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http://www.archive.org/details/illustratedalbumOOcolq

Illustrated ,^bum

OF

ALAMEDA COyNTY. CALIFORNIA

ITS

Early History and Progress— Agriculture, Viticulture

and Horticulture— Educational, Hanufacturing

and Railroad Advantages Oakland and

Environs Interior Townships

—Statistics, Etc., Etc.

COMPILED BY

JOS. ALEX. COLQUHOUN,

Secretary Alameda Couvly World's Fair Association.

ILLUSTRATED BY

E. S. MOORE, Oakland, Cal.

OAKLAND, CALIFORNIA:

Pacific Press Publishing Company.

1893.

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Chapter I — Early History and Progress ; . 3

Chapter II — Horticulture, Viticulture, Agriculture. . . 12

Chapter III — Educational Advantages. ... : 16

Chapter IV — Manufacturing Iri<l.u-3trfes 22

Chapter V — Railroads .• 32

Chapter VI — Ecclesiastical and Fraternal xi

580931

Page.

Chapter V'll — Oakland and Its Environs 42

Chapter \'III — Alameda City and Township 52

Chapter IX — Eden Township 54

Chapter X — Murray Township 56

Chapter XI — Washington Township 57

Chapter XII — Descriptive 59

-^>'^%<-^-

Index to Illustrations Indicated by Plates.

Blasdel, H. G. Hon 7

Crellin, John & Sons 3

Curtner, H. : 28

Crowell, H 28

Court House 15

Congregational Church iS

Concannon, James 26

Denison, E. S 12

Deaf, Dumb and Blind Institutio:; . . ; 11

First Presbyterian Church 13

Hastings, Frank S 5

Hall of Records 16

High School Building 25

Murry, M. W 2

Merrill, J. M 6

Map of Alameda County i

Nelson, Charles 14

Perkins, Geo. C 4

Pacific Coast Oil Co 28

Piedmont School Building 24

Pickering, Loring 27

Shinn, James ' 27

Solar Salt Works 21

Smith, J. P 23

Schieftelin, E. L 26

St. Francis de Sales Church 22

Strobridge, J. H 10

University of California 19, 20

Unitarian Church 17

Whipple, Edwin 8

Whipple,J. C 9

Illustrated Album of Alameda County.

INTRODUCTION.

The great territory west of the Rocky Mountains, extending to the shores of the Pacific Ocean, was com- paratively unknown prior to the days of 1849. I" the four decades since that date this unknown territory has been peopled, five great States and two Territories founded. These States and Territories are as yet sparsely settled in comparison with the New England States and the countries of the Old World, but they are dotted over with cities, towns, and villages, and with farms and other industries, the wild children of the forests of fifty years ago having disappeared, most of them to the " happy hunting grounds" and the re- mainder on the government reservations. The area of this portion of our land is about seven hundred and fifty-six thousand nine hundred square miles. (This does not include Alaska, with its five hundred and seventy-eight thousand two hundred and four square miles.) On the western shore of this slope, occupying seven hundred miles out of the twelve hun- dred on the shore line by a width of from two hun- dred to two hundred and seventy miles, lies California, known as the Golden State. Its area is one hundred and fifty-eight thousand three hundred and sixty square miles. It lies between longitude 32° 50' and 42° N., and 114° and 124° W. of latitude. By reason of its peculiar situation it has the most diversi- fied climate of any State in the Union, and as a conse- quence its productions are more varied than those of any other. It is the second in area of the States. On the line between it and the State of Nevada in the Sierra Nevada Mountains, it is cold in the winter, with snow and ice, while at the foot of these mountains, and between them and the Pacific Ocean, lies a very tem- perate and almost semi-tropical extent of territory, upon which the thermometer seldom falls to 32° above zero. In the greater part of the State, the heliotrope, fuchsia, and other plants of that nature, as well as the palms and other ornamental shrub- bery that are early carried to the greenhouses in the East, are allowed to grow out-of-doors the en- tire winter. It is of rare occurrence that any of them are injured by frost, and many persons born and raised

in the State have only once or twice seen snow within forty years, except in the mountain ranges.

Of this great State, Alameda (pronounced ala- may-dah, Spanish, meaning a driveway lined on each side by trees) County, the subject of this sketch, is a favorable part. Lying near the west- ern coast, but 'yet far enough away to escape the sharp breezes and fogs prevalent along the coast, it has a most equable and even temperature, protected by remarkable natural phenomena. The succeeding pages are designed to set forth in a straightforward and truthful manner, without any boasting, the pecul- iar advantages of the county, and its cities and towns as places of residence, on account of healthful climatic conditions, its resources, growth, schools, railroads, etc. These are no overdrawn pictures, but simply statements of the fact.

CHAPTER I.

EARLY HISTORY AND PROGRESS.

Spanish-American Missions of Alta California — Jolin C. Fremont, "The Pathfinder" — Mexican War, Raising of the Bear Flag — Cession of California, Finding of Gold and Ad- mission into the Union, etc. — Natural Advantages — Health Statistics — Meteorology, Rainfall, etc.— Material Growth — County Government.

Alameda County, California, has a liistory dating back to 1797. During that year, under Governor Diego de Borica, of the then indefinitely known Span- ish territory of Alta California, a settlement was made in the territory now embraced in this county by two friars, Ysidro Barcinallo and Augustin Merin, who, on the eighteenth day of June, founded the mission of San Jose, for the purpose of converting the Indians of the region to the Roman Catholic faith. An adobe church was built, and with it other mission buildings, some of them still standing, but which are fast crum- bling away, and will soon disappear entirely. The mission prospered and grew rapidly in influence, out- stripping the missions of San Francisco and Santa Clara. In the year 1822 its fathers had baptized no less than four thousand five hundred and seventy- three Indians, and its herds covered the hills in the vi- cinity by the thousands. In 1839 it had upon its rolls

ILLUSTRATED ALBUM OF ALAMEDA COUNTY.

of converts the names of twenty-three hundred In- dians, and these were then Hving in and around the mission house, tilling the lands and taking care of the herds. Everything seemed prosperous and happy for these simple-minded people.

A few years later came the Mexican War with the United States, the occupation and cession of the terri- tory to the United States. Prior to this was the secu- larization and spoliation of the missions, and the decay and death of the mission brought with them the de- struction of the Indians, through the vices of civiliza- tion, as in other parts of the Union, until at this time, out of the thousands that tilled the land and tended the flocks for the fathers of Mission de San Jose, not more than half a hundred survive after fifty years. These descendants have settled about Pleasanton and Sufiol, and once a year — on good Friday — visit the old mis- sion of San Jose.

Of the land in Alameda County only a small por- tion of it ^vas granted by the Spanish Government to settlers. Two ranches were patented, however, to settlers under the rule of Spanish governors. Of these the first grant was by Governor Don Pablo Vi- cente de Sala, the last of the Spanish line and first Mexican governor, to Don Luis Peralta, of the Rancho de San Antonio, five leagues in extent, being the land upon which the city of Oakland and its suburbs are situated. This grant was made in the year 1820. In the following year Governor de Sala made a grant to the Rancho de las Tularcitos, partly within the present borders of Alameda, and partly within Santa Clara County. During the twenty-five years from 1821 to 1846 thirty grants were made by the Mexican gover- nors of Alta California, covering lands now within the borders of Alameda County, principally given as rewards for faithful military services rendered to the Mexican Government. The boundaries of the grants were so indefinite that for many years after passing into American occupation, much litigation was neces- sary to determine the metes and bounds, but happily these are all now settled, and the boundaries definitely fixed. The last great suit was that of the Rancho el Sobrante, covering eleven square leagues of land, granted in 1841 to Juan Jose Castro by Governor Al- verado. The larger part of this rancho is now within the borders of Contra Costa County, of which Ala- meda County was, for a time, a part. Prior to the American occupation and cession to the United States of California, only one grant of land was made in the present boundaries of Alameda County by the Mexi- can authorities to a foreigner, and that was the rancho of Las Juntas, three square leagues, in the year 1844, to William Welch.

This brief resume of the history of Alameda County would not be complete without a reference to the late General John C. Fremont, the "Pathfinder." Repassed through the county in 1846, with a party of forty-two men, on his way to Oregon. He obtained permission from Governor Castro to pass through, but the per- mission was recalled before the start was made. Lieu- tenant Fremont disregarded the recall, however, and passed by Mission de San Jose and Alameda Canon, near Niles, and camped at the lagoon in the valley be- tween the present sites of Suiiol and Pleasanton. The Mexicans immediately followed him, and from the Klamath Lakes he turned back and retraced his way to meet the Mexican forces upon his trail. When he reached Sonoma, he found that the " Bear flag" had been raised there and California declared independent. Here he learned that war had been declared by the United States against Mexico, and that Commodore Sioat had seized Monterey. Fremont raised a force of volunteers, and, driving the Mexicans before him up the valley of the San Ramon and down the valley of the Amador, he stripped Jose Maria Amador, and drove out all the armed forces of Mexicans from Ala- meda County toward the south.

After this expedition of Fremont through Alameda County a number of American families settled upon the rich lands of the county, and their descendants are still upon them. Prior to that time the only non- Mexican resident within the present limits of Alameda County was an English whaler named Joseph Liver- more, who had settled upon the Las Positas Rancho, and in whose honor the town of Livermore, the pass, and valley are named.

On the discovery of gold by Marshall, at Coloma, January 19, 1848, there was a rush for the diggings, and one of the principal highways lay across Alameda County through the Alameda Canon, via Sunol, the Livermore Valley, and Livermore Pass, to Stockton. Where Friars Barcinallo and Merin started the early missions — Mission San Jose — a good-sized town sprang up, making it really the first American settle- ment in Alameda County, as it had been the first Spanish. The town still exists, though the bulk of the population has drifted down nearer the bay, but the old mission is still the center of a very fertile dis- trict. A number of other towns have also sprung up adjacent to it, among them Irvington, Niles, Center- ville and Warm Springs.

The foregoing pertains to Alameda County princi- pally while under Spanish and Mexican rule. After the close of the war with Mexico and the cession of the Territory of Alta California to the United States, the first Territorial Legislature convened at San Jose,

LJ

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N)/ 3 D 0 3 fJ /3 VJ

ILLUSTRATED ALBUM OF ALAMEDA COUNTY.

December 13, 1849, and at the session, the Territory was divided into twenty-seven great counties. Of these Contra Costa embraced the territory now in- cluded in its boundaries as well as a large part of that now known as Alameda County. On September 9, 1 850, California was admitted to the Union as one of the States of the great federation, and the subsequent Leg- islatures divided up the immense counties into smaller

. ones. In 1853 the Legislature created the county of Alameda, with its present bounds, taking it off Contra Costa County, as well as a portion of the northerly end of Santa Clara County. At that time it had a population of three thousand, and the county seat was New Haven, now Alvarado. In December, 1854, the county seat was removed to San Leandro, by a major- ity vote, but it was ordered back to New Haven on account of informality in the election. In 1856, by an act of the Legislature, it went back to San Lean- dro. San Leandro continued to be the county seat until 1873, when, after a bitter contest, it was removed to Oakland. The old Court House building is stand- ing on East Fourteenth street and Nineteenth avenue, though now remodeled and used as a dwelling. In 1874 new buildings down town on blocks. on Broad- way, between Fourth and Fifth streets, were occupied, which are still in use, though now becoming inadequate for the present needs of the county. Plates of these buildings are shown, Nos. 15 and 16. The majority of the county offices occupy the Hall of Records, in the block facing the Court House, across Broadway. In the Court House are now situated four court rooms, the county supervisors' rooms, the offices of the county assessor, tax collector, surveyor, district attorney and sheriff, and the rooms of the law library. The court business of the county has so increased tliat it was necessary for the establishment recently of one more department, and the occupation of the entire building by the courts and court ohicers is only the question of a short time.

After the admission of California into the Union, in 1850, Alameda County commenced its -rapid growth and prosperity. Lying in the way of travel from the metropolis — San Francisco — to the interior of the State, towns and villages sprang up along the routes traversed, and finally spread entirely over it. Early in 1850 the manufacture of salt was commenced, and for many years the entire State depended upon it for its saline supply. Until quite recently Alameda was the only county in the State of California in which salt was manufactured. It was also the pioneer in

the erection of flouring mills, agricultural and farm- ing implement factories, and tanneries. The first smelting works for the reduction of rebellious ores in

the State were erected in this count)^ In 1853 the culture of fruit, the principal industry in several of the counties in the State, received its commencement by the clubbing together of a number of Alameda County * farmers and sending one of their number East for trees, making the county early the seat of fruit culture, for which it has since become noted. In this county, at Alvarado, in 1869, was erected the first mill and re- finery in the United States for the manufactm-e of sugar from beets. The factory has been enlarged and now does a large and profitable business in sugar manufacturing. The factory and process of extracting the sugar is elsewhere specifically described in this pamphlet. There are also in the county many other manufacturing industries, such as iron foundries, nail works, car works, bridge works, smelting works, agri- cultural machinery works, soap works, fuse works, borax refinery, tile factories, etc., cotton and jute mills, planing mills, flouring mills, and many others which are mentioned in detail in these pages.

TOPOGRAPHY OF THE COUNTY.

Natural Advantages — Fertility — Freedom from Fogs and Causes.

The area of Alameda Count)^, while small in com- parison with some other of the counties in California, comprises four hundred and fifty-four thousand five hundred and sixty-five acres, and upward of seven hundred square miles. Its topography is broken in its northern and eastern sides by hills and valleys of the Contra Costa range, the highest peak of which is that of Mission San Jose, rising two thousand two hundred and seventy-three feet above sea level. Among these hills are some of the most fertile valleys of the State and continent. The largest of these is the Livermore Valley. Others of the larger valleys are the Moraga, Suflol, Castro, Amador, and Calaveras. The western portion of the county lies along the east- ern shor-e of the Bay of San Francisco for thirty-six miles, and in coves along the shore are found the oyster beds from whence were taken the bivalves in the exhibit. Between the foothills of the range named and this bay shore lies a fertile plain from five to twelve miles wide, the hills in no place south of Berkeley being nearer than five miles. With the ex- ception of a few salt marshes along the shore line, the land between it and the foothills consists of a rich al- luvial soil, adapted to horticulture and agriculture, and upon which are grown the fine deciduous and citrus fruits as well as the vegetable and agricultural prod- ucts in the Alameda County exhibit. In time the marshes mentioned will undoubtedly be filled in and become productive lands, bordering on the small

ILLUSTRATED ALBUM OF ALAMEDA COUNTY.

streams which flow throug-h them into the ba}' from the foothills.

In' the fertile valleys in the foothills of the eastern portion are grown many of the various fruits, both deciduous and citrus, shown in the county exhibit, while on the hillsides and in these valleys are produced the different varieties of grapes for table and the man- ufacture of wines and brandies. There is a large area applicable in these valleys and on these hills, that has not yet been opened up and set out in vines and fruit trees. They are generally easy of access. In these vallex's in "the hills the almond and English wal- nut thrive well and hundreds of acres of them are now in bearing, the products finding their way to the Eastern States. The hills are usually rolling and easy to traverse, the valleys being ea.sy of access. There are numerous little streams watering the county and rendering it fertile, the largest being Alameda Creek. The county is bounded upon the north by Contra Costa County, of which it was at one time a part, and on the east by San Joaquin County, and on the south by Sa'nta Clara, west by the Bay of San Francisco. In shape upon the map' it is very much like a boot, with the sole toward the west and the toe pointing north.

CLIMATE.

In referring to the advantages of Alameda County as a place of residence by reason of its topographical situation and climatic superiority, the following from the pen of Ex-Mayor William R. Davis, of Oakland, with the accompanying diagram showing the air cur- rents and causes for non-prevalence of fogs, common at certain seasons on the seacoast, written for the Oakland Trib2tne, is applicable and pertinent, and is by permission published here: —

CLIMATE AND AIR MOVEMENT IN ALAMEDA COUNTY

THE WHY.

"No stranger realizes, and few residents understand, how Oakland and Alameda County have such an equable and delightful climate, compared with that of San Francisco, although Oakland is only six or eight miles, just across the bay, east of San F'ranci.sco.

"On the opposite page is a diagram,which,with a few words of introduction, will at once speak familiarly to the reader. To the' westward of us, some twelve or fourteen miles, is the Pacific Ocean, beating against the feet of the first row of Coast Range hills. The Golden Gite is a pass through this first row of hills, being about six miles long and over a mile wide. The Bay of San Francisco and the ocean connect through this channel or gate. At the inner or eastern end of this channel the western bay shore lines turn northward and southward, substantially parallel with the ocean shore line, San Francisco being on the northea.stern

corner of the peninsula, south of the Golden Gate, and between the ocean and the bay. This peninsula is of about the same width, from bay to ocean, as the dis- tance eastward from San Francisco across the bay to Oakland — say six miles. On the Oakland side the land rises from the bay level, on the gentlest slope, back to the second row of Coast Range hills. This slope extends from Berkeley on the north (a city of eight thousand inhabitants, where the University of California is located) down in a southeasterly direction to and far beyond the Alameda and Santa Clara County line. The soil of this slope is generally a warm, sandy loam, fertile, and easy of cultivation, and now produces almost every berry, fruit, plant, tree, cereal, vegetable, shrub, and flower grown from Ore- gon to Arizona. From Berkeley on the north to the county line on the south is about thirty-five miles. This slope varies in width from three miles on the northern end to more than thrice that width as you proceed southward. At Oakland its width is approxi- matelj' five miles.

"The elevation of this slope, before reaching the rolling foothills, is in the body of the city from twenty to forty feet above the tide level. The eastern part of Oakland is upon the rising ground of the foothills. The two rows of coast hills above mentioned run nearly parallel, from southeast to northwest, and both lie substantially at right angles to the route of the trade winds or prevailing sea breeze, coming off the ' ocean from the southwest, during the summer and fall months — from about the latter part of May to the middle of September. We are now ready to proceed to the consideration of the matter, the importance of which cannot be overestimated. Taken with the con- ceded advantages of location, transit, educational in- stitutions, good order, freedom from debt, wealth, resources, and soil, it makes Oakland the most desira- ble spot for habitation on the Pacific Coast. If the point is n.ew, that will not detract from its importance.

"Let us now look at the diagram on the next page.

" The arrows sIktm the course of the sea breeze. The profile at the bottom of the diagram shows substan- tially the hill obstruction which the sea breeze en- counters in its northeasterly course. (I need scarcely mention that the summer heat of the interior land surface, lying to the eastward, rarifies and raises the atmosphere there and draws in the cooler atmosphere from the adjacent ocean, just as heated air over the fire rises in the chimney and draws in the cooler air from about the fireplace.)

"Now follow the arrows. Commencing at the ocean, the ocean breeze (bearing much or little fog) literally bumps against and rises above the first row

RESIDEf^CE OP N{.W.W[\JRRY. Jfi

PLATE 2.

i50H AND IAKE 5T5. OAKLAND.

ILLUSTRATED ALBUM OF ALAMEDA COUNTY.

of coast hills. These hills are, say, four hundred feet high south of the Golden Gate, and twice that height north of the Golden Gate. This pitches the general breeze four hundred to eight hundred feet above the sea level in its flight inland. It has then only from ten to' fourteen miles to go until it would encounter the second row of coast hills. This second row is substantially twice as high as the first. The result and the fact are that the general ocean breeze cannot and does not descend in its course anywhere near the water level between these two rows of hills. Being pitched up by range number one, it bears its moisture and maintains its course high enough to pass over

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and up on the top of range number two. The fog clouds, as a matter of fact, scrape the top of the second row of hills and then pass on northeastward. This leaves Oakland and the slope of which I have spoken in a triangle. Consider the triangle standing vertically. The hill barrier to the east would lie behind the im- aginary upright line of the triangle; the land slope would be its base line, and the path of the ocean breeze would be the upper line of the triangle, or its hypothenuse. In this triangle the air is free from fog, and moves gently eastward with just enough motion, bracing coolness, and refreshing stimulus to make the temperature delightful, life comfortable, and healthful- ness certain. No sanitary department elsewhere can

ever do for any city what Nature is steadily doing for the city of Oakland and vicinity. The fog clouds pass overhead at an elevation of from five hundred to two thousand feet. This is nature's sunshade, catching the rays of the summer sun and casting cool and grateful shadows on the land surface below, whilst it leaves that surface free from wind and dampness. There is a horizontal triangle of protection also. At the Golden Gate this sea breeze can and does come in on the water level ; but by reason of the conformation of the hills, this tongue of wind becomes forked — one part traveling northward and the other to tlTe south- east. The small arrows show the course and divisions of this lesser current. One part bears northward around the point of hills north of Berkeley; the other bears southeast down the bay. The former is quite strong, the latter rather weak. The reason for this is clear; the former runs in the direction of the prevailing sea breeze overhead, and hence maintains its velocity; the latter turns down the bay, almost at right angles with the general over current, and hence its force is dissipated and weakened. This forking of the Golden Gate current leaves Oakland again in the triangle of repose. Of this horizontal triangle the base is at the hills to the eastward, and the other two sides are the two forks of the Golden Gate's current of wind. For these reasons, con- sidering these two triangles, I think I may justly say Oakland is in the triangle of peace. Under these circumstances it is not strange that strangers do not realize the fact that there is such a marked differ- ence between the climate of .San Francisco and that of Oakland. I believe these tri- angles furnish the solution of the question. On this point, too, there is a singular little fact well worth considering. That is this: When water runs out of a waterspout or trough, if the trough is uneven on the under side, some water drips or curls mider, while the main stream goes ahead. Just so in this case.

"The general front of the fog-bearing sea breeze bumps against and rises over the uneven top of the San Francisco hills; a little of the wind curls under at the uneven summit of the first row of hills, and bears down on San Francisco. But this curling down of the cloud current goes no further practically. This curling down and the two triangles of repose account, in my judgment, for the phenomenal fact that Oak- land, only six or eight miles from San Francisco, has

ILLUSTRATED ALBUM OF ALAMEDA COUNTY.

a climate so much more benignant, and as different as though the two cities were a hundred miles apart.

"The views here given will account for the follow- ing facts: (tj Why a stiff summer sea breeze bears down in the streets of San Francisco; (2) why that wind brings fog down with it to the land surface there; (3) why the waves on the Bay of San Francisco run higher on a line extending northeasterly from the inner face of the Golden Gate than elsewhere; (4) why the summer wind is strong across San Pablo Bay and up the Straits of Carquinez ; (5) why Oakland has absolutely no fog down in her streets when it is down on the west side of the bay; (6) why there is no surface trade wind at Oakland ; and (7) why the fogs of the San Francisco peninsula become grateful clouds over Oakland and vicinity.

"The environments of the slope on the eastern side of the Bay of San Francisco duplicate those of Athens, whicli- is one of the reasons why Oakland is designated the Athens of the Pacific. This is not a fanciful, but a real resemblance. The hills about Athens and also the Grecian archipelago are one with the hills and bays here. The clouds, the temperature, the sky, the breeze, the landscape, the half-shadowed countr\-, are substantially the counterpart of ancient Greece. Whenever the Creator casts a kindly handful of sun- beams on old Greece, he, next morning, casts gently another handful over the new Greece — this Athenian slope.

"This slope is well watered and has an abundant rainfall every season. Such a thing as drought or ir- rigation upon it was never dreamed of, and will never be necessary. So fertila is this soil from Berkeley down to the county line that trees, flowers, and shrubs planted and properly tended, as, for e.xample, about a new house, will at the end of the second or third season make the spot look as if it had been oc- cupied and cultivated ten years. I have seen this ac- tual result in almost numberless cases in and about Oakland. The heliotrope and fuchsia grow outdoors in Alameda County without so much as the shelter of a newspaper or sheet throughout the winter, and fre- quently attain a height of from eight to twelve feet. Geraniums thrive side by side with the heliotrope and fuchsia, and often reach a height of from six to ten feet. This slope is the paradise of flower and tree life as well as of animal and human existence. The aver- age annual variation in temperature at Oakland be- tween summer and winter temperatures — taking the average temperature of the months including winter and those including summer — is only eight degrees. Upon this inviting slope the most exacting and pains- taking home seekers, old Pacific Coast residents who

know the entire coast, have been and are now locating their homes. The stranger, not knowing the relative merits of different localities, may be satisfied with a better country than his, though not the best; but the old resident (from Washington Territory, Oregon, Nevada, and California) knows that the garden spot, the paradise of the Pacific Coast, is upon the slopes and in the valleys about the Bay of San Francisco.

" On this slope there are no less than thirteeji towns and cities north of the Santa Clara County line — Berkeley, Temescal, Oakland, Alameda, San Leandro, San Lorenzo, Hayward, Niles, Alvarado, Newark, Cen- terville, Irvington, and Mission San Jose. Of these the principal ones are: Oakland, sixty thousand; Alameda, twehe thousand, and Berkeley, eight thousand — say, eight)' thousand inhabitants in these three cities. The other towns and the intervening p'opulation include substantially twent\'-five thousand people. So that, e.Kcluding San Francisco, this slope is at once the center of the ^tate and of its population."

The population of the entire county is now at least one hundred thousand. It is increasing annually by fifteen thousand. This means a population of two hun- dred and fifty thou.sand in ten years, without anj- spe- cial additional causes contributing. But whate\'er else happens, incoming railroads, completion of the harbor, more active development of manufactories — any or all these are bound to accelerate the increase beyond that now going on. The surest count}' in California is Alameda.

HEALTH ADVANTAGES.

Low Deatti Rate and Exceptional Freedom from Sickness — Statistics of Oakland, Alameda, Berkeley, etc.

The topographical situation and the natural condi- tions and phenomenapreviously mentioned, contribute to make Alameda County and its cities and towns, es- pecially Oakland, Alameda, and Berkeley, and their suburbs, unexcelled for good health. One of the rriost important of these natural conditions is the daily after- noon breezes that sweep over the county from the Pacific Ocean in the summer and autumn seasons. These are so tempered and modified by the distance from the ocean and the conformation of the land that they are mild and bracing and yet are sufficiently strong to cany away any noxious or poisonous gases that may arise from sewerage or decomposing sub- stances. The same peculiarities of coast conforma- tion serve also to carry the fog prevalent along the coast away, so that it seldom settles down upon the eastern side of the Bay of San Francisco, because on striking the hills along the ocean coast, it is driven

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PLATE 3.

IL&LLI [S! 5; 50f^5., LiV£R.|vioRE- Valley Ai^!vied/\ ^o.

ILLUSTRATED ALBUM OF ALAMEDA COUNTY.

upward and over the bay at considerable height and strikes the Contra Costa Range. That portion of it coming in at the Golden Gate is driven along by the - breezes accompanying to the Straits of Carquinez and San Pablo Bay. While the immediate coast from Point Reyes to Santa Cruz may be enveloped in fog, Oakland, Alameda, and Berkeley and adjoining towns of Alameda County, are in sunshine or maybe in par- tial shadow from the fog clouds passing several hun- dred feet overhead.

Being thus favored by nature, it is no wonder that the health of the community is exceptionally good, as is shown by the statistics, taken fi'om the official records of the health offices.

The average death rate of Oakland for the past ten years shows an annual percentage of 13.57 P^'' 1,000. The following is the rate per year from July i to June 30: —

For 1882 and '83, 13.66; 1883-84, 13.92; 1884-85, 12.72; 1885-86, 13.22; 1886-87,12.36; 1887-88,15.03; 1888-89, 14.82; 1889-90. 13.43; 1890-91, 12.80; 1 89 1 —92, 13.86.

The records of the health office show that during the past eight years five hundred and sixty-four per- sons have died from pulmonary diseases. Of these two hundred and seven had resided in Oakland more than ten years; sixty-six died of whom the time of residence is not given; ninety-nine resided between five and ten years ; twenty had lived here five years ; sixty-eight, between threeand four years; thirty-eight, two years ; seventy-one, between six months and one year; fourteen, six months; eleven, five months; fifteen, four months; thirteen, three months; nineteen, two months; nine, one month, and thirty-one, less than one month. This shows that very few, if any, of the deaths from consumption occurred among the old residents of the county, while hundreds of cases are known in which persons with weak lungs have entirely recov- ered.

The records of the health office of Alameda City show a lower death rate than that of any other city on the Pacific Coast, and in fact it is claimed by the health authorities, lower than any other city in the United States. It claims to have the most perfect sewer sys- tem, with appliances for continuous flushing, in use anywhere in the world, and that this tends to the bet- ter health of its citizens. The death rate is about 1 1 per 1,000.

The town of Berkeley, with its 8,000 inhabitants, has as yet not fully organized a board of health, though it has a health officer acting under instructions of its town trustees. The records of its health statistics are not complete and could not be accurately ascertained.

The death rate is, however, about the same as that of Oakland, being 14.97 per 1,000 per annum. A com- plete system of sewerage is under contemplation.

The interior towns of San Leandro, Flaywards, Niles, Livermore, Pleasanton, Irvington, Newark, Al- varado, Centerville, etc., while without boards of health, show by the records of death as published in their newspapers an exceedingly low death rate in compar- ison with those of other parts of the United States.

ST. Mary's college. One of the largest educational institutions in Ala- meda County is that of St. Mary's College, occupying a block of seven acres in North Oakland, fronting on New Broadway. St. Mary's was founded by Arch- bishop Alemany, of San Francisco, in 1863, and was conducted by the priests of the diocese on the out- skirts of South San Francisco until 1868, when the management was transferred to the order of Christian Brothers. In 1872 the college was empowered to confer academic honors. In 1887-88 a new and en- larged building was erected in Oakland, and the school was transferred to it in 1889. The faculty consists of eighteen professors and instructors, who devote their entire time to the school. The studies are divided into two departments, collegiate (classical and scien- tific) and commercial. There is also a preparatory department with four grades. The building is 190 feet frontage with wings of 150 feet. It is five stories high, is furnished with elevators and all modern im- provements. A model of this building and a special display of the work of the students of this college is exhibited at the Columbian E.xposition in the Educa- tional Department.

METEOROLOGY, TEMPERATURE AND RAINFALL.

• The temperature of the western shore of California for many miles inland is affected by the warm current in the Pacific Ocean known as the Japan stream. The topography also affects the temperature and the rain- fall. Along the coast the rainfall in some localities reaches 50 to 75 inches during the season, while in others the mean average runs from 20 to 30 inches. The average difference of annual rainfall in the State of California extending from northwest to southeast is a little over two inches for every degree, and the meteorological records for a number of years show that the increase in rainfall is about one inch for every 100 feet in elevation in ascending the Sierra Nevada Mountains. There is more rain in the northern part of the State, and a gradual decrease towards the south. People living at the East who have never visited Cali- fornia, who read of many feet of snow at Truckee or Bodie, California, are inclined to think all of California

lO

ILLUSTRATED ALBUM OF ALAMEDA COUNTY.

is under snow. The fact is that the points in this State where snow is measured by the feet are located at an altitude greater than Mount Washington, and while there may be eighteen feet of snow at the Sum- mit in Nevada County and at Truckee at an elevation of 7,000 feet, the orange trees eighty miles nearer the Pacific Ocean are laden with fruit. Alameda Count\- lies west of the cold zone, south of the heavy rain belts of the northern coast, and yet is north of the dry belt of the southern coast.

The following tables show the rainfall in inches for the seasons of 1881-82 and 1891-92 inclusive, and the mean annual rainfall for the eleven years, the temper- ature for the same time and that of the seasons, as well as the relative humidity, etc., for the past year:

In onl)' two years has the average temperature of the months ranged over 14 degrees, and that its mean -range is not quite I2j4 degrees.

MEAN TEMPEK.\TURE

)i-92-

Mean temperature of winter 53-1°

Mean temperature of spring 54o8

Mean temperature of summer 62.03

Mean temperature of autumn .....57.09

Difference between the coldest and warmest of spring

months 2.07

Difference between the coldest and warmest of summer

months 3-34

Difference between the coldest and warmest of autumn

months '••• 5-°8

Difference between the coldest and warmest of winter

months ^-^9

Difference between the coldest and warmest months of

the year ^3-55

KAINF.ALL IN INCHES FOR YEARS AND MONTHS I881-92

Months.

July

August

September

October

November.. December .. January .... February ...

March

April

May

June

Totals

.40 .82 1.49 5-09 2.42 2.05 4.2c I-5I ■15

18.13

64

1882-83

o I a

■42 2.65

4-33 1. 14 1-95 .70

3-33 2.20 3-50

1883-84

O I D

1884-85 iO I c

1. 00 I.03I

.90} 1. 15;

3.81:

5-25! 8.59

5-79

•55

3-03

31-10

.26

-35

2.80

.05'

7-73 1.92 .48, 1.07 3.12 .lo .oSj

'7-95!

1886-S7

.02

-05

■ 30!

II. II

4-43' 8.12

-30 2.57. 5-11

■3":

6

KD

-15

-05 1-59

•45 3.60 1-57 7-8,

-71 2-35

.10

-05 Us

>C I V

.27

"78

3.22 6.42 1. 02;

4^44, .10! .481 ■461

17.20'

1888-89 1
10	n
	Si
V	■<
a
	I

1889-90

c

•92 .06 3-52 4.82 .90 -63

7.60

•93 1.92 .07

21.37

7^30 2.89 13-27 10.22 5-76 4-73 1-51 1. 17

64I46.95

1890-91

a

1891-92

iO

3-19 •95

11-37 3.10

2.77 1.60 .11

i'23.T9' .S7

•15
	6
.87	2
.20	5
-.55	13
6.64	9
2.31	9
3-68	9
2.89	8
1.09	7
2.49
20.87	68

Note.— Mean annual rainfall for eleven years, 24 33 inches.

The following will more particularly illustrate the climate of Oakland for the past eleven years, as it regards the equability of seasons and the difference between the warmest and coldest: —

Years.	w •0 1'	C 3 B re	> c c 3 3	^ 1 5 1 n : 1	a n 3
	54-46 55 18 55-73 56.16 52-97 5635 54-12 54-63 55-59 58.08	60.40 61.17 59-56 60.07 58-95 60.27 60 06 61.16 61-89 61. 2-,	57-75 57 67 56.92 56.73 55-86 5478 56-44	48.20 50.39 59-12 49-57 45- 38 51-10 46.80	12.20
1883 ■	10.78 9.24
	10.50
	13-57
1887	9- 17
	13.26
	54.25 46.20 57-07 47-38 =9.52 ■ 51-69 56.89 , 52.12	19.26
	14-51
	13-33
1892	, 55.06 61.69	13-41
Means	1 55-29 60.46	56.72 I 49-81	12.47

Difference between the warmest and coldest means of the seasons for eleven years is 16.51.

MATERIAL GROWTH AND INCREASE.

Wonderful Progress of the County in the Past Quarter of a Century— Almost Doubled in Assessed Value withm a Decade. The material growth and prosperity of Alameda County, especially during the past quarter of a century, has been gradual, progressive, and substantial, rather than of a mushroom character. It contains no towns or cities on paper. The interior towns and villages mentioned in this album are prosperous communi- ties and all have a productive country surrounding them.

During the earlier years of the county's history, the principal' product of the land was in cereals, as the records of the assessor's office for 1856 show the cereal crop of that year to have been nearly two mil- lion bushels, on forty-two thousand fifty-four acres. Of this twenty-two thousand fifty-four was in wheat, and twenty thousand in barley, while there were

LJ

ILLUSTRATED ALBUM OF ALAMEDA COUNTY.

II

three thousand one hundred and eight acres in pota- toes. Of the orchards that year there were four hun- dred and twenty-six acres in apples and one hundred and seventy-three in peaches. There were thirt)?- four acres in vineyards. The live stock was put down 'at four thousand seven hundred and thirty- four head of horses, one thousan.d sixty-seven mules, seventeen thousand five hundred and forty-eight neat

is ^89,700,041. Included in this total is ^165,216 as the assessed value of telegraph and telephone lines in the county, which is not included in table.

Alameda County is practically without indebted- ness. In the year 1874 bonds in the sum of ^200,- 000 were issued at eight per cent per annum interest, running for twenty years, ten per cent of the principal payable annually. These bonds were issued for the

stock, and ninety-three thousand two hundred and purpose of erecting the new county buildings on the

eighty-one sheep. The average yield was estimated removal of the county seat to Oakland. The interest

for the fifty-si.x thousand five hundred and nine acres and principal have been met each year, and only ^20,-

under tilth at fifty bushels to the acre, valued at ;^ 120. 000 now remains outstanding. This will be obliter-

From this the annual product of the thinly populated ated ne.xt year, and the county be entirely out of debt,

county at that time was estimated at ^4,000,000. The tax rate for 1892-93 was only eighty cents on the

The growth of the county the past thirty years from its hundred dollars valuation, population of three thousand to upward of one hun-

,,,, lUU ™ 1 j-t-Jt-) THE COUNTY GOVERNMENT.

dred thousand, has been marvelous, and its industrial

growth and prosperity have kept pace with its popula- The government of the county is divided into legis- tion, as the perusal of the succeeding pages will show, lative, executive, and judicial branches. The leg- The following tabulated statement, taken from the islative is under the control of the Board of Super- annual recapitulation tables of the county assessment visors, similar to the County Courts in some States and rolls, shows the increase in the assessed value of real Board of County Commissioners in others. The ex- estate, improvements, and personal property, added ecutive is partly under control of the Supervisors and together by years since 1882, and including that of partly under the general law as carried out by the 1892-93. During the eleven years mentioned there Sheriff, constables, etc. There are five Supervisors, have been no so-called booms, but the growth has elected by the people of different supervisioral districts been gradual and steady: at the biennial elections, to serve for a term of four

TABLE SHOWING THE INCREASE IN	VALUE OF ALAMEDA COUNTY BY TOWNSHIPS,	CITIES AND INCORPORATED TOWNS, FOR
	11 YEARS, 1882-92, AS SHOWN BY THE ASSESSMENT ROLLS.
<	>	M	w	H	X	r	§	0	Ul	i 3 3	0
P	HP ^ ft 3 Q.		Ho 0 0 ^ E 3 j^	ui a. V	■ 5	i ■3	Hc 0 q S P 3 "<		P 3 t-	p 3	Totals.
	3-"	■<	S-3	': H : 0	3.	0 a	5".	3-	p 3	m	a
	V		■5"	: 3			■?'	•5'	3	V s
1S82	14,778,150	11,671,177	13,323.568	$2,777,089	1386,457	^5250,50-,	12,913,462	13,421,394	fc77,o86	14,175.402	$24,675,331	$48,949,619
1S83	5,918,403	2,357,812	2,464,186	3,048,997	475.672	286,2681 3,223,412	4.415.375	613,463	4.324.198	30,013,676	62,141,462
1S84	6,091,513	2,305,378	2,350.159	3,277,087	498,930	408,1981 3,662,360	4.291,559	644,205	4,501,828	29,500,535	57,531,758
iSS.s	6,805,763	2,618,702	2,395,595	3,640,860	523.322	487.730 3.877,819	4,573,174	664,926	4,690,358	31,633,283	61,315,526
I8S6	6,298,150	2,418,944	2,184.03s	3,058,371	484,718	465.456 3,526325	4,27i>'^87	592,085	4,173,535	28,498,030	55,926,236
I8S7	6,521,991	2,491,450	2.337.355	3,260,479	519,120	515,284 3,891,119	4,324,162	617,315	4,278,100	29,415,341	58,171,746
1888	7,230,332	3,126,125	3,140,492	3.599,261	687,022	533.445 4.010,093	4,701,561	659.777	4,660,275	31,398,528	64447,916
3889	7,872,699	3,283,960	3,265,180	3.617,951	604, 509	526,6451 4,112,400	5,248,353	781,810	4,900,092	34,727,9-6	68,941,464
1890 IS9I	9,022,866	3,497.413	3,328.925	3,861,245	638,825	509,885! 4.238,380	5.457.036	863,500	5,114,495	39,275,659	75,808,220
10,245,155	4,092,040	3,477,345	3.944.623	691,665	620,805! 4,490,983	6.762,357	930,425	5,205,041	42,566,283	81,031,722
1892 io,9is,b25l 6,240,435	5,019,925 3,969.495	777,040	614,475! 4.575. 195	6,165,825	982,065	5,289,990	44,288,755	88,841,825

The assessed value of the fiscal year 1892-93 of the four hundred and forty thousand three hundred and fifty-five acres of land in the county lying out- side of the cities and incorporated towns, is ^17,209,- 725. The assessed value of the improvements on this land is ^2,780,580. Of the entire area of the county, fourteen thousand two hundred and ten acres are within the corporate limits of cities and towns, and are valued at ^39>369,775, with improvements to the value of ^22,137,020. The personal property valuation is ^7,464,620, and the total assessed value of the county

years. Their terms are so fixed that all do not go out of office at the same time. Of the present Board the terms of two will expire January i, 1895, and the re- maining three January I, 1897. The regular meeting of the Supervisors is held on the first and last Mon- day of each month. The Supervisors have charge of much of the county's business, fi.x the tax levy, open highways, grant railroad and other franchises, county licenses, look after the poor, etc.

The other county officers are the Count}^ Clerk who is ex-officio Clerk of the Superior Court, which

ILLUSTRATED ALBUM OF ALAMEDA COUNTY.

has jurisdiction over criminal, civil, and probate busi- ness, and is likewise clerk of the Board of Supervisors; the County Auditor, County Assessor, County Tax Collector, County Treasurer, County Recorder, County Surveyor, Sheriff, Coroner, County Superintendent of Schools, and District Attorney, whose duties are similar to those performed by like officers in other States; the Public Administrator, whose duty it is to administer on estates of deceased persons whose heirs are unknown. There, is no Register of Wills or Prothonotoiy. All wills are filed with the County Clerk, and proof is made in the Probate depart- ment of the Superior Court. The terms of the County Assessor and the County Superintendent of Schools are four years, and those of the other officers two years.

The Judicial Department, or Superior Court, is di- vided into four departments, each presided over by a judge, all having concurrent jurisdiction and sometimes sitting together in bank in important cases. Each de- partment has assigned to it civil, probate, and criminal cases, these being distributed b}- the Count)^ Clerk

according to the date of filing, as provided by the rules of the Court. The Superior Court has jurisdiction of all felonies and high misdemeanors, the jurisdiction of lesser offenses being vested in Police Courts in cities and the Justices' Courts of the townships, from whose decisions appeals may be had to the Superior Court. The Justices of the Peace likewise have jurisdiction in ci\'il matters in actions at law, where the amount claimed, exclusive of interest and costs, does not ex- ceed ^300.

The Grand Jur\- meets twice a year and presents ■ indictments for any crime cognizable by the Superior Court. The Judges of the Police and Justices' Courts are also committing magistrates and may bind de- fendants to trial before the Superior Court without the intervention of the Grand Jury. In the latter instance informations are filed by the District Attorney and the prisoner tried in the .Superior Court as on indictment l^y the Grand Ji.ir\-.

Alameda County has in the State Legislature two State Senators and six Assemblymen, the former with terms of four and the latter two years.

CHAPTER II.

HORTICULTURE, VITICULTURE, AGRICUL- TURE, ETC.

A Great Fruit Growing Center— Unequaled for Viticulture, Producing the Finest Wines in the World— Une.xcelled for Cereal Crops — Flowers in Profusion, Including Many of the Semi-tropics— Roses Blooming .All the Year Round and the Heliotrope and Fuchsia Oul-ofdoors during tlie Win- ter— Immense Vegetable Crops — Seri -culture.

HORTICULTURE IN ALAMEDA COUNTY.

Unexcelled for Fruits of all Kinds — Immense Advance in the ' Past Ten Years.

It is said that fruit culture in the early days of Cal- ifornia was incidental, and that it should ever become the chief industry of a great commonwealth was not then dreamed possible. The horticultural history of California dates back to 1701-7, when Alta Cali- fornia as well as Lower California was under Spanish rule. It commenced by the cultivation of a rich tract at St. Xavier, on the Mexican border. It is a matter of record that Father Ugarte had in the latter year bread of his own raising off this tract, while New Spain was suffering from drought. He is also said to have made more wine from the vineyards of the St. Xavier Mis- sion than necessary for its use, and to have exported small quantities to Mexic^ It was not until nearly half Century later that tk^-i-^ .x tion now known as the

State of California was occupied by the whites. The Jesuits were driven from the missions of Lower Cali- fornia in 1767, and the Franciscan monks [)laced in charge. Junipero Serra was made president of the missions and divided them between the Fi-anciscans and Dominicans. In 1769 the Franciscans came northward. Serra and Jose de Galvez, Visitor General, representing the king of Spain, established the new missions of Alta California, and among the supplies caused to be sent from Spain bj' Galvez were floucr, vegetable, and fruit seeds as well as cereals.

They established twenty-one missions, and to all, except three, were attached gardens and orchards, so that the olive, fig and grape were introduced early. The trees were grown from the seed chiefly and were all or nearly all seedlings, and from these are still prop- agated the varieties known as the mission olive, the mission grape, and the black fig, called the mission fig. In the closing years of the last century and the opening of this, there were growing near Mission San Jose, now in Alameda County, apples, pears, apricots^ peaches, and figs, and at some of the missions in the southern portion were, in addition to these, oranges, limes, grapes, olives, and pomegranates — in all about five thou.sand bearing trees. These have increased in the century to nearly thirty-one million trees, and of this number about one million six hundred thousand

ILLUSTRATED ALBUM OF ALAMEDA COUNTY.

13

are in Alameda County. Of these about one million are in bearing. Among the first apples grown in the State were those of Mr. Lewelling, of San Lorenzo, Alameda County. There are in the county fifty thou- sand five hundred apple trees, three hundred and thirty- one thousand apricot, two hundred and twenty-seven thousand one hundred cherry, twenty-three hundred fig, thirty-seven hundred olive, one hundred and thirty- seven thousand five hundred peach, forty thousand seven hundred nectarine, two hundred and thirty-five thousand one hundred prune, one hundred and seventy thousand one hundred pear, one hundred and eighty- eight thousand five hundred plum, four hundred quince, one hundred lemon, twelve hundred orange, one hundred and twenty-three thousand seven hundred almond, thirty-six hundred English walnut. This has been the growth, practically, of the past twenty years, as the entire output of fresh fruit in California in 1871 was only one million eight hundred and thirty-two thousand three hundred and ten pounds, while in 1892 about four hundred million pounds, or upward of twenty-two thousand car loads, were shipped out of the State. The immense growth is shown in the past ten to twelve years by the fact that the total number of car loads shipped in 1880 was only five hundred and forty-si-x. Beside the immense quantity shipped by rail about eighteen million pounds were shipped by sea. Of this Alameda County contributed, it is esti- mated, three million two hundred and fifty thousand pounds, and it ranks as one of the leading fruit coun- ties of the State. In the production of cherries it stands at the head. Of this fruit more are shipped to Eastern markets than from all other parts of the State. Not only do the orchard fruits flourish well in this county, but the small fruits, such as currants, goose- berries, raspberries, strawberries, blackberries, etc., do equally well, and there are now nearly fourteen hun- dred acres in these fruits.

Little or no irrigation is needed in the entire county. There is only one canal of any extent — that of the Murray and Washington Ditch Company. It is about five miles long and is assessed at only ^1,100. There are about fifty artesian wells in the county, vaiy- ing in depth from two hundred to four hundred feet. These are sunk at a cost of about ,^1.50 per foot.

In his report to the California State Board of Hor- ticulture last October, Prof C. H. Allen, special agent for the counties of Alameda, Contra Costa, Monterey, Santa Clara, Santa Cruz, San Benito, and San Mateo, has this to say : —

"Alameda County has some of the oldest and most celebrated orchards in the State. The almost fabu- lous yields of apricots and cherries in this county, with

the amounts realized per acre for the fruit, gave the first vigorous impulse to fruit growing in California.

"The Hay ward district, comprising the plane from San Leandro to Suiiol Canon, lying so closely contig- uous to San Francisco, was naturally the favorite region in which to grow fruit for the home market. The fact that abundant water was found, compara- tively near the surface, made irrigation easy for small fruits. These were and are grown in large quantities and find a ready market. Large areas of currants, gooseberries, and other small fruits are producing, and are, in many cases, grown between the trees in the bearing orchards. The most notable orchard is that of the Meek estate, consisting of nearlj^ one thou- sand acres. One hundred and fifty acres of this are cherries, more than two hundred acres are apricots, two hundred and twenty are almonds, seventy are pears, and more than two hundred acres are prunes. In these orchards there are one hundred and forty acres of currants and ten acres of blackberries. The output from this orchard has far outgrown the home market, and large shipments are now being made to the Eastern markets. Through all this region the fruit goes either fresh or in cans, as the climate is not adapted to drying in the sun, and the cost of fuel is too great for profitable artificial drying. Many of the large canneries of the State depend upon the Alameda orchards for a considerable portion of their supply, and not a few of the inland packing houses transport from this locality fruit to dry.

"It was years after fruit growing had become a lead- ing industry in this locality before it was determined that the more easterly parts of the county were adapted to fruit. At Mission San Jose there were some orchards, thd offspring of the old mission, and a large almond orchard had long been in profitable bearing there, but it was doubted whether in the drier part — the Livermore Valley — fruit could be grown without irrigation. Grapes were planted, and succeeded be- yond expectation, and gradually tree planting has made its way until at Niles, at Centerville, and beyond the Sunol Canon, in Sunol, Pleasanton, and Liver- more, there are excellent orchards. Most of them are yet young, but they bid fair to compete favorably with the fruit belt in the Santa Clara Valley. Most of the orchards are in the lowlands. They have yet to learn that the foothill land is equally adapted to fruit culture, and that culture can take the place of irriga- tion. The fruit area here is surely destined, in the near future, to be greatly increased.

"At Niles is one of the largest, if not the largest, nursery in the State. The California Nursery Com- pany, with a capital of ^100,000, has about five hun-

H

ILLUSTRATED ALBUM OF ALAMEDA COUNTY.

dred acres in nursery stock, consisting of fruit trees, vines, and ornamental trees and slirubs. Their sales in 1 89 1 were about seven hundred and fifty thousand fruit trees and two hundred thousand ornamental trees and shrubs.

"The orchards in this county seem to be well kept, fruit pests being absent or well in hand, and there is on ever)? hand evidence of prosperity."

VITICULTURE OF THE COUNTY.

The Finest Wines of California and of America are Made in Alameda County — Three of the Paris Exposition Prizes out of Four Awarded to American Viticulturists Won by Alameda County.

The viticultural industry of Alameda County, al- though commenced nearly a century ago by the Mis- sion Fathers of Mission de San Jose, is only of recent date, or at least has only come into prominence within the past ten to fifteen years. The first wine growers making any quantity were in the vicinity of Mission San Jose, but during the past fifteen years large areas have been planted in the Livermore and other valle3's, and from the few growers of that date are now about one hundred and si.xty raising different varieties of wine grapes. Only thirty-one of these, however, make wine, the remainder selling their grapes to the wine makers. In 1892 there were about seven thousand acres in wine grapes in the county, and the output for the season aggregated about one million two hundred and fifty thousand gallons. The wines of Alameda County, especially the Sauternes and the Medocs, are equal to any in the world, and of four gold medals awarded to American wines at the Paris Exposition, i889,three of them were carried away by products from Alameda County. The largest and mcfst complete winery in the United States was built a few years ago at Irvfngton, near Mission San Jose, by Juan Gallegoes, and nearly five hundred thousand gallons were made there last season. This winery is capable of storing several million gallons. There are yet thousands of acres in the Livermore and other valleys in the county suitable for the cultivation of the vine.

Some of the vintages of the Livermore Valley, es- pecially in the Sauternes and Medocs, are unexcelled by any of the productions of the famous French vine growers. One of these is said to.be the equal of a famous French brand, and is so near like it that the best judges were unable to detect any difference. Those of Mission San Jose and Warm Springs are also equal to the best imported wines.

AGRICULTURE IN ALAMEDA COUNTY.

From 1856 until about fifteen years ago the agricul- tural area of the county increased and the cereal prod-

ucts were considerable. The cultivation of much of the land in the Livermore Valley, in and around San Leandro, Hayward, Niles, Mission San Jose, Center- ville. Warm Springs, etc., has during this time been changed to horticulture and viticulture. In 1856 the entire area in agricultural products was about forty- five thousand acres, and annual yield about two mil- lion bushels. In 1870—75 it was much greater, and large warehouses were established at different stations along the railroad lines and at various landings where the products vvere shipped to market. In 1892 the area in agricultural products according to the assess ment I'olls was two hundred and three thousand acres, or three hundred and fifteen square miles. Of this ninety-seven thousand acres were in hay, sixty- eight thousand in barley, thirty-six thousand in wheat, twelve thousand two hundred and fifty in oats, and one thousand six hundred and fifty in corn. The out- put for the year 1892 was two million bushels of bar- ley, one million bushels of wheat, and about five hun- dred thousand tons of hay. Corn is only grown for market gardening, and the sweet varieties for table use are those principally produced. Very little is used for stock food or for grinding purposes. The barley is the finest grown on the coast, Chevalier frequently running as high as fifty-six pounds to the bushel, the standard being fifty-one pounds. The cereal crops produce from thirty to fifty bushels per acre on the rich soils of the county. The market for barley is near, as it is principally sold in Oakland and San Francisco to the brewers, and much of the wheat is also used in home consumption, but the market is not limited to that of home, because a great deal of grain is shipped by vessel around Cape Horn to tlie United Kingdom and the Continent. The hay product, which is principally that of grain, though other kinds are grown, finds a ready market at a good price in the metropolis and at the county seat.

FLORICULTURE AND ARBORICULTURE.

One of the Garden Spots of the World — Flowers and Shrub bery. Including Semi-tropical Plants in the Open Air all the Year Round.

Nowhere in the world, not even in China, called the Flowery Kingdom, do flowers of all kinds grow more profusely and with less care than in California; with proper care and cultivation their production is won- derful. Alameda County is especially favored by nature for the cultivation and production of all kinds of flora, and her florists send roses and other flowers as far east as Salt Lake City every month in the year. Roses bloom in the yards and on the lawns every month in the year, and so does the delicate. heliotrope

PliME 6

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3iKY AND CITY OF SAN

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flNC^lS^O INDISTANGE.

ILLUSTRATED ALBUM OF ALAMEDA COUNTY.

15

— a plant that scarcely attains any size in the rigorous climate of the East, but which attains a vigorous, bushy growth in Oakland and interior towns out-of- doors to the height of four and five feet, and in espe- cially favored localities even more. The delicate fuchsia", the hothouse pot plant of the East, frequently attains the height of eight and ten feet, with blooms of large size — sometimes three or four times that usually seen East. It also remains out-of-doors all winter. Magnolias and calla lilies thrive outdoors during the entire year without shelter. The fragrant violet is to be found the year round, in bloom, and its per- fume is as sweet in December, January, and Feb- ruary as at any other time of the year. Geraniums of all Icinds bloom in the yards every month in the year, and the various varieties of Lady Wash- ingtons, with magnificent large flowers, are the won- der of the visitor. The pans)- is found in bloom also the year round. Even the sweet pea and the nasturtium are to be found growing outside during the winter months. The crysanthemum commences to bloom in October and continues to do so out-of-doors in the yard the entire winter. During the past two or three years this magnificent plant from Japan has been so improved that its immense flowers of all colors and of combined colors arc the glory of the flower garden. It is unnecessary to mention the many hardy perennials by name, because they all thrive in Ala- meda County.

The most popular of the indigenous flowers is the escholtzia, or California poppy, and during the months of April, May, and June the uncultivated fields and hills are covered with this beautifial flower, often re- maining in bloom until July and August.

Ornamental shrubs of all kinds and variety thrive out- of-doors during the entire year, only the most delicate of tropical plants requiring the hothouse. Palms and ferns from the semi-tropics and South Sea Islands adorn the grounds of many citizens of Alameda County, and are as common as the spruce and fir in colder locations at the East. The cedar is now used only as a hedge and is seldom grown as a lawn decoration, palms and ferns of various varieties being used instead.

VEGETABLES.

All Varieties Grown in the County— Green Peas from January to December.

The County of Alameda furnishes to the metropolis of the State of California much of the large quantity of vegetables consumed by its residents. Green peas

are gathered in the \varm valley near Niles, Mission San Jose, and Warm Springs every month in the year, and in January it is a beautiful sight to see the green rows of this vegetable product on the hillsides. Dur- ing the months of April, May, and June an average of three car loads per day are shipped from this local- ity. Large quantities of tomatoes and potatoes are also produced, as well as onions, squash, cabbages, beets, etc., and several crops per year are grown and may be purchased at the vegetable stands the year round, it being unnecessary to bury them to keep them from being frozen. The finest rhubarb grown in the LTnited States is produced in the vicinity of San Leandro. It is said that during the months of April, May, June, Jul}^ and August about ^200 to ^300 daily come into this town of two thousand five hundred inhabitants as the proceeds from the sale of vegetables and fruits grown in the vicinity. Large- sized cabbages may be purchased from the vegetable stalls of Oakland the year round — summer and winter — for five cents each. Large quantities of cucumber pickles are produced in Eden Township. Cauliflower and celery are also among the vegetable products, and find read}' sale at reasonable prices during summer and winter. The old-fashioned pumpkin of the East is seldom seen, but the hard-rined squash in endless variety takes its place, and the pumpkin pies of our grandmothers are very well counterfeited.

HOPS.

In the Livermoi-e Valley are grown the finest hops produced in the world. The area at the present time is not very extensive, but it is being enlarged, and may be done with profit to the growers. The Pleas- anton hops are admitted by experts in New York to be of the best quality grown, and are shipped to Europe.

SERI-CULTURE.

An experimental station for the culture of silk- worms has been in operation at Piedmont, Oakland Township, since 1885, under the direction of the La- dies' Silk Culture Society of California, and is still in operation. It is believed by the members of the so- ciety that there may be a profit in planting the mul- berry tree and cultivating the silkworm, if the farmers will take an interest and get their children interested in it. The experiments now carried on are fqr the purpose of ascertaining the best variety of mulberry and the best species of silkworm to grow.

i6

ILLUSTRATED ALBUM OF ALAMEDA COUNTY.

CHAPTER III. EDUCATIONAL ADVANTAGES.

Hirter Education-The State University at Berlceley-Hs hU Rank-The State Institution for the Deaf and Dumb and the Blind-Private and Religious Colleges, Seminaries and Academies-Unrivaled Public Schools throughout the Entire County. The educational advantages of Alameda County are not excelled anywhere in the Union, not even in New England, of which Bostpn is the boasted educational center. Having an unrivaled climate and desirability as a place of residence, Oakland, Alameda, Berkeley, and suburbs or the interior towns are within reach of the University of California and other institutions of higher education by reason of excellent system of elec- tric street railroads now in operation and in process of construction, and which will be completed within a few months. The public school system is second to none, and the recent act of the Legislature creating union high schools throughout the counties permits students in the interior of the county to prepare at their homes for entrance to the State University without the ex- pense of attending a preparatory school, or of receiv- ing a good education, fitting them for the active duties of" life without attending the higher institutions of learning.

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. A Great Educational Institution Situated in Alameda County.

Among the prominent institutions situated in Ala- meda County is the University of California, the prin- cipal departments of which are situated at Berkeley. The history of the State University runs back to the early days, and before California was admitted into the Union of States, but its effective work as an institution of learning did not begin until eighteen years later.

In 1849 the Constitutional Convention placed a pro- vision in the Constitution so that lands reserved or granted by the United States to the State for the use of a University should remain a permanent trust, the interest on moneys received for lands sold by the trustees to be applied to the support of the Universit)-. In 1852 Congress granted seventy-two sections of land to the State, and the proceeds of their sale went into the University fund. The same Act set aside ten sections for a public building fund. Under an act of 1862 California received fifty thousand acres of public land for the establishment of an Agricultural and Mechanical Arts College. In 1863 a scheme for the estabhshment of this college came to naught, and an Act passed in 1S66 to accomplish the same end was repealed.

In the year 1853 Rev. Henry Durant and wife ar- rived in California and established a school for boys in a vacant saloon at the corner of Fourth street and Broadway. Dr. Durant at once began agitating the project of establishing a great college. His persist- ence bore fruit, and in the summer of 1853 was pur- chased the plat of land bounded by Twelfth, Four- teenth, Franklin, and Harrison streets, Oakland, and the College of California organized. A building fund was raised and several buildings erected in the neigh- borhood of Twelfth and Webster streets for tlie col- lege and preparatory school. The money for the most part was furnished by Rev. Isaac Brayton, and he appeared to have a controlling interest in the col- lege. About one hundred and sixty acres of land were secured at Berkeley, but the college in 1866, after thirteen years of struggle, was $49-000 in debt, and affitirs in a bad way, with low funds and a lack of students.

The attempt to found and establish a State univer- sity had, up to this time, not been very successful, and at the suggestion of Governor F. F. Low, tiie State University, backed by funds, but with no buildings, and the California College in need of funds, with build- ings, experience, and professors, were consolidated; at'the suggestion of Governor Low, the trustees of the College of California, in August, 1867, offered to the State'their site, etc. The State Board of Directors ac- cepted the gift, receiving property consisting of the four blocks in Oakland,the college and school buildings, a library of 10,000 volumes, valuable homestead lots in Berkeley, and one hundred and twelve acres of the so-called -'mountain land," the whole estimated to be worth SI 60,000, but from which liabilities amounting to over S49,000 were to be subtracted, assumed, and paid. At the request of the Board of Directors of the State institution, the old College of California con- tinued in life until the spring of 1869, there being in 1867 no State law under which the university could be properly founded.

In March, 1868, a general Act was passed, entitled "An Act to provide for the incorporation of such in- stitutions of learning, science, and art as may be estab- lished by the State.- March 5. 1868, the late Hon. John W. Dwinelle introduced a bill for "an Act to create and organize the University of California, and this Act became a law on March 23. 1868 since ce e- brated as Charter day. With- this Act the Legisla ture appropriated $306,661.80. creating ^he Unive.sit> fund and providing for a government by the Boa.d of

^Ihriite of the buildings at Berkeley is a very hand- some one, being on rising ground, near the foothills,

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i.ALC-ATRAZ

ILLUSTRATED ALBUM OF ALAMEDA COUNTY.

17

which rise up in their rear to the height of several hundred feet. There are about two hundred and forty-five acres in the University grounds.

The buildings of the University proper consist of the North and South Halls (the two oldest and larg- est buildings), the Bacon Art and Library Building, the College of Mining and Mechanical Arts, the Agri- cultural Building, the Chemical Building and Labora- tory, and the Electrical Building.

These are of fair architecture and good construction, principally of brick and stone. The surrounding grounds are being gradually improved and are already quite attractive. The landscape gardening is after plans suggested by Ex-State Engineer Hall. In Janu- aiy, 1879, A. K. P. Harmon, of Oakland, donated to the University a gymnasium building, which has been prop- erly furnished. It is octagonal in shape, will seat one thousand two hundred people, and is used as a place for holding hops, lectures, commencement and simi- lar exercises. In connection with the gymnasium are a campus and cinder sprinting path. The North Hall building has four stories and a ground area of one hundred and sixty-six by sixty feet. It cost ^92,468 The South Hall has an area of one hundred and fifty-two by fifty feet. Its architecture is superior and its cost was ,g 198,000. The Bacon Art and Library building is named after H. D. Bacon, of Oakland, who, in November, 1877, donated to the Universit}- a fine art collection, and $25,000, with a proviso that the State appropriate ;g2'5,ooo additional for the erection of a suitable library building and art galler3^ The appropriation was made and the building erected. There are, properly, two buildings in one. That front- ing on the west is rectangular; the rear building is semicircular. The front portion is eighty-eight by thirty-eight feet. The center of the fagade rises into a tower one hundred and two feet in height. The interior arrangements are well designed. There are broad lob- bies and stairways, an elevator, reading rooms, com- mittee rooms, store rooms, and a large art gallery, well lighted from the top. The rotunda of the library portion is sixty-nine feet in diameter and fifty-seven feet in height. It will hold ninety thousand volumes. There are now in the gallery upward of fifty thousand books. The art gallery contains many paintings and sculp- tures by the best artists. The College of Mining and Mechanical Arts is a three-story structure of brick, stone, and iron, well furnished with mechanical appa- ratus.

For the College of Agriculture, a substantial build- ing has been erected. In connection with this college is an experimental station, sustained by the United States Government, and which receives reports from

various portions of the State on matters connected with agriculture, horticulture, and viticulture. It has a viticultural laboratory.

The Chemical Building and Laborator)/ is one ot the most complete departments in the University, con- sisting of two stories and basement.

Owing to the general uses to which electricity and electrical appliances are being put, the Regents of the L^niversity during the past year had a building erected, at a cost of $56,000, used as a College of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering.

There are twenty-two buildings in connection with the State University and its grounds at Berkeley. The cost of these buildings was $558,000, and the further sum of $300,000 was expended for apparatus. As there are about two hundred lady students attend-' ing the University, the erection of a Woman's Build- ing is in contemplation.

In addition to the buildings mentioned is the Stu- dents' Observatory to the north, and the two-story brick viticultural cellar on Strawberry Creek. There are a number of cottages owned by the University and occupied as homes by private individuals.

Besides these departments and buildings of the University at Berkeley, are the Colleges of Law, Medi- cine, Dentistry, and of Pharmacy, situated across the bay, in San Francisco, and the Lick Observatory, on Mount Hamilton, Santa Clara County, all of which are under the care of the Board of Regents of the Uni- \'ei'sit}', a brief history of which is subjoined.

In 1878 Hon. S. C. Hastings, now deceased, do- nated $100,000 for the establishment of a Law College in San Francisco, to be a component part of the State University. This department is now prosperous and efficient.

The Toland Medical Institute became merged in the University in 1873, as the Medical Department of the University of California. This was brought about by gifts of the buildings and property in San Francisco, b)' the late Dr. Toland. The property is valued at about $25,000, and is used jointly by the Colleges of Medicine and Dentistr}?. The latter expect to soon have a separate building.

Though the gift of money and property in 1879, for the formation of a College of Dentistry, came to naught, a Dental Department was organized in 1882, and its standard is now second to none in the country, and is admitted to be unexcelled by any in Europe.

In 1872 a College of Pharmacy was incorporated by private individuals and subsequently became one of the integral portions of the University. It now has a faculty of seven members, and the number of stu-

ILLUSTRATED ALBUM OF ALAMEDA COUNTY

dents is constantly increasing. Most of the students are engaged in work in the Medical Department.

Among the gifts to the State University were that of the late Edward Tompkins, of Oakland, of forty- seveil acres of land on New Broadway, for the estab- lishment of the. Agassiz Professorship of Oriental Languages; donotions by William and Eugene Hille- gass and George M. Blake, of portions of the Univer- sity site; the Michael Reese Library fund, of ;$50,000, and the ^75.000 given in 1881 by D. O. Mills, to found the chair of Intellectual and Moral Philosophy and Civil Polity. The will of the late Dr. C. M. Hitchcock, of Napa, bequeaths a certain portion of his estate to the University, conditioned entirely upon the failure of his daughter, Mrs. Lillie Coit, to leave issue at her death. The possible value of this endow- ment may be stated as ^25,000.

One of the greatest gifts to the Universit}" was the $700,000 left by James Lick for the establishment of a great astronomical observatory. This observatory, located on Mount Hamilton, Santa Clara County, was turned over to the Regents in 1888. The plant cost $582,000. A graduate school or college in astron- omy where a post-graduate course is given, is main- tained. The income from the remainder of the gift is hardly adequate for the maintenance of the depart- ment, but the additional sum required is taken from another portion of the University's revenue.

One of the features of the University of California is its Museum of Natural History. The purpose and scope of the museum ha\'e been, up to the present time, first, to contain and furnish type collections for class teaching; and, secondly, to put on exhibition for the benefit of visitors all that could be made access- ible. Its collection is gathered from all over the world.

The University of California furnishes facilities for instruction in science, literature and the professions of Law, Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmacy. In the col- leges at Berkeley, namely, those of Letters, Agricul- ture, Mining, Mechanics, Civil Engineering, Chemistry, Electrical and Mechanical Engineering and Military Science, these privileges are offered without charge for tuition to all persons qualified for admission. The professional colleges in San Francisco are self-sustain- ing and only require moderate tuition fees. All courses are open to all persons without distinction of sex.

Its departments of instruction comprise the follow- ing:

I. In Berkeley: — (i) The College of Letters: {a) Classical Course; ib) Literary Course; {c) Course in Letters and Political Science; (2) the College of Agri- culture; (3) the College of Mechanics; (4) the College

of Mining; (5) the College of Ci\il Engineering; (6) the College of Chemistry; (7) the College of Electri- cal and Mechanical Engineering.

II. In San Francisco: — (i) The Hastings College of the Law; (2) the Toland College of Medicine; (3) the College of Dentistry; (4) the California College of Pharmacy.

III. In Santa Clara County: — The Lick Astronom- ical Department (Lick Observatory, Mount Hamilton), with a graduate School in Astronomy.

The total endowment of the University of Califor- nia is nearly $7,000,000. The cash capital is $4,053,- 824.57, and the value of real and other property, $2,899,954.72.

The Department of Military Science has for a num- ber of years been one of the features of the University of California. It includes two hours each week in tactical instruction in the field, and one hour a week in the stud}' of military science, engineering, fortifications, strategy, tactics, ordinance, gunning, military law, courts and boards, improvements in war, study of the battles, etc. This department is in charge of an offi- cer of the Regular Army of the United States, de- tailed for that purpose by the Secretary of War. Its standard in rank is No. i of all the military schools in the United States. It i.s composed of all the able- bodied male undergraduate students for four years in the colleges at Berkeley, and any claiming e.xemption are required to undergo medical e.xamination. Those over twentv-four years of age and foreigners may be excused. The battalion last year comprised three hundred cadets, divided into si.x companies, with the necessary field, staff and company officers, commis- sioned by the Governor, from the battalion, under the law of the State. The course of instruction pursued is in accordance with rules prescribed by the President of the United States, and is divided into a Practical and a Theoretical Course. In the latter part of April each year the department is inspected by an In- spector-General of the United States Army, who re- ports to the Secretary of War. The uniform is dark blue, except the officers' trousers, which are a light blue.

From Mr. James Sutton, the Recorder of the Fac- ulties of the University, the following accurate sta- tistics of the students in attendance in the various de- partments for the year 1892-93 were obtained: —

Men. Women. Totals.

Departments.

ACADEMIC

Graduate Students

Undergraduate Students

PROFESSIONAL.

Law

Medicine

Dentistry

Pharmacy

Lick Astronomical

Totals.

31 399

iiS 86

114 99

4

851

40

582

114 103

4

PLATE 8

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RES. Of £DWIN WH!

PLE,D£e0TO,GAL.

ILLUSTRATED ALBUM OF ALAMEDA COUNTY.

19

There is no tuition charged at the seven colleges situated in Berkeley, viz.: The Colleges of Agriculture, Mechanics, Mining, Chemistry, Engineering, and Let- ters. Small tuition fees are charged students in the colleges of Law, Medicine Dentistry, and Pharmacy in San Francisco. The only other Universities of the larger class in the United States that do not charge tuition are the Leland Stanford Jr., at Palo Alto, Cali- fornia, and the Kansas University, though the charges at the Michigan and several others are light.

In an article recently written by Miss Millicent W. Shinn, a graduate of the University of California, the following comparisons of the great Universities are made, with reference to capital, income, teachers, and. students.

Total wealth of (i i Columbia College, $18,000,000; (2) Harvard, $16,700,000; (3) Yale, $11,000,000; (4) Michigan, $9,000,000; (5) California, $8,130,720; (6) Cornell, $8,000,000; (7) Pennsylvania, $6,800,000. The annual incomes from these are estimated at $1,- 026,738 for Harvard ; Columbia, $800,000; Yale, $499,- 720; Michigan, $400,000; Cornell, $350,000; California, $306,661, and Pennsylvania, $275,000. The Universi- ties of Wisconsin, City of New York, Boston, Ne- braska, Johns Hopkins, and Vanderbilt she finds range in incomes from $101,500 to $82,987. Mi.ss Shinn says she can find no financial statements fi'om Prince- ton College, nor from the Leland Stanford Jr. Univer- sity, but as near as she could ascertain, these two and the Chicago University have incomes between $100,000 and $200,000. In a comparative table, showing the number of students, Miss Shinn places the University of California as seventh in the list, with one thousand and seventy-nine for 1892, with Michi- igan University at the head, having two thousand six hundred and ninety-three students. California stands fifth in the list as regards teachers, having one hun- dred and ninety-four; Harvard leads the list, with two hundred and fifty-three, Columbia, two hundred and twenty-six ; Yale, two hundred and twenty-five, and Pennsylvania, two hundred and seven; Michigan, with more than double the students, compared with Califor- nia, has only one hundred and forty-nine instructors. The proportion of graduate students to the under- graduate and professional in the University of Califor- nia is the same as that of Michigan, Boston, and Wisconsin, and is one per cent below Yale and Penn- sylvania, four per cent below Harvard, seven per cent below Cornell, and nine per cent below Columbia.

The opening of the great Leland Stanford Jr. Uni- versity at Palo Alto has had no injurious effect upon the University of California, but, on the other hand, the student roll of the State Institution shows a larger in- crease during the past two }-ears than ever before.

INSTITUTION FOR DEAF AND DUMB AND THE BLIND.

An account of the origin and purpose of the State School.

The special education necessary to the deaf and dumb and the blind, has been munificently provided for b)' the State, at the Berkelej' Institution. Such children as are imfortunate enough to be deprived of either of the senses of sight or hearing are there pro- vided for, free of all cost.

The State Institution is as much a part of the public- school system of California as is the State University. Founded by a committee of ladies, on the 17th of March, i860, the Institution grew year by year, until, ' in 1864, the Legislature assumed complete control, and appointed a State Board of Trustees.

On December i, 1865, Mr. Warring Wilkinson, of the New York Institution for the Deaf and Dumb, entered upon the duties of Superintendent, which position he still retains, Since that time the school has experienced many vicissitudes of fortune.

At the Legislative session of 1866, a commission to purchase a tract and erect suitable buildings was ap- pointed. The Commissioners organized on the 1 0th of April, 1866, and bids for sites were immediately advertised, in various and widely-circulated papers. After mature deliberation, the Commissioners unani- mously selected a tract of one hundred and thirty . acres, known as the Kearney farm. This site is lo- cated on the foothills above Berkeley, four and a half miles to the north of the city of Oakland. It pos- sesses a sulubrious climate, devoid of the sharp winds of San Francisco, and the extreme heat of the inte- rior valleys. It commands a magnificent view of the Bay of San Francisco and the Golden Gate, and its location cannot be surpassed for health, or for the beauty of its surroundings.

A fine stone building was erected, and occupied in the autumn of 1869. This edifice had the misfortune to be destroyed by fire on Sunday afternoon, January I7i 1^75- A temporary wooden building was erected on the same site, until an appropriation could be ob- tained from the Legislature for new permanent build- ings. The Legislature, at the session of 1875, set aside $1 10,000 for that purpose.

The loss of the previous building, by fire, was deemed of sufficient weight to justify the Board of Directors in adopting the plan of segregated build- ings. These were erected upon designs executed by Messrs. Wright and Sanders, of San Francisco. This system permits additions to be easily made to the In- stitution, as necessity may require. The buildings at present consist of a fine central Educational building.

ILLUSTRATED ALBUM OF ALAMEDA COUNTY.

Avhich contains, in addition to the class rooms, a mag- nificent Assembly Hall, Librar}', Art Galler}-, and Executive offices. This and all the buildings are constructed of massive red brickwork, upon heavy foundations of blue stone, ornamented with granite abutments, cornices, and sills.

To the rear of the Educational building is the Re- fectory, containing a great dining hall, pantries, store- rooms, and a splendid kitchen. Beneath the Refec- tory is a fine Gymna.sium, fitted with the improved apparatus supplied by Dr. Sargent, of Harvard. These buildings are flanked by four homes, which serve for the accommodation of the pupils and teachers. All .are fireproof, and perfect in sanitation. In the rear of this collection is a bakeshop and a cooking school, where the girls are trained in the art of cookery. Near by stands a complete steam laundry, an engine house, and an electric-light plant. Still farther in the back- ground are the carpenter shops, and the printing of- fice, where a weekly paper is set up and published by the pupils. Fine playgrounds, lawns, and flower beds give ample scope for the amusement and delectation of the scholars outdoors. Several large orchards furnish a good supply of fruits, a large kitchen garden supplying its quota of vegetables, while a magnificent herd of Holstein-Jerseys provides the Institution with milk and cream.

The education of the deaf mutes is conducted upon the now generally-accepted Combined System, which includes instruction by the aid of signs and the Man- ual Alphabet, and also a course of articulation and lip reading. The school course follows very closely that which is pursued in the ordinary public, grammar, and high schools. After graduation, several of the pupils have entered and completed courses in the University.

In addition to the ordinary school work, the Insti- tution possesses all the requirements of a technical In- stitute. The male pupils receive tuition in carpenter- ing, cabinet work, printing, and gardening, whilst all are eligible for instruction in drawing. One of the graduates has already received high honors in the World of Art. Mr. Douglas Tilden was awarded the certificate of Honorable Mention at the French Salon in 1889. The girls, both the blind and the deaf, take lessons in cookery from a certified instructor.

The blind are trained in piano and organ playing, voice culture, and typewriting. The Institution pos- sesses a great pipe organ, the gift of Messrs. Wright &. Sanders, the architects of the buildings. The deaf girls receive lessons in sewing. The pupils have also a perfectly-organized Literary Association, known as the De I'Epee Society, as well as first-class baseball and football clubs. Several scholarships from private

bequests are available for the assistance of deserving pupils.

The past year had a combined attendance of fully two hundred scholars. Mr. Warring Wilkinson, the Prin- cipal, is assisted by an efficient and enthusiastic corps of instructors.

The affairs of the Institution are under the manage- ment of a Board of Directors, appointed by the Gov- ernor of the State, and consisting of W. C. Bartlett, LL.D., President; Rev. J. K. McLean, D. D,, Vice President; ex-Governor G. C. Perkins, Messrs. John W. Coleman, Warren Olney, and W. L. Prather, Sec- retary and Treasurer.

Alameda County is highly favored in having this truly magnificent school, second to none of its kind in the world, situated in its midst; and the Institution of- fers a strong inducement to parents with deaf or blind children, to make the county their home.

F. O'D.

See plate No. 1 1 .

PUBLIC SCHOOLS.

The pride of the American people is the free public school system. Germany, with its compulsory sys- tem of education, under governmental control, cannot compare with the free public school system of the United States. In the matter of education, California, one of the younger States in the great federation, is abreast of the times and behind none of her sisters. This was shown by her teachers and scholars during the visit of the National Educational Convention to California a few years since. Alameda County ranks as one of the highest in the great western common- wealth, both in the examination of its public school- teachers and in the grade of its schools, while Oak- land, the county seat, has for years been called the Athens of the Pacific Coast, in deference to its learn- ing and culture. The statistics of the county show that of the census children an exceedingly small per cent do not attend some school — public, private, or parochial.

There are in the county, outside of the cities of Oak- land, Berkeley, and Alameda, fifty public school dis- tricts, governed by Boards of School Trustees chosen by the electors of the districts. In round numbers there is an aggregate number of eight thousand school census children in these districts. The enroll- ment in the public schools in these outside districts shows about eighty per cent, with an average daily attendance of sixty per cent. In these districts there are three Union High Schools, created under an Act of the State Legislature of 1S91. Number One of

Illustrated album of alameda county.

these is located at Livermore, Murray Township, and embraces advanced pupils from nine school districts. Number Two is at Centerville, Washington Township, and includes ten school districts. Union High School, Nunber Three, is located at Hayward, Eden Township, with six school districts. In nearly all the schools are grammar grades. Eight of them have more than three departments and seventeen of them have more than one department. There are grammar grades in upward of forty of them. School is maintained in all for ten months in each year. The average salary paid to teachers is $yo per month for the ten months. Tlie number of teachers in the fifty public school districts is one hundred and twenty-two.

The present revenue of the public schools of Ala- meda County, as given by the County Superintend- ent, George W. Prick, and City Superintendents, J. W. McClymonds and D. J. Sullivan, of Oakland and Alameda, is as follows: —

Oakland . Alameda. Berkeley.. Outside.. .

Totals |t03.356

County Ta.x.jState Tax. District Tax

I .50,984 $146,881

12,004 34.176

6,079 17,020

34,289 100,867

$298.944

^112,526 20,446

49.17S

$182,250

The total expenses for the past }'ear for the public Bchools of the county were as follows:, —

Oakland ,^3 '9.734

Alameda 8 1 ,873

Berkeley 24,919

Outside districts .137,492

Total ^564,018

The school tax rate for the county was ten cents on the $100 valuation. The Oakland rate was twenty- se\'en cents additional, which includes five cents for scluHil bond redemption and interest.

h'\'ery school district in the county has a school lot and building, and seventy-five per cent of these are above the average country schoolhouses, being good buildings with large ornamented grounds Ten or twelve of the schoolhouses are almost entirely new and are of the most modern construction. Only about a dozen are small structures, unadorned and with un- ornamented grounds, and these will not long remain so, as the matter of larger grounds and new buildings is being agitated. The total aggregate value of the real property and improvements in these outside dis- tricts is ;^284,924. Over every district schoolhouse, or from a flag pole in their yard, floats the stars and stripes, and the children are taught loyalty to the government under which they live. Each school dis- trict has a library, and a certain amount of the annual tax is set aside for additions to the libraries.

The annexed tableshows the value of the school property ofthecount)^ up to January i, 1893, includ- ing real estate and improvements, libraries, and appa- ratus.

Localities.	Real Estate and Improvements.	Libraries.	Apparatus-
	"$492,040 190,000 25,OCO 262,205	1 3.300 900 275 14.509	$6,000
	989
	250
	8,210
Total	$969,245	I18.984	$15,469

*NoTE. — The impi-ovemenis in the Oakland school property during 93 will bring its value up to about $1,500,000.

The total value of the .school property in the county

Oakland ^1,001,340

Alameda 191,889

Berkeley 25,525

Outside districts 284,924

Total ;$ 1, 503,678

PRIVATE INSTITUTIONS OF LEARNING.

There are a number of private educational institu- tions in Alameda County, where collegiate and aca- demic educations may be obtained by those desiring to send their children to these institutions rather than to those of the State or county.

Prominent among them is Mills College, founded nearly thirty years ago, by the late Rev. C. T. Mills, D. D., and his wife, Mrs. Susan L. Mills, as a seminary for young ladies. It is situated on e.xtensive grounds in Brooklyn Township, about five miles east of the center of Oakland, and is reached by two lines of steam railroad, as well as by an electric street railway. In 1877 it was endowed largely by Dr. Mills and Mrs. Mills and incorporated as a college, and its property is held by a Board of Trustees, for the Christian, but unsectarian, education of 3'oung women. Its cur riculum embraces the usual college courses. Its graduates number- hundreds and are settled all over the Union as well as in other lands. The annual .at- tendance is about two hundred. It has been under the management, since the death of Dr. Mills, princi- pally of Mrs. Mills, with the trustees. She is now the President of the Institution.

At Irvington, on the line of railroad between Oak- laud and San Jose, and within about a mile and a half of the old Mission of San Jose, the site of the first Spanish and American settlement in the county, is the Washington College for boys and girls. It in- cludes a preparatory and a commercial department, as well as the collegiate. For a time it was under the control of the members of the Christian Church

ILLUSTRATED ALBUM OF ALAMEDA COUNTY.

and its teachings were slightly sectarian in that line, but of late years it has been unsectarian, while evan- gelically Christian in its teaching. Its attendance has been from one hundred and fifty to one hundred and seventy-five.

At Livermore is situated the Livermore College, an institution similar to the one at Irvington, for the ed- ucation of both sexes. It has an annual attendance of about one hundred and twenty-five and graduates a class every year, many of the graduates being from distant points. It is under the superintendence of Professor J. D. Smith, who is the President of the Col- lege.

Within the boundaries of the City of Oalcland are a number of private educational institutions. One of the oldest of these is the Field Seminary, on Telegraph Avenue, established by Miss Harriet Field in 1870. It is called a home school for girls. It is now under the principalship of Mrs. W. B. Hyde.

The Snell Seminary, on Twelfth Street, near Cla}-, is also a school for young ladies that is very popular and annually graduates a large class of young women prepared for the active duties of life. Richard B. and Miss Mary E. Snell are the principals.

A school for young men is that of the Hopkins Academy, under Profes.sor W. W. Anderson, as prin- cipal. It is situated between Thirty-second and Thirt)'- fourth Screets, New Broadway, and Telegraph Avenue. The graduates are admitted to the State University without entrance examination. It was endowed by the late Moses Hopkins some years ago and Mrs. Hopkins promises another endowment. The trustees are looking for a larger site.

The Pacific Theological Seminary, the denomina- tional school of the Congregational Churclies of Northern and Central California, for the education of \-oung men for the ministry, is also situated in Oak- Imd, on grounds adjoining the Hopkins Academy. It has a full faculty and contains the usual chairs of such an institution, and each year graduates a class of young men fully equipped and prepared for the Chris- tian ministry. During the present year efforts are be- ing made to increase the endowments and facilities of the Seminary.

About tvifenty-eight years ago Archbishop Alemany, of San Francisco, founded a school for boys, which was carried on by the clergy of the church, under his supervision, for eight or ten years. It was then trans- ferred to the care of the Order of Christian Brothers, and was conducted by them in the outskirts of San Francisco, near the Mission road. In 1888 the corner- stone of a new structure was laid on New Broadway, Oakland, and a magnificent building, complete in all

its appointments, five stories in height, erected. In 1 89 1 the school was transferred to this building. Its curriculum embraces the usual classical, scientific, and literary college courses. There is also a preparatory school and commercial course. An exhibit from this college and model of the building is on exhibition at the Columbian Exposition.

The California College, at Highland Park, Oakland, is the denominational college of the Baptist Church. It is also a preparatory school for the denominational theological seminar\^ It has the usual academic and college courses.

Aside from the colleges, seminaries, and academies mentioned, there are also two commercial colleges, where special education is given for commercial busi- ness. One of these is the Oakland Business College and Institute of Penmanship, on Clay Street, near Ele\enth, conducted by Professor O. J. Willis. The other is situated on the second floor of the Young Men's Christian Association building, at Clay and Twelfth Streets, conducted by Professor J. H. A)'de- lotte. Both these schools have large classes in the usual commercial school courses.

CHAPTER IV. MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES.

Salt Works— Beet Sugar Factory — Soap, Iron, and Nail Works —Car Works — Agricultural Works— Oil Refineries— Paint Works — Cotton, Jute, Planing, and Flouring Mills — Tile, Terra Cotta, and Art Pottery— Brick Yards- Tanneries, etc.

Nowhere on the Pacific Coast is there a situation

better adapted to the erection and carrying on of all

kinds of manufactures than on the Alameda County

shores of the Bay of San Francisco, and along the

banks of the estuary of San Antonio, or Oakland Creek.

This lias been exemplified already by the several

industries already carrying on works on these shores,

and there are still hundreds of locations suitable, and

with the rapid growth there is no doubt that many

more of these sites may soon be occupied. They are

near rail transportation, as well as being close to deep

water, thus handy for shipping to the interior or east,

as well as loading on vessels for coast, Mexican,

South American, Hawaiian, Australian or Oriental

ports. A brief account will be given of some of the

manufactories and works already established. Some

of them have been in successful operation a number

of years.

MANUFACTURE OF SALT. A Pioneer Industry of Alameda County and of the State. Alameda County is the pioneer of the Pacific Coast m the salt industr)- and is now the principal place

ILLUSTRATED ALBUM OF ALAMEDA COUNTY.

23

where salt is gathered in CaUfornia. As early as 1850, at New Haven, now Alvarado, salt deposits were gathered, and for a long time the entire com- monwealth depended upon it for the supply. Its out- put now is very large and last year aggregated thirty- seven, thousand eight hundred and fifty tons or thirty- seven million eight hundred and fifty thousand pounds. There are no less than eighteen different salt beds along the shores. Of these that of the Solar Salt Company of B. F. Barton is shown in plate No. 21 of this album. There was gathered at these beds last year two million five hundred thousand pounds of salt. His works are at Alvarado, and Hear his works, at the same place, are four others, making from five hundred to fifteen hundred tons annually, or an aggregate of fifty-six hundred tons. At Newark there is only one firm engaged, but it gathers and prepares for market four thousand tons of salt. At Russell's Station two thousand two hundred tons are gathered up by three persons. At Mount Eden the largest quantities are gathered, one company prepar- ing twelve thousand tons annually, another five thou- sand, and several two thousand tons. At this place last year twenty-two thousand tons or twenty-two million pounds were gathered up and prepared for market.

During the salt season over two hundred la- borers are employed; one steamer and seven sailing vessels are kept busy transporting the salt from these beds, which range along the shore for nearly eight miles. This salt is sold at prices ranging frpm ,$7.00 to $14 per ton, and that which is refined by the larger companies is held to be equal to the best Liverpool salt. In passing along the railroad between San.Le- andro and Newark it is an interesting sight to see the great white pyramids along the bay shore. The process followed is that of spontaneous evaporation of the water of the Bay of San Francisco similar to that used on the shores of the Mediterranean. A large piece of land varying from one to several acres barely above high-water mark is leveled, and in some in- stances puddled with clay so as to prevent the water from percolating and sinking away. A reservoir is constructed alongside also rendered impervious, in which the water is stored and allowed to settle to a certain extent.

The prepared land is partitioned off into large basins or setting reservoirs, and others, smaller in size and more shallow, to receive the water as it becomes more and more concentrated, sufficient fall being al- lowed from one set of basins to the other to cause the water to flow slowly through them. This sea salt, after the water has been all drained off, is then col-

lected into small heaps or rows from the surface of the beds by means of a wooden scoop or scraper, and is allowed to stand for a time where it undergoes a first partial purification, the more deliquescent salts (especially the magnesium chloride) being allowed to drain away. From these small heaps and rows it is gathered into larger ones or pyramids, where it drains further and becomes more purified. Some of the larger companies make a refined product by taking it to the refinery, where it is either washed and stove dried, or dissolved in fresh water and then boiled down .and crystallized like that made from the rock salt brine, but the most of it goes into commerce just as it comes from the large heaps and pyramids at the salt beds.

The Solar Salt Works shown in plate 21 have seven hundred acres of marsh land, divided into reservoirs, settling ponds, and crystallizing vats. The capacity is five thousand tons yearly of crystalline salt.

MANUFACTURE OF SUGAR FROM BEETS.

The Pioneer Beet Sugar Factory of the United States, Located in Alameda County.

The pioneer beet sugar factory of the United States was erected at Alvarado, Alameda County, California, in 1869, with a capacity of sixty tons of beets daily. After running four seasons, at a great loss, the ma- chinery was removed and re-erected at Soquel, Santa Cruz County, and run two or three seasons at a loss, when it was closed down. In 1879 another factor}' was erected at Alvarado by E H. D3'er & Co., for the Standard Sugar Company, and E. H. Dyer appointed General Manager. It commenced operations in the fall of that year. Its daily capacity was eight}' tons of beets, and its cost about $300,000. In the first four seasons a net profit of 1103,349.63 was made. This factory was run eight seasons, when the works were destroyed by a boiler explosion. Owing to the low prices of sugar, the profits the last four seasons were very small.

In the year 1889, E. H. Dyer & Co. erected an- other factory at Alvarado, which is still running. It was incorporated under the name of the Pacific Coast Sugar Company, and had a daily capacity of one hundred and fifty tons of beets. In 1890 a con- trolling interest was sold to San Francisco capitalists, who re-incorporated as the Alameda Sugar Company and enlarged the works to a daily capacity of upward of two hundred tons of beets. The cost of the pres- ent works was about ,$350,000. The officers of the company are: John S. Howard, President; James Cof- fin, Secretary; E. C. Burr, Manager, and J. W. Atkin- son, Superintendent.

ILLUSTRATED ALBUM OF ALAMEDA COUNTY.

There are hundreds of acres in Alameda County suitable for the cultivation of the sugar beet for profit. It demands a soil easy to till, one that is loose and pliable, but not too sandy. It also requires proper preparation before and cultivation and care after planting. The best results have been obtained bj- a deep plowing a month or two previous to seeding, say twelve or fourteen inches, or with two plowings, the first about nin.e inches and a second sub.soil plowing of si.x to eight inches deeper. The plowing is done in the early winter so that the atmospheric influences destroy the cohesion of the soil and at the same time kill any insects that may be present.

The reason for the deep cultivation is that the point of the beet root ma)' penetrate the earth deeply without resistance, so as to produce as few rootlets as possible, and form a beet of good size and conical shape. It also allows it to develop without crowding itself out of the ground, producing better in weigiit and in percentage of suger. The seeding, done from early in March to May, according to location— up- land or lowland — must be carefully done, and the best results are said to be obtained where the seed is only covered to the depth of half an inch to one inch. The cultivation of the beet requires the greatest care, both in regard to keeping out the weeds and in work- ing the soil. They mature from August i to Oc- tober 15, according to location and date of planting.

The largest acreage of the sugar beet in Alameda County is near Alvarado, and nearly all the land suit- able for its cultivation in that vicinity has been used for the purpose at different periods during the past twenty years, but not all at the same time. It was at first difficult to get the farmers to understand the ne- cessity of carefiil cultivation (the company does not cultivate the beets , and the consequence was a less price received b\' them and less percentage in sif^ar. The average price paid at the Alvarado factory is about $5.00 per ton. From ten to fifteen tons are produced on an acre, thus averaging from S50 to S75 to the farmer, less the expense of farm labor, etc. A few hundred acres were planted to beets near Pleas- anton last season and the product was handled at the factory at Alvarado.

The Alameda Sugar Factory at Alvarado turns out, when running full blast, day and night, with two shifts of hands, forty thousand to fifty thousand pounds of white sugar daily. Eighty men are employed in the factory in the various- departments, and during the last season, between September 15 and December 25, fifteen thousand tons, or thirty million pounds, of beets were handled, two hundred to two hundred and fifty tons per day, and fifteen hundred tons or

three million pounds of white sugar turned out. The last season was considered a good one for the farmers and the factory. Several tons of beets, grown near Antioch, Contra Costa Count)-, were shipped to the factory at Alvarado last year.

The works are situated on Alameda Creek, a small stream which runs down from the foothills and emp- ties into San Francisco Ba)\ but is not navigable. It is also on the line of the South Pacific Coast Division (narrow gauge) of the Southern Pacific Company's system.

The process used at the factor)' at Ah'arado is known as the diffusion process. The beets used are a highly cultivated variety of the Beta Maritima (sea beet), natural order Cfioiopodacecs, the seeds of which are imported from Germany and France, where the greatest care is e.xercised in the production, with a view to obtaining beets with the highest percentage of sugar. This ranges from fifteen to eighteen per cent, but the average beets produce from twelve to fifteen l)er cent ofsugar. There are at least fifteen different varieties grown in California, and se\'eral of these are shown in jars in the Alameda County Exhibit, as well as the sugar at different stages of its manufacture at the Alvarada factor)'. The varieties mostly used in Alameda County are the Klein-VVauzleben, white; Vilmorin, white; White Silesian and Improved Im- perial, rose and white.

The limit of the average composition of the sugar beet is given below: —

Water Juice . . 84. 5 to 70.0

Sugar and other soluble bodies | j, .. I 1 1.5 to 17.0 Cellulo.se and other solids . . . . j' ^°''<J'"- "j ^ q f,j ^ q

The non-.saccharine solids in the juice are \erv comple.x, embracing albumen, amido-acids and other nitrogenous bodies, beet-root gum, soluble pectdre, compounds, fat, coloring matter, with the phosphates, sulphates, oxatates, and citrates of potash, soda, iron, lime, and silica.

The process of manufacture of sugar from the beet is an exceedingly interesting one, when it is consid- ered that at no period, from the moment the juice is taken from the beet until it reaches the \acuum pan, where it is boiled, does it remain more than five min- utes in any one place, but is kept constantly moving. It will sour in less than half an hour if allowed to stop anywhere during the process.

The beets are pulled up and sacked in the field, then hauled in wagons by the farmer to the factory, weighed and dumped in long bin-like shed.s, which have a water trough, or flume, running along under- neath the center. When the water is turned on, the beets are carried b)' it into a tank in the lower part of

ILLUSTRATED ALBUM OF ALAMEDA COUNTY.

25

the factory, where they are washed by a revolving wheel, carried by it to an elevator, which conducts them to the slicing machine, in which a large drum or cylinder, armed with close set rows of blades revolv- ing with great rapidity slices them up into strips about one-eighth of an inch square and differing in length from two to six inches, according to the size of tiie beet. The slices are then conducted to the diffusion battery, which consists of twelve cells, or diffusers, ar- ranged in circular form, nine being in use, while the other three are being emptied, cleaned, and refilled. A brief description of the diffusion process might well be added at this point. This process for obtaining the juice depends on the action of dialysis, in which two liquids of different degrees of concentration, sep- ■ arated by a membrane, tend to transfuse through the membrane until the equilibrium of solution is attained. In the beet the cell walls are membranes inclosing a solution of sugar. The theory of the process is that if these cells be brought into contact with pure water, and that they contain twelve per cent of sugar, trans- fusion will go on until an equal weight of water con- tains six per cent of sugar, while by the passage of water into the cell the juice there is reduced to the same density. Taking the six per cent water solu- tion, and with it treating fresh roots or slices, contain- ing twelve per cent of sugar, a nine per cent solution will be attained, which on being brought a third time in contact with fresh roots, could be raised to a den- sity often and five-tenths. According to this, theo- retically, seven-eighths of the whole sugar would be obtained at the third operation, and on this is based the process of diffusion.

The diffusers mentioned are large, close, upright cylinders, each capable of holding two or three tons of sliced beets. They are provided with manholes above, perforated false bottoms, and pipes communi- cating with each other, so that the fluid contents of any one can be forced by pressure into any other. In working the process, pure water from an elevated tank is run into No. i cylinder, which contains the sliced beets almost exhausted of their soluble con- tents; it percolates the mass, and by pressure passes into No. 2, where it acts on slices richer in juice. From No. 2 it goes on through the entire series, ac- quiring density in its progress, and in each successive cylinder meeting slices increasingly rich in juices. Prior to its entering the last cylinder, the watery juice is heated, and under the combined influence of heat and pressure, becomes richly charged with sugar. No. I cylinder, when exhausted, is disconnected, and the pulp passes to a steam press, where all the re- maining water is expressed, and it is carried outside

the building and hauled away by the farmers for fod- der. No. 2 cylinder becomes No. i, and a newly- charged cylinder is added on, and thus the operation goes on continuously during the entire season, night and day. It is said that it requires t>vo weeks' instruc- tion to enable a man to properly understand the handling of a diffusion battery.

From the diffusion battery the juice passes into a large tank, where it is heated by steam vapor and passes to the carbolization process, where carbonic acid and lime are added to clarify it. It passes through three of these processes, and after the third carbolization, goes into the filter process, where, pass- ing through three of these, the lime is extracted, and the clear, pure, but thin and watery juice is carried into a series of closed vessels, or tanks, called the quadruple effect, where it is thickened. These tanks are provided internally with a series of closed pipes for steam vapor heating, the steam passing by a pipe from the first one into the worm of the second and so on to the third and fourth. The thickened juice passes from the fourth tank of the quadruple effect into a reservoir and from there is drawn into a large closed tank on the fourth floor of the factory, called the vacuum pan, in which it is boiled about four hours at a low temperature. This pan is a closed globular vessel, in which by the aid of a condenser and air pump, a vacuum is maintained over the boiling juice, and the boiling point is lowered in proportion to the decrease of air pressure. This immense vessel will hold about thirty tons of the thickened juice. When it has been sufficiently crystallized, the boiled- down juice, being a grainy mass of crystals floating in fluid syrup, then called "magma," is transferred to the mixing pans, which are kept constantly moving to prevent solidifying, and from these is fed into the drums or buckets of the centrifugal machines.

A small quantity is dropped into these machines and they are set in motion, revolving at a high rate of speed, which separates the crystals and sirup, the latter being driven through the meshes of the basket, while the crystals remain on the meshed walls. For the further cleaning of the sugar crystals, water is sprinkled upon them from a hose while the machine is in motion. The sirup is returned for reboiling and the sugar passes into receptacles, frorn whence it is conducted to the drier, a revolving steam drum, and comes out a pure, dry, granulated white sugar, which is placed in one hundred pound sacks or in barrels for the market.

From the second boiling of the sirup, a brown sugar is made, hut it is in turn worked over and man- ufactured into white. The final molasses, or tailing's.

26

LLUSTRATED ALBUM OF ALAMEDA COUNTY

is a highl)' impure mixture of crystallizable potash and other salts, smelling and tasting strongly of its beet origin. No attempt is made at the Alvarado factory, on account of the high price of fuel, etc., to recover the large amount of sugar, forty to fifty per cent, contained in this molasses, though in Germany and France several methods are employed, one being by fermenting and distilling from it an impure spirit for industrial purposes.

In the process a great deal of lime is used, and the company burn their own limestone, using fifteen tons daily at their kiln.

THE ALAMEDA BORAX REFINERY.

A Picific Coast Product Prepared for Market in Alameda County.

At Alameda Transfer, a little railroad station upon the Bay of San Francisco, the Southern Pacific Com- pany switches onto the side track of the Pacific Coast Borax Company's Refinerj? not less than sex'en or eight car loads of fifteen tons each of crude borax every week in the year. At a similar rate the refined product is reshipped either by car or upon schooners from the end of the little wharf During the period of detention of this material at the works, an interest- ing chemical romance has been enacted. "It is a story of fickle affinities, wherein, as often happens with such affinities elsewhere, the two fickle ones unite in a waste combination, while the deserted ones get together and make a respectable and \-alua- ble product."

The rough, broken masses of bi'own colored rock, a borate of lime, have been transformed by the agency of mechanical energy, and the wonderful alchemy of chemistry into beautiful, translucent crystals of pure borax, a staple product known to every druggist and grocer, and coming into use in every household.

Borax is distinctively a Pacific Coast product, being found nowhere else in North America. Since the important discoveries in 1873, California and Ne- vada have furnished an ample supply for the domestic consumption. This has steadily increased from five million pounds in 1876 to fourteen millions in 1892, or more than doubling every ten years.

It is to the credit of the Pacific Coast producers that the price has steadily declined, till now borax is not only within the reach of all, but one of the cheap- est articles of household economy. This is the more important as wherever used it seems to become indis- pensable.

The most nqted region yielding this valuable staple is the world-fenowned Death Valley, in Inyo County.

This valley lies two hundred feet below sea level, and is intensely hot and dry, though not necessarily as deadly as has been supposed. Borax deposits are usually thinly spread over the surface of low ground. The Death Valley deposit extends upon higher ground, and the later sources of main supply are deep beneath the surface At Calico, near Dagget, in San Bernardino County, the borate of lime is found in ledges or veins of crystal, which require mining and pulverizing before the borax can be separated from the residuum.

The Alameda Refinery is an interesting establish- ment for two reasons: First, the fact that it is the only borax refinery on the coast, and probably the largest in the world. Second, the fascinating character of the mechanical and chemical processes there carried on. The purity of the article and cleanliness of all the operations give the factory somewhat the character of a flouring mill. The crude material passes first through rock breakers, then to mills, rolls, and burr- stones, till finely pu.verized. It is then, with a small portion of carbonate of soda, also a product of the deserts of California, thrown into an immense steam chest, or pressure boiler, called a digester, probably the hughest stomach now known, where, under heat, pressure, and agitation, the existing affinities are com- pletely upset. The carbonic acid drops the soda, and unites with the lime, which yields its boracic acid. The latter quickly unites with a small portion of the soda, and we have a bi-borate of sodium, the chemist's name for bora.x. It is j'et, however, in solution, and must be drawn off into large tanks to crystallize. Here the pure product forms by successive crystalli- zations upon thousands of tiny steel rods, as rock candy crystallizes upon a thread. This process is re- peated until a proper degree of purit)' is reached, when the refined borax is ready for market, though powdered for many uses.

The meat packers of the Great West consume large quantities in the dry packing of meat for export. Some fifty mechanical industries employ borax, but we ai-e told the largest use is in the household, for the toilet, nursery, kitchen, and laundry, where its inno- cence and purity render it as safe as it is effective and economical for cleansing and preserving.

Few travelers passing in sight of the borax works realize either the interesting nature of the manufac- ture or the immense quantity of this staple turned out. The year's output would load a train of five hundred cars with ten tons each. If packed in the neat paste- board packages on sale everywhere, labeled "Pure Borax from the Deserts of California and Nevada," and these were laid in a single line so as to touch, it would stretch out seven hundred miles away.

CALIFORNIA deaf.dUmb A|ND Bl

PLATE 11 ,

^D INSTITUTION, BERKELEY, CAL

ILLUSTRATED ALBUM OF ALAMEDA COUNTY.

27

PACIFIC COAST OIL WORKS.

Extensive Plant for Refining the Crude Petroleum Found in California.

On account of the nearness to market and railroad .facilities the Pacific Coast Oil Company's Works were established on Pacific Avenue, Alameda. The works are. extensive and cover a large tract on the bay shore. The plant consists of thirty-five tanks, two of which hold forty thousand barrels, and the remainder from seventy to two thousand barrels each. The agita- tors, one for treating illuminating oils, holding one thousand barrels, and two for treating lubricating oils, holding one hundred and thirty barrels each, two bleach- ing tanksof one thousand barrels each, eight lubricating settling pans, two sixty-inch boilers, sixteen feet long, eight pumps for conveying the fluids from tank to tank and for shipping, each pump having a capacity of from one hundred and fifty to five hundred barrels an hour, one air compressor, one air blower for agi- tating, a canning factory, turning out fifteen hundred five-gallon cans per day. The filling capacity of the establishment is one thousand cases, or two thousand five-gallon cans a day. The oil is supplied from wells in Los Angeles County, and is conveyed to the works in tank cars. There are sixty of these cars, each tank containing from four thousand to six thousand gal- lons. The products of the works include, in finer qual- ities, gasoline, naptha, lucine, benzine, Water White illuminating oil, and Standard illuminating oil, besides gas oil, paraffine, lubricating oil, locomotive oil, car oil, cylinder oil, engine oil, and a dark green lubricat- ing oil. A view of these extensive works is given in plate No. 28.

STANDARD SOAP WORKS.

The Largest Manufactory for Laundry and Toilet Soaps West of the Mississippi.

An important industry of Alameda County is that of the manufacture of soaps from the immense amount of tallow produced in the slaughter houses at the stock yards, near Berkeley. The Standard Soap Com- pany's works, at Posen Station, West Berkeley "(so named by the actor M. B. Curtis, known as "Sam'l of Posen," who owned considerable property and built a passenger depot there), were built several years ago and comprise an extensive plant covering a block of ground. They are on the Southern Pacific overland line and on the shore of San Francisco Bay. It is the largest establishment of the kind west of Chicago, and has a capacity of one million pounds of soap per month. It runs the entire year and employs thirty- five men in the making of soaps, candles, and refining

of glycerine, with ten girls as packers. Of laundry soaps one hundred and thirty different kinds are made, with several kinds of washing powders or com- pounds, and three hundred different kinds of toilet soaps are turned out, including shaving soaps and floating soap for the bath. The latest processes and machinery are used. One of the features is a com- plete printing office, furnished with all kinds of type, and three cylinder presses, which print all the labels used, even to the fancy wrappers for the finest soaps.

The laundry soaps are made by different processes from tallow and resin, with other ingredients, the cooking all being done by steam. The toilet soaps are principal!)' made from cocoanut oil, which is ex- pressed from the cocoanuts grown on the islands of the Pacific and refined in San Francisco. The kernel iif the cocoanut is sent in a dry state and is called "copra." This is what the kernel was originally called after the oil was expressed. This dried kernel retains the oil and is not so bulky as the nuts them- selves. It is put through some steam process and the oil expressed. The laundry soaps at the Standard Works are cooked in six pans or kettles, two of them having a capacity of one hundred and thirty thousand each, and the other four together one hundred thou- sand,making three hundred and sixty thousand pounds at one boiling. The tallow is melted out of the bar- rels on the fourth floor by steam jets and runs down into the kettles. The caustic lye or potash is also melted by steam and boiling water and runs by pipes into the kettles. After the boiling the underlie or by product of crude glycerine is drawn off and refined for the giant powder factories at thirty specific grav- ity, and a still finer quality absolutely pure put up for druggists' use. After the laundry soap is boiled suf- ficiently, it is run into large molds to cool and comes out of these in blocks of nine hundred pounds weight each, the different kinds being boiled, of course, on different days in different kettles. These blocks, twelve by thirty by thirty-six, are cut into cakes by power, four men handling and stamping eighty blocks, or seventy-two thousand pounds, per day and putting the cakes on racks to season, from which when dry they are wrapped and boxed. Several qualities are pressed after being cut into cakes, one especially being subjected to steam pressure. This is claimed to be equal to Babbitt's.

The toilet soaps are boiled in eight "jacketed" kettles, holding an aggregate of six thousand pounds, and the "floating" soap is also boiled in a different kettle, and by a different process. These soaps are run into molds similar to the laundry soaps, but they come out in white blocks like marble, These are cut

28

ILUSTRATFD ALBUM OF ALAMEDA COUNTY.

up into bars, and the bars, three-fourths by two inches, are put through tlie "chipping" machine, which shaves them up into thin chips, after which they are placed on tables to dry. When sufficiently dry these chips are taken to one of the eight "mix- ing " machines, where the perfumery and the coloring matter desired are added. After passing from the mix- ing machines it is put through one of two mills, with polished granite rollers, from which it comes out in a thin sheet about two feet wide. It is then passed "through one of the two "blotters," or the hx'draulic ram, from which it comes out in a long bar, the shape of the bar being determined by the diaphragm .used — round, square, octagon, etc. — and is then cut up in cakes and put through one of the four presses that have changeable dies, making the numerous shapes and styles of cakes. Thej- are then put upon racks to dry, and are afterward appropriately wrapped and placed in pasteboard boxes by the one-quarter, one- third, and one-half dozen, according to the st}'le, etc., and are ready for the market.

The glycerine and candle works are in a building adjoining the soap works ; the tallow is run from pipes in the upper story of the latter to the tanks in the former, where it is boiled in a vacuum and all the oil run off, leaving the stearine almost free. This is put in quantities of about five pounds into coarse sacks about six inches wide by eighteen long and subjected to hydraulic pressure. These sacks are then still fur- ther subjected to steam pressure, where jets of steam are injected into the stearine and the remainder of the oil is expressed. The stearine is then melted and run into the molding machines, holding one hundred or more candles each. The best quality are dried and bleached in the sun.

There is in connection with the works a complete box factory with machinery for making boxes from the rough lumber, but this is not done, as it is cheaper to purchase the lumber from the sawmills in the in- terior already surfaced and cut into box length, ready to be put together. The lumber is easier stored and seasoned, requiring less room, and is transported with less trouble. This lumber is stored in a fireproof building. There is a machine in the box factory for printing on the wood. Besides the various depart- ments already mentioned, there are store rooms for the soaps, oil, tallow, and resin, label rooms, shipping rooms, etc. The supplies are received and the prod- ucts shipped away by rail, a switch running alongside the works.

The output of the Standard Soap Company, aside from the local consumption, is sent all over the Pacific Coast and to Pacific Ocean ports in Mexico, Central

and South .\merica Au.stralia, Hawaiian Islands, and to the Orient.

IRON WORKS AND ROLLING MILL.

A large plant at Emeryville, Oakland Township. One of the most important manufacturing plants in Alameda County is that of the Judson Manufacturing Company, just outside the city limits of Oakland, at Emeryville, on the line of the Northern Railway — a leased line of the Southern Pacific Company. It is situated on the shore of the Bay of San Francisco, and has a frontage on the railroad of one thousand three hundred and eighty-four feet. It is one of the largest factories of the kind in the United States, and employs in the busiest season four hundred persons; from one hundred and seventj'-five to two hundred areemplojed during the entire \'ear. From $15,000 to S 18,000 are paid monthly to the emplojes, the wages running from 560 to S200 per month. The plant includes a rolling mill, machine shop, agricultural machine works, iron and steel bridge works. Nearly all the ironwork used in dhe construction of the public and large business blocks in Oakland, Alameda, and Berk- eley, as well as in many of those in San Francisco, was turned out at these works. Ten thousand tons of iron are rolled annually. The rolling plant consists of mills of different sizes, with full sets of rolls for turning out all sorts of ironwork. Forty tons of iron are turned out of the furnaces daily during the busy season. Tlie annual output is nearly three-quarters of a million dollars and is increasing steadily.

BRIDGE BUILDING INDU.'?TRY.

On account of the mountainous character of a large portion of the commonwealth of California, many bridges are necessarj', and one of the leading incorpora- tions in this industry is the California Bridge Corn- pan}', with works at Emeryville, in conjunction with the Judson Works. The bridge company puts up from thirty to forty bridges annually, its work not be- ing confined to California, but many of the bridges crossing streams in other States and Territories, and a number of them are models of engineering skill. Its bridges are of wood, iron and steel. The bridge o\er the Feather River at Gridley, Cal., built by this company, has a span of three hundred and thirteen feet. That over the Mad River, in Humboldt County, is said to contain the longest timbers in one piece in the world, the chord sticks being one hundred and forty-seven feet long and cut out of mammoth trees of the Sequoia gigantea. The California Bridge Com-

PLATE

E.S.DENISON'S, ALMOND ORCliARD, NILE5

1 4 ji \

ES.DENIS0N3 FRUIT ORCHARD, N I JLE5.

ILLUSTRATED ALBUM OF ALAMEDA COUNTY.

29

pany has also erected several bridges across the San Joaquin, Russian, and other rivers in California, as well as in Oregon, Washington, Arizona, New Mexico, Idaho, etc. These bridges have been erected on both county and railroads. The company has constantly in employ from one hundred to two hundred and fift\' men.

NAIL WORKS.

Another industry of considerable magnitude is that of the Pacific Iron and Nail Company, occupying a tract of fourteen acres at the foot of Market, Myrtle, and adjacent streets, Oakland. This plant was estab- lished about the same time the Judson works were. The capacity of the factory is about sixty-five tons of iron and steel daily. It comprises a rolling mill, ma- chine shop, and nail factory. The output is about thirty thousand kegs of nails per month. This is several thousand kegs above Pacific Coast consump- tion, but they are disposed of by export to South America, Hawaii, etc. The machinery is of the latest pattern and designs. The plant cost over half a mil- lion dollars; nearly three hundred hands are em- plo\-ed, and the pay roll is about ;520,000 per month.

the mill and one hundred and thirty-five looms. There are two hundred and fifty machines in the fac- tory, and the cost of the plant was ^250,000.

CALIFORNIA COTTON MILLS.

In 1885 the California Cotton Mills Company erected a plant for the manufacture of cotton. It oc- cupies a block of 450 feet on the line of the railroad at Twenty-third Avenue Station, East Oakland. The machinery is of the most improved kind and cost about a half million dollars. Various kinds of cotton goods are manufactured, including seamless bags for grain, flour, alfalfa, salt, coffee, toweling, bolting for batting and mops, carpeting, burlaps, cotton wicking,^ warps, twines, and common rope. The goods manu- factured are equal to any manufactured in this coun- tr\' or imported.

MANUFACTURE OF JUTE.

The California Jute Mills were built at Clinton Station, Oakland, on the north arm of the estuary, in the seventies, but in 1883 they changed hands and were extensively improved, new machinery added, and the capacity enlarged. They cover an entire block of ground and give employment to upward of four hun- dred men, boys, and girls, with a pay roll of about i^io.ooo monthly. Nearly one thousand bales of jute are monthly manufactured into burlaps for grain, po- tato, flour, and borax sacks, twines, jute matting, horse blankets, etc. There are three thousand spindles in

CAR SHOPS AT NEWARK.

At Newark, on the line of the South Pacific Coast Railroad, in Washington Township, are situated the large car shops of Carter Bros. This firm turns out annually hundreds of street cars — electric, cable, and horse — as well as railroad cars for different lines on the coast. A large force of workmen is constantly employed and all work turned out is first class.

AGRICULTURAL MACHINE WORKS.

At San Leandro, in Eden Township, are situated Best's Agricultural Machine Works, where are manu- factured combined harvesters, threshing machines, and traction road engines capable of drawing fifty tons. These machines and engines are sold and used all over the Pacific Coast, and the plant turns out a large num- ber every year.

BRASS FOUNDRY.

At the corner of Washington and Fourth Streets, Oakland, is situated the brassfoundry of A. Chloupek, where are turned out all kinds of brass castings and fixtures.

SEWER PIPE AND FIRE BRICK WORKS.

In 1888 N. Clark & Sons removed their sewer pipe and fire brick works from Sacramento to Alameda Point, on account of better facilities offered by the change of location. They purchased a tract of eight acres of ground, constructed one thousand two hun- dred feet of side tracking, and erected a handsome four-story brick building, one hundred and ten by two hundred and si.xty-five feet. There were used in the construction of the building oiie million red bricks, the floors having an area of one hundred thousand square feet. The power is furnished by a one hundred and fifty horse power Atlas «ngine, and the boiler rooms contain two sixty-inch steel boilers. The drj- and wet pan system is used in mixing and grinding clays for sewer pipe, fire brick, terra cotta, drain tile, fireproofing, and other products of the manufactory. The facilities are such that from the moment that the clay is unloaded from the cars it is not handled again by the workmen until it comes from the various ma- chines, ready to go on the drying floors, and thence, after they are thoroughly dried, to the kilns. A spe- cialty of this factory is the "Pacific" fire brick, an

30

ILLUSTRATED ALBUM OF ALAMEDA COUNTY.

article that has the highest reputation and is preferred to the best English brick. The finest machinery and the most substantially constructed kilns are in opera- tion in this factory, and only first-class work in every department is allowed to be placed on the market. As a consequence, this pottery has secured a reputation second to no other establishment of the kind on the Pacific Coast, and enabling them to compete with the highest grade of manufactures turned out by Eastern and foreign . establishments of a similar character. Only the best quality of material is used in the manu- facture of products of this pottery. Their facilities for making shipments by rail and water are such that their products are distributed all over the Pacific Coast. The pottery turns out annually seven hundred and fifty thousand fire bricks and one million feet of sewer pipe, conduit pipe, and drain tile.

POTTERY AND TERRA COTTA.

On the line of the local railroad, at Twenty-third Avenue Station, East Oakland, is located the large plant of the California Pottery and Terra Cotta Works. About one thousand tons of clay are used annuallj' in the construction of sewer and chinmey pipe. The capacity of the plant is one tlmusand joints of pipe per day, and, when running at full capacity, fi\'e thou- sand are constantly drying in the kilns. All kinds of terra cotta work are turned out, as well as glazed pipe uork. The pottery makes a specialty of filters and cane and umbrella stands.

ART POTTERY.

Adjoining the California Potter}-, but an entirely different concern, is the Oakland Art Pottery. It makes a specialty of art potteiy, including vases, plaques, tiles, etc., and has a kiln for firing hand-painted china, etc. Sewer pipe in large quantities is turned out at this pottery. The output annually is about 5125,000.

COMMON AND PRESSED BRICK.

Owing to the nature of the soil necessarj' for the manufacture of brick, this industry is not very exten- sively followed in Alameda County, but the Remillard Brick Company has a large brick yard at Pleasanton, at which thousands of brick are tarned out annually. The company have other yards, and the aggregate output per annum is between two million and three million common brick, as well as between five hundred thousand and one million pressed brick. The head- quarters and office of the company are in Oakland. The average price of common brick is $9.00 per thou-

sand and that of the pressed, between S30 and 340 per thousand. The value of the annual output of the company is from $250,000 to $300,000. It employs three hundred men and eighty teams during the entire year, the climate being such that the making of brick can go on as well in winter as in summer. This com- pany has been in business since 1861. It takes con- tracts for the erection of brick buildings.

WOODWORK AND PLANING MILLS.

There are a number of planing mills in the county that handle annually an immense quantity of lumber for the growing cities and suburbs and towns and vil- lages. It is estimated that between seventy million and one hundred million feet of lumber are used annu- ally in the county. Several of the largest lumber yards carr\' from three million to four million feet of lumber continLialh" on hand and sell annually fiom fixe million to scN'en million feet.

One of the extensix-e woodworking industries of Alameda County is the plant of the California Door Company, situated at Wood and Sixteenth Streets, West Oakland, and near the line of the railroad, with side tracks to carry in the lumber and take away the out- put. The plant cost 5350,000, and turns out one thou- sand doors per day, besides many hundreds of dozen sash. From two hundred and fifty to four hundred men are employed by the company, the latter number during the busiest season. This factory was opened up in 1888.

The Burnham-Standeford Company runs a large plant on Washington Street, occupying the block be- tween First and Second Streets, known as the Oakland Planmg Mills. AH sorts of woodwork are turned out, from street cars to doors, sashes, inside and outside blinds, as well as millwork for buildings. It was es- tablished in 1868 by O. H. Burnham and W. D. Standeford, but has recenth' become the property of an incorporation.

From one million five hundred thousand to two million feet of lumber are used annually by the Eagle Bo.x and Manufacturing Company's factory, on Mar- ket Street, Oakland. About five hundred thousand to one million feet of spruce lumber are kept on hand all the time, and seventy-five men are constantly em- ploj-ed in the manufacture of boxes for the small fruit farmers of the county and other industries requiring boxes. A large number are manufactured for dried fruits as well as egg boxes. The output annually is from $75,000 to $100,000.

The Pioneer Planing Mill, of Hierlih)-, Bell & Co., employs forty men and turns out a great deal of mill-

PLATE 13.

sj- PRESBYTERIAN CMUReH , I4and FRANKLIN 5T5, OAKLAND.

ILLUSTRATED ALBUM OF ALAMEDA COUNTY.

work for exterior and interior of dwellings, stores, etc. It is situated on First Street at the foot of Broadway.

The Independent Planing Mill, of Johnson Bros. & Co., at Brush and Second Streets, Oakland, turns out fifty thousand to seventy-five thousand feet of dressed redwood, sugar pine, Oregon pine, cedar, fir and hard woods. The building of water tanks for windmills is a specialty of this mill.

The Pacific Coast Planing Mill, of Alpheus Kendall, in Oakland, turns out all kinds of mill work in sugar pine, cedar, ash, spruce, black walnut, and maple.

The East Oakland Planing Mills, at East Twelfth Street and Fourteenth Avenue, do the same kind of millwork as those mentioned above, and send their output all over the Pacific Coast as well as to Mexico and the islands. They handle the same kind of lumber the other mills do, and keep a large stock on hand.

Besides the Oakland mills mentioned, which use hundreds of thousands of feet of all kinds of lumber, there are two planing mills in Berkeley and one in Alameda. The West Berkeley Planing Mills, Niehaus Bros., have been in operation seventeen years. The output is about ^75,000 per annum, and upwards of one million feet of lumber are converted into doors, sashes, window frames, brackets, niouldings, mantels, stair work, book cases, church work, tanks, orna- mental fences, scroll sawing, turning, etc.

George C. Pape's East Berkeley Planing Mills han- dle about two hundred and fifty thousand feet of lum- ber per annum, the most of it for local contractors. All kinds of trimmings and millwork are turned out.

In Alameda the Enterprise Planing Mill converts a large amount of lumber monthly into millwork, such as mouldings, brackets, ornamental facing, door and window frames, scroll and band saw work, and fancy fencing for the local contractors and builders in this little city of pleasant homes and attractive buildings.

FLOURING MILLS.

Among the many industries and mills in Alameda are those for the grinding of her cereal products. Of these the Golden Rule Flouring Mills, at Broadway and Third Street, were erected in 1864, and have a capacity of one hundred and fifty barrels a day. The mill operates eight double sets of Steven's rollers, a smutter, a bran duster, separator, bolts, purifiers, etc. — all of the most improved make. The principal market is in Oakland and San Francisco, but ship- ments are made to Vallejo, San Rafael, and to Contra Costa County.

The Encinal Home Flouring Mills, at Washington and Fourth Streets, Oakland, include French burr- stones, Wagner rollers, and every description of ma-

chiner}' necessary for cleaning and separating. The annual output is about ;^75,ooo, and the mill makes a specialty of meals of their own manufacture.

The Bay City Roller Flouring Mills, at First and Clay Streets, Oakland, have a capacity of over two hundred and twenty-five barrels per day. The prod- uct of the mills includes the finest grades of flour, oatmeal, graham flour, coarse and fine hominy, corn meal, middlings, bran, pearl barley, and farina.

The Berkeley Milling Company's mills are located at West Berkeley. Their sales amount to upward of $3,000 monthly, the largest part resulting from the manufacture of breakfast food. The machinery in- cludes steel cutters, breaking machines, separators, bolts, cleaners, and purifiers. The product of these mills is made from the choicest grain grown in this State, carefully prepared and steam cooked by a new process which renders it more wholesome and nutri- tious. The machinery cost $10,000, and the output amounts to $45,000 a year.

TANNERIES.

One of the oldest industries of East Oakland is the manufacture of leather. The Broolclyn Tannery has been in operation since 1870, and was started by the late George F. Crist. It is now conducted by R. F. & A. J. Crist, sons of the foimer, who were members of the firm prior to their father's death. The output per annum varies from $90,000 to $120,000 per )^ear, and represents ten thousand to twelve thousand hides. From $12,000 to $16,000 worth of bark is used yearl}'.

The Oak Grove Tannery, located also in East Oak- land,'G. S, Derby proprietor, was established in i860. It works about sixty thousand hides per annum, which represent an output of about $70,000. Over four thousand sides of leather are constantly in course of tanning. Sixty-eight vats consume six hundred cords of bark every year, and the principal manufacture con- sists of harness, skirting, and sole leather. The pelts average sixty pounds each. The roller has a pressure of seven thousand pounds. This tannery has a laro-e Eastern trade.

MANUFACTURE OF PAINTS AND OILS.

In 1884 the Paraffine Paint Company located its works near Shell Mound Park, at Emeryville. The company manufactures a paint adapted to the preser- vation of wood and ironwork, tin, roofs, bridges, etc. The factory turns out fifteen thousand gallons a month, worth, according to quality, from ninety cents to $[.75 per gallon. Branch houses for the sale of

ILLUSTRATED ALBUM OF ALAMEDA COUNTY.

this paint have been estabhshed in New York, St. Louis, and Chicago. 'The sales of paint alone amount to ;$ 1 80,000 annually, besides which the company has a heavy demand for a patent waterproof roof- ing of burlap, backed with paper and coated with paraffine paint, these sales amounting to ^90,000 a year.

The works of the Petroline Paint Company are sit- uated on First Street, Oal<land, on the line of the old overland railroad. The company receives a sort of crude petroleum oil from wells in Ventura County. The lighter quality is sold to the gas company. The heavier parts of tar are used for sidewalks, and the asphaltum for paints. The company manufactures large quantities of waterproof petroline roofing. The paints manufactured are water and fire proof, and are used for painting ironworks, smokestacks, gas works, roofs and tin, preventing oxidization.

E. G. Buswell & Co. have a plant at the corner of Broadway and Fourth Street, Oakland, for the manu- facture of the varfbus kinds of mineral paints, \\*itli a capacity of ten tons per month.

CHAPTER V.

RAILROADS IN ALAMEDA COUNTY.

The Terminus of the Transcontinental Lines^Local Passenger Trafific— Street Car Lines Run by Cables and Electricity- Electric Cars Run on the CoiSily Roads— Rapid and Fre- quent Transit from Surburban Towns to the Cides of Oakland and San Francisco — Car Shops, etc.

As all roads during the time of the Roman Em- pire's greatest success led to Rome, so for many years all visitors to the metropolis of the Pacific Coast by transcontinental travel passed through Alameda County and across the Bay of San Francisco.

The commencement of the present railroad system of the Pacific Coast was the incorporation in 1862 of the Alameda Valley Railroad Company, to build a railroad from Oakland to Niles. This road was built by the Central Pacific Railroad Company some years later and became a part of the transcontinental line over the Rockies. The first railroad, being four miles long, and running from Broadway, Oakland, to the ferry wharf, was operated in 1863. In 1865 this line was extended to Brooklyn, now East Oakland Station, and this was connected with the San Francisco and Ala- meda Valley Railroad and extended to Hayward and completed. This line was extended during the latter part of this year and the one succeeding to connect with the Western Pacific, a section of the transconti- nental line then under construction in Alameda Cafion, and through the Livermore Pass, in the Contra

Costa Range. The Central Pacific Railroad in 1867 bought up the various railway lines and consolidated them, agreeing upon making the terminii of a 1 the lines intending to reach San Francisco at Oakland, and crossing the bay from this point. The Central Pacific Conn)any, then building its line to connect with the Union Pacific at Ogden, had also determined at this time to reach San Francisco via the Livermore Pass, Alameda C'ahon, Oakland, and a ferry system across the bay, and on the eighth da}' of November, 1 869, the first overland train reached Oakland.

Then it became apparent that the metropolis had been founded on the wrong side of the ba)' — that it ought to have been on the mainland where Oakland now is, with a scope and capacity of containing a city of two million inhabitants, instead of on the peninsula of San Francisco. A line of ferry .steamers was put on b)- the Central Pacific Railroad Company, and a pier built out on piles two miles into the bay, where these steamers landed. Owing to a feeling of dis- trust expressed by many in reference to tlie trestle, the company some years ago filled in all around it with earth and stone, makmg a solid mole extending from the pier to the mainland. The travel and freight traffic became so heavy that the railroad determined to build a line around the bay shore, which it did, to avoid the heav\- grades through the Livermore Pass. It also built an immense ferry steamer to cross the Straits of Carquinez for the overland travel via Og- den and Omaha. This steamer carries an entire train of sleepers, passenger coaches, dining cars, etc., with the accompanying engine, at one load, the train divided in half The road via the Livermore Pass is now used for local traffic. The trains for the south- ern routes follow around the bay shore into Contra Costa County and the San Joaquin Valley.

A few years after the completion of the main line the company built a line from Niles down througli the southern end of the county, running through the Santa Clara Valley, through San Jos^, to Santa Cruz and Monterey. By a branch line running down from San Francisco to San Jos^, a circuit of the lower end of the Bay of San Francisco — one hun- dred miles — is made, and freight not desired to be risked on tlie bay is sent round to San Francisco. "Big Betsy," the immense gun sent out from the East for the warship Monterey, was sent around in this way from Oakland. The company have two large steam- ers, upon which they load a train of freight cars and take them across the bay to San Francisco, and vice versa, of freight going east from Japan, China, or other oriental countries, or the Hawaiian and other islands of the Pacific, and Australia. So much for

-i- , '"^

,-->--4-^---- t t- ^•^^

nuillilffi

RESIDENeE OF CHARLES NELSO

PLATE I4-.

SEMINARY AVE., EAST OAKLAND

ILLUSTRATED ALBUM OF ALAMEDA COUNTY.

33

the overland roads, which were all leased some years ago and are still controlled by the Southern Pacific Company of Kentucky.

About thirteen years ago an opposition company, known as the South Pacific Coast Railroad Company, built and equipped a narrow-gauge line starting from a pier built out into the bay from Alameda Point, along the south training wall of the Oakland estuary, and paralleling the broad-gauge line down through Alameda County and the Santa Clara Valley to San Jose, Santa Cruz, and Monterey. This line runs be- tween the broad gauge and the bay. In 1887 it was purchased by the Southern Pacific Company for $e,,- 500,000, and it is now operated by it.

The California and Nevada Narrow Gauge Railroad Company built a line a few years ago from Emeryville, via Berkeley and San Pablo, to Walnut Grove, in Contra Costa County, which runs during the summer months. The line is being extended, and it is understood that it will be put through into the San Joaquin Valley in the near future.

The California Railway Company runs a narrow- gauge train from the city line of Oakland at Fruitvale to the foothills at Laundry Farm, being a direct line to Mills College. This company furnishes rock for street macadamizing purposes from its quarries at Laundry Farm.

In 1891 the Southern Pacific Company built a short line from Martinez through to its old overland line near Livermore, opening up a rich farming district to railroad facilities, so that there is scarcely a farm in the county that is not within a few miles of a railroad sta- tion and has an outlet to get its products to the local markets.

The following is a chief summing up of the present transcontinental roads, of which the little line of four miles operated in 1863 was the beginning : Theoldest of the lines now forming a part of the coast and transconti- nental systems is the Central Pacific, leased and oper- ated by the Southern Pacific. This line starts from Oakland pier and connects, with the Union Pacific at Ogden. One train leaves Oakland daily, via Sacra- mento, crossing the Sierra Nevada Mountains, via Truckee, to Reno, Nevada, where it connects with the line to Carson and Virginia City, and that line with the Carson and Colorado line, through .Southern Ne- vada, Mono, and Inyo Counties, in this State, to the Colorado River. At Reno the Central Pacific also connects with a railway being built northward to Las- sen County, and to extend the whole fength of Sur- prise Valley, Modoc County, and into Oregon. At Battle Mountain the Central connects with the Nevada Central Railroad, running from Battle Mountain to

Austin, Nevada. At Palisades the Central connects with the Eureka and Palisades Railroad, and the rich mines of the Eureka mining section of Nevada. At Ogden the Central connects not only with the Union Pacific, but also with the Denver and Rio Grande, the Utah Central, Utah and Northern, and the Oregon Short line — branching to all points of the compass, north, south, east, and west.

Then come the Southern Pacific lines, running also from' the pier to the Eastern States through Central and Southern California. Practically, two overland trains leave Oakland over this route each day, as south- ern connections amount to that. These trains leave Oakland pier, via Port Costa, following the San Joa- quin River, z'ia Lathrop, through San Joaquin Valley to Mohave and the Needles, connecting with the com- plicated systems of the Atlantic and Pacific Railroad, the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe system, the St. Louis and San Francisco system ; or via Los Ange- les and Yuma, connecting with the Maricopa and Phoenix Railway; with the Sonora Railway, at Nogales, to Guaymas; and at El Paso with the Mexican Cen- tral Railway, through the Mexican States, to the City of Mexico ; or to the Te.xas border, connecting with the whole Texas and Southern system; or to Galves- ton and New Orleans, and the great systems of rail- ways traversing with their connections the whole con- tinent.

The third great line leaving the terminus at Oakland pier is the Oregon line, or Shasta Route, as it is gener- ally termed, with its connections, spanning the great Northwest. Daily trains leave the pisrvia Sacramento, Marysville, and Red Bluff.passingatthevery foot of ma- jestic Mount Shasta, connecting at Montague, in Shasta Valley, with the line of railway to Yreka; or to the Oregon line, climbing the Siskiyou Mountains, through Rogue River Valley, connecting with the Oregon sys- tem of railways; on to Portland, connecting with two lines of the Northern Pacific; to Washington, with its system of railways, and with the Canadian Pacific; through Idaho, Montana, Dakota, with their systems of railways, to the Great Lakes and the East.

The State system of roads connecting San Francisco and Oakland with the remainder of the great common- wealth runs through Alameda County.

Three trains leave Oakland pier daily for Port Costa. Benicia, Suisun, 'and Sacramento, and intermediate towns, connecting at Sacramento with trains for Marys- ville, Chico, and Red Bluff, and intermediate towns. Two trains leave daily for Sacramento zna Livermore, Lathrop, Stockton, and intermediate towns, connect- ing at Gait with trains for lone, Amador County, and at Stockton with trains to Copperopolis, Calaveras

34

ILLUSTRATED ALBUM OF ALAMEDA COUNTY.

County, and intermediate towns; also line to Stanislaus and other counties and the Yoseniite. Two trains leave daily via Port Costa and Davisville for Wood- land, Red Bluff, and Redding, connecting at Williams with trains for Colusa arid intermediate towns; also at Woodland with trains for Knight's Landing. Two trains leave daih- via Vallejo Junction for Napa and Calistoga and intermediate towns, connecting with trains at Napa Junction for Creston, Cordelia, and Suisun. Three trains leave daily via Vallejo Junction for Santa Rosa, Sonoma County, and intermediate towns. Two trains leave daily via Lathrop, through the San Joaquin Valley, to Los Angeles, connecting with the Southern California network of railways. Two trains leave daily by. the narrow-gauge line for Los Gatos, Santa Cruz, and intermediate towns, con- necting at Felton with the Boulder Creek and Pesca- dero line. Big Trees, etc., and at San Jose with the New Almaden line. Two trains leave daily by the broad- gauge line via Niles, San Jose, and Santa Cruz, Pajaro, Watsonville, Martinez, and intermediate towns, to Paso Robles, San Luis Obispo County, and intermediate towns.

Sacramento trains connect at Elmira with trains to Vacaville, Madison, Rumsey, and intermediate towns. Also at Sacramento with trains to Folsom and Placer- ville, and intermediate towns.

The foregoing has been devoted principally to the overland and State systems of steam railways having terminii in Alameda Count}'. The suburban system of the county comprises the lines of railways connect- ing Oakland with the principal towns of the count)-. Seven trains leave Oakland daily for Melrose, Semi- nary Park, San Leandro, San Lorenzo, Hay ward, De- coto, and Niles. Five»trains leave Oakland daily for Niles, L-vington, Warm Springs, Milpitas, and San Jose. Three trains leave daily for Niles, Suiiol, Pleas- anton, and Livermore; all broad-gauge lines. On the narrow-gauge lines five trains leave Oakland daily for Alameda, West San Leandro, West San Lorenzo, Russells, Mount Eden, Alvarado, Halls, Newark, Mowry's, Alviso, Santa Clara, and San Jose.

STREET CAR LINES.

Until the latter part of the year 1887, aside from the local trains which made connection with half-hour boats from San Francisco to Oakland, Alameda, and Berkeley, there were only six horse-car lines in the county. These were between Central and West Oak- land, between East and Central Oakland, between Oak- land and Alameda, between Oakland and Berkeley, and to the Mountain View Cemetery. These were as slow

as the slowest. In 1887 the Oakland Railway Com" pany completed a cable line to the northern suburbs of Oakland. In 1890 a cable line was completed to Piedmont Springs, a distance of about four miles. These two cable roads are now in operation, and carry a large number of people to the suburbs.

In 1 891 a number of gentlemen residing in one of the interior townships — in the vicinity of San Leandro — concluded to try an electric road from the center of Oakland to Hayward on the south — sixteen miles. The road was completed in May, 1892, and has been a decided success. It makes half-hourly trips, con- necting with the local trains in Oakland. The pio- neer electric railroad, however, was that of the Oak- land Consolidated Street Railway Company, which now has six different electric lines in operation. The first of this company's lines was between Oakland and Berkeley, and was the first electric street-car line in Alameda County. It now has two lines to Berkeley, which form a loop, the cars going out one line re- turning by the other. It also has branch lines to the Sixteenth Street overland depot at West Oakland, and to Mountain View Cemetery. The company also has franchises for several other branch lines now in pro- cess of extension. It has arranged for a system of transfers with the Oakland, San Leandro, and Hayward electric line, first mentioned, by which a distance of about nine miles can be traveled for one five-cent fare.

The Oakland .Street Railroad Company, operating a horse car and steam dummy line between Oakland and Berkeley, in 1892 converted it into an electric line, and now has th-e smoothest running and most substantial line in the L^nited States. It has a branch line about halfway between Oakland and Berkeley, run- ning across to the East Berkeley steam line at Lorin.

The East Oakland Street Railway Company com- pleted in 1892 an electric line from the junction of Broadway and Eighth Street through East Oakland to the suburbs. Other branches of this company's lines now operated by horses will be transformed during 1893 into electric lines.

The California Railway Company, owners of the Laundry Farm Railway, purchased the franchise and property of the Alameda, Oakland, and Piedmont Railroad Company, and have transformed them into electric lines, from horses. The main line runs from Seventh Street and Broadway, Oakland, across the estuary, through nearly the entire length of the city of Alameda, with a branch line on Park Street and Park Avenue,' across to Twenty-third Avenue and East Twelfth Street, Oakland. 1

The Highland Park and Fruitvale street-car line has been transformed into an electric line, with double-

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ILLUSTRATED ALBUM OF ALAMEDA COUNTY.

35

decked cars, patented by Mr. E. C. Sessions, the orig- inal promoter of the line and principal owner of the East Oakland electric line. The intention of this company is to extend its lines across to Piedmont from East Oakland. It will also have a terminus at Elev- enth and Washington Streets and cross the north arm of the estuary on a bridge at Eleventh Street, making connection with its line at East Eleventh Street and Thirteenth Avenue.

Electric street franchises have been granted from Broadway to West Oakland on Eighth, Tenth, and Twelfth Streets, and these roads will all be running be- fore the end of 1893, making five electric lines from Broadway, or Central Oakland, to the western end of the city.

Franchises are before the Board of Supervisors of the county for electric lines skirting the foothills back of Oakland, and for a line to San Jose through the Santa Clara Valley. In a short time there will be no county in the Union with more facilities for rapid travel from the interior to the county seat, and from one section to another.

Horse car lines will soon be things of the past, and even the cables seem now to be doomed. In fact, several franchises originally asked for cable, were changed to electricity before work was commenced on their construction.

The City of Oakland has a local line of the Central Pacific (leased by the Southern Pacific Compan)') run- ning from its western end, at the Bay of San Francisco, to Fruitvale on the east, a distance of about six miles — with eight intermediate stations, less than a mile apart, with half hour trains, stopping at every station, connecting with the ferries to San Francisco. Upon this line the people travel back and forth, between stations, and from West Oakland to Fruitvale, without paying any fares. Such a thing is unknown anywhere else on the continent or in the world. It was a con- dition of the franchise of the railroad when granted, in 1868, that no fares would be collected within the lim- its of the city of Oakland. The same custom prevails in the city of Alameda across the estuary from Oak- land. Half hour trains also run from Park Street in this city via First Street, Oakland, to the Oakland pier, also connecting with the ferry. No fares are collected between the five stations within the city lim- its of Alameda. The company charges ten cents, however, for local travel between the two cities. There is also a local line from the Oakland Pier along the bay at West Oakland to Berkeley, making half-hourly trips also, connecting with the San Francisco ferry at the same time with the Oakland and Alameda trains. A branch line runs from this line at Shell Mound, just

outside the city limits of Oakland, to West Berkeley. No fares are charged on these two Berkeley lines inside the town limits, there being four local stations on each line.

There is a ferry system connecting with the South Pacific Coast (narrow gauge) Railway mentioned above, with a pier jutting out into the bay from Alameda Point near the mouth and on the south of the estuary, running half-hourly trips to San Francisco, alternating with the broad-gauge line, so that the trips between the two ferry lines are every fifteen minutes. Separate local trains connect with the narrow-gauge boats and run to Oakland and Alameda, and no fares are col- lected on these trains within the limits of either city. The trains run in different parts of the cities. The tickets of the two lines are interchangeable, and pas- sengers may go from either line to San Francisco and return by the other.

There is also a line of ferry steamers, which make hourly trips, from the foot of Broadway to San Fran- cisco, carrying freight and passengers, charging the same fare. This line of steamers will shortly increase their trips to every thirty minutes, and reduce the time between Oakland and San Francisco to twenty- five minutes.

In 1854 one little steamer connected Oakland and Alameda County with San Francisco, carrying its few passengers, at ;gi.oo a trip. To-day eight steamers, floating palaces, the finest ferry steamers in the world, are employed in carrying passengers and freight to and from San Francisco, carrying about twenty-four thou- sand daily, or more than eight million passengers, and millions of pounds of freight each year. For a round trip, including car fare to the landings and fare on the steamers, the price for commutation tickets is ^3.00 per month, or ten cents the round trip; and single trip tickets to San Francisco and return, twenty-five cents. No line of transportation in the world carries passen- gers for so cheap a rate.

THE RAILROAD YARDS.

Bridges and Buildings, Motive Power and Repairing Depart- ments.

The headquarters of the constructive operations of the Southern Pacific Company's system are at the West Oalvland yards.

The bridge and building department does all the building for the railroad and for the Pacific Improve- ment Company, a branch of the Southern Pacific, with the single exception of the laying of the rails. It primarily is designed to build all the bridges which the track and engineer departments require. The lat-

5

36

ILLUSTRATED ALBUM OF ALAMEDA COUNTY.

ter department supplies the superintendent with a pro- file of the^space to be bridged and the data necessarily connected therewith. From this the designs are drawn and the parts of the bridge made and fitted in these yards. The bridge is built in place by a gang from this department, and when finished and turned over to the track department is ready to receive the rails.

The territory extends all over the Pacific Coast to the most distant points reached b\' the Southern Pacific Company's lines, whether owned or lea.sed. To the south it reaches El Paso, to the east Ogden, ■ and toward the north it runs into Oregon. Over this territory it supplies, with the exception of ties, every bit of lumber that is used by the several departments of the road, even pro\iding the car department at Sacramento with all its material. When a new road is building, this department is at the end of track or even beyond erecting section houses, tool houses, and bunks for the use of the track department. Other gangs are at work along the scarcel)' finished sections of the road erecting stations, section houses, and all the necessary structures incidental to the needs of the railway. The department is even farther reaching in its scope, for it does the work of construction for the Pacific Improvement Company. The new Del Monte Hotel, at Monterey, Hotel El Carmelo.at Pacific Grove, Castle Crag, near Mount Shasta, are all the work of this department, and a singular proof of the capacity of the West Oakland yards is the fact that the task of supplying the material for this enormous structure did not in the least interfere with the usual work of the shop.

All stations, roundhouses, and other buildings are constructed from data supplied to this department. The designs are drawn and the specifications made for every piece of constructive work undertaken. All the work is done at these shops as far as possible, and the intention is always to complete the work in all its parts so that at the place of erection nothing is left the workgien but to fit the pieces together according to the orders given. The department has charge of the shipyard, also, at West Oakland, and has built or repaired all the steamers of the railroad company's large fleet During the past year this one department has handled over fifteen million feet of lumber and has given employment to some twenty-five hundred men, of which number at least four hundred and fifty are carried upon the pay roll of the Oakland shops.

Another department of these yards is that of motive power and machinery. The steamers of the ferry service upon the bay and the Sacramento River are built and repaired, and the locomotive engines receive

all repairs short of rebuilding. The buildings of the de- partment of motive power and machinery stand close together at the shore of the bay, and in addition to a few tool houses are the machine shop, the blacksmithy, and the roundhouse. The division for which these are the repair shops extends from Oakland to San Jose by Niles, to Sacramento by Livermore on the Western Pacific, to Sacramento by Benicia on the Northern and California Pacific, and to Lathrop. All ordinary and running repairs to engines employed upon the lines between Oakland and these points are done at these yards; rebuilding is done at Sacramento. The main line and local systems of the division keep ninety locomotives in use, all of which pass through these shops. The Oakland local train service requires seven large local engines built expresslj' for this use. They are built with the tender and engine in one block, and the greater part of the w'eight is supported upon the six driving wheels; at each end is a single truck of two ordinary small wheels. The local service to Alameda employs four small local engines, which run about two years before repairs are necessary. Seven small local engines are employed upon the Berlceley service.

The division switch engines at Port Costa, the West Oakland yard, and the San Francisco yard, number twenty-six. Four of these are the largest switch engines made, being eighteen by twenty-four ten-wheel locomotives, equal in size to the largest freight engines. The remainder of this class have si.xteen and seventeen-inch cylinders. Because of the heavy service to which they are subjected they come in for repairs after about eighteen months' work. The average life of the passenger and freight engine on these lines is about two and a half years. The re- maining twenty-eight engines of the division are freight and extra passenger engines.

The blacksmithy has four forges and a steam ham- mer of ten tons. The machine shop is amply fitted with necessary tools, a lathe for turning tires, which is now at work upon steel tires for the South Pacific Coast Railroad, because the shops of that road at Newark have not the necessary tools for such work, an hydraulic press for putting wheels on, a large planer, a large slatting machine, three drill punches, and six lathes. Here also is the air compressor which supplies the block signal system, extending from the pier to Sixteenth Street on the overland lines, and to Alice Street on the Fifteenth Street lines. The roundhouse has room for twenty-one locomo- tives. The daily supply of coal used by the locomo- tives is, on the average, one hundred tons.

The department employs one hundred and ten men.

ILLUSTRATED ALBUM OF ALAMEDA COUNTY.

iJ

and the pay roll is growing larger every month. These are classed as follows: Mechanics, thirty-four, comprising smiths, carpenters, boiler makers, ma- chinists, and painters; helpers, twenty-six; laborers, twenty-two; wipers, fifteen, being boys who are in the line pf eventually becoming engineers; watchmen and dispatchers, eleven ; a foreman of the roundhouse and a foreman of the machine shop. The engineers num- ber ninety-five, and the firemen ninety-eight. The monthly pay roll amounts to ^21,000, of which the engineers receive ^10,000, the repairing branch $6,000, and the firemen ;^5,000.

The passenger engines outside of Oakland and the yards make a monthly run of one hundred eighteen thousand four hundred seventy-eight miles; the freight engines, sixty-four thousand seven hundred eighty- six ; way switching, five thousand six hundred eighty- two; terminal switching, fifty thousand seven hundred forty-one; and miscellaneous, three thousand three hundred ninety-six, making a total distance traversed in this division each month of two hundred thirty- three thousand eighty-three miles.

The shipyard, which belongs to the bridge building department, is close alongside the repair shops, upon the shore of the creek. It was first established in its present place in 1874, and the steamers Oakland and Transit were the first boats built here. In quick suc- cession the Capitol, Jttlia, Amelia, and El Capitan were repaired upon these ways, and in 1878 the So- lano was built. This, the mammoth steamer of the company's fleet, is the largest ferryboat in the world. She has two beam engines, each si.xty inches in diameter, with eleven feet stroke. Her eight steel boilers were built in Sacramento. The Apache and Modoc were then built for use on the Sacramento River, followed in 1883 by the Piedmont, as hand- some a boat as was ever used on any ferry service.

In the car department all cars or coaches arriving from the East are thoroughly inspected, repaired, and cleaned. The yard set apart for this purpose is prob- ably the most extensive and best fitted for the purpose in the United States. Its order and cleanliness at- tract the attention of every Eastern railroad man who visits it. There are ten parallel tracks, one thou- sand feet long, with all necessary switches and cut-offs, running into a long brick shop, with transfer table and a separate track for the wrecking train, which stands alone, fully equipped with all tools, provisions, and every requisite for picking up a wreck. The main avenue down the yard is thirty feet between tracks, and here are kept in handy rack sand bins all tools and material required for the work. From two hundred to four hundred passenger coaches are cleaned monthly at these yards.

CHAPTER VL

ECCLESIASTICAL AND FRATERNAL.

Denominational Statistics — All the Various Evangelical and the Roman Catholic Societies Have Churches in Different Parts of the County — Other Religious Institutions — The Fraternities — They are all Represented — Clubs — Charitable Institutions, etc.

Congrec;ationalism. — There are at the present time fifteen Congregational Churches and seven missions in Alameda County. The oldest organization is that of the First Church of Oakland, Rev. J. K. McLean, pas- tor. It was organized December 9, i860, with seven- teen members. The aggregate membership in the county now is nearly twenty-six hundred. The de- nomination has fifteen church edifices, of the aggregate value of ^218,250. The annual coiftributions aggre- gate nearly ;$45,ooo for congregational expenses, and about ;^I 5,000 for home and foreign missions, or a total of ^60,000. There are twenty-five Sunday schools, with a membership of three thousand one hundred.

Within the limits of the county this denomination has a theological seminary (the Pacific) and a prepar- atory school (the Hopkins Academy). The two own real estate valued at $100,000, and have endowments of $200,000.

The First Congregational Church of Oakland has a membership of one thousand members, and raises an- nually a large sum for the missions. It has the finest church edifice and chapel in the county, which is shown in plate No. 18.

Presbyterianism. — There are in the county nine- teen Presbyterian congregations, with a total member- ship of nearly three thousand. The number of Sun- day school scholars in these churches, with their mis- sion schools, is three thousand eight hundred. The total amount of money contributed by the members of these churches during the past year for all purposes was about $65,000.' The largest of these congrega- tions is that of the First Presbyterian Church ofOak- land, Rev. Robert F. Coyle, D. D. (not long ago of the Fullerton Avenue Presbyterian Church af Chicago), pastor. It now has a membership of upward of one thousand, having gained about three hundred the past year. It is shown in plate 13 in this book. Its mem- bers contributed about $26,000 in 1 892, of which nearly $4,000 was for missionary work at home and abroad. These congregations are now in the newly created Presbytery of Oakland, which includes Alameda and Contra Costa Counties. There is a social organization known as the Presbyterian Social Union of Alameda County, which holds quarterly social meetings.

ILLUSTRATED ALBUM OF ALAMEDA COUNTY.

There are also two small United Presbyterian mission congregations in the county — one in Oakland and the other in Alameda — and a Reformed Presbyterian Chi- nese mission, neither of them yet having a church structure. Both of the United Presbyterian congre- gations expect to build this year, having secured building sites.

Methodist Episcopal. — One of the earliest denom- inations to organize a society in Alameda County was that of the Methodist Episcopal, and it is now one of the strongest. It has an aggregate membership of nearly three thousand in the county. The first society now numbers about one thousand members and has a large church edifice. It has upward of twenty build- ings in the county, of an aggregate value of about ^150,000. Its 'total annual contributions amount to ;^SOjOOO and upward. It is one of the foremost in Sunday school work.

The church structure is very complete in its ap- pointments in the way of Sunday school rooms, class rooms, parlors, libraries, etc. The sum of $10,000 was expended in improvements last j-ear.

TrfE Seventh-d.\y Adven'tists. — This people intro- duced their faith into Oakland about the year 1874, first by means of tent meetings and the circulation of literature pertaining to their peculiar doctrines. In 1876 they organized a church, and erected a house of worship at the corner of 1 3th and Clay Streets. Soon after the introduction of their faith, they also estab- lished a publishing house, now known as the Pacific Press Publishing Company. This establishment has had a marvelous growth, and is now capitalized at $200,000. The church organization also outgrew its first building, and in 1887 built a larger house, the auditorium having a seating capacity of about 1,200. This house stands at the corner of I2th and Brush Streets, on the same block as the publishing house. The membership of the church is 450, with a Sabbath school of 416 members, at present writing.

Unitarl\nism. — ^The first Unitarian society was founded in Oakland under the auspices of Rev. Charles W. Wendte, in 1886, with about fifty families, and at the present it numbers about three hundred families, or one thousand souls. This society of liberal Chris- tians erected a handsome church edifice in 1 891, at a cost of $80,000, and contributes an annual income of about $9,000. Its bond of union is: "In the love of truth and the Spirit of Jesus Christ we unite in the worship of God and the service of man." It has about two hundred in its Sunday school. It has also con- nected with it several societies and clubs, among them the Starr King Fraternity of two hundred sixty-six

members, which maintains reading room, entertainments and literary classes, etc.; Unity Club of young people; Lend a Hand arid Yule Clubs; Woman's Auxiliary, eighty members. There are also Unitarian congre- gations in Alameda and Berkeley, recently organized, which have not yet erected church edifices. The build- ing of the Oakland society is shown in plate No. 17.

Roman Catholic. — There are twelve Roman Cath- olic parishes in the county, with a total membership of about seven thousand five hundred, and church and residence property valued at $200,000. Flourishing parochial schools are running in each parish. Some of these schools have prepared and sent specimens of their work for exhibit in the Educational Department at Chicago.

One of the finest churches of the denomination on the Pacific Coast is that of St. Francis de Sales parish, Oakland, just completed this year. It is shown in plate No. 22.

Protestant Episcopal. — There are five Protestant Episcopal parishes in Oakland; two of them, St. John's and St. Paul's Churches, are in central Oakland; the Church of the Advent, East Oakland; St. Andrews, West Oakland, and Trinity, North Oakland. There are also flourishing parisiies in Alameda and Berkeley, and missions in other parts of the county.

Universalism. — The First Universalist congregation of Oakland was organized some j'ears ago and has a neat chapel seating about five hundred persons. It is under the pa.storal chargeof Rev. Samuel Goodenough, and has for many years been under his care.

Baptists. — The first organization of the Baptists in Alameda was that of the First Church, Oakland, in 1854. There are now ten organizations in the county, with nine church buildings, of the aggregate value of about $70,- 000. The total membership is about one thousand six hundred. The annual contributions for all pur- poses averages about $25,000. There are thirteen Sunday schools, with one thousand four hundred pupils enrolled.

The Free Baptists have an organization in Oakland with a membership of about one hundred and a build- ing and lot worth about $6,000.

Disciples of Christ. — There are two congregations of the Christian Church in Alameda County, with a membership of about six hundred. The largest of these is in Oakland and includes in its membership leading citizens. The other is at Irvington, in Wash- ington Township.

Evangelical Lutheran. — There are three Lu- theran congregations in Alameda County; two of these

ILLUSTRATED ALBUM OF ALAMEDA COUNTY.

39

are German. They have church structures and large congregations. The English Lutheran congregation have recently purchased a lot in the central portion of Oakland and are now erecting a handsome church thereon.

Hebrew Congregations. — There are two He- brew congregations in Oakland — one known as the Orthodox and the other Reformed- The First Hebrew Congregation owns a synagogue at Clay and Thirteenth Streets and has regular services. At present it is without a rabbi. The other congregation, known as Beth Israel, is not ver)- large and is renting a chapel for a synagogue.

Latter-day Saints — There is a small congrega- tion of Latter-day Saints (Josephites — anti-polygamy Mormons) who own a small church and lot in Oak- land.

Oakland Young Men's Christian Association. — The association in Oakland was organized in 1 879, and has had a perpetual existence from that date for- ward. Its earlier years were filled with many trials and difficulties, and at some points it seemed as though the work must be given up. These difficulties were all surmounted, however, and to-day the association has its home in the handsome building on the corner of Twelfth and Clay Streets. The lot and improve- ments upon it are to-day worth nearly, if not quite, ^100,000. The erection of the building is due to the persistent efforts of Captain Bray, who was secretary during the years from 1885 to 1891.

The nominal membership fee is five dollars per year, including evening educational class advantages, to- gether with all the privileges of the gymnasium, bowl- ing alley, bathrooms, reading room, members' parlor, social entertainments, receptions, and frequent literary entertainments of a high order. The Junior Depart- ment includes bo)'S from the ages of eleven to sixteen, who have all the abo\'e privileges, under certain re- strictions and during certain hours of the week. In the Physical Department a thorough system of medical examinations and measurements is carried out under the directions of the physical instructor. No boy or young man is permitted to exercise in the gymnasium without having first taken the necessary examination, to determine whether or not he has any physical im- perfections which would make any line of exercise in- jurious to him.

The management of the association is, at the present time, vested in a Board of Directors, composed of eight- een business men of the city. The membership roll la-st year (1892) reached seven hundred.

Young Women's Christian Association. — On Oc-

tober 5, 1877, a number of ladies of Oakland met to- gether and organized the Young Women's Christian Association of Oakland. The association was incor- porated under the laws of the State, on November 19, 1882. Its work among homeless and friendless young women was similar to that done by the Young Men's Christian Association. Its object was outlined to be for the purposes of establishing an industrial depart- ment to provide employment for destitute and unem- ployed women; also a reading room and library for girls and women; to seek out young women and uncared-for children residing in the city, or who, on arriving in Oakland friendless or homeless, needed advice, sympathy, or temporary aid, to extend to them the hand of encouragement, to surround them with moral and religious influences, and to provide them with a Christian home, to carry Bible truths, Christian sympathy, love, and help to families needing such min- istrations, also to persons confined in hospitals and prisons.

A new, handsome building of three stories in height was erected during 1892 and dedicated shortly before Christmas. Its purpose and use is the same as that of the Young Men's Christian Association. The lot and building are worth about ,^40,000. It was erected largely by the liberal contributions of friends. It is being furnished the same way.

Young Men's Institute. — Taking pattern from the Young Men's Christian Association's work among young men, and especially among those homeless and friendless strangers from the Eastern States, the younger members of the Roman Catholic Church organized a few years ago a society among the young members of the denomination, called the Young Men's Insti- tute. There are a number of these societies or councils in Alameda County. They have a very bene- ficial effect, providing rooms and places where young men without homes may spend pleasant evenings.

Young Ladies' Institute. — Similar to the Young Women's Christian Association is the Young Ladies' Institute, with its membership confined to the young women of the Roman Catholic Church or adherents of that communion. It has three institutes in Ala- meda County.

THE FRATERNAL SOCIETIES.

Free and Accepted Masons — Independent Order of Odd Fel- lows— Knights of Pythias — Ancient Order of United Work- men— Knights of Honor — American Legion of Honor — Chosen Friends — Woodmen of the World, etc.

In the early days of the Pioneers the fraternal so- cieties of the older civilization followed to California,

40

ILLUSTRATED ALBUM OF ALAMEDA COUNTY.

and the Masonic and Odd Fellows' lodges were or- ganized in every mining camp of any prominence. Many of these old lodges still exist in the mining towns, and scores of members still belong who annu- ally send their dues, but who have drifted away into other towns and business, and have not been in their lodge room for many years. All the fraternal socie- ties of prominence known in the Eastern States have lodges, councils, or camps in California.

Masonic. — There is a lodge of F. and A. M. in nearly all the cities and towns of Alameda County. The total number of lodges in the county is nine, with an aggregate membership of one thousand and fifty.

There are three chapters of Royal Arch Masons^ with three hundred and fifty members.

There is one commandery of Knights Templar, with a membership of one hundred and seventy-five.

There are a lodge, chapter and council of the Ac- cepted and Ancient Scottish Rite, with one hundred members.

There is a Council of Royal and selected Masters, of one hundred members.

There are four chapters of the Order of the Eastern Star in the county, with a membership of five hundred and fifty.

Odd Fellows. — In Alameda County there are eight- een subordinate lodges of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, and two thousand members.

There are three encampments of the Patriarchal branch, with two hundred and twenty-five members.

There is one canton of Patriarchs Militant, with a membership of sixty.

There are eight Rebekah Degree lodges, and a membership of seven hundred.

Knights of Pythias. — This order, founded on the legendary friendship of Damon and Pythias, spread to the Pacific Coast shortly after its organization in the East, and its lodges in Alameda County were among the earliest in California. There are now seven lodges, with a membership of one thousand. There is a division of the Uniform Rank, and several circles of Pythian Sisters in the county.

Red Men. — The Independent Order of Red Men had several flourishing tribes in Alameda County prior to ten years ago, but some, if not all, surren- dered their charters owing to local troubles. There are now four tribes, with a membership of two hun- dred and fifty.

Foresters. — There are in Alameda County seven courts of the Ancient Order of Foresters, with nine hundred members. There are also five circles

of the Companions of the Forest, with a membership of two hundred.

The Independent Order of Foresters have five courts and about one hundred members.

United Workmen. — Nearly all the death benefit or bequeathment societies in the Union have lodges councils, etc., in Alameda County, foremost among them being the Ancient Order of United Workmen, which organized the first three lodges on the Pacific Coast in Oakland in 1876, and from this nucleus spread across the bay to San Francisco and over the State and coast, there being now about eighteen thousand in the State. The first meeting of the Grand Lodge was held in Oakland. There are now twenty-two lodges in Alameda County, with a total membership of two thousand three hundred.

KNIGHTS OF Honor.— The Knights of Honor came to the Pacific Coast in 1 879. They have in Ala- meda County five lodges and a total membership of three hundred.

Chosen Friends. — The Order of Chosen Friends, prior to the division and seceding of the so-called Inde- pendent Order of Chosen Friends, of the Pacific Coast, had upward of one thousand members in Alameda County. It now has seven councils and four hundred and fifty members in the county.

Woodmen of the World — The Woodmen of the World were organized in Alameda County by members from Colorado in 1892, and now have six camps in the county, with a membership of four hundred.

Native Sons .^nd Daughters. — The Native Sons of the Golden WeiJt is an organization composed of young men — natives of California. They have nine parlors in Alameda County, with eight hundred mem- bers.

The Native Daughters of the Golden West have two parlors in Alameda County. This organization is similar to that of the Native Sons.

Grand Army. — There are in Alameda County about one thousand five hundred survivors of the Union Army and Navy of the late Civil War. Of these about four hundred only are in the Grand Army of the Republic. The.se are in five posts in various parts of the county.

TEMPERANCE SOCIETIES.

There are five lodges of Good Templars in Alameda County, with a membership of three hundred.

The Sons and Daughters of Temperance have one division in Alameda County.

The Woman's Christian Temperance Union has a membership of about five hundred in Alameda County, with branches in the various towns.

PLATE

CONGREeATIoNAL CliURSH, 12 1-" a. CLAY sts. OAKLAND.

ILLUSTRATED ALBUM OF ALAMEDA COUNTY.

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The Non-Partisan Woman's Christian Temperance Union lias a branch society in Oakland.

The Young Woman's Christian Temperance Union has an organization in the county.

There is a Francis Murpliy Temperance Society with rooms in Oakland, kept up by contributions, hav- ing reading rooms, parlors, etc.

latter on a cove in the Bay of San Francisco at the foot of Grand Street, Alameda.

MISCELLANEOUS FRATERNAL SOCIETIES.

The Ancient Order of Hibernians have one lodge.

There is one lodge of the Knights and Lacies of Honor.

The Sons of Veterans have one camp.

The Benevolent Protective Order of Elks have a strong lodge.

There is one grove of the United Ancient Order of Druids.

The Equitable Aid Union has one lodge in the county.

An Assembly of the National Union was recently formed in Oakland.

The Knights of the Golden Eagle have recently or- ganized a castle.

The Sons of St. George and Daughters of St. George have each a strong society.

The Patriotic Sons of America have one camp.

The Order of Scottish Clans have one clan.

There is one lodge of the Order of Herman's Sons.

There is a branch of the St. Andrew's Society.

There is a branch of the British Benevolent Society and also an organization known as the British Ameri- can Association in Alameda.

The Woman's Relief Corps, auxiliary to the Grand Army, have four corps in Alameda County, each of which raises funds and dispenses relief to the destitute old soldiers or sailors and their families.

There is also one circle of the Ladies of the Grand Army organized for the same purpose.

CLUBS.

There are in Alameda County about twenty-five clubs of various kinds. There are in Oakland twelve social clubs, most prominent among them the Athenian and Deutscher. There are two athletic clubs, — the Reliance and Acme. There are three boat clubs, — the Oakland Canoe, the Alameda, and the Encinal of Alameda. The two former have boathouses on the estuary of San Antonio, or Oakland Creek, and the

CHARITABLE INSTITUTIONS.

There are a number of charitable institutions in the county for the purpose of dispensing relief to the needy and destitute. Among the most prominent of these is the Associated Charities of Oakland, composed of del- egates from the various religious denominations and fraternal societies. This society investigates cases of needy poor and destitute, and in conjunction with the Oakland Benevolent Society, dispenses aid. These two societies work together.

The Catholic Ladies' Aid Society was originated by Mrs. Mary Lohse, an Alameda County lady, some years ago, and is now a State society, /. f., has branches in various counties. It raises funds and dispenses aid to deserving poor.

The Daughters of Israel is a society formed of He- brew ladies, but their charity is not confined exclu- sively to the needy of their denomination.

The German Ladies' Aid Society is another society that disburses considerable sums annually to worthy poor.

The Oakland Ladies' Relief Society was organized many years ago- It maintains an Old Ladies' Home at Temescal, a suburb of Oakland.

Home for Orphans. — In 1887 a society was organ- ized in East Oakland by a few philanthropic ladies to aid children of destitute families in a small way. They met occasionally for the purpose of sewing for and supplying them with garments. They picked up from time to time about a dozen waifs and cared for • them until it was deemed expedient to remove to West Oakland. Here a small cottage was rented and the children placed in charge of a matron. The work of the society finally awakened public interest and it grew and prospered so that it was found necessary to re- move to more commodious quarters. These were found at the corner of Taylor and Campbell Streets, West Oakland. This property was purchased by the society, which had incorporated under the name of the West Oakland Home for the Care and Training of Orphans, Half Orphans and Destitute Children, for ,$8,000. The late Charles Crocker gave ;$ 1,000 and the remaining ^7,000 was contributed by citizens, in smaller amounts, giving the home to the association free from debt. In 1890 the home was found inade- quate on account of the large increase in the number of children to care for, and an annex was erected at a cost of ,$8,500 additional.

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ILLUSTRATED ALBUM OF ALAMEDA COUNTY.

CHAPTER VII.

CITY OF OAKLAND AND ENVIRONS.

The Second City in California — "Athens of the Pacific" — Great Railroad Center — Unexcelled Climate — Fine Har- bor— Superior Manufacturing Sites — Educational Advan- tages— Excellent Public Schools and Colleges for Tech- nical Training.

The city of Oakland, the county seat of Alameda County, California, is on the mainland, on the shores of the Bay of San Francisco, directly opposite the city and peninsula of that name. It is partly in Oakland and partly in Brooklyn Township. The following con- densed statement with refei'ence to this city was pub- lished in the December, 1892, North American Review:

"Oakland is the second city in California; popula- tion, sixty thousand; steady annual increase, four thou- sand; situation directly opposite San Francisco on the eastern shore of the bay, eight miles from city to city. Trains and ferryboats make connecting trips, one every fifteen minutes; time across, thirty minutes. Ferry trains penetrate the business and residence por- tions; single fare, fifteen cents; round trip, twentj'-five cents; monthly commutation ticket, daily round trip, ;g3.00per month, or fivecents across — eight miles forfive cents. Number of passengers daily, over twenty thou- sand. The steamer ride (fifteen minutesj is across the most beautiful harbor in America. Oakland is the actual terminus of the transcontinental railroad; all inland trains stop here, San Francisco being reached by ferry. Freight and passenger service are separate. Passenger boats carry from two thousand to four thou- sand passengers each. The importance of Oakland as a railroad center is well stated in the official 'Report of the Internal Commerce of the United States,' at page 178, thus: 'Oakland is in fact a great railroad center, the system which penetrates there being local, suburban. State, coast, and transcontinental.' Daily departure and arrival of trains, over three hundred.

" Oakland Harbor.-^— On the south side of the cit\- stretches the only east side harbor, an arm of the baj- ; ^990,000 completes it; the work can be done in two years; ;^ 1,5 34,000 has already been expended by the government. Harbor freight trafific, 1874, only one hundred fifty-four thousand three hundred tons; in 1888, two million five hundred ninety thousand tons; it is now over three million tons annually.

"Electric Railroads. — City, suburban and cross town roads, fifty miles; cable roads, ten miles; any fare, with transfers, five cents; steam train from eastern to western city limits, five miles. No charge within city limits allowed.

"Resources, Wealth, etc. — The taxable base, real estate alone in the city, 1^42, 000,000; personal property, ^4,000,000. One dollar on the hundred is the charter limit of city tax. Streets, bituminized or macadamized, one hundred miles; sewers, one hundred and fifty miles.

"Manufactories. — Ninety-eight; people employed, five thousand — including cotton mills, nail works, iron- works, fruit packing establishments, carriage factories, piano factory, flour mills, planing mills, potteries, shirt factories, tanneries, boiler works, paint factories, boot and shoe factory, sash and door factory, brass works, jute mills, glass works, railroad shops, etc. Banks, seven; capital stock paid in, ;§ 1,604,000; deposits, $10,513,530.

"Athens of the Pacific— Properly so called be- cause of educational