eae) Nee
Penh ae Bs.
QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF ORNITHOLOGY,
EDITED BY
PHIEIP LUTLEY SQLATER, M.A., Ph.D. F.E:s., SECRETARY TO THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON, AND
HOWARD SAUNDERS, F.LS., F.Z.S.
-
VOR Vi 138s: FIFTH SERIES.
Ibis avis robusta et multos vivit in annos.
LONDON:
GURNEY AND JACKSON, 1 PATERNOSTER ROW, (Successors to J. VAN VOORST.)
1888.
ALERE ? FLAMMAM
PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS,
RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.
PREFACE.
Tue Editors have now the pleasure of presenting to their brother-members of the British Ornithologists’ Union the concluding volume of the Fifth Series of ‘Tue Isis, being the thirtieth volume of the whole work.
As was arranged at the Meeting of the Members of the Union held in May last, the partnership between the two present Editors is now dissolved with mutual regret; and. Sixth Series will be commenced in January next under the sole Editorship of Sclater, who asks for a continuance of the aid which has, hitherto, on all occasions been so liberally accorded.
It is satisfactory to see, by the list which accom- panies this Number, that out of the twenty original Founders of the ‘Ornithologists’ Union’ in 1858, no fewer than thirteen are still living, some of these being still amongst the most active of its Members and most frequent contributors to this Journal.
| Re ie S. EES Ss
London, October Ist, 1888.
)e)
15
BRITISH ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION.
Date of Election.
1881.
1888.
[An asterisk indicates an Original Member. }
Wittram Ranpat, Earl of Antrim; St. James's Palace, London, 8.W.
. Freperick Cuartes Apiry ; Bodicote, Banbury.
. Orrver Vernon Artin; Bloxham, near Banbury, Oxon.
5. James Backnousp, Jun.; West Bank, York.
. VALENTINE Batt, F.R.S.; Science and Art Museum, Dublin. . Hansury Barcnay, Colonel, F.Z.S.; Cross Oak, Great Berk-
hampstead, Herts.
. Hue G. Barcray ; Colney Hall, Norwich. . Henry E. Barnus, Lieut.; Commissariat Department, India. . Ricwarp Manutrre Barrineron, LL.B.; Fassaroe, Bray, co.
Wicklow.
. E. F. Becuer, Capt. R.A., F.Z.S.; care of Rev. W. Becher,
Willow, Newark-on-Trent.
. Frank E. Bepparp, Prosector to the Zoological Society ;
13 Castlebar Road, Ealing, London, W.
. Joun Bippuren, Colonel, Bengal Statf Corps, Deoli, India. . Epwarp Browerz; | Trig Lane, Upper Thames Street, Lon-
don, E.C.
. C. T. Bryenam, Capt.; Deputy Conservator of Forests,
Rangoon.
. W. T. Buanrorp, F.R.S. &c. ; 72 Bedford Gardens, Kensing-
ton, London, W.
. Wrtr1aM Borrer, M.A., F.Z.S.; Cowfold, Horsham. . Wom F. Brocxsores; Claughton-on-Brock, Garstang,
Lancashire.
. Sir Vicror Brooxs, Bart.; Colebrooke, Fermanagh, Ireland.
20
25
30
35
4o
vi
Date of
Election.
1868. Tuomas Epwarp Bucxtry, B.A., F.Z.S8.; Millerton, Inverness, iN. B.
1872. Sir Watrer Lawry Butter, K.C.M.G., Sc.D., F.R.S., Xe. ; 52 Stanhope Gardens, Queen’s Gate, 5. W.
1884, E. A. Burtser, Lieut.-Col.; Herringfleet Hall, Lowestoft.
1884. Grorrrey Fowrrt Buxton; Sunny Hill, Thorpe, Norwich.
1888. Joun Duncan Cameron, late Capt. R.A. ; Lowwood, Bethers- den, near Ashford, Kent.
1879. Tuomas Davin Grpson CarmicHanrt ; Castlecraig, Dolphinton, N.B.
1888. James Carrer; Burton House, Masham, Yorkshire.
1888. Watrer Cuampertain; Harborne Hall, near Birmingham.
1884. Apri Caapman; 16 Roker Terrace, Sunderland.
1882. Roserr Wriri1am Caase; Southfield, Edgbaston Road, Bir- mingham.
1880. Wriiiram Factz Crarks, F.L.S.; 18 Claremont Road, Head- ingley, Leeds.
1876. Epwarp Henry Srvart, Lord Cuirron, F.Z.S.; Dumpton Park, Ramsgate.
1880. E. H. Coopmr, Lieut.-Col.; 42 Portman Square, London.
1874. Joon CorpEaux; Great Cotes, Ulceby, Lincolnshire.
1888. Wittram Witrrip Corpravux, Lieut. 2nd Dragoon Guards ; Sialkote, Bengal, India.
1882. Coartes B. Cory; 8 Arlington Street, Boston, Mass., U.S.A.
1882. Puitre Crowtry, F.Z.S.; Waddon House, Croydon.
1877. J. J. Dateiersu ; 8 Atholl Crescent, Edinburgh.
1874. Coaruses Danrorp, F.Z.8.; Conservative Club, St. James’, London, 8.W.
1883. Jamus Davinson ; 32 Drumsheugh Gardens, Edinburgh.
1884. Winrtam Ruxron Davison; care of Edward Jones, 77 Queen Street, Cheapside, E.C.
1883. Scrore b. Dora; Public Works Department, Bombay.
1880. Arruur Dowsrrr; Castle Hill House, Reading.
1865. Henry Ertes Dresser, F.L.S., F.Z.S.; 6 Tenterden Street, Hanover Square, London, W., and Topclyffe Grange, Farn- borough, Kent.
*Henry Mavrice Drummonp-Hay, C.M.Z.S., Lieut.-Col., Royal Perth Rifles; Seggieden, Perth. 1878. W. Arrnur Durnrorp; Elsecar, Barnsley.
45
50
55
60
65
7°
vil Date of Election.
1876. Grorer Le C. Earrron, Commander R.N.; The Lodge, Stoke Road, Gosport.
1870. Danret Giravp Extiotr, F.R.S.E., &e.; Fuller Buildings, Jersey City, New Jersey, U.S.A.
1884, AteErnon Exriorr, Assist. Comm., Amraoti Camp, Berar.
1866. Henry Joun Etweus, F.Z.8.; Preston, Cirencester.
1879. ArtHuR Humsie Evans, B.A.; 9 Harvey Road, Cambridge.
1888. Wintram Evans, F.R.S.E.; 184 Morningside Park, Edin- burgh.
1873. H. W. Fritpen, Lieut.-Col., F.Z.S., C.M.Z.S.; West House, Wells, Norfolk.
1886. Haroxp Srvarr Frerevson, Lient. Nair Brigade ; Trevandrum, Travancore.
1884. Henry Oce Forses, F.Z.S.; Rubislaw Den, Aberdeen.
1880. Wittram Foster; The Hill, Witley, Surrey.
1887. W. W. Fowter, M.A.; Lincoln College, Oxford.
1865. Rev. Henry Exxrorr Fox, M.A.; 12 South Bailey, Durham.
1881. Percy Evans Frexe; 9 Sydenham Road, Dundrum, co. Dublin.
1881. Hans Gapow, Ph.D.; The New Museums, Cambridge.
1886. The Eart or Garnsporoven ; Exton Park, Oakham.
1885. Sir Ranrew Payne Gattwey, Bart. ; Thirkleby Park, Thirsk.
1879. Ernest Grsson ; 1 Eglinton Crescent, Edinburgh.
*Freperick DuCane Gopman, F.R.S., &c.; 10 Chandos Street,
Cavendish Square, London, W.
* Percy SANDEN Gopman, B.A., C.M.Z.S. ; Muntham, Horsham.
1874. H. H. Gopwin-Ausren, Lieut.-Col., F.R.S., &c.; Shalford House, Guildford.
1884. J. G. Goopcnttp ; 28 Jermyn Ntreet, London, 8. W.
1886. Witr1am Grauam; Manor House, Crayford, Kent.
1878. Henry Grey, BengalStaffCorps; care of Messrs. Grindlay & Co.
1885. F. H. H. Guittemarp, M.D.; Eltham, Kent.
1876. Atsert C. L. G. Ginruer, M.A., M.D., F.R.S., &.; Keeper of the Zoological Department, British Museum (Natural History), London, 8. W.
*Joun Henry Gurney, F.Z:S.; Northrepps Hall, Norwich. 1870. Joun Henry Gurney, Jun., F.Z.S.; Keswick Hall, Norwich. 1887. Joan Preypett Witton Haines; The Lodge, Gloucester. 1886. Epvwarp Hamitron, M.D., F.L.S., F.Z.8.; 49 Portugal Street,
Mayfair, London, W.
75
80
85
go
95
100
viil
Date of Election.
1877. 1883.
Epwarp W. Harcovurr, M.P.; Nuneham Park, Abingdon. Lewis Vernon Harcourt; Malwood, Lyndhurst, Hants.
1876. H. C. Harrorp, 99th Regiment; Stapleton Lodge, Chelsea
1877. 1868.
1873.
1868.
Road, Southsea.
E. Hararrr, F.Z.S.; Broadwater Lodge, Broadwater, Worthing.
James Epmunp Hartine, F.L.S., F.Z.S.; Linnean Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, W.
Joun A. Harvir-Brown, F.Z.8.; Dunipace House, Larbert, N.B.
Rey. Hersert S. Hawkins, M.A.; Beyton Rectory, Suffolk.
1887. Cuarues T. Hesperr; 12 Hereford Gardens, London, W. 1884. 6. J. Hotpsworre; Oxenholme, Westmoreland.
1877.
1888.
1881.
1879.
1869.
1870.
1870.
1888. 1886.
E. W. H. Hortpswortn, F.Z.8.; 84 Clifton Hill, St. John’s Wood, London, N.W.
Hersert Kyicur Horsrretp ; Oakfield Terrace, Headingley, Leeds.
Rosert James Howarp; Blackburn, Lancashire.
*Witrrip Hupieston Hupxesron, M.A., F.R.S., F.Z.S. ; Oat-
lands Park, Weybridge.
Baron A. von Hiern; Cambridge.
ALLAN Octavian Hume, C.B.; Simla, India.
Hepworrn Hytron-Jotiirre, Lord Hyrron; Merstham, Red Hill, Surrey.
Leonard Howarp L. Irsy, Lieut.-Col., F.Z.S.; Army and Navy Club, Pall Mall, London, S.W.
Freperickx J. Jackson; 13 Westbourne Square, W.
Harry Berxetey James, F.Z.S.; 16 Ashburn Place, Crom- well Road, London, 8.W.
. Henry Roserr Kernan, Capt. 74th Highlanders; Dagehai,
N.W. Provinces, India.
. Puri M. Kermone; Seabridge Cottage, Ramsey, Isle of Man. . Rey. Epw. Ponsonsy Knustery, M.A.; Stavely Rectory, Leeds. . Herperr Laneron; 115 Queen’s Road, Brighton.
. Hon. Grratp Lascrtius; Queen’s House, Lyndhurst.
. Grorce Lawson, C.B.; 36 Craven Hill Gardens, Hyde Park,
London, W.
1876. Vincent Luger, Col. R.A.; Commandant’s Office, Hobart
Town, Tasmania.
Hamown Ly Stranee, F.Z.8.; Hunstanton Hall, King’s Lynn, Norfolk.
105
IIo
It5
120
1x
Date of Election.
1875.
1886
Pacer Water Le Srranez, Col. R.A.; Glancothy, Nant- garedig, R.S.O., Caermarthenshire.
Haroxp Lirrtepatr, B.A. &e.; Vice-Principal, The College, Baroda.
*THomas Lyrrieton, Lord Litrorp, F.L.S., F.Z.S., &c.; Lilford
Hall, Oundle, and 6 Tenterden Street, London, W.
. Joun Hayns Luoyp, Major, F.Z.8.; 30 Pulteney Gardens, Bath. 7. J. Lumspen; Arden House, Alexandria, N.B. . Rey. Hueu Atexanprer Macpuerson; 3 Kensington Gardens
Square, W.
. JoHN Wryerietp Matcorm ; 7 Stanhope Street, Maytair,
London, W.
. Henry Sracy Marks, R.A., F.Z.S.; 17 Hamilton Terrace,
St. John’s Wood, London, N.W.
. C. H. T. Marsnatz, Major, F.Z.8.; Secretary to H.H.
The Nizam, Hyderabad, Deccan.
. Jonn Marsuatt, F.L.S.; Belmont, Taunton. . Rey. Murray A. Maruew, M.A., F.L.S.; Stone Hall, Wolf’s
Castle, R.S.O., Pembrokeshire.
. Epmunp Gustavus Brioomrretp Mrapr-Waupo; Rope Hill,
Lymington, Hants.
. Joun Guitte Mitrats, F.Z.8.; 2 Palace Gate, Kensington, W. . Freperick SHaw Mircnert; Hornshaws, Clitheroe, Lanca-
shire.
. ALEXANDER GoopMANn Morg, F.L.S., &c.; 92 Leinster Road,
Rathmines, Dublin.
. Groree Morean, Lieut.-Col.; Biddlesden Park, Brackley.
. Georek Murrueap; Paxton, Berwick-on-Tweed.
. Epwarp Neate; 6 Tenterden Street, London, W.
. Tuomas Hupson Nutson; North Bondgate, Bishop Auckland,
Durham.
. Huew Nevitt; Newton Villa, Godalming. . Francis D’Arcy Witt1am Crouen Newcome; Feltwell Hall,
Brandon, Suffolk.
*AtrreD Newton, M.A., F.R.S., F.Z.S.; Professor of Zoology in the University of Cambridge.
*Sir Epwarp Newton, M.A., K.C.M.G., F.L.S., C.M.Z.S. ; Lowestoft.
1886. Howarp Hitt Joun Nicnotts, M.R.C.S.; The Moat, East-
bourne,
125
130
135
140
145
Date of Election.
1876. Francis Nrcnorson, F.Z.8.; Oakfield, Ashley Rd., Altrincham.
1887. Grorcr Cameron Norman; Collingham House, Cromwell Road, London, 8.W.
1882, Evernr Witt1aAm Oates; 6 Tenterden Street, Hanover Square, London, W.
*Sir Joun W. P. Camppett Orne, Bart., F.Z.S., late Captain, 42nd (Royal Highland) Regiment; Kilmory House, Lochgilphead, Argyllshire, N.B.
1883. Henry Parker, C.E.; Irrigation Office, Ceylon.
1880. TxHomas Parkin, M.A., F.Z.8.; Halton, near Hastings.
1884. R. L. Parrerson, F.L.S.; Croft House, Holywood, co. Down.
1886. E. Campriper Parties ; The Elms, Brecon.
1886. E. Lorr Putts ; 22 Bolton Street, Piccadilly, W.
1888. Grorce THorNE Putrtirs; Wokingham, Berkshire.
1883. Tuomas Mayer Prxr, M.A.; Westport, Wareham, Dorset.
1888. Mervyn Owen Wayne Powys; 33 Gt. Cumberland Place, W.
1880. Cuartes Marrarw Prior; Adstock Manor, Winslow, Bucks.
1888. Evsrace Rapetyrre; Hyde, Wareham, Dorset.
1872. R. G. Warptaw Ramsay, Major; F.Z.8.; Coldham Hall, Wisbech.
1879. Herzert Everyn Rawson, F.Z.8.; St. Stephen’s Club, S.W.
1888. Rosperr H. Reap; 8 Great George Street, Westminster, 8.W.
1877. Savite G. Rei, late Capt. R.E.; Ashridgewood, Wokingham.
1873. Sir Oxriver Breavcnamp Coventry Sr. Joun, Colonel R.E. ; care of Messrs. H. 8. King & Co., 45 Pall Mall, London, S.W.
1883. Witiram Herserr Sr. Quintin; Scampston Hall, Rillington, Yorkshire.
*Ospert Satvin, M.A., F.R.S., &c.; 10 Chandos Street, Lon- don, W., and Hawksfold, Fernhurst, Haslemere.
1870. Howarp Saunpers, F.L.S., F.Z.8., &c.; 7 Radnor Place, Hyde Park, London, W.
*Puivip Luriey Scuarer, M.A., Ph.D., F.R.S., &e.; Zoological Society of London, 3 Hanover Square, London, W.
1881. J.-Scutty, F.L.S., F.Z.8S.; care of Messrs. H. S. King & Co., 45 Pall Mall, London, 8.W.
1873. Henry Srrsonm, F.Z.S.; 6 Tenterden Street, Hanover Square, W., and 22 Courtfield Gardens, London, 5.W.
|
150
155
160
165
170
Date of Election.
1871.
1886.
1870.
1865.
1881. 1882.
1878.
1864.
1874. 1881.
1875.
1881.
1887.
1887.
1882.
1884.
xi
Ricwarp Bowpier Suarpe, F.L.S., F.Z.S. ; Senior Assistant, Zoological Department, British Museum (Natural History), London, 8.W.
Witrram Carsrarrs SHaw; Bank of Madras, Ootacamund, Nilgiris.
G. Ernest Sueey, F.Z.S., late Captain, Grenadier Guards; 6 Tenterden Street, Hanover Square, London, W.
Rev. Coartes WitttamM SHEPHERD, M.A., F.Z.S.; Trotters- cliffe Rectory, Maidstone, Kent.
F. B. Stason; Broom Hill, Spratton, Northampton.
Rev. Henry H. Starter, M.A., F.Z.8.; Irchester Vicarage, Wellingboro’, Northampton.
GrorcE Montaw Sraveuter, Brigade-Surgeon ; Farningham, Kent. ;
Rev. Atrrep CHartes Suitu, M.A.; Yatesbury Rectory, Calne, Wiltshire.
Crcrt Suir, F.Z.8.; Lydeard House, Taunton, Somersetshire.
THomas SoutHwE.t, F.Z.S8.; 10 The Crescent, Chapel Field, Norwich.
A. C. Srarx; The Cottage, Whiteparish, near Salisbury.
Rozert Wricut Sruppy, Lieut.-Col. 2nd Manchester Regi- ment, India; care of E. W. H. Holdsworth, 84 Clifton Hill, St. John’s Wood, London, N.W.
Freperick Witiram Styan; 23 Upper Bedford Place, Lon- don, W.C., and Shanghai, China.
Joun SwinsurneE; Shona Ranch, St. John’s, Apache Country, Arizona, U.S.A.
Cuartes Swinnoz, Col. Bombay Staff Corps, F.L.S., F.Z.S. ; care of I. H. Wrentmore, 29 Bedford Row.
W. C. Tarr; Oporto.
*Epwarp Cavenpisu Taytor, M.A., F.Z.8.; 74 Jermyn Street,
1864.
1873.
1886.
London, 8.W.
Grorcr Cavenpiso Taytor, F.Z.8.; 42 Elvaston Place, Queen’s Gate, London, S.W.
Wituiam Bernuarp Trerrmerer, F.Z.8.; Finchley, Mid- dlesex.
Horace A. Terry, Lieut. 43rd Light Infantry; Burvale, Walton-on-Thames.
*Rev. Henry Baxter Tristram, M.A., LL.D., F.RS., &e.,
Canon of Durham; The College, Durham,
xii Date of Election.
1864, Henry Morris Urcuer, F.Z.8.; Sheringham Hall, Norfolk, and Feltwell Hall, Brandon. 1881. Wittovessy Verner, Capt. Rifle Brigade; Junior United Service Club, 8. W. 1884. A. S. Vesry; 3 Campden Villas, Barnes, 8.W. 1886. H. D. Wape-Datron, Major Middlesex Regiment ; Buttevant, Treland. 175 1881. THomas, Lord WatsineHam, F.Z.8.; Eaton House, Eaton Square, London, 8.W., and Merton Hall, Thetford, Norfolk. 1874. Coartes Byerave Wuarron, F.Z.8.; Hounsdown, Totton, Hants. 1878. Henry THornton Wuarton, M.A., F.Z.8.; 39 St. George’s Road, Abbey Road, London, N.W. 1884. Joseph Wuarraker, F.Z.8.; Rainworth Lodge, Mansfield, Notts. 1887. Jerrery Wutrenrap ; Southwood, Bickley, Kent. 180 1887. Scorr Barcnarp Witson; Heatherbank, Weybridge Heath,
Surrey. 1888. CHarxes Josepa Witson ; 16 Gordon Square, W.C. 1871. E. Percevat Wrieut, M.D., F.L.S., F.Z.8., Professor of Botany
in the University of Dublin. 1875. Cuartus A. Wrieut, F.Z.8.; Kayhough House, Kew Gardens, Kew. 1876. CraupE W. Wyatr; Adderbury, Banbury. 185 1878. Joun Youne, F.Z.8.; 64 Hereford Road, Bayswater, London, W. 1877. J. H. Yur, Major, Devon Regiment; 41 Eaton Rise, Ealing.
Extra-Ordinary Member.
1860, Atrrep Russet Wattacz, F.Z.8.; Nutwood Cottage, Frith Hill, Godalming.
Honorary Members.
1886. Tuomas Ayres; Potchefstroom, Transvaal. 1860. Doctor Epvarp Barpamus, Moritzwinger, No. 7, Halle. 1860. Doctor Juan Canants, Erster Custos am koniglichen Museum der Friedrich-Wilhelm’s Universitit zu Berlin. 1870. Doctor Orro Fiyscu, Bremen, 5 1880. Hernricu Garxe, C.M.Z.8., Secretary to the Government of Heligoland.
xiil
Date of
Election.
1860. Doctor Gustav Harrtavus, Bremen.
1860. Epvear Leopotp Layarp, C.M.G., F.Z.S., H.B.M. Consul, ew Caledonia.
1869. Aveusr von Prtzetn, Custos am k.-k. zoologischen Cabinete in Wien.
Foreign Members.
1872. Prof. J. V. Barpoza pu Bocaén, Royal Museum, Lisbon. 1875. Hans, Graf von Brruersca, Minden, Hannover. 1880. Lovis Burrav, M.D., Ecole de médecine, Nantes. 1873. Prof. Roperr Cotter, Zoological Museum, Christiania. 5 1872. Doctor Exrrorr Covers, Smithsonian Institution, Washing- ton, D.C. 1875. Marchese Giacomo Dorta, Genoa. 1872. Doctor Vicror Fatto, Geneva. 1872. Doctor Henry Hitrtyer Giertort, Real Instituto di Studi Superiori, Florence. 1872. Grorar N. Lawrence, New York. ro 1872. Baron Dz Srtys Lonecuamprs, Liege. 1866. Doctor Junius von Maparisz, National Museum, Buda- Pesth. 1872. Doctor A. J. Matmeren, Helsingfors. 1883. Prof. Oranien Cartes Marsn, Yale College, Newhaven, U.S.A, 1881. Doctor AporpH Brrnarp Meyer, Director of the Royal Museum, Dresden. 15 1872. Doctor A. von Mippenporrr, Dorpat. 1872. Prof. AtpHonsr Minne-Epwarps, Jardin des Plantes, Paris. 1881. General N. Presevatsky, Academy of Science and Art, St. Petersburg. 1872. Prof. Gustav Rappeg, Tiflis. 1880. Ropert Rrpeway, C.M.Z.S., Smithsonian Institution, Wash- ington, D.C. 20 1872. Count Tommaso Satvaport, Zoological Museum, Turin.
CONTENTS or VOL. VI.—FIFTH SERIES.
(1888. )
NumBer XXI., January.
Page I. Notes on Woodpeckers.—No. XIV. On the Genus Geeinus. Dye eDwaARD taRerrr, EOZS.36 aNocc wo GS oee Ae ed II. Notes on the Birds of New Zealand. By T. W. Kirk, of the Geological Survey Department. . . . . . . 4.4 . 42 III. On the Hornbills of the Seo Region. By Captain Gai. SHELLEY, F.Z.8. ss aft Yo hcdl Gly ‘oxen cone IV. On the Birds of Bhamo, Upper Burmah. By Evernn eos si Accs, (relate yin. Spa bee Ne et a as 70
V. Notes on the Birds of Teneriffe. By Capt. Savitz G. Ret, R.E. (Concluded from vol. vy. page 435.) . . . . . 73
VI. On the Genus Cyclorhis, Swains. By Hans von Brr- BIGEHC HM Res mery, tb Casctstl ad Sg teaetae 2) ap uliées trek oS OS
VII. Remarks on the Acanthize of Tasmania. By Colonel Mirmiinimare NAG tN 9. 38 sole vee Necera es! SUS” oe wees
VIII. Ornithological Notes of a Tour in Cyprus in 1887. By Dr. F. H. H. Guirtemarp, M.A., F.Z.S. With a Preface by
ijord Lrnvorp, (Plate II.) ..... = . ae ee eee Meee: | TX. On the presence of Claws in the Wings of the Ratitz. eon embark, HRS. b.i)!s )ce eine winep cat tael “a itn ie:
X. Descriptions of two new Species of Birds from Bogota, Colombia, “By Hans von BernerscH »' 2.7 27s. 128
xvl
CONTENTS.
Page XI. Notices of Recent Ornithological Publications :—
1. Anderson on the Birds of the Mergui Archipelago 131 2. Berlepsch on the Birds of Paraguay 131 3. Blasius on the Birds of Celebes. ‘ 132 4. Bryant on the Ornithology of Guadalupe ian 132 5. Buller’s ‘ Birds of New Zealand’ a3 6. Carazzi on the Birds of Spezia . 134 7. Hartert on the Birds of Prussia 134. 8. ‘Indian Annals and Magazine of Natibal Seienee? 154 9. Lucas on the Osteology of Vothura : 134 10. Meyer on the Capercaillie and Black Grouse . 135
11. Milne-Edwards and Oustalet on the Birds of Gama Comoro Island : ‘ 135 12. Nazarow on the Zoology of the arenes Sone 136 13. Nicholson on the Birds of the Manchester District 136
14. ‘Norfolk and Norwich Naturalists’ Society’s Trans- actions’ «te . 136 15. Pelzeln and Minder on the Pigs Hp lleirg 16. Ridgway’s Manual of North-American Birds 137 17. Ridgway on a new Cotinga . 139 18. Ridgway on a new Spindalis : 139 19. Ridgway on the female of Carpodectes antonie 140 20. Ridgway on a new Porzana . 140 21, Ridgway on Ardea wuerdemanni 140 22. Ridgway on an Arizonan Trogon 140 23. Ridgway on a new Dendrocolaptine Bird 140 24, Ridgway on a new Phacellodomus . 141 25. Ridgway on two new Owls . 141
26. Scully on the Mammals and Birds of Nortteun ‘At ghanistan . . 5 141 27. Shufeldt on the Skulls of Turkeyen 141 28. Sousa on Birds from Ilha do Principe 14z 29, Sousa on Birds from Mozambique . 142 30. Stejneger on Japanese Birds . 142 31. Steyneger on Hawaiian Birds 143 32. Stejneger on Palearctic Bullfinches : 144 33. Stejneger on the Birds of the Commander Tislatidel 144 34, Stejneger on a new Fruit Pigeon . ‘ 144 35. Townsend’s Field-notes on Californian Zoology 145
CONTENTS.
XII. Letters, Extracts, Notices, &c.:—
Letters from Mr. J. H. Gurney, Mr. W. Davison, the Rev. Canon H. B. Tristram, and the Rey. H. A. Macpherson; The Turati Collection; The Breeding-habits of Flamingoes ; The _ B.M. Catalogue of Birds ; Sale of a Great Auk’s Egg. . . .
NumBer XXII, April.
XIII. Notes on Woodpeckers.—No. XIV. On the Genus Ge- einus. By Epvwarp Harerrt, F.Z.S. .
XIV. On a Collection of Birds from the Island of Palawan. By R. Bownrrr Suarre, F.LS., F.Z.8., &e. (Plates ILI., IV.)
XV. The Polar Origin of Life considered in its bearing on the Distribution and Migration of Birds.—Part Il. By H. B. Tristram, D.D., F.R.S. ;
XVI. Note on Long-faced Birds. By W.K. Parxnr, F.R.S. XVII. Notes on the Birds of Cashmere and the Dras District. By Lieut. W. Witrrip Corpravx (Queen’s Bays) .
XVIII. On the occasional Assumption of the Male Plumage by Female Birds. By J. H. Guryey, Jun. .
XIX. Further Notes on Calyptomena whiteheadi. By R. Bown ter Suarpe, F.L.S., F.Z.8., &. (Plate V.).
XX. Further Notes on the Birds of the Loo-choo Islands. By Henry Srrsonm
XXI. On the Arctic Form of the Nutcracker, Nweifraga caryocatactes. By Henry Sresoum FS ae
XXII. A List of the Birds of the Islands of the Coast of Yucatan and of the Bay of Honduras. By Osperr Satyin, OAS BH RoS., 0C..
XXII. Notes on a small Collection of Birds from Newala, East Africa. By H. B. Tristram, D.D., F.RB.S. XXIY. Notices of Recent Ornithological Publications :— 36. Adamson’s ‘ Illustrations of Birds ’.
SER. V.—VOL. VI. b
. 153
193
. 204
217
. 218
. 226
. 231
. 232
. 236
. 241
xviil CONTENTS.
Page 4 he Auk’. , . 267 38. Biichner on the Birds of the St. ‘Boerne District . 269 39. Emerson on the Birds of Southern California 270 40. Ernst on the Birds of the Caracas Museum . 270 41. Godman and Salvin’s ‘ Biologia Centrali-Americana’ . 270 42. Gould’s ‘ Bird’s of New Guinea’ Zee 43. Gurney on the House-Sparrow . . 212
44, Harvie-Brown and Buckley on the Binds of Sather: land and Caithness . te 45. Linnean Society of New South wale (Paorecdnes of ’ 274 46. Menzbier on the Osteology of the Penguins . . 275 47. Merriam on the Misdeeds of the British House- Spano 276 48. Montlezun on Bernicle Geese Airs 49, ‘Ornis’ Berar 50. Palmén on Sibenan Birds = te 51. Salvadori on Birds from Upper Bien , . 278 52. Salvadori on Birds from Tenasserim . - 278 53. Sclater and Hudson’s ‘ Argentine Ornithtloay2 . 279 54. Sharpe on the Fringillide : pe ea (-3) 55. Shufeldt on Birds’ Muscles useful in 1 icon 281 56. Stejneger on a Muscle of the Bird’s Wing 281 57. Stejneger on a new Thrush . 281 58. Winge on Fossil Birds from Brazil 282
XXY.
Letters, Extracts, Notices, &c. :—
Letters from A. Everett, Esq.; Sir W. L. Buller; Lieut.-
Col: Xi.
M. Drummond Hay. Note on Zapornia spilonota ;
Ornithological Travellers ; Bartlett’s new Monograph of Weaver-
birds and Finches ; Sale of another Great Auk’s pia Obituary —Mr. E. Lear; Mr. J. C. Hele nace a cones
NompBer XXIII., July.
XXVI. List of Birds collected in Eastern Africa by Mr. Frederick J. Jackson, F.Z.S. By Capt. G. E. Suerrey, F.Z.8.
With Notes and an Introduction by the Collector. (Plates Vi.;. VIL.) Rab
. 282
- 2a
CONTENTS,
XXVIII. On the Birds of the Snares Islands, New Zealand, By Dr. O. Finscu, Ph.D., H.M.B.0.U., &. . an
XXVIII. On Merula torquata and its Geographical Races. By Henry Srrsoum ak Wesjubteuny’ he
XXIX. On Phasianus torquatus and its Allies. By Henry SEEBOHM . bares Bate ienee) Ae iisre ete &
XXX. On Hirundo rustica and Motacilla melanope in Ceylon.
By Samvet Burien. (Communicated by Jonn Henry Gurvey.)
XXXI. Description d'une nouvelle Espéce du Genre Hmbe- riza. Par L. Taczanowsxi. (Plate VIII.)
XXXIT. On the Dates of Publication of Bonaparte’s ‘ Icono- grafia della Fauna Italica.’ By T. Satvavort, C.M.Z.S. .
XXXIII. Notes on the Emperor Penguin (Aptenodytes for- steri). By P. L. Scuarmr, M.A., Ph.D., F.R.S. ; XXXIV. On the Classification of the Striges. By Franx E. Bepparp, M.A., F.Z.8., Prosector to the Zoological Society of London : : oe Gs UR Nr aaa XXXY. On the Birds observed by Dr. Bunge on his recent Visit to Great Liakoff Island. By Henry Sresoum . XXXVI. Critical Notes on the Procellariide. By Osperr Satyin, M.A., F.R.S., &e. ; , ir.
XXXVII. Notices of Recent Ornithological Publications :—
X1X
Page
. 307
. 309
. 312
316
. 330
. 344
. dol
59. Bartlett on Weavers and Finches . . 360 60. Berlepsch on Colombian Trochilidee 36k 61. Bocage on additions to the Avifauna of St. Thomas . 361 62. Bocage on Birds from Equatorial Africa . . B62 §3. Bull on the Birds of Herefordshire . 862 64. Buller’s ‘ Birds of New Zealand’ . 362 65. Carazzi on additions to the Birds of Spezia . . 363 66, 67. Chamberlain on Canadian Birds . . 363 68. Dubois on the Birds of Belgium . 364 69. Emin Pasha’s Letters and Journals = a6p 79, Harvie-Brown on the Isle of May. . 365
71. Le Messurier on Indian Game, Shore and Water Birds
366
XX CONTENTS.
Page 72. Mansel-Pleydell on the Birds of Dorsetshire . . . 366 73. Nehrkorn on his Collection of Eggs . . . . . 367 74. Pelzeln and Lorenz on Types in the Vienna Muenm . 367 75. Ridgway on the Species of Phrygilus. . . . . . 367 76. Salvadori on anew Hemiwus . . wk ae OOS 77. Salvadori on the Caspian Plover in Teal 5 ee ee a BOS, 78. Seebohm on the Distribution of the Limicole . . . 369 79. Shufeldt on some Birds’ Sterna and Skulls . . . . 370
80. Smith on the Birds of Wiltshire . ..... . 370 81. Sousa on two new Birds from Angola. . . . . . 3871 824 Sousa on the Birds of Angola] Wo. = 26 eee
XXXVIII. Letters, Extracts, Notices, &c. :—
Letters from Prof. W. Blasius; Dr. J. v. Madarasz; Prof. R. Collett; Mr. H. E. Dresser; Mr. C. 8. Miliard; Mr. R. Lloyd Patterson; Mr. W. A. Sanford; and Mr. F., E. Blaauw. Notes on the Breeding of the Hoatzin; the new Irruption of Syrrhaptes paradowus. News of Bird-collectors in Foreign Parts. Obituary—Mr, H. Pryer and M. M. N. Bogdanow. INewsrotluiminerasha, . coo (coc. pe ce ey ee A en ee
Number XXIV., October.
XX XIX. Further Descriptions of new Species of Birds dis- covered by Mr. John Whitehead on the Mountain of Kina Balu, Northern Borneo. By R. Bowprer Suarpe, F.LS., F.Z.S., &c. (CHEN aD. 5.6 0) er re me ame Rar ai ia”
XL. Note on the Geographical Distribution of the Crested Cuckoos (Coccystes). By G.C. Norman, F.Z.8. . . . . . 396
XLI. Notes on some Oriental Birds. By Jonn Wurreneap. 409
_ XLII. On the Habits and Range of Bulwer’s Pheasant. By BV El. TREACHER “2. sh. Bs Lee mene rene ee ines
XLIIL An Attempt to Diagnose the Suborders of the Great Gallino-Gralline Group of Birds by the aid of Osteological Characters alone. By Henry Srrpopm...... =. . 415
CONTENTS. XX1
XLIV. Note on the Genus Rectes. By R. BowpLer Suarpr, EPP EPA OwOCCso, | a) «1 ‘shall UM ei oM CEA 5.20400
XLV. On two apparently undescribed Species of Sturnus. By bh. Gownurr Suarrr, F.L.S., FZS8. &ey-0 3 fe. 438
XLVI. On a Breeding-colony of Larus eburneus on Spits- bergen. By Professor Rosert Cotterr, Zoological Museum, Giiristiania., “(Plate XU). Bios jua ay et mds oe ok ae 20
XLVII. Winter Notes in Spain. By Aspen Coapman . . 444
XLVIUI. On the Birds of Lomas de Zamora, Buenos Aires, Argentine Republic. By Franx Wiruineton. With Notes by eee SGEATER | ile nahh ly (at ct ep cd Moe Speech oneapeee Dy el
XLIX. On the Identity of Lbts propinqua with Lbis melano- cephala. By Henry Serponm. . . Ve ae ee ea
L. Notes on some Species of Zosterops. By Atrrep and ED WAED NEWTONS gah 2 504 seo) ae om om iat 's)o alten ey
LI. On two new Species of Starlings. By R. BowpLer SHMRPR MESS GCs e ethene fon) 50 eos gle cae eee
LIL. Diagnoses of some new Species of Birds obtained on the Mountain of Kina Balu by Mr. John Whitehead. By R. Bowprrr DHAEP He Melaws Wem me toe a yc S wloa ewok 2 AUS
LILI. Notices of Recent Ornithological Publications :—
Goa). theAuk =". “2°. Kn Ppeh tah oh aa eee, 84. ‘The Audubon Maeanne? ae: . 480 85. Barboza du Bocage on a new Bird ee St. Thome . 482 86. Belgian Ornithological Report for 1886. . . . . 482 37. Buttikofer on Birds from Liberia . . . . « 482 88. Dall on the Scientific Work of Professor BRids 2 23483 89. Furbringer on the Anatomy of Birds. . . . . . 483 90. Giglio on Birds from Assab and Shoa . . . . . 484 91 -irby's Key List\of British Birds’ . 4 2°. . 4 « 485 92. Kolier on the Birds of Holland. . .. . . 485
93. Menzbier on the Posthumous Works of See . 486 94, Meyer and Helm on Ornithological Stations in SaxOUW rf: cp Ven BOR ne ca Vcc ta. ernst et OG
XXil CONTENTS.
Page
So sUris* ss. TP 7% eee ee aS, 96. Pelzeln and Lorenz on Types in the Vienna Museum. 487
97. Salvadori on the Birds of Shoarevs yee ap s,s» 407
98. Saunders’s ‘Manual of British Birds’. . . . . . 488
99. Sclater on the Oligomyodian Passeres . . . . . 488
100. Sousa on the Birds of St. Thomé . . . . . . «490 101. Taczanowski on Caucasian Birds . .... . . 490
102.
LIV. Lette
Tegetmeier on Pallas’s Sand Grouse . . . . . . 490
Letters, Extracts, Notices, &c.:— rs from Mr. E. L. Layard; Sir J. W. P.Campbell-Orde,
Mr. F. E. Beddard; Dr. G. Hartlaub; and Mr. Hugh R. Rab-
betts ; Sclater.
Extract from a Letter from Dr. Burmeister to Mr. Assumption of Male Plumage by Female Birds. An-
niversary Meeting of the British Ornithologists’ Union, 1888.
Obituar
y—Mr. Henry Stevenson . . . . . .. « « « 40
rex Gee hes peel secs ike os tes ak Que Denes ee Pe we Titlepage, Preface, List of Members, and Contents. General Index to the Fifth Series.
To Eee Ss,
FIFTH SERIES.
No. XXI. JANUARY 1888.
I.—Notes on Woodpeckers.—No. XIV. On the Genus Gecinus. By Epvwarp Hareirt, F.Z.S.
Since Malherbe’s monograph appeared new species have been added to the present genus, and through the earnest labours of many ornithologists a more thorough knowledge of the species comprised in it has been arrived at, while certain Gecini supposed to be distinct have been allotted to their true position. It is with the view of placing before the readers of ‘ The Ibis’ the present state of our acquaintance with the genus that I have undertaken its revision, adding a few notes which may possibly prove interesting. I have included in the genus Gecinus three species which are generally placed in the genus Chrysophlégma of Gould, viz. G. chlorolophus, G. chlorigaster, and G. puniceus, as I am of opinion that their true affinity is with the Gecini, and not with the other yellow- naped species composing the genus Chrysophlegma. Count Salvadori places G. puniceus in his genus Callolophus, but I think its characters are those of a Gecinus.
Reichenbach, in bis ‘ Handbuch,’ includes nine species in the present genus. Of these G. karelini is generally admitted to be nothing more than G. viridis; while G. xanthopygius is,
SER. V.—VOL. VI. B
2 Mr. E. Hargitt on the Genus Gecinus.
in my opinion, only G. striolatus of Blyth, and this is the view taken by Malherbe. The latter author, in his monograph, enumerates twenty-four species under the genus Chloropicus, sixteen of which belong to the Old World and eight to the continent of America. Of the Old-World species I would eliminate from the present genus C. mentalis and C. miniatus, and place them in the genus Chrysophlegma, and refer C. karelint to our common Green Woodpecker, G. viridis ; the New-World species I would include in the genus Chlo- ronerpes. Sundevall, in his ‘ Conspectus,’ under Tribus 19, Picr virripes, includes ten species; of these I have united G. tancola and G. guerini. Gray, in his ‘ Hand-list,’ enu- merates seventeen Gecini, and among these he includes the yellow-naped species placed by modern authors in the genera Chrysophlegma and Callolophus. I unite his G. tancola and G. guerini, and consider that G. karelint must sink into a synonym of G. viridis.
In the present genus I include sixteen species. Of these, three have been described since the time of Malherbe, viz. G. sharpii of Saunders, G. erythropygius of Elliot, and G. gorii, recently described by myself and subspecifically distinct from G. squamatus. Dr. Menzbier (Bull. Nat. Mosc. 1886, pt. 1, p. 440) has described a Gecinus from the Murgab river, which he names G. fiavirostris; but from the description I cannot see in what respect it differs from G. sguamatus, as he has omitted to give the characters (if any) which distinguish it from the latter species. Under the heading of G. sqguamatus I have entered more fully into this question, and have endea- voured to show that Dr. Menzbier’s G. flavirostris is not the same as my G. gorii, whatever else it may prove to be.
I have done my best to make the synonymy in this paper as complete as possible, and to describe the various plumages of each species, as far as the series of specimens at my com- mand would permit. For want of a perfect series of the young, I have been compelled to omit them in the key. In the geographical distribution appended to each species I have been enabled, in some instances, to show an extended range and where this has been done I have specified the
Mr. E. Hargitt on the Genus Gecinus. 3
birds which seem to me to warrant the extension. In addi- tion to the British Museum specimens (including the Hume collection) I have had my own large series to aid me in the conclusions I have come to, which have been arrived at after several years’ work. I am indebted to Captain Bing- ham and to Mr. Eugene Oates for many of the specimens which have served to make this paper fairly complete as regards the various stages of plumage described, and I have also to thank these gentlemen for many valuable notes.
Key to the Species.
a. Rump green or yellow. a’, No yellow nuchal crest; never any red on the wings.
a, Under surface of the body perfectly uni- form; face grey or slightly tinged with green.
a’. Nape black; occiput black, or grey striped with black. a‘, Tail black, the central pair of feathers with greyish spots upon both webs; eee stripe and bill black.
pe C@rowaredancsee atin © scala stele occipitalis, § ad. o Crown black, like the cee and GTRPGR acre seta ate te earth omit cerate care occipitalis, 9 ad.
64, Tail entirely crossed by greyish bars ; malar stripe black; lower mandible yellow at the base. CaO rowiereGarriacin eee re a tae guerinti, 3 ad. d>, Crown and occiput grey, striped with black, sometimes almost en-
tirely black yracc sere stteemleha es guerint, 2 ad. 6°, Nape grey. Cau ONO WNETEUM Ess ania tart eterna Ra ahe NG canus, S$ ad. d‘, Crown and occiput grey .......... canus, 2 ad.
&?. Under surface of the body more or less distinctly varied on the abdomen, flanks, and thighs with somewhat V-shaped or crescent-shaped dusky markings.
c’, Face grey, crossed by a whitish stripe from the base of the upper mandible to the upper extremity of the black malar stripe.
Mr. E. Hargitt on the Genus Gecinus.
e+, Crown, occiput, and nape red ...... ft. Crown and occiput grey striped with black;mape red 92.0... jose enn
d’, Face grey, without white stripe from the base of the upper mandible ; crown, occiput, and nape red,
g'. Malar stripe red. s.4. «are ao Mueene
hs. Malar stripe black..27-2.00.-.ee
e®, Anterior half of face black; crown, occi- put, and nape red.
eh Malar stripe ted . <0. snr «eae
ye Mlalarstripe black. .\s.cmmisirariersr
c®, Throat, chest, and sometimes upper breast uniform, remainder of the underparts varied with V-shaped, crescentic, or squa- mate markings of black, brown, or brown- ish olive.
Jf?. Underparts below the breast with some- what V-shaped or crescent-shaped markings of black; malar stripe red.
k*, Crown and occiput red, this colour spreading on to the black nape....
I’. Crown grey varied with black, occiput red, maperblack > one acs eaienienee
g®. Throat and chest olivaceous ashy; under- parts below the chest covered with squamate markings of black; tail en- tirely barred; malar patch striped black and white.
m*, Wing-coverts and scapulars, as well as the back, uniform; the squamate markings on the underparts broad ; tail black, narrowly barred with creamy white, the black interspaces showing clearly on the underside ; the white bars on the wings much narrower than the black.
e’. Crown, occiput, and nape red .... f°. Crown, occiput, and nape black ..
n* (pale form). Wing-coverts and scapu- lars barred with darker green; the squamate markings on the under- parts extremely narrow ; tail creamy white, narrowly barred with brown-
ish black, these bars showing faintly
vaillanti, go ad.
vaillanti, 9 ad.
sharpu, 3 ad. sharpu, 9 ad.
viridis, 3 ad. viridis, 9 ad.
awokera, ¢ ad.
awokera, 2 ad.
squamatus, 3 ad. squamatus, 2 ad.
Mr. E. Hargitt on the Genus Gecinus.
on the under side, which is washed with golden yellow; the light bars on the quills as broad, or even broader, than the black. g°. Crown, occiput, and nape red .... gorw, d ad. h®, Crown, occiput, and nape black .. gor, 9 ad. A’, Throat and chest ochreous yellow, sometimes tinged with green; under- parts below the chest covered with elongated squamate markings of black- ish brown, and having a somewhat striped appearance ; tail black, the cen- tral feathers with oblique bar-like spots on the base of the inner web; malar patch black, striped with white. o*, Crown, occiput, and nape red...... vittatus, S ad. p*. Crown, occiput, and nape black .... vittatus, 2 ad. d?, The throat (generally), the chest, and re- mainder of the underparts always covered with elongated squamate markings of blackish or brownish olive. #3, Tail nearly uniform, the feathers having at most a few bar-like spots of buff or brownish white at the base of both webs, these being almost concealed by the coverts, the outer large feather minutely spotted on the external web ; malar patch black, striped with white ; throat sometimes uniform, q‘. Crown, occiput, and nape red ...... viridanus, ¢ ad. r*, Crown, occiput, and nape black .... viridanus, 9 ad. 7°. Tail more barred, the bars on the base of the central pair of feathers only partly hidden by the coverts, the outer large feather distinctly barred upon both webs along their whole length, and showing clearly on the underside ; malar patch greyish white, very nar- rowly striped with dusky olive or black; throat never uniform, s4, Crown, occiput, and nape red ...... striolatus, 3 ad. t+, Crown, occiput, and nape black .... strtolatus, 9 ad. b'. With yellow nuchal crest, and with more or less red on the wings. e*. Wing-coverts and outer webs of quills
6 Mr. E. Hargitt on the Genus Gecinus.
(except the apical portion of the pri-
maries) crimson. fe, Malar stripe ‘erimsom, 425) ele aeterie puniceus, g ad. B Wathout malar ‘stripe. < ss. seman puniceus, 2 ad.
f°. Wing-coverts and quills green externally,
the outer webs with a broad stripe of dull
red running parallel with the shaft. m'’, Crown, occiput, and malar stripe
Crimson, ... fs Ste Gate cee ee eee chlorigaster, § ad. n®, Occiput (only) crimson; no red malar SERIPO. cfr eale heen ed hots eee Ie chlorigaster, 2 ad.
g°. Wing-coverts entirely green. o®. Base of the forehead, and a stripe bor- dering the forehead and occiput, and slightly indicated on the edge of the crown, crimson, this colour sometimes spreading on to the lower central fea- thers of the occiput; malar stripe red. chlorolophus, g ad. p®. Occiput (only) bordered with crimson ; nored melaristripen a... & ho.enetce chlorolophus, 2 ad. 6. Rump red; chin, throat, sides of the neck, and the upper chest yellow; underparts with dusky squamate markings; head black, with or without a yellow or yellowish-white stripe behind the eye.
De TOWUNGLCM isa «choke isewin 384 tates ane lafaloteneeels erythropygius, ¢ ad. a. \Vithout Tedicrowm 2 . <7. .awleec Nermuies erythropygius, 2 ad.
1. GECINUS OCCIPITALIS.
Picus oceipitalis, Vig. P. Z. 8. 1830, p. 8; Gould, Cent. B. Himal. M. pl. xlvu. (1832) ; McClell. P. Z.S. 1839, p. 165 ; Blyth.J. A. 8.5: x. p. 922 (1841)%5 id op: cit. xt p. 1002 (1843); id. op. cit. xiv. p. 191 (1845) ; Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 61 (1866) ; Giebel, Thes. Orn. ii. p. 171 (1876).
Picus barbatus, Gray, Hardw. Ill. Ind. Zool. i. pl. xxxi. fig. 2, ¢ (1830-82).
Malacolophus occipitalis, Swains. Classif. B. i. p. 308 (1837).
Brachylophus occipitalis, Hodgs. Icon. ined. in Brit. Mus. nos. 149, 150 (g ¢); id. in Gray’s Mise. p. 85 (1844).
Gecinus occipitalis, Gray, Cat. Mamm. &c. Nepal pres. Hodgs. p. 116 (1846); id. Gen. B. i. p. 488 (1846) ;
Mr. BE. Hargitt on the Genus Gecinus. t
Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 58, no. 263 (1849) ; Bp. Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 127 (1850); id. Consp. Volucr. Zygod. p- 10 (1854) ; Reichenb. Handb. Scans. Picinz, p. 349, no. 798, pl. dexxi. figs. 4189, 4140 (1854) ; Horsf. & Moore, Cat. B. Mus. E.I. Co. ii. p. 661, no. 963 (1856- 58); Jerd. B. Ind. i. p. 287 (1862); Tytler, Ibis, 1868, p- 202; Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 73 (1868); Bulger, Ibis, 1869, p. 156; Godwin-Austen, J. A. S. B. 1870, p- 267; Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 191, no. 8674 (1870) ; Cock & Marshall, Str. F. 1873, p. 350; Hume, op. cit. 1874, p. 472 ; id. & Oates, op. cit. 1875, p. 70; Blyth & Wald. B. Burm. p. 76 (1875); Godwin-Austen, J. A. S. B. 1876, p. 70; Hume, Str. F. 1877, p. 26; id. & Davison, op. cit. 1878, pp- 137 & 501; Oates, op. cit. 1879, p. 165; Scully, tom. cit. p- 248; Bingh. op. cit. 1880, p. 164; Oates, op. cit. x. p. 191 (1882); Salv. Cat. Strick]. Coll. p. 390, no. 1908 (1882) ; Oates, B. Brit. Burm. ii. p. 51 (1883) ; Marshall, Ibis, 1884, p. 410.
Chloropicos occipitalis, Malh. N. Classif. Mém. Acad. Metz, 1848-49, p. 351.
Chloropicus occipitalis, Malh. Monogr. Picid. u. p. 129, pl. Ixxvii. figs. 4, 5 (1862).
Gecinus striolatus (pt.), Anderson, Yunnan Exped.i. p. 585 (1878).
Adult male. Above, including scapulars, uniform yel- lowish olive; wing-coverts uniform glossy golden olive; bastard-wing and primary-coverts dusky black, edged ex- ternally with dull green and spotted with greyish; quills dusky black, the outer webs of the primaries margined at the base with dull green, and notched along the whole length with white, those of the secondaries partially or entirely glossy golden olive; inner webs spotted or deeply notched (except at the tip) with white ; some of the inner secondaries entirely golden olive; shafts of the primaries dark brown, those of the secondaries black; rump yellowish olive, the feathers broadly margined and tipped with hght chrome- yellow ; upper tail-coverts yellowish olive; tail black, the two central feathers margined at the base with golden olive,
8 Mr. E. Hargitt on the Genus Gecinus.
and having the basal portion faintly barred with brownish dusky ; dwarf feather tipped with yellowish green; shafts black, browner at the base; nasal plumes black ; base of the forehead, outer edge and posterior portion of the crown, and occiput intense black, with grey margins to the feathers, the latter parts having a striped appearance ; upper part of the forehead and the greater portion of the crown crimson ; nape intense black ; lores and sides of the face ashy grey; a black spot in front of the eye; hind neck and sides of the neck yellowish olive, the upper part of the latter greyer; a black malar stripe on a grey ground ; chin and throat buffy white, yellower on the fore neck ; from the chest to the under tail- coverts, inclusive, like the back, but a little duller in colour, except on the chest, which is yellower; under wing-coverts and axillaries white, tipped with pale yellow and broadly barred with black: “bill dull horny black ; orbital skin plumbeous; irides dark crimson ; feet plumbeous ; claws slaty ” (J. Scully). Total length 12°5 inches, culmen 1°65, wing 5°55, tail 4°15, tarsus 1:2; toes (without claws)—outer anterior 0°8, outer posterior 0°75, inner anterior 0°67, inner posterior 0:4.
In the Hume Collection there is a specimen of an adult male from Sikkim, of a beautiful golden green above and below, the feathers of the back as well as the scapulars — being edged with bright yellow; the wing-coverts rich olive- golden, inclining to golden brown; the quills and tail-fea- thers brown ; the chin and throat pale yellowish buff; and the fore neck, hkewise the sides of the neck, very yellow.
Young male (July). Differs from the adult male in having the partly exposed bases of the feathers of the back more dusky; the wing-coverts and secondary quills less golden, the latter with the faintest trace of dusky-green bars; the central pair of tail-feathers rather more distinctly barred ; the forehead with a central spot of orange-red ; sides of the face mouse-grey ; the chin and throat transversely varied with dusky and having a spotted appearance; under surface of the body duller green, the sides of the body, flanks, and thighs having dusky olive spots and narrow transverse mark-
Mr. H. Hargitt on the Genus Gecinus. 9
ings of dull yellowish white ; the dusky abdomen with dull yellowish transverse markings.
Adult female. Differs from the adult nrale in the absence of the crimson on the forehead and crown, these, as well as the occiput, being black, the feathers having grey margins and being rather lighter on the forehead, the whole having a striped appearance; the bars upon the central tail-feathers more distinct, and most of the others showing an indistinct trace of barring; the dark markings upon the under wing- coverts and axillaries browner: “ bill horny black ; orbital skin plumbeous grey; irides crimson ; feet plumbeous; claws slaty” (J. Scully). Total length 12°6 inches, culmen 1:45, wing 5°6, tail 3°8, tarsus 1°2.
Young female (August). Differs from the young male in wanting the orange-red spot upon the forehead, this being, like the crown and occiput, grey striped with black. In ~ this specimen the chest and breast are greener, and the fea- thers of the sides of the body, flanks, and thighs are losing their yellowish-white transverse markings, and the trace of dusky-green barring on the secondary quills has disappeared.
Nestling, apparently female (June 17th). More dingy in colour than the adult, and having the sides of the face less slaty and more of a mouse-grey ; a faint and narrow blackish moustachial stripe ; forehead, crown, and occiput dull black ; tail-feathers all barred, but not so distinctly as are the cen- tral pair in the adult ; flanks and thighs broadly barred with blackish. This specimen is in the British Museum, and forms part of Dr. Anderson’s Yunnan Collection.
Dr. Scully (Str. F. 1879, p. 248) is perfectly right in calling in question Dr. Jerdon’s description of G. occipitalis. The mistake is no doubt to be attributed to an oversight on the part of the latter author, who must have been well acquainted with the species. Jerdon’s description of the male (B. Ind. 1. p. 288) is as follows :—“ Forehead and occiput dull scarlet ; top of the head, a broad occipital stripe extending to the nape, and another on each side under the eyes, black.” Dr. Scully describes this sex correctly when he writes :—“ Fore- head and top of the head red; occiput and nape black; a
10 Mv. E. Hargitt on the Genus Gecinus.
black mandibular stripe on each side of the throat, extending _ to below the ear-coverts.”” The present species is nearly allied to G. guerini, but may be distinguished from it by its grey loral region, having only a small spot of black in front of the eye; by its powerful and entirely black bill; and, above all, by its tail, which is almost uniform black, with, at most, a few almost obsolete marginal spots, excepting the central pair of feathers, which are more distinctly spotted, whereas in G. guerini the central pair of tail-feathers are barred across, and the remaining ones are generally barred, although in some specimens these bars are wanting, but the outer large feather has always light spots or bars upon both webs, which are never found in G. occipitals.
Burmese examples of the present species exceed in mea- surement those from Sikkim and Cachar. G. occipitalis has a wide range, being found throughout the whole extent of the Himalayas and in Cashmere, also in Yunnan, Cachar, Assam, British Burmah, and Siam. In the collection of the British Museum are examples from Cashmere obtained by Dr. Bellew. Almost every collection from the Himalayan range contains this species. Col. Tytler records it from between Simla and Mussoorie, and the Hume Collection con- tains examples from the middle ranges of hills north of the latter place. Dr. Scully writes, ‘‘it is not uncommon in the forests surrounding the valley of Nepal, where it also breeds,” and he says it is fairly common about Hetoura in December. Capt. Strachey obtained it in Kumaon, and it has been pro- cured in Sikkim by Capt. Bulger and others. In the British Museum there is a specimen of Gecinus from Momien, Yun- nan, collected by Dr. Anderson at 5500 feet elevation ; this bird is a nestling, and was obtained upon June 17th, and although it has been named G. striolatus by Dr. Anderson, I am, after a careful examination of specimens, inclined to refer it to the present species. Dr. Anderson procured in Yunnan a second specimen (now in the Calcutta Museum); and as he tells us that it is the common Woodpecker of the elevated region to the east of the Kakhyen Hills, and the bird in its adult plumage must have been well known to him, the pro-
My. E. Hargitt on the Genus Gecinus. 11
bability is that one of his specimens is true G. striolatus, and the young bird in the British Museum may have been wrongly identified. McClelland obtained the present species in Assam, and in N.E. Cachar Mr. Inglis says it is common. In Native Burmah it is probably to be found, but I have not seen any specimens from thence. The Hume Collection includes specimens from the Tipperah Hills. In Pegu, Mr. Eugene Oates writes that it is one of the commonest Wood- peckers, aud found all over the province. Messrs. Hume and Davison, in their “ Birds of Tenasserim ” (Str. F. 1878, vi. p. 137), inform us that G. occipitalis is confined to the northern and central portions of that province; and Mr. Davison, in his note, states, “This species is nowhere com- mon, I have not observed it anywhere south of Tavoy. It is most frequently seen in the immediate vicinity of Pahpoon, but does not ascend the hills, to the north of that place, for any distance. It is a bird of the thin forests, bamboo jungles, and clearings.” In the appendix to the same paper a speci- men is recorded from Tavoy. Capt Bingham found this species throughout the Thoungyeen valley; he states that it breeds alike in the north and in the south-west in April. The British Museum collection contains a male specimen of a Gecinus obtained at Pitchaburree, Siam, August 1868, by M. Pierre, which I have no doubt is G. occipitalis.
2. GECINUS GUERINI.
Chloropicos guerini, Malh. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1849, p. 539.
Gecinus guerini, Bp. Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 127 (1850); id. Consp. Volucr. Zygod. p. 10 (1854) ; Reichenb. Handb. Scans. Picine, p. 349, no. 796, pl. dexxu. figs. 4144, 4145 (1854) ; Horsf. & Moore. Cat. B. Mus. E.I. Co. ii. p. 659, no. 958 (1856-58) ; Swinh. Ibis, 1863, p. 96; id. P.Z.S. 1863, pp. 268 & 8383; Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 73 (1868); id. Hand-l. B. 1. p. 191, no. 8676 (1870) ; Swinh. P. Z. 8S. 1871, p. 392; David & Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 52 (1877); H. H. Slater, Ibis, 1882, p.435; Seebohm, op. cit. 1884, p. 266.
12 Mr. E. Hargitt on the Genus Gecinus.
Gecinus tancolo, Gould, P. Z. 8. 1862, p. 283; id. B. Asia, vi. pl. 35 (1864) ; David & Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 53 (1877).
Gecinus tancola, Swinh. Ibis, 1863, p. 389; Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 73 (1868); id. Hand-l. B. i. p. 191, no. 8675 (1870); Swinh. P. Z. 8. 1871, p. 392.
Chloropicus guerini, Malh. Monogr. Picid. ii. p. 127, pl. Ixxx. figs. 4, 5 (1862).
Picus guerini, Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 61 (1866) ; David, Nouv. Arch. du Mus. 1871, Bull. vii. p. 4; Giebel, Thes. Orn. iii. p. 157 (1876).
Picus tancola, Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 61 (1866) ; David, Nouv. Arch. du Mus. 1871, Bull. vii. p. 4; Giebel, Thes. Orn. ii. p. 182 (1876).
Adult male. Above, including scapulars, uniform green ; wing-coverts uniform, and more of a golden green; bastard- wing and primary-coverts dusky, spotted with grey, and having a barred appearance; quills brownish dusky, the outer webs of the primaries more or less edged at the base with green and obliquely barred with white; those of the secondaries being partially or entirely green, duller than the wing-coverts, faintly spotted with greyish, and having an indistinct barred appearance; the inner webs of all deeply notched and spotted with white; some of the inner quills almost entirely green; shafts brownish black; rump yel- lowish olive, the feathers broadly margined and tipped with chrome-yellow; upper tail-coverts more of a golden green, tipped with chrome-yellow ; central tail-feathers dusky, mar- gined at the base with yellowish olive and barred with ashy brown; the remainder browner, and more faintly barred with a lighter shade of brown; dwarf feather tipped with yellowish olive; shafts black, browner at the base; nasal plumes and base of the forehead ashy grey ; rest of the fore- head and fore part of the crown crimson, bases of the fea- thers grey; posterior portion of the crown greenish grey, streaked with black; nape black; loral region, above the eye, and entire side of the face ashy grey, rather lighter on the cheeks; a small black spot in front of the eye ; mous- tachial stripe black ; chin and throat buffy white; from the
Mr. E. Hargitt on the Genus Gecinus. 13
chest to the vent, inclusive, yellowish ashy, greener on the chest and thighs; tibial plumes brownish ashy ; under tail- coverts similar to the under surface of the body, but having dusky V-shaped markings ; under wing-coverts white, slightly washed with yellow, and having irregular dusky brown mark- ings; axillaries white, with a pale yellow tinge, and having faint dusky bars: “irides pale rose-colour; bill plumbeous, the tip brown and the base of the lower mandible greenish ; feet dirty green; claws grey” (David & Oustalet). Total length 10°5 inches, culmen 1°65, wing 5:6, tail 3°85, tarsus 1:15; toes (without claws)—outer anterior 0°78, outer pos- terior 0°72, inner anterior 0°58, inner posterior 0°35.
Male nestling. Resembles in general coloration the adult male, but is less brilliant ; the two central rectrices not yet showing the barring of the full-grown bird ; the crimson patch on the fore part of the crown smaller ; chin and throat more of an ashy grey, and not tinged with buff; underparts dusky, with a tinge of yellowish olive, rather brighter on the chest.
Adult female. Resembles the adult male, but is slightly duller in colour, and may be distinguished by the absence of red on the forehead and crown, these parts being grey, the crown narrowly striped with blackish; the striations on the occiput and the nape less black ; the stripe in front of the eye browner and extending to the nostrils; moustache less intense black ; the markings on the under tail-coverts fainter ; the rump less yellow, and the barring of the tail not so dis- tinct; the soft parts as in the male. Total length 10:2 inches, culmen 1°5, wing 5°3, tail 3°7, tarsus 1.
Female nestling. Differs from the male nestling in the absence of the crimson on the fore part of the crown; some of the abdominal feathers tipped with pale yellowish, the half-concealed portion with an intermarginal V-shaped black marking, and giving to the abdomen a mottled ap- pearance.
After an examination of the Swinhoe collection and other specimens in Mr. Seebohm’s cabinets, and also of the British Museum collection, I find every intermediate form between
14 Mr. E. Hargitt on the Genus Gecinus.
the present species and Gould’s G. tancolo from Formosa, and I cannot detect any specific character by which the latter can be separated from G. guerini. Specimens identical with Formosan examples are found on the mainland, and although they are darker and have more black on the head and on the lores than the more northerly specimens, still, in a series, every possible gradation is found; and this being the case, I cannot see where the line is to be drawn.
Swinhoe (Ibis, 1863, p. 889) mentions having obtained a male and two young birds in the mountainous country near Foochow, and states that they differed from the Formosan examples in having the two lateral tail-feathers banded with brownish white, and the pale bars on the two central feathers carried up to the shafts, instead of separated from them by a line of brown. All specimens of G. guerini have the lateral tail-feathers banded as in the Foochow birds, but in Formosan examples the barring is more obsolete. A specimen from Formosa in the Swinhoe collection, which I take to be the bird specially compared by Swinhoe with the Foochowan examples, has certainly the spots on the central pair of tail- feathers separated from the shaft by a dark line; but these feathers are new, being scarcely full-grown, and I believe this line to occur in the new and perfect feather. In an example, also from Formosa, haviag the plumage much worn, the spotting on the central tail-feathers appears nearer the shaft.
G. guerini does not appear to be found north of Nankin (where it is replaced by G. canus), but extends over Central and Southern China into the island of Formosa. I have only seen one example from Nankin, and that is in the British Museum. Swinhoe writes that this species is found at Shanghai, &c., circa 30° latitude, and along the Yangtsze to Szechuan. Capt. Blakiston procured it on the same river, and specimens were also obtained between Hankow and Quaichow by Mrs. Greig and Dr. Reid. The Rev. H. H. Slater states that it is found in Woochung, Central Hoopih, and likewise records it from Szechuan. Mr. Seebohm’s collection contains specimens from Shanghai,
le ee
My. E. Hargitt on the Genus Gecinus. 15
Chusan, Foochow, and Formosa, and I have in my own cabinet an example from the island of Pootoo (Pryer).
David and Oustalet consider G. tancolo distinct from G. guerini, and Pére David gives us the following notes as to their range :—G. guerini. “ Peculiar to the central part of China. I have found it very plentiful in Southern Shen-see and along the Blue River (Yangtsze).” G. tancolo. “ Ihave found it from Fokien as far as Szechuan, and it is probable that it inhabits the whole south of China.”
3. GECINUS CANUS.
The Grey-headed Green Woodpecker, Edwards, Nat. Hist. Birds, u. pl. Ixv. 9 (1747); Lath. Gen. Syn. 1. p. 583 (1782).
Le Pie vert de Norwége, Briss. Orn. iv. p. 18 (1760).
The Grey-headed Woodpecker, Penn. Arct. Zool. 11. p. 277 (1785).
Picus canus, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 434 (1788), ex Edwards ; Licht. Cat. Rer. Hamb. p. 18 (1793) ; Temm. Man. d’Orn. 1. p. 393 (1820) ; Brehm, Naturg. Eur. Vog. 1. p. 1385 (1823) ; Roux, Orn. Prov. i. p. 95, pl. lix. (1825); Valence. Dict. Sc. Nat. xl. p. 169 (1826) ; Naum. Voég. Deutschl. v. p. 286, pl. 1383 (1826) ; Risso, Eur. Mérid. 11. p. 60 (1826) ; Wagl. Syst. Av. Picus, sp. 33 (1827); Werner, Atlas, pl. 202 (1827) ; Gmriffith’s ed. Cuv. Anim. Kingd. Birds, 1. p. 439 (1829) ; Less. Traité, 1. p. 218 (1831) ; Ménétr. Cat. Rais. Cauc. p. 46, no. 132 (1832) ; Temm. Man. d’Orn. 2nd edit. pt. 3, Suppl. 1. p. 281 (1835) ; Gould, B. Eur. iu. pl. 227, ¢ @ ad. (1837) ; Schinz, Wirb. Schweiz, p. 92 (1837); Keys. & Blas. Wirb. Eur. p. 147 (1840); Schleg. Rev. Crit. Ois. d’Kur. p. xlix (1844); V. d. Miihle, Orn. Griechenl. p. 30 (1844) ; Schlegel, Vog. Nederl. p. 80, pl. 49, g 9 (1854— 58) ; Linderm. Vog. Griechenl. p. 41 (1860) ; Bree, B. Eur. ii. p. 186, pl. d figd. (1862) ; Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin. p- 61 (1866) ; Sabanaeff, Bull. Mosc. xli. pt. 2, pp. 185-197 (1869); Elw. & Buck. Ibis, 1870, p. 188; David, Nouv. Arch. du Mus. 1871, Bull. vii. p. 4; Mommsen, Griech. Jahresz. pt. i. p. 186 (1875) ; Giebel, Thes. Orn. 11. p. 147 (1876) ;
16 Mr. E. Hargitt on the Genus Gecinus.
Harv.-Brown, Proc. Nat. Hist. Soc. Glasg. 1877, p. 288 (ex Sabanaeff) ; Seeb. Ibis, 1882, p. 209.
Picus norvegicus, Lath. Ind. Orn. i. p. 286 (1790) ; Vieill. N. Dict. xxvi. p. 99 (1818).
Picus viridi-canus, Meyer & Wolf, Taschenb. Vogelk. 1. p. 120 (1810).
Picus chlorio, Pall. Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. i. p. 408 (1811).
Picus caniceps, Nils. Orn. Suec. 1. p. 105 (1817).
Pic cendré, Temm. Man. d’Orn. 1. p. 393 (1820).
Gecinus canus, Boie, Isis, 1831, p. 542; Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. p. 200 (1831) ; Bp. Cat. Met. Ucc. Eur. p. 51 (1842) ; Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 488 (1846) ; De Filippi, Cat. Mus. Mediol. p. 21, no. 616 (1847) ; Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 58, no. 264 (1849) ; Bp. Consp. Gen. Av. 1. p. 126 (1850) ; id. Consp. Voluer. Zygod. p. 10 (1854) ; Reichenb. Handb. Scans. Picine, p. 348, no. 794, pl. dexx. figs. 4135, 4136 (1854); Powys, Ibis, 1860, p. 235; Swinh. op. cit, 1861, p. 338; Blakist. op. cit. 1862, p. 325; Swinh. P.Z.S. 1862, p. 319; id. op. cit. 1863, pp. 267, 833; Lilford, Ibis, 1866, p. 176; Whitely, op. cit. 1867, p. 195 ; Degl. & Gerbe, Orn. Eur. i. p. 157 (1867); Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 74 (1868) ; id. Hand-l. B. 1. p. 191, no. 8677 (1870) ; Salvad. Faun. d’Ital. Uce. p. 35 (1871); Saund. Ibis, 1871, p. 65; Swinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 392; Dubois, Consp. Av. Eur. p. 19 (1871); Bogd. B. Volga, p. 60, no. 42 (1871) ; Dress. B. Eur. v. p. 95, pl. cclxxxviil. (1872) ; Alst. & Harv.- Brown, Ibis, 1873, p.59; Irby, Orn. Str. Gibr. p. 72 (1875) ; Swinh. Ibis, 1875, p. 124; Danf. & Brown, tom. cit. p. 298 ; Swinh. tom. cit. p. 451; Blanf. Zool. E. Pers. u. p. 186 (1876); Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1876, p. 239; Prje- valsky, B. Mongolia, in Rowley’s Orn. Misc. i1. p. 279 (1877) ; David & Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 51 (1877) ; Saund. Bull. Soe. Zool. France, 1877, p. 325; Tacz. op. cit. 1878, p. 1389; Blakist. & Pryer, Ibis, 1878, p. 229; Bogd. B. Cauc. p. 120 (1879) ; Goebel, Vog. Uman. Kr. p. 154, no. 140 (1879) ; Russow, Orn. Esth-, Liv- u. Kurl. p. 118 (1880); Brandt, J. f. O. 1880, p. 229; Seeb. Ibis, 1880, p.181 ; Gigl. op. cit. 1881, p. 191; Wharton, tom. cit. p. 257; Collett, Norg.
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Mr. E. Hargitt on the Genus Gecinus. VG
Fuglef. p. 314 (1881); Blakist. & Pryer, Trans. As. Soc. Jap. 1882, p. 186; Seeb. Ibis, 1882, p. 373; Salv. Cat. Strick]. Coll. p. 390, no. 1907 (1882); Seeb. Ibis, 1883, p. 23; Radde, Orn. Cauc. p. 307 (1884) ; Gigl. Avif. Ital. p. 206 (1886) ; Salvad. Uce. Ital. p. 67 (1887).
Le Pie vert a téte grise, Risso, Eur. Mérid. ii. p. 60 (1826); Valence. Dict. Sc. Nat. xl. p. 169 (1826).
Colaptes canus, Brehm, Isis, 1828, p. 1274.
Colaptes viridicanus, Brehm, Isis, 1828, p. 1274.
Colaptes caniceps, Brehm, Isis, 1828, p. 1274.
Gecinus viridicanus, Brehm, Vig. Deutschl. p. 199 (1831).
Gecinus caniceps, Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. p. 201 (1831).
Malacolophus canus, Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. 308 (1837).
Chloropicus canus, Malh. Monogr. Picid. i. pp. 124, 294, pl. Ixxxi. figs. 1, 2 (1862).
Picus canus jessoensis, Stejneger, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1886, p. 106.
Picus canus perpallidus, Stejneger, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1886, p. 107 (footnote).
Adult male. Above, including scapulars, uniform bright green; wing-coverts uniform and of a browner shade of green; bastard-wing and primary-coverts dusky, spotted with greyish and having a barred appearance ; quills dusky black, the outer webs of the primaries margined at their base with green, and diagonally barred with whitish; those of the secondaries partially or entirely green, very faintly barred with a darker shade and havimg indistinct greyish spots; the inner webs of all deeply notched with pure white; shafts black ; ramp and upper tail-coverts green, the feathers tipped with chrome-yellow, this colour being very conspicuous on the rump; tail brownish dusky, the feathers more or less margined at the base with green; the central pair rather lighter, and having faint greyish spots along both webs near the shafts; dwarf feather greenish at the tip; shafts dusky brown, with black tips; nasal plumes black, grey at the base; lores intense black; at the base of the upper mandible a narrow band of grey; forehead and fore part of the crown bright crimson, narrowing towards the centre of the latter,
SER, V.—VOL. VI. c
18 Mr. E. Hargitt on the Genus Gecinus.
bases of the feathers dark grey; outer edge of the forehead and of the fore part of the crown grey; a whitish spot above the eye; posterior half of the crown greenish grey, streaked with dusky green; hind neck green; side of the face grey, becoming greener on the ear-coverts and side of the neck; a narrow intense black moustache; chin and throat uniform buffy white, more tinged with green on the fore neck; underparts greenish grey, with a few very faint crescent-shaped markings of a darker shade on the abdomen ; thighs having V-shaped markings of olive, with a white centre; under tail-coverts greenish grey, with broad V- shaped whitish markings between two dusky ones ; under wing-coverts white, faintly tinged with yellow and barred with blackish ; axillaries yellowish white, with pale dusky bars: “ bill horny brown, more coloured above than below ; ims pale red ; feet black” (Degland & Gerbe). Total length 12 inches, culmen 1°65, wing 5:8, tail 3°95, tarsus 1:1 ; toes (without claws)—outer anterior 0°77, outer posterior 0-77, inner anterior 0°6, inner posterior 0°37.
Younger male. With the upper parts greyer than in the fully adult ; wing-coverts and secondaries of a dingy green ; the tail paler and of a browner tint ; the red of the forehead and crown less brilliant, and the bases of the feathers greyer ; the posterior part of the crown and the nape ofa bluish grey ; sides of the face and neck buffy grey, not washed with green ; chin more of a pale buff; entire underparts uniform buffy grey ; the thighs tinged with green; under tail-coverts buffy grey, tipped with yellow. Total length 10°5 inches, culmen 1°6, wing 5°5, tail 3°6, tarsus 1:1.
Adult female. Different from the adult male in the absence of red on the forehead and fore crown, these parts being greenish grey streaked with blackish; the rest of the crown and the nape greyer than in the male; fore part of the cheeks lighter grey; chin and throat whiter; chest and upper breast paler green; the abdominal markings a little darker, those on the thighs being fainter and just visible; under wing-coverts whiter. Total length 11:1 inches, culmen 1-4, wing 5°55, tail 3°9, tarsus 0°95.
Mr. E. Hargitt on the Genus Gecinus. 19
It is a matter of surprise that Linneus did not know G. canus, although found in his own country, and that he did not recognize either Edwards’s figure of the present bird or Brisson’s description as belonging to a species distinct from G. viridis. It is just probable that he regarded the two species as one. The present bird is so well known to all subsequent authors as to call for very few remarks. Dr. Stejneger has recently issued a review of the Japanese Wood- peckers (Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1886, pp. 99-124), in which he describes a new subspecies under the name of Picus canus jessoensis, the diagnosis of which he gives as follows :— “Similar to Picus canus viridi-canus (Meyer & Wolf), but the whole head strongly tinged with green and the under surface lighter and clearer ; black streaks (in the male) on pileum and occiput longer.” The habitat is said to be “apparently confined to the island of Yesso, Japan.” In the notes which follow, Dr. Stejneger writes, “ European specimens exhibit two different styles, which agree in having the head grey;” and further on, in writing about the Japanese bird, he says “the chief character of this form, however, is the strong suffusion of green on the head,” and he adds :—“ In European examples there is a just perceptible shade of greenish on the top of the head and middle of hind neck, but the sides are decidedly grey.”” Now I have before me two specimens (both females) from Hakodati, dated October 10th and 12th, collected by Mr. Henson; and alongside of these I have placed two specimens from the Vosges (Mougel), one being a female obtained in December, the other a male, but without date. With the exception of the sexual distinctions, these four birds could not be separated. One of the females from Hakodati has an almost imper- ceptible greener shade on the face than the Vosges female, but really so slight as scarcely to be observed; but the Vosges bird has the crown, occiput, and nape quite as green as this Japanese specimen, if not more so. ‘The other Hakodati example is not at all greener on the face than the Vosges birds, and has the crown, occiput, and nape greyer than the Vosges female, and the occiput and nape greyer than
G2
20 Mr. E. Hargitt on the Genus Gecinus.
the Vosges male. I single out these European specimens as being identical with those from Yesso ; but our European birds also vary in colour, and this occurs in examples from the same locality: for instance, another Vosges female in my collec- tion differs from the first-mentioned female from the same locality in having the crown and occiput very much greyer and the crown more broadly striped with black. As our European specimens from the same locality vary in colour, one would naturally expect those from Japan would likewise exhibit more than one phase of coloration, and this is very clearly shown to be the case by an example of a female in my collection obtained at Saporo, in May (7. W. Blakiston). This bird has the whole of the head and neck perfectly grey, without a trace of green; the whole of the back is also very grey, and the under surface of the body is of a greyish white, with only a perceptible tinge of greenish. It seems to me that if every slight variation of colour necessitates the creation of subspecies, then there would be no limit to such in both Gecinus viridis and G. canus. Specimens of G. canus from Eastern Siberia are, as a rule, greyer on the head and neck than Western birds, and resemble more my Saporo example; but I have a female of this species, obtained at Elbeuf, Seine-Inférieure, in June (Nowry), which has the head and neck almost as grey as in specimens from Eastern Siberia, but the colour is of aless blue-grey. I have not the slightest doubt that in a series of the present species, from any locality, examples will be found possessing the grey or the greenish head, depending upon conditions I am not altogether able to account for.
In the same paper (p. 107, footnote) Dr. Stejneger de- scribes another Woodpecker similar to his P. jessoensis, but which, he says, differs from the latter in the following points :—‘‘ It is pale grey-headed, with grey forehead, and altogether without any brown admixture, resembling most closely the Norwegian true P. canus, but very much paler and with a decided white superciliary spot; the yellow on the rump is very restricted, being chiefly confined to the upper tail-coverts and of a clear lemon-colour.” This bird, which
Mr. E. Hargitt on the Genus Gecinus. 21
Dr. Stejneger designates Picus canus perpallidus, is a male, and was collected at Sidinij, Ussuri, November 25th, 1884, by Mr. I. Kalinowski, and the dimensions are given as follows :—“ Wing 144 millim., tail-feathers 96, expos. culmen 35.” ‘This bird appears to agree with specimens from Eastern Siberia, of which I have examples, but not sufficiently to prove what I have already stated and fully expect a series from the same locality would show, namely, specimens differ- ing from those typical of Dr. Stejneger’s P. canus perpallidus, and not to be distinguished from the true Gecinus canus of Europe ; and in support of this view I will quote M. Tacza- nowski’s remarks upon G. canus in his “ Revue Critique de la Faune Ornithologique de la Sibérie Ovientale” (Bull. Soe. Zool. France, 1876, p. 239) :—“Trouvé partout en Sibérie méridionale, sur Amour et dans le pays de Ussuri. Sou- vent on y trouve cles individus fort cendrés, mais il y a aussi des exemplaires tout a fait comme ceux de l’Europe.” I cannot, I am sorry to say, recognize either of Dr. Stejneger’s new subspecies, both of which I am obliged to place under G. canus. I may add that Vosges examples of this species have the white superciliary spot fully as well marked as in birds from Eastern Siberia.
The present species has the most extended range of all the Gecini, being found throughout the greater part of Europe, in Southern and Eastern Siberia, Manchuria, Mon- golia, the northern part of China, and in the island of Yezo. It has been recorded by Dr. Collett from Odalen in Norway, and Herr Meves and also Wheelwright have obtained it in Sweden. The latter naturalist did not, however, procure the species in Lapland during his tour. It is unknown in the British Isles. In France it does not appear to be abundant ; I have received it from the north, and also from the Vosges mountains. In Spain it also appears to be far from common ; Lord Lilford observed it at Casa de Campo, near Madrid, but he considers it by no means common. Mr. Howard Saunders includes G. canus in his ‘ List of the Birds of Southern Spain ” (Ibis, 1871, p. 65), and writes :—“ I did not identify this species in the flesh; but I have seen specimens, and believe
22 Mr. E. Hargitt on the Genus Gecinus.
it to be common, taking the place of G. viridis (G. sharpii) in the higher woods.” According to the same author, it is said to occur in the forests of the Sierra Nevada and of the Province of Murcia. Lieut.-Col. Irby states that in the Museum at Seville there is a specimen, said to have been obtained in the neighbourhood. This species is said to be tolerably common in Switzerland. In Italy, according to Prof. Giglioli, this species is very rare and exclusively alpine, but it is less uncommon in the Eastern Alps. Mr. Danford procured it in Transylvania. The Hon. T. L. Powys (Lord Lilford) observed it near Cettinye, in Montenegro. Messrs. Elwes and Buckley found it near Babadagh, in Bulgaria, and it has been obtained near Constantinople by Robson. Both Lindermeyer and Von der Miihle include the species in their ‘Birds of Greece.” In Russia, according to Herr Henke (Seebohm, Ibis, 1882, p. 378), it is a somewhat rare resident near Archangel: Messrs. Alston and Harvie-Brown found specimens in the Museum of that town. Brandt says it is not very frequent in the Province of Petropolitana. It is also found in Esthonia, Livonia, and Kurland (Russow, Orn. Esth-, Liv- u. Kurl. p. 118, 1880) ; but it is not so common as G. viridis, and prefers small copses to Jarge forests. Goebel states that in Uman it is “not rare, though scarcely to be called a common bird.” Sabanaeff, in his “ Avifauna of the Ural” (Bull. Mose. xlii. pt. 2, pp. 185-197, 1869), writes :—‘ Has not been found on the eastern declivity north of Ekaterinburg. On the western slope it is rather common, but does not breed in the birch-woods of the eastern slope.” Bogdanow, in his ‘ Birds of the Volga’ (p. 60. no. 42, 1871), observes :—“ It is strange that, up to the present time, I hardly ever met with this species in the Provinces of Kasan and Simbersk, although there is no doubt that it occurs here, having several times been brought to the Kasan Museum from the vicinity of that town. According to Riekheil’s observations it is resident in the woods of the Volga valley and about Sarepta, and has been procured by Henke near Astrachan.”’ The last statement does not agree with that of Mr. Seebohm (Ibis, 1882, p. 209) ; the
Mr. E. Hargitt on the Genus Gecinus. 23
latter author says that Henke did not meet with it near Astrachan. I have in my collection a specimen from Sarepta. Ménétries, in his ‘ List of the Birds of the Caucasus,’ ob- serves :—“ Found in the gardens of Kizil-Agaz and near Lenkoran.” The present species is also included in Radde’s ‘ Birds of the Caucasus,’ but Bogdanow did not meet with it. In Asia Minor G. canus does not exist. Severtzoff did not meet with this species in Turkestan; and although Mr. Blan- ford does not include it in his ‘ Birds of Eastern Persia,’ he says “its occurrence at Ghilan and Mazandaran is highly probable.” It does not appear to be found in Western Siberia, according to Dr. Finsch. Dr. 'Taczanowski (Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1876, p. 239) observes :—“ This species is found everywhere in Southern Siberia, on the Amoor, and in the country of the Ussuri.” I have in my collection several examples from Eastern Siberia (Dérries), and M. Jankowski states that it is tolerably common in the Island of Askold. It also occurs in South Manchuria, specimens (obtained by Dr. H. M. James) having been recently added to the collec- tion in the British Museum. This species is also found in Mongolia; and although inadvertently omitted in the list of the birds of that country contained in Prjevalsky’s “ Birds of Mongolia” &c. (Rowley’s Orn. Misc.), there can be no doubt that it does exist there, since, in that work, vol. 11. pp. 278, 279 (1877), under the heading of Cyanopolius cyanus (which species Prjevalsky says he met with im the Guchin-gurb mountains of S.E. Mongolia, but did not find either in the Ala-shan or in the Hoang-ho valley, although it is very abundant in Kan-su), the following observation occurs :—‘ It is very remarkable that, whenever we met with these birds, I found some specimens of Gecinus canus in their company, which followed the Magpies everywhere.” In China the present species is confined to the north. According to Swinhoe it is common about Chefoo and Pekin, and it does not range so far south as Shanghai and the Yangtze Plain, where it is replaced by G. guerint. David and Oustalet state that it is found all the year in Northern China, where it is very common. In Japan it is confined, so far as is at
24 Mr. E. Hargitt on the Genus Gecinus.
present known, to the island of Yezo. Capt. Blakiston obtained it at Hakodadi, and Mr. Whitely tells us that it is common in the vicinity of that town. Roux, in his ‘ Orni- thologie de Provence,’ p. 96, gives the north of America as a habitat of the present species ; but no Gecini have ever been found in the New World.
4, GECINUS VAILLANTI.
Picus (Chloropicus) viridis (non Linn.), Malh. Cat. Rais. Ois. d’Algér., Mém. Soc. d’Hist. Nat. Metz, 1846, p. 17.
Picus (Chloropicus) canus (non Gm.), Malh. Cat. Rais. Ois. d’Algér., Mém. Soc, d’Hist. Nat. Metz, 1846, p. 17.
Chloropicus vaillantii, Malh. Mém. Acad. Metz, 1846-47, p- 130; id. N. Classif. op. cit. 1848-49, p. 351; id. Monogr. Picid. ii. p. 122, pl. Ixxxi. figs. 1-3 (1862).
Picus algirus, Levaill. Jr. Expl. Se. d’Algér., Ois. pl. v. (1848-49) ; Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 60 (1866) ; Giebel, Thes. Orn. i. p. 140 (1876).
Gecinus alyirus, Gray, Gen. B. ii. App. p. 21 (1849) ; Reichenb. Handb. Scans. Picine, p. 348, no. 793, pl. dexx. fig. 4134 (1854).
Gecinus vaillantii, Bp. Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 126 (1850) ; id. Consp. Volucr. Zygod. p. 10 (1854) ; Loche, Cat. Mamm. ev is. d’Ale.: sp; 191,! p. 92) (1858) 5 Triste. bis, 1832 p. 159; Salv. tom. cit. p. 315; Tristr. op. cit. 1860, p. 373; Drake, op. cit. 1867, p. 425; Loche, Expl. Se. d’Algér. 1. p. 83 (1867) ; Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 73 (1868) ; id. Hand-l. B. 1. p. 191, no. 8673 (1870); Tacz. J... O: 1870, p. 40; Gurney, Jun., Zool. 1871, p. 2579; Dresser, B. Eur. v. p. 93, pl. cclxxxvil. (1873) ; Irby, Orn. Str. Gibr. p. 72 (1875).
Picus viridis (non Linn.), Carstensen, Naumanuia, 11. pt. 1, p. 77 (1852).
Adult male. Entire back and scapulars yellowish olive ; the feathers of the rump, also the upper tail-coverts, similar, and margined with chrome: yellow, a few of the former tinged with orange; wing-coverts slightly darker than the back ; exposed portion of bastard-wing dusky, spotted with dull
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Mr. E. Hargitt on the Genus Gecinus. 25
white ; primary-coverts browner, and sinilarly spotted ; quills dusky black, the base of the outer webs of primaries and the whole of the outer webs of secondaries margined with green, outer webs of primaries obliquely barred with buffy white, the inner webs notched or spotted with pure white on the basal half; the outer webs of the secondaries having indistinct spots showing through the green colour, and an indication of pale green bars; inner webs of secon- daries spotted transversely with white, the innermost feathers entirely green; shafts of quills brown; central pair of rec- trices black, margined with green at the base and obliquely barred with greyish ; the remaining feathers blackish brown, barred more or less obliquely with a lighter shade of colour, the barring on the outer large feather being clear pale brown ; shafts dusky brown, with black tips; upper nasal plumes and base of forehead dusky blackish ; remainder of the forehead, crown, occiput, and nape scarlet on a grey ground, the red tapering to a point on the nape; a black stripe in front of the eye; side of the face and a broad stripe over the eye ashy grey, tinged with green; lower nasal plumes and a stripe from thence, passing across the face and under the ear-coverts, greyish white; malar stripe black; hind neck yellowish olive, some of the feathers tipped with yellow; the side of the neck paler and yellower than the hind neck, with a few orange-red feathers on the side of the nape; chin and throat buffy white; fore neck, chest, and breast ashy yellow, clearer yellow on the abdomen, the latter as well as the thighs with olive crescent-shaped markings, the breast having almost obsolete similar markings ; under tail-coverts yellowish, with broad crescent-shaped olive markings ; under wing-coverts and axillaries yellowish white, with transverse olive markings : “‘irides white” (Jrdy). ‘Total length 11:3 inches, culmen 1'5, wing 6:05, tail 3°8, tarsus 1:12; toes (without claws)—outer anterior 0°78, outer posterior 0°83, inner anterior 0°68, inner posterior 0°38.
Adult female. Differs from the adult male in having the forehead and crown slaty grey, washed with green, the feathers having a black central stripe, the occiput and nape only being
26 Mr. E. Hargitt on the Genus Gecinus.
scarlet; the olive markings on the abdomen, thighs, and under tail-coverts almost obsolete. Total length 11°3 inches, culmen 1°45, wing 6, tail 4°05, tarsus 1.
The younger female has the forehead and crown black, without any tinge of green, the bases of the feathers showing grey ; the face less tinged with green ; the dark markings on the under tail-coverts broader and darker, and the tail- feathers less distinctly barred.
The range of this African species appears to be very limited, and is confined, so far as we know, to the northern parts of Morocco and Algiers as far as the Tunisian frontier. Mr. Tyrwhitt Drake observed it at Tangiers and on the Tetuan mountains ; and I have in my collection several spe- cimens procured for me near Tangiers by Signor Olcese. Mr. Salvin, in his “ Five Months’ Birds’-nesting in the Eastern Atlas” (Ibis, 1859, p. 315), supplies us with the following notes :—“ It is not uncommon in districts where there are large trees. I met with it on several occasions; and a nest of seven eggs, with the old bird, was brought to us by an Arab. These eggs appear, on comparison, decidedly smaller than those of our own familiar species.” According to Canon Tristram, G. vaillanti appears to be abundant in the neighbourhood of La Calle, Eastern Algeria, and Dr. Taczanowski, in his ‘* List of the Birds of Constantine ” (J. f. O. 1870, p. 40), a translation of which was contributed by Mr. J. H. Gurney, Jun., to the ‘ Zoologist’ for 1871 (p. 2579), writes :—“ Like our Green Woodpeckers, not plentiful; yet they might be met with in the woods every- where. A male shot by Count Constantin Branicki, near Lambessa, had a few red feathers on the cheeks.” On the Tunisian frontier this species and its eggs have been obtained by my friend M. Arcade Noury, and kindly lent to me for comparison. It is very probable that the present species does not penetrate far into Tunis, as examples from that country are wanting. Drummond does not include it
in his “ List of Birds found in the vicinity of Tunis and
Biserta ” (Ann. Nat. Hist. 1845, p. 102).
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Mr. E. Hargitt on the Genus Gecinus. 27
5. GECINUS SHARPII.
Gecinus viridis (non Linn.), Lilford, Ibis, 1866, p. 176; Saund. op. cit. 1869, p. 182; id. op. cit. 1871, p. 65.
Picus viridis (non Linn.), A. C. Smith, Ibis, 1868, p. 448 ; Giebel, Thes. Orn. iil. p. 186 (1876).
Gecinus sharpii, Saund. P. Z. 8. 1872, p.153; Dresser, B. Kur. v. p. 89, pl. 286 (1872) ; Irby, B. Gibr. p. 71 (1875) ; Saund. Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1877, p. 8325; Lacroix, Bull. Soe. Hist. Nat. Toulouse, 1877, p. 183; id. Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1877, p. 486; Chapm. Ibis, 1884, p. 79; Tait, op. cit. 1887, p. 304.
Adult male. Above, including scapulars and wing-coverts, uniform vivid green; bastard-wing and primary-coverts brownish black, barred with greenish grey ; quills brownish black, the outer webs of the primaries having numerous small white patches or spots, those of the secondaries being green, with indications of light spots ; the inner webs of the whole spotted with white; shafts dark brown; rump chrome- yellow, with a shght trace of red; upper tail-coverts green, margined and tipped with chrome-yellow; tail brownish dusky, the two central feathers margined with green at the base and barred with light greyish; the remainder with a slight indication of barring; tips of the feathers and shafts black, the bases of the latter being brown; forehead, crown, aud occiput scarlet, the bases of the feathers leaden grey ; lores black ; orbital region grey; side of the face yellowish grey, becoming bright green on the side of the neck and hind neck ; a broad scarlet malar stripe, bases of the feathers black, but the stripe not margined with it; chin and throat buffy white ; fore neck and chest pale greyish yellow ; entire underparts light yellowish, the thighs barred with olive ; under tail-coverts dusky greenish yellow; under wing- coverts yellowish white, barred with brownish dusky ; axil- laries yellowish white. Total length 12°5 inches, culmen 1:7, wing 6°05, tail 3°7, tarsus 1°2; toes (without claws)—outer anterior 0°77, outer posterior 0°65, inner anterior 0°6, inner posterior 0°3.
Male nestling (May 15th). Back, scapulars, and upper
28 Mr. E. Hargitt on the Genus Gecinus.
part of the rump dusky olive, the feathers margined with yellowish olive and crossed by a bar of this colour, with a central spot of white; lower part of rump bright chrome- yellow; upper tail-coverts uniform smoky grey, with yel- lowish tips; wing-coverts dusky olive, with transverse spots of olivaceous white; bastard-wing black, with mar- ginal transverse spots of white; primary-coverts black, with white or olivaceous white marginal spots upon both webs; primaries dusky black, the outer webs spotted with white along their whole length and tipped with the same, those of the innermost margined with olive at the base, the inner webs of the outer feathers spotted with white at the base, the spots increasing in number upon the inner feathers ; outer webs of the secondaries almost entirely yellowish olive, the outer feathers having indistinct oliva- ceous white spots, the inner webs dusky black with transverse marginal spots of pure white along their whole length; shafts of quills blackish brown; tail dusky black, the base of the central feathers barred with smoky grey, the lateral feathers barred with smoky grey and brownish white; shafts varying from brown on the lateral feathers to black on the central ones; nasal plumes dusky, tipped with black; lores dusky, with dull white specks, and in front of the eye a spot of black ; forehead, crown, and occiput scarlet, the feathers being tipped with this colour and having dusky leaden-grey bases ; nape and hind neck dull yellowish olive, the feathers having a subapical dusky black spot ; the greater part of the face slaty grey, slightly tinged with greenish anteriorly, sparingly spotted and striped with dull white, the stripes under the eye being more distinct and varied with stripes of black ; from the gape a narrow stripe of white running under the ear-coverts ; malar stripe scarlet, the bases of the feathers dusky black; the hinder part of face white, striped with black ; side of the neck white, barred and varied with black ; chin and throat white, striped with dusky black; middle of fore neck white, the sides grey, spotted with black ; sides of the chest grey ; the middle as well as the whole under surface of the body yellowish white, covered with varied spots of
Mr. E. Hargitt on the Genus Gecinus. 29
black, those on the abdomen and vent smaller and somewhat V-shaped, and very faint on the latter part; the flanks and thighs barred with black ; under tail-coverts white, barred with black ; under wing-coverts white, with varied spots and transverse markings of dusky black; axillaries white, with a blackish shaft-stripe. Wing 4°96 inches.
The male nestling of G. sharpit may be distinguished from that of G. viridis by its having the face slaty grey, slightly tinged anteriorly with greenish, striped and spotted with dull white (this in G. viridis bemg yellowish white, striped with black) ; the supercilium unspotted; the sides of the fore neck and chest greyer; the spots upon the underparts less transverse, being diamond-shaped, heart-shaped, and V- shaped, except on the flanks and thighs, which are barred as in G. viridis; the upper tail-coverts not barred.
Adult female. Differs from the adult male in having the malar stripe entirely black; the lores less black; the tail nearly uniform, the barring showing most on the penultimate feather, the others with only a few faint greyish spots; the rump strongly tinged with red. Total length 11:5 inches, culmen 1°75, wing 6:15, tail 3°6, tarsus (impossible to measure).
The tarsi and feet of this specimen (apparently an ex- tremely old bird) very much diseased, and could not be accurately measured.
This species, first described by Mr. Howard Saunders in 1872, is a close ally of our own Green Woodpecker, but may be readily distinguished from the latter by its grey face, and in having the red malar patch not bordered with black. According to Mr. Saunders the present bird seems to be found throughout that portion of Spain south of the Guad- arrama, and possibly extending to the valley of the Ebro. He procured specimens from Valencia, Granada, Andalucia, and Castille. Lord Lilford found it plentiful about Aranjuez, and also about the Casa de Campo, near Madrid, but he did not meet with it north of the Guadarrama range. Lieut.-Col. Irby obtained this species in the Coto del Rey, also in the Coto de Dojiana, near Seville. Mr. Chapman (Ibis, 1884, p. 78), in
30 Mr. E. Hargitt on the Genus Gecinus.
writing of G. sharpii, observes :—“ Far out among the boulder- strewn ridges, while Redleg-shooting, I used to find numbers of Green Woodpeckers, miles away from trees ; they were attracted thither by the swarms of ants.” He further states that it is one of the earliest breeders in Spain. According to Mr. W. C. Tait the present species is abundant all over Portugal. Mons. Adrien Lacroix (Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1877, p. 486) records the capture of an adult male of this species at Martory, Haute-Garonne, upon the 14th of March, 1877; but he considers it only a local race. The occurrence of this bird (if Mons. Lacroix has not been mistaken in his identification) north of the Pyrenees would be interesting ; but it is surprising that a species well known to our English ornithologists who have visited Spain, and by them supposed not to range north of the Guadarrama mountains, should actually be found north of a second range like the Pyrenees. Mistakes in identification do occur, and I cannot divest myself of the idea that this is one*.
6. GECINUS VIRIDIs.
Le Pic Verd, Briss. Orn. iv. p.9 (1760); Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. vii. p. 355 (1783) ; Daub. Pl. Enl. pl. 371, incorrect, plesOni a).
Le Pic Verd du Mexique, Briss. Orn. iv. p. 16 (1760).
Le Pic jaune de Perse, Briss. Orn. iv. p. 20 (1760) ; Salerne, Hist. Nat. Ois. p. 108 (1767).
The Green Woodpecker, Penn. Brit. Zool. Bds. p. 78, pl. E, g (1766) ; Wallis, Nat. Hist. Northumb. 1. p. 319 (1769); daath. Gen. Syn. 1. p. 577 (1782); Penn soiree Zool. ii. p. 277 (1785); Lath. Gen. Syn. Suppl. 1. p. 110 (1787); Lewin, B. Gt. Brit. 1. p. 34, pl. xlvi., ¢ (1796) ; Mont. Orn. Dict. 11. (1802); Bewick, Hist. Bds. i. p. 186 (1826); Hewits. Mag. Zool. & Bot. 11. p. 313 (1838) ; Bury, Zool. 1845, p. 915 ; Thomp. Nat. Hist. Irel. 1. App. p. 441 (1851) ; Hadf. Zool. xxi. p. 9608 (1865).
Picus viridis, Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. p. 175 (1766) ; Scop. Ann. Nat. Hist. i. p. 47 (1769) ; Ger. Stor. Ucc. Ornith. ii.
* [This specimen was not available for examination when I last visited M. Lacroix in May 1879.—H. SaunpErs. }
Mr. E. Hargitt on the Genus Gecinus. 31
patos plielxv,,. d+ (1769) > Tunst. Oru: Brit. p.2 (1771); Gm. Syst. Nat. 1. p. 433 (1788); Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. p. 234 (1790) ; Licht. Cat. Rer. Hamb. p. 17 (1793); Meyer & Wolf, Hist. Nat. Ois. de l’Allem: p. 155 pl. x. 2 adj, pl. x1. juv. (1805) ; Pall. Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. 1. p. 408 (1811); Leach, Syst. Cat. Brit. Mus. p. 12 (1816) ; Nils. Orn. Suec. i. p. 103 (1817); Cuv. Rég. Anim. i. p. 422 (1817); Vieill. N. Dict. Xxvi. p. 95 (1818) ; Temm. Man. d’Orn. 1. p. 391 (1820) ; Brehm, Naturg. Eur. Vog. i. p. 184 (1823) ; Roux, Orn. Prov. 1. p. 92, pls. 57, 58 (1825) ; Valence. Dict. Se. Nat.xl. p- 169 (1826) ; Risso, Eur. Mérid. ii. p. 60 (1826); Naum. Vog. Deutschl. v. p. 270, pl. exxxii. (1826) ; Wagl. Syst. Av. Picus, sp. 32 (1827) ; Savi, Orn. Tose. i. p. 140 (1827) ; Werner, Atl. pl. 201 (1827); Flem. Hist. Brit. Anim. p. 91 (1828) ; Cuv. Régn. Anim, 1. p. 449 (1829) ; Griffith’s ed. Cuv. Anim. Kingd. Bds. ui. p. 439 (1829) ; Less. Traité, i p- 218 (1831); Ménétr. Cat, Rais. Cauc. p. 46, no. 133 (1832) ; Selby, Brit. B. i. pt. 2, p.372, pl. xxxvii. ¢ (1833) ; Jenyns, Man. Brit. Vertebr. p. 148 (1835) ; Temm. Man. @Orn. 2nd ed. pt. 3. Suppl. p. 280 (1835); Gould, B. Eur. il. pl. 226, g ad. &juv. (1837) ; Schinz, Wirb. Schweiz, p. 91 (1837); Jard. & Selb. Ill. Orn. i. p. 372 (1839) ; Macgill. Hist. Brit. B. ii. p. 91 (1840) ; Keys. & Blas. Wirb. Eur. p. 147 (1840) ; Yarr. Hist. Brit. B. 11. p. 1382 (1843) ; Schleg. Rev. Crit. Ois. d’Eur. p. xlix (1844); Drumm. Ann. Nat. Hist. 1846, p.13; Baikie and Hedd. Hist. Nat. Orcad. pt. 1], p-49 (1848) ; Schleg. Vog. Nederl. p.79, Se 3 2 (1854-58) ; Hewits. Eggs Brit. B. 1. p. 239, pl. 1xi. fig. 2 (1856); Linderm. Vog. Griechenl. p. 41 (1860) ; Sunde: Consp. Av. Picin. p- 60 (1866) ; Stev. B. Norf. 1. p. 285 (1866); Wise, New For. p. 272, and App. ii. p. 308 (1867) ; Cecil Smith, Bds. Somerset, p. 247 (1869) ; Sabanaeff, Bull. Mose. xlii. pt. ii. pp. 185-197 (1869); Elw. & Buckl. Ibis, 1870, p. 188; R. Gray, B. W. Scotl. p. 189 (1871) ; Harting, Handb. Bain B. p. 82 (1872) ; Cord. Ibis, 1875, p. 184: Mommsen, Griech. Jahresz. pt. 111. p. 186 (1875) ; Giebel, Thes. Orn. iii. p. 185 (1876) ; Schleg. Vog. Nederl. p. 38, pl. v. figs. 3-5 (1878) ; Elwes, Ibis, 1880, p. 396; Seeb. op. cit. 1882, p. 209.
32 Mr. E. Hargitt on the Genus Gecinus.
Picus semirostris, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 175 (1766) ; Mull. Linn. Naturg. pt. 1. p. 225 (1773) ; Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 435 (1788) ; Lath. Ind. Orn. i. p. 288 (1790).
The Yellow Blue-footed Persian Woodpecker, Lath. Syn. ii. p. 584 (1782)
Half-billed Woodpecker, Lath. Gen. Syn. B. ii. p. 586 (1782).
Picus persicus, Gm. Syst. Nat. 1. p. 4385, no. 34 (1788) ; Lath. Ind. Orn. i. p. 236 (1790).
Colaptes pinetorum, Brehm, Isis, 1828, p. 1274.
Colaptes frondium, Brehm, Isis, 1828, p. 1274.
Colaptes virescens, Brehm, Isis, 1828, p. 1274.
Colaptes viridis, Brehm, Isis, 1828, p. 1274.
Gecinus viridis, Boie, Isis, 1831, p. 542; Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. p. 198 (1831) ; Ross, P. Z.S. 1842, p.1; Bp. Cat. Met. Ucc. Eur. p. 51 (1842); Gray, Gen. “B. i. p. 438 (1846) ; De Filippi, Cat. Mus. Mediol. p. 21, no. 793 (1847) ; Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 57, no. 259 (1849) ; Bp. Consp. Gen. Av. 1. p. 126 (1850) ; id. Consp. Volucr. Zygod. p. 10 (1854); Reichenb. Handb. Scans. Picine, p. 347, no. 793, pl. dexx. figs. 4181-33 (1854) ; Powys, Ibis, 1860, p. 285; Salvad. Ucc. Sard. p. 32 (1864); Gigl. Ibis, 1865, p58; More, tom. cit. p.135; Degl. & Gerbe, Orn. Hurt p. 156 (1867) ; Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 72 (1868) ; Doderl. Avif. Sic. p.-50 (1869) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. 1. p. 191, no. 8671 (1870); Salvad. Faun. d’Ital. Ucc. 1. p. 34 (1871) ; Dress. B. Eur. v. p. 77, pl. eclxxxv. (1871) ; Dubois, Consp. Ay. Hur. p. 19 (1871); Bogd. B. Volga, p. 60, no. 41 (1871) ; Garrod, Ibis, 1872, p. 8359; Gould, B. Gr. Brit. 11. pl. Ixxiv. ¢ 2, pl. Ixxv. juv. (1873); Brooke, Ibis, 1873, p- 235; Danf. & Harv.-Br. op. cit. 1875, p. 298; Blanf. Zool. HK. Pers. 1. p. 135 (1876); Danf. Ibis, 1877, p. 264; id. op. cit. 1878, p.6; Bogd. B. Cauc. (Russ.), p. 119, no. 184 (1879); Goebel, Vog. Uman. Kr. p. 154 (1879) ; Russow, Orn. Esth-, Liv- u. Kurl. p. 117 (1880); Brandt, J. f. O. 1880, ‘p. 229; Wharton, Ibis, 1881, p. 257; Gigl. t. e. p- 191; Buchn. & Pleske, Orn. St. Pétersb. Gouvern. p. 76 (1881) ; Collett, Norges Fuglef. p. 314 (1881); Newt. ed.
Mr. E. Hargitt on the Genus Gecinus. 33
Yarr. Brit. B. ii. p. 457 (1881); Salv. Cat. Strickl. Coll. p- 389, no. 1906 (1882); Seeb. Ibis, 1883, p. 22; Irby, t. c. p. 179; Radde, Orn. Cauc. p. 304 (1884); Clarke, Ibis, 1884, p. 144; Saund. t. c. p. 379; Seeb. Hist. Brit. B. i. p. 364, pl. xvii. (1884) ; Gigl. Avif. Ital. p. 205 (1886) ; Salvad. Ucc. Ital. p. 67 (1887); Backhouse, Ibis, 1887, pore:
Gecinus pinetorum, Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. p. 197 (1831).
Gecinus frondium, Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. p. 197 (1831).
Gecinus virescens, Brehm, V6g. Deutschl. p. 199 (1831).
Malacolophus viridis, Swains. Classif. B. 1. p. 808 (1837).
Brachylophus viridis, Jard. Nat. Libr. x. p. 355 (1839).
Picus karelini, Brandt, Bull. Sc. Acad. Imp. St. Pétersb. ix. p. 12 (1842).
Gecinus karelini, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 438 (1846); Bp. Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 126 (1850) ; id. Consp. Volucr. Zygod. p. 10 (1854); Reichenb. Handb. Scans. Picine, p. 349, no. 795 (1854); Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 74 (1868) ; id. Hand-l. B. i. p. 191, no. 8678 (1870).
Chloropicos viridis, Malh. N. Classif., Mém. Acad. Metz, 1848-49, p. 351.
Chloropicus viridis, Malh. Monogr. Picid. i. p. 118, pl. Ixxix. figs. 1-4 (1862).
Chloropicus karelint, Malh. Monogr. Picid. i. p. 126 (1862).
Gecinus saundersi, Tacz. J. f. O. 1878, p. 349.
Adult male. Above uniform vivid green; wing-coverts uniform green, slightly darker than the back ; bastard-wing and primary-coverts black, edged externally with green and spotted with greyish, having a barred appearance ; primaries black, edged externally with green, and having numerous patches of white on the outer webs, the inner having their basal half spotted with white; outer webs of secondaries green, with traces of whitish spots ; inner webs black, deeply notched or barred with white, the tips washed with green; shafts black ; rump bright chrome-yellow ; tail-coverts green, edged with bright chrome-yellow; tail black, edged with green at the base and barred with light brownish grey ; dwarf
SER. V.—VOL. VI. D
84 Mr. E. Hargitt on the Genus Gecinus.
feather dusky black, edged and broadly tipped with green ; shafts black; forehead, crown, and nape crimson, bases of the feathers leaden grey; lores and space around the eye, including front half of the ear-coverts, black; malar patch crimson, bordered with black; posterior half of ear-coverts and side of face pale greyish green, shading into brighter green down the side of the neck; hind neck of the same eolour as the back; chin and throat dirty greenish white ; chest and breast pale greyish green inclining to yellow; remainder of the underparts of a brighter yellow, with in- distinct dusky tips to the feathers; thighs with cross mark- ings of olive; under tail-coverts dirty yellowish white, with broad V-shaped markings of greenish dusky; under wing- coverts pale yellow, banded with dusky olive; axillaries yellow, the basal portion being white: “ bill greyish black, the lower mandible with a yellowish longitudinal band near the base ; irides white; feet dull bluish grey, the claws light greyish brown, with a tinge of blue” (Macgillivray). Total length 12:4 inches, culmen 1°9, wing 6°5, tail 4, tarsus 1:2; toes (without claws)—-outer anterior 0°85, outer posterior 0°8, inner anterior 0°68, inner posterior 0°4.
Nestling, male. Feathers of the back and the scapulars yellowish olive on the tips and margins, and crossed by a yellowish bar with a white shaft-spot, the bases dusky ; rump chrome-yellow, with dusky or dusky olive and white bars showing through; upper tail-coverts tipped and margined with chrome-yellow, the remaining part of the feathers dusky or dusky olive, crossed by brownish-white bars ; wing-coverts dusky, more or less washed with yellowish-olive and barred with dull white ; bastard-wing and primary-coverts dusky black, edged externally with dull yellowish olive, and having marginal spots of dull white; primaries dusky black, the outer webs spotted along their whole length with white, the innermost margined with yellowish olive, and the inner webs of these spotted with white on the basal margin; the secon- daries having the outer webs yellowish olive, the outermost with a trace of dull white spotting, inner webs dusky black, yellowish olive on the tip, with transverse marginal spots of
. {
amt;
~~
era
Mr. E. Hargitt on the Genus Gecinus. 35
white, the innermost feathers almost entirely washed with yellowish olive, with dull white or yellowish bars; shafts dusky black; tail dusky black, the lateral feathers having greyish barring, more or less oblique; shafts dull black ; nasal plumes grey; lores dusky black, spotted with greenish white, except immediately in front of the eye; forehead, crown, occiput, and nape scarlet, the tips of the feathers being of this colour, succeeded by a dusky spot, and having leaden-grey bases; hind neck dusky black striped with white, the lower part washed with greenish; face greenish or yel- lowish white striped with dusky black ; the supercilium dusky black spotted with greenish white ; malar stripe dusky black, the anterior half spotted with greenish white, the feathers of the posterior half tipped with scarlet; chin, throat, sides of the neck, and fore neck yellowish white striped with dusky black ; the whole of the under surface of the body yellowish white, covered with varied transverse markings of blackish olive, the thighs barred with the same; under tail-coverts yellowish white barred with dusky black; under wing- coverts creamy white, with varied olive, black, and dusky markings.
Adult female. Resembles the adult male, but has the malar patch black ; the abdomen with dusky V-shaped markings ; the thigh-markings less pronounced; the tail not so black, and the shafts brown at the base; the rump of a richer and deeper yellow. Total length 12-4 inches, culmen 1:7, wing 6°25, tail 3°9, tarsus 1°15.
Nestling, female. Resembles the male nestling, but wants the red on the malar stripe, this being dusky black spotted with dull greenish white.
The nestlings of this species differ from those of G. sharpit in having the face yellowish white striped with black; the supercilium spotted with olivaceous white; in not having any grey on the sides of the fore neck and chest ; the mark- ings on the under surface of the body being more transverse, and the upper tail-coverts barred with dusky olive and dull white.
This is, perhaps, the best known of all the Gecini, and the
D2
36 Mr. E. Hargitt on the Genus Gecinus.
only remarks I think it necessary to make upon it are brought forward with the view of pointing out the various so-called species, to which other titles have been assigned, but which, in my opinion, must be referred to G. w- ridis. I think there can be no doubt that the bird de- scribed by Aldrovandi (Orn. p. 850) as Picus luteus cyanopus persicus was nothing more than the present species ; the de- scription was taken from a painting seen in Venice, and not from the bird itself; the latter is said to have come from Persia, and appears, from the description, to be only a phase of plumage found occasionally in specimens of Gecini, of different species, inhabiting warm countries. Picus semi- rostris of Linnzus was founded upon a mutilated specimen of the present species, and which Sundevall states is still m the Stockholm Museum. Le Pic Verd du Mewxique of Brisson (Orn. iv. p. 16) was founded on a bird described and figured by Seba (Cab. Cur. Nat. i. pt. 2, p. 100, pl. Ixiv. fig. 8, 1734) as Ardea mexicana, but which is really our G. viridis, furnished with the legs of another bird, not a Woodpecker. Seba’s description of the bird and his figure do not agree, as he makes no mention of the lores and space round the eye being red, as represented in his plate. Brisson, in his description of Le Pic Verd du Meaique, evidently taken from Seba, shows that he recognized the bird as a Wood- pecker and not a Heron; and he has consequently, upon his own responsibility, bestowed upon it the legs of a Zygodactyle bird. Picus karelint of Brandt was described from a specimen obtained in the environs of Astrabad, N. Persia. At my request Mr. Seebohm examined the type, which exists in the Museum of St. Petersburg, and he informs me that he considers it to be nothing more than G. viridis ; and this is the opinion held by Bogdanow. Gecinus saundersi of 'Taczanowski, from the Caucasus, must, in my opinion, be referred to G. viridis ; and this is the view taken by Bogdanow and Seebohm. I have in my collection specimens from Lenkoran which are identical with our own Green Wood- pecker A curious variety of the present species, with flame- coloured rump and yellow bands on the wings, is in the pos-
Ce ,
; a - a 4 4
Mr. E. Hargitt on the Genus Gecinus. 37
session of Mr. J. H. Gurney, jun. (vide ‘Zoologist,’ 1853, p. 3800). Mr. Robert Birkbeck (op. cit. 1854, p. 4250) mentions having seen three or four similar examples in the Pisa Museum.
Next to G. canus the present bird has the most extended range of all the Gecini, inhabiting the greater part of Europe, and being likewise found in Asia Minor and Persia. Wheel- wright did not meet with this species in Lapland. In Norway; Dr. Collett records it from Tys Fjord, but it is rarely found further north than latitude 60°. It was also frequently observed by Mr. Hewitson during his visit to Norway ; and in writing on the subject (Mag. of Zool. & Bot. 1. p. 813, 1838) he supplies us with the following interesting note :—‘‘ We saw several near one of the churches, in the steeple of which (being of wood) they had bored several holes in which to deposit their eggs.”” In Sweden its general vange does not appear to be further north than latitude 60°, although Herr Meves observed it as far north as Jemtland.
In our own islands, Baikie and Heddle never found this species in Orkney, but mention having heard of one or two specimens being obtained. According to the best authori- ties it appears to have occurred but rarely in Scotland. It ts also rare in the North of England, its true home being the more southern couuties. In the New Forest (proper) it is tolerably plentiful, but is extremely rare in the Isle of Wight. In Ireland, according to Thomson (Nat. Hist. Irel. 1. p. 343, 1849), the present species could not, upon any good authority, be said to have been procured up to that date; but in his Appendix, ii. p. 441, published in 1851, he records a spe- cimen captured at Kilshrewley, near Granard, co. Long- ford, and gives such good authority for the statement as to place the occurrence of the Green Woodpecker in the Sister Isle beyond all doubt. Throughout France it is a common species, and it ranges into Spain as far as the Guadarrama Mountains, where it is replaced by G. sharpiv.
I have never seen any specimens of Gecinus viridis from Portugal, and as Mr. W. C. ‘Tait (‘ Ibis, 1887, p. 304) in- forms us that Gecinus sharpii is very abundant all over that
38 Mr. E. Hargitt on the Genus Gecinus.
country, it is improbable that G. viridis will be found along with it; Portuguese Gecini formerly bearing the latter title are no doubt referable to G. sharpii, and not to the present species.
Both Count Salvadori and Prof. Gigholi state that G. viridis is very common throughout Italy. It does not appear to exist in Corsica, and it is rare in Sardinia, according te Count Salvadori, Cat. Uce. Sard. p. 32 (1864), wherein he writes :—“ I have not been able to meet with a single living specimen of this species, which Cara says is more common at the North Cape, but even there it must be rare, as Cetti could never find any. In the Museum are seen three spe- cimens.” Mr. Brooke, who visited the south of the island upon several occasions, never saw or heard the bird. Doder- lein says it is rare in Sicily, particularly in the environs of Messina, Girgenti, and Palermo, and that it breeds in the large woods of the interior. This species is said by Mr. Elwes to be somewhat rare im Denmark. Mr. Cordeaux in- eludes it in his List of the Birds of Heligoland in Mr. Giitke’s collection, where is the only specimen known to have occurred on the island. In Holland, Belgium, Germany, Switzerland, and Austria G. viridis is found more or less commonly. In Transylvania Messrs. Danford and Harvie- Brown found it common everywhere among the lower oak and beech woods. According to Messrs. Elwes and Buckley it is common in all the woods of Turkey. Drummond says that in Macedonia it is very common in winter. Linder- meyer includes it in his ‘ Birds of Greece” According to Dr. Kriper (MS.) :— It is not very common in forests of deci- duous trees in Greece, commoner in Olympus, and has not been found in the Cyclades.” The Hon. T. L. Powys (Lord Lilford) observed this species in the Ionian Islands. Drum- mond did not meet with it in Crete. In Russia G. viridis is said by Russow (Orn. Esth-, Liv- u. Kurl. p. 117, 1880) to be “very common on the islands of Oesel and Moon, and in all forests of deciduous trees in the Baltic provinces.” In the province of Gdowski, according to Buchner and Pleske (Orn. St. Pétersb. Gouvern. p. 76), “the Green Woodpecker is
Mr. E. Hargitt on the Genus Gecinus. 39
exceedingly rare, and has only been observed twice.” Brandt (J. f. O. 1880, p. 229) writes :—“Sadelin observed it rarely in the province of Petropolitana.” It is not included by Brandt in his ‘ Birds of the North Ural. Sabanaeff, in his ‘ Avifauna of the Ural,’ says this species was never found by him, but that it most likely occurs in the south-west parts of the Perm Government. Bogdanow (B. Volga, p. 60, 1871) writes :—“JI cannot say that the Green Woodpecker is very common here, but it certainly occurs in small numbers in all the leafy forests here in the south as well as in the north. I met with it in the black forests of the rivers Hopre and Medveditiza, in the province of Saratoff, and it ranges as far south as the lower course of the Volga, and is resident about Sarepta according to Riekbeil. Most likely it occurs also about Astrachan, although neither Henke nor myself ob- served it there. In the fir and greenwood forests it is not so common as in the larch woods. The periodical changes in the life of this bird are not sufficiently known to me to be able to describe the same. In the autumn and winter it leads, like other Woodpeckers, a very irregular life, and appears in such forests and localities where it never appears in the breeding-season.” Goebel says it is rare in Uman, and that he only saw it about a dozen times in eleven years. Ménétries states that it is found in the forests at the foot of the Caucasus, and he records it from Sahan and Lenkoran. Bogdanow states :—“ Very common in the woods, plains, and mountains of the Caucasus.” In Asia Minor this species also occurs, and Mr. Danford informs us that, although not common, it is well distributed in the oak and fir woods of the Taurus range. Ross (P.Z.8. 1842, p. 1) remarks :—“ This species is to be found in great numbers at Trebizond, and I have shot them as high as Gumushkhangh, which is between Erzeroum and Trebizond.” In the collection of the British Museum there is a specimen of a male from the latter loca- lity, collected by Mr. Ross, which presents a curious phase of plumage, the back and scapulars being washed with reddish brown, and the under surface of the body nearly buff, without any tinge of green. I cannot help thinking
40 Mr. E. Hargitt on the Genus Gecinus.
that it was from a bird in a somewhat similar phase of plumage (but with the peculiar coloration distributed over other parts) that the painting was taken upon which Aldro- vandi founded his species Picus luteus cyanopus persicus. G. viridis does not occur in Palestine. In Persia it is found, and Mr. Blanford (Zool. E. Pers. 1. p. 135) records a spe- cimen from near Shiraz, obtaimed in June, and in a note appended by Sir O. St. John, the latter gentleman writes :— “In 1864 I shot a young Green Woodpecker in the oak forest, the only one I have ever seen in Southern Persia. In 1869 my collector procured an adult specimen in the same place. It is probably a rare straggler from the forests of the Zagros hills.”’” Severtzoff did not meet with it in Turkestan. I cannot accept the statement made by Sonnini (Voy. Egypte, ii. p. 363) that the present species occurs, as a bird of passage, in Egypt; we have no reliable record of any Woodpecker ever having been seen in that country.
7. GECINUS AWOKERA.
Picus awokera, Temm. Pl. Col. iv. no, 25, pl. 585 (1826) ; id. & Schleg. Faun. Japon. p. 72, pl. xxxvi. (1847-49) ; Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 60 (1866) ; Giebel, Thes. Orn. ui. p. 143 (1876).
Gecinus awokera, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 488 (1846); Bp. Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 127 (1850) ; id. Consp. Voluer. Zygod. p. 10 (1854); Reichenb. Handb. Scans. Picine, p. 349, no. 797, pl. dexx. figs. 4137-88 (1854); Swinh. P. Z. §. 1863, p. 883; Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 72 (1868) ; id. Hand-l. B. 1. p. 191, no. 8672 (1870); Blakist. & Pryer, Trans. As. Soc. Jap. x. p. 186 (1882); Jouy, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vi. p. 808 (1888).
Chloropicos awokera, Malh. N. Classif., Mém. Acad. Metz, 1848-49, p. 351.
Chloropicus awokera, Malh. Monogr. Picid. u. p. 128, pl. Ixxx. figs. 1, 2 (1862).
Adult male. Above, including scapulars, uniform pale green; wing-coverts uniform golden olive, brighter along the forearm; primary-coverts dusky, edged externally with
Mr. E. Hargitt on the Genus Gecinus. 4]
golden green; quills dusky brown, the outer webs of the outermost primaries margined at the base with golden green, and having numerous white markings along the margin, those of the remainder uniform golden green; the muer webs spotted or deeply notched with white, those of the outer primaries having their apical half uniform; a few of the inner secondaries entirely golden green; shafts blackish brown; rump-feathers green, broadly edged with chrome- yellow; upper tail-coverts olive-yellow, brighter on the margin; tail light dusky brown, edged at the base with green, and having indistinct darker dusky bars; dwarf feather dingy green, the tip yellowish; shafts black, brown at the base ; nasal plumes and base of the forehead black, the feathers of the latter tipped with ashy grey ; lores black ; upper part of forehead, crown, and occiput bright crimson, bases of the feathers leaden grey varied with blackish ; nape black ; outer edge of the forehead and crown ashy grey, the feathers tipped with dusky; sides of the face and neck light grey; aJong and broad red malar stripe on a black ground : chin and throat buffy white, shading into yellowish grey on the chest and breast; entire underparts, including sides, flanks, and thighs, yellowish white, the abdomen having small V-shaped black markings, the other parts having larger and broader markings (somewhat heart-shaped) on the sides and flanks ; under tail-coverts yellowish white, with V-shaped black markings or olive bars; under wing-coverts white with a yellow tinge, and having blackish spots and irregular mark- ings; axillaries white, faintly tinged with yellow, and sparingly spotted with blackish: “iris Venetian-red; bill dark greenish, base Jemon-yellow; tarsi and toes dull olive- ereen” (Jouy). Total length 11°3 inches, culmen 1°6, wing 5°6, tail 3°95, tarsus 1°15; toes (without claws)—outer an- terior 0°75, outer posterior 0°68, inner anterior 0°6, inner posterior 0°35.
Adult female. Differs from the male in having the fore- head and crown smoky grey (slightly tinged with greenish upon the hind part of the crown), the feathers tipped aud streaked with dusky, the occiput and nape being red (more
42 Mr. T. W. Kirk on the
of a scarlet than crimson) ; the chest and breast yellower ;—
under wing-coverts whiter; axillaries also whiter, with black cross-markings: “the soft parts the same as in the male” (Jouy). Total length 11 inches, culmen 1°45, wing 5°55, tail 3°9, tarsus 1-05.
Young, probably female. Upper parts and scapulars dusky, with a slight greenish tinge; wing-coverts, basal margin of the outer webs of the primaries and outer webs of the secon- daries dingy olive; the light markings upon the outer webs of the primaries only indicated, and of a dingy yellowish colour ; rump and upper tail-coverts not of so bright a yellow as in the adult; forehead and crown ashy brown; occiput dingy scarlet ; nape and hind neck dusky ; a small dull scarlet cheek-patch ; side of the face brownish ashy; from the chin to the chest, inclusive, dingy pale buff, this colour spreading on to the middle of the breast; underparts white, broadly barred with brownish black upon the thighs and under tail- coverts, the white being less pure and the barring browner ; tail very indistinctly barred.
This Woodpecker has been supposed, until recently, to be confined to the main island of Japan; but Messrs. Blakiston and Pryer, in their “ List of the Birds of Japan” (Trans. As. Soc. Jap. x. pt. 1, p. 186, 1882) suggested the proba- bility of the species ranging into the southern islands also, and their expectations have been realized, as in an amended list by Capt. Blakiston (1884) he records the present species as having been obtained at Nagasaki, in the island of Kiushiu, by Mr. Ringer.
[To be continued. ]
II.—WNotes on the Birds of New Zealand. By T. W. Kirk, Geological Survey Department. 1. Perraca TorrTol. Settlers’ name “ Pied Tit”’; native name ‘‘ Miromiro.” I was recently shown a most beautiful example of this species, exhibiting almost pure albino plumage ; it is in the private museum of Mr. 8. H. Drew, of Wanganui. The
Birds of New Zealand. 43
only indication of the normal colouring is a small patch of faint grey on one of the primaries, the whole of the remaining plumage being a most clear white.
As the unfortunate victim was killed with a full charge of powder and an ounce of No. 4 shot, the internal anatomy was so much knocked about that Mr. Drew was unable to ascertain the sex. He has, however, by careful skinning and mounting, succeeded in transforming the battered skin into a really good museum-specimen, a result of which, as an amateur taxidermist, he may well be proud. This is, I be- lieve, the first notice of albinism in the Pied Tit.
The specimen was procured at Paraekaretu, in the Rangi- tikei district, by Mr. Tripe.
2. ANTHUS NOVH-ZEALANDIE.
Settlers’ name “ Ground Lark”; native name “ Pihoihoi.”
Varieties inclining to albinism are known to occur occa- sionally in this species ; but while travelling through the bush on the east coast of the Wellington province, I came on a Maori plantation, and was shown by one of the natives a Ground Lark exhibiting a tendency both to albinism and melanism. The following is a description, jotted down in my pocket- book :—Top of head, and down as far as a line through the eye, dull black ; the whole of the body and wings, with the exception of the two outer primaries, were a delicate creamy white ; the outer primaries retained the normal greyish- brown colour. The outside tail-feathers, which in an ordi- nary specimen would be white, were in this case jet-black.
This bird, which was one of the most curious freaks of nature I eversaw, had been tamed, would come when called and allow itself to be picked up and examined, as though conscious of deserving attention on account of its extraordinary and fantastic dress. I endeavoured to effect a purchase, but without success, the Maoris appearing to set great store by their pet.
3. PHALACROCORAX PUNCTATUS. Settlers’ name “ Spotted Shag.” Writing of this species, Dr. (nowSir W.) Buller says, © This
44, Mr. T. W. Kirk on the
beautiful representative of the Crested Shag is abundant on the coast of the South Island, but is seldom met with on the northern side of Cook Strait. I observed a party of three at the mouth of the Waikanae River in January 1864; two young birds were killed in Wellington in the winter of 1865; and another was shot in the Gulf of Hauraki, near Auckland; and these are the only instances I know of its occurrence in the North Island * * * I have never had an opportunity of examining the eggs, but I understand that three is the usual number” (‘ Manual of N. Z. Birds,’ p. 95). It will therefore be interesting to note that I was lately informed, by Mr. J.C. M‘Lean, that a colony of fifteen or sixteen of these birds has for more than five years been established ona reef inside Cape Kidnappers.
The latter gentleman states that he has collected the eggs, but never found more than two in a nest. In December 1885 there were five nests, placed at equal distances apart, along the ledge which runs on one side of the rock about three feet from the top. They were composed of seaweed, and were but httle larger than the nests of the Mackerel Gull (Larus scopulinus, Korst.). One nest had ¢wo eggs in, and each of three others contained two young birds covered with black down; the fifth was empty. Onthe other side of the rock, out of reach, was another nest; this also contained but two eggs. Onvisiting the locality again last December the nests were found to be more numerous ; but apparently the season was much later, as there were neither eggs nor young birds visible, but the old ones were grouped about, and allowed him to approach quite close before they took wing; their breeding-place being very difficult of access, it is evident they are not often disturbed. 'The egg is smaller than that of the Black Shag (P. nove-hollandie, Gould), and very dirty. The original colour is pale blue.
Mr. McLean has kindly promised to furnish me with the measurements of the eggs in his possession.
The Cape is also the breeding-ground of a large number of Gannets (Dysporus serrator).
Birds of New Zealand. 45
4. STERNA ANTARCTICA, Forst.
Common Tern ; native name “ Tara.”’
The local name of this bird, in the neighbourhood of Cape Kidnappers, is “‘ The Plough Bird,” or “ Plough Boy,” given on account of its habit of following the farmer’s plough so persistently for the purpose of obtaining the grubs &e. thus exposed,
The Kea has acquired the taste for mutton, attacking and killing the sheep; the Tara has learned to look to the farmer for assistance in providing food; it yet remains to be seen how far civilized tastes will be adopted by New-Zealand birds, many of which show a decided inclination’ to adapt themselves to circumstances, although, unfortunately, many others are fast disappearing.
5. NeEsToR MERIDIONALIS, Gmel.
Brown Parrot; native name “ Kaka.”’
The author of the ‘ History of the Birds of New Zealand ’ has described several varieties of this bird; one gorgeously coloured specimen he formerly considered a distinct species, and differentiated it with the title of N. superbus. Further examination, however, convinced him that it was only a variety of the Kaka, and he accordingly sank the specific name. In 1884 I recorded the capture of an almost identical specimen at Waikanae, and now another, hardly to be dis- tinguished, is to be seen on view in the shop of Mr. Leardet, taxidermist. Iam informed that this latest addition to the long list of New-Zealand birds presenting abnormal colouring was shot in the Kaikoura mountains.
6. LoBIVANELLUS PERSONATUS.
Several instances are mentioned in the ‘ Transactions of the New Zealand Institute’ of the discovery of Australian birds on the shores of these islands, viz. :—
Australian Tree Swallow (Hirundo nigricans, Vieill.) *.
Royal Spoonbill (Platalea regia, Gould), by Dr. Buller+.
* Trans, N.Z. Inst. vol. xi. p. 360, + Ibid. ix. p. 337.
46 On the Birds of New Zealand.
Australian Roller or Dollar-bird (Eurystomus pacificus, Lath.), by Mr. F. E. Clarke*.
Red-capped Dotterel (Charadrius ruficapillus, Temm.), by myself f.
The species now to be noticed is more beautiful than any of our previous visitants. The Masked Plover is one of the Spur-wings, and stands about 12 inches high. The body is slight, very elegantly proportioned, and the general appear- ance is extremely graceful. It is thus described in Gould’s ‘Handbook to the Birds of Australia’ (vol. ii. p. 221), and the New-Zealand specimen agrees in every particular with the description :—‘ Crown of head and occiput jet-black ; sides of face, back of neck, rump, and all the under surface pure white ; back and scapularies light brownish grey ; wing- coverts grey; primaries deep black ; secondaries white at the base on their inner webs, cinnamon-grey on their outer webs, and largely tipped with black; tail white at the base, largely tipped with black, the extreme ends of the feathers being cinnamon-grey, particularly the two centre ones ; irides primrose-yellow ; wattles lemon-yellow ; bill lemon-yellow at base, black at the tip; legs and feet carmine-red; the scales in front blackish green.”
The bird was observed in a field at Kai Iwi by Mr. G. Penke, who at once went to the house for a gun; taking a long shot, he fired, and the bird dropped, but when secured appeared quite unhurt, and lived for some time in confine- ment, refusing food almost entirely, and died, apparently from starvation rather than from any other cause. It was mounted, and is now in Mr. S. H. Drew’s museum at Wanganui.
Both sexes possess the spur on the wing, which is a very noticeable feature, but much more developed in the male than in the female, and proves avery effective weapon in warfare. The yellow-coloured mask is supposed to be for the protection of the feathers of the face, the bird being very fond of thrusting its beak into mud and sand in search of small crustacea or the larve of Coleoptera, which form the staple of its food.
* Trans. N.Z. Inst. vol. xiii. p. 454. + Ibid. vol. xii. p. 246.
|
eee
On the Hornbills of the Ethiopian Region. 47
II1.—On the Hornbills of the Ethiopian Region. By Captain G. E. Suexrey, F.Z.S.
Key to the Genera.
a. Tarsus long, much longer than half the length of the bill, measured from the gape. Inadults the sides of the head and upper throat bare, with AERIOS OMENS CUTOAL <4 5. a's nie ovine oie mel atts
6. Tarsus short, not half the length of the bill, mea- sured from the gape.
b'. Tail square or rounded ; less than half the length of the bird. b?. Cheeks and a large wattle on the centre of PMO MUHTORtUDATO's 2.6 cers! wjegh win, wales msi elsiait, oosiets c?. Cheeks and throat foaerede c°, Bill stouter and not so much compressed at the sides. Generally with a large CASGIIOM Pat Ne dialereys 5 eR Ec UP we Reonaytos d*, Billcomparatively more slender and much Compressed at) LHe SIGeS ios a eer aig een « ce’. Tail long and strongly graduated ; more than
halfthe length of the bird. 722.0 6.0 ..cce.
1. Bucorvus.
1831. Bucorvus, Less. Traité d’Orn. 1831, p. 259 . ‘
1847. Tmetoceros, Ca wien, ere 1847, Proto sp. -s ie Vek
1849. Bucoraz, Senidey (fv. K. Vet. Ak. Forh. 1849, p. 161 .
Key to the Species.
a. Bill with a large pale-coloured patch near the base of the upper mandible. Casque widely opened in dregmirimecluliierm ales! oi. apollo. « nye ekajacetsroevs
6. Bill entirely black, with no pale-coloured patch near the base of the upper mandible. Casque apparently always closed in front ............
1, Bucorvus.
2. Ceratogymna.
3. Buceros. 4. Lophoceros.
5. Berenicornis.
Type. B. abyssinicus.
B. abyssinicus.
B. abyssinicus.
1. B. abyssinicus,
2. B. caffer.
Owing to the great similarity of these species and the want of sufficient specimens, I have been unable satisfactorily to unravel their synonymy. JB. abyssinicus inhabits North-
48 Capt. G. E. Shelley on the
east Africa and Senegambia, and probably extends down the west coast, possibly to Angola. B. caffer is the only species met with in South Africa, and extends northwards on the east coast, certainly to the Pangani River, and is probably the only one met with south of the equator in East Africa. Upon this supposition, which is not yet proved, I have based my synonymy and distribution.
1. Bucorvus aBYSsINICUS.
Buceros abyssinicus, Bodd. Tabl. Pl. Enl. 1783, p. 47 ; Hartl.J. 4, O: 1855, p. dG)".
Buceros africanus, Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. 1790, p. 143.
Buceros brac, Dumont, Dict. Se. Nat. vi. 1817, p. 201.
Tragopan abyssinicus, Gray, List Gen. B. 1841, p. 65; Riipp. Syst. Uebers. p. 79.
Bucoraz abyssinicus, Wartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 165°; id. J.f. O. 1861, p. 261°; Monteiro, Ibis, 1862, p. 338°; Sharpe, Ibis, 1869, p. 385°; Bocage, P. Z. S. 1873, p. 698.
Tmetoceros abyssinicus, Cab. & Hein. Mus. Hein. 11. 1860, p.175; F.& H. Voég. Ostafr. p. 480° (part.) ; Finsch, Trans. FeseVil, p. 279".
Buceros carunculatus abyssinicus, Schl. Mus. P.-B. 1. Bu- ceros, 1862, p. 19.
Buceros carunculatus guineensis, Schi. 1. c. p. 20; Bocage, POZaS. 1873, p-.698.
Bucorvus abyssinicus, ? Sclat. P.Z.S. 1864, p. 111°; Blanf. Geol. & Zool. Abyss. p. 330°; Antin. & Salvad. Ann. Mus. Ciy. Gen. 1873, p. 420%; Reichen. J. f. O. 1875, p. leu Elliot, Monogr. Bucerot. pl. 1; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. 1884, p. 101”; Dubois, Bull. Mus. Belg. i. 1884, p. 221; Rochebrune, Faun. Sénégamb., Ois. p. 113”.
Tmetoceros habyssinicus, Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. pp. 731, elvi
Bucorvus pyrrhops, Elliot, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. xx. 1877, p. 171; id. Monogr. Bucerot. pl. 2.
Bucorax guineensis, Bocage, P. Z. 8. 1873, p. 698.
Bucorvus guineensis, Rochebrune, Faun. Sénégamb., Ois. exp. 13:
eases RAG! an 2
Hornbills of the Ethiopian Region. 49
Bucorvus abyssinicus, var. guineensis, Dubois, Bull. Mus. Belg. i. 1884, p. 221.
? Bucorvus caffer, Rochebrune, Faun. Sénégamb., Ois. p. 114.
Hab. “Not found by us in Sambar, but met with in the mountains of Bogos and Abyssinia, Takah, throughout the whole of Abyssinia southward to Shoa, in Fazogl, Senar, Kordofan, and the White Nile district, westward as far as the Kosanga River” (Heuglin™*); Gazelle River (Antinori) ; Senafé and Facado in May, Bejook, on the Anseba, July, as low near the coast as Ain in August (Jesse"). In Abyssinia it is chiefly found at about 4000 feet and up to 7000 or 8000 feet, but is occasionally met with at a lower elevation, as I once saw a bird at Koomali (Blanford*); Anseba and Keren (Antinori & Beccari”). Shoa, at many localities (Antinori”’) ; ? Unioro and Madiland (Speke*). It crosses to West Africa and is common in Senegambia (Rochebrune”’); Gambia; Bissao, Galam (Beaudouin®*) ; Fantee (Ussher’) ; Accra (Pel*’) ; Abouri, in the Aguapim mountains (Shelley & Buckley) ; Camaroons (Reichenow"'); Pungo Andongo, in Angola (Mon- teiro').—N.B. It is quite possible that the Angolan bird may be B. caffer.
2. BucORVUS CAFFER.
Buceros carunculatus cafer, Schl. Mus. P.-B. Buceros, 1862, p. 20.
Bucorax abyssinicus, Gurney (nec Bodd.), Ibis, 1861, p. 182"; Kirk, Ibis, 1864, p. 325°,
Bucorvus abyssinicus, Gurney, Ibis, 1868, p. 162°; Ayres, Ibis, 1869, p. 296'; Gurney, ed. Anderss. B. Damara Land, p. 205°; Shelley, P..Z. S. 1881, p. 591”.
Tmetoceros abyssinicus, F. & H. Vog. Ostafr. p. 480 (part.); Finsch, Zeitschr. ges. Orn. 1884, p. 3617; id. iO) 1885, p. 126°; Reichen. J: f. O. 1887p, 60".
Bucorax cafer, Bocage, P. Z. 8S. 1878, p. 698"; id. Orn. Angola, p. 111"; Sharpe, ed. Layard’s B.S. Afr. pp. 122,808”.
Bucorvus cafer, Elliot, Monogr. Bucerot. pl. 3; Shelley, Ibis, 1882, p. 245”.
SER. V.—VOL. VI. E
50 Capt. G. E. Shelley on the
Buceros abyssinicus, var. caffer, Dubois, Bull. Mus. Belg. ii. 1884, p. 222.
Hab. Confined to East and South Africa,
Usequa, Ungu, Ruwana, Mori, Maurui, Bamangwato (Fischer™®*); Usambara Hills near Pangani (Kirk", Shelley Mus.) ; Zambesi (Kirk*); Mashoona’’, Transvaal (Ayres**) ; Natal (Ayres'); Zululand (Gordge, Shelley Mus.) ; common on the eastern frontier of Cape Colony (Layard) ; East London (Richard™) ; Ondonga and Okavango River (Andersson’) ; Quillengues and Humbe, in Mossamedes (Anchieta”’).
2. CERATOGYMNA.
1854. Ceratogymna, Bp. Consp. Vol. Anisod. — Type.
NS5ae pee Soe OR ae Nelatas 1859. Sphagolobus, Op. Niue Hein: ie 1859; Peele a. 6 ie et oe Catia
Key to the Species.
a. Tail white, with the two central feathers black...... 3. C. elata. b. Tail black, with one third of the ends of all but the Contre feathers: Wht, <yeieye oiaioe 0 ssn wiseus 6 faunte a 'e wagons a's 4. C. atrata.
3. CERATOGYMNA ELATA.
Buceros elatus, Temm. Pl. Col. 1880, pl. 521. f. 1; Hartl. Jet. O. 1855, p. 861°; id. Orn. W.-Afr.p. 1617; Gurneye Ibis, 1859) p: 153°; Ussher, 1874, p. 51%; Dubois, Bull Mus. Belg. i. 1884, p. 198; Biittikofer, Notes Leyden Mus. 1885, p. 204°.
Buceros cultratus, Sundev. Gifv. Vet.-Ak. Forh. 1849, pe loo, oO Eartl. Orn W-Atrap. ole.
Ceratogymna elata, Bp. Consp. Vol. Anisod. 1854, p. 2; Elliot, Monogr. Bucerot. pl. 23; Rochebrune, Faun. Séné- gamb., Ois. p. 118”.
Hab. W. Africa: Gaboon (Verreaux*); St. John’s River (McDowell*) ; Calabar (Laurein*); Ibadan (Hinderer’) ; Gold Coast (Pel*); Denkera, forest in the interior ( Ussher‘) ; Liberia (Biittikofer’); Sierra Leone (Afzelius*); Casamanse, Gambia, Senegambia (Rochebrune’).
Hornbills of the Ethiopian Region. 51
4, CERATOGYMNA ATRATA,
Buceros atratus, Temm. Pl. Col. 1830, pl. 558°; eae th J. f. O. 1855, p. 361°; id. Orn. W.-Afr. pp. 162°, 274°; Cass. Pr. Ac. Philad. 1859, p. 189°; Ussher, Ibis, 1874, “I ole: Bocage, Orn. Angola, p. 1137; Reichen. J. f. O. 1877, p. 18°; Hart]. Abhandl. nat. Ver. Brem. viii. 1882, p. 208°; Dubois, Bull. Mus. Belg. iii. 1884, p. 199; Biittikofer, Notes Leyden Mus. 1885, p. 205”.
Buceros poensis, Fraser, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 2nd ser. Xv. 1855, p. 186, 2°.
Sphagolebus atratus, Cab. & Heine, Mus. Hein. 11. 1860, p- 171; Elliot, Monogr. Bucerot. pl. 24; Bouvier, Cat. Ois. Marche &c. 1875, p. 28; Sharpe, Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. xvii. 1884, p. 436".
Hab. W. Africa, from Angola te Liberia, and inland to 5° N. lat. on the White Nile.
Equatorial Africa, near the Bari Negro country, Upper White Nile at Lado (Hmin Pacha*}; Semmio in the Nyam- nyam country (Bohndorff™*) ; Cabinda (Anchieta) and Ca- zengo (Towdson) in Angola (Bocage’); Loango Coast {Faiken- stein®); Muni River, Gaboon (Du Chaillu*) ; Qgowé River (Du Chaillu’, Marche); Fernando Po (Fraser''); Calabar (Laurein*); Gold Coast (Pel*), Denkera (Ussher*), and Ashantee (Mus. Lugd.*) ; Liberia (Biittikofer"’).
3. BucERos. Type.
1766. Buceros, Linn. 8. N. i. 1766, p. 153 . B. bicornis. 1849. Anthracoceros, Reichb. Syst. Av. 1849,
pie AGS . . B. malabaricus. 1859. Bycanistes, Cal, Muss Hint ll. 1859,
Delilyiciy +, . B. buccinator. 1878. Pratidophalus, Elliot, Moog ee
Geroteple oe, + Sw we ty s Be fostulator,
Key to the Species. a. Tail with the two centre feathers entirely black, or occasionally with narrow white ends or nar- row white bases.
zE2
52 Capt. G. E. Shelley on the
a’, With no white on the quills. White of ab- domen not extending on to the chest ...... 5. B. cristatus. b'. With portion of the secondaries white. Chest and abdomen white. b*, With no white on the greater wing-coverts. 3, Casque large. With more than half of all the secondaries and tail-feathers black 6. B. buecinator. c3, Casque obsolete or rudimentary ;_ bill strongly corrugated. ce’, White of secondaries not extending over more than the end-half of the feathers. Basal half of all the tail-feathers black 7. B. fistulator. d', White of secondaries extending to their bases. White of tail variable, accord- ing to age, always covering more than the end-half of all but the centre fea- thers, and in fully adults reaching to the base, or nearly so, of these feathers 8. B. sharpit. c?, With broad white ends to the greater coverts ; casque strongly developed. ad}, Outer primaries entirely black. With a [ cus. broad black subbasal band on the tail .. 9. B. subeylindri- e*. The greater part of the outer and the ends of all the primaries white. Tail, with the exception of the two centre feathers, entirely qwihitey.n tii. eelnn sek sents 10. B. leucopygius. b. Entire tail, including the two centre feathers, white, with a broad black central band. fi. With broad white ends to the greater wing- coverts. Black of the chest extending down
chemront of the-thighs-" ites 6s. <tc aes 1. B. cylindricus. g*. With no white ends to the greater wing- coverts. Entire thighs white .......... 12. B. albotibialis,
5. BucERos CRISTATUS.
Buceros cristatus, Riipp. N. W. 1835, p. 3, pl. 1"; id. Syst. Uebers. p. 79; Cass. Pr. Ac. Philad. 1859, p, 189°; Kirk, Ibis, 1864, p. 326°; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1864, p. 111°; F. & H. Voég. Ostafr. p. 482°; Heugl. N.O.-Afr. pp. 730, clvi; Fisch. & Reichen. J. f. O. 1880, p. 141°; Dubois, Bull. Mus. Belg. iii. 1884, p. 200; Fisch. Tetache ges. Orn. 1884, p. 61°; ad. J. 7. O. 1885, p, 1267; “Shelley,, Paws. sco p. 224°; Reichen. J. £0) 1887, p2 60%:
Hornbills of the Ethiopian Region. 53
Bycanistes cristatus, Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 172, note ; Cab. V. d. Decken’s Reis. iii. p. 38°; Elliot, Monogr. Bucerot. pl. 26; Shelley, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 519"; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. 1884, p. 102"; Rochebrune, Faun. Sénégamb., Ores pe its”.
Hab. Kast Africa from Abyssinia to the Zambesi and Senegambia, according to M. Rochebrune, where, how- ever, it is not common. The records of its occurrence on the Camma River, in Gaboon, and in Natal require ad- ditional confirmation.
Southern parts of Lake Tana (Riippell’) ; Shoa (Antinori); Uganda (Speke*); throughout Masai-land, at Kilimanjaro (Hf. H. Johnston"); Schadel, Gt. Arusha Lake, Mkarama, Masinde, Nguru Mountain, Msingissia (Mischer’*) ; Usam- bara (Airk"); Shiré and Zambesi Rivers (Kirk’, Brit. Mus.) ; Bakel, Kita, and the forests of Bakoy and Falémé (Roche- brune”); ?Camma River (Du Chaillu*) ; ? Natal (Mus. Kirchhoff’).
6. BucERos BUCCINATOR.
Buceros buccinator, Temm. Pl. Col. 1830, p. 284; Gurney, Ibis, 1864, p. 183; Kirk, Ibis, 1864, p. 326°; F.& H. Vog. Ostafr. p.484; Sharpe, ed. Layard’s B.S. Afr. p. 125°; Bocage, Orn. Angola, p. 540*; Dubois, Bull. Mus. Belg. ‘i 1884, p. 200; Fisch. J. f. 0. 1885, p. 126°.
Bycanistes buccinator, Cab. Mus. Hein. ii. p. 171; id. V.d. Decken’s Reis. iii. p. 38°; Elliot, Monogr. Bucerot. pe 27seshelley,P..Z.'S. 1881, p. 59:
Hab. East Africa south of the equator to Natal, King- williamstown, the Knysna in Cape Colony and northwards to Angola,
Wito, Pangani, Usaramo, Nguraberg, Lindi (Fischer) ; Kisuani (V. d. Decken®); Melinda and Usambara Mountains (Kirk"); Shupanga in Zambesi region (Kirk*, Brit. Mus.) ; Natal (Ayres'); Kingwilliamstown (Trevelyan, Brit. Mus.) ; Knysna (Victorin*); Talla Magongo, in Angola (Sehuét").
. BUCEROS FISTULATOR. oe os fistulator, Cass. Pr. Ac. Philad. 1850, p. 68°: Har tL.
54 Capt. G. E. Shelley on the
Orn. W.-Afr. p. 162? (part., nec Gaboon) ; id. J. f. O. 1861, p. 261° (part.) ; Ussher, Ibis, 1874, p. 51*; Dubois, Bull. Mus. Belg. iii. 1884, p. 203 (part.) ; Bittikofer, Notes Leyden Mus. iv. 1885, p. 206°; Hartert, J. f.O. 1886, p. 596°.
Pholidophalus fistulator, Elliot, Monogr. Bucerot. pl. 32 ; Rochebrune, Faun. Sénégamb., Ois. p. 1197.
Hab. West Africa, from the Niger to Senegambia.
Loko and Iddah on the Niger (Hartert*); Dabocrom (Pel’); Gold Coast (Ussher*); Wiberia (Biittikofer’); St. Paul’s River (McDowell'); Sierra Leone (Linnier*) ; Casa- manse, Gambia, Melacorée, and M’Bao (Rochebrune’).
8. BucERos SHARPII.
Buceros fistulator, Cass. (nee Cass. 1850) Pr. Acad. Philad. 1859, p. 139’; Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 134°; Reichen. J. 1 OnlS7 750.19.
Buceros sharpti, Elliot, [bis, 1873, pp. 177, 179°; Bocage, Orn. Angola, p. 114°; Oust. Bull. Nouv. Arch. Mus. Paris, 1880, p. 69°.
Pholidophalus sharpii, Elliot, Monogr. Bucerot. pl. 33.
Buceros viti, Dubois, Bull. Mus. Belg. in. 1884, p. 204”.
Buceros fisculator, var., Dubois, t.c. pl. 11.
Hab. West Africa from Angola to the Niger.
Angola (Hamilton®*, Brit. Mus.); Cazengo (Hamilton’) ; Viti, on the Congo (Dzxbois’); Loango Coast (Falkenstein’) ; Gaboon (Verr.*); Camma and Muni Rivers (Du Chaillu’) ; Ogowe River (Marche*, Ansell, Brit. Mus.); Niger (Baikie, Brit. Mus.).
As the specimen in the British Museum labelled Niger (Baikie) undoubtedly belongs to this species, I should like to have examined the specimens collected on that river by Herr Hartert (vide supra}; but I see no reason why both the species should not occur there, as the locality where the Brittish-Museum specimen was collected may be distant from either Loke or Iddah.
9. BucrRos SUBCYLINDRICUS. Buceros subcylindricus, Sclat. P. Z. 8. 1870, p. 668, pl. 39 ; 1871, p. 489; Dubois, Bull. Mus. Belg. iii. 1884, p. 201°.
Hornbills of the Ethiopian Region. 55
Bycanistes subquadratus, Cab. J.f.O. 1880, p. 350, pl. 1’; Elliot, Monogr. Bucerot. pl. 28; Bocage, Orn. Angola, p. 5407.
Bycanistes subcylindricus, Elliot, Monogr. Bucerot. pl. 29.
Buceros subqguadratus, Hartl. Abhandl. nat. Ver. Bremen, vill. 1882, p. 208°.
Hab. Talla Mogongo, in Angola (Schiitt*). Nyam-nyam country (Mus. Bruz.). Upper White Nile district (Hmin Bey)’.
Mr. Sharpe informs me that he never saw the specimen from Bohndorff’s collection which M. Dubois describes.
10. Bucrros LEUCOPYGIUS.
Buceros leucopygius, Dubois, Bull. Mus. Belg. ii. 1884, p- 202, pl. 10, fig. 1’.
Pholidophalus sharpii, Sharpe, Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. xvii. 1884, p. 438°.
Hab. Semmio and Ndoruma, in the Nyam-nyam country (Bohndorff* *).
Mr. Sharpe only met with one specimen in M. Bohndorft’s Nyam-nyam collection, labelled ‘‘ Ndoruma,” which he re- ferred to P. sharpii, while M. Dubois records two specimens, both from Semmio, out of the same collection.
il. BuceRos CYLINDRICUS.
Buceros cylindricus, Temm. Pl. Col. 1830, pl. 251. fig. 2; Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 162’; Cass. Pr. Ac. Philad. 1859, p- 189’; Ussher, Ibis, 1874, p. 51°; Dubois, Bull. Mus. Belg. iii. 1884, p. 201; Biittikofer, Notes Leyden Mus. iv. 1885, p. 206°.
Bycanistes cylindricus, Cab. Mus. Hein. 11. 1860, p. 178 ; Elliot, Monogr. Bucerot. pl. 30; Bouvier, Cat. Ois. Marche &c. 1875, p. 28°.
Buceros casuarinus, G. R. Gray, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. viii. p. 1871, pp. 17, 437; Sclater, P. Z. S. 1885, p. 851.
Pholidophalus casuarius, Elliot, Monogr. Bucerot. pl. 34.
Hab. North Africa, Gaboon to Liberia. :
Camma River (Du Chaillu*): Ogowé River, in Ga-
56 Capt. G. E. Shelley on the
boon (Marche*) ; Ashantee (Pel’) ; Fantee, Gold Coast (Ussher*); Liberia (Biittikofer’).
12. BUCEROS ALBOTIBIALIS.
Buceros albotibialis, Reichen. J. f. O. 1877, p. 19 (no descr.)'; Cab. & Reichen. t.c. p. 103 (orig. descr.) ; Bocage, Orn. Angola, p. 540; Dubois, Bull. Mus. Belg. in. 1884, p- 202.
Bycanistes albotibialis, Elliot, Monogr. Bucerot. pl. 31.
Hab. West Africa. Myambo country (Petit, Brit. Mus.) ; Loango Coast (Falkenstein").
4. Lopnoceros. 1828. Lophoceros, Hempr.& Ehr.Symb. Type. Phys. fol. z 2 ee” oe ee “a erasuins: 1828. Alopius, Hempr. & Ehr. t. c. fol. aa (nec Alopus, Schénh. 1826, Coleoptera) . 1831. Tockus, Less. Mette Own: p. 252 1842. Rhynchoceros, Gloger, Hand- u. Hilfsb. 1842, p. 335 .
1849. Cp nnens: Reichb. Sith Ay. p. 49.
. L. erythrorhynchus. L. erythrorhynchus.
. L. melanoleucus.
. L. nasutus.
Key to the Species. a. Breast white.
a. Head, neck, and upper parts black, with the exception of the second and third pairs of tail-feathers, counting from the outer ones, which are black and white or entirely white.
a, Tip of the bill with no trace of red. Lower mandible smoother, and in adults with an oblique band of black from the middle towards the base. Tail with the second and third pairs of feathers, counting from the outer rectrices, black for more than half
theirlength: 260% fcgate sees ee eee ee 15. L. fasciatus.
Hornbills of the Ethiopian Region.
6?. Tip of the bill always more or less red. Lower mandible rougher, and with no oblique black band. Tail with the second and third pairs of feathers, counting from the outer rectrices, entirely white in full adults, the basal portions often having some black in the less mature birds, but this black never extends over one half of the RMEHERS (5 si -.00 ate Tae ame ome 14. L. semofasciatus, 6‘. Head and neck never black. c*, Head and throat brown or grey. c*, Bill red. ce‘. Tail-feathers, not all tipped with white. Larger. ©. With no white band down the wings. e°, Larger. With no buff at the base of the bill. With two pairs of tail-feathers entirely WHHL a ssve/el vig 3, lave nie ea 16. L. hempricht. d°, Smaller. With a narrow buff base to the bill. White on the tail confined to a broad terminal band on some of the POALREES)..F. seialelwe ares owe 16. LZ. melanoleucus, ad’, With a white band down the wing, formed by the centre ; quills being white .......... 17. L. monteiri. d‘, With a white terminal band to all the tail-feathers. Smaller.... 18. Z. camurus. d°®. Bill not red, but sometimes washed with that colour in the females. Lower mandible more or less ob- liquely ridged. General colouring : above brown, all the wing-coverts broadly edged with buff, and the tail with a white terminal band. e4, Male: bill black, with a buff patch on the upper mandible and several oblique buff ridges on the lower one. e>. With no casque to the bill .... 19. Z. nasutus. f>. With a_ well-developed low casque to the bill............ 20. LZ. epirhinus.
Capt. G. E. Shelley on the
ff, Bill bull... ..¢.Jccbteee eee 21. L. pallidirostris. d?, Throat white. Bill red or yellow. g’. Above brown, wing-coverts spotted with white. g‘. Bill red. g>. Head darker ; forehead grey, like the crown. Cheek and ear- coverts more or less shaded with grey. The dark bar on the outer tail-feather nearly always very Gistinet). cocina site ecko 22. L. erythrorhynchus. h’. Head paler; a broad white fore- head. Cheeks, ear-coverts, and entire under surface of the neck and body uniform white. Outer tail-feathers uniform white in one specimen, and with only a slight brown patch in the other, indicating where the bar occurs in L. erythrorhynchus ........ 23. L. damarensis. h‘, Bill yellow. ?°, Dark markings, when present on the fore neck and breast, con- fined to shaft-stripes. Bare skin round the eye grey; bare skin on the throat generally grey .. 24. LZ. flavirostris. 7°. Dark markings on the fore neck and breast always present and contined to the edges of the feathers, Bare skin of the head and throat yellow, with no shade of grey. 7°. The white on the two pairs of outer tail-feathers partially crossed by an imperfect dark band, very much narrower than the white ends to these feathers. The outer feather always with a largish dark basal portion.............. 25. L. leucomelas, k°, The white on the three pairs of outer tail-feathers crossed by an even broad dark band, not narrower than the white ends to these feathers, The
Hornbills of the Ethiopian Region. 59
outer feather with a brown basal spot surrounded by
WHO i oP ie oak ee 26. L. elegans. hs, General colouring of upper parts black and white. The wing-coverts uni- form black, with the exception of a few of the centre greater coverts, which are white, like some of the centre quills, and together form a
white band down the wing ...... 27. L. deckeni. 6. Breast dusky black, slightly paler than the head and upper part ....,............. 28. DL. hartlausi.
13. Loryocerros FAScIATUS.
Le Calao longibande, Levaill. Ois. Afr. v. p. 115, pl. 233 (1806).
Buceros fasciatus, Shaw, Gen. Zool. vin. 1811, p. 34; Cranch in Tuckey’s Exped. River Zaire, App. 4, p. 407°; Jara: Amn. Nat. Hist. xvi. p.'.8o:°; Hartl: Orny W.-At: pp- 163, 274° (part., nee Casamanse) ; Reichen. J. f.O. 1877, p- 18°; Dubois, Bull. Mus. Belg. 11. 1884, p. 214 (part.).
Maekas fasciatus, Bp. Consp. Av. 1. p. 98; Cass. Pr. Ac. Philad. 1859, p. 140°; Bocage, Orn. Angola, p. 123°; Elliot Monogr. Bucerot. pl. 50, upper figure ; Sharpe, Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. xvii. 1884, p. 4357
Buceros semifasciatus, Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 163° (part., Gaboon).
Hab. Angola to Gaboon, and North-eastwards to Equa- torial Africa.
Angola (Mus. Lugd.°); Congo (Tuckey’) ; Loango Coast (Falkenstein*); Gaboon (Verreaux*); Camma, Ogowe, Moonda rivers, and Cape Lopez* (Duchaillu’) ; ? Old Calabar* (teste Jardine); Semmio and Ndoruma in Nyam-nyam (Bohn- dorff") ; Kubbi and Tingasi (Emin Bey, Brit. Mus.).
Dr. Rochebrune claims to have met with this species in Senegambia.
14. LopHocERos SEMIFASCIATUS. Buceros melanoleucus, Vieill. (nee Licht.) N. D. iv. 1816, p. 595.
60 Capt. G. E. Shelley on the
Buceros semifasciatus, Hartl. J. f. O. 1855, pp. 356, 361’ ; id. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 163° (part.) ; Biittikofer, Notes Leyden Mus. iv. 1885, p. 208°.
Buceros fasciatus, Hart). Orn. W.-Afr. p. 163° (part., Casamanse) ; Gurney, [bis, 1859, p. 153’.
Tockus semifasciatus, Sharpe, Ibis, 1869, p. 192°; Reichen. J. f. O. 1875, p. 138; Elliot, Monogr. Bucerot. pl. 50, lower figure; Shelley, Ibis, 1883, p. 558%; Rochebrune, Faun. Sénégamb. p. 120°; Hartert, J. f. O. 1886, p. 595°.
Hab. W. Africa. From the Niger to Senegambia.
Shongo (Forbes’) ; Iddah (Hartert’) on the Niger; Ibadan (Hinderer’); Gold Coast and Rio Boutry (Pel'); Accra (Haynes) ; Fantee (Ussher*) ; Liberia (Biittikofer*) ; Gambia (Moloney) ; Casamanse, Gambia, Senegambia (Ruchebrune’*).
15. LopHocrRos HEMPRICHI.
Lophoceros hemprichii, Ehr.in Hempr. & Ehr. Symb. Phys. 1828, fol. a a, note.
Buceros limbatus, Riipp. N. W. p. 5, pl. 2. fig. 1"; Fiusch, Trans. Zool. Soc. vii. 1870, p. 279’.
Tokus limbatus, Riipp. Syst. Uebers. p. 79.
? Buceros coronatus, Des Murs (nec Shaw) in Lefebvr. Voy. Abyss. 1854, p. 127.
Buceros hemprichi, Finsch, Trans. Zool. Soc. vii. 1870, p- 317; Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. pp. 724, clv’.
Tockus hemprichii, Blanf. Geol. & Zool. Abyss. p. 826°; Antin. & Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. 1873, p. 417°; Elliot, Monogr. Bucerot. pl. 52; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. 1884, p. 103°.
Alopius hemprichii, Dubois, Bull. Mus. Belg. ii. 1884, p. 215.
Hab. N.E. Africa.
‘“A mountain species—Dega region of Abyssinia, from 5000 to 11,000 feet. If I remember rightly, I have received it from the Upper White Nile and from Kordofan ” (Heuglin’) . Senafé (Jesse*); in Bogos from Sciotel, Keren, Deghi, Ossa (Antinori § Beccart’) ; Anseba valley (Blanford*) ; Letmarafia, Mahaluonz, and Amba karra in Shoa (Antinori*).
Hornbills of the Ethiopian Region. 61
16. LorHocrRos MELANOLEUCUS.
Buceros melanoleucus, Licht. Cat. Rer. Nat. Rar. 1793, p. 8’; F. & H. Vog. Ostafr. p. 485°; Heugl. Orn. N.O.- Afr. pp. 720, clv’; Fisch. & Reichen. J. f. O. 1879, p. 343°, 1880, p. 141°; Béhm, J. f. O. 1883, p. 168°; Dubois, Bull. Mus. Belg. iii. 1884, p. 214; Shelley, P. Z. S. 1885, p. 224"; Dubois, Bull. Mus. Belg. iv. 1886, p. 147°.
Le Calao couronné, Levaill. Ois. Afr. v. 1806, p. 117, pls. 234, 235.
Buceros coronatus, Shaw, Gen. Zool. vin. 1811, p. 35; ?Swains. B. W. Afr. 11. p. 257.
Tockus melanoleucus, Bp. Consp. Av. 1850, p. 91°; Hartl. dete ©; 1861,"p. 261”; Gurney, Lbis, 1862)p.. 1572.5 Selat. PSAS. 1864; p. 111” ; Kirk, This; 1864, p. 327; Sharpe, PZ. 5. 1870,.p, 149"; id. Cat.. Afr. B. p. 9°; Gurney ied: Anderss. B. Damara Land, p. 208*°; Reichen. J. f. O. 1875, pale ?;: Nicholson, PZ. 8S. 1878, p: 3587 3 Bocage,-Orn: Angola, p. 116°; Sharpe, ed. Layard’s B.8. Afr. p. 127”; Elliot, Monogr. Bucerot. pl. 49; Shelley, P. Z. 8. 1881, p. 519"; Rochebrune, Faun, Sénégamb. p. 119”.
Toccus coronatus, Bodd. Gurney, Ibis, 1861, p. 1383.
Lophoceros melanoleucus, Cab. in V. d. Decken’s Reis. 11. ES8693\p. 37 3 id: J. ft O. 1878, p. 235%; Schalow, J. £0. 1883, p. 348”; Fisch. J. f.O. 1885, p. 126.
Hab. The whole of Africa south of about 5° N. lat.
E. Africa: Usaramo (Speke*) ; Usanga and Mbaromu (V. d. Decken*’) ; Kilimanjaro (H. H. Johnston"); Ndi (Hilde- brandt*”'); Pangani River, Usambara (Kirk*’); Mombas (Wakefield, Brit. Mus.); Mugonga” and Kium (Béhm*) ; Tan- ganika (Storms*); Mambrui (Fischer*); Wito, Pangani, Usegua, Bagamoyo’, and Lindi (Pischer”); Zanzibar (Bojer*’, Kirk’); Dar-es-Salaam (H. C. Buxton”); Mosambique (Peters.’).
S. Africa: Shiré in Zambesi district (Kirk”); Natal (Ayres"*); Caffraria (Licht.'); Elands Post (Atmore”’); Genei- vafontein and Knysna (Layard”); Damara (Chapman”’) ; Ovampo (Andersson*’); Cunene River and Caconda in Mos- samedes and Humbe and Biballa in Benguela (Anchieta”).
62 Capt. G. E. Shelley on the
W. Africa: Pungo Ondongo and Ambaka (Anchieta” *) ; Galungo-alto (Welwitsch”’, Brit. Mus.) ; Rio Dande (Sala”, Brit. Mus.) ; Camaroons (Reichenow"). Interior of Sene- gambia (Rochebrune*’).
17. LopHocrRos MONTEIRI.
Tockus monteiri, Hartl. P. Z. 8. 1865, p. 87, pl. 5°; Gurney, ed. Anderss. B. Damara Land, p. 208°; Sharpe, ed. Layard’s B. S. Afr. p. 129°; Bocage, Orn. Angola, p. 121; Elliot, Monogr. Bucerot. pl. 53.
Alophius monteiri, Dubois, Bull. Mus. Belg. ii. 1884, p: 29.
Hab. S. Afr. Damara and Benguela.
Damara (Andersson*) ; Benguela (Monteiro’) ; Katumbella (Sala*).
18. LopHocEROS CAMURUS.
Tockus camurus, Cass. Pr. Ac. Philad. 1856, p. 319°; 1859, p. 140’; Reichen. J. f. O. 1875, p. 13°; Bouvier, Cat. Ois. Marche &e. p. 20; Bocage, Orn. Angola, p. 541°; Elliot, Monogr. Bucerot. pl. 59; Sharpe, Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. xvil. 1884, p. 436°.
Buceros pulchrirostris, Schl. Ned. Tijdschr. Dierk. i. 1862, p. 74, pl. 4°.
Tockus pulchrirostris, Sharpe, Ibis, 1870, p. 4857; id. PrAoS.-1871, p.-604°.
Buceros camurus, Reichen. J. f. O. 1877, p. 18°; Butti- kofer, Notes Leyden Mus. iv. 1885, p. 210”.
Alophius camurus, Dubois, Bull. Mus. Belg. ii. 1884, p. 220.
Hab. W. and Central Africa: from the Loango Coast to Liberia and to the Nyam-nyam country in North-east Equatorial Africa.
North bank of the Congo (Spencer Shield, Brit. Mus.) ; Loango Coast (Falkenstein*) ; Elobe, in Gaboon (Ansell, Brit. Mus.) ; Gaboon (Walker, Brit. Mus.) ; Camma River and Cape Lopez (Duchaillu*) ; Camaroons (Crossley* & Reichenow’) ; Volta River and Fantee (Ussher’); Liberia (Biittikofer"’) ; Sassa in Nyam-nyam (Bohndorff’, Brit. Mus.).
Hornbills of the Ethiopian Region. 63
19. LopHoceRos NaAsuTus.
Buceros nasutus, Linn. S. N.1. 1766, p. 154 (Senegambia)’ ; Hart]. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 164°; F. & H. Vog. Ostafr. p. 486°; Hinseh, Trans.-Z. S: vii. p. 277° 59 Meugls Oms N.O-Air. pp» 720, clv’; Fisch. & Reichen. J. f. O. 1878, p) 254°; Hart]. Abhandl. nat. Ver. Brem. vii. 1881, p. 1117; Bohm, J. f. O. 1883, p. 169°; Dubois, Bull. Mus. Belg. i. 1884, p. 212 (part.).
Le Calao nasique, Levaill. Ois. Afr. v. 1806, pl. 236.
Lophoceros forskalii, Hempr. & Ehr. Symb. Phys. Av. 1828, fol. z, note, ¢.
Lophoceros hemileucus, Hempr. & Ehr. t. ec. fol. aa, note, ?.
Buceros hastatus, Cuv. Régne An. 1. 1829, p. 446, note.
Buceros pecilorhynchus, Lafresn, Rev. Zool. 1839, p. 257 ; Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 164.
Tockus nasutus, Riipp. Syst. Uebers. 1845, p. 79; Hartl. J. f. O. 1861, p. 261°; Blanf. Geol. & Zool. Abyss. p. 329”; Shelley & Buckley, Ibis, 1872, p. 286"; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. 1873, p. 418"*; Bouvier, Cat. Marche &c. 1875, p27; Hartert, J. f. O. 1886; p. 596".
Buceros nasutus, vars. senegalensis et orientalis, Sundey. (Efv. k. Vet.-Ak. Forh. 1850, pp. 108, 130.
Lophoceros nasutus, Cab. J. f. O. 1878, p. 236"°; Schalow, J. f. O. 1883, p. 348°"; Dubois, Bull. Mus. Belg. iii. 1884, p. 212 (part., nec 8. Afr.) ; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. 1884, p. 103"; Rochebrune, Faun. Sénégamb., Ois. p. 119"; Bischer; J. £. ©. 1885; p. 126.
Tockus pecilorhynchus, Hartl. J. f. O. 1861, p. 261”.
Hab. Southern Taka and Nubia, northward to 17° or 18° N., lat.; Sennaar, Kordofan, and the whole of Abyssinia with the exception of the high mountainous regions ; the districts of Sobat, White Nile, Gazelle River eastward to the Kosanga. The coast regions of Samhar, in Danakil, Somali and S. Arabia (Heuglin’). Ain and Mohaber (Jesse*); Keren and Anseba Valley (Antinori & Beccari”’) ; Koomayli and Lebka Valley (Blanford”’) ; Shoa (Antinori) ; Lado (Emin Pacha’) ; Usaramo (Speke*); Rabai, near Mombas in Wanikaland (Fischer") ; Duruma (Hildebrandt*’) ; Kakoma (Bohm*"*),
64 Capt. G. E. Shelley on the
On the West Coast: Camma River (Duchaillu’) in Ga- boon; Niger“ (Baikie, Brit. Mus.) ; Quaminfio, near Accra (Shelley") ; Gold Coast; Bissao and Casamanse (Verreauz:’) ; Gambia (Moloney) ; Senegambia (Rochebrune™**).
20. LopHocEROS EPIRHINUS.
Buceros nasutus, var. caffer, Sundev. ify. k. Vet.-Ak. Forh. 1850, p. 108°.
Buceros epirhinus, Sundevy. l. s. ¢.
Toccus pecilorhynchus, Kirk (nec Lafr.), Ibis, 1864, Poe.
Buceros nasutus, Ayres (nec Linn.), Ibis, 1871, p. 260, 1879, p. 285°.
Tockus nasutus, Gurney, ed. Anderss. B. Damara Land, p. 206‘; T. E. Buckley, Ibis, 1874, p. 365°; Bocage, Orn. Angola, p. 118°; Sharpe, App. Oates’s Matabele Land, p. 8047; id. ed. Layard’s B.S. Afr. pp. 183, 808°.
Lophoceros nasutus, Elliot, Monogr. Bucerot. pl. 47 (part.).
Hab. 8. Africa.
Shiré Valley in the Zambesi district (Avrk*); Kanye, Matabele (Haton®, Brit. Mus.); Matloutsi River (Oates’, Brit. Mus.); Bamangwato (7. E. Buckley’); Oliphant’s Nek (Barratt*); Rustenberg, Magaliesberg, Potchefstroom, Limpopo (Ayres*); Damara Land and Lake Ngami (4dn- dersson*) ; Huilla in Mossamedes (Anchieta’).
21. LopHocEROS PALLIDIROSTRIS.
Buceros pallidirostris, ¥. & H. Vog. Ostafr. p. 871°.
Tockus pallidirostris, Bocage, Orn. Angola, p. 117”.
Buceros nasutus, var. dubia, Dubois, Bull. Mus. Belg. iii. 1884, p. 213, pl. x. fig. 2°.
Hab. Caconda'’*, in Benguela (Anchieta) ; Lake Tanga- nika® (Storms).
In the original description of this species it was unfor- tunately compared with L. melanoleucus, with which it has very slight affinity. The type described was a Caconda specimen, and a similar specimen from the same locality has been presented to me by Prof. Barboza du Bocage. On
Hornbills of the Ethiopian Region. 65
comparing my specimen with the description and figure of the head of Buceros nasutus, var. dubia, Dubois, I find the two names undoubtedly apply to the same species.
22. LorpHOCEROS ERYTHRORHYNCHUS,
Le Calao Toc, Levaill. Ois. Afr. v. 1806, p. 122, pl. 238.
Buceros nasutus, Vieill. (nec Linn.) Enc. Méth. i, 1823, p. 305, pl. 10. fig. 3.
Buceros erythrorhynchus,Temm. Pl. Col. ii. 1824, Buceros, sp. 19, text; Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 165°; Ayres, Ibis, 1869, p. 296°; F. & H. Voég. Ostafr. p. 491°; Finsch, Tr. Z. S. Vil, p. 276 ; Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. pp. 727, cly*;, Hartl, Abhandl. nat. Ver. Brem. vii. 1881, p. 112°; Bohm, J. f. O. 1883, p. 169”.
Alophius erythrorhynchus, var. leucopareus, Hempr. & Ebr. Symb. Phys. 1828, fol. a a, note 1.
Tockus erythrorhynchus, Less. Traité Orn. 1831, p. 252; Riipp. Syst. Uebers. p.79; Kirk, Ibis, 1864, p. 327°; Sharpe, Ibis, 1867, p. 192°; Blanf. Geol. & Zool. Abyss. p. 328”; Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. 1871, p. 9°; Gurney, ed. Anderss. B. Damara Land, p.211"; Antin. & Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. 1873, p. 417"; Buckley, Ibis, 1874, p. 365"; Bouvier, Cat. Marche &c. 1875, p. 27"; Bocage, Orn. Angola, p. 120"; Elliot, Monogr. Bucerot. pl. 56; Sharpe, ed. Layard’s B. S. Afr, p. 131; id. Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. xvii. 1884, p. 435"; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. 1884, pp. 108, 262"; Roche- brune, Faun. Sénégamb., Ois. p. 121”; Ayres, Ibis, 1886, p. 289”; Hartert, J. f. O. 1886, p. 5967”.
Buceros rufirostris, Sundev. (ify. k. Vet.-Ak. Forh. 1850, p. 50.
Rhynchaceros erythrorhynchus, Cab. Mus. Hein. ii. 1860, p. 166; id. J. f. O. 1878, p. 235%; Schalow, J. f. O. 1883, p. 848"; Fisch. Zeitschr. ges. Orn. 1884, p. 362; id. J. f. O. 1885, p. 126”.
Alophius erythrorhynchus, Dubois, Bull. Mus. Belg. iii, 1884, p. 218.
Hab. The whole of Africa south of about 17° N, lat.
Southern Taka and Nubia south of about 17° or 18° N, lat. : SER. V.—VOL. VI. F
66 Capt. G. E. Shelley on the
Sennaar, Kordofan, and the whole of Abyssinia, with the exception of the high mountain regions. Sobat, White Nile, Gazelle River westward to the Kosanga. The coast-lands of Samhar, in Danakil, Somali Land, and South Arabia (Heug- lin’) ; Rayrayguddy (Jesse*); Keren (Antinori & Beccari™) ; Mayen, at 3500 feet; Senafé, Samhar, Lebka Valley, and Anseba River (Blanford"’) ; Shoa ( Antinori”) ; Efat, in Shoa (Harris, Brit. Mus.) ; Lado (Emin Pacha‘); Dembo,in Nyam- nyam (Bohndorff*’); Usaramo, Nguruman, Mossiro ( Fischer”); Taita (Hildebrandt”); Kakoma (Bohkm"™”). 8. Africa: Zam- besi (Kirk*) ; Tette (Kirk, Brit. Mus.) ; Matabele and Bamang- wato (7. E. Buckley“); Mashoona. (Ayres); Transvaal (Ayres**) ; Knysna (Victorin’’). Lake Ngami, Okavango River, and Ondonga in Ovampo-land (Andersson'*) ; Cunene River, Huilla, and Capangombe in Mossamedes (Anchieta'’). In W. Africa : Cabinda, N. of the Congo (Anchieta™) ; Abhor (Thomson’) and Gora on the Niger (Hartert*”) ; Gold Coast, Fantee (Ussher®); Rio Boutry (Pel); Senegambia”’ (Roche- brune*’) ; Casamanse (Verreauz).
23. LoPHOCEROS DAMARENSIS, Sp. 0.
? Buceros erythrorhynchus, Sundev. (nec Temm.).
Tockus erythrorhynchus, Gurney, ed. Anderss. Damara Ld. p. 211 (part., Damara).
The only specimens of this species which I believe to be known are two males in the British Museum, labelled re- spectively Objimbinque and Schmelen’s Hope ( Andersson).
Mr. Andersson, in writing about L. erythrorhynchus, per- feetly recognized this form, which he well described. He observes :— I have also met with it in Damara Land proper, at Objimbinque and Schmelen’s Hope; but specimens from these two last-named localities differ considerably from those found in more northern parts.” As to its being a sexual or seasonal plumage, this is disproved by the very large series of L. erythrorhynchus I have examined from nearly all parts of Africa. The white forehead is, perhaps, its strongest specific mark ; and as Prof. Sundevall appears to have taken this as typical L. erythrorhynchus, and re-named the really
Hornbills of the Ethiopian Region. 67
typical greyer-cheeked race as his B. rujirostris, I have pro- posed a new name for the Damara bird.
24. LopHocrROs FLAVIROSTRIS.
Buceros flavirostris, Riipp. N. W. 1835, p. 6, pl. 2; Speke, Ibis, 1860, p. 244°; Finsch, Tr. Z. S. vii. p. 2787; F. & H. Vég. Ostafr. p. 490; Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. pp. 725, clv’.
Tockus fiavirostris, Riipp. Syst. Uebers. 1845, p. 79*; Blanf. Geol. & Zool. Abyss. p. 327°; Elliot, Monogr. Bucerot. part., N.E. Afr., nec pl. 51; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. 1884, pp. 104, 262°.
Rhynchaceros flavirostris, Cab. J. f. O. 1878, p. 2357.
Hab. Confined to E. Africa, between about 15° N. lat. and 5S. lat.
From the hot valleys of Schoho-land this bird extends to the Bay of Adulis and to Samhar; also collected near Moiet Schahadi below Mekulu, but not on the coast-region itself (Heuglin*) ; Kordotan, Nubia, Abyssinia (Riippell*) ; Undel Well and Rayrayguddy (Jesse*); Abyssinia, from 2500 to 3000 feet in January and February, and from 7000 to 8000 feet in May and June; about Senafé (Blanford’); Shoa (Antinori®); Efat in Shoa (Harris, Brit. Mus.) ; Somali (Speke’); Ndiin Taita (Hildebrandt’, Brit. Mus.).
25. LopHocreROs LEUCOMELAS.
Buceros leucomelas, Licht. Verz. Siiugeth. u. Vég. 1842, tenes
Buceros flavirostris, Ayres (nec Riipp.), Ibis, 1871, p. 2607; T3795 pocdo:
Tockus flavirostris, Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 9* (part.,S. Afr.); Gurney, ed. Anderss. B. Damara Ld. p. 210°; Buckley, Ibis, 1874, p. 365°; Shelley, Ibis, 1875, p. 82"; Sharpe in Oates’s Matabele Land, p. 304°; id. ed. Layard’s B.S. Afr, pp. 130, 808°; Elliot, Monogr. Bucerot. part., nec pl. 51; Shelley, Ibis, 1882, p. 245°.
Hab. Confined to 8. Africa.
Kanye in Matabele (Hwton’); Mashoona-land (Ayres). Common from the north of Transvaal through Bamangwato (T. E. Buckley*); Motloutsi and Crocodile River (Oates*) ;
FQ
68 Capt. G. E. Shelley on the
Transvaal (Ayres**); Umgeni River in Natal (Shelley’) ; Kuruman (Ezton’); Gt. Namaqua* and Damara ( Andersson’). Caffraria (Lichtenstein’).
Dr. Reichenow, at my request, has most kindly examined the type of Buceros leucomelas, Licht., and informs me, with other notes, that the bill is yellow, and that the dark por- tions of the feathers of the lower throat and front of the breast are confined to their sides, and are not shaft-stripes. This, together with the locality, “Caffraria” or Natal, decides conclusively that this species is the true Buceros leu- comelas, Licht.
26. LopHOcCEROS ELEGANS.
Toccus elegans, Hartl. P. Z. S. 1865, p. 86, pl. 4°.
Tockus flavirostris, Sharpe, Cat: Afr. B. p. 9’ (part.); Bocage, Orn. Angola, p. 119°; Elliot, Monogr. Bucerot. pl. 51 (part., Benguela).
Hab. Confined to 8.W. Africa.
Moconja, Capangombe, Huilla (Anchieta*) in Mossa- medes; Benguela (Monteiro', Brit. Mus.). Galungo and Loanda (Sala’*, Brit. Mus.).
I would remark that the occurrence of this species in Angola is not absolutely certain, as [ believe when Sala’s specimens were received that gentleman had been collecting in Mossamedes. It would appear to me more natural that this should be a very local and purely S. African form, being allied to L. leucomelas about as closely as L. damarensis is to L. erythrorhynchus. Both of these I consider to be only just separable as species.
27. LopHocEROS DECKENI.
Buceros (Rhynchaceros) deckent, Cab: V. d. Decken’s Reisen, i. 1869, p. 36, pl: 6.
Buceros deckeni, ¥. & H. Vog. Ostafr. p. 489; Bohm, Jet O1883, p. 1707:
Rhynchaceros deckeni, Cab. J. f. O. 1870, pl. 1; 1878, p. 235°; Fisch. Zeitschr. ges. Orn. 1884, p. 862°; id. J. f. O. 1885, p. 126*; Reichen. J. f, ‘O. 1887, p. 60°.
Tockus deckeni, Eliot, Monogr. Bucerot. pl. 57.
Hornbills of the Ethiopian Region. 69
Tockus bocagei, Oust. Bull. Soc. Phil. Paris, 1881, p. 161°; Rochebrune, Faun. Sénégamb., Ois. p. 121, pl. 13”.
Alophius deckeni, Dubois, Bull. Mus. Belg. ii. 1884, py el?
Hab. Near the confines of Galla an Somali (M. Abdon Gindi*) ; Brava (Fischer*) ; south to Ugogo (Béhm’), and west to the inland forests of Senegambia (Dr. Cohn"). Also towards Masai-land, Usandawa’, Inkaramo, Nguruman and Walkaland (Fischer*), Duruma, Taita, and Ukamba (Hil- debrandt*) ; Lamu (Jackson, Brit. Mus.).
28. LopHoceROos HARTLAUBI.
Tockus hartlaubi, Gould, P. Z. 8. 1860, p. sho; Sharpe, Ibis, 1870, p. 485°; Elliot, Monogr. Bucerot. pl. 58.
Buceros nagtglassi, Schl, Neder. Tijd. Dierk. 1. 1862, p. 56, pl. 2. Buceros hartlaubi, Reichen. J. f. O. 1877, p. 18°; Bittikofer, Notes Leyden Mus. iv. 1885, p. 209°.
Tockus nagtglassi, Bocage, Orn. Angola, p. 541.
Alophius hartlaubi, Dubois, Bull. Mus. Belg. iii. 1884, p. 217.
Hab. W. Africa: Loango Coast (Falkenstein’); Gold Coast (Ussher*) ; Liberia (Biittikofer’*).
5, Berenicornis. 1850. Berenicornis, Bp. ane Gen. Av. Type. SSO pie Olle eter er ls. Jd a) oh Ge CONIOLes:
a, Sides of the head black or faintly marked with
white. Greater wing-coverts and quills boldly
tipped with white. Casque longer, reaching
over more than ? length of ronlitiest See ey Sie 29. B. albocristatus. 4. Sides of the head white or faintly marked with
black. Greater wing-coverts and quills uniform
black. Casque shorter, not reaching over 3
ROTIGEEM OL CULMTOT 4 (cia s w'she aye siratoiel als eel hedsiaiere 30. B. leucolophus.
29, BrRENICORNIS ALBOCRISTATUS,
Buceros albocristatus, Cass. Journ, Ac. Philad. 1850, p. 185, pl. 15*; Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. pp. 163°, 274 (part.) ; Reichen. J. f. O. 1875, p. 12°; Sharpe & Bouvier, Bull. S.
70 Mr. E. W. Oates on the
Z. France, 1876, p. 310; Reichen. J. f. O. 1877, p. 18°; Bocage, Orn. Angola, p. 540; Dubois, Bull. Mus. Belg. 11. 1884, p. 207; Biittikofer, Notes Leyden Mus. iv. 1885, pe 207 ©.
Berenicornis macrourus, Bp. Consp. Av. 1850, p. 91 (ex Temm. MS.).
Berenicornis albocristatus, Cass. Proc. Ac. Philad. 1859, p. 189"; Sharpe, P. Z.S. 1871, p. 604°; Bouvier, Cat. Ois. Marche &c. 1875, p. 27°.
Anorrhinus albocristatus, Elliot, Monogr. Bucerot. pl. 40.
Hab. W. Africa to the north of the Congo: Louembe and Chikambo (Lucan & Petit*) ; Loango Coast (Falken- stein®). In the Gaboon, Camma, Inuni, and Memda rivers (Duchaillu’), and Ogowé (Marche’). Camaroons (Crossley® & Reichenow*). Liberia (Biittikofer®); St. Paul’s River (McDowell’ *).
30. BERENICORNIS LEUCOLOPHUS.
Buecros albocristatus, Hartl. (nec Cass.) Orn. W.-Afr. p. 163* (part.); Shelley & Buckley, Ibis, 1872, p. 286’.
Berenicornis albocristatus, Sharpe, Ibis, 1869, p. 385°.
Berenicornis leucolophus, Sharpe, Zool. Rec. 18738, p. 52°.
Anorrhinus leucolophus, Elliot, Monogr. Bucerot. p. 41.
Buceros albocristatus, var. leucolophus, Dubois, Bull. Mus. Belg. 11. 1884, p. 208.
Hab. W. Africa: confined to the Gold Coast.
Rio Boutry (Pel'); Abouri (Shelley & Buckley*); Fantee (Ussher ® *).
IV.—On the Birds of Bhamo, Upper Burmah. By Evernt W. Oatss, F.Z.8.
(Plate I.)
In 1881 the taxidermist of the Phayre Museum of Rangoon was despatched to Bhamo to form a collection of birds. I had an opportunity of examining all the skins immediately on their arrivalin Rangoon ; but as the results were not very noteworthy, I have hitherto deferred making any systematic list of them.
Birds of Bhamo, Upper Burmah. vail
By the courtesy of my friend Mr. Leonardo Fea, of the Genoa Museum, who has been collecting birds at Bhamo for some time, I have been favoured with a copy of Count Salvadori’s paper on the birds of Upper Burmah recently published in the ‘ Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Natu- rale di Genova,’ vol. iv. 2nd series, pp. 568-617.
The Count presents us with a list of 111 species, chiefly, if not entirely, procured in Bhamo. On looking over my notes of the taxidermist’s collection, already referred to, I find there are a considerable number of birds obtained at - Bhamo which Mr. Fea had not the good fortune to meet with. On the other hand he procured many species which the museum collector failed to obtain.
Count Salvadori has dealt exhaustively with the birds that came under his notice, end I therefore propose to enumerate only those species which are not mentioned in his paper. They amount to 34, and to this number may safely be added Anser cinereus, of which, however, I have not received a specimen. It is reported to be very common in the cold season in the upper parts of the Irrawaddy, and some of my friends have assured me that they have shot it.
It is to be regretted that so little is known about the birds of Upper Burmah, considering that the whole country has been traversed by our troops for the past two years, and that a large number of civil officers, in addition, are permanently located in all parts of the country.
1. GARRULAX BELANGERI, Less.; Oates, B. Brit. Burm. vol. 1. p. 33.
Two specimens, the only ones brought to Rangoon, are identical with Pegu birds. Mr. Fea procured G. leucolophus only.
2. DryoNnasTEs RUFICOLLIS (Jard. & Selb.) ; Sharpe, Cat. Birds, vol. vu. p. 454.
3. Mrcavurvs patustris, Horsf. ; Oates, op. cit. i. p. 106.
4. Parus atricers, Horsf. ; Oates, op. cit. i. p. 125.
5. Sirra rrontaris, Horsf.; Oates, op. cit. i. p. 134.
72 On the Birds of Bhamo, Upper Burmah. 6. Bucuanea toneicaupata (A. Hay); Oates, op. cit. 1. p. 220. 7. PRaTINcoLa MauRA (Pall.); Oates, op. cit. 1. p. 279. 8. OreIcoLa FERREA (Hodgs.) ; Oates, op. cit. i. p. 283. 9. Uromirrus Fritirerus (Steph.) ; Oates, op. cit. i. p. 307. 10. Crnnyris astatica (Lath.) ; Oates, op. cit. 1. p. 321.
11. Mretoruus MeELANIcTERUs (Gm.); Oates, op. cit. 1. p. 857.
lla. AcRIDOTHERES ALBocincTUS*. (Plate I.)
Acridotheres albocinctus, Godw.-Aust. & Wald. Ibis, 1875, p- 251; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova, ser. 2, iv. p.
This appears to be an excessively common species. Count Salvadori has pointed out in his paper that certain parts of the plumage of this bird,were incorrectly described by its discoverers.
12. Pica pica (Linn.) ; Sharpe, Cat. Birds, iii. p. 62.
Two fine specimens were brought down, and the collector told me it was not uncommon.
13. Urocissa occipitauis (Bl.) ; Oates, op. cit. i. p. 400. 14. Iynx rorquitua, Linn. ; Oates, op. cit. 1. p. 23. 15. Picus macu, Vieill.; Oates, op. cit. 1. p. 33.
16. CHrysoPHLEGMA FLAVINUCHA (Gould); Oates, op. cit. li. p. 43,
17. DicHocrRros Bicornis (Linn.) ; Oates, op. cit. i. p. 87.
18. Crrcus arveinosus (Linn.) ; Oates, op. cit. ii. p. 176.
19. Hatrazrus Leucorypuus (Pall.) ; Oates, op. cit. ii. p- 200.
20. Pernis pritoruyNncuvs (Temm.); Oates, op. cit. ii. p. 207.
* [We are pleased to be able to give a figure of this interesting species from the type-specimen kindly lent to us by Col. Godwin-Austen for this purpose. This agrees very fairly with a skin forwarded by Mr, Oates, which he has desired us to present to the British Museum.—Epp. |
On the Birds of Teneriffe. 73 21. MickoHIERAx c#RULEScENS (Linn.); Oates, op. cit. vag OF
22. Pwatacrocorax PyGMm&us (Pall.); Oates, op. cit. il. p. 234.
23. ArpEA insignis, Hodgs.; Oates, op. cit. 11. p. 245.
24, ARDEA CINEREA, Linn. ; Oates, op. cit. i. p. 243.
25. XENORHYNCHUs asiatTicus (Lath.) ; Oates, op. cit. 11. p. 264.
26. Dissura Episcopus (Bodd.) ; Oates, op, cit. 11. p. 265.
27. Taporna casarca (Linn.) ; Oates, op. cit. 11. p. 277.
28. Darita acuta (Linn.) ; Oates, op, cit. 1. p. 279.
29, CHETTUSIA CINEREA (Bl,); Oates, op. cit. i. p. 372,
30. GALLINAGO sTeNURA (Kuhl) ; Oates, op. cit. 11. p. 383.
31, Larus icutHyaktus (Pall.); Oates, op. cit. 1. p. 414.
32. SreRNA SEENA, Sykes ; Oates, op. cit. i. p. 428.
33. STERNA MELANOGASTER, Temm.; Oates, op. cit.il. p.424.
34, RHyYNCHOPS ALBICOLLIS, Swains.; Oates, op. cit. ii. p. 436.
V.—Notes on the Birds of Teneriffe. By Capt. Savire G. Rerp, R.E.
[Concluded from vol. v. page 435. }
No account of the birds of Teneriffe would be complete without mention of the Grey Wagtail (Motacilla melanope), a common and familiar resident, universally beloved and unmo- lested. I found several nests in the stone walls of the unfrequented lanes on the outskirts of Orotava and in the steep fern-covered sides of the rocky ravines, or “ bar- rancos,” in the vicinity. These birds may be seen at all hours of the day chasing flies on the roofs of the houses in the town, and are, no doubt, of great service to the com-
74. Captain 8. G. Reid on the
munity at large in keeping down the many insect pests frequenting the lower levels of the island.
Dr. Crotch informed me that he had certainly met with the Yellow Bunting (Eméeriza citrinella) ; but I did not observe it myself, nor did I see, or hear of, the Short-toed Lark, or the Siskin, though both are said to inhabit Teneriffe.
I was equally unfortunate as regards the Kingfisher (Alcedo ispida), which Mr. Godman met with; and the Pied Flycatcher (Muscicapa atricapilla), included by Webb and Berthelot in the Teneriffian list.
The Hoopoe (Upupa epops) is a common bird, and soon at- tracts the attention of even the most unornithological visitor. I found it fairly numerous in the island at the begin- ning of February, and there seems no doubt that some few pass the winter there, many others appearing in spring. These handsome birds are fond of sitting on the walls or trees in the vicinity of the ‘‘ carretera,’ or main road, and are easily approached, either on foot or horseback. I have seen five or six on the same heap of stones in a vineyard close to the thoroughfare. They were just beginning to breed when I left the island, early in April; the only nest I came across was in the middle of a big stone wall, overgrown by the branches of an ancient fig-tree, quite unassailable. The local name in Teneriffe, ‘'Tabobo,’’ exactly expresses the curious note of the Hoopoe, a very familiar sound to me as I sat sketching in the barrancos near the hotel at Orotava. Viera gives as its common name “ Abobito.”” He says it is not difficult to rear the young, by feeding them on raw meat, and the old birds also get reconciled to captivity and catch flies &e.
There is, I believe, only one species of Woodpecker found in the island, the Great Spotted Woodpecker (Dendrocopus major), and this, as might be expected, is confined to the pine- belt high up on the mountain-side. I obtained a pair in the pime-woods above La Guancha, on the 15th Feb. Its local name in this place is “ Peto”’; in other districts the bird is called “ Carpintero,” or “ the carpenter.”
Birds of Teneriffe. 75
No species of Bee-eater regularly visits Teneriffe, I believe ; but Viera, in his Dictionary, mentions the arrival of con- siderable flocks in Gran Canaria in 1788 and 1800. His description is that of the common Merops apiaster.
The migratory species of Shrike which arrives in Teneriffe about the end of March is undoubtedly Lanius algeriensis. I was unable to procure specimens during my stay, but young Baeza (son of my poor friend the captain), acting under my orders, went on an expedition, after my depar- ture, to the Punta de Teno, the north-western extremity of the island, and procured several skins there. These I have compared with examples of the other Grey Shrikes in my collection, and have come to the conclusion that they are L. algeriensis. This identification endorses the opinion of Sharpe and Dresser (‘ Birds of Europe,’ vol. ui. p. 389), who predicted that this form would prove to be the one occur- ring in the Canary Islands. It appears to be numerous in the vicinity of the Punta de Teno, where it breeds, but, so far as I could ascertain, it is comparatively rare on the eastern side of the island.
There are but two game birds to be found in any numbers in Teneriffe, the Barbary Partridge (Caccabis petrosa) and the Quail. Woodcocks are resident in the ravines high up on the mountain, but are too rare to afford sport to the native “ cazadores,’’ and Snipe are never met with in any numbers in the winter, owing to the want of suitable places for them.
The Partridge is tolerably numerous in the upper and rougher portions of the island; but, from what I could hear, no big bags are made, owing to the difficult nature of the ground and the well-known running powers of the bird. I saw a good many during my ornithological rambles, and shot two or three, for identification, in magnificent plumage. They are most plentiful on the southern slopes, near Vilaflor, whence I have some eggs, presented to me by my friend Don Ramon Gomez, taken about the Ist April. Baeza repeatedly assured me that he had been Partridge-shooting on the north side of Gran Canaria, the island nearest to Teneriffe on the
76 Captain 8. G. Reid on the
east side, and that the species found there was the, Red-legged Partridge (C. rufa). I made many inquiries about this, and, onthe whole, am inclined to believe his statement, which I hope to see verified at no very distant date.
It is quite possible that C. rufa has been introduced into Gran Canaria; but it will be somewhat curious if it is the only species occurring there, and C. petrosa the only one in Teneriffe.
Viera says of the “ Perdiz,” that it is common to both Canaria and Teneriffe, and has been introduced without suc- cess into Palma. In his description of the bird he says it has the neck and gorge bordered with dark spots (manchitas os- euras). Whether this applies to C. rufa or to C. petrosa seems uncertain, but I should say the former, for C. petrosa has white spots on a chocolate or rich red ground.
Quails are resident in numbers in Teneriffe, and very good sport is to be had, especially near Tacoronte and Laguna, in the months of August and September. A moderate shot is dissatisfied with less than 20 couple, I am informed, and many thousands must be killed every year. Still they do not appear to diminish in numbers, and during the months of February and March I was constantly putting them up in the maize- and wheat-fields, whilst their curious triple note was to be heard on all sides.
I, of course, saw nothing of the Bustard of the eastern islands—the Houbara (Otis undulata). It is not found except in Fuerteventura, where it is apparently common, and in Lanzarote, where it is scarce or accidental. I saw a pair of eggs in the museum at Tacoronte, which were small edi- tions of those of O. tarda. There seems to be no doubt about the species, but I should much like te have obtained a specimen,
Under the name “ polla de agua,” Viera, in his Dictionary (1799), describes the Moorhen (Gallinula chloropus), and states that it has occurred occasionally in Gran Canaria; but I do not think it has been obtained in Teneriffe. He also mentions the Common Coot (Fulica atra) as occurring and breeding in Gran Canaria. It is certainly found in Teneriffe,
Birds of Teneriffe. i
for I saw a live bird in Tacoronte in February, which had been captured in the vicinity, and was looking healthy and comfortable in a big cage. The hospitable owner informed me that a few came every year to the island.
I cannot include the ‘ Ganga,” or Sand Grouse of Fuer- teventura (Pterocles arenarius),in my list; but I may mention that Viera, who calls it Lagopus pyrenaica, Linn., gives, in his Dictionary, a description of a Pterocles as follows :—
“A bird of the family of the Gallinules, and of the size of a Partridge, whose beak is nearly straight, with the nostrils at the base of the upper mandible united to the feathers of the forehead. Its wings are long. From the tail start two feathers half as long again as the others, getting gradually thinner till they terminate in a point. The head, neck, and shoulders show several points and spots, which are black, greenish and red, while the lower portion of the body is black. The feet are ashy, covered with a feathery down, claws black. On the throat are three black lines, like a necklace. It breeds in the island of Fuerteventura.”
This description would seem to apply to Pterocles alchata, except that the abdomen is given as black, as in P. arenarius. Perhaps both species have occurred, and the description has thus got somewhat mixed. (See Dresser’s ‘ Birds of Europe,’ vol. vu. pp. 63 & 70.)
Viera carefully describes the Courser (Cursorius gallicus) of the eastern islands under the expressive name of “ Engafia- muchachos ” (Anglicé “ Cheat-the-boys”’), from its habit of squatting and permitting a near approach, and then running off like a greyhound, to the great disappointment of its would- be captor. I need not say that this sand-loving bird is not found in the rocky island of Teneriffe.
The Stone Curlew (Gidicnemus scolopax) occurs sparingly in the few suitable spots in Teneriffe, and breeds near Oro- tava. I have eggs taken there in a comparatively level piece of corn-field near the Botanical Gardens. I saw one or two there, and also heard the note of the bird near Buena Vista.
Viera describes the Golden Plover as occurring in flocks in the rainy season, but I failed to obtain any information
78 Captain S. G. Reid on the
about it in Teneriffe. The Lapwing undoubtedly visits the island, and Don R. Gomez has two examples in his museum, obtained near Orotava. He also had a specimen of the Ringed Plover (Mgialitis hiaticula), which he kindly gave to me, and informed me that the bird is not uncommonly met with along the shore. Viera appears to allude to it under the name of “ chorlito de collar.”
I did not come across the Turnstone, Woodcock, or Snipe during my stay.
I saw a single Common Sandpiper (Tringoides hypoleucus) on the shore near Orotava on the 5th February, and this was the only representative of the Scolopacide I met with. Many other species occur, however; for Don R. Gomez has local specimens of the Curlew and the Redshank in his collection, and Juan Baeza has recently sent me a Curlew, a Ruff (Ma- chetes pugnax), and a Curlew Sandpiper (Tringa subarquata), obtained by himself near Orotava.
I was rather surprised at the absence of all species of Cormorant from the very suitable coasts of Teneriffe near Orotava, and equally surprised to find the Common Heron (Ardea cinerea) in pairs on the rocks there. I imagine it must breed in the cliffs, as it does in other parts of the world, but I was unable to ascertain this fora fact. Viera’s Dictionary contains a description of this bird as follows :— Garza (Ardea). A well-known bird, which is seen on the sea-shore and by the pools in our islands, a visitor from the neigh- bouring coasts of Africa; they always appear in pairs.” He then gives an account of two other Herons, which he calls “Garza cangrejera” (Cancrophagus) and “ Garzeta ” (Ardea alba minor). A specimen of the former, taken at the lake (now drained) at Laguna, in Teneriffe, appears, from his description, to have been a Squacco (A. ralloides), while the latter, which he describes from an example obtained in Gran Canaria, and speaks of as not uncommon, is probably A, bubulcus, the Buff-backed Heron. I did not meet with either, but Gomez has a local specimen of A. ralloides in his museum.
The Spoonbill (Platalea leucorodia) has occurred in Tene-
Birds of Teneriffe. 79
riffe, one having been obtained by Gomez near Orotava. Unfortunately the bill is the only portion he has preserved, but he described the bird to me, and there is no doubt that it may be safely added to the Teneriffian list.
The Anatidz are out of place in an island like Teneriffe, now that the ancient lake at Laguna is a thing of the past. It must have been a grand place for all sorts of wild-fowl in the old days, but now, alas! there is nothing left but a small square tank, full of frogs and weeds, to mark the site of the former extensive sheet of water. I paid a visit to this miser- able relic of the good old times, and left the spot a sadder, if not a wiser, ornithologist.
Viera talks of Ducks, which he calls ‘ Patos berberiscos.’’ and which appear to have been the Common Wild Duck (Anas boschas).
I have often wondered what species were included amongst the Wild-fowl the Governor’s Peregrines were bullying on the lake at the time he was amusing himself in watching the “chasse” from the citadel of Laguna (see ‘The Ibis,’ 1887, p. 430). A real good marshy lake in the Canary Islands would be something to dream of.
The country people spoke to me of Ducks as appearing occasionally in winter, generally flying overhead, but they could give me no information as to the species. A Duck isa Duck, and nothing more, in this rocky island.
The Common Tern (Sterna fluviatilis) is of frequent occur- rence in the summer months in Teneriffe. I have received both skins and eggs from Gomez, though I never saw it myself, nor did I come across any other Terns during my stay. Doubtless several species are found in the eastern islands and detached rocks adjoining them, where there are many suitable breeding-places for all sorts of sea-birds.
Gulls were numerous at Santa Cruz when we landed there, on the 4th February, but apparently of only two species, the Lesser Black-backed (Larus fuscus) and a Herring Gull, which I then recorded as L. argentaius, but which, from subsequent observations, made at the same place on my return, [ believe to have been L. cachinnans, the Yellow-legged Her-
80 Captain S. G. Reid on the
ring Gull. There was alarge gathering of these Gulls off the Mole on the 8th April, when we were waiting for the steamer to arrive and take us home, and I watched them carefully through my telescope for some time. ‘Their legs were un- doubtedly yellow, and I cannot but think they were L. cachin- nans. Probably both species oceur.
The Kittiwake was frequently to be seen off the shore at Orotava, and Gomez has a specimen in his collection. Mr. Godman thinks this Gull may breed on the rocky coasts of Teneriffe ; and I should say this was more than probable, though I found the information to be obtained from the natives as to the various species of Gulls, Terns, and Shear- waters was, to say the least of it, misleading.
Of the Shearwaters and Petrels I obtamed examples of four different species, Puffinus kuhli, P. anglorum, P. obscurus , and Oceanites marinus, Lath.; but I did not meet with Bul- wer’s Petrel (Bulweria columbina), which does not, I fancy, range so far to the westward as Teneriffe, though, owing to its nocturnal habits, it might easily escape observation.
Early in Marcha friend, much addicted to deep-sea fishing off the port of Orotava, mformed me that there were con- stantly hundreds of sea-birds of some sort round his boat all day long, evidently engaged, like himself, in fishing. My curiosity was roused, and on the 19th of that month, when the sea looked tolerably smooth, I embarked with a small party of friends, and young Baeza, in a substantial fishing- boat in search of specimens. The treacherous ocean belied its peaceful appearance, however, and we all felt remarkably uncomfortable in a very shert time ; but we stuck to our ship manfully, and long enough for me to get what I wanted. It really was worth all the discomfort, so far as I myself was concerned, to see such a sight :—hundreds of Puffinus kuhli and P. anglorum on the wing and in mixed flocks on the sur- face of the water, so busily engaged in their onslaught on the shoals of fish that they hardly took any notice of us, We shot three or four of each species, and then turned our boat’s head for the shore, where we landed and unanimously
bp /
decided to remain until our evil destiny compelled us to ©
Birds of Teneriffe. 81
return once more to England! My experience of the Pro- cellariidz is small, and I never imagined they were to be found in such numbers and to be so easily obtained. I do not think there were more than the two species I have mentioned. We inspected them as carefully as the violent tossings of the boat would allow, through my binoculars, and both Major Loyd (a good observer) and myself came to this conclusion.
Juan Baeza has recently sent me the egg of a large Shear- water, but with no information as to where it was obtained. I presume it comes from Teneriffe itself, and is the egg of p> P. kuhli. It measures 2°83 by 1:97 inches, being somewhat larger than eggs of this bird in my collection from the island of Filfla, near Malta.
Gomez has a specimen of the Dusky Shearwater (Puffinus obscurus) in his museum, and he kindly gave me one in the flesh, picked up on the shore at Orotava on the 15th March. It undoubtedly breeds in the western detached islets. I cannot understand why this bird is omitted by Mr. Dresser from the European list. It has been obtained within British limits, and surely the numbers occurring and breeding in the Atlantic islands—Madeira, the Desertas, Porto Santo, the Canaries, &c.—would entitle it to be regarded as something more than a straggler from the American coasts.
A boy brought me a live example of an interesting little Petrel, Oceanites marinus, Lath., on the 20th March. It had been knocked over with a fishing-rod the previous even- ing. I was quite puzzled by its appearance, and could not determine its species; but my friend Capt. G. E. Shelley, who most kindly looked over my birds for me, identified it on my return home. He informed me that it has been ob- tained once or twice in the Canarian archipelago, and is an African species, though (somewhat unaccountably) not re- corded from the west coast of that continent, where, however, it doubtless occurs.
While on the subject of these Shearwaters, I cannot help mentioning a very interesting fact with respect to the para- sites infesting the specimens I obtained. A keen micro- scopist, Mr. R. KE. Crickitt, was staying at our hotel in
SHR veo VOlle Vil. G
aft
82 On the Birds of Teneriffe.
Orotava, and, at his request, I carefully collected examples of the parasites from my four species, which he subsequently mounted on slides for his microscope. An examination of these formidable-looking (under the magnifying - power) creatures gave the following startling results :—The parasites from P. kuhli and P. anglorwm are alike, or at any rate very similar, while those from P. ebscurus and O. marinus also resemble each other. The latter have no eyes, and belong to a set peculiar to night-flying birds ; the former have eyes and are usually met with in birds seen abroad by daylight ! Is this accidental, or is it part of a regular system of nature ?
- I did not meet with the Razorbill (Alca torda) myself, but Don Ramon Gomez has specimens in his collection from the neighbourhood of Orotava. This is the only member of the Alcidee I recorded as Teneriffian. Viera mentions several sea-birds in his Dictionary; but his descriptions are some- what puzzling, and I cannot make out clearly what they refer to.
Though very common, I never succeeded in obtaining a specimen of the Raven. On several cccasions young Baeza, when out with me, had an easy chance of securing one; but one time he did not fire, and another he missed, and so I came away without one. I was sorry for this, as the bird seemed to me smaller than the ordinary Huropean Corvus coraz, and may prove to be of a different species, perhaps C. tingitanus, the Tangier Raven of Col. Irby. A pair of eggs marked “Cuervo,” in the Tacoronte Museum, looked no larger than those of C. corone or C. cornix.
Another bird I was anxious to obtain, the migratory Turtle Dove, which visits the island every summer, I did not remain late enough to procure. There seems to be a doubt as to which species it is, but I hope to receive specimens shortly and to clear this up.
I have now, I think, gone through my list of species re- corded in Teneriffe—68 during my residence there, and 3 more subsequently, making 71 in all: not a very large
total, certainly, but not bad, considering the limited area I worked.
Hans von Berlepsch on the Genus Cyclorhis. 83
In conclusion I will give the local names for the most common species, which may prove useful to the ornitho- logical visitor to Teneriffe. I think these names may be pretty safely relied upon, though it is almost impossible to make out exactly to which bird some of these names belong.
Egyptian Vulture, “Guirré”; Kestrel, “Cernicalo” ; Buzzard, “ Aguililla” ; Kite, ‘‘ Milano”; Sparrow Hawk, “Gavilan”; Long-eared Owl, “ Coruja” ; Barn Owl, “ Le- chuza”’; Great Spotted Woodpecker, “ Peto,” “ Carpintero ” ; Hoopoe, “Tabobo” ; Swifts, “ Andoriia” ; Swallow, “ Go- londrina”’?; Blackbird, “ Mirlo”?; Ultramarme Titmouse, “Frailero”; Chiffchaff, ‘“‘Hornero”; Blackcap, “Capirote”’ ; Spectacled Warbler, “ Ratonero’’?; Grey Wagtail, “ Pispa,” “ Alpispa”; Canarian Pipit, “Caminero”; Common Bunt- ing, “ Pajaro pollo,” “'Triguero” ; Rock Sparrow, ‘‘ Chil- lon,” “ Gorrion ” ; Teydean Chaffinch, ‘ Pajaro azul,” “ Pa- jaro de Teide,” “ Pajaro de la Cumbre ” ; Azorean Chaffinch, “‘Pempillon,” “Tintillon”; Linnet,“‘ Millero,” “‘Triguero”’(?); Goldfinch, “ Jilguero,” ‘ Pintacilgo,”’ “ Pintado”; Canary, “Canario”; Raven, “Cuervo”; Rock Dove, “ Paloma sal- vaje”’; Barbary Partridge, “ Perdiz’”’; Quail, “ Codorniz”’; Stone Curlew, “ Alcaravan”’; Sandpiper, Dunlin, &c., ‘‘ Pa- tito ; Heron, “ Garza’’; Terns, “Jarajao’’; Gulls, “ Ga- viota ’; Shearwaters, “ Pardela.”’
This list includes nearly all the species likely to be met with in Teneriffe. I have local names for others, but they are either doubtful or simply Spanish translations of the English names.
-— VI.—On the Genus Cyclorhis, Swains. By Hans von BERLEpscu.
In a recent number of ‘ The Ibis’ Mr. Sclater has published
an important account of the genus Cyclorhis, which has in-
terested me very much, as I have always given special atten- tion to this somewhat difficult genus of Vireonide.
Seeing that there are several points in which I do not quite
agree with my friend Mr. Sclater, I wish to direct once more G2
84 Hans von Berlepsch on the Genus Cyclorhis.
the attention of the readers of ‘The Ibis’ to this already much discussed matter, poimting out where my views are different from those held by the latest authority on that subject.
Mr. Sclater lays much stress on the form or thickness of the bills in the species of Cyclorhis. It is evident that in several species the bill is much moreslender or less high than in others. For instance, I agree that in many northern species, viz. C. fla- vipectus, virenticeps, contrerasi, and guianensis, the billis more slender than in the southern ones. The group containing €. nigrirostris and atrirostris is still more remarkable for their small and feeble bills, and in this case the form of the bill may be well taken as a criterion to recognize the species. On the other hand, I cannot agree that the southern species, viz. C. albiventris, ochrocephala, and altirostris of Sclater’s list differ among themselves so constantly in the form of bill as Mr. Sclater asserts. As a rule, it is true that C. alti- rostris, Salv., has the bill somewhat higher and thicker than C. albiventris and C. ochrocephala; but in my collection there are several specimens of C. albiventris from Bahia, and askin from Buenos Ayres of C. ochrocephala, which possess bills quite as high as in typical C. altirostris, although not so broad on the culmen as in the latter. What I would point out is that in the form of this organ much individual dif- ference is observable, and that it does not seem advisable to make much use of this difference for a key to facilitate the distinction of the species of Cyclorhis.
I shall now proceed to point out my views regarding the different species of Cyclorhis in the order in which they are given in Mr. Sclater’s article.
+1. CyctoruIs FLAVIVENTRIS, Lafr.
Regarding C. flaviventris yucatanensis, Ridgw., and C. in- sularis, Ridgw., I am in the same position as Mr. Sclater. Not having seen these birds, I am unable to form an opinion about them. The former seems very slightly different from typical C. flaviventris, and C. insularis ought perhaps rather to be compared with C. flavipectus subflavescens. In
—
Hans von Berlepsch on the Genus Cyclorhis. 85
fact, I can hardly conceive any difference between Ridgway’s description of C. insularis and the latter species.
In the Rev. Am. Birds, i. p. 387, Prof. Baird alludes to certain skins of C. flaviventris from Guatemala, which lack the black of the lower jaw. I have a similar specimen from Vera Paz, which has the basal half of the under mandible reddish brown like that of the upper, and shows no traces of a plumbeous spot. ‘The bill, further, is much shorter and more feeble than in a specimen from Mexico, the super- ciliary stripe much paler, the pileum much suffused with brownish, and the olive of the back much darker ; wings and tail shorter. I am by no means satisfied that this is simply the young of C. flaviventris. But from Prof. Baird’s and Mr. O. Salvin’s remarks it appears that both forms are to be found together in Guatemala. Prof. Cabanis has also men- tioned a specimen of C. flavipectus with uniform reddish under mandible.
+2. CycLoRHIs FLAVIPECTUS, Scl.
As Mr. Sclater remarks, specimens from Costa Rica and Veragua are perhaps separable as a subspecies, C. flavipectus subflavescens (Cab.). But the points of distinction urged by Prof. Cabanis do not hold good. The yellow of the under- parts in the northern form is not more extended, but even sometimes more restricted, paler and more greenish than in typical specimens from the south. Nevertheless the northern bird may be distinguished by the paler greyish olive of the upper parts, the paler rufous superciliary stripe, and darker ashy sides of head and chin, and perhaps by the slightly larger dimensions.
Specimens of C. flavipectus from Bogota generally show a much purer and deeper golden yellow on the underparts than those from Venezuela and Trinidad.
+8. CycLORHIS VIRENTICEPs, Scl. +4, CYCLORHIS CONTRERASI, Tacz.
I have nothing to add to Mr. Sclater’s accouut of these species.
86 Hans von Berlepsch on the Genus Cyclorhis.
+5, CycLoruis GUIANENSIS (Gm.).
Tn this species much individual variation is observable, and there are specimens of C. flavipectus from Porto Cabello, Venezuela, and Trinidad, which somewhat approach to C. guianensis, although they show less greyish suffusion on the belly, and have a lighter tip to the under mandible. The brownish suffusion on the ashy pileum is an individual cha- racter, and is found in immature specimens of C. flavipectus as well as in C. guianensis. I should remark, however, that but one specimen from Trinidad in Mus. H. v. B. shows the pileum as clear bluish ash as in C. guianensis, other Trinidad skins possessing rather a brownish cap, as do the majority of specimens from Bogota and Venezuela.
Prof. Baird says that C. guianensis has the legs dusky. In two skins from British Guiana I found them dusky; but in the majority from the same locality, and in two birds from N.E. Peru, they are rather pale flesh-colour, just as in true C. flavipectus.
+6. CycLorais ALBIVENTRIS, Scl.
Mr. Sclater expresses his opinion that C. albiventris can- not be =C. cearensis, Baird, because the latter is stated to possess a decided buff tinge on the belly. Now several of my specimens from Bahia, belonging certainly to C. albi- ventris, show a buff tinge on the sides of the belly, which is wanting in others. C. cearensis, Baird, is based on two specimens from Ceara; but Prof. Baird says, “a specimen from Bahia is quite similar.”
Therefore I think there cannot be the slightest doubt that C. albiventris is a synonym of C. cearensis. Mr. Sclater certainly would agree with me that it is quite improbable, or nearly impossible, that two so similar species, only differ- ing in the presence or absence of a buffy tinge to the white belly, should occur in one and the same locality. In fact, the buffy tinge of the belly is rather an individual character, being likewise found in young or freshly moulted specimens of C. gutanensis ; and even specimens of C. ochro- cephala differ among themselves in that respect, the belly
Hans von Berlepsch on the Genus Cyclorhis. 87
being in some of them more strongly suffused with ochra- ceous than in others *.
I have examined a specimen in the Vienna Museum col- lected near Goiaz( 3, coll. 12th August, 1823) by Joh. Natterer (not distinguished by von Pelzeln from his C. wiedi), and have found it to be quite identical with my Bahia skins of C. cearensis.
From C. guianensis, C. cearensis differs in its dusky legs, stouter, higher bill, and the more restricted plumbeous mark of the under mandible; in C. guianensis nearly the whole of the under mandible being plumbeous, while in C. cearensis the plumbeous colour extends halfway or two- thirds from the base. Further, C. cearensis has always a brownish cap, never of so clear a plumbeous grey as in C. guianensis. The yellow of the breast and sides is usually much paler and more restricted, the belly purer white to a ereat extent, and without any greyish cast.
The synonymy of this species will stand as follows :—
Thamnophilus guianensis, Pr. Wied (nec Gm.), Beitr. iii. (1831), p. 1016 (Campo geral).
Cyclorhis cearensis, Baird, Rev. Am. Birds, i. (1866), p- 891 (Ceara and Bahia).
Cyclorhis albiventris, Scl. & Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. 1873, p. 156 (typ. de Bahia).
Cyclorhis wiedi (partim), Pelzelu, Orn. Brasil. p. 74 (specim. ex Bahia & Goiaz).
Hab. Para (Mus. Brit, fide Gadow) ; Pernambuco (fide Gadow) ; Ceara (Baird); Bahia (Baird, Scl. & Salv., Ber- lepsch) ; Goiaz (Natterer).
+7. CyCLORHIS OCHROCEPHALA, T'sch.
Tschudi evidently confounded several species under the above name when he stated that his C. ochrocephala inhabits “ Brasil. merid., Buenos Ayres, Bolivia, and Peru”’}; but his
* Although Prof. Baird did mention the buff tinge as a distinguishing character of C. cearensis, he would probably lay greater stress on the fact that in C. cearensis the greyish tinge of C. guianensis is altogether absent.
+ The bird from Bolivia would be C. viridis (Vieill.), and that from Peru C. gutanensis (Gmel.).
88 Hans von Berlepsch on the Genus Cyclorhis.
diagnosis certainly applies to the species which Mr. Sclater and I myself take for it.
Comparing specimens from 8S. Paulo, Rio Grande do Sul, and Buenos Ayres, I do not find any constant differences between them.
Syn. Cyclorhis guianensis, Swains. (nec Gmel.) ; C. viridis, Cab., Gadow, Scl. & Salv., Durnf., White (nec Vieill. !).
Hab. Prov. Rio: Rio de Janeiro (Natterer, Scl. & Salv., Mus. H. v. B.); 8. Paulo (Natterer & Duschanek in Mus. H. v. B.) ; Rio Grande do Sul (Jhering in Mus. H. v. B.) ; Argentina, Buenos Ayres (Burm., Durnf., Mus. H. v. B.) ; Corrientes (White, two spec. exam. by H. v. B.).
+8. Cyctoruis wiep1, Pelzeln (not admitted by Mr. Sclater).
Mr. Sclater says “ C. wiedi of Pelzeln (Orn. Bras. p. 74), of Parana, is also barely separable.” In my mind C. wiedi, Pelzeln, is as perfectly valid a species as many others admitted by Mr. Sclater. It combines the long rufous superciliary stripe of C. cearensis with the uniform rufous under man- dible (without any trace of plumbeous spot) of C. ochro- cephala.
I have examined one skin of this species, kindly submitted to my inspection by Mr. Sclater, which belongs to his col- lection. It is a typical C. wiedi, Pelzeln, “ ? ,” collected near Engenho do Gama, Matogrosso, July 27, 1826, by the late Joh. Natterer. ‘This bird generally agrees in colora- tion with C. cearensis of Bahia, having the broad rufous superciliary stripe extended, as in that species, to the sides of the nape ; but there is not the shghtest trace of a plumbeous spot at the base of the lower mandible. ‘The bill seems to be more slender, the legs paler, the breast and the sides of the body of a brighter and deeper yellow; the back of a brighter more yellowish olive-green ; the belly