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be s
WITH WHICH IS INCORPORATED THE HARDWARE TRADES' REVIEW.
Vol. XI., No. 164.
MAKCH 1, 1884. J/^ ^-/o -/ Price, with Supplements, 4d.
DUNBAR, M^MASTER & CO,,
GILFORD, IRELAND,
LONDON— 40, Noble Street. NORTHAMPTON~43, St. Giles Street.
Manufacturerfirall kinds of LINEN THREADS.
Highest Medals were awarded Dunbar & Co.'s Thi-eads wherever exhibited,
FOR HAND OR MACHINE SEWING OF ALL DESCRIPTIONS,
SUITABLE FOR ALL PUEPOSES, SHOES, SOLE-SEWING, TAILOES, &c.
DUNBAR & CO;S THREADS ARE THE BEST.
Samples and Prices on Application.
BEST MACHINES tWe WORLD for AGENTS & SHIPPERS to handle.
Afford a greater margin of profit to dealers than can he obtained from any other Machine in the Market,
"We Carefully Protect our Agents' Districts.
Factory: GUIDE BRIDGE, nr. MANCHESTER.
THE
LARGEST FACTORY rN ENGLAND
EXCLUSIVELY MANUFACTURING
FIRST-CLASS SEWING MACHINES.
THE JOTON.U. OF DOMESTIC APPLIANCES AND SEWING MACHINE GAZETTE.
CONTENTS
The New Improved White Machine
Art in Everyday Life . .
Eeceut Improvement in Sewing' Machines
Varnish . .
Tlie ^Miite Macliine '.'. '" ['
Leader . . . , ' * '
The Eohde Friction Clutch .. ]'
In a Quindary ..
Finisliing Wood . . _" ]
Then and Now . .
Why he Failed . . ., \\
Thread- Winding Attachment for Sewing Machines
Infalhble Method of Keeping Needles ^f^l
Commercial Travellers Patents ..
March 1, 1881.
Andi'ews, W. . Metropolitan Machinists' Co. ihe bt. George's Foundry Co Singer & Co '
liiCYCLE Bearings ANDFrnJ^r w!
Bishop's Cluster Co ManufacturehS :
Keat and Hons
Boot Machinery Manu'factubehs"' '" '" English and American Co ™'^''^ '
Howe Machine Co., Limited ■ ■
Foster . . Harrison . . Leicester Hosiery Co " "'
Mincing AIachine Manufacturer -■■ '" ••
Sehg, Sonncnthal and Co Motors : "■•■...
Griscom , .
Screw Manufacturers' • '"
Luckau and Stiffen
SEmNG Machine Manu;actu;ers ."
BrnSi^Kr^S-arc^-^^-^-Co. ..
&^S----^-: :: :: ::
iimile James
PAOH.
:
6
2
4
5
10
7 10
38
24
Sewing Machine Manufacturers— fo«/w;K«</.
Singer Manufacturing Company
Jones
Grimme, Natalis and Co.
Sellers & Sons . . . . .' [
Varley and Wolfenden . .
Wliite Sewing Macliine Co. . .'
Tester and Co. . .
Gibson and Co. Seeing Machine Attachment Makers
Bishop's Cluster Co
Andrews.. Se;\'ing Machine and Bicycle Oh" " Ma^^rs • ' Bishop's Cluster Co. . . Nye's Sperm Oil . . [[
Sewing Thread Manufacturers : "
Barbour and Sons
Dunbar, McJIaster and Co.
Finlayson, Bousfield and Co. "
Marshall and Co.
C. A. Eickards . . . . \\
Sundries : ■ • • .
Blakey, J.
Eedf ern . . . . \\
Drew& Cadman Transfers :
Gay, WiUiam . . Washing Machine Manufacturers'-
Moore, Murton and Varley
Holmes, Pearson, and Jlidgley
~ ^ THE
- dfliinial ai gmtstk ^^^Imm,
I AND
^ijiuing BH^mt, (Biiztttt
PUBLISHING OFFICE-
lO, TYPE STREET. FINSBURY, LONDON, E.G. '
Half „° ■■■ ■•■ ^i 0 C per insertion.
One Tbird Page .'.'.■ i o "
Quarter „ | °
One Sixth „ ..; ■■■ ■■• n ,;
oiie Eighth ::: ••■ j j|
{Special Rates for a Series ) This Journal is sent PostFree for 43 6cl.
24
10
0 0 0 0 0
a year.
KEIGHLEY,
WOLFENDEN
ENGLAND.
SOLE MANUFACTUEEBS OF THE
^
eVebOfS GEIoEBf^ATED
LOCK STITCH SEWING MACHINE
POE DOMESTIC AND MANUFACTUSlNG PURPOSES ' TO WORK EITSER BY HAND OR FOOT.
These Macliines are made from th^ P<.ot \ir i ■ ^
-passed for exceUe^nVof ?nthtrS;bnt"'^"°' ''
Shipping Orders executed oa the shortest notice.
March 1, 1884.
THE JOURNAL OF DOMESTIC APPLIANCES AND SEWING MACHINE GAZETTE.
GRAND PRIZE GRAND CROSS
PARIS INTERNATIONAL
WM. BARBOUR AND SONS,
I-i I S B XJ I^ IsT,
I ,"R, E IL, ^^ 3Sr HD -
Were awarded by the International Jury of the Paris Exhibition the
Given to the Linen Thread Trade of the World.
Grand Medal.
First Prize Medal,
Vienna 1873.
First Prize Medal,
For Progress,
Philadelphia, 1876. PhUadelphia, 1876.
MANUFACTURERS OF
"Vienna, 1873.
SHOE AND TAILORS' THREADS,
SEWING MACHINE THREADS,
Threads specially made for the Blake Sole Sewings Machines, for the Crispin, Whittemore, Mills and Blake Pump
Machines. Also WAX THREADS for the Pearson and Other Machines, used in Sewing Leather First Prize Medal, First Prize Medal,
CABLE-TWIST SIX CORD,
On loz. SPOOLS for EXTEA LEATHER WORK.
Far stronger than Sillc, and much cheaper.
THREE COED SEWING MACHINE THREADS,
On 2oz. SPOOLS.
London, 1862.
Also all Numbers one Price, at One Penny, Threepence, and Sixpence per SPOOL. Strongest Quality made.
To be had at all Wholesale IVarehouses.
London, 1863r
London Warehouse :-12, BREAD STREET, LONDON, EC. Manchester do. 28, MOSLEY STREET.
Aqkhoies— Northampton, 44, Horse Market ; Stafford, Rowley Street ; Glasgow, 48, Queen Street ; Dublin, 10, St. Andrew's Street : Pelfaat, ^ 8, Donegall Square, WeBt ; Paris, Rue Thevenot, 25 ; Hamburg, Gr. Reichenstrasse, 31 ; Madrid, Turco. 8 Prai-.
THE JOUKNAL OF DOMESTIC APPLIANCES AND SEWING MACHINE GAZETTE. March 1, 18W.
THE WHITE SEWING MACHINE COMPANY.
MANUFACTORY
Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America.
PRINCIPAL EUROPEAN OFFICE
19, QUEEN VICTORIA ST., LONDON, E.O.
Manufacturers of the justly Celebrated
WHITE SEWING MAGimES,
THE POPULAR FAVORITES FOR NOISELESSNESS AND EASY
TREADLE MOVEMENT.
SUPERLATIVE
IN
IHCachines for
all work.
12 various I mtjriTTj
styles. I intllt
Every Macblne
Warranted for
5 years. Legal
Guarantee.
ATTRIBUTES.
It is the Finest Finished and Best
Made Machine in the World. It is the Easiest-Selling and Best- ^ Satisfying Machine ever Produced.
The "PEERLESS"
Hand Shuttle Sewing Machines.
Price Ji4 O O LIBERAL TERMS TO RESPONSIBLE DEALERS
c V <. ^ K <• AND AGENTS.
Style ISo. 8. (^tvlk No. 'J.
All Sewing ]\Iachine Agents, Dealeis, and Operators are invited to call and inspect this— the latest ImproTed ftnd Best Silent Lock-Stitch Shuttle Sewing Machine— or send for Pamphlets, Circulars, &c., to
WHITE SEWING MACHINE COMPANY,
19, Queen Victoria Street, London, E.C.
\
March 1, 1884. THE JOUENAL OF DOMESTIC APPLIANCES AND SEWING MACHINE GAZETTE.
(MANUFACTURERS' AGENTS),
SOLE WHOLESALE AGENTS FOR THE
6RITZ1IER HAPFACTURIHIi COHFAM
IN GREAT BRITAIN AND THE COLONIES.
OB TREABiLE-BOMESTIC ^ MANO^FACTeBIMG.
The Sewing Machines manufac- tured by Messrs. Gritzner & Co., of Durlach, have won Prize Medals at all the principal Exhibitions during the past 5 years ; but what is of FAR MORE VALUE, they have won " golden opinions " from Agents in all parts of the World.
The Machines are constructed on the most approved scientific principles— all the parts are inter- changeable. Valuable patented im- provements have been recently added.
Special advantages are offered to Agents, and every facility is given to enable large Buyers to do a profitable and satis- factory trade-
NOTE THE ADDRESS —
JOHN TESTER & Co., 10 & 12, Dr. Johnson Passage, Birmingham. London Office and Show Rooms— 119, Goswell Road.
ALl commionications for Agencies to be addressed to BirmingJoarn-
THE JOURNAL OF DOMESTIC APPLIANCES AND SEWING MACHINE GAZETTE.
March 1, IRSl.
ELIAS HOWE SEWING MACHINES
ADAPTED FOR EVERY DESCRIPTION OF WORK.
Purcliase no Machines
WITHOUT THIS
Trade Mark.
Complete with all Appliances from
£4 4s.
Price Lists and Samples of Work post free.
Manufacturers of Boots and Cloth* iug. who carry on a high-class trade ONLY USE THE HO'WE MACHINE.
A trial is all that is necessary to con- vince those in want of a Sewing Machine tliat THE HOWE is entitled to pre- eminence over all others.
Families will find no other Machine wliich will do the same range of work. Sewing from the finest Muslin to several plies of heavy Cloth.
Dressmakers who once use THE HOWE gi\e it the preference over all others for beauty and durability of Stitch.
The Howe Machine Co. are also Manufacturers of Bicycles and Tricycles. THE HOWE BICYCLE, PRICE FROM £15 15s.
Possesses all the latest improvements, and will be found unrivalled for quality of workmanship and material. See Special Lists.
THE HOWE TRICYCLE, PRICE £16 16s.
A Machine designed on the Best Mechanical Principles.
THE HOWE MACHINE COMPANY (Limited), 46 & 48, Queen Victoria Street, London.
Factory-AVENUE STREET, BRIDGETON, GLASGOW.
GRIMMB, NATALIS & Co., liimited, BRUNSWICK (Germany),
Sewing Machine Manufacturers.
EJX*
^^^^v^KT
" OILi.CrXNAli PRXNCXiSS. Hand Machine. Specially Kecommended is exceeding-ly popular & very cheap
The "COKi/OXlBZA"
(Slng-er System), '"j|'>
Kand or Treadle. c
OHAS. BRADBURY,
cprfficjiiatirj; far (BxtRt grjtaiit,
The 'CO^-CORDZA,'
(Singer System) Hand or Treadle.
37, TORRENS ROAD. BRIXTON. LONDON. S.W.
March 1, 1884.
THE JOUENAL OF DOMESTIC APPLIANCES AND SEWING MACHINE GAZETTE.
THE **RAPID" TRICYCLE.
Dr. BUKTON, of 14, Sprinq Hill, Bikmikgham, in a letter to the Bntish Medical Jovmal, June 2ncl, 1883, says: —
" Last September I bought from the St. George's Foundry Company, Pope Street, Birmingham, ona of their " Bapid " Tricycles. It is a double-speeded Machine, enabling one to ascend even steep hills with tolerable ease and at a fair speed, '\\lien speeded for ordinary roads it travels at the rate of a little over four yards for each revolution of the crank-shaft, and when geared for hill climbing, at the rale of three yards for each such revolution. In going down inclines, it is thrown out of gear, the feet resting on the pedals, and the pace readily controlled by the brake. It is very strongly built, in proof of which, I have had it out on all sorts of roads since September, and it works easier and is better now than when new.
" I can honestly recommend this Tricycle as serviceable, reliable and economical. In this hilly town I can, with its aid, visit nearly as many patients in a given time as I formerly did with -a good horse. But, more than all, in spite of the continuously wet weather we have of late experienced, my general health has improved greatly by this exercise. For iive years before I had it I suffered almost constantly from arthritic rheumatism and sciatica ; since I have used it both these enemies have disappeared. For night work it is invaluable."
FuU particulars on application to the Patentees and Manvfacturers —
THE ST. GEORGE'S FOUNDRY COMPANY, POPE STREET, BIRMINGHAM, CHARTERHOUSE BUILDINGS, ALDERSGATE STREET, LONDON.
HOLIES, PEARSON & MIDGLEY,
MANUFACTUEBRS OF
WASHING. WRINGING, AND MANGLING
Fruit Dresser. Sugar Cutter, Chaff Cutteri
MORTIWNG MACHINES JND CIRCULAR SAW BENCHES.
PEICE LIST ON APPLICATION.
Manufactory-Royal Ironworks, Halifax Road, Keighley. London Office— 5 New Street, Bishopsgate, B.C.
KNITTING MACHINES
(L/jviB SYSTEjvi). With New Improvements.
gfiiL BiBs,^ B&€-'E m&mm'iM, Befs -bibs ®b©p„
Send for Particulars to the Agents— BISHOP'S CLUSTER GO., 25, Famsell St., London, E.G.
AMERICAN B.H.O. & SEWING MACHINE Go.
BEG TO CALL THE SPECIAL ATTENTION OF THE TEADE TO THEIE
NEW No 7 (HIGH ARM) TREADLE MACHINE,
.A-LSO THEIR.
NEW STYLE No. 8 HAND MACHINE,
No. 3 BUTTON HOLE MACHINE.
Central Agency for United Kingdom: 8, GALLOWTREE GATE, LEICESTER.-J. L. BERRIDGE, Agent.
Agents Wanted where not Repreaented.
a HO .08
THE JOUENAL OP DOMESTIC APPLIANCES AND SEWING MACHINE GAZETTE.
March 1, 1884.
STOCKiNGJ<NITTER.
Knirs Ribbed or Plain, any size, 2 Stockings at one
operation. Knits every variety of Jackets, Petticoats,
&c., Cardigan, Fancy or Plain, exactly same
as hand.
Tliis Knitter obtained the First Prize over otliers in competition at the Woollen Exhibi- tion, Crystal Palace, London, 1881. 21 New improvements. List Id. stamp.
W. HARRISON, Patentee,
r28, POBTLAND STREET, MANCHESTEB.
ANDREWS' IMPROYED HEAD.
(SEE ILLUSTRATION.)
RECENT CONTESTS WON ON ANDREW'S MACHINES.
Aston, Birminghxni. — "The Speedwell Challenge Cup" for 19 miles, by C. A. Palmer.
Liverpool, — North of England Challenge Cup, 5 miles, and 2 miles open.
Ibo of JIan. — 1, 2, and .I miles Handicap, from scratch.
Lincoln. — Two Miles Handicap, from scratch, by P. Olark* Manchester.
Glasgow, Queen's Park. — The Two Miles from scratch, by Lamb, of Edinbursh.
« Maker of the Cele'jrated "' Sanspareil " Bicycle,
STEELHOUSE LANE, BIRMINGHAM.
A_L;cnts. — W. N. Patterson, 3i>, De.i.nsgate, Manchester; Messrs. Itobinson & Price, Pmnbrokc Pl.i e, Liverpool; Messrs. Kgdell & Co., GO. Northumberland Street, Newcastle on-T)Tie, where a Stock ot tbo aliovo Machines may be ius))octed '
CHAKLES J. THUKLOW,
SI
Z »
S si
. o
■s ^
£ CO
^. a
1 5
n to
£ 3
89, CHESTER ST., HULME,
MANCHESTER.
THE BUGLET. ^°^ THE BUGLET.
GYCLISTS.
PBIZE MLDAL.
PEIZF MhDAL.
Thi only Bugle rver itiaiio liating 4 turns. The Fosieft, Bei!t,S>r.ntleit, Chenpe$ Strongest. C mcli by by 2, ovbI, 4 I'tjids. Over ifOOO now sold, Praes, 17/9 Copper, 18/6 ; Sprtial Chib, 20/., 21/.; Nickel, 23/-, 26/.; Si ver Plated. 30/- P^npraved 42y ; Prizes, 2 to 3 Qs. ; Valvps for l^ug'ot, 27 6; I lurn I'-uglet, $/. 2Turn3 4/ti; S'Jurne, 6,6; Oval, i;/(i to 6 li ; Npw Model Round Bell, 9/6; Otb hell, 2 Turns, 12 b ; 3 Turns in C, 14 6. Send f-ir New Lists, Tcslimouiali, lOf Iliuitratiuna. Agcnta' New Sliow Card.
The Larg^est Makers of Horns and Bugles ii England.
nnXTING, STAO, Tioa. rOACH, MAir,, BKAUFOIVr, DRAG. TANDEM
rO^T S.VBDLK. WHTP. KOF.XIO, BICYrBE, TllICYOl.K; &.., TIURN.S. iluntinx H .ina, ordiuiry, from 5/. Superior Solid German ano "tlier Ppeclal Stvlea, from 10 . ; Silver jNIounta from 20'-; SierJinf? Silver from 3^ (iuineas; Mail Horua; ordinary (rerman Silver Mounts and -Mouthpieci-, nnd solid wire nn Bell, from 10 u auperior, 12-iu. Ferrule. Ac , fr.-m 15 - Kelt's Special, 3) Rell, Ribe; or Solid Genuan Silver, from 2u,'. Keit's Telescope, model, from 2i,/- Caaea Biaketa, Engravings, Inscriptions; Kepairs, and all Fittings. Gratia with Purchase, '.* Inatructions to Learn Bugles and Coach Horns, Four
Pape-^, or Post Free, 2 Stamps.
THE BICYCLIST-S CORNKT, 7 by 4J, from 3 Guineas. Also for all other
Musical Inatruments, to HENRY KEAT & SONS (hsVLi.tors of th«
Buglet), Manul'acturera, (iovernment t-'ontractur , uml l-.xpo.t Ir actors,
105: MATTHIAS BOA H LONIHJN, .V.
C. A. RICHARDS,
MANUFACiURER OF PURE UNWtlGHTED DYE
MACHINE SILKS
AND
Closing Twists,
SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOE
LEATHER WORK
Superior in Strength,
Evenness,
And Length.
Works : BELL BUSK, via LEEDS.
London Office: Wood Street, E.G.
10 Ii^VEL,TOitS, GENERAL PATEi^T OiJ'flOiS
ESTABLISHEU 1830. .n-,
G. F. REDFERN,
(Succasor to L. De Fonlain^irwreau 4' Co.), 4, SOUTH STREET, FINSBXritY, LONDON;
ProTi«!oiiil Prot<>ction, £7; French Patent, £7; Belgian, X8;
'German. i>10 ]<•.; Uni'e<l Si.t'os, jEI? 10b. Designs and Tr»i»
Alarke >'«Ki«te(«d. Cuuulai goAU on applicaticMb
March 1, 1884. THE JOURNAL OP DOMESTIC APPLUNCES AND SEWING MACHINE GAZETTE.
KNITTING MACHINES.
RESPONSIBLE AGENTS
Reciuired by the
London and Leicester Hosiery Co.,
41, CHARTERHOUSE SQUARE,
FKOFBIETOSS of the various Patents, under which they
manufacture.
GRISWOLD'S STOCKING KNITTER
is the only Eeliable Circular Eibber in the Market, and only Machine which can Fashion a Ribbed Circular Stocking, It is quicker, more simple, and more durable than any other Machme of the kind. The Trade and the Public are cautioned not to buy machines which infringe these Patents.
KNITTIK-G MACHTNE TE3TIM01TIAIS
GOLD MEDAL, NEW ZEALAND EXHIBITION, 1882.
Greenwich Hospital Schools, Jan nth, 1881. We have much pleasure in bearing teslimony to the excellency of your Knitting Machines. The whole of the socks for 1,000 boys are knitted at the School and these machines have been in constant use for eighteen montJis. They are easily undeistood by the boys, and turn out capital socks. The Kibbing Attachment is > great improvement to the machine. We have found them to work Tery satisfactorily.
(Signed) E. M. HOE.
CHAS. BUEWB T.
Eoyal Military Asylum, Chelsea. London, Jan. 7, 1881 Having had three years experience with your sock Knitting Machines, I cannot speak too highly of them both with and without the Ribbing Attachment. They give every satisfaction, and, considering they aro worked here entirely by boys, they keep in most excel* lent order.
(Signed) W. MACDONNELb, Quartermaster,
The Workhouse, Great Yarmouth, January Btti, 18S1.
ITe have had one of your Knitting Machines (84 cylinder) in use in our workroom about twelve months, with very satisfactory results. We make men's, women's, and girls' cotton ribbed Hose, also socbs for the elder boys, with this great advantage^ we can re-foot them when necessary. It work rapidly, and makes th") hose strong, and of a good shape. (Signed) E. 8. BLYTH, Matron.
Aston Hall, Oswestry, January llh, 1881!
LADT FBANOIS LLOTD has very great pleasure in expressing her approval of tbt >CnittinV Machine, She has been in possession of one for a year, and has used it conjitantiy. Xt tr^t ts bot*^ woollen, tiue silk, and cotton stockings beautifully, and in a wonderfully short Mme. Tin woijcing o' the Ma'jhine is easily acquired, and it is very interesting- Lady Francis Lloyd ooosiders it ft ve»y usefa^
Machine.
N.B. — Since theso testimonials were given several improvements have beea mad6.
Kr\. Infspection of Machines at work and of the goods they produce
is invited.
WRITE FOR PRICE LIST AND TESTIMONIALS.
10
THE JOURNAL OF DOMESTIC APPLIANCES AND SEWING MACHINE GAZETTE.
March 1, 1884.
GRISCOM'S
Electro-Motor & 'Automatic'
BATTERY.
Complete Apparatus for Driving any Family Sewing Machine, Dental Lathe, &c., £6 5 0.
Packed and Delivered in London.
First Pi ize Medals Paris and Philadelphia, 1881, and Crystal Palace, 1882.
For Trade Terms, Patents, Agencies, &c., apply to
THE ELECTRO DYNAMIC CO..
ARCHWAY HOUSE BUSH LANE, CANNON STREET, LONDON, E.G.
\
WILLIAM ANDREWS,
SEWING MACHINE SHUTTLE MANUFACTURER,
3, STEELHOUSE LANE, BIRMINGHAM.
^11 kinds of Shuttles, Reels, Feet, Clutches, Needle Plates. Oil Cans, Sarudene's Oil in Bottles, Machine Bands.
Rollers and Studs, Screws, Gear Wheels Springs, &c..
GIBSON & CO.,
NEPTUNE WORKS. 196, ICKNIELD STREET, BIRMINGHAM,
"NEPTUNE" MACHINE - - - £i 4s.
(With walnut or iron base, complete.)
RUBY " MACHINE, Complete, X4.
SOLE MANUFACTURERS OF THE
"NEPTUNE," "RUBY,"
AND
"COUNTESS'
SEWING MACHINES.
Hand or Treadle.
Agents should send order for sample.
Every Machine guaranteed to give'
perfect satisfaction.
Made from best Materials
and accurately fitted.
All orders executed within
Seven Days-
rmCE LISTS -A-ig-ID TIl.A.r)E XEKlvIS Oisr -A-Pn^IC-A-TIOIsT-
March 1, 1884.
THE JOUENAL OF DOMESTIC APPLIANCES AND SEWING MACHINE GAZETTE.
THE NEW IMPROVED WHITE SEWING MACHINE.
WITH that push and energy which has so distinguished the operations of the White Settixg Machixb Compa:!{t ever since the introduction of the machine to tlie European market, a new and improved machine has just been brought out, the mechanical appliances of which most clearly exemplify the inventive genius of the experts of the company. Examining the new machine very thoroughly, we are not disposed to question the pretensions of the company that something akin to perfection has been reahsed, for the im- provements are so palpably self-evident that the most unskilled could not fail to be struck with them when com- paring with the recent model. When the White Company first introduced their machine in Europe (and, by-the-way, this company was the first to bring into jiromineuce on this side of the water the so-called high arm machine), the older and long estabhshed companies were strongly sceptical of its success, and many of the largest dealers entertained some fears of a lasting success of the novelty as it was then styled. But there was one attribute not then taken into account, in addition to the general excellence of the machine, which the company principally rehed upon for a permanent market, that was, the exteaoedinaky light- ness, EASE IN EiTN'xiNG, and KOISELESS^^;ss. This con- fidence has been fully justified. The machine was quickly placed with the best dealers in England, and in every principal city of the entire continent, and to-day, after but little more than three years' bu.siness, is commanduig a foremost position in all the markets of the world. In noting the improvements we cannot begin better than by stating that not one jot or particle of the peculiarity of its merit as a noiseless and light ErxNiXG machine has been sacrificed — in one respect rather improved upon — for some ingenious alterations in the screwing up of the stand parts have increased the runniug power without the slighesfc extra exertion, and the vibration has been materially lessened. In the appearance of the machine head, a vast imj)rovement is at once observable. Without diminishing the abundance of room under the arm (a salient point not to be overlooked) the arm itself has a more shapely look, while the decora- tion cannot be excelled. Removing the face-plate the innovations in the working parts are clearly apparent. We shall not, however, dispose ourselves to give a lesson for the benefit of imitators in these alterations, but simply describe the results. The old style take-up is abolished and replaced by one of an entirely new principle, whereby the operator has no threading whatever to do. The upper tension is removed from the arm entirely, simplified more in threading, placed on the face plate, and thus brought nearer to the needle. An improvement has been efl'ected in the shuttle carrier with advantage ; the shuttle itself, with its self-threading merit, was so perfect that no altera- tion has been found to be necessary. A separate spindle is now used for the cotton for bobbin winding, thus obviating the necessity of removing the spool of cotton used iu sewing. The automatic bobbin winder has been subjected to some changes for the better, while the loose wheel connection for disconnecting the working parts, while bobbin winding has been materially improved.
That the new machine has been appreciated is amply attested by the increased business of the company. We hear of large orders from all parts of Great Britain, wliile our foreign correspondence denotes that the "White" is swiftly becoming a power in the laud, much to the dis-
comfiture of its competitors. This change of front has been, so to speak, a back-hauder to some of our German friends. No less than three manufactories were busily employed in making and placing on the market a close imitation of the " White," but of the old model. This fact alone is very complimentary to the success of the original machine, and as it is a well known fact in the sewing machine trade that the original will always be preferred to any imitation, however excellent, it remains now to be seen whether these pusliing competitors, who are not above desirous of thriving upon the brainwork of others, will go to the expense of abandoning the old model to manufacture the new, the more especially as we understand that the most valuable of the alterations have been patented in Great Britian and abroad.
The White Machine was justly awarded the gold medal at the International Exhibition, at Amsterdam, and we naturally expect in the forthcoming exhibitions at Antwerp, Tm-in, Nice, and Sydenham, that history will repeat itself. The announcement of the Company that the White was the only machine of American or English manufacture that obtained this distinguished award has, however, given great umbrage in some quarters, and fierce has been the warfare, particularly abroad, between the energetic agents of the White Company and the representatives of a company who obtained one of the several diplomas of honour granted. Acrimonious advertisements have been printed, and even law suits have been threatened ; but even competition of this kind only serves to stimulate business, and so long as no actual misrepresentation is made no harm is done. For the benefit of our subscribers in the trade, however, we publish the following from page 15, No. 8, of The Sewing Machine, a trade journal published in Holland, in three languages : —
'• Mr. Clemens Miiller, member of class 42 of the Inter- national Jury of the Amsterdam Exhibition, publishes what follows —
" As I had the honour to be appointed by the Chancellor of the German Empire as Juror for the Colonial Exhibition of Amsterdam, I was in this quality, and as the only expert and man of the trade for sewing machines in class 42, appointed to examine, not only the German sewing machines, but also all those of foreign manufacture, and to claim for them eventual awards. The Singer Manufac- turing Company had exhibited a very large number of machines, untU now offered in Germany under the name of " Original Singer Sewing Machines," moreover, however, a great many machines of more recent construction, of which, as far as I know, only a few samples have found their way into Germany. After a scrupulous and essential examina- tion, I could not claim any award for the former, viz., for the machines which at that time were sold in Germany, as they were by no means equal with the others, and prin- cipally with the products of most of the German manufac- tories, compared to which they were of inferior quahty. For the machines of more recent construction, however, I could claim a diploma of honour, which, in consequence, was awarded to them by class 42 of the International Jury."
Visitors to the Amsterdam Exhibition will have no difficulty in recoUecting that the machines alluded to " as of more recent construction " were essentially machines for special purposes of manufacture ; therefore, the award of the gold medal to the AVhite Sewing Machine Company for the excellence of their purely family sewing machine was the more gratifying.
12
THE JOURNAL OF DOMESTIC APPLUNCES AND SEWING MACHINE GAZETTE.
March 1, 1884.
ART IN EVERYDAY LIFE.
;R. J. 0. NICHOLSON lectured early in the past
month in Townley-street Schools, ilacclesfield, on a
subject with which he has made himself thoroughly well ac- quainted— "Art in Everyday Life." There was a large audience present by invitation of the Mutual Improvement Society. The Rev. G. J. Allen presided, and on the platform were Alderman Wright, J.P., Alderman White, J. P., and Mr. H. Birchenongh, M.A. On and around the platform were examples of wall-papers, silk, damask, lace curtains, embroidery work, pottery, metal ware, &c. The lecturer was briefly introduced by the chairman.
Mr. Nicholson, in the cause of his lecture, said : It is necessary to know what we mean or understand by "art." Man needs clothing, housing, implements or tools, fur assisting him in his laliours. These are all useful ; man looks around upon the wwld in which he lives and he sees the useful possessing features which give to certain senses he possesses pleasurable emotions. These feelings of pleasure are excited in regard to features which lie outside the region of the simply useful. The grass of the field might have been simply green, not spangled with its myriad contrasting colours, or its own colour might not have been of the hue so refreshing. The sky above us might not have been of the hue so glorious, its depth might not have been jewelled by the golden star-world. Nature might huve presented to the eye one dull monotone instead of the ever-varying delight of hill and dale, of sky and sea, of foliage and flower. Man has thus instinctively been led to desire in the ■work of his hands, in those surroundings which his necessities demand, some trace of the beautiful which he may see ou every hand wrought by the Creator of the earth and the heavens. The faculty of seeing the beautiful in nature is possessed by some in a larger degree than by others, but it may be implanted by education, and increased by observation.
Having realised the beautiful in foi'm and in colour, man has sought to express it in the building of his house and the rearing of his temple ; in the decoration of his home, and the ornamentation of his vesture. The clay bowl he made to liold the water he wished to preserve ho traced with rude drawings ; the oar, the canoe, the weapon lie carved ■with rough portraiture, yet full of interpretation of the ■varied moods of nature. His love of the beautiful, in liis desire to perpetuate its glories, has lightened the toils of his daily life, and the tomb, the last resting-place in his sojourn here, has always received the loving tribute of beautiful symbolism, or the expressions of varied human emotion. I think we may say that it is the visible manifestation of the desire to express various phases of the beautiful that we call " art," and. moreover, let us remember that it is, in the words of Mr. Gladstone, " the intelligent worship of beauty and the effort to produce it which constitute the basis of all excellence in art."
It is Mr. Ruskin who says, " Art, devoted humbly and self-forgctfiilly to the clear statement and record of the facts of the univer.se, is always helpful and beneficeut to mankind, full of comfort, strength, and salvation." It cannot be but the truest wisdom for any student of art to sit at the feet of so eminent and eloquent an exponent of art teaching as John Ruskin. He points out that good art always consists of two things : " First, the observation of fact ; secondly, the manifesting of human design and authority in the way that fact is told. Great and good art must unite the two ; it cannot exist for a moment but in their unity," and ho
adds, "No great school ever yet existed which had not for primal aim the representation of some natural' fact as truly as possible."
It will be useful for us to store in our memory that Mr. Ruskin indicates that there have been in the world but three schools of perfect art, schools which did their work as well as it seems possible to do it. These were, first, the Athenian School, which had for its end and aim the representation of the natural form of the human body, showing it in the spirit of their architecture and in the form and decoration of their pottery. Seconly, fhe Florentine School, which aimed at the perfect expression of human emotion, representing the eflects of passion in the human face and gesture. Thirdly, the Venetian School, whose greatness is founded on the single and honest etlort to give the most perfect repre- sentation possible of colour, and light, and shade as they eflect the external aspect of the human form, and its immediate accessories, architecture, furniture, and dress. It is our object, however, to speak briefly of art as it may in- fluence our everyday life. We leave tlie higher life in art for certainly a lower form, but, as certainly, if we must decorate w'ith true feeling, not for a degraded form. There must always be in decorative art a fitness for place, for use, for material ; the highest art the world has yet produced has been fitted for a place, intended to fulfil a certain purpose.
Mr. Ruskin enforces hia teaching as to the three great schools of perfect art by illustrations, first in the Athenian he instances the "Theseus" of the Elgin marbles, the sculpture of Phidias for the decoration of the temple front ; in the Italian he takes Raphael's " Dispute of the Sacrament," the fresco decorating a wall in the Camera della Segnatura in the Vatican ; and fur the Venetian School he brings be- fore us the " Marriage at Cana," liy Paul Veronese, a painting manifestly for gallery decoration. His deduction is that " the greatest decorative art is wholly unconventional, good painting and sculptures, but always fitted for its place, and subordinated to the purpose it has to serve in that .place." In like manner lei us use the highest form of decorative art so long as it is, and to the extent that it is, fitted for the object we seek to beautify. But when we come to the everyday things of life we must select a decoration which will stand the wear and tear of daily use, an ornament- ation which, when in use, will not, from its very character, become distorted, or put out of shape, or made by its position to become ridiculously imperfect. In other words, " the lower the place and office of the thing, the less of natural or perfect form you should have in it." " A zigzag or a chequer is thus a better, because consistent, ornament for a cup or platter than a landscape or portrait is." The depar- ture from this principle has resulted in much false ornament, much unreality, much abominable sham, and so ingrained has the use of such meretricious decoration become in the nature of many that even long years of work on the part of those who love and value true art have failed to banish it from our midst. To a large extent the love of show has to bear the blame ; we have been, as Mr. Lewis F. Day says, " led astray from the simplicity and modesty that are at the bottom of all good work, and that should especially character- ise the art that we live with every day." We are glad to believe that men are now enquiring as to what is right in decoration, how best to beautify the familiar matters of every- day life, and to like students before me, let me point to the writings of such men as John Ruskin, William JMorris, Richard Redgrave, R,A., and Edward J. Poynter, R.A. The aim will be two-fold, not only to give pleasure to the
TSlardh 1, 1884.
THE JOURNAL OF DOMESTIC APPLIANCES AUD SEWING SUCHINE GAZETTE.
13
man who uses, but also to give pleasure to the man who must make. Our object should be, must be, if true art must prevail, to influence almost every variety of industrial occu- pation— whether it be house-building,liouse-painting, joinery and carpentery, smith's work, pottery and glass making, and all manner of weaving, and many others.
We know the cottage-house of the last thirty to fifty years, built by the dozen, whole streets of them aU alike ugly, the painting inside and outside to match. How different to the picturesqueness of the old Cheshire black and white building, or the gabled fronts of some of the oldest houses remaining in our town. Look at the sham of much of the joiners' work of modern days, the low ebb to which the art of the potter and glass-caster (not blower) has come, and the miserably inappropriate decora- tion in design of om- various textile fabrics, to say nothing about the horrid colouring which in them is so rife on every hand. Until the people at large are educated in true artistic taste, so long shall we have bad decoration, until the people demand that which is right, and are no longer so ignorant that they depend for guidance on the blind leading the blind, so long shall we have that which is wrong, defy- iug all right principles in coustruction, in ornament, and in colour. It is not enough that a man should say, " I know what I like ;" he should further say, " Am I correct in my judgment ?" It is usual for a man to consult his lawyer for legal advice, and to submit to his doctor's direction, as to those who by education and study are qualified to guide ; but the same man, in a matter of taste, equally ignorant of art as he was of law or physic, arrogates to himself the position of deciding what is good or bad in art by the dictates of his own likes or dislikes. Mr. Morris sets before us the high aim that all labour shall be not only useful, but also shall be pleasurable. I believe that much labour now without joy might be made fall of gladness, but it will not be until the labourer fits himself to understand how that happiness may be brought to him.
There was undoubtedly, in the ages gone by, much more of individual design and work than there is to-day, much less of the division of labour in production than with us ; but I do not see how this could have prevailed to the extent that Mr. Morris's words would show ; possibly there was in the building of one of our cathedrals more scope allowed for individual art than would be possible to-day, but still hundreds of labourers must have toiled on year after year, simply cutting the stones according to the architect's designs, to build up the magnificent structures which in their future glory existed only in the mind of the creative artist. Do not imagine that because an artist like Mr. Morris holds in high praise all handicraft imbued with artistic aim, that he condemns all mechanical productions. Mr. Morris is possessed with genius which enables him to grasp the science of every work he examines, nor is he con- tent until he has wrested from it every secret it owns. He not only makes the designs for his carpets, his damasks, his wall-papers, and his tiles, but he has learned how to dye the wool, the silk and the cotton he uses ; he has mastered the art of weaving in its intricacies, and overcome all obstacles in the production of carpets, rugs, and moreover of pictorial tapestries. Mr. Morris is the handicraftsman as far as he can go, but when he has finished he needs the power of mechanical reproduction to spread abroad the designs he has conceived ; without it we could not be the possessors of his wall-papers, lace curtains, or silk damasks. Still the work of the hand, where it can be used, will always surpass mere mechanical labour, and it would be well for us as a
nation if our youth could aU be educated in some handi- craft which he might use as a means of livelihood or of recreation. If this power were possessed by our masses, their aims would be higher, their achievements greater, and their homes happier and more beautiful.
This is not something beyond the reach of man. Mr. Poynter, in his " Influence of Art on Social Life," says, " That feeling of love for good work for its own sake and pleasure in bringing it to perfection, which is perhaps the most certain evidence of a genuine artistic spirit, was not in former times the property of a few individuals of superior gifts and education ; it was the common property of all handicraftsmen, whether possessed of original talent or not ; " and he proceeds to state that the Greeks had the same beauty and perfection of workmanship in their more trifling productions as in their most important works. See- ing, then, that we ought all to be capable of gradually improving our immediate surroundings, let us try to see how it might be done. Morris, in his lecture on " The Beauty of Life," says, "If we want ai-t to begin at home, as it must, we must clear oiur houses of troublesome super- fluities that are for ever in our way. If you want a golden rule that wiU fit everybody, this is it : Have nothing in your houses that you do not know to be useful, or believe to be beautiful." His description of his idea of the fittings necessary to the sitting-room of a healthy person is so good and instructive that I am tempted to give you a portion of it. — "First, a book-case with a great many books in it " (to which I heartily say "Amen ") ; " next a table that will keep steady when you write or work at it ; then several chairs that you can move, and a bench that you can sit or lie upon ; next a cupboard with drawer.* ; next, unless either the bookcase or the cupboard be very beautiful with painting and carving, you will want pictures or engravings, such as you can afl^ord, only not stop-gaps, but real works of art on the wall, or else the wall must be ornamented with some beautiful and restful pattern ; we shall also want a vase or two to put fiowers in, which latter you must have sometimes, especially if you live in town. Then there will be the fire-place, of course, which in our climate is bound to be the chief object in the room." After referring then to the carpet and a possible piano, he says : "We can add very little to these necessaries without troubling ourselves, and hindering our work, our thought, and our rest. This simplicity," he adds, " you may make as costly as you please or can ; you may hang your walls with tapestry instead of whitewash or paper ; or you may cover them with mosaic, or have them frescoed by a great painter. Ail this is not luxury, if it be done for beauty's sake, and not for show ; it does not break our golden rule — have nothing in your houses that you do uot know to be useful, or believe to be beautiful." Yes, have your books. Who cannot now revel among his books .? If you have free libraries or not, still have your choice, favourite books within reach. As you can afford, have them artistic inside and outside. Let your furniture be honest and sturdy ; your wall-paper or painting be simple and pleasing in colour, and let it be in harmony with, or in due rightful contrast to, the coloinings of floor or ceiling, of furniture or of drapery. If you have a carpet, let the design be such that you can use it without feehng that you are likely to be tripped up, or that you should avoid the flowers scattered over it as you would a choice bed in my lady's garden. Let your window curtains fold or loop back without destroying the beauty of their design ; have thereon no temples, no pagodas, no landscapes. Your pottery should give bright
14
THE JOURNAL OF DOMESTIC APPLIANCES AND SEWING MACHINE GAZETTE.
March 1, 1884.
gleams of sunshine and of colour in your room ; avoid printed ornamentation — rather than that, seek plain or varied glazes alone. Then have your pottery to an extent useful. I have seen a room which was a gem of colour alone from its arrangement of flowers in bowl and vase ; here a deep green bowl glowing with yellow marigolds, there a black basalt Wedgwood tilled with blush roses ; now an old high Chinese blue vase flaming with scarlet gladioli ; and again, a dark- brown bowl of Liuthorpe-ware lit up by a collection of many-coloured nasturtiums, a harmony in rich browns and golds.
So might many a home be brightened and made attractive. I cannot stay to speak of our public buildings, our street de- facements by hideous placards, our smoke and grinie, our dress with its monstrosities, and yet with to-day in my opinion its many improvements and even beauties. I can only oifer for your examination some objects which will to some extent illustrate my remarks. Wall papers with a spray design, and ceiling paper with a tone or colour as preferable lo the crude white. Wall papers were also ex- hibited with Morris's designs. The jasmine, \\ue, and sun- flower, and the trail ; rich silk damasks from designs by Morris and Armitage ; lace curtains and printed cottons, showing how true decorative art may be found in articles of general use. Mr. Nicholson also exhibited an old hand- made Turkish carpet, remarkable for its subdued colouring and appropriate design ; also a Smyrna rug. Embroidery work from Turkey, Bulgaria, Croatia, and from the Maccles- field Embroidery School, the latter receiving special atten- tion from the audience. Amongst the pottery were examples of Chinese and .lapatieso work, beautiful in design, form and colouring ; some choice specimens of Minton, Doulton, Linthorpe, Elton, and Swiss ware ; decorative tiles, pro- duced by De Morgan ; Indian inlaid metal work and wood carving. Not only were the artistic features of these exam- ples pointed out, but Mr. Nicholson showed how to apply them to the decoration of a home. In conclusion, he quoted Ruskin on the most desirable aims of art teachers in the present day : " For as there is the loftier and lovelier privi- lege of bringing the power and charms of art within the reach of the humble and the poor : and as the magnificence of past ages failed by its narrowness and its pride, ours may prevail and continue by its universality and its lowliness."
RECENT IMPROVEMENT IN SEWING MACHINES.
fHIS Invention relates to Improvements in Sewing Machines, part or parts of which are applicable for other purposes and it consists in the first place in mechanism for enabling the bobbins or spools of sewing machines when empty to bo rewound or refilled with thread without the necessity of removing the spools or bobbins from the i^lmttlcs.
This object is effected by causing the bobbins to rotate within the shuttles or the shuttles to rotate around the bobbins. For this purpose the spools or bobbins may be made with a long journal or bearing projecting tlirough one end of the shuttle and so shaped that the bearing can be coupled to a rapidly rotating shaft whereby the bobbin is revolved whilst the shuttle remains stationary or vice versa, the bobbin may be held stationary by a fixed coupling, whilst the shuttle is rotated by any suitable rotatory gearing. In eitlier case the thread to be wound on the
bobbin may be guided by a finger or traveller, or by the mechanism hereinafter described to ensure its being evenly laid thereon, and in order to wind the thread on the bobbins of existing shuttles which do not admit of one of the bear- ings of the bobbin or spool passing through the end of the shuttle, the bobbin is in such case rotated within the shuttle by frictional gearing.
Another improvement in the construction of the shuttle consists in dispensing with the ordinary drag holes which pass through the walls of the shuttle and substituting therefore a slot which may be at either side of the shuttle rr.d of a quadi'antal form, the thread being led from the slot to and through one or more di-ag holes distinguished from those ordinarily in use by not passing through the walls of the shuttle, but passing through holes which are confined to the exterior of the shuttle.
Another part of this Invention consists in substituting for the ordinary driving wheel of the machine, a spring attachment for storing power by means of which the ma- chine is driven and which is, or may be arranged to run for any known length of time. This spring attachment is supported upon a shaft carried and rotating in bearings situated at the lower part of the framing on which the machine is carried, and consists of a cylinder through which the aforesaid shaft passes and upon which the cyhnder is carried loosely in any suitable manner. To the interior of this cylinder one end of a spiral or other equivalent spring is attached, the other end being attached to the shaft. Around the outside of the cylinder there is provided the mechanism for operating it which may con- sist of a treadle and clutch device of any suitable con- struction, or it may be so formed as to allow of the said cylinder being rotated or wound up to any number of revolutions by hand or by any other equivalent means, such for examijle as clockwork. Upon the aforesaid shaft there is carried a " sprocket" wheel or its equivalent and around this wheel a chain or band is carried, this band being passed at its upper part around the driving pulley of the machine or around an intermediate pulley for transmitting the motion to the said machine. For equalizing the speed of the cyUndor after having been wound uji, and released, a " fusee " or equivalent attachment may be applied ; the machine is provided with starting and stopping gear.
The driving mechanism afore-mentioned is also applicable to machines other than sewing machines, such for example as bicycles, tricycles or other analogous machines.
For guiding the cotton or thread upon the shuttle bobbin when the same is being wound, or for other analogous piu'- posea, a cam wheel is mounted in front of the bobbin, that is to say, in the position in which it is held within the winder. Upon the periphery of this cam there is formed an endless groove running diagonally across the said cam, the horizontal distance between the extreme points of this groove being equal to the distance which the tliread being wound has to travel from one end to the other of the bobbin ; so that in every revolution the thread passing over the cam at the groove is carried by it into the position required according to the gradual travel of the same on the bobbin. The necessary motion may be imparted to the cam wheel from the winder by means of toothed, or by any other suitable form of gearing ; or it may be geared with the shuttle containing the bobbin when it is used as herein- before mentioned in winding the thread on the bobbin.
Another part of this invention relates to the means for
setting the needle in the needle bar of the machine. The
' needle bar under these present improvements is con-
March 1, 1884.
THE JOUENAL OP DOMESTIC APPLIANCES AND SEWING MACHINE GAZETTE.
15
structed so that the needle when placed in the said bar comes against a stop situated at the required distance up the needle bar, so that when the needle is pressed up into the same it is in the required position for tightening up ; or the needle may have formed upon it a collar which comes against the lower end of the holder when pressed into place. These improvements obviate the necessity of ad- justing the position of the needle as is at present ordinarily required.
Another method of holding the needles in the needle bar consists of splitting the end of the needle bar into two or more parts, and on the outside of these parts a cone is formed upon which a coiTespondingly shaped coUar is forced down and draws the parts tightly around the needle in its act of holding the same. For releasing the needle the aforesaid collar is raised, and thereby the di^'ided parts of the needle bar spring outwards and thus leave the needle free to fall from the holder. A stop may also be fitted to this form of holder so as to obviate the necessity of adjustment. — [Provisional protection has been obtained for this invention by James McHardy, of Dollar, Clackmannan.]
VARNISH.
THE degree of transparency or paleness is one of the means of determining the grade or quality of varnish ; it should resemble a fine sjTup in appearance. An essential quality of varnish is that it should harden without losing its transpai'ency — it should never in the least change the color it is intended to preserve. One of the chief uses of vamish is to exclude the action of the aii-, and it is for this reason that wood and metals are varnished to protect them fi.-om rust and decay ; it must, therefore, be waterproof, or the effect will not be permanent ; durability, in a good var- nish, is indispensable. In the best varnish the various ingredients composing it are so combined that they will answer these reqmrements and at the same time work freely under the brush.
THE WHITE MACHINE.
WE have received from the White Sewing Machine Company a veiy amusing pamphlet concerning their machine. The illustrations are very comic, and accord well with the humour of the rhyme, which is as ■follows : —
Our hero was an artisan
Who toiled from morn till e'en, Until, one day, he met a man Who sold the White Machine.
This man the best of clothes he wore.
And held a lofty mien ; Ten thousand he had sold, and more,
Light-running White Machines.
Then straightway went this artisan
To all his friends of means, But found, as soon as he'd began,
They all had White Machines.
Undaunted still, he boldly planned —
His eyes bore darksome gleair.s. He said, " I'll seek some foreign land,
That ain't got White Machines."
" 'Tis a most visionary plan,'' Said all — " tho' well he means —
To be a missionary man And sell the TMiite Machines."
But steadfast was this artisan.
And wiry, spry, and lean ; So oft' he went, his only plan
To sell the W'hite Machine.
He travelled long and very far.
He braved the wi dest scenes. From Labrador to Zanzibar
He took his White Machines.
He never flinched, tho' oft assailed.
Nor sought his life to screen When savage men attacked, nor failed
To sell a White Machine.
In many lanes he showed his wares,
In towns and valleys green. And taught folks how to " sow their tares '
By using White's Machine.
He went among the Esquimaux,
And rode with puppy teams ; They wanted him for King, because
Of his wondrous White Machines.
He trod the storied land of Greece, And 'mongst Egypt's faUahin ;
He once "patched up a little peace" By using White's Machine.
In India and Afghanistan,
The Eepublic Argentine, AustraUa, Java and Hindostan
He sold the White Machine.
Among them all a wondrous change
This artisan has wrought. And yet it is not very strange.
For White Machines they bought.
The Hottentot now sports a hat,
The Indian Brave is seen In pantaloons and red cravat
Made on a White Machine.
The Turk now wears a coat and vest ;
In gorgeous garbs are seen The heathen " John," and all the rest
Who bought the White Machine.'
The artisan still wanders wide
(Ten years here intervene) ; The people run from every side
To buy his Wliite Machine.
In many machine shops, when the tools are set up, very little care is taken to prepare the foundations for theh reception. Heavy machines, such as lathes and planers, are often placed upon a floor that is poorly supported, and in time they fall out of alignment.
ir,
THE JOURNAL OF DOMESTIC APPLIANCES AND SE"W1NG MACHINE GAZETTE.
Marcli 1, 1881.
THE VERTICAL FEED SEWING MACHINE.
Beyond disinito the only really Perfect Macbiue yet
produced.
.A."V^.A.I?,1DEID THE
ONLY GOLD MEDAL
AT THE
SYDNEY & MELBOURNE
In Competition with all the leading Machines.
This JIacLino differs from all others in tliat the work is fed from above instead of from below, thus leaving a smooth siivfac ? for it to run upon. Owing to the peculiarity of its Feed-motion, it will sew over any uneveuness, and from the thinnest to the thickest materials without change either of stitch or tension, and without any assistance from the operator. Every variety of work can be done without Tacking, thus effecting a great saving of time and trouble. With each machine is given, without extra charge, a most complete set of simple and useful attach- ments, by means of which the operations of Hemming, Braiding, Quilting, Ruffling, Tucking, and Binding (so difficult to manage on any other machine), can be accom- plished with astonishing ease and rapidity, and in the greatest perfection of style. The Shuttle' holds a large amount of tlii-ead, and the Bobbins are easily and evenly wound by means of an automatic Bobbin- winder whicb accompanies each machine.
Prospectuses, fogefher with Samples of the Work and every information, may be obtained at the Offices of Ihc Company,
62, PEN VICTORIA STREET, E,C.
SOLE ADDRESS IN LONDON.
H
lEE CAEDS. — One Shilling per dozen, post free. Office of ' Sewino Machine Gazette," 4, Ave Maria Lane, London, E.C.
SEWING MACHINES-IMPORT AND EXPORT.
190, BLECKER STREET, NEW YORK, U.S.A.,
Importer of European Special Machines ; Exporter of American Sewing JIachines and Attachments of every description and all kinds of American Goods. Sole Agent for the Exports of different Companies.
HIRE
AGREEMENT
FORMS,
6d. PER DOZ, POST FREE.
Office of this Paper, 10, TYPE STREET, FINSBDRY, E.C. JOURNAL OF DOMESTIC APPLIANCES
AND
wirn WHICH IS i>;coEroK.iTED
TFIE HAEDWARE TRADES' REVIEW.
5)AWNBK0KEES who have received sewing machines that are " out on hii-e," have not yet learnt the lesson that they are legally bound to give them np to theLr right- ful owners. We have recorded hundreds of cases in the columns of this journal, in which judgment has been given against them, and, as will be found in our Law Intelligence, yctj another is added to the list. Agents using properly drafted Agreement Forms, are always sitre of regaining possession of their machines out on hire, provided, of course, they can trace them. Pawnbrokers who so frequently test in a court of law this question, which has everywhere been decided against them, have certainly the obstaucy of the Jerusalem pouj-, and in this matter — however shrewd they may be in others — they do not seem much in advance of that brute in sense. Wc naturally wonder how many more times they will have to smart with the infliction of legal costs before they will cease to resist the just rights of the Sewing Machine Trade. Magistrates in years gone by hud doubts in some cases what to do in the matter, but now they have no scriiples as to the decision to come to. The law has been laid down for them by their superiors, and they follow it.
March 1 , 1884.
THE JOUBNAL OF DOMESTIC APPLUNCE3 AND SEWING MACHINE GAZETTE.
17
THE ROHDE FRICTION CLUTCH.
fHE Davis Sewing Macliiue Company in America have placed on the market a uew device for connecting sewing machines with motive power. It is a friction ckitch and brake, invented by Mr. C. H. Eohde, of the Company's Chicago office. This ckiteh may be used with any of the leading sewing machines in the mai'ket, and is well worth the attention of all who use machines driven by powei'. It is said to be very simple in principle and construction, and in its application and operation it is fi'ee from complication. Being simple, it is easily apphed and understood, and is not liable to get out of order. It is fastened to the table or bench, and is controlled by a treadle, fastened to the floor and connected with it by a rod. The friction is quickly applied and released, and the action is instantaneous, positive and du'ect, either in start- ing or stopping the machine. On the clntch are two belt grooves, corresponding with a like pair of grooves on the delivery shaft or pulley, by which a variation of speed of about thirty-three per cent, may be obtained.
IN A QUANDARY.
By a Tyeo.
SUPEEFICIAL observer, looking over the different sewing machines in the market, cannot fail to observe that there are but two sizes of what are termed " family machines " — the high arm and the low arm. The inference naturally to be drawn fi-om this is that only two lengths of needles might be requu-ed for these machines, or possibly only half-a-dozen lengths or kinds. Yet the different kinds and lengths seem to be almost legion. It will be be found by examination that the shortest needle is one inch and a sixteenth long, while the longest one is two and a half inches. Then there is a regular grade of lengths from the shortest up to the longest. There is an excuse for different sizes or diameters of needles, but there seems to be a very poor excuse for the fifty or more lengths that are fitted for as many machines.
The query might very appropriately be asked, "Were needles made at hap-hazard, and the machines fitted to the needles ; or did each machine-maker have an ' idea ' of his own, and make both machine and needle to his fancy, thereby entailing on the needle-maker a necessity to keep a large assortment if he would meet the demands of his many customers, who have each thek own length and style of needle ?"
Supposing the number of different machines in the market that demand needles to be about seventy-five, and to each machine there may be about six sizes of needles on the average, this will make only 450 packages or compart- ments in which to keep the needles. It will actually require more than this number, as there are round, flat, twist and cross point needles of about fifty kinds, and of as many sizes as the common needles ; this will necessitate about tkree hundred more compartments in which to keep them — making about 750 kinds to be kept, each by itself.
The quandary is, supposing a case containing all these different kinds to be turned topsy-turvy, how is a Tyro to get them all assorted or put in their x^roper places ? Is there no gauge to determme which is which, or is there not even a " rule " to go by to help any one to get out of such a difficulty ? Will the initiated " rise and explain ?"
FINISHING WOOD.
§ECOIlATED sewing machine woodwork being now the fashion, it wOl not be out of place to mention some of the various means by which woods may be darkened or toned for decorative effect.
Logwood, lime, brown soft soap, dyed oil, sulphate of iron, nitrate of silver exposed to sun's rays, carbonate of soda, bichromatic and permanganate of potash, and other al- kaline preparations are used for darkening wood ; the last three are specially commended. The solution is applied by dissolving one ounce of the alkali in two gills of boiling water diluted to the required tone. The surface is saturated with a sponge or flannel, and at once dried with soft rags. The carbonate is used for dark woods. Oil, tinged with rose madder, may be applied to hard woods like birch ; a red oil is prepared from soaked alkanet root in linseed oil. To give mahogany the appearance of age, lime water used before oiling is a good plan. In staining wood, the best and most transparent effect is obtained by repeated light coats of the same. For oak stain, a strong solution of oxalic acid is employed ; for mahogany stain, dilute nitrous acid. A primary coat, or coat of wood-filler, is advantageous.
For mahogany stains the following are given : two ounces of dragon's blood dissolved in one quart of rectified spirits of wine, well shaken ; or raw sienna in beer, with burnt sienna to give the required tone ; for darker stains boil half a pound of madder and two ounces of logwood chips in one gallon of water, and brush the decoction while hot over the wood. When dry, paint with a solution of two ounces of potash in one quart of water. A solution of permanganate of potash forms a rapid and excellent brown stain. — American Sewinci Machine Neivi.
THEN AND NOW.
Vriien this old hat was new,
The raih-oad was a stage, And a six-mule team made plenty of steam
For the broadest kind of gauge.
Xou caught a goose when you wanted a pen,
The ink we used was blue, And the women you loved didn't want to be men,
When this old hat was new.
A spade was only a spade.
And Jennie was just plain " Jane," For his impudent lip a boy woiUd skip
At the end of a rattan cane.
There were sixteen ounces in evei7 pound,
Four quarts made a gallon true ; But things don't seem like they used to been
When this old hat was new.
But we've shortened the time since then,
And we're running a faster heat, And the boys of ten are full-b!own men,
Who run the store and the street.
We blush to giggle, and we should smile ;
And we're cute, and we never say die, We're up to snuff, and we're full of guile.
And we're just too awfully fly.
And father is Govenor, old man, dad,
And his old day is gone ; We run things fast, and a little bad,
Since we put this new hat on.
18
THE JOUBNAL OF DOMESTIC APPLIANCES AND SEWING MACHINE GAZETTE.
March 1, 1884.
WHY HE FAILED.
fHEEE have not been very many failures among sewing machine dealers of late, but those who have gone by the board have collapsed from good and sufficient causes, entirely apart from business depression. A dealer in a small New York town, when called upon after January 1st by a traveller for one of the companies with a view to settling up, expressed his inability to do so, and, when the reason was demanded, he answered, very naturally :
"Well, the first cause was losing my mothe -in-law. The funeral cost me a couple of hundred dollars — a hard knock to be sm-e, but I could easily have recovered from that."
" Of course," replied the traveller.
'' Then," continued the bankrupt, " j'ou know I was thrown out of my buggy and laid up for several days, but the accident could only temporarily dampen my energy as a sewing machine man."
"Certainly ; only a day or so."
" Then my best salesmen left me to go to a rival dealer, who was willing to pay them a dollar a week more salary. I let them go on principle, for ifs against my principles to raise wages. There were plenty of canvassers knocking around, and I took the first that came to hand. Trade fell off some, but not to an alarming extent."
" Indeed ! "
"Then my wife took a heavy cold, and I had a big doctor's bill to pay."
"Too bad."
" But all these things could not have made me bust up. I could have withstood such little misfortunes. What finished me, Sir, was "cutting prices," and the poor man sighed as he shook his head- " Yes, Sir ; not a week alter I got my fall stock of machines, Slasher, agent for the Scrub machine, began to drop on prices, and whenever I saw anyone in his store looking at machines, or saw his waggon delivering one at a house, it made me so mad that I marked all my stock below cost, as I was determined to keep the trade at all hazards. It is a wonder I kept up as long as I did."
The traveller made the best settlement he could, and wrote the company that it was a case of the " old, old story." — American Sewing Machine News.
THREAD-WINDING ATTACHMENT FOR SEWING MACHINES.
THIS invention has for its object to automatically wind the thread on the bobbins intended for the shuttles of sewing machines.
For this purpose the inventor screws a horizontal rod to the iron baseplate or table of a sewing machine, which rod projects over the table and carries a boss which forms a guide or bearing for a vertical post made vertically ad- justable in the boss by a set-screw. The post terminates at the top iu a horizontal sleeve enclosing a coiled spring acting on a slide or spindle. The spindle projects over the inner side of the sleeve and serves to hold one extremity of f^ bubbin or spindle placed with its other end against the \of the lly-wheel or hand-wheel of the driving shaft, vertical post is secured, so as to be vertically ad- long the Fame, a horizontal tlu'ead-giiide made
traight at its base and curved into a semi-circle towards its free end, which is slightly bent upward.
The table has an eyelet opposite the centre of the bobbin, through which eyelet the thread unwound fi-om a supply- spool is led before it passes over the thread guide (which is provided with a notch) to the boljbin or spiudle on -which it is to be wound.
The core or spindle of the bobbin has two flanges of unequal diameter and is pointed at both ends. If used with a curved thread guide as described, the main portion - of the spindle is cylindrical ; if used without the thread guide, it is made thinner iu the centre than towards the danges. — [Provisional Protection has been obtained by Mr. H. J. Haddan, of Kensington, ou behalf of Auatole Tabo[u]r Moisson, of Paris, France.
INFALLIBLE METHOD OF KEEPING NEEDLES FROM RUSTiNG.
A CORK SPONDENT has sent us the following, and recommends it strongly for keeping needles from rusting :— My plan is both simple and cheap. I place in each needle tray a small quantity of soap stone, reduced to a fine powder, such as shoemakers use. WHien I put new needles into the tray, I take one of them and turn and roll the others in the soap stone powder, so that every part of their sm-face comes in contact with it. In over nine years' experience of handling sewing machine needles daily, I have not lost a single needle from rust.
SEWING MACHINES AND PAWNBEOKEES. In the Bow County Court on the loth ult., before S. Prentice, Esq., Q.C., Judge ; Mr. Haynes, sohcitor, appeared for the plaintLfif, and Mr. WiUis for defendants. W. Girton, a dealer in se\nng machines, of lOG, Bow Koad, K., sued Messrs. Benjamin and Lewis Hammett, pawnbrokers of Lombard House, Barking Eoad, Essex, for the re- covery of a Bradbury's Sewing Machine, or its value— £7 10s., that had been let on hire by the plaintiff to one Elizabeth Spearing, and which had been found in the possession of the defendants, who refused to deliver it up. Judgment for the plaintiff with full costs, and the machine to be sent to the plaintifi's shop within seven days, or the amount claimed (£7 10s.) paid.
Ix every shop there must be tools for general use which are not individual possessions. If each successive user mislays a tool that is intended for general shop use, the aggregate of time lost in seeking for it may amount to a serious waste. Drills, taps, reamers, boring- bars, arbors, milling tools, wrenches and other imijlements may be intended tor the general use about the shop, but when not in use they should have their proper place, so that no time would be lost in searching for them. The last user should leave them in proper con- dition. In every large shop a repairer or sharpener should be assigned to keep tools of this class in proper condition.
Are all things what they seem? Not always. A sewing machine s-eams broadcloth sometmies, but it is ii-on and steel all the same.
To re-cut files and rasps by a chemical process :— Dissolve four ozs. of salaratus in one quart of water, enough to cover the files, and boil them in it half-an-hour. When taken out, washed off and dried, they should be allowed to stand for a time in a jar filled with rain water and sulphuric acid iu the proportion of one quart of water and four ounces of acid.
March 1, 1884. THE JOTJItNAL OF DOMESTIC APPLIANCES AND SEWING MACHINE GAZETTE.
19
COMMERCIAL TRAVELLERS.
I^DGAE, POE once refen-ed to an individual as "neither J^ a man nor woman nor a ]\Iary Woolstonecraft," but a combination of all three. According to a harsh and too general idea, the Commercial Traveller is neither a business gentleman nor a shop-walker nor a light porter, hut might be best described as a compromise among the three. Com- mercial Travellers suffer much injustice in regard to the public estimate of theii- character. The best of the class are born for then- special .work — though there is little glory aboTit it — as generals are born for strategy, or geographical discoverers for travel. There is no grace of manner, no delicate insight into character, that does not serve the Com- mercial Traveller sometimes ; and thus the more he is a gentleman, the better he is at his work. On the other hand, there is no- kind of petty insult that he may not have to receive unwiucingly fi'om those whose favour he tries to win. In order that he may endure the fatigues of his occupa- tion, it is indispensable that he be naturally a strong- healthy man. If he succeeds in always preserving his dignity, it must be worn as a sort of urder-garment, imseen. "All things to all men" must be his motto in his itineraries. To the customer who is evangelical in season or out of seaon — such customers there are — he muot bear himself with a subdued air of a tract distributor ; to the jovial customer he has to exhibit such social virtues as he can command. He has often to be kept waiting on the customer's leisure as if he were an errand boy. He will now and again have to wait patiently in his stock-room for half-a-day, expecting the customer who does not keep his appointment ; and yet on the morrow he must be as smilingly ready as ever to make another appoinment, or carry samples to that customer's shop. When the Dissenting draper insinuatingly puts before him a subscription list for the building of a new chapel (and such a case is frequent, particularly in Wales), he must lay down his guinea or half-guinea with the m-banity of a philanthropist, if he sees his way to any " lines " after- wards. His work takes him abroad in all weathers. He performs many a weary train journey, oftenest third class, when he wishes to save anything out of what are termed his expenses. He must be out of doors and doing before nine, for those whom he visits must be caught before the shopping folk begin to drop in. His evening hours are largely at the mercy of these same patrons of his, any of whom may chance to appoint ten o'clock at night for an interview. At twelve or one even, when the Commercial Traveller has finished his rounds, taken all the orders, and dispatched detailed dupilicates of these to head-quarters, circumstances may render it necessary to pack his numerous boxes and bags ready for an early start by train on the following morning. Fortunate, indeed, is the Commercial Traveller who enjoys Sunday in the bosom of his family more than once in three weeks. He may be away from his wife for months, and even — if he be a foreign traveller — for two years at a time. What an im-ideal tourist ! When he visits York, what are its antiquities to him — to a man full of the latest novelties in fancy goods or soaps ? Has he time for the Parade at Brighton, or the Spa at Cheltenham ? He reckons the granduer of a p)lace by the quantity of its trade, and like Najioleon, he is apt to regard us as entirely a nation of shopkeepers. Very absorbing such an occupation must be. There are few rewards in it, however. The real geniuses of the " road " certainly become in due time possessed of such experience as leads them to partnerships either ui the
houses originally employing them, or with other business acquaintances. Even in such cases, however, it not unfre- quently happens that the Commercial Traveller's successful zeal has impau-ed his health to some extent. It is not one in fifty, however, who attains such a position. Most men who begin on the road die on it.
The ordinary uncommercial person has probably but two sources of information regarding the class of people we have been describing. He remembers the various allusions of Dickens to that mythically mirthful individual, the bagman, whom it was always a joy to meet beside a comfortable inn fire ; and he has read Samuel Smiles' " Life of George Moore." Whether the George Moore of Mr. Smiles is not as charitably coloured as Dickens's bag- man we will not undertake to say. This we will say, how- ever— that Commercial Travellers, as a body, think less of that really remarkable merchant's memory than his bio- grapher, and generally believe that, with regard to his hero's early exploits " on the road," Mr. Smiles must have allowed himself to be somewhat misled. Times have, no doubt, changed in this sphere of life, as in others. It is, indeed, possible, if not very probable, that, on the memor- able occasion of George Moore's trade race with a rival at Manchesrer, the other Travellers in the hotel so admired his spirit that they tm-ned themselves into a little army of assistants to pack his goods for him. Things may have been so, but assuredly they would not admire his spirit now, and still more certainly they would not pack his samples for him. Nowadays — it may be for lack of enter- prise, though that is unlikely, considering the stress of competition — the " Commercial " seldom aspires to doing all the trade in any district. If he does, he is pretty well ostracised fi-om the company and respect of his brethren. It is, indeed, much more common than most people would imagine for men travelling the same road with the same class of goods to introduce customers to each other ; but such reciprocal com'tesies, of com-se, would only occur between travellers representing high-class firms, and sure of the quality and reputation of their manufactured articles. This kind of spuit is a sign of such times as put an end to " Napoleons of the road.'' But on the other hand com- mercial travelling is so methodised and extended that the bagman would be the veriest amateui- if resuscitated now. In the days which Mr. Pickwick is supposed to have adorned, perhaps there were three or four thousand bag- men. At present — as Mr. W. H. Smith stated a few weeks ago — there are at least thu-ty thousand Commercial Travellers traversing our country. Some number the body as consisting of forty thousand. This total, however, is only arrived at by including outsiders, who do not properly come under the required description, and who, as a rule, are the people to bring discredit, in various ways, on the name they assume.
The romid of a " Commercial's " journey begins each time with a day or two at headquarters, when he examines new stock, receives instructions as to what should be specially pushed, discusses orders, payments, debts, and customers with his principals, and sees that his samples are packed in due array. If he be a "light" Traveller — an agent for needles or paper, for instance — his samples can be carried in his hand, and luggage does not trouble him. If he be a "heavy" man, travelling with carpets, say, or iroumongeiy, he may have to employ as many boxes of sample wares as will weigh four tons. Such stuff he sends on by goods train before him. He has to look
20
THE JOURNAL OF DOMESTIC APPLIANCES AND SEWING MACHINE GAZETTE.
March 1, 1884.
sharply after the transit officials, otherwise lie finds him- self in the position of Mr. Jingle, whose luggage so con- stantly failed to overtake his brown paper parcel. Another matter for watchfulness is ovei'charge for baggage, by no means unfrequent through the carelessness of clerks ■weighing or classifying it. On arriving at the first town on his list, the Traveller claims his impedimenta, and drives to the hotel to secure bed accommodation and a stock-room. The Im-e of a stock-room will average four shillings a day. If he arrives in the town at an early horn-, the Traveller probably defers opening out his samples until he has gone round and made appointments with his custo- mers. Such of these as insist on being attended at their own shops will be visited, perhaps, on the morrow, with the aid of a " barrow-man," who drags the samples about all day for four shillings. Customers calling at the hotel do so, as a rule, early in the morning, or iu the evening. Each customer must be shown over the stock separately, and iu the case of such goods as ironmongery, it may hai)pen that it takes Traveller and shopkeeper a whole day, or even two days, to go over all the samples. Even this case, nevertheles.s, is not the extreme. An ordinary iron- mongery Traveller represents a firm manufacturing only a certain proportion of goods required by the tradesman. In the hardware line, however, there are itinerant " factors," chiefly representing Birmingham houses. These factors undertake the supply of articles manufactured by all kinds of firms. The amount of luggage and patience a factor must carry about with him can therefore be guessed at.
The middle of the day is the time when the Traveller eats his lotos leaf. The shopkeepers are busy with their retail customers then. Tlie great institution among " Commercials "—the sort of Everywhere Club — is the commercial dinner. The usual hour for this is a quarter past one. The latest arrival at the hotel takes the chair as vice president ; the gentleman longest in the house for the time being acts as president. The dinner is arranged at a fixed charge, and the rule is that each diner is supposed to consume wine to the limit of a pint. Accordingly, a few bottles of sherry may be passed round. Then port may follow. And so on till the average consumption of a pint has been reached. The president, who may happen to be really the youngest man in the room, keeps order, and the vice-president usually checks the score. The whole dinner averages five shillings per head. Formerly teetotallers had to contribute their share towards the wine bUl, although they did not touch the decanter ; but it is now beginning to be recognised as a rule that such abstainers need only pay an extra shilling for the good of the house. Dinner lasts an hour, and after that has elapsed the active men are once more at business. He is lucky who can play a few games of billiards in the evening, or go to the theatre, without neglecting some appointment. Several days may be spent before the heavy man, of whom we have been chiefly speaking, is ready to pack up his traps for the next town. The hght man, on the other hand, may possibly cover the same ground in a forenoon. Such is the work and the life of Commercial Travellers. " That desire of knowledge," wrote Charles Lamb's Duchess of Newcastle, " makes every place weai'i- some." One might imagine that the saying, with " orders " substituted for "kuowludge," might sum up the philosophy of the Commercial Traveller. No one, however, who has dined at a commercial table can have failed to gather that the members of this trade-fratemity are cheerfully-dis-
posed men, mostly possessed of healthy minds in healthy bodies.
Although, for public objects, Commercial Travellers have not amalgamated themselves into any association they have made several combinations for the furtherance of benevolent schemes within their own circle. The first of these is the Commercial Travellers' Benevolent Institution, at the annual dinner of which Mr. W. H. Smith lately presided. This Association was founded at Penzance, in 1849, by three or four travellers who conceived the notion that thrift and charity might be furthered more systemati- cally by a benevolent organisation of the kind. The object of the Institution, according to the deed of foundation, was " the establishment of a fund for the relief of necessitous Commercial Travellers, being members, who were aged, or incapacitated from earning a subsistence, and for their widows, and for no other purpose." The same deed declares that the words " Commercial Traveller " were to be " imderstood as describing persons only on whose be- half satisfactory evidence should be offered to the Board of Management that they were employed in that capacity, and had travelled iu the countij for two years or more, and at least six months on an average in each year." Membership in this self helping body is constituted by the annual subscription of one guinea, and, of course, large firms are invited to support it also \rith heavier contribu- tions. The Institution has now assumed the position of a thoroughly well-to-do body. Since 1851 it has spent sixty-three thousand pounds in relieving indigent claimants on its funds, and during the last year its income has amounted to over eight thousand pounds. That there is still room for the Society's progress may be gathered from the fact that as yet, out of a total of thirty thousand, only three thousand travellers subscribe to it ; but every year results improve. — Standard.
Wood requires time in which to season very much in proportion to the density o! the fibre. Pine, however, though it requires a long time to season, is an exception to the rule, being by no means a densely-tibred wood. Some woods are fit for use as soon as cut, requiring no time for seasoning, like mahogany and ebony, which even when in the natural state have very little moisture in them.
A KEciTE for cleaning and removing the leather belting which has become soft and useless from oil : — If the belting is not brittle or rotten, a thorough wiping off of the excess of oil, and scraping the face with a sharp tool to take off the gummy matter, and finally wiping the inside with a little naphtha upon a cloth, will generally restore the belt. The puUey should be cleaned also ; and then the efficiency of the belt can be increased by rubbing the inside with a piece of beeswax, applying only a little. If the belting has become weak and rotten it should be thrown away.
We deserve to be well lashed for asldng such a question, but what made the cow-hide ? — Ex. It is made of the same stuff as ox-hide, and everyone ought to know about oxide of iron.
It is announced that an " up country " man is preparing a book on pipes and smoking. Such a work should be illustrated with a fine-cut or two. It may, however, turn out to be a mere-sham.
We can stand almost anything so far as human endurance is concerned ; but deliver us, above all things, from the jabber of the ancient maiden with a grievance against her married sisters.
New York, had another wild steer on the rampage the other day, and the captain of a canal boat asked the drover why they called 'em steers, when they don't steer worth a cent.
"March 1, 1884.
THE JOttRNAL OP DOMESTIC APPLIANCES AND SEWING MACHINE GAZETTE
21
The/oUowing list has been compiled expressly for this Journal, by Mr, G F. Red/em, Patent Agent, of 4, South Street, Finsbury, London, andat Paris and Brussels,
APPLICATIONS FOR LETTERS PATENT:-
No. 1439. J. Parry, of the Eagle Foundry, Birmingham, for an im- proved self-acting fastener for french windows, double doors and book cases, wardrobes, cupboards and the like. Dated January 15, 1884.
„ 1443. W. H. R. Bradford, of Norfolk Square, Hyde Park, London, for improvements in corkscrews, gimlets and other tools to which a rotary motion can be applied. Dated January 15, 1884.
„ 1446. S. Bennett, of Stretford, near Manchester, for an improved blind pulley. Dated January 15, 1884.
„ 1447. J. E. Dodd, of Liverpool, for improvements in or apper- taining to bolts, for the purpose of making them more secure. Dated January 15, 1884.
„ 1454. A. J. and H. C. Needham, both of Hammersmith, London, for improvements in portable or table fountains. Dated January 15, 1884.
,, 1469. J. Heselwood, of Leeds, for improvements in the con- struction of oil-cans. Dated January 15, 1884,
„ 1476. A. D. Turner, of Old Ford, and W. Flatau, of Highbury Quadrant, London, for improvements in lamps for burning gasoline, albocarbon, paraffin, or other hquids. Dated January 15, 1884.
,, 1493. J. and W. Eoper, both of Birmingham, for an improved hoUow spindle hall-door knob, bell, letter-plate, name-plate and house number combined. Dated January 16, 1884.
,, 1495. W. F. Allcock, of Birmingham, for improvements in door bells. Dated January 16, 1884.
„ 1508. J. F. Atkinson, a communication from J. W. Otto, of Copenhagen, Denmark, for improvements in egg cutters and similar articles. Dated January 16, 1884.
„ 1514, TV". Wade, of Leeds, for an improved self-adjusting sash fastener. Dated January 16, 1884. 1515. D. Jackson, of Batley Carr, near Dewsbury, Yorkshire, for improvements in apparatus for cleaning and poHsh- ing knives, forks and other articles. Dated January 16, 1884.
,1 1520. B. Haigh, of GlengaU-road, Cubitt Town, for improve ments in water waste preventers. Dated January 16, 1884.
,, 1533. C. ShoweU, of Birmingham, for an improvement in the manufacture of metallic sash lifts. Dated January 16, 1884.
„ 1534. W. Avery, of Headless Cross, near Redditch, Worcester- shire, for an improvement in the manufacture of metallic needle cases. Dated January 16, 1884. 1542. E. Maylor, of Bradford, for improvements in ovens. Dated January 16, 1884.
„ 1552. T. D. Griffiths, of Swansea, for improvements in means or apparatus for lighting, ventilating and heating rooms by means of gas. Dated January 16, 1884.
„ 1553. T. D. Griffiths, of Swansea, for improvements in or con- nected with domestic fireplaces. Dated January 16, 1984.
No. 1570. Max AmEnde, of Westminster, London, for improvements in presses for copying letters and like purposes. Dated January 16, 1884. ,, 1583. 0. and F. Robinson, both of Kettering, Northamptonshire, for improvements in machines for sewing and join- ing straw-plait and other purposes. Dated Jan- uary 17, 1884,
1588. J. Hummerston, of Leeds, for an improved bolt for doors, windows, shutters, &c. Dated January 17, 1884.
1596. W. DevoU, of Erdington, near Birmingham, for an im- proved syphon apparatus for flushing closets and preventing waste of water. Dated January 17, 1884.
1609. T. Mc Grab, of Sheffield, for improvements in perambu- lators. Dated January 17, 1884.
1610. G. W. Willford and V. J. O'DonneU, both of Sheffield, for apparatus or appliances for and in connection with the manufacture of shovels and other similar articles. Dated January 17, 1884.
1627. W. J. Righton, of Euston Road, London, for an apparatus for instantaneously, heating water. Dated January 17, 1884.
T. Sanders, of Birmingham, and T. Stubbs, of StockweU, Surrey, for improvements in window fasteners. Dated January 17, 1884. J. Offord, and J. Madal, both of Southampton Row, London, for an improved fastening pin. Dated January 17, 1884. R. Lake — a communication from L. Bannister, of Philadelphia, United States, for improvements in grates and grate b rs. Dated January 17, 1884.
G. Edwards, of Dunkeniield, Cheshire, for an improved gas burner and top combined. Dated January 18, 1884.
M. H. Pearson, of Leeds, for improvements in washing machines. Dated January 18, 1884.
M. H. Pearson, of Leeds, for improvements in washing machines. Dated January 18, 1884.
0. Chipps, of Southsea, Hants, for an improved perambu- lator. Dated January 19, 1884.
T. H. B. Hitching, of Ludgate HiU, London, for improve- ments in break apparatus for perambulators and invalid carriages. Dated January 19, 1884.
J. Jones, of New Cross, and W. Whielder, of Devonshire Chambers, Bishopsgate Street, London, for an im- proved washing and cleansing machine, for plates, dishes and similar aiticles. Dated Jan. 19, 1884.
C. PJillips, of Aston, near Biimingham, for improvements in oil lamps. Dated January 19, 1884.
J. H. Cooper, of Evingtou, and W.J.Ford, of Humberstone, both of Leicestershire, for improvements in knitting machines. Dated January 19, 1884.
G. G. P. Brodie, of Birmingham, and J. D. Prior, of London, for improvements in fire grates. Dated January 21, 1884.
W. Vaughan, of SmaU-heath, near Birmingham, for im- provements in oil lamps. Dated January 21, 1884.
J. Titley, of Wallsall, for improvements in duplex burners for lamps or lanterns. Dated January 21, 1884.
C. J. Hart, of Pdgbaston, Birmingham, for an improved handle for tricycles and bicycles. Dated January 21, 1884. 1828. J. J. Norman, of Walbrook, London, for self-generating gas or vapour burners for heating purposes. Dated January 21, 1884. 1832. G. Moore, A. L. Stamps and B. E. Saunders, all of Aston, near Birmingham, for a new and improved joint for perambulators and other carriages. Dated January 21, 1884.
1630.
1637. J
1641, W.
1664.
1704, 1706, 1745. 1748.
1764.
1769. 1788.
1792.
1793. 1802. 1810,
•i2
THE JOUENAL OF DOMESTIC APPLUNCES AND SEWING MACHINE GAZETTE.
Marcli 1, 1884.
No. 1836. J. W. AVatts, of Countesthorpe, Leicester, for iaiprove- ments in latch -needle knitting machines. Dated January 21, 1881.
1844. T. Birks, of Nottingham, for improvements in perambu- lators or vehicles for children. Dated January 21^ 1884.
1859. T. Trotman and J. Carter, both of Stroud, Gloucestershire, for improvements in raising or lowering window blinds. Dated January 22, 1884.
1862. E. W. 'W'hitehall, of Nottingham, for an improved attach- ment to loop-stitch sewing machines for the trimming and welting of looping fabrics. Dated January 22, 1884. „ 1876. J. E. Taylor, of Moss Grove, Kingswinford, Staffordshire, for a new or improved washing machine. Da,ted January 22. 1884.
1892. H.Harris, of Mildmay-park, and T. Janeway, of Lambeth,
London, for impiovements in filters, whereby every household in town or country shall have a constant supply of pure filtered water. Dated January 22, 1884.
1893. E. Gordon, of Worthing, for improvements in the form
and construction of lamps. Dated January 22, 1884.
1899. F Axarn and G. Davies, of Chancery-lane, London, for
improvements in washing machines. Dated January
22, 1884. 1910. J. Wliiteley, of Leeds, for improvements in needles for
sewing machines. Dated January 22, 1834. 1914. J. F. Wiles, of Old Charlton, Kent, for an improved knife
cleaner. Dated January 22, 1884. 1950. J. Watson and G. WhaUey, of Keighley, Yorkshire, for
improvements in the construction of washing
machines. I'ated January 23, 1884.
1900. S. Welman, of flodahning, Surrey, for improvements in
water-closet apparatus, liated January 23, 1884. 1974. L. A. Groth — a communication from M. Schneider, of Doos, Germany, for improvements in jactetted heating stoves. Dated January 23, 1884. 1989. F. .Stichbury, of Leyton, for improvements in box irons.
Dated January 23, 1884. 2005. W. Sciitt, of Glasgow, for improvements in the construc- tion of heating sloves. Dated January 24, 1884. 2009. T. Chadwiek and T. Sugden, both of Oldham, Lancashire, for improvements in or applicable to sewmg machines. Dated January 24, 1884. ,, 2010. L. W. White, of Birmingham, for an improved skein
holder. Dated January 24, 1884. ,, 2035. J.Jones, of High{;,ate, London, for an improved rcethod of constructing kettles, saucepans and other vessels. Dated January 24, 1884. „ 2045. J. Lowley and J. Harold, both of Battcrsea, London, for th* ready and secure mode of fastening doors and opening same in case of sudden alarm by tire, or otherwise to be called the universal lever, latches and bolts. Dated January 24, 1884. „ 2048. E. A. Kippingille, of Birmingham, for improvements in lanjp burners for burning mineral oils. Dated January 24, 1884. „ 2003. A. M. Clark — a communication from W. Jensen, of Victoria, British Columbia, for improvements in domestic fire-escapes. Dated January 24, 1S84. „ 2080. H. Parker, of Birmingham, for im]irovements in cruet stands, li(]Uor frames, egg stands, and other frames of a similar kind, Dated January 25, 1884. 2104. T. H. lilamircs, of Hudderstield, and W. H. Bailey, of Salford, for improvements in apparatus for cooking and other culinary operations. Dated January 25, 1884.
No. 2108. „ 2126.
,, 2129. W.
„ 2130. „ 2132.
„ 2156. J.
2161. E.
2181. T.
|
2182. |
W |
|
2221. |
A. |
|
2224. |
A. |
|
2248. |
M. |
|
2255. |
L. |
|
2257. |
H. |
|
2270. |
A. |
2301. J.
2313. H. J
2375. H
|
2379. |
S. |
|
2385. |
c. |
|
2399. |
D. |
|
2403. |
W |
|
2414. |
A. |
|
2419. |
J. |
Smith, of Eastbourne, for an improved benzoline lamp.
Dated January 25, 1884. Thorpe, W. A. Chamberlain, all of Wigton, Magna, Leicestershire, for imiDrovements in castors. Dated January 25, 1884. B. G. Bennett, of Crauleigh Portswood, of Southampton for an improved automatic flushing apparatus. Dated January 25, 1884. Plaister, of Oxford, for improvements in perambulators.
Dated January 25, 18S4. J. Davis, of 200, Camberwell-road, London, for im- provements in gas heating stoves. Dated January 25, 1884. H. Johnson — a communication from A. Jacobs, of Brussels, for an improved apparatus or appliance for sewing machines, for colouring or dyeing, the material being sown thereby. Dated January 25, 1884. Jansen and A. Bontag, both of Soligen, Germany, for improvements in pocket knives. Dated January 25, 1884. H. Heard, of Sheffield, for improvements in the method of manufacture of table cutlery, edge tools, and other similar articles. Dated January 26, 1884. St. John Joyce, of Dublin, for an improvement in fire
grates. Dated January 26, 1884. J. Boult, a communication from L. Henkle, of Eochester, New York, United States, for improve- ments in lamps. Dated January 26, 1884. Perkins, of Uxbridge Eoad, Shepherd's Bush, for an
improved frying-pan. Dated January 26, 1884. J. Eedgate, of Shetlield, for improvements 'n peram- bulators. Dated January 28, 1884. L- HoUier, of Birmingham, for improvements relating to perambulators, which may be applied to similar vehicles. Dated January 28, 1884. W. Triggs, of Bristol, for improvements in or applic- able to perambulators. Dated January 28, 1884. Martin, of Birmingham, for improvements in lamps for burning mineral and other oils. Dated Jan- uary 28, 1884, Conlong, of Blackburn, for improvements in water closets, and in valves for regulating the supply of water to same. Dated January 29, 1884. AUison, a communication from the Schott Button- Hole Attachment Company, of New York, United States, for an improved button-hole attachment for sewing itachines. Dated Januany 29, 1884. , Leemiug, of Manchester, for improvements in or relating to knitting machines. Dated January 30, 1884. Willett, of Heme Hill, Surrey, for an improved window
fastener. Dated January 30, 1884. Spong, of Brockley, Kent, for improvements in knife cleaning machines. Dated January 30, 1884. . Lindo, of Finsbury, London, for an improved tea-pot.
Dated January 30, 1884. . Eichards, of Birmingham, for improvements in the manufacture of stair-rod eyes. Dated January 30, 1884. Harmens, of Howard-street, Strand, London, for wash- ing machines. Dated January .30, 1884. 11. Eamsay, Bart., of Barnff, Perthshire, for an im- provement in coal scuttles or fuel boxes. Dated January 80, 1884.
March 1, 1884.
THE JOUENAL OF DOMESTIC APPLIANCES AND SEWING MACHINE GAZETTE.
23
F. H. AVliite, of Liverpool, for the adaptation to aU fire- grates, cooking ranges, sto%'es, &c., of a swivel rest or tea-crow by iron clip. Dated January 31, 1884.
W. Maciitie, of Wylde Green, near Birmingham, for an improved sash and casement fastener. Dated January 31, 1884.
B. E. Jackson, of Birmingham, for certain improvements in bells known as call or alarm bells. Dated January 31, 1884.
J. W. Barsham — a communication from Messrs. Porter, Blanchard and Sons, of Concord, United States, for a new or improved butter worker. Dated January 31, 1884.
E. Crosthwaite, of Upper Thames-street, London, for an improvement in and appertaining to fii'e grates or stoves. Dated January 31, 1884.
A. Bradshaw, of Accrington, for improvements in oQ cans. Dated February 1, 1884.
W. Barsby, of King's Heath, Worcestershire, for improve- ments in lock-stitch Ee\ving machines, more especially applicable to machines for sewing heavy material such as leather. Dated February 1, 1884.
T. Wood, of Godstone, Surrey, for improvements in portable and fixed gas making lamps. Dated February 1. 1884.
S. Coulson and W. H. Edwards, both of Birmingham, for improvements in apparatus for opening, closing and securing windows, casements, ventilators, doors, and all objects that saving on centres or hinges. Dated February 1, 1884. E. Wilson, of Brixton, London, for improvements in lenses for reflecting light. Dated February 2, 1884.
J. Howarth, of Burnley, Lancashire, for improvements in the construction of washing machines. Dated February 2, 1884.
J. Aylward, of Coventry, Wanvickshire, for improvements in perambulators, parts of such improvements being also applicable to the -wheels of velocipedes and to the wheels of other vehicles. Dated February 2, 1884.
E. S. B. Tombs, of Eedcross-istreet, London, for improve- ments in sewing machinery. Dated February 2, 1S84.
H. A. H. GiU, of Hamburg, Germany, for improvements in type-writing machines. Dated February 2, 1884.
C. Hunt, of Bumingham, for improvements in snn burners. Dated February 2, 1884.
J. C. Mewburn — a communication from C. F. Norton and H. C. Mervin, botn of Melbourne, for an im- proved hemming and felling contrivance for attach- ment to sewing machines. Dated February 2, 1884.
L. L. HoUier, of Birmingham, for improvements in perambulators. Dated February 2. 1S84.
W. Foxcroft and J. J. Perry, both of Birmingham, for improvements in lamp or lantein burners for burn- ing colza, petroleum, or other volatile oils. Dated February 4, 1884.
A. B. Johnson, of West Hampstead, Loudon, for improve- ments in window sash fastenings. Dated February 4, 1884. Hopperton, of Malton, Yorkt^hiie, for a washing
machine. Dated February 5, 1884. Eoothroyd — a communication from W. F. Main, of Chicago, United States, for improvements in furni- ture casters. Dated February .5, 1884. 2761. D. H. Brandon — a communication from J. A. Fresco, of Paris, for improvements in sewing needles and in
No. 2432.
„ 2435.
„ 2452.
„ 2490.
„ 2496.
„ 2519.
„ 2529.
„ 2587.
„ 2560.
„ 2584.
„ 2595.
„ 2602.
„ 2605.
„ 2609.
„ 2611.
„ 2616.
„ 2625.
„ 2647.
„ 2686.
„ 2711.
„ 2712.
I.
B.
the modes of manufacturing the same. Dated February 5, 1884. No. 2774. T. H. Williams, of Soho, London, for spring hooks for window-blind cords. Dated February 5, 1884.
,, 2811. J. E. Spratt, of Brook-street, Grosvenor-square, London, for an improved self-feeding atmospheric stove for heating baths, washing-tubs, or other vessels con- taining water by means of an apparatus or stove with the fire being immersed in the water, the invention being that of feeding the lu-e or flame with air. Dated February 6, 1884.
,, 2824. J. Hunt, of Bolton, for improvements in washing machines Dated February 6, 1884.
,, 2865. T. ■\^'hitehead, of Aston, near Birmingham, for improve- ments in couplings and joints in lamps and chande- liers. Dated February 7, 1884.
„ 2914. J. S. Millway, of Bristol, for an improved construction or arrangement of iron scraper door mat. Dated February 7, 1884.
,, 2942. D. G. Stansbie and J. Parton, both of Birmingham, for diriding, and thereby increasing in volume and illuminating power, the ordinary gas. Dated February 8, 1884.
,, 2958. H. Thomas, of Eedditch, Worcestershire, for a method of jjapering or making up for sale needles threaded with cotton, silk, or other sewing material. Dated February 8, 1884.
,, 2967. F. Wu'th — a communication from E. Gruis, of Heilbronn, Germany, for improvements in gas lamps. Dated February 8, 1884.
,, 2984. F. George, of Northumberland-street, Eegent's-park, London, for improvements in gas connections. Dated February 8, 1884.
,, 3033. C. Portway, of Halstead, Essex, for improvements in apparatus for use for cooking or other purposes. Dated February 9, 1884.
,, 3044. T. Fletcher, of Warrington, Lancashire, for improve- ments in washing machines. Dated February 9, 1884.
,, 3015. T. Fletcher, of Warrington, Lancashire, for improve- ments in gas stove and gas fires. Dated Februai-y 9, 1884.
,, 304G. T. Fletcher, of Warrington, Lancashire, for improvements in gas-heated ovens. Dated February 9, 1884.
,, 3061. E. C. Christian, of Dublin, for an improved method of securing stair rods. Dated February 11, 1884.
,, 3108. J. A. and J. Hopkinson, of Huddersfield, for improve- ments in hot-water apparatus for domestic and similar purposes. Dated February 11, 1884.
,, 3138. T. H. Landon, of Queen Victoria-street, London, for im- provements in filters. Dated February 12, 1884.
., 3181. F. A. Hall, of Birmingham, for an improved gas-stove bm-ner. Dated February 13, 1884.
,, 3183. J. Morris, of Piiver's-liiU, Ashton-upon-Mersey, Cheshire, for a divisional coffee pot. Dated February 13, 1884.
,, 3198. J. Morgan, of Bristol, for an improved ribbed knife board. Dated February 13, 1884.
,, 3200. J. Morgan, of Bristol, for an improved cleaning and finishing fork cleaner. Dated February 13, 1884.
,, 3216. W. H. Pereival, of Westbourne-villas, London, for an automatic governor for regulating the speed of motors of sewing machines and other machines. Dated February 13, 1884.
,, 3237. W. Singer and F. H. Hinterleitner, both of Berlin, for improvements in folding carriages for children. Dated Fsbroary 13, 1884.
24
THE JOURNAL OF DOMESTIC APPLIANCES AND SEWING MACHINE GAZETTE.
March 1, 1884.
No. 3266. J. Watson and G. Whalley, both of Keighley, Yorkshire, for improvements in the method of preserving washing machine rollers. Dated Febrnary 14, 1884.
„ 3281. T. Thorp, of Whitefield, Lancashire, for an improved governor for regulating the flow of gas to burners. Dated February 14, 1885.
„ 3311. G. Bittinghans — a communication from W. Henschen and Co., of Geislingen, Germany, for improvements in apparatus for preparing or making tea or tea infusions. Dated February 14, 1884.
letters Patent have been issued for the following:—
, 3592. H. Marlow, of the firm of Marlow, Smith and Company, of 127, Regent-street, London, for an improved construction of gas distributor in plastic material for domestic and like stoves. Dated July 21, 1883.
, 3681. J. Nadal, of Southampton-row, London, for improvements in shding chandeliers or gaseliers and pendant lamps, applicable also to other purposes. Dated July 27, 1883.
, 3742. A. S. Bower, of St. Neot's, Huntingdonshire, and T. Thorp, of Whitefield, Lancashire, for an improved regenerative gas lighting apparatus. Dated July 31, 1883.
, 3848. W. Clark — a communication from J. H. Burnam, of Fayetteville, United States, for improvements in fire-places and fire-backs. Dated August 7, 1882.
, 3918. J. H. Ross, of Dublin, for improvements in locks for securing travelling and otherbags, portmanteaus and the like. Dated August 13, 1883.
, 4218. S. Siddaway and A. W. Clayton, both of West Bromwich, Staffordshire, for improvements in sad irons, box irons, and other smoothing irons. Dated September 1, 1883.
, 4674. S. Leoni, of St. Paul's-street, I'ackington-street, London, for improvements in gas cooking ovens. Dated October 2, 1SS3.
, 5310. G. F. Marshall, of Baltersea, London, for improvements in filters. Dated November 9, 1883.
, 5327. E. Greenfield, of Bronili-y, Kent, for improvements in apparatus for cloaniug knives and forks. Dated November 10, 1883.
, 5415. G. W'. Carr— a communication from Carr and Hobsun, Limited, of New York, United States, for improve- ments in lawn mowers. Dated November 16, 1883.
Specifications published dubino the Month. Postage Id. each extra,
1883. s. d.
No. 2628. J. Hix, bicycles, tricycles, A'C 0 2
2638. H. J. G. Halstrcira, screws for wood . . ..02 2654. S. Leoni, burners applicable to gas cooking appara- tus 0 6
2666. G. P. Lee. perambulator bodies 0 2
2689. J. White and J. Asbury, velocipede saddles . . 0 2
2733. J. Smith, water-closets and apparatus connected
therewith 0 2
2786. J. A. Koerber, electrical apparatus tor igniting gas,
&c 0 2
2803. J. W. Plunkett and J. C. Hart, safety apparatus
for gas burners . . . . . . . . ..06
2821. J. H. Stone, shade holders or frames for gas and
other lamps 0 2
2824. J. Darling, apparatus for cooking eggs, &c. . . 0 8
2830. W. BoutteU, tricycles 0 2
2838. F. G. Lynde, latches for doors, cupboards, windows,
&c 0 2
2848. E. Nunan, operating bicycles, tricycles, etc. . . 0 2
2886. S. C. Davidson, stoves or air heating apparatus . . 0 8 2917. S. Davis, saddles for bicycles and velocipedes .. 0 2
2926. P. C. G. Klingberg, lamp burners 0 2
2929. F. Piercy, water-closets 0 6
2934. J. Mc'Hardy, sewing machines, &c. .. .. 0 2
2936. J. Imray, steam tricycle . . . . . . ..06
2940. H. J. Haddan, gas stoves ..0 6
2947. D. Poznainski, spirit cooking stoves or lamps . . 0 4 2955. C. Pieper, regenerative lamps and gas burners . . 0 6 2957. R. C. Jay, tricycles and other velocipedes . . ..06 2962. W. P. Thompson, manumotive velocipedes , . 0 2
2969. R. Mc'Combie and W. Seaman, water-closet basins 0 6 2971. Sir J. N. Doug!ass, burners .. .. .. ..0 4
3022. J. O. Fry, soldering irons 0 2
3025. E. Edwards, adjustable springs for locks, latches or
bolts 0 2
3028. A. G. Brookes, sewing machinery . . . . ..08
3043. W. R. Lake, door locks or latches 0 2
3059. R. Mindt, ironing machine . . . . . . ..06
3064. J. D. Sprague, latches, bolts or fastenings for doors,
windows, &c. . . . . . . . . ..06
3106. C. Thompson, perambulators . . . . ..04
3138. W. Wright, construction of velocipedes . . ..06
3166. H. J. Haddan, thread winding attachment for
sewing macnines . . . . . . ..02
3179. C. Harvey and W. Paddock, tricycles, &c. .. . . 0 10
323 1, H. H. Lake, gas burners and chimneys for use \vith
the same . . . . . . . . . . ..06
JAPAN TRANSFER WORKS, HOLLOWAY HEAD, BIRMINGHAHL
Proprietor, WILLIAM GAY,
Supplies Gold Metal and Color Transfers of the best quality to the Principal Sewing Machine, Bedstead, Bicycle, Tricycle and General Japan Manufacturers in the World. Upwards of 10 years Transfer Printer to the Singer Manufacturing Company. Special designs made to order Estimates given.
JVOTU ADDRESS-
March 1, 1884.
THE JOUENAIi OF DOMESTIC APPLIANCES AND SEWING ItACHINE GAZETTE.
25
AND
SEWING MACHINE GAZETTE.
With which is Incoeporated " THE HAKDWARE TRADES' REVIEW,"
A Monthly Trade Journal Published on the 1st of each Month. FOR IRONMONGERS, DEALERS IN DOMESTIC APPLIANCES,
Factors, and Traders in Metals, Machinery and Hardware^ &c., &c., Circulated throughout the United Kingdom, the Continent, India, China, Ceylon, Japan,
and the Colonies.
With the view of ohtaining New Subscribers, the Publishers will mail, in addition to their
ordinary issue,
A Special Free Distribution
MONTHLY DURING 1884.
Which will be sent to Manufacturers, Hardware Merchants, Dealers in Domestic Appliances, Ironmongers, and Factors and Traders in Metal, in Great Britain and in the Colonies. A copy will also be sent to every London Shipper of Hardware throughout the year.
As a medium for Advertisements, both in price and circulation, it will compare with advantage with other Journals.
ADVERTISEMENT TARIFF.
Q,uarter Page £1 8s. Od.
Half Page £2 Os. Od.
One Page £4: Os. Od.
The above Scale of Charges is subject to a discount of 10 per cent, upon Six, and 20 per cent, upon Twelve
consecutive insertions.
OlilDEK, FOE, Is/L.
Date
J 884.
jauihcrise you to inserts
Advertisement in THE JOUKNAL OF DOMESTIC
APPLIANCES AND SEWING MACHINE GAZETTE, to occupy at the above rate jpar month,
for. To
.months, payalle quarterly.
Name^
W, J/cMES M/rSON,
10, TYPE STEEET, FINSBUET,
LONDON. E.C
Address.
r
I
2G
THE JOURN-^L OF DOMESTIC APPLIANCES AND SEWING MACHINE GAZETTE. March 1, 188<.
^gmmcitt for tljc
HIRE OF A
No,
The undersigned hereby hires the
.No.
.belonging to^
I. On the sum of £ : instalments of £
of each succeeding.
upon the terms and conditions following: —
d. being paid to in
s. d., the first instalment to be paid on
and each subsequent instalment at the expiration
the
to belong without further payment to the undersigned.
II. In case of default in the punctual payment of any instalment, the instalments previously
paid shall be forfeited to ^ ^who shall thereupon be entitled to
resume possession of the , , the understanding being that until
full payment of ^ : s. d. the remains the
sole and absolute property of it is not to be
removed from the undermentioned address, can be inspected at any reasonable time
by any duly authorised agent or servant of
and is only lent on hire to the undersigned, who will take all reasonable care of it during the hiring, and in case of damage by fire or accident, bear the loss or risk.
Dated this day of _^__ __i8
Si£ned_
6d. stamp
Address^
Wz/ness to the above Signature_ Address of Witness
All Change of Besidence to be intimated to
The above Agreement is constructed on one originally drawn up by Lord Coleridge, the Lord Chief Justice of the Common Pleas, which was submitted to Sir Hardinge F. Giffard, Her Majesty's Solicitor-General, who is of opinion " that it confers no right in equity any more than at law to the goods in question, and consequently does not require to be registered under the New Bill of Sale Act.
PiMished at the Sewing Machine Gazette Office, 10, Type Street, Finshury, London, E.C.
March 1, 1884. THE JOUENAL OF DOJIESTIC APPLIANCES AND SEWING MACHINE GAZETTE. 27
HIRE AGREEMENT FORMS.
The HIRE AGREEMENT FORM on the opposite page has been specially drafted by Counsel for affording security to those who let out on Hire
SEWING MACHINES, BICYCLES, and similar articles.
It should be used by all in the Trade.
Price Sixpence per Dozen, Post-free.
Apply, Office of this Journal,
10, TYPE STREET, FINSBURY, LONDON, E.G.
r
28
THE JOURNAL OF DOMESTIC APPLIANCES AND SEWING MACHINE GAZETTE.
March 1, 1884.
JOHNSTONE FLAX MILLS.
INDEPENDENT TESTIMONY. FINLAYSON'S THREAD,
AT THE
GREAT AMERICAN LEATHER PAIR
The Threads manufactured by FINLAYSON, BOUSFIELD & CO. are in practical and exclusive use during the Exhibition in Mr. TUton's Boot Factory, and by the Goodyear, the Blake, the Keats, the National Wax Thread Machines, and by the New International Dry Thread Machine. This, as a practical endorsement of this Thread, is certainly very suggestive, and it |8 doubtful whether stronger testimony, from those best qualified to judge, could possibly be given »'8S to the quality of the article under notice." — Boston Advertiser, September 10, 1881.
FINLAYSON, BOUSFIELD & CO.,
JOHNSTONE, near GLASGOW,
AND
GRAFTON FLAX MILLS US.
Printed lor the Proprietors and Published by them at 4, Ave Maria Lane, London, E.C.
SUPPLEMENT TO THE 'JOURNAL OF DOMESTIC APPLIANCES AND SEWING MACHINE GAZETTE," MARCH 1,
THE IMPROVED WHITE MACHINE,
THE WHITE SEWING MACHINE COMPANY, QUEEN VICTORIA STREET, E.G.
svppz.emx:nt
THE JOURNAL OF DOMESTIC APPLIAJMCES,
Maicli 1-1. I'^'^l.
WUH VMIILJI
THK HARDWARE
JS l,M.'i|;l'ti(;A I i;r.
TRADES REVIEW.
BRASS FOUNDER, &c.
JOHN S. WALFOHD,
62 <& 63, Hampton Street, BIRMINGHAM
BECISTEREO
TRADE MARK.
And if;iim(act»rer of all kind>; of Be?' Wftrranted rinmbero" I'.rtt*^ Work. Diapliragm and Scrow-down Vater Cdcks. Bull VhItc-;. Ac.
Brass Fender and Fire Guard Manufacturer,
Wire Worker, Weaver, &c.
jroJBtzw
BLOOMSBURY BRASS 4 WIRE WORKS 46 & 47. High St. Mew Oxford St.,W.C
SPF.CI,*t.ITIES
IN BRASS AND IKON,
WIBE FENDERS.
SIEVE, BIED CAGE k
ANDF.vi:nv KKscRim kis hf WIRE WORK
I'riei l.ht /.. II,, Tr-uU ami «/;,>,.«.j.
ENGINEERS, &c.
SAFETY
Manufacturers to the Admiralty,
• i rt § :. 3^ 5
Alex. TurnbuU & Co., Engineers,
BUTCHERS' KMYES, TOOLS, AND TABLE CUTLERY, &c.
WM. DEWSNAP & CO.,
MANUFACTURERS OF
Table Cutlery, Butchers' Knives, Choppers, &c.
57 & 58, St. John's Sq., Clerkenwell, London, E.C-
Illustrated Price Lists and Terms Free on Application. LIBEBAL DISCOVM JO SHIPPEMS A AD TJli: IliADK
LOGIC 3vr,A.IsrTTF-A.CTTJIiER,S.
EDWIN J. YATES & CO., EKPerciDale Lock CClojcfes, aBolDerfiampton,
RIM, MORTICE, PAD, TRUNK AND CABINET LOCKS,
INCLUDtSG
Barron's, Bramah's, Kuxton's, Tucker's and Chubb'i
Expired Patents- Sole Manufacturers of Hand-made and Machine-made Safety Lever, New Palace, Protector and Imperi»l Guard Locke. Combination, Lever and every description of Night Latch.
IRON WINE BINS.
Wrought Iron, Cellular, Patent Slider, Safety, French, &c. Soda Water Racks, Cask Stands, de, Blnstrated Lists forwarded to the Trade and Shippers,
W. & J. BURROW, Manufacturers, LOXTDOK AKD GHEAT MALYJGRK.
KITCHENERS, COOKING, HEATING STOVES, &c,
BROWN & GREEN, Limited,
KAirUFACTURERS,
LUTON & FINSBURY PAVEMENT, LONDON.
THE 'GEDI" BURN WOOD OR COAL.
Portable Cooking Stove. for fauuiks axu Kxrinir.
Wifrmntfd lo Batftoil/i a rtmarkably tnutU i/tuintilif nffvft.
PRIZE MEDALS.
London. iMiltliti. Voris. MoiichMter,
Melbourne, etc.
Gold M«dnl nt Adelaide. 1?H1.
Gold Meilnl M. Clirl-«tchurcJi,Nc'Wi>«?anii
1882.
Gold Modal «nd Silver MedftI for Gra(PB
■nd Kitrlifners at the Sniokt Abatement
Ezliibition, South Kens^inglun, \^.9%.
Manufactory -WINDSOR STREET, LUTON.
Full lllusfraled List Post Free.
April 1, 1884.
THE JOURNAL OF DOMESTIC APPLIANCES AND SEWMG MACHINE GAZETTE, fr' •'^■Y -3 v'^Jvl
GRAND PRIZE
GRAND CROSS
PARIS
EXHsemoN.
BOUR AND SONS,
Were awarded by the International Jury of the Paris Exhibition the
iven to the Linen
Grand Medal
First Prize Medal,
Vienna 1873,
Trade of the World.
First Prize Medal,
Tor Progress,
Philadelphia, 1876. Philadelphia, 1876.
MANUFACTURERS OF
Vienna, 1873.
SHOE A
SEWING MACHINE THREADS,
Tlireads specially made for the Blake Sole Sewing Machines, for the Crispin, WHttemore, Mills and Blake Pump
Machines. Also "WAX THREADS for the Pearson and Other Machines, used La Sewing Leather First Prize Medal, „ First Prize Medal,
CABLE^TYflST SIX CORD,
On loz. SPOOLS for EXTRA LEATHER WOEK.
Far stronger than Silk, and much cheaper.
THREE CORD SEWING MACHINE THREADS,
On 2o2. SPOOLS.
London, 1862.
Also all Numbers one Price, at One Penny, Threepence, and Sixpence per SPOOL. Strongest Quality made.
To be had at all Wholesale Warehouses.
liOndcn, 1832<>
London Warehouse :-12, BREAD STREET, LONDON, EC. Manchester do. 28, MOSLEY STREET.
AQMCrES— Northampton, 44, Horse Market ; Stafford, Rowley Street ; Glasgow, 48, Queen Street ; Dublin, 10, St. Andrew's Street Bclfafi, 9, Donegal! Square, West ; Paris, Rue Thevenot, 25 ; Hamburg, Gr. Reiohenstrasse, 31 ; Madrid, Turco, 8 PraJ;
iSavyples and Price List may ie had on application.
THE JOURNAL OF D01IE3TIC APPLIANCES AND SEWING MACHINE GAZETTE.
April 1, 1884.
THE WHITE SEWIHB MACHINE COIPAN?.
MANUFACTORY :
Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America.
PRINCIPAL EUROPEAN OFFICE:
19, QUEEN VICTORIA ST.. LONDON, E.G.
Manufacturers of the justly Celebrated
WHITE SEWIM MACH]
THE POPULAR FAVORITES FOR NOISELESSNESS AND EASY
TREADLE MOVEMENT.
UNPARALLELED
SUCCESS
OF THE
"WHITE"
SEWma MACHIKE,
Gold Medal, Amsterdam Exhibition, 1883.
60^9~MACIIi¥eS
manufactueed & sold each day.
500
SEWING MACHINE DEALERS IN ENGLAND ALONE SELL THE
"WHITE."
Samples of Work & Price List gratis on application
TRY A
5J
" W^HITK
BEFORE PURCHASING.
NO OTHER MACHINE EVER HAD SUCH
A RECORD OF POPULARITY.
THE IMFEOVED WHITE MACHINE.
LIBERAL TERMS TO RESPONSIBLE DEALERS AND AGENTS.
All
Sewing Machine Agents, Doalera, and Operators are invited to call and inspect this — the latest Improved and Best Silent Lock-Stitch Shuttle Sewhig Machine— or send for Pamphlets, Circulars, &c., to
HITE SEWING MACHINE COMPANY,
19, Queen Victoria Street, London, E.C,
April 1, 1884. THE JOUENAL OF DOMESTIC APPLIAKCES AND SEWING MACHINE GAZETTE.
a»
(MANUFACTURERS' AGENTS),
SOLE WHOLESALE AGENTS FOR THE
6RITZ1IER DAPFACTURIDe COHFIIIIY
IN GREAT BRITAIN AND THE COLONIES.
The Sewing Machines manufac- tured by Messrs. Gritzner & Co., of Durlach, have won Prize Medals at all the principal Exhibitions during the past 5 years ; but what is of FAR MORE VALUE, they have won " golden opinions " from Agents in all parts of the World
The Machines are constructed on the most approved scientific principles— all the parts are inter- changeable. Valuable patented im- provements have been recently added
Special advantages are oflfered to Agents, and every facility is given to enable large Buyers to do a profitable and satis- factory trade-
NOTE THE ADDRESS-
JOHN TESTER & Co., 10 & 12, Dr. Johnson Passage, Birmingham. London Office and Show Rooms— 119, Goswell Road.
ACl communications for Agencies to ie addressed to Birmingham.
THE JOURNAL OP DOMESTIC APPLIANCES AND SEWING MACHINE GAZETTE.
April 1, 1884.
AS HOWE SEWING MACHINES
ADAPTED FOR EVERY DESCRIPTION OF WORK.
Purchase no Machines
WITnoUT THIS
Trade Mark.
Complete with all Api)liances from
£4 4s.
Price Lists and Samples of AVork post free.
IMCanufacturers of Boots and Cloth* ing, who carry on a high-class trada ONLY USE THE HOWE MACHINE.
A trial is all that is necessary to con- vince those in want of a Sewing Machine that THE HOWE is entitled to pre- eminence over all others.
Families will find no other Maohina which will do the same range of work. Sewing from the finest Muslin to several plies of heavy Cloth.
Dressmakers who once use THE EOTN'E give it the preference over all others for beauty and durability of Stitch.
"•^.i.
The Howe Machine Co. are also Manufacturers of Bicycles and Tricycles. THE HOV\/E BICYCLE, PRICE FROM £15 75s.
Possesses all the latest improvements, and will be found unrivalled tor quality of workmanship and material. See Special Lists.
THE HOWE TRICYCLE, PRICE £16 16s.
A Machine designed on the Best Mechanical Principles.
THE HOWE MACHINE COMPANY (Limited), 46 & 48, Queen Victoria Street, London.
Factory-AVENUE STREET, BRlDGi^TON, GLASGOW.
GRIMME, NATALIS & Co., Limited,
BRUNSWICK (Germany).
Sewing Machine Manufacturers.
'■ O'R.i.^fNA.Ii PRINCESS." Hand nZacbine, Specially Recommended Isexceeding-ly popular &Tery cheap
The '■ CONCORDIA'
(Slng-er System), Hand or Treadle.
CHAS. BBADBURY,
grprfjicjiiatiuii for (^m\\ gi[itaiit,
The "CONCORDIA,'
(Singer System) Hand or Treadle.
37, TORRENS ROAD. BRIXTON. LONDON. S.W.
fvjAprUl, 1884.
THE JOURNAL OF DOMESTIC APPLIANCES AND SEWING MACHINE GAZETTE.
THE SINGER MANUFACTURING COMPANY'S NEW FACTORY.
WE are informed by Mr. Whitie, the assistant manager of the Singer JIanufacturing Company, Loudon, that the new factory which was commenced in the spring of last year, at Kilbowie, near Glasgow, is fast progressing towards completion. The whole of the premises are on a very extensive scale, and are situated on forty-six acres of ground, contiguous to the Glasgow, Dumbarton, and Helens- burgh Kailway, having the Kilbowie Station at the north- western corner. The buildings are both elaborate and com- plete, and consist of a main block 800 feet long by 50 feet broad, three Ftoreys high, with three connecting wings, each 75 feet in length by 50 feet in breadth. The fioorage area of this block, forming the main buildings, is 273,750 square feet, and ■ here the automatic tools and machinery are in course of erection for making the various parts of the different kinds of machines. In close proximity, there is the cabinet and bos-making factories, consisting of two buildings, each 350 feet long and 50 feet broad ; the two blocks of this department are connected at each end by two wings, 75 feet in length and 50 feet wide, all being three storeys high, and having a floorage of 127,500 feet. Then, on the opposite side of the main block is the foundry, 450 feet long by 360 feet broad, having a foundry store and annealing departments adjoining, 290 feet long and 110 feet broad, separating it from the part in which the making, japanning, and ornamenting of machine stands will be carried on. On the north-east of the foundry is the forge, 800 feet long and 100 feet broad, whilst considerably to the north is the boiler shop of similar dimensions. The shipping and storing machines department is 870 feet long and 115 feet wide, having an area of 42,550 square feet. The packing shop is 150 feet long and 5; feet wide. The total floorage is 806,125 square feet, and the extent of ground occupied by the new buildings is 46 acres. In addition to the railway on the north side of the works, the grounds are bounded on the south by the Forth and Clyde Canal. The North British Railway Company have constructed a siding into the site of the works, a branch from which is continued all round and through the buildings. A shipping stage is also erected on the side of the canal. As may be expected, works of such an extensive character will find employment for a large number of persons, about 3,500, and it is expected that 8,000 sewing machines will be turned out per week.
To the foregoing description we may add, that whilst it is gratifying to record the development of the manufacturing business of one sewing machine company in this country, it is satisfactory also to know that other companies are still increasing. The fact is, every house almost in the United Kingdom has a sewing machine, for the same reason that every family possesses a clock. Both are indispensable. Indeed, some families have more than one machine, in ad- dition to which, there are factories where from 50 to 300 or more machines are to be found. The demand is therefore great and must increase in proportion to the development of the wealth and industry of the civilized globe.
The new Oscillating Shuttle machine, made by the Singer Manu. facturing Company, has hail a large sale lately. It is much swifter than others made by this Company, and can make 2,000 stitches per minute. The mechanical construction — as explained to us since our last — is simple in the extreme, whilst it is very light in its running. We hear that one house has just ordered 200.
THE VERTICAL FEED SEWING MACHINE.
WE have received samples of work made by the new Vertical Feed Sewing Machine, and have also availed ourselves of the opportunity of mspecting this machine and seeing it in operation. It is a lock-stitch, and has very few parts underneath, a principle which renders it light and easy in its running whilst it is comparatively noiseless. One of its great peculiarities is, the feed motion is not secured by teeth, and is carried forward above instead of under the work as in other machines. Iiy these means tacking is obviated, fewer parts are required in the construction, whilst a greater variety of work can be effected. The samples of work we consider to be very good, and we noticed that three operations — gathering, stitching, and facing — can be done at one time. The most beautiful operation seemed to be that of pleated trimming, or small pointed kilting. We saw this made from straight material, the machine produc- ing a fancy pink pleating as it worked or sewed. We con- sider this to he the jrowning operation of the Vertical Machine, which must for this reason make it very acceptable to ladies who are fond of fancy work. The gauging we saw done is really excellent work, and we have never seen it surpassed. It will do feUing, bias or straight, on any cotton or woollen goods ; fell across seams ; bind dress goods with the same or other material, either scallops, points, squares, or straights.
A BICYCLE STAND AND HOME TRAINER.
EXEECISE AT HOME.
fHE necessity for the invention of some means by which riders can have good practice during bad weather, whilst the roads are unsuitable, and also for those who reside in large towns too far from a good bicycle track, has long been felt. It is, therefore, satisfactory to find that Walton and Vaughau's Patent Bicycle Stand, for home practice, has been invented to supply this want. It consists of a strong iron base, with cross arms of the general form of the letter T. In this base two rollers are mounted, whilst at the end of each of the cross arms a nearly upright rod is fixed, on the top of which is a forked cap for receiv- ing and holding the head of the bicycle. In using the stand, the driving wheel of the bicj'cle is passed on to the rollers, the head of the bicycle fitting into the forked cap at the top of tlie upright roads. The machine is thus firmly fixed and supported in the stand, and the rider operates upon it in the usual way in a room connected with his own premises or in his garden. A powerful brake is connected with' the stand, which can be used to represent ascending hills. There is also a new registering apparatus combined with the stand, which indicates the supposed distance travelled by the bicycle, and a bell is made to ring at the end of each indicated mile.
The Wauzer Sewing Machine Company are bringing out a new machine which will be ready in June, if not before. A large number of the AVanzer machines have been exported to the South African colonies during the last ten years.
We have been shown a light running machine manufactured by the Domestic Sewing Machine Company, New York, for whom Messrs. Gordon and Gotch are the London agents. The " Eeliable " is a good hand-machine made by this Company.
The Hudderstield Fine Art and Industrial Exhibition has forwarded a gold medal — the highest award — to the Singer Manufacturing Company.
THE JOURNAL OF DOMESTIC APPLIANCES AND SEWING MACHINE GAZETTE.
April 1, 183i.
ON THE RELATION BETWEEN MASTERS
AND MElV.
JOHNSTONE— ODDFELLOWS' SOIREE.
THE annual soirte in connection with the ninth anni- versary of the Loj'al Perseverance Lodge of Odd- fellows, No. G090 (Manchester Unity), was held, early in March, in the Public Hall. There was a large attendance. Mr James Finlayson, jun., of Merchiston, presided ; and considerable interest was imparted to the proceedings in consequence of Mr. Finlayson delivering his " maiden speech." The Chairman was accompanied to the platform by Piev. John Jeffray, Jlr. Archibald W. Finlayson, Bailie Meiklejohn, ex-Bailie Hunter, Messrs. Alexander Wylie, James Barnett, John Carswell (Paisley), Andrew Kay, William Buick, Peter Hutchison, James Leckie, Alex. M'Keeman, &c.
The Chairman, who, on rising to deliver his address, was received with loud applause, said — Having partaken of the very excellent, supper provided by yom' committee, we now proceed with the programme, aijd, as a celebrated sportsman puts it, "we pass from the feast of reason to the flew of soul." Scarcely, however, are we ready to start than we are confronted with a formidable obstruction, which bars our further progress ; but, with your kind for- bearance, I shall do my best to negotiate the first fence, and, the "Chairman's address" once cleared, I don't see any other barrier in our course which is likely to cause fm'ther difliculty. (Applause). I shall commence by congratulating the members of this lodge on their balance- sheet for the last year ; because, while on account of sick- ness they have been called upon to distribute a larger amount than for several years, their receipts have also increased, on account of increased membership. They have been able to augment their capital by £5.5, and it now amounts to the vci-y respectable sum of £386, or £3 9s. per member ; and during the last eight years a sum almost equally large lias been paid out to sick members. (Applause). Now, this is a result for which we should be thankful, as it is not always the experience of friendly societies. (Applause). I noticed lately an article in a ncwispaper on a blue-book recently issued, which contained remarks on the valuations of friendly societies in Scotland for the period of five years— from 1876 to 1880— which showed that out of 217 valuations only 78, or about one- tbird, showed a surplus amounting to £81,000, and the remaining IGi) showed a deficiency of £159,000. The satisfactory balance-sheet produced by this lodge is evidence of the careful management of your committee, and I am snrc it is a matter of great satisfaction to them that they are able to present to you such a good account. Now, if there is one thing more necessary than another in con- nection with a society such as this (which is, in fact, a Mutual Assurance Company), it is confidence in the management ; and I am quite sure, judging from this statement of your affairs, tliut you may go on your daily journey with the full assnranco that a safe provision has been made against the trials and vicissitudes which may overtake any of us in our journey through life. I have only been able to glance over some of the books published by the Oddfellows' Society, but even a glance is sufficient to show that the magnificent success which it has accom- plished is not due to mere chance, but to splendid adminis- tration, and even a casual observer cannot fail to be fully impressed with the wonderful detail of the system. Wha"t a gigantic system this is, with a memberehip of balf-a-mil-
lion, and a capital amounting to the enormous sum of five and a half millions, and what an influence for good it can exert ! (Applause.) The contemplation of such a magni- ficent institution naturally leads one to compare the present condition of our country with that which existed not so vei-y long ago. We who enjoy so many advantages in these times become so accustomed to them that we ccaso to appreciate them as we ought ; and while I believe that, as a nation, we are contented, still it is well to look back a little and see how the present condition of things was brought about, and to compare it with that which went before. It is well for us to study the history of our times. The object I have in view in making a short retrospect in illustration of the idea I have just thrown out, will be best attained if I refer to a few every day institution,? which are familiar to all of us. (Applause ) Take the penny post. We are so accustomed to send penny letters, that the idea that the charge was ever more than this probably never occurs to many, and some, no doubt, often think it too much ; and yet when the idea of a penny rate of postage was first suggested in 1837 (forty-seven years ago) by Mr. Rowland Hill, it was re- garded as a daring revolutionaiy scheme. It took two years of discussion to educate Parliament up to the mark, but the measure was finally accepted, and came into force on 10th January, 1840 — ^just forty-four years ago. You may form some idea of the difficulties previously thrown in the way of the commercial development of the country when I men- tion that, forty-five years ago, it cost 8d. to post a letter from Brighton to London — fifty miles — and Is, 4d. from ]5elfast or Aberdeen to London, and this for only half-a- sheet. In 1838, 7G million letters passed through the Post- oflBce; last year (1883), thenumber was 1,281 million letters and 144 million post cards ; and, in addition to this, there were 32 million telegrams and 429 million newspapers. We all realise the advantage of a free, unfettered, and cheap Press. We feel how much the penny paper in the morning, and the halfpenny paper in the evening, contribute to our happiness and to our education in the events which are occurring all over the world. The newspaper almost forms part of our daily food, and to us in Johnstone the week would not be complete without the Gleaner. Less than fifty years ago, there was a tax of fourpence per copy on every newspaper. The paper itself was loaded with a tax which yielded a revenue throe times as large as the wages of the workpeople employed making it. And so, from one cause or another, the price of a newspaper was so high that the employment of it was a rare luxm-y. The entire circu- lation of the couutiy was only thirty-six million copies per annum, and the readers were said not to exceed 300,000. In 183G, a reformed Parliament reduced the tax to one penny per copy, which also covered postage, but it was not till 1855 — less than thu'ty years ago — that this tax was abolished ; and the repeal, six years later, of all duty on paper gave the final impetus to the Press, which has since gone on unimpeded in its glorious career. What the circu- lation now is, with the machines printing at the rate of 40,000 per hour, and what the number of readers now is, ■would, I think, bo impossible calculations. The Post-of&ce alone carried 429 million papers last year, and this must have been a mere drop in the bucket. (Applause.) The news given in the old times was of the most meagre des- cription, and I believe there is more actual knowledge of the daily doings of the world conveyed in the bills which are put up at the news-agents' doors than in a newspaper in 1836, which cost perhaps Is. or Is. 6d., and on which a
April 1, 1884.
THE JOURNAL OP DOMESTIC APPLIANCES AND SEWING MACHINE GAZETTE.
tax of 4d. bad been paid. I know tbat very often, wben ■walking down to business in the morning, I get news of atartling events from an old friend I meet ; but wbon he has said enough to excite my desire for details, I find he fails then, as he has not had time by that hovir to master details, and has gleaned his information from the bills. Now, the references to the Post-office and the Press naturally lead to the great question of education. Every one in the community is interested in this great subject, and those who are not enough interested are generally reminded of their shortcomings by our worthy compulsory officer, Mr. Budge. (Applause.) The events connected with the in- troduction of the present system of education are too recent to reqiiire to be dwelt upon now, but I may say that no legislation of our generation will produce more magnificent results, or conduce more to the prosperity of the entire nation. I' have heard men say that education was not desirable, because if every one be educated, there will not " be any working men left. Possibly a good deal of such talk was meant by way of joke, but, curiously enough, what is now stated in this half jocular way was stated in all earnestness in Parliament fifty years ago. (Laughter and applause.) It was then believed that the education of the masses was a source of danger, and a learned judge, Lord Cockburn, stated " the principle was reverenced as indis- putable that the ignorance of the people was necessary to their obedience of the law." And it was on this principle also that the heavy taxation was put on the Press to pre- vent the extension of enlightened ideas Such outrageous and illogical views were bound to be upset, and I think you will agree with me tbat our legislators were themselves sadly in want of education. Now, the universal cry is for education. Instead of expecting people who are ignorant to fulfil the law, the feeling which has prevailed of recent years is that ignorance is the real danger to the State, and that the men who, as enfranchised citizens of this great country, have her destinies more and more intrusted to their keeping, must be carefully educated, in order to be able to take an intelligent interest in her affairs, and by more in- telligent labour also, to maintain her in her high place among the nations of the world. In America, I have seen the very perceptible effects of the excellent education which is one of the glories of that great people ; and I firmly believe that the main thing which has made that nation what she is, which has tided the Eepubhc through many a storm and severe trial, and preserved her "united, one and for ever" the wonder of the civilised world, is — education. From the very first settlement of the Colony, the system of free education was established, and now the annual sum expended on this branch is about twenty millions (sterling) per annum. In this country, we have made splendid progress, and no one coming in contact with young people can fail to notice the marked improvement which is being steadily produced. After the Keform Bill of '32 was passed, the demand was made for an education grant, and £20,000 per annum was obtained. Amotion made in 1889 to increase this to £30,000 met with great opposition, and was only earned by a majority of two, the vote being 275 to 273. The grant was increased from time to time until in 1850 it amounted to jG180,000, in 1860 to three-quarters of a milhon, in 1870 to not far from a million, and from that time, when the new Acts began their operation, the grant has rapidly increased, until now it amounts to some four millions. Probably no measure of recent times can be named of equal importance with the abolition of the Corn
Laws^ as affecting the material welfare of the masses of this country. Lately we have had a cry raised to re-impose the Corn Laws in a modified form, by a tax of 5s. per quarter. It is stated that this would hurt no one, and would never be known, but we shall never agree to lose the results of the great struggle which Cobden and Bright won for us forty years ago. What were the Corn Laws ? During the wars with Napoleon, no foreign grain reached om' shores, and the country was often nearly reduced to starvation. Prices of grain were high — wheat averaging 84s.— and farmers and landed proprietors made splendid profits. In 1801, wheat for a short time was 180s., and the quartern loaf Is. lOd. After the war was over, there was a danger of foreign grain reaching this country and reducing the prices ; and therefore, in 1815, the famous Corn Law was passed, which prohibited the importation of wheat until the price in the home market had for six months been maintained at or over 80s. per quarter. When I tell you that last year the price averaged about 40s., and at present is about 36s., and that we import annually fully sixty millions' sterling of bread stuffs, you will be able to form an idea of the curse which this law imposed on the country. But whUe the import of wheat was permitted on certain conditions, cattle, dead or alive (of which we im- ported twenty-two millions in 1881), were not admitted on any terms whatever, and so the working-classes rarely indulged in butcher meat. Famines were of frequent occurrence, and it is reported that in Edinburgh one in eight of the population were dependent on charity, and that Paisley was sometimes entirely without grain or meal. At the same time, while wages, which had been good during the war, now decHned, taxation increased to an enormous extent, and in some instances the working man had to pay half his total wages in direct and indirect taxation. Sydney Smith did not caricatme when he wrote — " The schoolboy whips his taxed top ; the beard- less youth manages his taxed horse with a taxed bridle on a taxed road ; and the dying Englishman, pom'ing his medi- cine which has paid 7 per cent, into a spoon which has paid 1 5 per cent., flings himself back upon his chintz bed which has paid 22' per cent., and expires in the arms of an apothecary who has paid a license of £100 for the privilege of puttmg him to death. His whole property is then im- mediately taxed from 2 to 10 per cent. Large fees are de- manded for bm'ying him in the chancel ; his virtues are handed down to posterity on taxed marble ; and he is then gathered to his fathers — to be taxed no more ! " Every- thing was taxed. The debt had been raised to 840 mil- lions, and the annual interest to thu-ty-two millions, and the money had to be raised somehow. Salt was taxed to forty times its value, so that people on the coast used the sea water (which was about the only thing- not taxed) for cooking their food ; and even the light of Heaven and the heat of the sun, both of which are absolutely necessary for our preservation in health and happiness, were practically taxed and shut out from our dwellings by an iniquitous tax on windows, which actually continued till 1851. The natural result of this state of affairs became apparent in a frightful increase of pauperism. Whole parishes were re- duced to this state, and the amount spent about 1835 rose to eight millions, as much as now with a population nearly doubled. This was largely caused by mal-administration of the Poor Laws, but the enormous taxation and the Corn Laws were at the root of the evil. (Applause.) In 1838 was formed that mighty Corn Law League, which, under
10
THE JOURNAL OF DOMESTIC APPLUNCES AND SEWING MACHINE GAZETTE.
April 1, 1884.
the skilful guidance of its leaders, Cobden aud Bright, went forward with irresistible force until the object for which they fought was achieved. A succession of bad harvests reduced the food supplies of the country, and at last, in 1845, came the worst year of all. The entire potato crop of Ireland was destroyed, aud the grain crop elsewhere seriously injured. The people cried aloud for food. A famine was coming on. Supplies were available from all parts of the world, but the pernicious Com Laws shut them out. But a deliverer was at baud. Converted by the teaching of the great apostles of Free Trade, and by the dreadful circumstances of the time, Sir Robert Peel at last took up the cause, and carried the repeal in 1846 ; and thus, after an existence of thirty years, those laws which blighted and drained the life of the nation were finally, after a gigantic struggle, swept away, never to be enforced again. Sir Robert Peel's words on being driven from office shortly afterwards, and for the last time, are beautiful aud pathetic. He said — " It may be that I shall be sometimes remembered with expressions of good-will in the abodes of those whose lot it is to labour and earn their daily bread by the sweat of their brow. I trust my name will be remem- bered by those men with expressions of good-will, when they shall recruit their exhausted strength with abundant and untaxed food, the sweeter because no longer leavened with a sense of injustice." (Applause.) The keystone of the protective system was now broken, and the whole fabric rapidly fell. Tax after tax was removed, until now nothini,' remains about which reasonable complaint can be made. The only imperial taxes which a working man pays are those ou intoxicating liquors, tobacco, tea, or coffee. The two former he need not pay unless he likes, and the tax on tea amounts to ou.y 3s. per head of the population, or less than Id. per week, and this is all that a working man contributes to the imperial exchequer for the glorious privilege of being a citizen of this great and free coiintry. (Applause.) That the working classes are better off now than they were forty or fifty years ago few will be inclined to dispute. It is proved by the accumulation of wealth in the Savings' Banks, which have increased in about forty years from twenty-four to eighty-four milhons; it is proved by the sums invested in Co-Operative Societies ; and not less in the magnificent record of the Friendly Societies, ■which have a fund of over thirteen millions sterling. It is proved by the statistics of the Piailway Companies. Thirty years ago, the total number of passengers carried was 103 milhous. Curiously enough this is the exact number carried in the first and second classes alone in 1882, but in addition to this there were 552 milhons carried in the third-class; and now the receipts from the third-class passenger traffic alone, amounting to about eighteen millions sterling, come to as much as the total receipts from all soiu-ces thirty years ago. A sovereign will purchase as much now as it did fifty years ago. Since that time wages have mcreased 50 to 100 per cent., the necessities of life are cheaper, the working- classes live in better houses, and partake of better food. Hours of labour are shorter, the means of education are in- creased. Schools and education are provided for every child in the country, and free libraries and working men's clubs afford the means of iraprovemuut aud recreation to those of maturer years. (Applause.) It can be truly said that these times in which we live do not suffer by comparison •with the former times iu which our forefathers lived. But let us not forget the struggles they maintained and the privations they eudiu'sd, iu order that we might secure the
benefits we now enjoy ; and may the contemplation of these things produce a spirit of contentment in the present age, and also rouse the spirit of manhood within us, to do our part in maintaining our grand old coimtry in the proud position she holds among the nations of the earth. (Loud applause.)
Rev. Mr. Jeffray and others delivered addresses. To- wards the close, ex-Bailie Hunter, in lieu of a speech, gave an interesting reading, which was highly appreciated.
The musical part of the programme was sustained by Miss Miller, and Messrs. Eipon and Gow. — An assembly oUowed.
MEDALS AWARDED AT THE CALCUTTA EXHIBITION.
WE were hoping in our present issue to have given a complete account of the medals awarded at the Calcutta Exhibition to the manufacturers of sewing machines aud their necessaries; but it appears that some protests have been lodged against certain awards which will, it is expected, result in important corrections. One house in London was advised that three medals were awarded for its machines ; but from subsequent information received, it appears that further communications must be received respecting the final determination of the Commissioners.
A HILL CLIMBING TRICYCLE.
THE Elias Howe Sewing Jlachine Company are exhibiting in their window iu London, an improved tricycle which is a great novelty, and is attracting considerable attention. It is called the " New Howe Double Driver," and is driven on both sides by Edge's new patent grip gear, which is said to be the most sensitive and reliable gear ever invented ; allows the machine to be turned in a very short space. As seen by us, we found it to be a very powerful " hill climber." Mr. Edge rode one up an incline having an ascension of one yard in five, which is a gradient more than sufficient for giving a good test of the climbing properties of this machine, more pai'ticularly so as the in- cline was wooden planking. It seemed that the direct action on both sides — by which the machine is driven — gives the power for climbing, whilst the new brake, which acts on the crank, forms one perfect brake. These are points in the construction of the machine which manifest mechanical conception of the highest utility. In going up a hill, if the rider slips a treadle or takes his feet off the crank, the machine will not run back but remain stationary. In decendiug hills also the pedals remain in one position, aud can be used as footrests, or by backward pressure of the pedals, as in " back pedaling " tlie rider can use the brake to any required extent. By raising a small lover he can also back the pedal. We were told that the machine would pass safely over an 18-inch deal or plank, but this experiment was not tried in our presence.
.A. NEW buUJing has been added to the Howe Bicycle Factory, near Glasgow, in which ovens and all the apparatus necessary for tha proper carrying out of the enamelling aud painting processes hav« been fitted up.
Messrs. Grimwade and Co., of Glasgow, are about to introduce a new type-writer, or writing machine, which will be much cheaper in price.
Aprfl 1, 188i.
THE JOURNAL OF DOMESTIC APPLIANCES AND SEWING MACHINE GAZETTE.
U
THE NEW PROCESSES FOR MAKING ARTIFICIAL IVORY.
JlpHE Chroniqm Industrielk gives the following descrip- % tion of a new process for making artificial ivoiy from the bones of sheep aud goats, and the waste of white skins, such as kid, deer. &c. The bones are macerated for ten or fifteen hoiu's in a solution of chloride of lime, and after- wards washed in clean water and allowed to diy. Then they are put with all the scraps of hide, &c., into a specially constructed boiler, and dissolved by steam so as to form a fluid mass, to which is added 2A per cent, of alum. The foam is skimmed off as it rises, uutil the mass is clear and transparent. Any convenient colouring material is then added, and, while the mass is stOl warm, it is strained through cloth of appropriate coarseness, and received in a cooler, and allowed to cool until it has acquked a certain consistence so that it can be spread out on the canvas without passing through it. It is dried on fi'ames in the air, and forms sheets of convenient thickness. It is then necessary to harden it, which is accomplished by keeping it for eight or ten hours in an alum bath that has not been used before. The quantity of alum necessary for this operation amounts to 50 per cent, by weight of the gelatine sheets. "When they have acqiiired sufficient hardness, they are washed in cold water, and let diy on fi'ames as at first. This material works more easily, and takes as fine a polish as real ivory .
MESSRS. R. NAGEL & CO. in Bielefeld, Gemiany, have patented a little instrument called the Lion- mouth, for the use of cyclists, of which we give an illus- tration This wrench is the only adjustable one which
does not slip, as the nut is held at two corners and four sides. It therefore unscrews the strongest nuts of bicycles, tricycles, and other machines.
The same firm has patented another useful appliance for bicycles. It is an adjustable step, aud we give also an illustration thereof. We are informed that the price is
nii!iiii;ir;r.*i:iiii|ini
very moderate The agent for the United Kingdom is Mr. C. Lohmann, 43, London-wall, E.G.
GENERAL NOTES-
Messrs Hobne & Ceampton received, ex. ss. Boston-City, arrived March 24th, 2,231 cases of sewing machines for the White Sewing Machine Company, shipped direct from their factory at Cleveland, Ohio, U. S. America, via Boston. This we beUeve to be the largest shipment on any one vessel since the introduction of American sewing machines in the English market. The same firm hold bills of lading for 1,173 cases for this company, following by next steamer, Newcastle. These were shut out from the Boston for want of space, otherwise the shipment would have been 3,407 cases. This large shipment, we are informed, will enable them to meet then' rapidly increasing business.
English Trade Makks and Patents. — Mr. Paul Pfleiderer, Upper Ground Street, London, calls our attention to what appears to him, as it must to many others, a hardship under the patent laws. As an English patentee Mr. Pfleiderer is allowed to cast his name and the words " Patent, London," on machinery invented by him. "^Tien, however, these words appear on castings produced in Germany, the cases are stopped by the English Custom-house. The Enghsh patent laws tend in this way to aid manufacturers in England. It should also be pointed out that the words on the castings become virtually a trade-mark from which it may be inferred that the goods have been produced in London, which really they have not, and thus one object of the Trade-marks' Act would be defeated. This grievance, however, is an old one, and if other patentees will tell Mr. Pfleiderer how to overcome this difficulty, we shall be glad to pubUsh their advice.
Indlakubber Tieep. — Mr. W. H. Garment, of Manchester, has invented a new system of fitting rims of indiarubber into metal grooves forming wheel -tires, the rubber being firmly held in place by expansion and atmospheric pressure. The advantages claimed for the invention, which is being widely adopted, are that the tire is as durable as an iron tire, that it can be readily renewed, either wholly or partially, at a small cost, that the wear and tear of the vehicle are diminished, and that the quiet; ess and absence of vibration add greatly to the comfort of the occupants of carriages with wheels thus fitted.
A EEJIAEK.AELE thi'onc in cut glass has been made by Messrs. Osier and Co., of Birmingham, to the order of an Indian prince. From the back and arms of the throne there spring pil'.ars, supporting a dome- shapad canopy, above which appears a large star. Every portion of the surface has been cut, the pine-shaped tinials which surmount the arms having no fewer than 324 facets. The ornamentation of the dome is especially elaborate, aud as it is at present illuminateil by two in- candescent electric lamps, which are fixed beneath it, it sparkles like a gigantic diamond. The work is believed to be the most important ex- ample of cut glass that has ever been made, and the effect is singulariy brilliant.
The Vertical Feed Sewing Machine Company, of Watertown, U.S.A., and London, have introduced a new sewing machine lamp. It throws a beautiful light on the work and protects the eyes.
A CoNTEiiPOBAEY Comments on the productiveness of the Income Tax, which was £10,718,000 from 1st April, 1853, to end of March, 1884, against £11,900,000 from 1st April, 1882, to (;nd of March, 1883, when the income tax was l.Jd. per £ more, and draws therefrom t-he conclusion that the wholesale trades cannot have been so unprofit- able as is generally believed. We believe that the greater productive- ness is really caused by the inquisitiveness of the tax collectors, and the rigour with which merchants and traders are persecuted for increased returns. Many are arbitrarily assessed, and pay rather than appear before the Commissioners to appeal against the assess- ment. Others have to show their books and to account for every penny they have made. Fomierly no such severity was shown, hence the occasional receipts of conscience-money by the Chancellor of the Exchequer for unpaid income tax. They have become very rare of late, these acknowledgments of bank notes, and they will disappear altogether soon. Perhaps the Chancellor of the Exchequer is not sorry to miee them
THE JOUENAL OF DOMESTIC APPLIAl^CES AND SEWING JIACHINE GAZETTE.
April 1, 1884.
THE VERTICAL FEED SEWING MACHINE.
Beyond dispute the only really Perfect Machiue yet produced.
ONLY GOLD MEDAL
.\T THE
SYDNEY & MELBOURNE
EXEIBITIOHSy In Competition with all the leading Machines.
This IMacljiiic differs from all other.s in that the work is fed from above instead of from below, thus leaving a smooth surfac j for it to run upon. Owuig to the peculianty of its Feed-motion, it will sew over auv uucveuuess, and froiu the thinnest to the thickest materials without chaugo either of stitch or tension, and without any assistance from the operator. Every variety of work can be done without Tacking, thus efieeling a great savin',' of time and trouble. With each machine is given, without extra charge, a most complete set cif simple and useful attach- ments, by moans of wliich the operations of Hemming, Braiding, Quilting, luiflliug, Tucking, and Binding (so difficult to manage on any other machuie), can be accom- plished with astonisliiug ease and rapiditv, and in the gi-eatest perfection of style. The Shuttle' holds a lartro amount of thread, and the Bobbins are easily and evenly wound by means of an automatic Bobbin-winder which accompanies each machine.
Pnspecfuses, fogether with Samples of the Work and every information, may be obtained at t/ic Offices of ilie Company,
52, QUEEN YICTORIA STREET, E.C,
SOLE ADDRESS IN LONDON.
H
IKE CAEDS. — One Shilling per dozen, post free. Office of Sewing Machine Gazette," 4, Ave Maria Lane, London, E.C.
SEWING MACHINES-IMPORT AND EXPORT.
190, BLECKER STREET, NEW YORK, U.S.A ,
Imijorter of European Special Machines ; Exporter of American Sewing Machines anil Attachments of every descri))tiou and all liinds of American Goods. Sole Agent for the Exports of different Companies.
HIRE
AGREEMENT
FORMS,
6d, PER DOZ, POST FREE.
Office of this Paper, 10, TYPE STREET, FINSBURY, E,C,
JOURNAL OF DOMESTIC APPLIANCES
AND WITH WHICH IS INCOnrORATED
THE HARDWARE TRADES' REVIEW.
THE present number commences a new series of this Old Established Trade Journal, the same having passed into other hands, and the present proprietors wish to state that it is their intention not only to make the " Journal of Domestic Appliances and Sewing Machine Gazette " the recognised organ of the Trade, but also the best and cheapest means of communication between the manufacturers of Sewing Machines and machines for general utility and household purposes on the one hand, and Merchants, Shippers, and Householders on the other. This country being open to the goods of every nation, English manufacturers and makers have not only to face the competition of those foreign Producers who wish to dispose of their surplus produetion regardless of cost— their own home market being secure to them— but also of such Conti- nental manufacturers, who, having the advantage of cheaper labour, can make the finished article at a lower cost than the British manufacturer. Under these circumstances it will be the task and duty of this journal to put before its readers descriptions of all new inventions in sewing machines and other machines of domestic utility. It is only by paying the closest attention to the details of production that the British manufactm-er can hope to
April 1, 1884.
THE JODENAL OF DOMESTIC APPLLANCES AND SEWING MACHINE GAZETTE.
13
equalise in his favour the great natural advantages which the foreign producers enjoy by means of cheap labour.
Thetendency of the age is more andmore in favour of large manufacturing establishments, where the utmost attention is paid to every detail of the manufacture, and where most of the work is done by machinery. This is always the case in couuti'ies where wages are high. America, of course, has set the example therein, and nowhere are these axioms more understood than in the United States. They were the first to supersede the small workshops by the large manufacturing establishments now so common all over that country.
'We shall also publish the specifications of such recent patents as api^ear to us most worthy of the attention of the trade, and we invite inventors to send us the particulars of their specifications with drawings.
We shaU also describe the leading Works abroad, as weU as those at home.
Law reports connected with the trade will be admitted in ciienso.
We invite correspondents to avail themselves of our columns for the ventilation of questions connected with the trade, and the greatest pains will be taken to furnish infor- mation asked for by our readers.
In the interest of our advertisers we shall circulate monthly 2,000 copies of our paper, in addition to our regular issue, among merchants and traders, both at home and in the Australian Colonies, the Cape, India and China, the Eiver Plate, the Brazils, &c.
THE SEWING MACHINE.
?HE sewing machine has barely been invented thirty years, but it has already made itself a most formid- able industry, in which a capital of ten millions ster- ling is employed, giving- occupation to several hundred thousand workmen. The United States stand at the head of this industry. They employ more men, they have a larger capital, and turn out more machines than any other coimtry in the world, and we may also say that their machines are generally better made and better finished than those made elsewhere. Consequently the majority of sewing machines to be found in this country are im- ported principally from the United States. Being an American invention, the Americans have made it a speciality of theh own, and have also made it an industry of enormous importance. In this country the manufacture of sewing machines has never taken deep root. It has been, and is to the present d:iy an industry of very secondary importance, and probably not half of the machines sold in Crreat Britain are of British manufac- ture. There are about ten makers of sewing machines in the United Kingdom, who tiu-n out about 2,000 machines a week. In the United States there arc forty factories of sewing machines, mostly of gigantic proportions, which turn out about 15,000 machines per week.
This is not as it should be. Smely British manufacturers
are not so flourishing that an important branch of in- dustry should be left to such an extent in the hands of foreigners. Everywhere we find the doors of foreign coun- tries closed against our goods. Every day foreigners learn more and more to do without us, and to supply themselves with goods with which we have hitherto supphed them. It appears to us, therefore, monstrous that we allow the sew- ing machine trade to be monopolised, even as far as the supply to our own people is concerned, by Americans and Germans. For tlie latter are also making great strides with the manufactme of their sewing machines. Their machines are cheaper than those of the Americans, though not so well finished. But for the purposes of the clothiers and other manufacturers they do quite well, and whilst the family machine wiU be generally one of American mauu- factnre, those to be found in workshops will generally be British and German.
It must be admitted that the position of the British manu- facturer is a difficult and a disheartening one. Whilst the wages exacted by the workman are very much higher than those in any other country. Great Britain is the receiv- ing shop of every nation's surplus productions, and whilst every country in Europe and America barricades its gates with enormous duties against British goods. Great Britain receives placidly all what other nations choose to send here.
Our rulmg classes aUege in extenuation of this mon- strons policy, that the British workman is so highly paid because he can do more and better work than foreign workmen, an assertion which may have been true at one time, but is most assuredly not true any longer. We hear also from our so-called statesman, that the national inte- rests demand that the consumer or buyer should have the best goods at the lowest price, no matter where pro- duced. Lastly, a new maxim, " the survival of the fittest " has been started, which means that the producer is to give way to the consumer, and that if, in spite of all obstacles which a conglomeration of circumstances has put in the way of the British manufacturer, he can no longer com- pete with the foreigner, well, he must go to the wall, a heresy which would have shocked our statesmen one hundred years ago. Evidently enlightenment does not come with age.
However, it is not our purpose to run our heads against a stone wall. It is of no use wi-iting and speaking agahist one-sided free trade, for public opinion is still against us. But we put forward these sentiments as strong reasons for all Manufacturers to pay attention to the details of their business, and to fashion their goods according to modern requirements, and look out for every improvement. It will be our business to record everything which can be of use to the mannfactm'ers, to note all im- provements made in sewing machines and other domestic machines, and to report the state of trade abroad.
The sewing machine is no longer what it was when first introduced. Instead of a rattling, noisy machine, only fit for hemming and sewing, we have now a machine of elegant design and useful for a multitude of purposes, and as the same will be further improved and its purpose still more extended, there will be many more machines bought. We trust our manufacturers will be fully alive to this, and try not to be beaten by America as to design and finish, nor by Germany as to price. We hope we shall be able to do some good to British manufacturers and to the public generally.
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THE JOURNAL OF DOMESTIC APPLUNCES A'ND SEWING MACHINE GAZETTE.
April 1, 1884.
THE BEARD OF ABRAHAM WEINKAEFER.
A SKETCH FROM RUSSIA. (From the German of Karl Emil Franzos.) vr\,N the day on which I wrote these hues, I read in the xJr telegraphic reports the h\conic intelUgence that in fhe south Russian town, and seat of the Government of the district, Jekaterino.slaw, a persecution of Jews had taken phice for the fourth time in three years. But only thirteen persons had been killed ; order had been re-established, and even a commission to try the guilty had ah'uady been appointed.
()/(/// thirteen persons !
But the intelligent and most industrious of all recorders of news in this century, the telegraph clerk, appeal's to be right. Thirteen people are really not much, especially when we consider with what numbers of dead and slain we have to deal now a-days. Last year the pestilence in Egypt struck down thousands. In Ischia five thousand were killed in a second on a fine summer evening ; and in the Soudan — well, we need not enter now into these familiar tales. And they were also human beings who liked sunshine and loved life, and for whom now wife and children lament — just such human beings hke those thirteen.
That is quite true no doubt, i)ut nevertheless this " only " has touched all the chords of my heart to the uttermost. Was it because I feel that these thirteen persons from Jekatcrinaslow are nearer to me through the bonds of faith ? Were it so, I should not deserve to be called a human being, but I know myself free from such a narrow- minded egotism. Neither is it because I witnessed last year some of such horrors which took place iu the same country for the same reasoiis, and know quite well what such an insignificant Jews' hunt looks like in Russia. No, it was a difl'erent sentiment whii'h disturbed my peace with ]iainful thoughts, and I am sure it is shared by the many who will read these pages, no matter of what faith they are.
No one is guilty of the death of these 5,000 iu Ischia. Whatever we may feel iu the face of this blow which came suddenly out of the depth and struck down these tl<Kirishing lives with crushing speed, whether we may be seized witli respect or rage, the sole consolation we have is, that the fearful ipiestiou is not asked, which acoompanies humanity on its mournful passage from cradle to eternity : "Cain, whore is thy brother Abel? " But at the grave of these thirteen persons this consolation is wanting, and the old question is heard with shrieks and lamentations. These men have been murdered, not because they deserved it, but because they wore ditl'erent clothes, because their faces were of a dilf'eront cut, and becauso they, as the murderers, and they themselves believed, prayed to a difl'erent God.
That to this day, l.HOO years after the greatest and kindest of Beings jjassed through this world preaching the gospel of peace and brotherly love, men are still doomed to die because of their faith and because of their birth, is fearful and horrible. But these lines are not written to confirm such a truism, not even to point to these latest events. Rather the contrary. It is not in the interest of the grand cause which we all serve — humanity and justice — to dwell too much on such cases, because it may be thought that such massacres are really the most fearful wrong which is committed on these slaves. But this is not so. There are much more horrible things behind, and that is the position of these 3.^ millions of Jews who live in European Russia. Hundreds hav9 been killed in the last few years,
thousands have been exiled, lO,000's have been ill-treated and robbed — that is bad, very bad. But millions live, and have lived without law, without rights and justice, for hundreds of years. That is worse — it is the very worst thing that can happen to human beings.
Without rights —
The citizx'n of a happy state who enjoys the protection of the laws, the blessing of a just government as he enjoys air and light, cannot even imagine adifterentstate of things. The inhabitants of the West will find it difficult to comprehend what terrors this word covers, and the more examples are offered the less comprehensible it becomes.
Your father has acquired thirty years ago an estate ; he has paid the purchase-money and signed the contract before the authorities. He has lived on his land full twenty years, has become a peasant, and has educated you, his son and heir, also as a peasant. Then he dies contented, for he has pro- vided for you as well as he could, and has delivered you by the toil of his hands from the curse of his race to wander without home over the earth, and to pick up your daily bread by trading and haggling. You have entered on your inheritance. The blessing of God has rested on your work. Your land yields plentifully, you pay regularly your taxes, and you can lay by every year a nice little sum, or employ it iu improving your estate.
One day you receive a letter from the Government in which you are ordered to .sell your land to a Christian within three months. In default of your doing so within the specified time, the authorities will be compelled to remove you and your family by force, and to sell your estate at your risk and expense by public auction. You don't believe youreyes and you rush into the town. " What have I done ? " you ask the Pre- sidentof the district. "Nothing at all," he replies; "there is nothing against you but your being a Jew, aud Jews may not possess any landed pro]:ierty at all." " But here is the contract of my father confirmed by the registrar of lands." " That is quite in order,'' says the President, soothingly ; " and that being so we allow you to sell your property, or shall band you over the auction price, if you will lee it come to a forced Side, but go you must, for the law forbids you to own landed property. Of course there is leave and license given to me by the Minister to allow a Jew to remain by way of exception, if the petitioner oilers the necessary moral guarantees, and so my predecessor has given your father leave to buy the land and confirmed the purchase. But I don't think so of you as he thought of your father; you don't appear to offer the necessary guarantee, and so I make you go." And now it depends upon whether you can bribe him, and pay the price which he will ask from you for considering you a moral man, or whether his greediness is above your fortune. Then, indeed, you must sell your estate for next to nothing and go away, but no wrong has been done to you, for you never had any rights.
Another case —
You have passed your examination in a technical school with credit, and enter the service of a railway company as Engineer. Your superiors are satisfied with you, you ob- tain a higher post, ami occupy an agreeable social position. One day your director receives the peremptory order to dismiss you. The intercession of your superior is useless. You go yourself to the President of the Province. "I am really and truly sorry," he says, " but do be good enough to read yourself this General Order of the Ministry, which enumerates the situations and offices to which Jews may be admitted by way of exemption if they can deposit
AprU 1, 1884.
THE JOURNAL OF DOMESTIC APPLIANCES AND SEWING MACHINE GAZETTE.
15
the needful caution money. Railway engineers are not amongst them." You look at the date of this order, and if at that moment weeping were not more congenial to you than laughing, you would perhaps exasperate the official still more by an outburst of unfeigned hilarity. " Pardon me " you say timidly, "but this order was issued during the beginning of the reign of the Emperor Nicholas, and how could the Minister, without being a prophet, mention our profession?" This remark is not of the slightest use to you, but the reply which you receive depends upon whether the Official acts from malice or from cupidity. In the first case he will fall back upon the strict letter of the law. In the latter he will speak of doubts, etc, until his conscience and his pocket are satisfied.
I will mention a third case, also taken from life.
In the beginning of the reign of Alexander II., it was looked upon with pleasure by the government, and honestly encouraged by them, if Jews turned to industrial calliugs. They were permitted to establish factories even in places where Jews were not otherwise allowed to reside, only they had to pay the mercantile tax of the first guild. Based on this per- mission, a Mr. Alexander G. erected an oil-mill, in a little town in the district of Vladimar. His business flourished for fifteen years, until a new Police President came into the town. The man had a private quarrel with Mr. G., and resolved to be revenged on him. He summoned him to his office. "You employ Christian workpeople in your mill. The law forbids you to keep Christian servants. You have to dismiss the workpeople at once." Mr. G. asserted that, during the fifteen years in which he had employed Christian workpeople, there had never been a complaint on that ground. " I must, nevertheless, enforce the law," was the reply. The manufacturer had the only alternative — to close his mill, or to engage Jewish workpeople. But the moment the workpeople arrived in the little town, the Police President ordered them to appear before him. Jews may not live here, he who remains after to-morrow shall be punished, and will be removed by force. All remonstrances and entreaties of the manufacturer remain fruitless. I only enforce the law, said the official. But, the people may remain here, if you pay for them the tax as merchants for the first guild. Mr. G. had to sell his mill for a song, and go elsewhere with the remnants of his fortune.
I could relate a hundred similar stories, but these three muat suffice. They are bad, very bad, but not nearly the worst, or the most striking of those which could be told. There remains the very poor consolation still, that in these cases only a few people had to suffer from the curse of the want of right and justice.
In the following cases even this consolation is wanting.
In May, 1882, I was in Brody, at that time the chief quarter of the Russo-Jewish emigrants, when one day a group of refugees arrived, who even in those stiniug times created a sensation. They were twenty men, all dressed iu the same uniform, all railway guards. They, with a few more unfortunates, had been discharged on the same day without notice, and been deprived of their daily bread.
Since the days of the Empress Catherine, the profession of Apothecaries is in the hands of the Germans and Jews ; native Russians take to it only rarely. There is no law which allows Jews to practise it, nor is there any which prohibits it. In 1881, the Minister of the Interior, Ignatieif, published his Ukase, which is so well known that we need not mention it any more. The existence of many hundreds of useful and honest citizens was endangered.
Two years afterwards a second ukase of Ignatiefl""s, suc- cessor to Count Tolstoi, re-established the right of Jewish Apothecaries, but for the damage which they had suffered in those two years, by either ha^ang to sell then- business, or close their shops, they were never indemnified.
The town of Kiew is one of those places where Jews may not reside. The prohibition has never been enforced. They lived there in great numbers ; the rich people in the town itself, the poor Jews in a separate quarter, the Faubourg Podol, which runs along the River Dnieper. The latter subiu'b was at Easter-time, 1881, the theatre of one of the first and most cruel Jewish persecutions which ever occurred in Southern Russia. When Easter of 1882 was approaching, fresh alarming rumours of another persecu- tion were rife, and the Governor of Kiew received orders to take measures in time to prevent another Jews' bait. He took his measm-es. At the commencement of April, all the Jews iu Podol received the order to leave their homes within a week's time. Jews are not allowed to live in Kiew. All prayers and supplications were useless, the people had to sell then- property for next to nothing, and go into exile. Of course, as there were no more Jews in Kiew, there were no more persecutions of Jews.
These are terrible stories, and it is hard to tell them quietly, but they are not the worst. But we are not altogether without consolation. These things were done in excited times ; in the suffocating atmosphere of a wild and fanatical hatred of faith. But we, who believe in humanit}', know that such dark days don't last for ever, and that they are succeeded by better times. The high growing waves of this hatred will go down again, perhaps quicker than they have risen.
The thought is depressing that so many human beings are completely in the power of a few ruhng persons, and doubly so, because amongst these few there are some who are malicious and avaricious, and grossly abuse their power. But it would be wrong on our part, a great and serious wrong, if we saw iu the entire official world of Russia nothing hut a herd of corrupt and heartless men. Even about the bribery practised in Russia, the people in the west of Eiu'ope (where the goings on iu the interior of Russia are as much known as the position of the people on the White Nile), have the most exaggerated ideas, and as to the depravity of the officials, there are most assuredly neither more nor less good men in Russia than elsewhere. The human heart is the same under all latitudes, and all the world over.
{To be continued.')
The production of Coal in 1883 was 103,750,000 tons, against 156,000,000 in 1882, and 153,200,000 tons in 1881. This is the largest amount of Coal yet produced in the United Kingdom, and is un- doubtedly due to the great increase in the amount of steam tonnage. That the prices obtained were very low need not be mentioned, al- though they were not quite unremunerative.
Our contemporary. Iron, has admitted into its columns a controversy between Mr. F. J. R. CaruUa and Mr. W. J. Jeans, the author of " The Creators of the Age of Steel," as to whom belongs the merit of being the discoverer of the use of Spiegeleisen in the making of Bessemer steel. We must confess that we always thought with Mr. Carulla that Mr. Eobert Musket was the first inventor of it, but Mr. Jeans is very positive that Sir Henry Bessemer himself was the inventor. Without Spiegeleisen the invention of Sir Henry Bessemer would have been practically useless, and of no value whatever. Hence, the question is of importance. We hope it will be decisively settled.
7
16
THE JOURNAL OF DOMESTIC APPLIANCES AND SEWING MACHINE GAZETTE.
April 1, 1884
MONEY MARKET.
The Bank of England reduceil the rate o£ discount to 3 per cent, on the 12th of March. The demand for money has been on a very moderate scale, and it seems evident that another reduction will soon be made. This is to be regretted, for next to very dear money nothing is worse for commerce than very cheap money. It is in such times that the foundation for crises is laid. It promotes unsound specula- tion, reckless trading and all those ills which can only be cured by those sharp remedies which certainly kill the evil, but also prove so baneful to the ordinary Merchant and Trader.
Quite a bevy of new Companies have been brought forward lately. Amongst them are —
Argentine Government 5 per cent, loan at 81,1 .. .. £1,083,100
Natal Government 5 per cent, loan at 98 £1, 130,200
Anglo-Servian Bank, Limited £000,000
Glasgow Coporation 3 per cent. Loan £500,000
Consolidated Land and Cattle Company, Limited . . . . £100,000
Mexican Railway Company, second Mortgage Debentures £200, .500
New Zealand Shipiiiug Company, Limited. New istue . . £250,000
Merchant Shipping Guarantee £2.50,000
Land and Loan Company of New Zealand £100,000
Florida Investment and Agency £100,000
North Mexican (Silver Mine £00,000
Irish Land Purchase and Settlement Company .. .. £5(i,000 Litbon-Berlyn Transvaal Gold fields Co. Balance Capital £50,000
The Anglo-Servian Bank will undoubtedly be a most remunerative investment if properly managed, as most of such undertakings have proved to be.
The Arfentine Loan will also be ijuickly subscribed, as the Argen- tine Confederation is in a most nourishing condition, and has always scrupulously kept its engagements. The loans of the Glasgow Cor- poration and Natal Government need hardly be mentioned, as the security is so well known. But as to the numerous Cattle and Land Companies, a word of caution may be opportune. These companies are not looked upon with much favour in .America as they put so much of the land, which is C"nsidered as the inheritance of native Americans, in the control of foreigners, and Congre-s may jiass laws, and circumstances may arise which will make these invest- ments anything but safe and profitable undertakings, leaving alone the question of manag- ment, which at such a distance is always one of vital importance, and net at all times to be depended upon.
English Railway shares have moved in the usual seesaw manner. One week they are up 1 to 2 per cent., the next they are down as nmeh. On balance there are these changes iu the prices of English railways: — Arise of 3J per cent, in Great Eastern; 3J iu Brighton A ; 3 in North-Eastern ; 2^ in South-Eastern A ; fall of 2 per cent, in Caledonian; IJ in Great Western ; 35 in North-Western ; 2 J iu North British.
American Railways are still much out of favour, and have fallen considerably. Euglish investors sliould avoid iuveslments which are eutirely iu the hands of the Presidents of the railways, and can be manipulated by them at will.
Water Companies shares have fallen considerably. The City of Loudon Corporation Water Bill having been thrown out in the House of Commons, these shares rose for a moment, but most of the ad- vance has since been lost.
The Bank Rate has just been reduced to 2^ per cent.
At the Masher Nigger Minstrel entertainment, given at the Central Hall, Bishopsgate, ■' Brudder Bones" said he bought two birds, but didn't know what they were. He afterwards called one of them "Wheeler" and the other "Wilson." Why? Because, he replied, they were not " Singers."
EXHIBITION NOTES.
The Wheelek and Wilson M.\nuf.s.ctueinq Cojip.iNY obtained tlie only award and first class certificate at the Calcutta Exhibition.
The .Jury are at present passing the awards at the International Exhibition at .Yici: The White Sewing Machine Company, after the triumph at Amsterdam, are expecting to receive the highest award ; they are exhibitors at the International Exhibition shortly opening at I urin, whe;e their machines will bi worked by electric motors.
ExHiDiTioNS.— An exhibition of Spanish textile goods and the manufactures of Spain generally is to be held at Madrid in September and October of next year. An exhibition of tobacco, raw and manu- factured, and of the tools, implements and machinery used in its cultivation and preparation, is to be held at Ponce, Puerto-Rica, from the 1st to the 10th of this month. The Imperial Government of Russia is organising for the year 1881 an exhibition of sheep at Khaz- kord, at which all foreign breeders are invited to exhibit. An agri- cultural and vinicultural exhibition, to include collections of machinery, tools, and implements, is to be held m Lisbon in May, 1881.
An International Electrical Exhibition is to be held at Philadelphia, U.S.A., commencing on Tuesday, September 2nd, 1884, under the auspices of the Franklin Institute for the promotion of the Mechanic Arts. From the high reputation of this institution, coupled with the fact that the projected exhibition wil'. be the first in America exclu- sively devoted to electricity, the announcement has attracted unusual interest iu the States.
Internation.\l Hkai.th Exhieit:on, London. — The Exhibition wil be opeued by the President, His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales, on Thursday, the 8th of May, at 3 p.m.
THE LATE BARONESS LIONEL DE ROTHSCHILD. The yi'ic'ish Cltronictc says the following is a complete list of the cli.'iritalile bequests made by the late Baroness Lionel de HotliNchild : Jews' Free .School, Spitalfields, £15,000 ; Jewish Board of Guardians, £10,000; London Hospital, £10,000; Evelina Hospital, £10,000; Jews' Infant Schools, £3,000 ; Westminster Jews' Free Schools, £3,000 ; Stepney Jewish Schools, £3,000 ; Bayswater Jewish Schools, £3,000 ; West London Hospital, £3,000 ; Jews' Hospital and Orphan Asylum, £3,000; Jewish Emigration .Society, ,C3,000 ; Jewish Ladies' Loan and Benevolent Society, £3,000 ; The Clementina Hospital at Frankfort, £3,000; Jewish Convalescent Home, £2,000; German Hospital, £2,000 ; Metropolitan Free Hospital, £2,U00 ; Jews' Deaf and Dumb Home, £2,000 ; Ladies' Conjoint Visitation Committee, £2,000 ; Jewish Ladies' West-end Charity, £1,000 ; Jewish Bread, Meat and Coal Charity, £1,00'J ; Institution for the Oral Instruction of the Deaf and Dumb, £1,000 ; Buckinghamshire Infirmary, £1,000 ; Royal Sea Bathing Infirmary, Margate, :£ 1,000; Hospital for Incurables, Putney, £1,000; Infant Orphan Home, Wanstead, £1,000 ; Asylum for Idiots, Earlswood, £1,000 ; St. George's Hospital, £500; Jewish Ladies' Lying-in Charity, £500 ; Institution for the Relief of the Indigent Blind, £500 ; Jewish Society for the Aged Needy, £500 ; the charities of Frankfort (other than the Clement'na Hosjiital above mentioned), £2,000 ; to the United Synagogue, the interest to be applied to increase the stipends of officiating ministers, £500. In addition to the foregoing specific bequests, the Baroness expressed a wish — which her sous will consider as a command — that in affectionate remembrance of her, all her benefactions shall be contiirued by her sons as during her lifetime. The extent of these benefactions is far greater than the public are aware. They, of course, include the maintenance of the Kitchen tor Invalids and the Home for Incurables, which have been carried on at the sole expense of the Baroness for upwards of a quarter of a century.
The Howe Machine Company are almost buried in correspondence from parties desiring to handle the New Howe. The destruction of their factory, and prompt restoration with the concomitant press notices, has had the effect of a tremendous advertisement.
Aprfl 1, 1884.
THE DOUENAL GP DOIEESTIC APPLIANCES AND SEWING BIACHINE GAZETTE.
17
To flie Editor of the " Sen-in;/ ?JaoMiie Gazette." Imperial and Eoyal Austro-Hungarian Consulate-General.
11, Queen Victokia Steeet,
LosDON, E.G., 1st March, 1884. Sir, — I beg to inform you that an International Exhibition of Motors and Implementary Machinery for the smaller Industries will be held at Vienna, in the localities of the I.E. Horticultural Society, by the Industrial Corporation of Lower Austria, under the Protectorate of H. I. and E. H. the Archduke CarlLudwiR.
The Exhibition will be o|.ened on the -ifth of July, and will close at the latest by the 12th October, 1884, and will contain the following gnups : — 1. Motors (up to thirty horse-power). 2. Transmitters. 3. Tools, Implementary Machinery and working appliances, i. Physical and chemical apparatus. 5'. Means of reproducing graphic impressions. (5. School and Teaching ApijHances for technological instruction.
AppUeations should be addressed, not later than the 1st of April, 1884, " Un den Niederoesterreichischen Generbeverein I Eschenbach- gasse ll.Wien, Austria," on forms obtainable from the first-mentioned quarter.
There will be no prizes awarded, but each Exhibitor will receive a Memorial Medal and Certificate of Particiimtibn at the Exhibition.
Motors and Machineries will be examined and te.=;ted by a special Commission, that will give Certihcates of the results of such trials.
Eequestiug you to luing the above to the notice of your readers, free of charge, and anticipating my best thanks for your courtesy, I have the honour to remain,
Your obedient Servant, SEELIGE,
Acting Consul Genee.vl.
THE MANUFACTURE OF BESSEMER STEEL.
PEODUCE OF INGOTS— Gboss Tons.
1880.
Great Britain 1,044,382
United States 1,074,202
Excess United States . . 29,880 Excess Great Britain . . —
1881. 1,441,719 1,. 374,247
1882. 1,673,019 l,.524,i87
07,472 158,902
1.883. 1,,';.53.380 1,447,345
76,035
PEODUCE OF EAILS— Gnoss Tons.
United States 8.52,195 1,187,770 1,284,067 1,148,709
Great Britain 739,910 1,023,740 1,235,785 1,097,174
Excess United States . . 112,286 164,030 48,282 61,535
THE WATER COMPANIES AND THE RATE- PAYERS.
THE supply of water is stich an important element in a bouse, that the position of the London householder towards the Water Company, after the recent decision of the House of Lords, in Dobbs's case, is well worth enquiring into. Much has been written and much has been said, but we believe that the real result of this decision is not yet understood. "We therefore give an outline of the case as it stands at jaresent.
The 7?ff//y Neu's has given a very correct statement of the situation, and we therefore print it in exienso, though there is another phase of the matter which has recently cro]iped np, and with which we will deal hereafter.
" The decision rests not on Mr. Dobbs's special position as an owner, nor on the private Act of the Grand Junction Water Company, but upon the general law as to annual value. Attempts were made to show that this representa- tion was a mistaken one. The chairmen of some of the Water Companies boldly informed their shareholders that the decision did not apply to them, and some of oiu- con- temporaries contended that the case did not affect any one who were not, like Mr. Dobbs, owners of the houses in'which they dwelt. These views, however, rested on want of com- plete knowledge as to the law which applies to the rating of houses in London. It was contended, for example, that as Mr. Dobbs did not pay rent, the ascertaining of the ' annual value ' of his house, on which the larger part of the water- rate is charged, had to be done by a special proce.?s, and that the dispute had arisen over this process. Where rent is paid, it was argued, no such question as to the ' annual value ' can arise, and consequently Mr. Dobbs's case does not apply to it. But rent is only one element in the deter- mination of 'annual value ' in London, and this determina- tion for all legal purposes is made in the same way, whether the hoitse is let to a tenant or is occupied by its owner. There are probably few London householders who are paying either the parochial rates or the exaction called the water- rate on their actual rental, The probability is that they pay parochial rates on an assessment which is lower than the rent, and that the water-rate and the hou.se-tax are demanded on an assessment which is higher than the rent. But the.se assessments are fixed every five years under the Metropolis Valuation Act, and the ' annual value ' of every house in every parish in London is set forlh in a list called the 'Valuation List.' This annual value is the 'gross value,' that is to say, it is the rent which a tenant would be expected to pay for the house, if he paid no premium on entering it, and merely held it under an ordinary tenancy, paying only tenants' rates and taxes, and leaving I'epairs and landlords' rates to the landlord. Househojders will find on tlie demand notes now in their hands for the rates which are in course of collection the following notice : ' Tenants are entitle 1 to deduct against, or Ije repaid by, their land- lords the sum paid for sewers-rate, except where the same is agreed to be defrayed by the tenant, and where any portion of the JMetropolitan Consolidated Eate represents any rate which for the purpo'^es of any contract or otherwise is deemed to be a landlord's or tenant's rate, such portion shall for those purposes be deemed to be such landlord's or tenant's rate, as tlie case may be.'
"It is obvious that where the tenant agrees when taking a house to pay any of these rates, or to do the landlord's, repairs, the sum so expended by him i3 part of the con-
IS
THE JOURNAL OF DOifESTIC APPLIANCES AND SEWING MACHINE GAZETTE.
April 1, 1884.
sideration which he pays the landlord for the use of the house, and hence is practically rent. Moreover, if he pays a premium to go in, that is practically rent ; and all these are allowed for in estimating the annual value of the premises. It is what they would actually fetch if they were to let. Where the occupier owns his house, this value has to be determined ou the same principles deduced, in fact, from the letting value of surrounding property. The annual value thus determined is set forth in the ' Valuation List' which is published every year.
"But this 'annual value' i.s not the rateal)le value. Ftillowing the lines of Ijord Bramwell's decision, it may be described as 'gross value.' Lord Bramwell, in delivering the judgment of the Uouse of Lords in this case, said : ' Now, gross value is different from value. It is, though a con- venient, an inaccurate expression, like " gross profits." The difference lietween what a thing costs and the larger sum it sells for is not profit if the buying and selling are attended with expense to the trader. Value is " net '' value, and involves tiiose deductions from rent which the appellant claims.' The Valuation Act proceeds on the j)rinciple thus explained by Lord Bramwell. It provides that the Valuation List shall be made out in a certain form, setting forth, in addition to other details, the gross value as estimated Iiy overseers, the gross value as reckoned by the Assessment Committee, the rate per cent, of the deductions made in order to find the rateable value, the rateable value thus formed, and, lastly, the gross value as finally determined by the .\ssessmenl, Committee, and the rateable value as so determined. The third schedule to the Metropolis Valuation Act fixes, not indeed the actual deduction to Ijc made from the gross value in order to find the rateable value, but tlie maximum of such deductions. It will usually be found that the deduction actually made comes near the maximum. The first three classes in this schedule are those which apply to the householders of London generally. These are —
"Class 1. — Houses and buildings, or either of them, without land other than gardens, where the gross value is under i.'20 — 25 per cent., or one-fourth.
" Class 2. — Houses and buildings without land other than gardens and pleasure-grounds valued therewith for the purposes of inhabited duty where the gross value is £20 and under £40—20 per cent., or one-fifth.
" Class 3. — Houses and buddings without land other than gardens and i)leasure-grounds valued therewith for the pur- poses of inhabited house duty where the gross value is £-iO or upwards — 1(J 2-.") per cent., or one-sixth.
" In pursuance of this Act Sir. Dobbs' house was stated in the Valuation List to be of the gross value of f 140 a jear. The deduction nuide to find the rateable value was a little less than one-sixth, so that the rateable value was fixed at £118. The Graiul -Junction Company, being em- powered to charge their rate of 4 per cent, on the ' annual value,' took, as all the comjianies do, the higher sum. Mr. Dolibs objected ; and after lung litigation the highest court ill the realm decided that he was only liable to pay on the lower or net value. This is where the matter now stands. It is clear that it affects all the Companies in whose Acts the words 'annual value' are used. It is believed that these words are employed in all their Acts, and that this important decision couse<|Uently applies to them all. It seems, however, that this interpretation of it is not yet accepted, and the Islington Vestry have resolved to ask the New Kiver Company what they mean to do in the patter.
A question arises whether, having made this overcharge — having levied from every householder for years a larger sum than they had power to levy, the companies should not be compelled to refund. In reply to this very natural and a]ipropriate question, it is contended on one side that, although money paid under a mistake as to fact can be got back, money paid under an erroneous impression as to the law is not recoverable But the other side say that, though this is true, it a]iplies only to payments made voluntarily, and that these wider rates have all been paid under com- ]iulsion ; so that the rule whicli a]iplies to mistakes of law does not apply in this case. This is a point which will probably have to be settled by a court of law. So as to the application of the authorised interpretation of the term ' annual value.' It is contended that even where the companies accept the decision as applicable to them they are not obliged to take the Valuation List as their authority, and the Grand Junction Company, it is .said, are taking steps to make a new valuation on their own account of the whole district. As they can have no right to ask, and will certainly not get, such returns from occupiers as the assess- ment committees are empowered to demand, it seems difficult to understand in what way they will profit by this proceeding, supposing it to be undertaken. If their estimate of ' net' annual value is the same as that of the Assessment Committee, they will have had their trouble and expense for nothing. If it is higher, there will be good grounds for disputing it, and it will be disputed. On the whole, it is probably good advice to the ratepayers to demand particu- lars of any water rate they may be called on to pay. .'Vinong these particulars the chief item will be the percentage charged ou the annual value. What this percentage ought to be, and what I he other charges additional to it are, will be seen in a statement appended to this article in our next issue. If the annual value on which the charge is made is the same as that on which the parochial and other rates are levied, the ratepayer will have no reason to complain ; if it is higher, the demand is probably an illegal one, which cannot be enforced. The Water Companies will be well advised if they do not attempt to enforce it. The true course for them to take is to accept the decision of the House of Lords and to put up with the temporary loss it may entail. They should henceforth levy their rate on the ' rateable value,' and should take tliat rateable value from the Valuation List. Perhaps if they did this the question of refunding what has been collected in excess of their powers might not arise. If, however, they go on making the old demands, they will provoke not only resistance but a resentment which will in the long run prove much more detrimental to their interests than the loss caused by the small reduction of their rates. They may contend that hitherto they have charged on the gross value in the full belief that they had a right to do so, but that plea will no longer avail them now that the meaning of the word ' annual ' has been finally and authoritatively defined.
{To he conlinued.)
At the International Exposition now in progress in the city of Nice, in the south of France, there is a good display of European sewing machines, but America is repre.5ented by only one company, the Wliite. Perhaps American sewing machine manufacturers are beginning to feel that European expositions only afford an excellent opportunity for European manufacturers to copy the results of theix ingenuity,
April 1, 1884.
THE JOUENAL OP DOMESTIC APPLIANCES AND SEWING MACHINE GAZETTE.
19
MOTORS FOR SEWING MACHINES.
THE Americans, wliose opinion on any tiling connected with sewing machines is entitled to great considera- tion, have paid much attention to the subject of motors for sewing machines, long before we here gave it a thought. No doubt the matter is one of much interest, for it has long been considered a great defect in the working of sewing machines that the attendants have to move it themselves, either with hand or foot, the latter being as dangerous in the long run for health as the former is troublesome and inconvenient. There are several modes of driving a sewing machine — one, which has been more tried and experimented upon than any other, being the spring motor, which is wound up like an ordinary clock. But the Americans find this motion irregular and difficult to adapt to the steady working of a sewing machine. After several years cf trials and experiments, that motor has been abandoned pretty generally, and now there are some new ones spoken of as deserving attention. One is the Dohis motor, which is a spring acted upon by the move- ment of the body, and intended to give the foot only a minimum of work — that is to say, merely sufficient to set the spring in motion, and keep it working and regulated for twelve times the dm-ation of the movement exerted by the foot. Whether the advantages of this machine are equal to the expectations of the inventor time must show.
But the motor which appears to us as most deserving of attention, and more likely to be of practical value than any other, is the water motor, a small water-wheel or turbine, which is moved by a small jet or column of water taken from the ordinaiy house supply. There is no doubt that sufficient power can be obtained from the source with tolerable regularity, which is the principal point to be considered in driving a sewing machine.
Next to this there is the expense, which also is a favour- able item in this arrangement, as the amount of water sufficient for this purpose is very small, so that the water companies will hardly be able to make an extra charge for it.
The constant working of the feet on the treadle of a sewing machine undoubtedly affects the spine, and may lead to paralysis. An apparatus which xorevents this will, therefore, make the sewing machine doubly useful, and we hope that nothing will interfere with its successful intro- duction and working, as it will vastly increase the use of the sewing machine, and induce people to purchase one ■where otherwise they would have hesitated to do so.
We believe that the working of the sewing machine in households by water is only a question of very little time, and that before long it will be the rule to do so.
CONTINENTAL SEWING MACHINE FACTORY.
The "Dresdener Anzeiger " No. 42, contains some interesting particulars about the new factory of Mr. Bruno Naumann (firm of Seidel and Naumann), of Dresden, from which we extract the fol. lowing : —
" The five stories high middle-building which projects considerably, has on both sides wings four stories high, which again are flanked by higher buildings at right angles,
"By this arrangement the front of the building is divided into five distinct parts, by which the principal building loses its monotony, which otherwise would easily alloot the eye in a disagreeable manner.
With this principal building are still connected two side-buildings, so that the whole offers an imposing sight.
" The interior has been carefully arranged, in order to avoid the possibility of a fire ; fire-proof walls, vaults, separation of the most dangerous rooms, in one word, all has been carefully planned, in order to give it as little scope as possible if a fire should break out.
" In the centre of the building is the engine-hall, the home of the compound steam-engine of 200-horse power, which puts in motion the whole machinery. The walls of this hall are covered with marble, which looks very elegant in contrast with the bright parts of the engine that stand here. An adjacent locality contains the dynamo-electrio machine which feeds the Edison electric