eh.

khoon.

bayn.

bad, warra {i.e. be- hind), towrat. kebeer. hesab. asfoor. tayr. het'teh. legam. odd, or add. morr.

as'wed, /. soda or so'deh ; az'rek (blue, or jet black).

siilah.

heram, buttaneeh. amian (see Eye), dum.

um'fookh.

derb; on the face, buff (English, cuff).

Blue (see Co- lours) Light blue

Sky-blue Blunt

A wild boar A board Boat

Boat, ship Boatman

Body Boil, v.

Boiled (water)

(meat)

Bone Book Boot Border

of cloth,

selvage Born

Borne, raised

Borrow

Both

Bottle

, square

, earthen,

for water Bottom, of a

box, &c. Bow

Bow and arrows

Bowl

Box

Small box

Boy

Brain

Brandy

Brass

Brave Bread

Roll of bread Breadth , extent

az'rek, koh'lee.

genzaree, scander-

anee. semmawee. bard (i. e. cold), haloof. loh.

sefeeneh, kyaseh,

felookah, san'dal. merkeb.

nootee, marakebee,

tyfeh. gessed, bed'dan. ighlee. mugh'lee. maslodk.

adm, adthm, athm. ketab, pi. kodttub. gez'ma.

harf, terf (turf), keenar.

mowlodd. merfoda, sellef.

el ethneen, wahed oo e'tanee, dee oo dee (*. e. this and that).

kezas, gezaz (i. e. glass).

morub'ba.

koolleh, ddrak, bar- dak (Turkish), kar (gar).

kos (koz). kos oo nishdb. kus'sah.

senddok, pi. sena- deek.

el'beh, as elbet e'neshok, a snuff- box.

tcellet, or wullud (whence valet) ; Su- bee (i.e. chubby)

mokh, demagh.

ar'rakay (arakee).

nahass-asfer, esped- rayg.

gedda.

esh (khobs, ki'sra).

rakeef esh.

ord.

Egypt

q. ENGLISH AND ARABIC VOCABULARY.

49

Break, v. Broken

Breakfast

Breast

Breath

Bribe

Brick

Crude brick Bride Bridge Bridle

of a camel

Bright

shining

light co- lour Bring, v. Broad

extensive

Broom

Brother His brother

Brother-in-law

Brush

Buckle

Buffalo

Buffoon

Bug

Build

A building Bull

Burden, or load

of camels Buried Burn, v. Burnt Bury, v. Business Busy But, adv. Butter

, fresh

Buy, v. By, pr.

Cabbage

Cabin

, inner

Cable, rope Cairo

Cake [.Egypt.-]

ek'ser.

maksoor; cut (as a

rope), muktoda. fotoor. siidr (sidr). neffes (nef'fess). berteel.

kaleb, toob ali'mar.

toob'ny.

arodseh.

kan'tara.

soor'ra.

rus'n (russen)

mendwer.

lama — it is, yilma.

maftdok.

aat, geeb.

areed.

wasa.

me-kasheh (pro- nounced mag^sheh). akh.

akhdo ; my — akhdoia

(akhdoya). neseeb. foor'sheh. ebze'em, bezeem. gamdos (jamdos). Sootaree. buk (Engl. bug). eb'nee.

benai, binaieh.

tor or tore (taunts). hem'leh.

madfodn.

ah'rek. keed.

mahrook.

id'fen.

shoghl.

mashghodl.

laken, likm, likan.

semn, me's-lee.

zib'deh.

ish'teree.

be (by kindness, bil mardof).

krodmb.

mak'at (mag'at).

khaz'neh.

habl (cable).

Musr, Misr, Musr e)

Kaherah. kahk (cake).

Calamity Calculate, v. Calico (from

Calicut) Caliph Call, v. It is called What is it

called ? "What is his

name ? A calm

Camel (see Ship)

, female

, young

male , young fe- male Camp

Camphor I can I cannot Candle

Candlestick Cannon Cap, red

, white

Capacious Captain (of a

boat) Caravan Care

Take care Take care of I don't care

about it

(or him) Careful Carpenter Carpet

■ , large

Carrion Carry, lift, v.

, raise

Carry away, v. Cart, carriage Cartridge Case (etui) Cat

Catch, v.

in the hand

dur'rer, azeeh.

ah'seb.

buf'teh.

Khaleefeh.

en'da, kellem, nadem.

es'moo, ikoolahoo.

es'moo ay? esh es'- moo ?

es'moo ay ? esh es' moo ?

ghaleenee.

gem'mel, pi. genial.

naka (nakeh).

kadot (gadot).

buk'kara.

or' dee (whence

horde ?). kafdor. ana ak'der. ma-akder-shee. shem'ma.

shemma skander-

anee. shemmadan. mad'feh. tarboosh, takeea (takeeh). wasa. ryis, reis.

kaf'leh.

igtehad.

o'-a, ah'seb

ah'fuz, istah'rus.

ana malee.

ana malee oo maloo.

waee

negar (nujjaV). segadeh (fr. seged,

"to pray.") keleem, boossat. fatees, fate'ese. sheel, ayn; erfa.

sheel, wod'dee. arabeeh, araba. rem'ieh, tame'ereh, zerf, bayt, elbeh, hok. Jcott (gott, f. gotta) ■

bissays ; biss. el'hak. el'koof.

D

50

q. ENGLISH AND AEABIC VOCABULARY.

Sect. I.

Cattle baheem, bookar.

Cauliflower karnabeet.

The cause e'sebbub.

A cave niaghara.

Ceiling sukf.

The centre el woost (middle).

Cerastes snake hei bil koroon.

Certainly malodm, malodmak,

helbe't we laboob.

Chain sil'sileh, pi. selasil.

Chair, stool koor'see, pi. karasee.

Chamber o'da, pi. o'ad.

Chance, good bukht, nuse'eb, rizh

fortune (risk, risque).

Charcoal fah'm. [lah.

Charity has aneh, sow-ab, lil-

A charm hegab.

Chase, v. istad.

Chase, s. sayd.

Cheap ra-khees.

Cheat, v. ghushm, ghush'-im,

Cheek khud. [ghish.

Cheese gibn. Cherrystick pipe shehook kerays.

Child, boy wulled.

Children welad. Choke, strangle, v. itkhinnik.

Choose, v. nuk'kee (nug'gee).

Christian nusrdnee*, pi. Kas-

sara (Nazarene).

Church keneeseh.

Cinnamon keer'feh (i. e, bark).

Circle deira, dyreh.

Cistern hod, hode.

Citadel kala.

City, capital medeeneh.

Civet zubbet, zubbedeh.

Civility maroof.

Clean, v. nadduf.

as a pipe sel'lik.

Clean, adj. nadeef-

Clear rei-ik, ryek.

Clever shater.

Cleverness shut^ra.

Cloak bornoos.

Close, near garei-ib (gary-ib).

Close, v. ik'fel.

Closet khaz'neh.

Cloth gooh (see Linen).

Clouds ghaym, sahab.

Clover bersim' (burseem).

Coals fahm hag'gar (i.e.

" stone charcoal").

A live coal bus'sa, bussa-t-nar,

Coarse, rough khishn. [gumr.

* " He shall be called a Nazarene.

Coast	bur, shet.
Cobweb	ankaboot.
Cock	deek (Engl, dicky-
	bird).
Cock-roach	sursar.
Coffee	kah'-weh.
Raw coffee	bonn, bon.
Coffee-pot	bukrag, tennekeh
(see Cup).
Coins	gid'dat, or giddud.
Cold	bard.
The cold	el berd, e' suk'ka
Collect, v.	lim. [(sug'a).
College	mad'resee.
Colour	Ion (lone), pi. elwan.
	shikl, pi. ashkal.
Colours	elwan, ashkal.
black	as'wed, az'rek ; /.
	soda, zer'ka.
white	ab'iad, /. bay da.
red	ah' mar, /. ham'ra.
scarlet	wer'dee.
dark red	ah'mar doodeh.
purple-blue	<5odee.
purple	men'oweesh.
primrose	bum'ba.
peach	khokh-ee.
— of ashes	roomadee.
green	dkhder, /. khadra.
dark blue	az'rek, /. zer'ka,
	ko'hlee.
light blue	genzaree, skandera-
	nee.
sky-blue	semmawee.
brown	as'mar, /. sam'ra.
light brown	kammoonee.
yellow	as'fer, /. saf'fra.
orange	portokdnee.
spotted	menuk'rush (menug-
rush), munkodsh.
dark colour	ghamuk.
light	muftdoh.
Comb	misht.
Come, v.	ig'gee.
Come up, v.	et'la fok (foke).
I am (he is)	ana (hooa) gei. (gy).
coming	[taal.
Come here	taal hennee, taal gei,
I came	ana gayt.
Common, low	watee.
Compass	boos'leh, bayt-ebree.
Compasses	bee-kar.
Complain, v.	ish'-kee.
of, v.	ishtek'ee.
Composed of	mitruk'kib min.

Egypt.

q. ENGLISH AND ARABIC VOCABULARY.

51

Consequently Consulate Consult, v. Constantinople Continent, land,

shore Continue, v. By contract Convent Conversation Cook Cook, v. Cooked meat Cooked, drest The cool Coop, for poultry Copper

A copy (of book) Cord (see Rope) Cork, of a bottle Corn

Indian corn, or

mayz Corn, or wheat Cornelian Corner

Corner, project- ins;, of a moun- tain

It costs

Cotton

Cotton stuff

Gpver, v.

Cover

Cough

Count, v.

A country

The country

A couple

A couple and a half

Cousin

on mother's

side Cow

Coward

Cream

Creator

Creation

A crack, fissure

Cracked

Crocodile

Crooked

Cross

behay's in (since). bayt el Konsol. show'er (show'wer). Stambdol, Istambdol. bur (burr).

istamir, ber'dak.

mekowleh (megdw-

dayr. [leh).

hade'et.

tabbakh.

et'bookh.

tabeekh.

mestow'ee.

e' tarow'eh, taraw'eh.

kaf'fass.

nahass.

noos'kha, nooskheh. habl, hab'bel. ghutta Lezdss. ghulleh. dodra SMmee.

kumh (gumh). haggar-hakeeTc. rodk-n.

koor'neh (goorna).

es -wa.

koton.

kotneeh.

ghuttee.

ghutta.

kohh, sehl.

ed, ah-seb.

belled, ekle'm.

el khulla, el khala.

goz, ethneen (two).

goz oo ferd.

ebn am, /. bint am. ebn khal.

bukkar, bukkara, pi.

bookar,boogar (Lat,

Vacca). khowaf (khowwaf). kish'teh. el khaluk. khulk.

shuck (shug.) mashkook.

temsali,p/. temaseeh.

ma6og.

selceb.

Cross, out of

humour Crow Cruel Cruelty Cultivate, v. Cunning, artful

Cup

— glass Coffee-cup Coffee-cup stand Cure, v.

Becoming cured It is cured Curious, won- derful Curtain Custom-house Cushion Cut, v.

Cut with scis-

zemkan, zalan. ghorab.

moh'zee, hazee. azeeh, azab. ez'ra, i. e. sow. s^bab hay'leh, sa-

hab dubar'ra. soltaneeh.

koba, koobai, koo- fingan. [baieh. zerf.

teieb (ty-eb).

iteeb.

tab.

age'eb, ghareeb

(strange), setarah. diwd.ii [douane]. mekhud'deh. ek'ta. koo's.

sors, v. Cut, part. p. Cut out, as

clothes, v. The cutting out e' tufseel.

muk-toda, mekutta. fussel.

Bagger

— large

Damp, a.

Dance, v.

Dandy (v. Beau)

Danger

He dares not

Let him dare ! )

If he dares J

Dark

Dates

Date-tree, palm Daughter Day to-day every day in days of old a day's jour- ney from hence from the day (or time) I came in those days now, in these days

sekeen, khdnger. gembeeh, yatagdn, or

yatahan (Turk.), taree.

tarawa, rotdobeh. er'kus.

khof («. e. fear), ma isteggereesh.

isteg'geree !

ghamuk. bel'lah.' nakhl. bint.

yom, pi. iyam, nahr. el yom, e' nahr dee. kool-yom, kooll-yd'm. aiam e'zeman, zeman. saffer yom min hen'nee.

min nahr ma gayfc, min yom in gayt.

(fee or) fil aiam dol. el yom, fee haza el wakt.

d 2

52

q. ENGLISH AND ARABIC VOCABULARY.

Sect I.

Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Dead, s.

Dead, died, a. Deaf

Deal plank

A great deal Dear

Dear, in price My dear to a woman

Death Debt Deceitful Deep

The Deluge Deny, v. Derived from Descend, v. Descent The desert

Destiny

The Devil

Dew

Diamond

Dictionary

Die, v.

He is dying

He died

Different

Difficult

Dig

Diligence

Dinner

Directly

el had, nahr el had.

el ethneen.

e'thelat.

el e'rba.

el khamees.

e' godma.

e' sebt (see Morning), myit, mei-it, pi.

myeteen. mat. at'trush.

loh - bendookee (i. e. Venetian).

keteer kow'ee.

ghalee, azeez.

ghalee.

ya habeebee.

ya habeebtee, ya aynee, ya aynay, ya aydonee, i. e. my eye, my two eyes ; ya rdhee, my soul.

m6t.

dayn.

mukkar.

ghareek, ghoweet. e' toofan. in'kir, unkdor. mooshtuk min. in'zel. nezool.

el burreeh, e'gebal, (i. e. the moun- tains).

neseeb.

e' Shaytdn, el Eble'es. nedda.

fuss, almas (Turk.).

kamdos.

moot.

bemdot.

mat, itwufTa.

beshka, beshkeh.

saab, war, tekeel,

kasee. faat, ef'at. eg'tehad. ghudda.

kawam ; — in answer to

a call, hader ! wus'sukh. kur'ruf (gurruf).

Dirty

Disgust (to sight or taste)

I am disgusted ana akruf mm oo. with it .

Disposition Dispute, v. A great distance

Divide, v. Divided Do

1 have nothing to do with it.

I cannot do without it

Doctor

Dog

Dollar (coin) A dome

Door Dot

Double, v. Dove Ringdove Draw, v.

Draw out (as

teeth) Drawing

Drawers

, chest of

Dress Dress, v. Drink, v. Drive, v. Dromedarist,

courier Dromedary Drop, v. A drop Drown, v. A druggist Dry

Dry, v. a. — v. n. Duck, goose Dumb Dust Duty

it is my (his) duty Dwell, v. Dye, v. Dye, dyer

Eagle

tubba.

hanuk, it-hanuk. meshwar keeber,

bayit. ek'sum.

maksodm. [wee), amel (efaal, sow'- ana m^leesh dawa boo.

ma astag'nash (as-

taknash) an'oo. hakim (hakeem), kelb.

reeal-franza. koobbeh (al koobbeh,

alcoba, alcove}. bab (see Gate), nook'teh. et'nee. yemam. kim'ree.

sow'er ; ik'tub, i. e.

write, ek'la (eg'la).

tassoweer, sdora,

ketabeh. lebass.

beshtukh'ta (Turk.).

libs (lips).

el'bes.

ish'rob.

sook (soog).

haggan.

heg'gin. nukked. nookteh.

egh'-ruk, gherrek.

attar.

nd-shef.

in'-shef.

nesh-ef.

wiz.

ekh'-rus. trob, trab. wageb. wageb-alay.

is'koon. es'boogh. sabagh, sabbagh.

kdol-e-wahed

(every one), akab, okab.

Egypt.

q. ENGLISH AND ARABIC VOCABULARY.

53

widn.

bed'ree, bed'ree.

ard.

sberk.

s£lhil, sah'leh. kool, akool. harf. sword, had, harf.

Egypt

Upper Egypt

Elbow

Elephant

Nothing else, there is no- thing else

Emerald

Empty

Empty, v.

The end

The end, its end

The enemy

English

Enough

It is enough

Enquire, v.

Enter, v.

Entering

Entire

Entrails

Envy

Equal to

Equal to each other, alike

Escape, v. he escaped he has escaped with his life

An estate, rented

property,

Europe

European kings European people

English

French

A Frenchman

Germans

a German

Russians

a Russian

Italians

bayd.

Mus'ree, belledee, i. e.

of the country. Musr, ard Musr, Misr. e' Sa'eed. kdoa. feel.

ma feesh hagee ghayroo ; lem fe"e ha shay ghayrha.

zoomoorrud.

fargh.

fer'regh.

el akher. [kheroo. e' terf, ter'foo, a- el adoo, addoo. Ingleez, Inkleez. bess, bizeeddeh. ik'feh, yikfeh, ikef- istuk'see. [fee. id'khol, khosh. dakhil.

koolloo, kameL mussareen. gheereh. kud, ala kud. kud-e-bad, zaybad.

et'fush, yetfush. tufFush.

omroo toweel, nef-

fed be omroo. ard (or belled) elti- milk. [zam.

Eurdpa, beled (bel- led) el Frang.

el koronat el Frang.

Frang, Afrang.

Inglees, Inklees.

Fransees. Fransowee.

Nemsoweeh. Nemsowee.

Mosko, Moskoweeh. Moskow'ee.

Italidni.

Poland

Hungary

Greeks

a Greek

Spain Even, level,

equal Even, also Good evening

(see Morning)

The evening Every

On every side Every one

Every where

Every moment

Evident

Evil

Exaction Exactly Exactly so Exactly like it

For example To excavate Excavation Excellent Your excellency

Except, adv.

Exchange

Excuse

Excuse me, I beg pardon

Execute, deca- pitate

Expend, v.

Expense

Expenses (of a house)

Explain, ex- pound

An extraordi- nary thing

The eye

Eyeball

Eyebrow

Eyelash

Lehh.

Muggar.

Erooam'. Roomee.

Beled el An'daloos. .

mesow'wee (mesa- wee).

hat'ta.

messekoom bil khayr sal khayr, sad mes- sakoom.

el messa, el asheeh.

kool.

fee kool-e' nahia. kool-e-wahed, kool-

lohom (all), fee kool - e- matrah,

fee kool-e-dodneea. kool-e-saa. bein (bain, byin). radee. bal'sa.

temam, i.e. perfect, bizdtoo.

zayoo sow'-a, mitloo

sow'-a, bizatoo. mus'salen. efat, faat. fat, faat. azeem.

genabak, hadretak (your presence), sadtak ( — high- ness), pi. genah- koom, hadratkoom, sadetkoom.

ilia.

bed-del, gheier. heg'geh, pi. heg'geg, oz'r.

ma takhozndsh, el

afoo. dya, deia, dei-ya.

deia (dei-ya, dy-ya).

kool'feh.

masrdof.

fusser.

shay ageeb, ageiib,

shay ghareeb. el ayn, pi. el aidon. habbet el ayn. hd-geb, pi. howagib. rimsh.

54 q. ENGLISH AND ARABIC VOCABULARY. Sect. I.

Eyelid	kobbet el ayn.	Fire, live coal	bus'sa, bus'set-nar,
One-eyed	awr, ower.		gumr, jum'ra.
		Fire a gun	id'rob (or syeb), ben
The face	el wisih (el widj).	dookeeh.
Faded,shrivelled dublan.	The first	el ow'-el, el owelanee.
Faint, v.	dookh.	When first I	ow'el ma gayt.
A fair price	temn halla1, temn	came
menaseb.	At first	ow'elen.
Very fair, toler-	menaseb.	Fish	semmuk.
able		Fisherman	sy-dd, semmak.
Faith (creed), shahada.	Flag	bayrek, bandiy ra, s&n'gak.
testimony of
"Fall 11 X till, v.	uka, yodka.	Flat	mebuttut.
I alse	keddab.	Flax	kettan.
His family	alii baytoo, ahloo.	Flea	berghoot.
I1 an	merwaha.	Flesh	lahm.
Far	bay-it.	Flint	sowan.
How far from	kud-ay min hennee.	Flour	dakeelc.
this?	Flower	zahr, now^h.
A farce, or ab- surdity	mus-khera.	A fly	deban (debban). menash'eh.
	Fly-flap
A fairy	gin.	Fly, v.	teer.
Farrier	beetar.	Fog	shabodr.
Farther	abbad, abad.	Fool	magnodn.
Fat, a.	semeen, ghaleet.	Foot	kuddum (gudm).
Fat, s.	semn, shahm, dehn.	Footstep	at'ter (attar).
Father	ab, abdo, abee.	For	me-shau, ali-shan.
Fatigue	taab.	Force	ghusb (ghusp)
Fault	zemb.	By force, in spite ghusbinanoo, ghusb of him a'lay.
It is not my	ma'leesh zemb, maf-
fault	leesh daw'a.	Forehead	kodreh.
Do me the fa-	amel mardof,	, lower	gebeen.
vour, kindness amelni el mardof.	part of
Favorisca (Ital.) tefod'thel, tefod'del.	Foreign	barranee, ghareeb.
Fear	khof, khdfe.	To speak in a	ertun : subst. rotan.
A feast	azodmeh.	foreign language
Feather	reesh.	Forget, v.	in'sa.
Feel, v.	hassus.	I forgot	ana nesedt.
Female	netai, neteieh, nety,	Do not forget	ma tinsash.
Ferry-boat	madeeh. [odnseh.	Forgive me	sud, malesh.
Field	el ghayt.	Forgive, v.	se-m&h.
Fig	tin.	Fork	shdk (shoke),
Fight, v.	katel, hareb.	Formerly	zeman.
A fight	ketal, harb, shem-	Good fortune.	bukht, nesdeb, risk.
mata.	Fountain	feskeeh.
File	mub'red.	A fowl	fur'-kher, fardog.
Fill, v.	em'la.	Fox	abool-hossayn, tdleb.
Find, v.	el'kah (elga).	Free	horr.
Finger	suba (sooba).	Frenchman	Franz owee, pi. Fran- zees. Fran'gee is
Fore finger	e' shaded.
Middle —	suba el woostanee.		a corruption of
Fourth —	bayn el asaba.		Francais ; it is fre-
Little —	khansur, khun'ser.		quently used as a ' i
It is finished	khalas, khd-les, khul'les, khdlset,/.		term of reproach, i but never as free- f
Fire	nar.	•	man. [

Egypt.

q. ENGLISH AND ARABIC VOCABULARY.

55

Fresh, new Fresh (fruit) Fresh water

(sweet) Friend

From

Fruit

Fuel

Full

Fur

Further

Gain (profit) Gallop, v. Game (caccia) Garden

Gardener (who irri- gates) Garlic Gate (door)

Gather up, v. Gazelle A general Generosity He is generous

Gentlemanly

man Gently

Get up Gift

Gilt

Gimlet Gold Ginger Gipsy Gird, v. Girl Give, v. Glad

To be glad, v.

Glass

Globe

Glove

Glue

Gnat

Go, v.

gede'et.

tar'ree ; /. tareeh. moie helweh.

saheb, habeeb, re- feek, i. e. com- panion.

min.

fowakee

wekeed.

melan, meMn.

furweh.

dbid.

muk'seb.

er'mah.

sayd.

ginnayneh, bostan, pi ginnein, bus- sateen.

genayndtee.

kholee.

torn.

bab, pi. biban, or

abodb. lim.

ghaz^l, dubbee. sdree-dsker (sarasker). kar'rem.

eedoo maftodh, i. e.

his hand is open, ragel lateef, ragel

zereef. be-shw5'-esh, dla

mahlak. koom.

hadeeh, bak-shdesh,

(bakshish) medahab, mutlee be

daliab. bereemeh. ddhab, dthdhab. genzabeel. ghug'ger.

haz'zem, it-haz'zem. bint.

id'dee, a/tee. ferhan.

dfrah, or effrah.

kezdiss.

kdra.

shurab (i. e. stocking).

gher'reh.

namods.

rooh.

Go, get away, v. Go in, v. Gone Going Going in, p. Going in, s. I am going He is gone I went Go out, v. Do not go out Goat She goat Kid

God (our Lord) A god or deity

Good

Good, excellent

Good for no- thing

Pretty good, fair

Goose

Gossip, v.

Governor, -ment

The government

Gradual, little by little

A grain

— weight

Grand

Granite

Grass

Gratis

Gratitude

A grave

Grease

Great

Greek

Ancient Greek Grieved (it has) Grind, v. A mortar Grind (in a

mill), v. Groom Grotto The ground A guard Guard of a

sword Guard, v. By guess A guide

im'shee, foot, id'khool, hosh'. rah. ryeh. da'khel. dokhdol. ana rye. hooa rah.

ana rdht. fbar'ra. ekh'roog, etla, etla la-tetla, ma tetlash may-zeh. [bar'ra. an'zeh. giddee.

Allah (e' rob'boona).

Illah, as la illah 31' Allah, " there is no deity but God."

teieb, tyeb, meleeh.

madan {%. e. a mine).

battal, ma es'wash hageh.

menaseb.

wiz.

dur'dish. hakem, hokmeh. el bayleek, el wese'eh. shwo'ya be shwo'ya.

hab. kumh.

azeem. [nite). haggar aswan (i.e. sye- hashlsh. bellesh.

ma'refet e' gemeel. todrbeh, pi. todrob. ziffr.

kebeer, pi. koobar. Hoomee, borrowed

from Romanus. Yoondnee, i.e. Ionian, hazeen (sab alay). is-han.

mus-han, hon (hone), lt-han.

sy-is, sens, ma-ghara. el ard.

ghuffeer,pj. ghutFara. bur'shuk.

istah'rus.

be tekhmeen.

khebeeree.

56

q. ENGLISH AND ARABIC VOCABULARY.

Sect. I.

He is not guilty ma lodsh zemb.

Gum Gun

Gunpowder Gust of wind Gypsum

Hair

Half

In halves

Halt, v.

Hammer, axe

A hand

Handful

Handkerchief

Hand, v.

Happen

Happened

Happy

Harbour

Hard

Hare, rabbit Harm

To do harm, v. There is no harm

(see Never

mind) In haste A hat Hatchet Hate, v. I have Have you? Hawk Hay He, it Head Heal, v. Heap Hear, v. Heart Heat, v. Heat, s. Heaven — , paradise Heavy Hebrew The heel Height High ground Hell Herbs Here

sumgh. bendookeeh (being ori- ginally brought from Venice by the Arabs), barodt. baroot.

shurd (pi. shoro<5d). gips (gibs).

shar.

noos, noosf. noosayn.

wuk'kuf (wugguf ). kadodm. eed, yed. keb'sheh.

mandeel, mahrama. now'e'L

eg'ra, yig'ra, ye seer, gerra, sar. fer-han, mabsodt. mer'seh, scdla. gamed, yabes. er'neb. [rer. dur'rer, dordora, zur* door, iddor. ma feesh durrer.

kawam, belaggel.

bornayta (from Ital.).

bal'ta, kadodm.

ek'rah, yek'rah.

an'dee.

an'dak ?

sukr.

drees.

hoda, (she — ) heea. ras, demagh. iteeb.

kom (kome).

es'-ma.

kulb.

sa'khen, ham'mee. har, sokhneeh, ham'- semma. [moo. gen'neh. tekeel.

Jlebrdnee, Yahoodee. el kab.

el-oo, elloo, ertifah. elwaieh. gehen'nem. ha-sheesh, khoddr. hennee, hen'i.

Here it (he) is a-hd, a-hd hennee. Come here taal hennee. Hereafter min de'lwakt, min el«

yom, min-oo-rye. Hide, v. khub'bee. Hidden mistakhub'bee. High aalee. Hill kom, gebel (gebbel).

Hinder, v. (stop) hosh. Hire, s. kerree, ar'ruk, dgera;

v. ek'ree.

His beta-oo ; betahtoo,

fern.

Hoard up, v. howish. Hold, v. im'sek. Hole kherk.

Bored, pierced makhrook.

Hollow His home At home Honest man Honey ("white,"

or " of bees ") Hook (fish) sunnara. Hooks (and eyes) khobshat. Hooka sheesheh, (Turk.), — — snake ly, lei. I hope, or please Inshallah.

God

fargh. baytoo. fil bayt. ragel mazbodt. assal ab'iad, assal eT nahl.

narkileh

Horn Horse Horses

Mare

Colt Horseman Hot

weather

House

Hour

How

How do you do ?

[kun. mes'-

hom ; pi. kordon. hossan. khayl. farras. mdh'r.

khy-al, fa-res. hdmee, sdkhn. har.

bayt, men'zel, saa. kayf.

kayfak, zayak, kayf- el-kayf, tyebeen. insaneeh.

shekleban (sheg-le-

ban), khab'bas. rotdobeh, taraweh.

(neddeh). meea, maia. meetayn.

Human

Humbug, pre- varicator

Humidity — (dew)

Hundred Two hundred

Three hundred todlte-meea. Hungry gaya'n, jay an.

Hunt, v. seed, istad, et-rood

e'sayd.

Hunter §yad, ghunnas, boar-

dee, with gun.

Egypt-

q. ENGLISH AND ARABIC VOCABULARY.

57

In order that leg'leh ma tekser- you may not shee khatroo. hurt his feel- ings, or dis- appoint him

Husbandman fel-lah ; pi. fellaheen.

Husband Hyena

X

Jackal Jar

Javelin Ice

Identical

Idle

Idol

Jealousy Jerusalem

Jessamine In jest Jew

Ancient Jews If

Ignorant, novice 111, a.

Illness

I imagine, v.

It is impossible

In, within

Incense

Income

Indeed

Indigo

Infidel

Ingratitude

Ink

Inkstand Inquire, v. Inside , s.

Insolence (of

language) For instance Instead Instrument

tools

Interpret, v. Interpreter

goz, zoge. dob'h, dobbh.

ana. taleb.

jar'ra, kiddreh. har'beh, khisht. telg. bizatoo. tum'bal, battal. sdora, mas-khdota, sun'num (su'nm). gheereh.

el Kotts, el Kods, "the Holy" ((7a- dytis).

yesmeen.

bil dehek ; see Joke. Yahoodee. Beni Izraeel. in-kan, izakdn, l'zza,

lo-kan, mut'tama. gha-sheem. meshow'esh, aian,

ai-yan, daeef. tashoweesh. tekhmeenee, ana

azoon. ma yoomkin'sh, la

yoomkin ebeden. gooa; at 7 fee. bokhar. erad. hatta.

neeleh. [fere'en. kdfer, pi. koofar, ka- khusseeh, khussdseh. heb'r, hebber. dowai, dowaieh. saal, es'saal. gooa, fee kulb. el kulb.

toolt e' lissan, kootr

el kald,m. mus'salen. bedal.

doolab, i. e. machine, ed'deh.

ter'gem (translate). tergiman, toorgiman.

Intestines Intoxicated Intrigue, plot Intriguer

Joke

Journey Joy Joyful Iron

Irrigate, v. Is there ? there ii There is not Island Judge Its juice Just

Just now

Keep, take care of

Keep, hold, v. Kettle Key Kick, v. Kidney Kill, v. Killed Kind, s. Kind, a. Kindle, v. King Kingdom Kiss Kitchen Kite, miluus Knee Knave Knife

Penknife Knot Know, v. I do not know

Knowledge

Ladder Lady

Lake, pond, pool Lame Lamp Lance Land Lantern Large

mussareen. sakran. fit'neh, khabs. fettan, khabbas.

iayb, mus-khera, day- saffer. [hek, mezh. ferrah.

fer'han, mabsdot.

hacleet.

is'kee.

fee.

ma feesh. gezeereh. kadee. mdietoo. hakeek, sedeek. tow, tou.

istah'rus, ahrfod, ah' fuz.

im'sek, hosh {stop).

buk'rag.

muftah.

er'fus.

kaylweh, kilweh. mow'et, mow'wet. mat, myit. gens.

sd,hab mardof, hine'iin.

keed (geed).

melek(mellek),soltdn.

mem'lekeh.

bos'sa.

mud'bakh.

hedy (hedei).

rook'beh.

ebn haram.

sekeen ; pi. sekakeen.

matweh.

ok'deh.

aref.

ma ar^fshee, ma maish

khabber. mayrefeh, mayrefeh.

taab. sil'lem.

sit, sit'teh (mistress).

beer'keh.

a'rug.

kandeel, mus'rag. hdrbeh.

ard, bur (ppp. to sea), fandos,

kebeer, arced, wasa. d 3

58

q. ENGLISH AND ARABIC VOCABULARY.

Sect. I.

Lark The last Last, v. It is late Laugh, v. Laughter Law, justice Lay, v. Lay, v. a. Lazy Lead, s. Leaf (of book) Leap, v. Learn, v. Lease (ofahouse) Leather

Leather.common

morocco

Russia

Leave, s. Without leave Leave, v. Leaven Ledge Leech Leek Left, a. Leg Lemon

(European

kind) Lend, v. Length

Lengthen, v. n.

■, v. a.

Lentils Leopard Less

Let go, or alone, v. Letter

, epistle

Level Level, v. Liar Lie

Liberate, en- franchise, v. Liberated Life Lift, v. Light, a.

koomba.

el a-kher, el akhranee.

o'kut keteer,istahmel.

el wakt rah.

it'-hak.

dehek.

shurra.

er'koot.

rukket.

tum'bal.

rossass.

warakeh, war'rak. noot (nut), itaalem, diem, o'gera, kerree. gild matbodk (mat-

boog), " tanned

skin." gild horr. sakhtian. thelateenee. ez'n, egazeh. min ghayr egazeh. khal'lee, foot, khummeer. soffa. aluk. korat.

shemaL yesdr. rigl.

laymoon, laymoon

malh. laymoon Addlia.

iddee-sellef, eslif.

tool.

it'wel.

tow'el, towwel. atz, ads, addus. nimr.

as'gher, akull. sy-eb, khallee.

harf, pi. hardof. maktdob, gow'ab,

warrakeh. mesow'wee. sow'wee. keddab. kidb. atuk.

matook. om'r, hya. sheel, er'fa, ayn. khafeef.

Light colour , s.

Light the candle Give light to, v. Lightning As you like

Like, a.

In like manner

I like (it pleases

me) I should like Lime

Lime (fruit) Line, or mark

Linen-cloth Linseed Lion Lip

Listen, v. Listen, hear Listen to, take

advice Little, small Little, not much Live, «. Liver Lizard Load Load, v. Loaf of bread Lock

wooden

Padlock Lock, v. Lofty Long Look, v. Loose, a. Loosen, v. At liberty Lose, v. Love Love, v. Low Lupins

Machine

Mad Madam

Magazine

Maggot

maftdoh. noor.

wulla e' shem'ma. now'er, nowwer. berk.

ala kayfak, ala me- zagak, ala kur- radak.

zay, mittel, mitl, kayf.

gazalik el omr, ga- thdlik.

yagebnee.

fee khatree, biddee. geer.

laymo<5n helw (hel'oo). khot, suttr (of a

book), komash kettan. bizr kettan.

shiffeh. sen'ned. es'ma. tow'wa.

sogheer, zwyer.

shwoya.

aesh, esh.

kib'deh.

boorse, sahleeh.

hem'leh.

ham'mel.

rakeef esh.

kayloon.

dob'beh.

kufl.

eVfel.

dlee.

toweel.

shoof, boss, ondoor. waga.

sy-eb, hell (see Undo).

mesyeb, me-seieb.

dy-ah, deiah.

hob. '

heb.

Avatee.

tirmes, tur'mis (Copt.).

doolab.

magnodn.

sittee.

hasel, shon, shdona,

rnaklxzen. doot.

Egypt

Magic

Male

Female

Make, v. Made Mallet Man

Mankind

Manufactory Many Marble Mark, v.

Market Marrow Marry, v. Mast Master Mat, s.

What's the matter ?

with you ?

Matters

, things

Mattrass Measure

of length

Meat Meet, v. Medicine Memory Merchant

Mercury

Messenger

Metals, mine

Middle

Middle-sized

Mighty, abie

Milk

A mill Press mill Minaret "Never mind A mine Mine, of me Minute, s.

Mirror, s. Mix, v.

q. ENGLISH AND ARABIC VOCABULARY.

59

sayher (sayhr.) dthukker.

nety-eh, nety, oon'-

seh. aamel. mamdol. dokmak. ragel; pi. regal, insan, beni aiam

(sons of Adam), wer'sheh. keteer. ro-kham. alem.

alam {see Line), sook, bazar. mokh.

gow'-es, zow'-eg.

saree.

sid, seed.

hasseereh (hasse'era) ;

pi. hossor. khabbar - ay, gerra

ay. mdlak. omoor. asheeat. mar'taba. meezan. keeas. lahm. kabel.

dow'-a, dow'eh. fikr, bal.

tager, hawagee,*

mesebbub. zaybuk. syee, sai. madan.

icoost (Eng. waist).

woostanee.

kader.

lub'ben (lub'bun),

hale'eb. tahoon. ma'sarah. madneh.

See Never and Harm, madan ; pi. maadin. betaee; /. betahtee. dakeekeh : pi. da-

ky-ik, dagaiik. mirde'i, mordi. ekh'let.

Mixed

Modest

Moist

Monastery

Money

Monkey

Monk

Month

makhldot.

mestayhee.

taree {see Humidity).

dayr.

floos (from obolus?). nesnas.

rahib ; pi. robbfln. shahr : pi. shoh6or, esh-hoor.

Names of the

1. Moharrem.

2. Saffer.

3. Rebeeh 'l-owel.

4. Kebeeh '1-a-

kher.

5. Go6mad-owel

6. Goomad-akher

7. Reg'eb.

Arabic Months.

8. Shaban.

9. Ramaddn.

10. Showal.

11. El Kadeh, or

Zul-kadeh.

12. El Ho'g-h,

or Zul-Heg (Hag).

Moon Moral, a. Morning

Dawn

Sunrise

Forenoon

Midday

Afternoon

Sunset

1§ hour after

sunset Evening Good morning

Morrow

the day after A mortar Mosk

At most, at the

utmost Moth (of clothes) Mother

of pearl

My (his) mother Move, v. n.

, v. a.

Mountain

Mount, ascend, r.

, ride, v.

Mouth

kumr (masc). mazbodt. soobh, sabah. feg_'r (fegger). telat e'sbems. da-hah. dohr. asser. mughreb. esh'a, ash'a.

messa, ashe'eh. sabdl khayr, saba-

koom bel-khayr. bodkra, baker, bad bodkra. hone, hon, miis-han. gamah, musged (from

se'ged, " to bow

down"), nahaitoo.

kitteh. om.

sudduf.

ommee (ommoo). haz.

kow'wum.

geb'el (gebbel), pi.

gebal. et'la foke (fok). erkub.

fom, hannak (han'ak).

* Hawagee, a Christian : Khowagee, a Moslem.

60

Much

Mud Mug Musk Musquito

net

You must Mustard Mutton My

My son

Iff ail

Nail, v. Naked Name Napkin

Narrow Nature, the

Creator Near

Neat, elegant It is necessary Neck Needle

packing

Negro

Neigh (whinny) v Neighbours Neither (one

nor the other) Net Never

Never mind, v. New- News, to tell, Next

Kick-name

Night

Nitre

refined

No, nor Noble, prince

North Nose

q. ENGLISH AND ARABIC VOCABULARY.

Sect. I.

keteer (see Quantity, and What).

teen, wah-1, wahal.

kooz.

misk.

namdos.

namooseeh.

lazem.

khar'del.

lahm danee.

betaee ; betalitee, fern., as, farras be- tahtee, my mare.

ebnee.

mesmar. sum'mer. ariah. esm.

mah'rama, vulgarly

foota. dyik, dtheiik. el khaluk.

kary-ib (garei-ib). zereef.

lazem, elzem. ruk'abeh (rukkabeh). eb'ree, pi. o'bar. meselleh, mayber. abd (" slave"), ragel

as'wed. hen' (Jiinnire, Lat.). geeran, sing. gar. wulla wahed wulla

e'tanee. shebbekeh. eb'eden, ebbeden. malesh, ma anndosh. gedeet, gedeed. khabber (kliabbar). e'tanee (ettanee),

alagemboo (at

its side), nukb, lakb. layl, pi. layal. sub'bukh. bardot abiad. la, wulla.

emeer, ameer, pi.

dmara. shemal, bahree. monokheer, unf.

Not moosh. Not so moosh keddee, maosh

keza. ma feesh hageh. belesh.

de'lwakt [see Day],

Nothing, none For nothing Now

A great number keteer kowee. Number, v. ahseb, edd.

The Number,

1, wahed.

2, ethneen.

3, thelata.

4, er'ba.

5, khamsa.

6, sitteh, sitt.

7, saba.

8, themanieh.

9, tesa (tes'sa).

10, asherah.

11, hedasher.

30, thelateen. 40, erbaeen. 50, khamseen. 60, sitteen. 70, sabaeen. 80, themaneen. 90, tesaeen.

. El Eddud.

12, ethndsher.

13, thelatasher.

14, erbatasher.

15, khamstasher.

16, sittasher.

17, sabatasher.

18, themantasher.

19, tesatasher.

20, ashereen.

21, wahed oo ashe- reen, etc.

100, meea (see Hun- dred).

101, meea oo wahed. 120 meea oo ashe- reen.

1000, elf.

1100, elf oo meea.

Nurse Nut

Oar

Oath

The ocean

The Mediterra- nean

An odd one

A pair and an odd one.

Do not be of- fended (hurt)

Often, many times

Oil of olives Sweet oil

Lamp oil Train oil

d&da (Turk.), mor- ben'dook. [d'ah.

mukdaf, pi. maka-

deef. helfan, yameen. el bahr el malh, el

maleh. el bahr el ab'iad, i. e.

the vjhite sea. ferd, furd. goz oo ferd.

ma takhodshee ala

khatrak. keteer ndba, kam

no'ba! (i. e. how

many times !) zayt-zaytdon. zayt-ty-eb,* zayt-

helwa. seerig f zayt-har.J

* From the kortum, or Carthamus tinctorius. f From the sinisim, or Sesamum Orientate. J From the flax.

Egypt.

q. ENGLISH AND ARABIC VOCABULARY.

61

Lettuce oil Old, ancient Old in age On, upon One

The very one Once Onion Open, v. Open, p. p. Opening

Or

Orange Order, com- mand, v. Order, s. Set in order, v. In order that Origin Ostrich The other Another

Oven

Over

Overplus

Over and above

Overturn, v.

Overturned

Overtake, v.

Our

Out

Outside Owl

Owner Oxen

Padlock

Pail Pain Paint, s. Paint, dye, v. A pair Pale

Palm, date tree Pane (of glass) Paper

A para (coin) Parsley

zayt-khuss. kadeem, min zeman.

fdk.

wahed ; see Numbers, bizatoo.

noba wahed, marra busrsal. [wahed. ef tah. maftdoh.

faVhah, applied also to the 1st chapter of the KorcCn.

wulla, ya, ow ; e. g. either this or none, ya dee ya belesh.

portdkan.

aomdor, omdor.

woddub. leg'leh. as'sel, assl. naam.

e'tanee, el £-kher. willed akher, wahed

ghayr, wdhed t£-

nee, ghayroo. foorn.

fdke (foke).

zeeadeh.

zyid.

egh'leb.

maghldob.

el'hak.

beta^ia, beta-ndhna.

barra.

min barra.

muss^sa ; (horned

— ) bdoma. sahab.

teeran ; see Bull, kufl.

sutl, dilweh.

wgh'ga.

bodia.

es'boogh, low'wen. goz, ethneen. ab'iad, as'fer. nakhl, nd,kh-el. loh — kezas. war'ak ; (leaf of) warrakeh, ferkh. fodda, i. e. silver, bakddonis.

Part, piece

Partridge

Partner

Party

Pass, v. n.

Paste

Patch, s.

Patience

Patient

Be patient

He is patient

Pay money, v.

Peace, pardon

cessation

of war

We have made peace with each other.

Pear

, prickly,

or Cactus. Peas Peasant Peel Pen

Lead pencil People Our people Perfect

entire

Perfidy

Perhaps

Persia

Persian

Person, self

A piastre (coin)

Pickaxe; see Axe

Pickles

Picture

A piece

Piece, v.

Pig

Pigeon

Pilgrim

Pill

Pin

Pinch, v.

Pinch, s.

Pinchbeck (me- tal)

Pipe

Pipe, piece

Pistol

A pair of pistols A single pistol

mouth-

hetteh. hag'gel. shereek. gem/ma.

foot ; v. a. fow'wet, aseedeh, ageen. roka, roga. tdol-t-el-bal, sabbr. saber.

towrel balak, tisboor.

rohoo toweel.

ed'fa floos.

aman.

soolh.

istullah'na bad, or — weea bad.

koomittree.

tin shok, tin serafen-

dee. bisilleh. fellah, gild, kishr. Mlam (kullum). kalam, rosass. nas, gem'ma, regal, gemma-etna, tern am. saheh, kameL khyana.

yodmkin, apsar (db- dgem. [sar). agemee, Farsee. nefs.

kirsh, plur. kroosh,

toorshee. sdora, tassoweer. het'teh, kottah. fuss'el. khanzeer. ham^m. hag, hag'gee. hab. dabdos. ek'roos, egrus. goorse, koors. tombdk (Fr.).

shebook. ood.

fom, mub'sem (mup-

sem), terkeebeh. taban'gia. goz tabangiat. ferd.

62

q. ENGLISH AND ARABIC VOCABULARY.

Sect. I.

A pit

What a pity ! A place

The plague Plank, pane (of

glass) Plate Play, s. Play, v. Plot Plough Ploughing Pluck a fowl, v. Pluck, pull out,

v.

Plunder, v. Plural Pocket Poetry Poison Point, end Pole, stick Pomegranate A poor man Potatoes Pottery A pound Pour out, v.

throw

away, v. Powder Power Pray

I pray you Prescribe, v. Press, v.

•, squeeze, v.

Pretty Prevaricator Price (see What,

and Worth) Agree about

price of Pride Prison

It is probable Produce of the

land Profit (v. gain) Property, pos- sessions Prophet Prose

beer.

ya khosara. mat'rah, moda, ma-

kan, mahal. el koobbeh, e'taoon. loh.

sahan, tub'buk, han-

leb (layb). [gar.

illab.

fit'neh.

mahrat.

hart.

en'tif el fur-kher. en'tish.

inhab, nd-liah (to nab).

gemma.

gayb.

shayr, nusm.

sim.

turf.

middree, neboot. rooman.

meske'en, fekeer. kolkds frangee. fokhar. rotl.

soob, koob. koob.

trob ; (gun — ) baroot. kodr (kudr). sellee, sullee. fee ard'ak.* wussuf.

aaser (aser). kouei'is (qui'yis). shekleban.

tem'n (temmen),sayr.

uf'sel, fussel.

kobr e' nefs. habs, hasel. ghaleben. khyrat el ard.

milk.

nebbee. nuthr, nusr.

Prosper, v. eflah.

Provisions zow^d, akul oo sherb.

Pull, v. shid.

out, v. ; pull ek'la ; eg'la ; see

off (clothes) Punishment Pure

On purpose Push, v.

Puss ! puss ! Put, v.

Put away, hide, u.diss. Put away, part, madsods. Putrify, v. affen. Pyramid haram, ahram.

Pluck, azab. taher.

bilanieh ; (in a bad liz. [sense) bilamed. biss! biss! hot.

Ik quail

What quantity? Quarrel, v. Stone quarry A quarter Quench (fire), v. Quince Quickly

Quiet

Race

Raft

Rag

Rage

Rain

It rains

Raise, v.

Raised

Ramrod

Rank

Rare, strange

A rascal

Rat

Raw

Razor

Reach, z.

Read, v.

Ready

Real

Really, truly The reason Rebellious Receive money Reckon, v. Recollect, v.

(—ion) A reed

sooman [much.

kud-day, i. e. how

hanuk, am el kalam.

muk'ta-hag'gar.

roob.

itfee.

safer'gel.

kawam, belaggel (»'. e,

on wheels), yalla. saket.

gens (gense).

ramoose (ramoos).

sharmoota, khallaka.

zemk, kudb.

mattar, nuttur.

be-un'tur.

erfa, sheel, ayn.

merfdoa.

harbee, kabbas.

makam.

ghareeb.

ebn haram.

far.

ny (nye). moos.

tool, elhak.

ek'ra.

hader.

saheh, saduk.

min hak, hakeeketen,

e' sebbub. [hak'ka.

aasee, pi aasi'i'n.

ek'bud floos.

ah'seb.

iftek'r.

(fikr). boos.

" On your honour." Used to deprecate punishment, and on other pressing occasions.

Egypt.

q. ENGLISH AND ARABIC VOCABULARY.

63

A relation Relate, tell, r. Remember, v. I remember, v. Remove it from

hence It is removed

from place to

place Reply, v. Reply, s. Reside, r. Return, v.

, give back,r.

Rhinoceros horn Ribs Rich Riches Rid, v. Ride, v. Riding, s. A rifle Right, a. Right, s. Right (hand) Rim

Ring (annulus) Finger riDg Rinse, v. Rinse it out Rise, v. River

Road

Roast meat Robber It rocks It rolls boatN Roof A room Root Rope

Hemp rope

Palm

Rose

Rose water

otto of

Round, a.

(as

Around

Rouse, r.

Royal

Rudder

kareeb. alii, ah'kee.

khallee fee balak. fee balee.

un'guloo min hennee.

itnug'gel min matrah ala matrah.

rood (roodd).

gawab.

is'koon.

er'ga.

reg'ga.

torn kharteet. dulldoa.

sheban, ghunnee. ghunna (ghena). khal'lus. er'kub.

rokoob. [khaneh. bendookdeh shesh- ddghrec. hak (el hak). yemeen. harf, soor. hallakah, hallak. dib'leh; see Seal, musmus. miismusoo. koom (goom) nahar; bahr, i. e.

ocean (applied to

the Kile). derb, sikkah, tareek. kebab, haramee. berook. itme'rga.

sukf. oda.

gidr. gidder. habbel, habl. habl teel. habl leef. werd.

moie-werd. hetter el verd. medow'-er, mekub- bub.

ho-walayn, deir ma

idoor. kow'em, kovrvrcm. soltanee. duffeh.

Ruins, remains

see Temple Run, v.

Run, as a liquid Rushes

Russia leather Rust

benai kadeem, kha-

ry-ib, kharabeh. ig'geree. khor.

soomar (sumar). gild thelateenee. suddeh.

A Sack se&eebeh. Saddle (of horse) serg.

(donkey) berda.

(dromedary)ghabeet.

-(camel)

bajrs

Sail, s. Sailor

witter, howeeh ker, basdor. khorg.

killa, komash mar^kebee.

Sailor (of a boat) ndotee, tyfa. For his sake leg'leh khatroo.

shi-

, i. e. [cloth.

Salad for Sale Salt, a. Salt, s. Salts

The same Sand Sandal Sandstone Sash, girdle Saucer A saw I saw, v.

sdlata. lel-baya. maleh. melh.

melh Ingleez. bur'doo, biza'too, pi. ruml. [burdohdm. nal.

hagar hettdn. hezam. tdsa. minshar.

ana shdoft ; he saw,

hooa shaf. kool.

betkdol ay.

Say, v.

What do you say?

Scabbard (of bayt (e'sayf). sword)

Scales (large — )meezan, (kubbaneh). School Scissors Scold, r. Scorpion Scribe Sea

See, v.

A seal

muk'tub. mekuss.

ha'nuk, it-hanuk. ak-raba (ag'raba). kateb.

bahr, bahr el malh,

el maleh. shoof; I see, ana sheif

(shyfe). beshdof. khatom (worn as a

■ impression khitmeh. [ring).

Search, v. fettesh. Search tefteesh.

Four Seasons.

Winter Spring

shittah. khareef.

64

q. ENGLISH AND AEABIC VOCABULAEY.

Sect. I.

Summer	sayf. demeereh.	Sl!?ht .9	shoof nudr.
Autumn	Silent a.	Scikut.
		Be silent, v.	os'-kut (os'koot).
A second of time	zanee.	Silver	fod'da.
The second, the	e'tanee.	Simple	mokhtus'surah.
other		Single	mooffrud ferd.
Secondly	tanien.	SlTlP" 7)	ghun'nee.
Seed	bizr, hab, tekow'ee,		mooffrud.
	ghulleh.	Sir !	DCCUCC . DXLLX •
Seek for	dow'r alay.	Sister	okht.
Send, v. Separate one	ebaat, shaya, ersel.	My sister	okhtee.
fur'red.	His sister	okhtoo.
from the other		Sit, v.	o'-kut.
Servant	khuddcLm subbee	Size	kobr.
	(lad), ikh'-dem.	Skin, s.	gild.
Serve, v.	Abater skin	keerbeh.
Shade, s.	dooll, dool, dill, zilL	Sky, heaven	semma.
Shadow	kheeal.	Slave	abd, khadem.
Shame, disgrace	eb, aeb.	Female	garreea (jareea).
Shave, v. Sheep, pi.	ah-luk.	Slaughter, s.	ketal.
ghunnum.	Sleep, s.	nom, v. nam.
Ram	khaxoof.	"Pnf ^Ippti f}	ny em.
Ewe	nageh.	Sleeping	neim (nvim). be-shwo'-esh,
Sheet, s.	foota, malya (malaia).	Slowly
Shell	wodda.	Small, see Little	sogheer.
Shield	dar'raka.	Smell, v.	shem.
Shine v.	ibrook.	Smell s.	shem reeh.
Ship	merkeb ^	Sweet smell	reeh (reht) helwa.
Shirt, s.	kamees . pi. komsan.	Blacksmith	hadd<£t.
Shoe	merkoob, pi. mara-	Smoke, s.	do-khan.
	keeb.	Smoke, v.	ish 'rob do-khan.
Horseshoe	nal.	Smooth, v.	ef'red ; o.dj. nam.
Yellow slipper	TnTici" mo? JJJLLOb, Ili CZi .	Snail	Xi<Xla£j\J 11 V l\CLL<X£d\JLX\j J.
Shop	dokan, pi. dekakin	Snake	taban, han'nesh, dood
	{see Trader).	Horned	hei bil-kordon.
Short			iici slier.
Small shot	rush.	Snare*	fukh.
Shoulder	kitf.	Snuff	nesho'k (neshdke).
Show, v.	wer'ree.	Snuffers	makuss (mekuss) — e'shem'ma.
Show me	were e nee.
Shut, v.	uk'-fel.	So	keddee, keza.
Shut the door	rood — , etrush — ,	Soldier	as-karee, pi. as^ker,
	ukfel el bab.	Disciplined	nizam. [asker.
Shut bolt the	sook el bab.	Some of it	minoo, minnoo. hageh, shay.
		Something
Shut, p. p.	merdood, matroosh,	Some few things bad shay.
maskdok, makfool.	Sometimes	walied-wahed-ndba,
Sick {see ill)	meshow'ish, aian.		bad-okat.
Sick, to be	istuf'rugh.	Son	ebn, welled.
Side	gemb.	Song	gho'na.
Sieve	ghorbal.	Sorry	hazeen (saban).
Silk	harder.	I am sorry, v.	isaab'alay.

* The camel is sometimes called merkeb (as a shoe is merkoob), not because it is the "Ship of the Desert," as some have supposed, but because merkeb signifies something to mount upon (Fr. monture), so that the ship is rather the camel of the sea than the converse, and the Arabs had camels or mojitures before they had ships or shoes.

Egypt

q. ENGLISH AND ARABIC VOCABULARY.

65

Sort, s.	gens, shikl.	Stopped, closed	masddod.
Sound, voice	hess.	Straight	doghree.
Sour, acid	ha-duk, ha-mood. gendob, kub'lee (kib-	String	doobara.
South	Strong	shedeet, gow'ee.
	lee).	Straw	tibn.
wind	now.	Street	derb, sikkeh.
Sow (seed), o.	ez'ra.	Stumble, v.	dhter.
(cloth), v.	khv-et.	He struck	derreb (see Beat).
Span	shibr.	Strike a light	ek'da (egda).
Span with fore-	fitr.	Style	kesm, terteeb, shikl. eftah seeratoo, eftah
finger Speak to one		Begin the sub-
wessee (wussee).	ject	e' seer a.
about, bespeak Speak, see Talk.	Such a one	foolan (felan).
	Suck, v.	mooss.
Spear	harbeh.	Sugar	sook'ker.
Spend (money)	dy-a, esref.	Sun	shems (fern.).
Spider	ankaboot.	The sun has set	e'shems ghabet.
web	ankabdot.	Sulphur	kabreet,
Spill, v.	koob (kubb).	Summer	sayf. es'ned.
Spirit	roh.	Support, v.
A spirit	afreet, pi. afareet,	He supported	sen'ned.
	ginnee, pi. gin.	Supported, p. p.	masnodd.
A good spirit, see Angel.	Suppose, v.	zoon' (zoonn), khum'-
Split, p.p.	maflodk, mushroom.		men.
It gets spoilt	ms.	Swell, v.	ydorem.
It is quite spoilt tel'lef, rah khosara.	Swollen	warm.
Spoon	malaka.	Swear, testify, v	ish'had, ahlif.
Sportsman	sy-ad.	at, abuse, v	ish'tem.
Square	morub'bah, morub'ba.	Swallow, v.	eb'la.
Stable, s.	stabl.	Sweet	hel'wa.
Stand up	kdom ala haylak.	Swim, v.	aom.
Stand, v. 1 Stop J	yodkuf, wukkuf.	Sword Syria	sayf. e'Sham.
Star	nigm ; pi. nigodm.	System	terteeb, nizanx,
Statue	mas-khdot.
Stay, wait, v.	us'boor.	Table-cloth	fodta e'so'ffra.
Steal, v.	esrook, es'mk[to sherfc].	Table	soffra.
Stealth, s.	seerkah.	, Turkish	kodrsee.
By stealth	bil-duss.	Tack (in sailing) id'rob bdlta.
Steel	soolb.	Tail	dayl.
A steel (for flint) zeenad.	Tailor	khyat, terzee.
Stick	nebdot ; assaia (as- syeh), shamrodkh.	Take, v.	khod.
Stick of palm	Take away, v.	sheel.
gereet.	Take in, cheat	ghush, ghush'em. itkel'lem, it-had'det.
Stick, o. Sticking	ilzuk.	Talk, v.
lazek.	Tall