LIBRARY
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA DAVIS
PLATE 1
MANUAL
OP
GEOLOGY;
STRUCTURAL AND SYSTEMATIC.
WITH ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE SPECIES.
BY GEORGE W, TRYON, JR.
CONTINUED BY
HENRY A. PILSBRY.
Vol. XI.
TROCHID^, STOMATIID.E, rLEUROTOMARIID/E, HALIOTID^E.
PHILADELPHIA: Published by the Conehological Section,
ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES, COR. igTH AND RACE STS.
1889.
LIBRARY
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA DAVIS
BINDER & KI-LLY, PRINTERS, 518 MINOR STREET, PHILADELPHIA.
The Editor desires to express his sincere thanks to the subscribers to the MANUAL. OF CONCHOLOQT for their continued patronage, und for the many kind expressions of interest in the continuation of the work which he has received.
The introduction in the present volume of full synonymic refer- erences into the text of the work, and the practice of giving de- scriptions extending- to every character shown by cadi species, are innovations which the author trusts will lighten the labor of those who have occasion to consult the MANUAL.
All descriptions which are not drawn from specimens are followed by the authority from whom they are taken, in parenthesis. This acknowledgement serves also to indicate the species lacking in the Academy's collection, and shows the amount of material upon which the present work is based.
H. A. P.
March, 1889.
La determination precise des especes etdeleurs caracteres distinctifc, fait la premiere base sur laquelle toutes les recherches de 1'Histoire naturelle doivent £tre fonclees; les observations les plus curieuses, les vues les plus nouvelles, perd- ent presque tout leur merite, quand elles sont depourvues de cet appui, et malgre 1'aridite de ce genre de travail, c'est par la que doivent commencer tous ceux qui se proposent d'arriver a des resultats solides. CUVIER.
MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY,
FAMILY TROCHID^.
Animal similar in general form to the Turbinida?. Epipodial line bearing one, several, or many smooth or ciliated cirrhi on each side; head with a short, broad rostrum ; intertentacular lobes sim- ple or digitated, separate or united across the front, sometimes obso- lete. Jaws developed or absent. Radula rhipidoglossate, rhachidian teeth always present and well-developed ; lateral teeth generally 5 on each side, sometimes more numerous ; marginal teeth narrow, very numerous.
Shell nacreous within, conical, pyramidal, subglobose, turbinate or helicoid ; aperture entire, tetragonal or rounded ; peristome gener- ally not continuous. Operculum circular, thin, entirely corneous, formed of numerous gradually increasing whorls, nucleus central.
The TrochidaB are like the Turbinidse in the possession of a na- creous test and in the principal structural characters of the animal. They differ from that family in having a corneous, never calcareous, operculum, which is always multispiral.
The family is represented by numerous littoral species on nearly all coasts, and numbers also many deep sea forms.
Since very early times many species have been well-known to naturalists. The name Trochus, according to Fischer was used for the first time by Rondelet, in 1558, who assembles under this title a rather miscellaneous assortment of univalves, including a true Trochus. Linnaeus' genus Trochus is composed principally of true Trochidre, but contains also species of several very different families. Lamarck still further restricted the group by eliminating several genera; and in more recent times the labors of Gray, H. and A. Adams and others, have contributed much toward a systematic ar- rangement of the family.
The more extensive works upon the Trochidse are the following.
A. ADAMS.
Contributions toward a Monograph of the Trochida?, in Proc. Zool. Soc., 1851, pp. 150-192. (5)
O TROCHIIh-E.
Dll. P. F ISC I IKK.
Monog. Genre Troque, in Kiener's Coquilles Vivantes, Paris,
1880.'
R. A. PlIILII'JT.
Monograph of Trochus in Syst. Conchylien Cabinet, ed. 2 (1846 to about 1856). LOVELL KEEVK.
In Conchologia Iconica vol. xiii. (1861.)
Adams' monograph contributes numerous descriptions of supposed new forms, without figures, measurements or comparison with known spcH-ies. The work as a whole is an unmitigated nuisance. Philippics monograph describes scores of " species " founded upon coloration or other equally trivial characters. His descriptions are generally very good, and the figures assist one to identify most of the forms. Reeves' work is very incomplete. The monograph by Fischer is an altogether thorough and reliable work.
The primary division of the Trochidaj is attended with consider-' able difficulty. I have adopted the following four
Subfamilies.
TROCIIIMX.K. Animal with frontal lobes; jaws wanting; lateral teeth never more than 5 on each side of the rhachidian, or some- times with an obsolete sixth tooth. Shell pearly; peristome incom- plete.
GIBBULINJE. Frontal lobes present; jaws present; lateral teeth frequently exceeding 5 on each side. Shell pearly; peristome in- complete.
UMBONIINVE. Rostrum short, rounded, with lateral beards; eyes on long peduncles ; tentacles subulate, the left attached to a siphon- shaped frontal appendage; mantle reflexed over the edge of the aperture; jaws present; lateral teeth (> on each side. Shell polish- ed, scarcely pearly, peristome incomplete.
PKLPIIINULIN.K. No frontal lobes ; jaws present. Shell pearly in- side ; aperture circular, peristome continuous.
Synopsis of Genera and minor groups. Subfamily I. TIIOCHININ^E. Genus TROCHUS Limit'.
Shell conical, strong, imperforate or false-urn bilicated, the axis always solid, the spire more or less elevated, whorls numerous,
TROCHUS. 7
generally carinated at the periphery, sometimes rounded, more or less flattened beneath ; aperture rhomboidal, very oblique ; columella twisted, its edge generally folded or dentate, generally toothed at base ; sculptured usually with spiral beaded ridges. The species are all old world in distribution.
Subgenus TROCHUS, (sensu stricto.)
Shell large, thick, solid, the spire pyramidal or conical, periphery angulated, base flat or convex; outer and basal lips smooth within, the columella with a strong fold above, ending in an obtuse tooth below. T. niloticus L., etc.
Subgenus CARDINALIA Gray, 1857.
Shell conical ; base plano-concave, without false-umbilicus ; out'er lip smooth within ; columella short, arcuate, simple, without a fold above, ending below in an acute denticle1.
Indo- Pacific Province.
Subgenus TECTUS Montfort, 1810.
Shell pyramidal ; base flat, without false-umbilicus ; aperture rhomboidal, very oblique, angular, wider than long ; outer lip lirate within ; columella very short, vertical, with a strong spiral fold, ending anteriorly in a knob or point. Type, T. mauritianus Gmel.
Indo-Padfic Province.
Subgenus INFUNDIBULUM Montfort, 1810.
Shell conical, false-umbilicate ; columella more or less folded above, its edge straight, oblique, toothed or simple, with or without a tooth at base. Type, T. concavus Gmel.
Indo- Pacific and Australasian Province.
Section LAMPROSTOMA SwTainson, 1840.
Shell conical with nearly flat base and angular periphery ; all over granose-lirate ; columella tortuous above, its edge denticulate ; basal and outer margins of aperture generally lirate within. Type, T. maculatus Linn. Section INFUNDIBULUM (sensu sir.").
Shell conical, periphery angular, base nearly flat, or concave ; outer surface smooth, costate or granular ; outer lip not lirate with- in; columella inserted in the center of the axis, strongly folded above, its edge smooth, not toothed nor notched at base. Type, T. concavus Gmel,
8 TROCHUS.
Section INFUNDIBULOPS Pilsbry.
Similar to Infundibulum, but the columella thin straight and simple from its insertion in the center of the false -umbilicus to its union with the basal lip. Type, T. erythneus Brocc.
Indian 0.
Differs from Infundibulum in lacking the strong fold of the columella.
Section CCELOTROCHUS Fischer.
Similar to Infundibulops, but with the false-umbilicus very deep and narrow, penetrating deeper than the columella which is inserted upon its edge, not in the center of the axis. Type, T. tiaratus Q. et G. New Zealand.
Section ANTHORA Gray.
Shell elevated, conical, granulose above, lirate below; base plano- concave, false-umbilicus shallow, bicostate, outer and basal lips smooth within, columella oblique, with a small fold above, its edge simple. Type, T. viridis Gmel. New Zealand.
Section PR/ECIA Gray.
Columella twisted, simple; false-umbilicus deep, narrow, with a distinct narrow central spiral rib ; throat striated. Type, T. ele- gantulus Wood.
Section BELANGERIA Fischer.
Shell conical, solid ; outer lip of aperture lirate within ; columella with a small fold above, its base curving and denticulate where it unites with the denticulate basal margin ; false umbilicus narrow, Type, T. scabrosus Phil.
Subgenus CLANCULUS Montfort, 1810.
Shell conical, conoidal or turbiuate ; generally granose-lirate all over ; periphery rounded or angular, base flat or convex, false- umbilicate ; aperture oblique, usually obstructed by teeth, the outer lip usually lirate or dentate within, columella with a tooth-like fold above, terminating in a tooth at the base ; false umbilicus with a crenated border. Type, T. pharaonius Linn.
Mediterranean, Indian 0., and Pacific.
Genus MONODONTA Lamarck, 1799.
Shell imperforate, turbinate, ovate or globose-depressed, the periphery rounded ; surface smooth or spirally ridged ; columella.
TROCHUS. 9
simple, arcuate and spread upon the base at its insertion, below tuberculate, swollen, ending in a tooth, or simple ; outer lip smooth or lirate within.
Subgenus MONODONTA Lam.
Shell Uirbinate-conic, very heavy, thick, solid; columella strong, cylindrical, bulging or more or less toothed near or at the base ; aperture as high as wide.
Section MONODONTA (restricted).
Shell smooth or spirally ridged ; outer lip plicate within ; colu- mella short porcellanous, terminating abruptly in a tooth, between which and the basal margin there is a square notch or channel. Type, M. labio L. Indian 0.
Section AUSTROCOCHLEA Fischer.
Shell like Monodonta s. sir., but columella only slightly toothed at the base, not notched ; outer lip lirate within. Type, M. constricta Lam. Australasia.
Section OSILINUS Philippi.
Shell smooth or obsoletely spirally grooved ; outer lip smooth within ; columella swollen and convex in the middle, pearly, con- tinuous below with the basal lip. Type, M. turbinata Born.
Mediterranean Sea.
Subgenus DILOMA Philippi.
Shell globose or depressed-conic ; aperture large, very oblique ; columella not prominent, flattened, not cylindrical, generally con- cave, arcuate, and slightly denticulate at the base or smooth.
Section DILOMA (restricted).
Shell globose, depressed or conic, imperforate, black ; smooth or spirally grooved ; columella wide, concave, porcellanous; lip mar- gined with an iridescent band which extends across the parietal wall. Type. M. nigerrima (Gmel.) Phil.
W. Coast S. America.
Section XEODILOMA Fischer.
Similar to the preceding, but without the parietal band of irides- cent nacre ; surface smooth, grooved or lirate ; unicolored, spotted or tessellated ; columella with one or two denticles at base, or smooth. Type, M. sethiops Gmel. Australasia,
10 TROCHUS.
Section CHLORODILOMA Pilsbry.
Shell like Diloma but rather more conical, less nacreous ; colora- tion, variegated, consisting of fine lines of dark on a lighter ground ; columella generally green ; umbilicus perforate or subperforate. Type, M. crinita Phil. Australasia.
Section OXYSTKIJ; Philippi.
Shell depressed conical, dark or variegated in color; aperture large, oblique ; columella concave, arcuate, thin-edged, perfectly simple and curved below, above spread over the umbilical area as a rounded, well-defined pad of callus. Type, M. merula Lam.
S. Africa ; Japan.
Genus CANTHAKIDUS Montfort, 1810.
Shell ovate-conic or pyramidal imperforate, smooth or spirally sculptured outside, brilliantly iridescent within ; colors generally bright and variegated; aperture less than half the length of shell, longer than wide, ovate ; columella usually more or less folded or toothed near the base. Australasian Seas.
Subgoims CANTIIARJDUS Montfort. Section CANTHARIDUS (restricted.)
Shell rather thin, ovate-pointed, whorls striated, or smooth ; col- umella rather straight, simple, not toothed. Type, C. iris Clu-in.
Section PHASIANOTROCHUS Fischer.
Shell thick, solid, polished, elongated; ovate-pointed; aperture ovate, longer than broad ; columella arcuate, bearing usually a tooth- like projection in the middle. Type, C. bad i us Wood.
Subgenus BANKIVIA Beck, 1848.
Shell imperforate, elongated, narrow, conical, thin, but slightly pearly ; aperture small, about one-third the length of shell ; col- umella slightly twisted, subtruncated toward the base. Type, C. varians Beck. Section LEIOPYRGA H. & A. Adams.
Shell perforate, elongated, narrow, somewhat turrited, thin, the whorls convex, rounded or carinated ; aperture oval, small, columel- la arcuate, not truncated at base. Type, (.'. picturata Ad.
Subgenus THALOTTA Gray, 1840.
Shell imperforate, elevated-conical, thick, solid, granulated or spirally ribbed ; periphery rounded or obtusely angular ; aperture
TROCHUS. 11
small, ovate, outer lip thick, crenulated within ; columella toothed at base, subtruncated. Type, C. conicua Gray.
Section ODONTOTROCHUS Fischer.
Shell conical, elevated; periphery acutely carinated ; columella toothed below, truncated. Type, C. chlorostomus Mke.
Genus GAZA Watson, 1878.
Shell trochiform, nacreous both on the surface and throughout ; delicately sculptured, witli a reversed lip thickened internally by a nacreous callus; the pillar twisted direct, in front angulated and pointed, behind entirely parted from the lip, and in the umbilical region spread out in a nacreous pad. ( Watson) Type, G. dsedala Watson. Fiji Is.
Submenus MICROGAZA Dall, 1881.
Shell flattened, rotelliform, resembling a Gaza without reflected lip or umbilical callus, brilliantly nacreous when fresh, and having a distinctly scalariform umbilicus. (Dall) Type, M. rotelia Dall.
Barbados.
(Jcnus CALLOGAZA Dall, 1881.
Shell resembling Gaza Watson, but with the umbilical pad re- flected only partly over the umbilicus ; the pillar straight, passing without notch or mucronation into the reflected basal margin of the aperture ; nacreous layer in this shell covered with a thin non- nacreous layer, which appears to be covered by a delicate epider- mis. (Dall) Type, C. superba Dall.
Genus BEMBIX Watson, 1878.
Shell conical, high, carinated, tumid on the base, umbilicated, thin, nacreous, covered with a thin membranaceous epidermis. ( Wat- sou) Type, B. ajola. Japan.
Genus CHLOROSTOMA Swainson, 1840.
Shell conical, umbilicate or imperforate, solid ; spire elevated or depressed ; aperture oblique, subrhomboidal, the outer lip smooth within ; columella arcuate, above continued in a callus over or half- way around the umbilicus, which when open shows one or more spiral ribs inside ; base of columella with two or more denticles. Type, C. argyrostomum Gin el.
Chinese and Japanese Seas, W. Coast America, West Indies.
12 TROCHUS.
Subfamily II. GIBBULIISLE. Genus GIBBULA Risso, 1826.
Shell usually perforate or umbilicate, conical, the spire moderate- ly elevated ; whorls often gibbous or tuberculose beneath the sutures, smooth or spirally ribbed ; the last generally angular at the periph- ery ; aperture subrhomboidal ; columella oblique, dentate or sub- sinuous at base ; outer lip acute. Type G. magus L.
Subgenus GIBBULA (restricted.) Section GIBBULA.
Shell nodulous or tumid beneath the sutures, spire elevated, urn- bilicated or imperforate, generally conspicuously painted with longitudinal stripes of red or brown.
European and Australian Seas ; Indian 0.\ Red Sea.
Section EURYTROCHUS Fischer.
Shell small, spirally lirate, depressed, umbilicate ; last whorl de- flected toward the aperture ; aperture oblique rounded-quadrangular, the terminations of the lips approaching, connected by a callus; outer and basal lips crenulated within. Type, G. danieli Crosse.
Oceanica.
Section CALLIOTROCHUS Fischer.
Shell minute, turbinate, shining, narrowly perforated ; whorls convex ; aperture subcircular. Type, G. phasianellus Desh.
Indian 0.
Subgenus MONILEA Swainson, 1840.
Shell solid, depressed-conical, sharply striate and spirally lirate, umbilicated, the umbilicus partly filled by a prominent spiral funicle within it which terminates at the columella ; outer lip lirate within; columella sinuous, terminating in a point or denticle at base. Type, G. callifera Lam. Oceanica.
Section SOLANDERIA Fischer.
Umbilicus narrow, columella arcuate, obliquely plicate, terminat- ing in a strong anterior tooth. G. nucleus Phil.
Subgenus APHANOTROCHUS Von Martens, 1880. Shell conical, perforated ; columella with finely denticulated edge; outer lip lirate within. Type, G. obscurus Wood.
Indian Ocean,
TROCHUS. 13
Subgenus ENIDA A. Adams, 1860.
Shell depressed-conical, widely umbilicate, whorls convex, con- centrically granose-lirate, sutures canaliculate, last whorl carinated or angulated ; aperture subquadrate ; outer lip simple, or lirate within ; inner lip reflexed ; umbilicus large, margin crenulated. Type, E. japonica A. Ad. Japan.
Genus MINOLTA A. Adams, 1860.
Shell widely umbilicated, delicate, thin, smooth ; whorls rounded; spire depressed; aperture circular, the outer lip and columella thin, simple, acute ; umbilicus without an internal funicle or rib. Type, M. punctata Ad. Oceanica.
Genus CIRCULUS Jeffreys, 1865.
Shell minute, widely umbilicated, thin, with spiral striae ; whorls rounded ; spire depressed ; aperture rounded-quadrate, the columella and outer lips thin, simple, acute. Type, C. striatus Phil.
European Seas.
Genus TROCHISCUS Sowerby, 1838.
Shell large, orbicular, umbilicated, solid, depressed, smooth ; spire low-conical, formed of rapidly widening flattened whorls ; aperture subquadrangular, outer lip acute, sinuous, columella simple, some- what sinuous. Type, T. norrisii Sowb. California.
Genus LIVONA Gray, 1842.
Shell large, turbinate, thick, solid, umbilicate, whorls rounded ; aperture rounded-quadrangular, smooth and silvery within ; outer lip acute ; columella arcuate, simple, spreading half around and partly over the umbilicus in a white callus which is deeply notched in the middle. Type, L. pica L.
Genus PHOTINULA H. & A. Adams, 1854
Shell imperforate, orbicular, depressed, rather thin, whorls round- ed, smooth or spirally striated ; aperture wider than long, outer lip acute, columella spreading in a callus pad at its insertion, simple at base. Type, P. coerulescens King. Southern Seas.
Genus MARGARITA (Leach) Auct.
Shell umbilicate, obicular, conoidal or depressed, thin ; not va- riegated; whorls rounded, smooth or spirally lirate: aperture sub-
14 TROCHUS.
circular, peristome simple, acute, the margins approaching; columella arcuate, simple, thin. Type, M. helicina Fab.
Arctic and Subarctic Seas.
Subgenus BATIIYMOPHILA Dall, 1882.
Shell when immature like Margarita ; adult with a broad flattened columella, which has a blunt tooth, rough or granulated, at its end. Type, M. euspira Dall.
Genus SOLAKIELLA Searles Wood. 1842.
Shell umbilicated, conical ; whorls with spiral granose lirse ; umbilicus with carinated margin. Type, S. maculatum Wood.
Subgenus TURCICULA Dall, 1881.
Shell globosely conical, white, thin ; umbilicus reduced to a chink under the thin callus of the upper part of the pillar lip ; mouth rounded rectangular, margins all thin ; columella concave ; outer surface with tuberculose ridges. Type, M. imperial is Dall. Cuba. (This group is placed under Calliostoma by Fischer. Its position is problematical until the structural details are known.)
Genus CALLIOSTOMA Swainson, 1840.
Shell imperforate or rarely umbilicate, conical, rather thin ; whorls smooth, spirally ridged or granular, the last angulated at the periph- ery ; aperture quadrangular ; columella simple, usually ending an- teriorly in a slight tooth. Type, C. ziziphinum L.
Subgenus CALLIOSTOMA (restricted.)
Axis imperforate, its lower termination covered by a slight ex- pansion of the columella. The sections of this subgenus are given in the text.
Subgenus FUTROCHUS A. Adams, ISGo.
Shell umbilicated ; columella ending in a point or tooth below. Type, C. javanicus Lam.
Genus TURCICA H. and A. Adams, 1854. Shell conoidal, thin, subdiaphanous, imperforate ; whorls with transverse series of granules, the last rounded on the . periphery ; columella thick, spirally twisted posteriorly, ending anteriorly in an obtuse, prominent point ; outer lip thin, simple, acute (H. <fe A. Ad.) Type, T. monilifera A. Ad. Australia.
TROCHUS. 15
Genus BASILISSA Watson, 1879.
Shell conical, carinated, umbiiicated, nacreous ; last whorl sinua- ted above ; pillar straight, but slightly oblique, thin, hollowed out above, hardly toothed in front, but strongly angulated at base ; mouth rhomboidal, terminations of peristome not approaching nor connected by a callus. Type, B. lampra Watson.
\. Pacific 0.
Genus EUCHELUS Philippi, 1847.
Shell globose-turbinate, uinbilicate or imperforate; whorls round- ed, spirally granose lirate ; aperture subcircular, outer lip thick, crenulate within, coluinella with a tooth or a notch at the base; operculum with few whorls. Type, K. at rat us Ginel.
Indian and Pacific Oceans.
Submenus OLIVIA Cantraine, 1835.
Shell conoidal, imperforate, whorls rounded, cancellated ; aperture rounded, lirate within, the lip with a strong varix outside ; columella sinuous, terminating in a strong truncate tooth at base. Type, O. tinei Calc. ^Fediterranean.
Subgenus PERRINIA H. and A. Adams, 1854.
Shell trochiform, imperforate, whorls flattened, cancellated ; aper- ture quadrangular, outer lip lirate within, coluinella short, nearly straight, with several tubercles near the base. Type, P. anguliferus A. Ad.
The position of this group is problematical.
Subfamily III, DELPHI NT; LIN/I:. (See MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY, x, p. 266.)
Subfamily IV, UMBONIINJE. Genus UMBONIUM Link, 1807.
Shell with a very thin pearly layer inside, orbicular, depressed, imperforated, whorls flattened above, bright, smooth or spirally grooved ; aperture wider than high, outer lip thin, acute ; umbilical tract covered by a heavy pad of callus. Type, U. vestiarium Linn.
Indian and Pacific Oceans.
Genus ETHALIA H. and A. Adams, 1854.
Shell orbicular, turbinately depressed ; whorls convex, smooth or transversely striated, the last rounded at the periphery ; umbilicus
16 TROCHUS.
partly closed by a callus deppsit ; columellar lip ending anteriorly in an obtuse dilated callus. Type, E. guamense, Q. et G.
Genus ISANDA H. and A. Adams, 1854.
Shell orbicular-colloidal, polished ; aperture longer than wide, subquadrate; umbilicus open, perspective, the margin crenulated. Type, I. coronata A. Ad.
Genus CAMITIA Gray, 1847.
Shell orbicular, depressed, smooth, polished; axis imperforate; columella spirally twisted above, forming a false-umbilicus, with the margin simple ; columella with the edge edentulate and ending in a point.. Type, C. pulcherrima Gray.
China, Japan.
Genus UMBONELLA A. Adams, 1863.
Shell globose-conoid, solid, porcellanous, polished, narrowly um- bilicate ; aperture subquadrate, lip simple, dilated anteriorly ; um- bilicus narrow, margin eremite rugose. Type, U. murrea Reeve.
Japan.
Genus CHRYSOSTOMA Swainson, 1840.
Shell globose, solid, thick, spire very short ; aperture rounded, the parietal wall bearing a heavy callus which wholly or almost covers the narrow umbilicus. Type, C. paradoxum Born.
Genus TROCHUS Linn., 1758.
Trochus LINN., Syst. Nat., x, p. 756. — Pyramidea SWAINSON, Malacology, p. 350. — Rochia GRAY, Guide Syst. dtst. Moll. Brit. Mus., p. 148. (1857.)
Animal with 1 to 4 pairs of cirrhi upon the epipodial line, which are not ciliated ; frontal lobes between the tentacles simple or folia- ted, distinct or united into a vail. The formula of teeth is QC 5 . 1 . 5 . oo or co . l-f-5 . 1 . 5-fl . oo.
The central and lateral teeth have more or less expanded lateral margins, and bear cusps which are smooth on the cutting edge, with minute denticles one or several in number at the sides. There is frequently a narrow oblong plate, without cusp, lying between the 5th lateral and the inner marginal tooth, usually more or less con- cealed by the expanded outer margin or supporting-wing of the 5th lateral. This seems to me to be a rudimentary or rather, degenerate lateral tooth ; not the inner marginal tooth, as Dr. Troschel and
TROCHUS. 17
ft
others have held. The reduction in. number of the teeth in Tro- chidre appears to proceed by the loss of the outer laterals, never by obsolescence of teeth in the central portion of the radula. (Compare the related family Turbinidse, where the rule is specialization of the radula by the loss of the central tooth, as in Orthomesus, or by the loss of its cusp, as in Bolma, Cookia and Pomaulax; in the last group the inner lateral also has lost its cusp. Vide MANUAL, vol. x, pp. 163, 187.) PI. 50, fig. 1, Trochus niloticus L. ; pi. 50, fig. 2, T. fenestratus Gmel. ; pi. 50, fig. 3, T. maculatus, L. ; pi. 50, fig. 4, T. tiarattis Q. and G.
The central teeth in all of the subgenera of Trochus, including Clanculus, differs from those of the following genus, Mondonta, in being widest in the middle, tapering toward the cusp and the base ; whilst in Monodonta and its subgenera the latero-basal angles are prominently produced.
The operculum (pi. 1, f. 6) is circular, corneous, thin, with num- erous (8 to 12) narrow whorls, the nucleus central.
Subgenus TROCHUS (s. sir.)
T. NILOTICUS Linne. PI. 1, figs 5-8.
Shell large, ponderous, conical, appearing subperforate, covered by a corneous striate, brown or yellowish cuticle usually lost on the upper whorls ; color beneath the cuticle white, longitudinally striped with crimson, violet or reddish brown, the base maculate or radiately strigate with a lighter shade of the same ; spire strictly conical, apex acute, usually eroded, whorls 8-10, the upper ones tuberculate at the sutures, and spirally beaded, the following flat on their outer sur- faces, smooth, separated by linear sutures, the body-whorl expanded, dilated and compressed at the obtuse periphery, more or less convex below, indented at the axis; umbilical tract covered by a spiral pearly deeply entering callus; aperture transverse, very oblique; colurnella oblique, terminating in a denticle below, and with a strong spiral fold above, deeply inserted into the axis.
Alt. 80-100, diam. 100-120 mill.
Indian Ocean; New Ireland; New Caledonia; North Australia, etc.
Trochus niloticus L., Syst. nat. xii, 1767, p. 1227.
Operculum pi. 1 fig. 6, circular, thin, corneous, orange-brown, com- posed of about 10 whorls,
2
18 TROCHUS.
VAR. MAXIMUS Koch. PL 1, fig. 9.
Shell less ponderous than T. uiloticus ; form strictly conical ; whorls of the spire decidedly plicate or tuberculate, planulate ; body-whorl not diluted at the periphery; base flat, concentrically grooved ; columella less oblique than in the type. Alt. 95, diam. 95 mill. India 0. ; Cochin- China ; Viti Is.
T. maximus Koch, in Philippi, Abbild. u. Besclireib., Trochus, t. iv, f. 3. 1844. — T. marmoratus Kiener, Sp. et Icon., t. 11. — T. nilo- ticus Rve., Conch. Icon., f. 3.
T. maximus is an arrested or primitive form of niloticus. In the conic form, flat, lirate base, and sculptured spire, it exactly resembles an immature specimen of the latter species ; but at the same time, it retains these characters in adult individuals. I do not know whether both occur in the same locality ; if tfiey do, I would incline to consider them distinct. The finest suite I have seen of the T. maximus is from the Viti Is., collected by the late A NDKKW GARRETT.
Since the above was written I have seen a discussion of these two forms by Dr. VON MARTENS (Ann. and Mag. N. H., 1869, p. 97.) T. maximus is considered distinct from niloticus, and the differences indicated by this distinguished zoologist.
T. ACUTANGULUS Chemnitz. PI. 2, fig, 10. Shell conic-pyramidal, axis imperforate but. appearing sub-umbili-
cate, solid, thick, white, longitudinally flammulate with bright red ; spire conic, apex acute, whorls 10, spirally encircled by numerous (about 10 on upper surface) beaded line, which are separated by superficial interstices ; above the sutures there is a series of short folds or knobs which usually become obsolescent upon the periphery of last whorl ; body-whorl obtuse at the periphery, nearly flat below, indented around the false umbilicus, obsoletely concentrically lirate, the line about 9 in number, red and white articulated, interstices white ; aperture transversely rhomboidal, somewhat rounded ; colu- mella nearly vertically descending, subdentate at base, above with a profoundly entering spiral fold ; parietal wall bearing a heavy transparent callus, which is excavated around the axis.
Alt. 55-70, diam. 45-60 mill.
East Indies] Philippines; N. Australia.
Trochus acutangulns Chemnitz, Conch. Cab., v, p. 81, t. 167, f. 1710. 1781.— T. conus Gmel., Syst. Nat., xiii, p. 3569. (1788)— T. elatus Lam., An. sans Vert., vii, p. 21. 1822. — T. alias Perry, Con- chology, t. 47, f, 3, (1811)— T, turria Phil. Zefoch.f. Mai., 1846, p.
TROCHUS. 19
102,— T. alhis Phil. Conch. Cab. ii, p. 217, t. 32, f. 7.— T. senatorius Phil., Conch. Cab. ii, p. 324, t. 46, f. 7.
The T. alt us of Philippi is doubtfully placed here. It has more acutely earinated periphery than any actangulus I have seen. I have copied Philippi's figure on PI. 9, fig. 96. This species is the type of (i ray's group Roch'nt.
Submenus ( 1.\ IIDIXALIA, Gray, 1840. T. viKd.vrrs Gmelin. PL'S, figs. 43, 44.
Shell imperf.irate, conic-pyramidal, solid, white, above longitudi- nally broadly ilannnulated with red; spin- somewhat attenuated and concave on its upper portion, then slightly convex, the sutures 'linear, whorls nearly planulate, apex acute; sculpture of spire con- sisting of spiral prominently beaded line, about eight on each whorl; whorls 10, the last carinated at the periphery; base plano-concave, indented in the center, finely, densely lirate, the lirse minutely beaded, red, articulated with white, the interstitial furrows white; aperture snbrhomboidal, denticulate within the base ; columella short, oblique, ending in a tubercle below, simply entering, not plicate, above,
Alt. 4-"), diam. 40 mill.
Indian 0.; Red Sea.
T. virgatus GMKL., Syst. Nat., xiii, p. 3580. — PHILIPPI, Conchy I. Cab., p. 4, t. 1, f. 4, 5. — REEVE, Conch. Icon., f. 69. — FISCHER, Coq. Viv., p. 97, t. 27, f. 1; t. 28, f. 1.
The plano-concave finely lirate base, simple columella and tooth- less aperture at once separate this species from other Trochids.
Subgenus TECTUS Montfort, 1810.
Tectus MONTF., Conch. Syst. i, p. 187. — Pyramis SCHUMACHER, Esaai d'nn nouv. Syst. Vers test., p. 232, (1817.)
T. OBELISCUS Gniclin. PI. 2, figs. 13, 14.
Shell im perforate, solid, thick, strictly conical, the spire more or less attenuated above, the apex acute; color yellowish or grayish, more or less mottled and marbled with green or brown, base white, green or brown ; whorls 12-14, the upper ones slightly exserted and plicate, tuberculate or undulating at the sutures, the folds or tuber- cles obsolete on the lower whorls; upper whorls encircled with one or two spiral series of small tubercles or beads, which are increased to about five series on the middle whorls ; last whorl beaded, but smoother than the preceding, or radiatelv finely wrinkled, or nearly
20 TROCHUS.
smooth, angulate at the periphery ; base flat, concentrically lirate, the ribs smooth, wide, separated by shallow grooves, obsolete toward the outer margin; aperture transverse, very oblique, sub- triangular, the outer wall grooved within, the basal margin straight, not concave in the middle, deeply notched at its junction with the columella, sculpture inside with revolving acute plicae, corresponding to the lirse which revolve around the central area outside ; columella very short, with a very strong acutely carinated spiral fold.
Alt. 75, diam. 75 mill.
Indian and Pacific Oceans ; Samoan, Viti and Philippine Is., New Caledonia; N. Australia, etc. Singapore (Archer.)
T. obeliscus GMEL., Syst. Nat., xiii, p. 3579, 1788. — T. pyramis BORN, Test. Mus. Cces., 1780. — T. pyramis PHIL., Conchyl. Cab. p. 2 — Reeve, Conch Icon., f. 8. — T. acutus LAM., An. sans Vert., 1822, vii, p. 23. — T. tabidus REEVE, Conch. Icon., f. 74.
I believe that this is the T. pyramis of Born; but since there is some doubt about it, I have followed the precedent of Dr. Fischer in adopting Gmelin's name. T. acutus Lam. is an immature indi- vidual, (pi. 2 fig. 13).
Var. CCERULESCENS Lamarck. PI. 4, fig. 26.
Form more slender than in the type ; spiral beading sub-obsolete; color dark greenish, obliquely strigate with brown ; base green, brown or yellowish ; outer wall of aperture (in the specimens I have seen) not grooved within ; other characters as in the type.
T. ccerulescens Lamarck, An. sans Vert., vii, 1822, p. 18. — T. prasinus Menke, Moll. Nov. Holl. Spec., p. 16, 1843.
Var. TABIDUS Reeve. PI. 43, fig. 1.
Whorls obliquely irregularly wrinkled, tubercled toward the apex; base obsoletely grooved. Australia (Reeve).
T. DENTATUS Forskal. PI. 3, fig. 23.
Shell large, imperforate, conic-turreted, solid, heavy, grayish pink, but unicolored and dull; whorls about 12, plan ul ate, more or less obviously finely radiately wrinkled, often showing a few spiral rows of beads, finely, very obliquely striate, but all this surface sculpture often obsolescent ; periphery of whorls and at the sutures armed with distant strong radiating solid knobs, about six to ten on the last whorl; base flat, smooth, partly polished, with an appearance of obsolete concentric lira? about the central portion, white, or with a zone of blue or of green or both colors surrounding the axial tract ;
TROCHUS. 21
aperture transverse, rather wide, rhomboidal, the basal margin reg- ularly curved, 6 to 8 plicate within near the columellar termination; columella very short, the fold stout, heavy, directed downward. Alt. 80, diam. 70, mill. Red Sea; Persian Gulf.
Trochus dentatus Forskal, Descr. Animalium, p. 125, 1775. — T. pyramidalis Lamarck, A n. sans Vert., vii, 1822, p. 17. — T. foveola- tus Gmelin, Syst. Nat. xiii, p. 3580. T. TRISERIALIS Lamarck. PI. 4, fig. 30 ; pi. 3, fig. 20.
Shell turreted-conic, imperforate, solid, heavy, flesh-colored, light- er beneath; whorls about 12, somewhat convex toward. the lower, concave toward the upper part, the upper whorls with a single sub- median series of rather prominent tubercles, the lower with about four subequal series of small, separated, rather acute tubercles, the surface between them minutely wrinkled; base nearly flat, spirally lirate, the lira? becoming narrow toward the outer edge ; aperture rhomboidal, outer and parietal walls more or less lirate within, base with a deep seated spiral fold near the columella within ; columella strongly, acutely folded, the fold directed downward.
Alt. 45-50, diam. 35-40 mill. Philippines.
T. triserialis Lam., An. sans Vert., vii, p. 22, 1822. — T. acutus Rve., Conch. Icon., sp. 20, (iion T. acutus Lam.) (pi. 3, fig. 20.) T. FABREI Montrouzier. PI. 3, figs. 21, 22.
Shell imperforate, conic-pyramidal, whitish, with a fulvous epider- mis mottled with roseate ; whorls about 14, subplanulate, separated by linear, flexuous sutures, obliquely striate, sometimes nodulose above the sutures, with spiral granulose lirse, on the upper whorls three, on the lower four to six in number; last whorl carinated, •margined at the suture ; base planulate, concentrically lirate, the Iira3 flat, about 15 in number, the interstices radiately striate ; aper- ture transverse, rhomboidal, the basal margin plicate within ; col- umella short, strongly spirally plicate truncate.
Alt. 50, diam. 37 mill. (Fischer.)
Lifou, Loyalty Archipelago ; Quaternary of the Isle of Pines, New Caledonian Archipelago.
T.fabrei Montrouzier, Journ de Conch., xxvi, 1878, p. 64, 206. — Fischer, Coq. Vivantes, p. 384, t. 116, f. 1, la.
Nearly allied to the T. triserialis, but differing in the sculpture, which consists of granulose lirse, instead of series of independent pustules. The larger figure is from a fossil example from the Isle of Pines.
22 TROCHUS.
T. FENESTRATUS Gmeliii. PI. 4, figs 28, 29.
Imperforate, solid, conic, white or grayish, mottled and maculated with green, brown or olive, base unicolored, white ; apex acute ; whorls 9-11, the apical ones smooth by erosion, the following armed around the lower margin with radiating squamose or (on the last whorl) solid tubercles, which are usually laterally compressed on the lower whorls, and number 12 to 20 on the last whorl ; entire surface above the periphery covered with fine oblique wrinkles, which are more or less beaded by a few (3 to 5) revolving lirse ; base flat, con- centrically lirate, the Iira3 8 to 14 in number, the outer ones crenu- lated by fine radiating wrinkles which are continued a short distance inward from the periphery; aperture transverse, the outer and parietal walls lirate within, the base more or less strongly uni-lamel- late ; columella with a strong downward directed acute fold.
Alt.30-35, diam. 28-32 mill.
Indian 0. ; Java ; Sooloo Is. ; Philippines ; Viti Is. ; Navigator Is.; New Caledonia, etc.
T. fenestratus GMEL., Syst. Nat. xiii, p. 3582, 1788.— T. circum- sutus GLD., U.'S. Expl. Exped., t. 13, f. 220.— T. erenulatus RVE., Conch. Icon., f. 17, (non T. erenulatus Lam.) — T. exaltatus PHIL., Conch. Cab. II, p. 108, t. 17, f. S.— T. exaltatm RVE., Conch. Icon., f. 16. — T. caparatus PHILIPPI, Conchyl. Cab., p. 107, t. 17. f. 7.
A variable form, which, however may be readily recognized by the sutural knobs and secondary sculpture of fine wrinkles above, and by the crenulated or beaded lira? around the outer edge of the base.
T. NODULIFERUS Lamarck. PI. 3, figs 18, 19.
Shell large, ponderous, solid, imperforate, conic; whorls about 12, planulate above, prominently knobbed around the sutures and pe- riphery, the tubercles about fifteen in number on the last whorl ; there is usually visible a secondary sculpture of fine subobsolete ra- diating wrinkles ; base flat, very obsoletely lirate, smooth, polished, white or tinged with green around the central portion ; aperture smooth within ; columellar fold strong, heavy, directed downward; color pinkish, more or less mottled with rose ; old specimens uniform grayish. Alt. 70, diam. 75 mill.
Red Sea (Forskal) ; Philippines.
T. noduliferus LAM., An. sans Vert., vii, p. 18, 1822. — T. forskali (Bolt.) MORCH, Cat. Yoldi, p. 158. — T. dentatus (in part) PHILIPPI, Conch, Cab. II, p. 7.
TROCHUS. 23
The figure given by Reeve, (f. 18) differs from specimens from the Philippines before me in having the nodes vaulted on the lower whorl. Upon all the specimens I have seen, the upper nodes only are vaulted, the lower ones are solid, as in the following species.
From T.. dentatus, the greater number and smaller size of the peripheral tubercles with separate this species. The proportions are different, too ; noduliferus being broader at the base.
T. MAURITIANUS Gmelin. PI. 4, figs. 24, 25, 27 ; pi. 2, figs. 11, 12.
Shell imperforate, conical, solid, marbled and maculated with green, brown and rose-color on a whitish ground; whorls 10-12, planulate, bearing vaulted or solid tubercles which project at the sutures and upon the periphery of the last whorl, where they num- ber about 16 ; whorls covered with oblique small folds, so interrupt- ed as to appear more or less in spiral series ; base flat, white and yellowish, unicolored, all over concentrically lirate, the line smooth, narrow, separated by shallow grooves as wide or wider than the ridges, and continuous within the aperture upon the parietal wall ; aperture transverse, the outer wall lirate within, the basal margin straight, bearing, within, a strong acute revolving lamella, opposite to a similar but smaller one upon the parietal wall ; columella short, with a very strong acute median spiral fold.
Alt. 40-60, diam. 40-55 mill. Indian 0., Madagascar, Seychelles, Red Sea (Jonas) Philippines.
T. mauritianus GMEL., Syst. Nat., xiii, p. 3582, 1788. — Tectus pagodalis MONTFORT, Conch. Syst. ii, p. 187, 1810. — T. costifer JONAS, Zeitschr. f. Mai, 1846, p. 123.— PHILIPPI Conchy I- Cab., p. .113, t. 19, f. 1; t. 41, f. 9.
The above description applies to the typical form of this species, the prominent characters of which are the smooth, subequal basal lirse, closely wrinkled upper surface, with projecting peripheral tu- bercles, and strongly uni-lamellar basal and parietal walls of the aperture. I have not examined enough specimens to say with any degree of certainty how constant these characters will prove to be. I observe considerable variation in the sculpture of the aperture in- side in the species of this group ; the lira? being sometimes complete- ly absent in species which normally possess them. Whether the same variations attend the strong lamellae of the present species, I cannot say.
24 TROCHUS.
T. ARCHITECTONICUS A. Adams. PL 42, fig. 1.
Shell conical, imperforate, whitish ; whorls flat, subimbricating, longitudinally costate, the ribs thick, rounded, subnodose ; base flat, concentrically strongly lirate; coluraeila short, tortuous, truncate anteriorly ; margin of lips fimbriated. (Adams.')
Signet Bay, North Australia (Dring.)
Pyramis architectonicus A. AD., P. Z. 3., 1857, p. 152. — Trochus architectonicus REEVE, Conch. Icon., f. '2'2.
Evidently allied to the preceding. Reeve's figure is copied on my plate.
Subgenus INFUNDIBULUM Montfort, 1810. Infundibulum MONTF., Conch. Syst., p. 167. — Carinidea SWAIN- SON, Treatise on MalacoL, p. 350. — Polydonta SCHUMACHER, Essai d'un nouv. Syst. etc., p. 231, (1817) and of H. & A. AD., Gen. Rec. Moll., i, p. 414, and other authors, (not Polydonta Fischer de Wald- heim, (1807) — Lamprostoma SWAINSON, Treatise on MalacoL, p. 350.
Section LAMPROSTOMA Swainson, 1840. T. MACULATUS Linne. PI. 9, figs. 100, 1, 2, 3.
Shell conic, solid, heavy, falsely umbilicate ; spire strictly conic, or swollen and somewhat convex below, accuminate above, or some- times constricted around the upper part of the last whorl ; whorls about 10, quite planulate, or concave toward the upper, convex to- ward the lower margins, the last cariuated at the periphery, flat be- neath; color of upper surface consisting of longitudinal stripes or flames of brown, purplish, magenta, rose or coral red on a ground of white, corneous, pink or olive-tinted, the flames occupying more space than the ground color or vice versa ; sometimes the coloration con- sists of very narrow numerous radiating lines, usually broken into tessellations articulating the line ; the base is radiately painted with zigzag flames, or more frequently, narrow lines, either continuous or interrupted, often broken into a maculated or a finely tessellated pat- tern, sometimes unicolored lilac, or even white ; sculpture of upper surface consisting of spiral beaded lirse, usually numbering six to eight on each whorl, the beads either laterally compressed like longitudinal folds or rounded and separate ; base concentrically sculptured with numerous (about 10) fine, more or less beaded line ; aperture transverse subtrigonal, outer lip lirate within, basal margin slightly curved, four or five dentate, parietal wall sometimes calloused and lirate, sometimes smooth ; columella heavy, subvertical or oblique,
TROCHUS. 25
its margin irregularly dentate or nearly smooth, usually with a deep notch at its union with the basal lip ; umbilical tract funnel-shaped, spirally feebly lirate or nearly smooth, not conspicuously bi-lirate.
Alt. 45, diam. 38 mill.
Philippines; Viti Is. ; Singapore; King&nill Id. ; Indian Ocean.
T. macnlattis LINN., Syxt. Nat. x, p. 756. — T. callicoccus PHILIPPI, Zeitschr.f. Mai 1849, p. 150. (juv.) (pi. 9, fig. 33)— T. «ftus REEVE (non Phil.) Conch. Icon., no. 13, 1862. — T. yineUni JONAS, Zeitschr. f. Mai., 1846, p. 123. — f T. spengleri (CHEMNITZ et GMEL.) PHILIPPI, Kust. Conch. Cab., p. 43, t. 9, f. 9. — T. xmaragdus REEVE, Conch. Icon. i. 12, f. 66. (pi. 9, f. 39)— T. rngulosus KOCH, Zeitschr.f. Mai., 1848, p. 128— PHILIPPI, Conchyl, Cab., p. 217, t. 32, f. 6.— T. acut- angitln* MKNKI: in PHILIPPI, Conchyl. Cab., p. 101, t. 16, f. 12. (not of Chemnitz).— T. Jonasi PHILIPPI, Conchyl. Cab., p. 260, t. 38, f. 9, 10.
This excessively variable form may be distinguished from its allies when typically developed, by the more numerous series of granules, more sharply carinated periphery, irregularly denticulate columella, obsoletely spirally plicate umbilical tract, etc. After care- • fully studying a large series of specimens from many localities, I am constrained to unite a number of forms heretofore considered distinct. I have little doubt that T. creniferus, T. incrassatus, T. fiammulatus and some other forms will finally prove to be included in the range of variation of the protean maculatus.
T. spongleri is a doubtful synonym. Vide T. sacellum Phil.
Var. VERNUS Gmelin. PI. 9, fig. 99.
A form in which the red and brown stripes are replaced by cold brown and green ; the ground color is pure white or tinged with bluish green.
Trochus vernus Gmel., Syst. Nat. xiii, p. 3571 — T. granosus Rve., (non Lam.) Conch. Icon., sp. 97, 1862.
Var. TENTORIUM Gmelin. PI. 7, figs. 66, 73.
Differs from the type in being obviously longitudinally plicate, especially on the lower part of each whorl.
Philippines; Viti Is.
T. tentorlum Gmel., Syst. Nat. xiii, p. 3571.
Var. VERRUCOSA Gmelin. PL 7, figs. 64, 65.
Similar to T. maculatus, but each whorl encircled around the base by a series of prominent tubercles or short folds ; last whorl
26 TROCHUS.
constricted around the upper part ; aperture strongly lirate within, parietal wall lirate, or bearing a single acute spiral lamella.
Indian Ocean; Zanzibar (Reeve) ; Java (Fischer) ; Viti Is. (Acad. Coll.)
T. verrucosa Gmel., Syst. Nat. xiii, p. 3572.
The following variety is probably identical with this. It also is connected with the typical maculatus by intermediate examples.
Var. GRANOSUS Lamarck. PL 6, figs. 51, 60.
Convexly conical, solid, thick, the last whorl constricted around the upper portion ; periphery obtuse.
Alt. 30, diam. 33 mill. ; alt. 45, diam. 40 mill.
Indian 0.; New Caledonia (Montrouzier) ; Philippines (Acad. Coll.)
T. granosus Lam., An. sans Vert., vii, p. 20. — Polydonta gibber- ula A. Ad., P. Z. S., 1851, p. 155.
The last locality, measurement and figures are for P. gibberula Ad.
Var. INCARNATUS Philippi. PL 8, figs. 80, 81.
Conical, altitude and diameter about equal ; roseate ; upper sur- face granulate, and on the lower whorls and around the periphery strongly plicate-tuberculate ; base flat, concentrically lirate, the lirse feebly granose, seven or eight in number. Alt. 26 mill.
T. incarnatus Phil., Zeitschr. f. Mai. 1846, p. IQS.—Kust. Conch. Cab., t. 16, f. 3.
Var. SUBINCARNATUS Fischer. PL 8, fig. 77.
Allied, according to Fischer, T. maculatus, but differing in the following characters : the form is more conic, last whorl less convex, less elevated, the spiral lirse on the inferior part of the last whorl less conspicuous, the longitudinal folds strongly developed, render- ing the periphery dentate ; T. incarnatus differs from this species in being less conical, smaller, more elongate, with fewer lira? on the base (7 or 8 instead of 12), etc. Alt. 32, diam. 39 mill.
Indian 0. Mossi-Be, near Madagascar.
T. subincarnatus Fischer, Journ. de Conch., 1878, p. 24. — Coquil- les Vivantes, t. 119, f. 6. — T. incarnatus Rve. (lion Phil.), Conch. Icon. sp. 68.
T. INCRASSATUS Lamarck. PL 6, figs. 48-50.
Conical, thick, heavy, solid, whitish, radiately striped above and below with purplish red ; outlines of spire convex ; whorls 7 to 8,
TROCHUS. 27
coarsely granulose in about 5 or 6 spiral series, of which the upper series is most prominent ; periphery rounded ; base a little concave, with about 7 concentric granulose or subgranulose lirse ; aperture strongly lirate within upon the parietal and outer wall, basal margin with four or five teeth ; columella dentate ; umbilical tract nearly smooth or obsoletely spirally plicate. Alt. 30, clinm. 30 mill.
T. inerossatus Lam., An. su/i* Vni.. vii, 1822, p. 20. — Pkilippi, Conchyl. Cab. t. 18, f. 3,— Fischer, Coq. Viv. p. 113, t, 37, f. 1. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 77.
Typically narrower, more solid than T. crenifct'iin, with heavier parietal callus and not so strongly tuberculate around the periphery. T. incra8satu8 Phil, mav be a svnonvm of T. creniferus.
if • * * J
Var. CREXIFERUS Kiener. PL 7. figs. 67, 68.
This is a form closely related to T. maculatus, T. flammulatus and T. sandwichensis, but more especially to T. incrassatus, and some- what intermediate between these species in characters. It is strong thick and solid ; the form is conical ; the diameter exceeds the alti- tude; the outlines of the spire are slightly convex, the whorls near- ly plan u late, generally a little concave in the middle. The sculpture consists of four series of distinct, clearly cut, rounded granules upon each whorl, of which the upper and lower are elongated, like short folds, and apparently formed by the coalescence of the granules of two rows ; upon the last whorl the sculpture sometimes seems to con- sist of oblique regular rather coarse folds, cut about the median por- tion by three narrow spiral furrows. There is a trace of the very fine secondary sculpture of minute oblique wrinkles upon many specimens, like that of T. flammulatus, but less strongly developed. The folds crenulate the periphery. The base is slightly convex to- ward the outer edge, concave in the middle, concentrically six-lirate, the line rather coarse, sometimes very superficial, and are regularly beaded. The aperture is brilliantly nacreous within ; the outer lip is lirate within ; the parietal wall is lirate, and colored like the base except for a slight deposit of whitish callus ; the basal margin is thick, nearly straight, nearly smooth, or slightly dentate ; the col- umella is oblique, pearly, quadri-dentate ; the umbilical area is funnel-shaped, lined with a heavy white, porcellanous coat, which does not extend within the aperture, nor to the edge of the columella ; it is obviously bi-lirate, one rib revolving at the lower edge and terminating in a denticle at the angle where the columella joins the base, the other sometimes bifid, a little within the cavity, not attain-
28 TROCHUS.
ing the columella edge. There is no notch at the junction of the columella and basal lip. The outer lip is slightly crenulated by the ribs on the outside. The ground-color is whitish or greenish ; the purplish red radiating fiammules of the upper surface may be either parallel with, and occupying the interstices of the ribs, or obliquely crossing them ; sometimes the whole surface of the upper whorls is suffused with purplish red or with sea green (a color which under- lies the red all over) ; the base is radiately marked with dark red, which forms continuous strides, or is interrupted into small blocks which articulate the line. Toward the aperture there is a green or bluish tract.
Alt 32, dram. 39 mill. ; Alt. 30, diam. 32 mill.
Ceylon ; New Caledonia (Fischer') Sandwich and Viti Is. (Phil. A cad. coll.)
T. crenijerus KIENER, Sp. Coq. Viv., t. 34, f. 3 (sine desc.) FISCHER, Coq. Viv., p. 109, t. 34, f. 3. — T. eustephes PHILIPPI, Zeit- schr.f. Mai, 1849, p. 153, and Conchy 1. Cab., p. 293, t. 43, f. 6.
T. FLAMMULATUS Lamarck. PL 7, fig. 75 ; PL 8, figs. 78, 79.
General form similar to T. maculatus ; thick, solid, heavy; upper surface longitudinally flammulate with dark red, the stripes distinct and broad, about as wide as the intervening whitish spaces ; the stripes of the last whorl are continued over the obtuse periphery upon the base, where they become narrower, often bifurcate, and are zigzag. The sculpture above is like that of T. maculatus, the rows of granules about five or six on each whorl and the lower ones compressed, narrow ; there is, besides, a fine, superficial, secondary sculpture of slightly oblique longitudinal minute wrinkles, which are continued over the periphery upon the base, forming there a finely shagreened pattern by the intersection of fine incremental strise. The base is rather more convex than in the typical maculatus, and its outer portion is nearly free from spiral Iira3. These number about six ; they are finely, closely crenulated by the wrinkles of the surface. The outer lip of the aperture is not crenulated, the other characters of the aperture and columella are precisely as in T. creniferus. ' Alt. 37, diam. 37 mill. ; Alt. 42, diam. 38 mill.
Seychelles ; Ins. Reunion, etc.
T. flammulaius LAM., An. s. Vert., vii, p. 20. — PHILIPPI, Conchyl. Cab., p. 112, t. 18, f. 8— FISCHER, Coq, Viv., p. 98, t. 27, f. 2.
TROCHUS. 29
T. MIRABILIS G. B. Sowerby, Jr. PI. 6, ng. 55.
Shell rather solid, fleshy-white, with longitudinal reddish-brown flames ; whorls 10, flatly convex, deeply excavated at the suture, encircled spirally with strong granular ribs, between which the interstices are deep and plicated ; spire acute ; base rather convex, with rather a broad excavation, and a deep umbilicus above the columella ; aperture nearly square, ridged within ; columella fur- nished with nodulous plaits. Alt. 40, diani. 30 mill. (Sowerby.)
Moluccas.
T. (Polydonta) mirabilis Sowb., P. Z. S. 1875, p. 126, t. 24, f. 7.
The roughly granular ribs and the deeply excavated suture are its chief characters. (Soiverby.)
T. SAXDWICHENSIS Souleyet. PI. 1, figs. 1-3.
Rather straightly conical, falsely umbilicate, thick, solid ; outlines of spire nearly straight, apex acute; whorls about 8, the last ob- tusely angulated at the periphery ; sutures scarcely impressed ; color of upper surface grayish or corneous white, broadly longitudi- nally striped with red or purplish, the red sometimes covering the whole surface, sometimes reduced to small maculations or narrow lines ; base with narrow zigzag radiating red stripes. The sculpture of the upper surface consists of spiral series of very regular, deeply, separated rounded granules or beads, five or six rows on each whorl ; on the periphery and base the granules are smaller ; on the base the rows are more separated, and sometimes have minute inter- calated beaded lirulre in the interstices; there are 12 to 15 rows of beads on the entire last whorl. The aperture is small, strongly lirate inside the outer lip ; basal margin thick, dentate ; parietal wall callous, strongly lirate, deep crimson colored ; columella ob- lique, irregularly 3 or 4 dentate; umbilical tract with a heavy white callus inside, obsoletely spirally bi- or tri-plicate.
Alt. 25, diam. 24 mill. Sandwich Is.
T. sandwichiensis EYDOUX ET SOULEYET, Zool. du Voy. de la Bonite, pi. 37, f. 23, 24. — T. intextus KIENER, Spec. gen. Trochus, t. 37, f. 2.— T. metallicus REEVE, Conch. Icon, f. 94.— T. tenebricus REEVE, Conch. Icon. f. 81, 1861.
The nearly rectilinear spire, distinct, regular granulation, and the deep red parietal wall are diagnostic marks of this species.
30 TROCHUS.
T. CALCARATUS Souverbie. PI. 2, fig. 15 ; PL 8, figs. 83, 84.
Shell false-umbilicate, elate-conic, solid ; spire with nearly recti- linear outlines ; whorls about 9, planulate, the last carinated ; sculpture of upper surface consisting of spiral series, four or five on each whorl, of regular, closely arranged granules, which are either rounded, bead-like, or laterally compressed ; and upon the periphery of each whorl, a row of radiating, minutely perforated pustules, — numbering on the last whorl 28 ; the base is concentrically sculpt- ured with 6 to 7 concentric, densely granose lira? ; it is slightly convex, radiately striped with brown or purplish; color of upper surface, whitish, broadly striped with red, purplish or brown ; usu- ally blue when rubbed; aperture lirate within on outer and parietal walls ; basal margin concave, thick, dentate within ; columella oblique, plicate within, quadridentate; umbilical tract white, bi- plicate. Alt. 32, diam. 28 mill.
Ins. Art and Duperry,tN. Oi/<'(lon.!<ui Archipelago; Philippines, T. (Pofydonta) calcaratus SOUVERBIE', Journ. de Couch., 1875, p. 41, t. 4, f. 7.— T. pmtnhtu* PHIL., Zeitech. /. Mai. 1849, p.l 88, Conchyl. Cab. p. 305, t. 44, f. (>, (pi. 8, fig. 85).— REEVE Conch. Icon., f. 81).— T. hi»trio REEVE, P. Z. &,.184N, p. 52, Conch. Icon., 1861, f. 90 (pi. 8, fig. 87).— f T. cumingii A. AD. P. Z. S. 1851, p. 150. T. cumingii REEVE, Conch. Icon., f. .S,s.
This form, like T. tubiferus Kiener, is principally distinguished by the fistulous or perforated peripheral tubercles. I have some hesitation in referring here as synonyms T. pustnlosus Phil., and T. hixtrio Reeve. The first was described from a very young speci- men; the latter was not well described, and as was his custom in Trochus, only a back view was given by Reeve, so that positive identification is difficult. For these reasons I adopt the French naturalist's name for the species.
T. cumingii (Ad.) Reeve (PI. 43, fig. 11,) may be the young of this species, but on account of the slender form I hesitate to place it here. It is at all events a young shell. Specimens which agree exactly with Reeve's figure are before me. They exhibit about 7 planulate whorls, the sculpture of which consists of about five or six spiral granulose line on each whorl ; the lower third or half of each whorl is strongly plicate, each fold terminating in a solid tubercle at the periphery ; of these tubercles there are 18 on the last whorl ; the base is flat, somewhat concave, 6 to 7 lirate; outer lip lirate within ; basal lin and columella thin, without teeth? as is usual in
TROCHUS. 31
young shells of this group. Color greyish, more or less green tinged, and maculate with purplish brown, the lower part of each whorl encircled by a purplish or red band ; base minutely macu- late with reddish. Alt. 11-12, diam. 9-10 mill.
Locality, Philippines.
T. FASTIGIATUS A. Adams. Vol. x, PL 43, fig. 60.
Shell conical, imperforate, red, variegated with longitudinal white maculations ; whorls plane, concave in the middle, ornamented above with three series of nodules, furnished with subspinous nod- ules at the sutures; base plane, concentrically lirate, the line cren- ulated ; columella posteriorly canaliculate, anteriorly truncated ; lip angulate in the middle. (Adams.}
Trochus fastigiatiLs A. ADAMS, P. Z. S., 1851, p. 150. — REEVE Conch. Icon., f. 87.
Evidently allied to T. calcaratus Souv.
T. LACINIATUS Reeve. PL 42, fig. 16.
Shell excavately umbilicated, rather sharply conical, green, stained with purple-brown ; whorls rather concavely flattened, regularly spirally granulated, neatly plicately tubercled at the margin, tuber- cles descending ; base flat, grain-ridged, ridges rather distant.
(Reeve.)
T. laciniatus REEVE, Conch. Icon., f. 76 (1861).
Similar in form and sculpture to T. tubiferus, Kn., but differs in the smooth-edged columella.
T. TUBIFERUS Kiener. PL 6, figs. 62, 63.
Shell conical, altitude and diameter about equal, false-umbilicate, solid, thick ; spire with rectilinear or slightly convex outlines ; whorls about 9, planulate, or a little concave, the last carinatcd and spinose at the periphery ; color above grayish, maculated with purplish brown and faint green ; base radiately striped, lineolate or maculate with brown ; upper surface of whorls closely granulose, and each whorl bearing at its periphery about 17 radiating perforated short spines ; base slightly convex, with 10 to 12 narrow closely granulose concentric line ; aperture white within, outer and parietal walls strongly lirate, parietal wall the same color as the base, but overlaid with a white callus; basal margin straight, very thick, dentate; col- umella oblique, its edge convex, quadri-dentate, within spirally
32 TROCHUS.
plicate ; umbilical area white, funnel-shaped^ callous, rather narrow, obsoletely spirally costate.
Alt. 35, diam. 36 mill.
New Caledonian Archipelago ; Uvea; Viti Is.
T. tubiferus KEENER, Spec. gen. Troque, t. 37, f. 3. — FISCHER, Coq. Viv. p. 116.— T. concinnus PHIL., Zeitsch.f. Mai., 1846, p. 105. (young.) — REEVE, Conch. Icon. f. 15. — Polydonta squamigera A. AD., P. Z. S., 1851, p. 155. — T. obesns REEVE, Conch. Icon. f. 75. (pi. 8, fig. 82.)
The numerous line of the base separate this form from T. calcara- tus, with which it agrees in the perforated or fistulose spines. These are sometimes subobsolete, and frequently solid on the last whorl.
T. SQUARROSUS Lamarck. PI. 6, figs. 60, 61.
Shell umbilicate, conic-pyramidal, thick, radiate with white and and rose color ; whorls 9, the embryonic smooth, the following planulate, sculptured with spiral series of regular beads the remain- ing whorls subexcavated in the middle, with three series of granules on the upper part and a series of oblique short folds below; last- whorl carinated, with 16 to 24 folds crenulating its periphery; base planulate, with six concentric granulose lirse, separated by interstices as wide as the ridges; aperture rhomboidal; lirate within ; umbilical area spirally plicate.
Alt. 35, diam. 40 mill. (Fischer.')
Inf. Reunion; Ujwlti-; Sandwich Is.
T. sguarrosus LAM., An. s. Vert, vii, p. 20. 1822. — T. regius DESH. in LAM., An. s. Vert. ed. 2, ix, p. 155. (non regius Reeve, Conch. Icon. f. 10.)— T. oblitus REEVE, Conch. Icon. t. 16, f. 98.
T. RUBRICATUS Philippi. PI. 7, figs. 70, 71.
Shell false-umbilicated, conical, whitish, maculated with purplish red; whorls 8^ separated by an undulating suture, planulate, the apical eroded, the following obliquely, finely striate, spirally lirate with 5 to 6 lirse, the three upper ones distinct, two or three lower obsolete ; lower part of the whorl nodose, the nodules prominent ; last whorl carinated, crenulated at the periphery with 16 nodules; base marked with radiating, flexuose lines and 8 to 9 concentric, granulose, lira?, the interstices between those in the center wider and marked with minute parallel lira?; aperture rhomboidal, lirate with- in ; basal margin plicate; colum'ella oblique, umbilical area funnel- shaped, with a spiral ridge.
Alt. 17, diam. 22 mill. (Fischer.') Japanese /Seas,
TROCHUS. 33
T. rubricatusPmL. Zeitschr. f. Mat., 1848, p. 12o.— Conchyl. Cab., p. 213, t. 31, f. 13.— FISCHER, Coq. Viv., p. 352, t. 110, f. 1. Typical specimens of this form I have not seen.
T. CREBRIGRANATUS Reeve. PI. 6, figs. 56, 58, 59.
Shell unibilicate, conical, elevated, thick, whitish yellow, flam- mulate with roseus; whorls 11 to 12, planulate, the first whitish, eroded, the following spirally cingulate, the cinguli granose, unequal, on the last whorl five, of which the first, fourth and fifth are larger than the others, the fourth most prominent; last whorl slightly elevated, carinate and crenulate at the periphery, planulate beneath, radiately subcostate and concentrically cingulate, the ridges about 7, granose ; aperture rhomboidal, lirate within, the basal margin crenated ; columella oblique ; its edge six-nodose ; umbilical area plicate. Alt. 24, diam. 19 mill. (Fischer.)
Habitat unknown.
T. crebrigranatus REEVE, Conch. Icon. f. 89, 1861. — FISCHER, Coq. Viv. p. 307, t. 97, f. 3.
In its elongated, narrow form, crenulated periphery, and serrate unequal tubercles, this species is very distinct. (Fischer.)
T. LINEATUS Lamarck. PL 7, fig. 76.
Shell false umbilicate, acutely conical ; whorls 9, planulate, whit- ish, ornamented with narrow, close, obliquely descending rosy or purple lines, and sculptured with numerous small, inconspicuous, granose spiral Iira3 ; upper whorls subnodose at the sutures, the lower nearly smooth ; last whorl carinated, a little compressed in the mid- dle, planulate beneath, and ornamented with radiating lines and 8 to 9 concentric lirre; aperture rhomboidal; columella straight, with 4 or 5 teeth ; basal margin tuberculose within.
Alt. 40, diam. 38 mill. (Fischer.)
Australian Seas.
T. lineatus LAM.. An. s. Vert, vii, p. 23. — FISCHER, Coq. Viv., p. 100, t. 28, 1. 2.— T. hanleyanus REEVE, P. Z. S., 1842, p. 184; Conch. Syst., ii, t. 118, f. 11 ; Conch. Icon. f. 2. (Not T. hanleyanus Phil.) f T. eugrammus PHIL., Zeitschr. f. Mai. 1849, p. 153; Conchyl. Cab., p. 299, t. 43, f. 17 (PL 43, figs. 4, 5).
The T. hanleyanus of Reeve (PL 12, figs. 84? 85) may perhaps be considered a variety. 3
34 TROCHUS.
T. SACELLUM Philippi. PL 6, figs. 54, 57.
Shell false-umbilicate, conical, thick, reddish, maculate with white ; whorls about eight, obliquely striate, spirally cingulate, cinguli numbering 6 on the penultimate whorl, the first (upper) large, com- posed of tubercles confluent two by two ; second and third composed of distinct tubercles, fourth and fifth have the tubercles connected, forming radiating costee, sixth composed of spiniform tubulose tuber- cles alternating with simple grains ; last whorl carinated, crenulated at the periphery (by about 18 nodes), below plano-convex, white and red variegated, concentrically lirate, line granose, equal, about 8 in number, separated by concentrically striate interstices ; aperture rhomboidal, lirate within ; columella plicate-dentate ; umbilical area white, spirally sulcate. Alt. 17, diam. 18 mill. (Fischer.)
China ; Japan.
T. sacellum PHIL., Conch. Cab. p. 309, t. 44, f. 13.— REEVE, Conch. Icon., f. 93. — FISCHER, Coq. Viv. p. 412.
Var. PHILIPPINARUM Fischer. PI. 6, fig. 57.
Short, red, the peripheral tubercles less developed.
Luzon, Philippines. (Cuming.)
T. saeellnm REEVE, Conch. Icon., t. xiv, f. 78. — Var. ft (T. philip- pinarum FISCHER Coq. Viv. t. 120, f. 5.
The T. sacellum is probably, as Lischke declares, merely a nodose form of T. spengleri (Chemnitz) Gmel. If this be true, Dr. Fischer's var. ft. philippinarum is nearly synomyrnous with the typical spengleri. My reason for not adopting the latter name is that the" figure of Chemnitz, copied by Philippi, is so very poor that one would scarcely recognize it for the present species. Fig. 12, pi. 43, re- presents the T. spengleri var. a of Lischke. The synomymy, if we admit T. spengleri to be identical with the species under considera- tion will stand as follows :
(Typical form.)
Trochus Spengleri grandinatus, perforatus, etc. CHEMNITZ, Conchyl. Cab. v, p. 92,t. 169, f. 1631. (1781.)— T. spengleri GMELIN, Syst. Nat. xiii, p. 3571, no. 27. (1788.)— PHILIPPI, Conchyl. Cab. II, p. 43, t. 9, f. 9. — LISCHKE Jap. meeres-conchyl. p. 93.
( Var. A. periphery with obtuse nodes.)
"Trochuli pyramidales umbilicati" etc, (in part) CHEMNITZ, Conchyl. Cab., p. 100, t. 170, f. 1653. — Trochus pyramis /5, GMELIN, Syst. Nat., xiii, p. 3573, no. 39. — T. spengleri var. /?, PHILIPPI,
TROOHUS. 35
Conchyl. Cab. II, p. 44, t. 10, f. 15.— T. sacellum REEVE, Conch. Icon. f. 78, 93. — T. sacellum var. /?, (or T. philippinarwn) FISCHER, Coq. Viv., p. 412.
( Var. B. periphery with acute spine-like nodes.) Trochus sacellum PHILIPPI, Conchyl. Cab. II, p. 309, t. 44, f. 13.—
FISCHER Coq. Viv. p. 412.
I quote Chemnitz merely because authors have referred to his
figures. The first binomial name is that of Gmelin.
T. ROTA, Dunker. PL 12, figs. 75-77.
Shell conical, white or greenish, marbled or spotted irregularly with red maculations ; whorls planulate, subgranose, encircled above with two or three spiral series of tubercles, costate below, the folds thick, suboblique, produced at the periphery into 17 to 18 obtuse spines ; base concave, bearing 7 to 8 concentric subnodose lirse ; false umbilicus deep, contorted; columella subnodose; basal lip subserrate ; aperture rhomboidal, fauces sulcate.
Alt. 20, diam. 25 mill. (Dunker.)
Japan ; (Nagaski, Decima, Ooshima).
T. rota DKR., Malak. Blatt., vi, p. 238, I860.— Moll. Japonica, p. 21, t. 3, f. 4.— LISCHKE, Jap. Meeres.- Conchyl., 1869, p. 94, t. 6, f. 20, 21. — Polydonta gloriosum GOULD, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1861, p. 19.— Otia, p. 158.
This lovely species is closely allied to T. spengleri, but is distin- guished by the following characters : the form is broader ; the whorls are more constricted above the peripheral nodes ; the granu- lation is finer, and often on the last whorl is wholly lost, or trans- formed into small, irregular ridges ; the peripheral nodes are narrow, long, often claw-shaped and crooked ; the base is slightly concave, and the ground color is greenish. (Lischke.)
Figs. 76, 77 represent a depressed variety.
T. BICREXATUS Gould. PI. 16, figs. 62-65 : PL 12, figs. 68, 69.
Shell low, pyramidal, acute at apex ; base and height nearly the same ; base flat, pale yellowish, marked with delicate equal and equidistant beaded revolving lines ; umbilical pit like a vortex, of a smooth ivory white polish ; whorls 7 to 8, slightly excavated ; basal edge acute, and furnished with about 15 scallops ; above this are three lines of beaded granules, arranged also in oblique lines, which extend in the form of slight folds to the edge of the periphery, pro- ducing, by their extension, three or four crenulations of a rose-tint
36 TROCHUS.
between eacli of the scallops, so that the periphery, when viewed below, appears doubly crenulated ; coluraella sharp, contorted ; aperture trapezoidal ; color flamed alternately darker and paler brown. (Gould.} Alt. 15, diam. 21 mill.
Singapore (Phil. Acad. Coll.).
T. bicrenatus GOULD, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., iii, p. 106, 1849. U. S. Expl. Exped., xii, p. 175, t. 13, f. 221.
Two specimens of this species marked "Singapore" are before me. They differ from the type as figured and described by Dr. Gould in various characters. One of them is figured on PI. 12, figs. 68, 69. The whorls are planulate, spirally granose-lirate, the line about 8 on each whorl, but sometimes nearly obsolete; the lower third of each whorl is strongly, regularly folded, the folds scalloping the periphery ; the base is flat, very finely, subobsoletely, concentrically granose-lirate ; the coloration above consists of fine close obliquely descending narrow red lines on a white ground ; be- neath of radiating narrow lines. Alt. 17, diam. "22 mill.
T. IGNOBILIS Philippi. PL 12, figs. 82, 83.
Shell elevated conical, whitish, painted with rufous radiating flexuous lines ; whorls 6 to 7, planulate, above with four spiral fur- rows, the last. obtusely angulated ; base flattened, with 6 to 7 con- cbntric sulci ; center false-umbilicate ; coluinella contorted above; aperture rhomboidal ; outer lip with four revolving line within, parietal wall with one, the base with three spiral line, ending in denticles ; columellar edge four toothed.
Alt. 18, diam. 17 mill. (Philippi)
Sandwich Is.
1. igaobilis PHIL. Zeitschr.f. Mai. 1846, p. 102.— Conchyl. Cab. p. 98, t. 16, f. 5.
A species unknown to me save by Philippics description and figure. It may, perhaps, be allied to T. sctibrostis, Phil.
T. TRICATENATUS Reeve. PI. 43, figs. 7, 8.
Shell excavately umbilicated, rather obtusely conical, solid, some- times fulvous white, flamed with rose, sometimes greenish flamed with ash-olive ; whorls narrowly three-chained at the upper and lower parts, encircled around the middle with three rows of strong grains, basal margin rounded; base rather convex, closely serially grained, sparsely spotted. (Reeve.)
Habitat unknown.
TROCHUS. 37
T. tricatenatus REEVE, Conch. Icon., f. 91. (1861.)
The whorls of this species are encircled with three rows of bold
wart-like grains, bound above and below by a narrow, transversely
stretched chain. (Reeve.'}
Compare T. sandwichensis, a species with which this may prove
identical.
Section INFUNDIBULUM (s. sir.)
T. RADIATUS Gmel. PI. 8, figs. 88-93.
Shell false-umbilicate, rather solid, conical, the spire with nearly straight outlines, apex acute, generally eroded and orange-colored ; whorls about 7, planulate, sometimes a little concave in the middle; color whitish ; tinged with green, and radiately striped with broad or narrow crimson flames, base white or pink, radiately marked or minutely speckled with red; upper surface sculptured with granu- lose spiral line, 5 or 6 on each whorl, uneven in size, the upper row largest ; last whorl angulate at the periphery ; base nearly flat, con- centrically Unite, the lint1 granulose, rather coarse, with broad inter- spaces, which are frequently occupied by revolving liruke or striae; aperture large, subrhomboidal, lirate within ; basal lip thickened, crenate ; columella oblique, strongly plicate above, its edge nearly smooth ; umbilical tract funnel-shaped, rather broad, with a central rib ; parietal wall scarcely callous, showing the color of the base, and with a white spiral rib in the middle.
Alt. 25, diam. 30 ; alt. 23, diam. 25 mill.
Indian 0.; Red Sea; Singapore; Madagascar; Ceylon.
T. radiatus GMEL., Syat. Nat. xiii, p. 3572, No. 33. — PHILIPPI Conch. Cab., p. 46, 1. 10, f. 6-8. — REEVE, Conch. Icon.,f. 80. — FISCHER Coq. Viv., p. 304, t. 97, f. l.—T. vividus REEVE, Conch. Icon., f. 72, 1861 (PI. 8, fig. 86).— T. surgilfatus REEVE, Conch. Icon., f. 85 (pi. 42, fig. 8).— T. festivus PHILIPPI, Conchyl. Cab., p. 116, t. 19, f. 5 (PI. 43, figs. 9, 10.)— T. eiicosmus PHILIPPI, Zeitschr. f. mal. 1848, p. 104, et Conchijl. Cab., p. 260, t. 38, f. 11.— f T. nobilis PHILIPPI, Conchyl. Cab., p. 86, t, 15, f. 6, (— T. gemmosus MKE., Spec. Moll. Nov. Holl., p. 16, teste Philippi). — / T. infnscatus PHILIPPI, Conchyl. Cab., p. 329, t. 46, f. 15 (PL 43, figs. 2, 3).
The conspicuously radiate color pattern and the sculpture, con- sisting of coarse granulose line with interstitial lirulse both above and below, as well as the wide umbilical tract and eroded corneous or orange apex, will serve to distinguish this form.
38 TROCHUS.
T. TEXTILIS Reeve. PL 42, fig. 7.
Shell excavately umbilicated, rather broadly conoid, pinkish- brown, sparingly speckled with black ; whorls concavely flattened, finely spirally granulated, basal margin rounded ; base rather con- cave, ridged, ridges smooth, alternately larger, profusely dotted with purple-red. (Reeve.} Cape of Good Hope (Reeve.)
T. textilis REEVE, Conch Icon., f. 82. (1861.)
Of a sombre rose-brown hue, freckled with an irregular network of black, the base of the shell being profusely dotted with a rich purple-red. (Reeve.)
Known to me only by Reeve's description and figure. The local- ity is doubtful. T. VENETUS Reeve. PL 7, figs. 69, 74.
Shell false-umbilicate, conical, thick, ornamented with wide green- ish and purplish longitudinal streaks ; whorls 7 to 8, the first eroded, the following spirally lirate, the line granose, numbering five on the penultimate whorl, the upper ridge large, composed of oblique, oblong tubercles, the lower ridges narrow ; last whorl angulated, planulate beneath, with 5 to 6 concentric narrow lirae ; aperture subquadrate, lirate within ; basal margin thickened ; columella oblique, without teeth, contorted above ; umbilical area funnel-shaped, with a single spiral funicle. Alt. 31, dam. 31 mill. (Fischer.)
Moluccas (Reeve.)
T. venetux REEVE, Conch. Icon., 1862, t. xvi, f. 99a, 99b.--.Fwc/ier, Coq. Viv., p. 348, t. 109, f. 3.
A species allied in form, sculpture and coloration to the group of T. flammulatus or T. radiatus. but without teeth on the columella. T. CHLOROMPHALUS A. Adams. PL 12, figs. 62-65.
Shell false-umbilicate, thick, conoid, apex acute ; whorls 8, the first yellowish, the following planulate, greenish, ornamented with flexuous brown lines ; separated by a slightly impressed suture, spirally cingulate, the penultimate whorl with about 7 granose un- equal ridges, the upper two large, third and fifth smaller ; last whorl carinated, plano-concave beneath, with 7 concentric lirse, slightly or not at all granulose, separated by obliquely striated interstices ; aper- ture rhomboidal, grooved within, the basal margin subcrenate; col- umella oblique, folded above, compressed in the middle and toothless; umbilical area funnel-shaped, like an umbilicus ; bordered with in- tense green. Alt. 19, diam. 22 mill. (Fischer.)
• Japanese Seas ; Nagasaki. (Lischke.)
TROCHUS. 39
Infundibulum chloromphalus A. AD. P. Z. S. 1851, p. 153.— T. chloromphalus LISCHKE, Jap. Meeres ConchyL, p. 92, t. 6, f. 17, 18. —FISCHER, Coq. Viv. p. 285, t. 92, f. 4.
The following varieties are diagnosed by Dr. Fischer :
Var. [1. Form normal ; umbilical area not margined with green. Var. MEDERI Fischer. PL 12, figs. 66, 67.
More elongated, ornamented with wide deep brown longitudinal bands, the spiral liraa of the base separated by intermediate lirulse.
Alt. 19, diam. 21 mill.
Arou Is. T. NIGROPUNCTATUS Reeve. PL 42, figs. 2, 3.
Shell rather largely, excavately umbilicated, shortly conical, ash- green, obliquely flamed with black ; whorls flatly convex, spirally very closely gemmed with regular grains ; base grain-ridged, inter- stices crispately decussated, ridges dotted with black ; dots conspic- uous, distant. (Reeve.)
Natal.
T. nigropunctatiis RVE., Conch. Icon., f. 71. (1861.) — T. hanley- anus PHILIPPI, ConchyL Cab., t. 16, f. 2. (not T. hanleyanus Rve.) T. subviridis PHILIPPI, Zeitschr. f. MaL, 1848, p. 126.— ConchyL Cab., p. 259, t. 38, f. 7, (pi. 42, figs. 4, 5.)
The surface of this species is grained with unusual regularity, and the base is very characteristically sprinkled at rather distant inter- vals with blue-black dots. (Reeve.)
I consider the locality doubtful.
T. KOCHII Philippi. PL 5, figs. 36, 37.
Shell conical, broad, rather solid ; spire conic, apex generally eroded, corneous or orange colored ; whorls about 7, a little convex, whitish, painted with oblique flexuose or angular brownish green radiating stripes, nearly the whole surface sometimes suffused with bright green by the erosion of the outer layer ; the sculpture consists of inconspicuous incremental striae and very oblique subobsolete folds ; base very obsoletely lirate; flat, the middle portion (umbilical tract) excavated, concave, strongly spirally grooved, the sculpture not extending into the aperture nor to the edge of the columella, which is nacreous; aperture very oblique, large, very iridescent and neither lirate nor toothed within ; basal lips and columella simple, forming a regular curve ; columella with a strong dentiform fold above ; parietal wall eroded, green, nearly smooth.
Alt. 32, diam. 38 ; alt. 28, diam 40 mill.
Indian 0 ; Red Sea.
40 TROCH03.
T. kochii Phil., Abbild. u. Beschreib, i, t. iv, f. 8, 1844.— Fischer, Coq. Viv. p. 120 — T. listen Kiener, Species, t. 39, f. 2, (non Wood).
A distinct, well-marked form. The broadly concave base, round- ed-periphery, etc., sufficiently characterize it.
T. CONCAVUS Gmelin. PL 43, fig. 13.
Shell false-umbilicate, regularly conic, concave below ; color greenish and roseus, under' a dull grayish-green cuticle ; outlines of spire nearly rectilinear ; whorls 7 to 8, planulate, very obliquely striate, radiately corrugated, and covered with a very minute secondary sculpture of radiating, fine, close wrinkles; last whorl acutely carinated at the periphery ; base concave, concentrically lirate, the line about 6 to 8 in number, granose in the young, nearly smooth in the adult ; aperture very oblique, covering half the base, outer lip crenulated by the folds of the outside; basal margin straight, thin, simple ; columella oblique, with a strong fold above, projecting into the aperture, insertion very deep parietal Avail lirate; umbilical tract white or yellowish, spirally costate in young, smooth in fully adult specimens. Alt. 35-40 diam. 45-47 mill.
Indian 0. ; Seychelles ; Madagascar, etc..
T. concavus GMEL., Syst. Nat. xiii, p. 3570, no. 21. — and of authors generally.
A very distinct form, with aperture so oblique as to resemble a Calyptraea.
Section INFUNDIBULOPS Pilsbry, 1889.
T. ERYTHR^EUS Brocchi. PL 5, figs. "32-35.
Shell conical, false-umbilicate, rather thin and inflated ; apex acute ; whorls about 7, somewhat concave and generally traversed by several conspicuously granose line in the middle, a little gibbous above and below, obliquely undulate below the sutures, and frequently on the periphery also, the whole surface more or less finely spirally lirate, the lirse subgranulose ; base convex, concentrically lirate with about 7 granose narrow lirse, their interstices generally occupied by cencentric strise ; color cinereous grayish or pinkish, striped and maculated above with reddish; unicolored pinkish or radiately mark- ed below; aperture large, smooth and pearly within, the basal lip simple ; columella oblique, very deeply inserted, its entire edge nearly straight, not dentate ; umbilical tract deep, narrow, pearly,
TROCHUS. 41
bearing a single strong spiral white rib near its base, which does not attain the edge of the columella. Alt. 33-35, diam. 37-40 mill.
Red Sea.
T. erythrceu* BROCCIII, Git. di una ser. di Conchiglie, etc., p. 29. (1819-1823.)— T. kochii KIKNKR, Spec. gen. Trochii^t. :55, f. 2. (non T.leochiiPhil.)--T.fi4ili8joBA.9Zeit8chr.f. Ma.I.f 1840, p. 125.— PHILIP?!, Conchy/. Cab. p. 288, t. 42, f. 10.—? T. crebriliratus JONAS, Zeitschr. f. Mai., 1840, p. 125— PiiiLrppi, Coiiclujl. Cab., p. 289, t. 42, f. 11. (pi. 42, fig. 14, 15.)
T. SAGA Philippi. PI. 14, figs. 14, 15.
The shell is conical, the whorls almost completely planulate, the suture not impressed ; on the examples before me the last whorl is descending, whilst the lower margin of the penultimate projects, and passes with a blunt rounded angle to the level base. The sculpture upon the upper side consists of 8 or 9 spiral series of granules ; upon the base of 0 to 7 feebly developed concentric line; the last whorl shows fine obsolete longitudinal costaj ; aperture and colum- ella precisely as in T. eryth ranis, to which this species is closely allied. The coloration in the examples before me is very constant, yellowish white with broad red rays, the base white, the line articu- lated with red. Alt. 17, diam. 20 mill. (Philippi.)
Habitat unknown.
T. saga PHIL, Zeitxchr.j'. Mai 1840, p. 103.— Conchy 1. Cab. p. 99, t. 10, f/0.
The above paragraph, from Philippi, contains all the information I possess about this form, which is evidently closely allied to T. erythrasus.
T. CARINIFERUS (Beck) Reeve. PL 5, figs. 38-42.
Shell false-umbilicate, \vide-conical, rather thin, dark green, the upper surface irregularly broadly maculate with crimson or purplish red, the ribs of the base articulated with the same ; whorls about 0, somewhat convex, the upper surface of each whorl with usually four or five spiral closely granose Urge, in the interstices between which sharp microscopic oblique and spiral stria? are visible under a lens ; body-whorl carinated at the periphery, usually with six lirse on the upper surface, convex beneath, concentrically lirate, the lirse very narrow, feebly granose or nearly smooth, separated by wide lightly obliquely striate interspaces, the inner lira? closer ; aperture rhom- boidal ; columella not folded above, but straight from the insertion
42 TROCHUS.
to the base, its edge simple ; umbilical area deep, rather narrow, white, smooth, with a spiral rib just inside the margin, and with its outer border tinged with red.
Alt. 14, diam. 16 mill; alt. 18, diam. 21 mill.
Indian 0; Madagascar; Zanzibar; Red Sea; Chinese Seas; Liewkiew Is. (Philippi.)
T. cariniferus BECK in REEVE, Conch. Syst. ii, t. 118, f. 8, 1842. (no description). — PHILIPPI, Conch. Cab., t. 38, f. 6; — FISCHER, Coq. Viv., p. 229, t. 75, f. 1, 2.
The straight columella shows this species to be nearly related to T. erythrseus. The description is drawn from typical examples from Madagascar. A variety differing in coloration is figured by Fischer, (see pi. 5, fig, 40).
Section CCELOTROCHUS Fischer, 1880. Ccelotrochus FISCHER, Coq. Viv., p. 417.
T. TIARATUS Quoy et Gaim. PI. 12 figs. 72-74.
Shell very deeply false-umbilicate, depressed conical, rather thin; spire with slightly convex outlines; apex acute, lemon yellow when eroded; whorls 5 to 5J-, nearly plamilate, but the upper margin of each whorl prominent and projecting beyond the periphery of the preceding ; last whorl carinated at the periphery ; sculpture above consisting of spiral line, about ") to 8 on each whorl, cut into close oblique beads, the interstices obliquely finely stria te, one or two of the broader ones usually with a central riblet ; color whitish or yellowish, finely tessellated or articulated with reddish brown, the tessellations formed by the disintegration of narrow radiating stripes, which are on the base frequently continuous ; base nearly flat, with seven or eight concentric close fine line, which are crenulated in a peculiarly irregular manner by distinct short oblique impressed marks, the interstices finely rad lately striate ; aperture subrhomboi- dal, smooth within ; columella oblique, nearly straight, with an obsolete, scarcely perceptible fold above, inserted upon the side of the umbilicus, not in its center ; umbilical area white or yellow, smooth; false-umbilicus deep and narrow, but partly filled by a white callus, not tapering to a point. Alt. 10, diam. 13? mill.
T. tiaratus Q. ET G., Voy. de V Astrolabe, iii, p. 256, t. 64, f. 6-11, 1832.— KIENER, Spec. Troque, t. 22, f. 2.— HUTTON, Cat. Mar. Moll. N. Z., p. 36.— FISCHER, Coq. Viv. p. 90.— and of other authors.— T.
TROCHUS. 43
delicatulus PHILIPPI, Zeitschr.f. Mai. 1846, p. 105. — Conchy I. Cab., p. 176, t. 28, f. 1. (pi. 12, figs. 70, 71.~)—Polyodonta elegans GRAY, in Yate's Account of New Zealand, p. 309. 1835.
This small trochid is evidently allied to the preceding species in the peculiarly straight columella and the somewhat tumid aspect of the upper part of each whorl. From T. erythrreus and its allies the flat base, and especially the insertion of the columella on the side, instead of in the center of the false-umbilicus will at once separate this form. Dentition (pi. 50, fig. 4.)
T. CHATHAMENSIS Hlltton.
Whorls flat with an elevated upper ed^e, and, together with the base, spirally striated ; columella with a slight posterior fold, anterior portion nearly smooth ; axial cavity small, smooth ; white with pink or brownish purple markings ; base white with interrupted pink spiral lines. Alt. 7J, diam. 9 mill. (Hutton.)
Chatham Is.
Polydonta chathamensis HUTTON, Cat. Mar. Moll. N. Z., 1873, p. 36.
Section ANTHORA Gray, 1857.
Anthora GRAY, Guide Syst. dist. moll. Brit, mus., p. 148. T. VIRIDIS Gmelin. PL 3, figs. 16, 17 ; Vol. x, pi. 40, fig. 21.
Shell conical, solid, false-umbilicate ; spire conic, writh nearly straight outlines, apex acute ; whorls about 7, nearly planulate, or sometimes a little bulging at the upper and lower margins, the last whorl carinate at periphery ; color dull gray, whitish or greenish ; sculpture of upper surface consisting of five series to each whorl of rounded, bead-like granules, between which are visible numerous very minute spiral striae, in the interstices of which oblique in- cremental stria? are prominently shown (under a lens) ; base plano- concave, concentrically striate, the striae unequal, disappearing toward the outer edge ; aperture suboval, brilliantly nacreous and iridescent within, outer lip lirate within, basal margin thick- ened, subdentate, uniting with the columella in a regular curve; columella oblique, with a deep fold near its insertion, smooth within ; umbilical area with 3 or 4 spiral ribs ; parietal wall smooth, covered with a brown callus. Alt. 20, diam. 19 mill.
New Zealand ; Chatham Is. ; Norfolk Id.
T. viridis GMEL., Syst. Nat. xiii, 1788, sp. 34, p. 3572.— REEVE, Conch. Icon, f. 79. (Vol. x, pi. 40, fig. 21). — Polydonta tuberculata
44 TROCHUS.
GRAY, in Dieffenbach, Travels in New Zeal., p. 239. — T. acinosus GOULD, U. S. Expl Exped., f. 217 (pi. 3, figs. 16, 17).—T.fulvolabris. HOMER. ET JACQ., Voy. au Pole Sad. pi. xiv, f. 14-16. — Polydonta tritonis A. AD., P. Z. S. 1855, p. 132.
The synonymy of this species was worked out by Dr. Fischer. There is but little variation in the several suites I have examined. The more prominent characters are the regular beads, the secondary sculpture of fine stria;, the striate base, and especially the brown; parietal callus.
The animal is yellowish brown, foot reddish or purplish brown filaments white, three on each side. The head lobes are smooth and rounded, and joined together across the head ; the eyes are on rather long white peduncles.
Section PR/ECIA Gray, 1857. Prwcia GRAY, Guide Syst. dist. moll. Brit. Mas., p. 148.
T. ELEGANTULUS Wood. PI. 14, figS. 16, 17.
She'll perforate, conical, white, maculated with red or brown, yellowish beneath ; whorls 9, the first 7 exactly conical, planulate, ornamented with 4 or 5 spiral series of small, granules, the lower margin nodulous, and with a double row of granules ; penultimate whorl convex, nodose below, the nodules heavy ; suture profound ; last whorl convex, ornamented with about 15 or 16 oblong nodules around the periphery, plano-convex beneath, with 7 to 9 concentric lirse ; umbilical area broad, yellowish, with a spiral ridge; aperture subrhombic, canaliculate within, the basal margin plicate; col- umella tortuous, denticulate below and within.
Alt. 25, diam. 23 mill. (Fischer.')
Ceylon ( Wood.)
T. elegantulus WOOD, Ind. Test., suppl., t. 5, f. 9. — REEVE, Conch. Icon. f. 96.— FISCHER, Coq. Viv., p. 194, t. 63, f. 1.— T. hys- ginus VALENCIENNES, Voy. de la Venus, Moll., t. 4, f. 3.
A shell of remarkable form ; the first 7 whorls are flat and form an exactly conical spire ; the two last whorls are convex, globose, and bear a series of nodules on the lower part. (Fischer.)
Section BELANGERIA Fischer, 1880.
Belangeria FISCHER, Coquilles Vivantes, p. 415. T. SCABROSUS Philippi, PI. 12, figs. 78-81.
Shell false-umbilicate, conic, thick, solid ; outlines of spire nearly straight ; whorls 6 to 7, planulate, the last often constricted, carinate
TROCHUS. 45
at the periphery ; color whitish, longitudinally flammulate with brown, base radiately marked with narrow brown stripes, often broken into tessellations ; sculpture consisting of about four spiral cinguli, of which the middle two are granulose ; the upper and lower are wider, smooth or obsoletely gran osc : base convex, with 6 or 7 concentric narrow feebly granose lirse, the interstices minutely concentrically striate ; aperture oblique, rounded rhombeidal, outer lip lirate within, columella and basal lips thickened, denticulate; columella folded above ; umbilical area white, false umbilicus very narrow, with a spiral sulcus and fold within. Alt. 15-17, diam. 14-16 mill.
Indian Ocean; Bombay; China(?).
T. scabrosus PIIILIPPI, Zuittrhr. f. ^fal. 1850, p. 190. — Conclnjl Cab. p. 29.', t. 43, f. 3.— FISCHER, Cory. V!r. p. 335, t. 104, f. 2.
Unfiyured, insufficiently described species of Trochus, Polydonta, etc. P. PALLIDULA A. Adams. (PL 42, fig. 0.)
P. testa elevato-conica, albida, maculis luteolis picta ; anfractibus planis, cingulis tuberculorum ornata, tuberculis inferne in costas excurrentibus ; basi convexa, cingulis granosis ornata, cavitate con- torta umbilieum simulante; columella superne soluta, margine tuberculato-dentato; labro intus lirato, inferne denticulate. AD., P. Z. S. 1851, p. 155.— RKKVK, Conch. Icon., f. 92.
Habitat unknown.
P. CORRUGATA A. Adams.
P. testa elevato-conica, albida, rufo-fusco variegata; anfractibus phmiusculus, sulcis transversis sulcisque obliquis nodoso-reticulatis; inferne oblique costatis, costis nodosis ornatis; basi planiuscula, in meclio concava, excavata, umbilieum mentiente; columella superne soluta, margine tuberculato-dentato ; labro intus lirato, inferne
denticulate. (A. AD., P. Z. S. 1851, p. 155.)
Habitat unknown.
P. (IXFUNDIBULUM) XEPTUXi A. Adams.
P. testa elevato-conica, lateribus convexiusculis, viridi-fusca ; an- fractibus planis, cingulis granosis transversis ornatis, ultimo angulato, basi planiusculo, cingulis granosis instructo, centro excavate, umbilieum mentiente; columella superne soluta, margine tuberculato- dentato, labro intus lirato, ad marginem intus taevigato.
(A. AD., P. Z. S. 1854, p. 132.)
China (Mus. Cuming.)
46 TROCHUS.
A greenish brown species, with regular transverse rows of headed ridges, and with the lateral outlines convex ; the color is a uniform greenish brown. (Adams.)
P. (INFUNDIBULUM) /KM i; LANS A. Adams.
P. testa depreaso-conica, peeudo-umbilicata, albida, rufo-fusco radiatim picta ; anfr. planis, cingulis transvorsis granulorum ornatis, serie bituberculata ad suturas ; basi convexiusculo, rubro radiatim ornata, ac cingulis confertis, concentriciscrenulatis instructo ; regione umbilicali infundibuliformi, alba ; columella superne tortuosa, inar- gine simplice. (A. AD. P. Z. S. 1354 p, 132.)
China (Mus. Cuming).
A handsome species, variegated with broad radiating red-brown markings, and with a conspicuous double row of tubercles at the sutures. (Adams).
P. (INFUNDIBULUM) CONCINNUM A. Adams.
P. testa conica, pseudo-umbilicata, lutescente, fusco-vividoque variegatim picta ; anfr. planiusculis, cingulis transversis granulorum, cingulis distantioribus, interstitiis liris moniliformibus ornatis; anfr. ultimo ad peripheriam angulato ; regione umbilicali infundibuliformi, albida, basi hevigata, cingulis concentricis articulatis ornata ; colum- ella recta, margine simplice. (A. AD., P. Z. S. 1854, p. 132).
China Seas (Mus. Cuming).
This is a small but handsomely variegated species, with the false- umbilicus infundibuliform and of a whitish color, and with the base of the shell adorned with concentric zones articulated with dark brown. (A dams) .
INFUNDIBULUM CALIFORNICUM A. Adams.
I. testa depresso-conica, pseudo-umbilicata, albida, viridi rufoque variegata ; anfr. planis, supra angulatis, ultimo angulato, cingulis tuberculorum subdistantium multiformium ornata ; interstitiis long- itudinaliter oblique costatis, basi concava, cingulis confertis crenula- tis insculpta; regione umbilicali infundibuliformi, vividi, linea alba elevata cincto ; columella superne tortuosa tuberculata.
(A. AD, P. Z. S. 1851, p. 153). California.
TROCHUS. 47
P. MARINE A. Adams.
Testa turbinato-conica, granulata, albida, rubro maculata ac flam- nmlata ; anfr. convexiusculus, ultimo rotundato, plicatonoduloso, et, ad suturas, corrugate, granulis in seriebus permultis, sequalibus, regularibus confertis depositis, basi cingulis granosis exsculpta, cavi- tate contorta, umbilicum mentiente, cingulo elevato, in dente unico terminate exhibente ; labro intus sulcato. (Adams.)
Habitat unknown.
A very beautiful finely granulated species, with the last whorl rounded and having many of the characters of Claviculus, [.sic] thus showing the close affinity of the two genera. (Adam*.)
A. AD. P.Z. S. 1565, p. 223.
P. (IXFUNDIBULUM) LACERTINUM Gould.
Testa depresso-conica, cinerea et olivaceo variegata ; anfr. 10, sub- concavis, supernis seriatim granulosus, et ad suturam inconspicuam subcrenulalis ; ultimo imprimis granulis compressis obliquis seriatim cincto, tune serie minori, denique ad peripheriam duobus majoribus ; basi vix convexo, liris granulosis fusco maculatis insculpto ; umbil- ico lato, polito, nacreo ; columella lobato, flexuosa ; fauce margarita- cea ; apertura dolabriformis ; labro acuto.
Alt. 25, diam. 25 mill. (GOULD, in Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist, viii, 1861, p. 19).
Hong Kong Harbor.
Resembles P. ban ley anus Rve. but has fewer series of granules and is granular beneath. ( Gould).
Subgenus CLANCULUS Montfort, 1810.
Clanculus MONTF., Conch. Systematique, p. 191. — Monodonta, in part, LAMARCK and other authors. — Fragella~SwJLlx&., Shells and shell-fish, p. 352. — Otavia Risso, Hist. Nat. Eur. Merid., iv, p. 132, 1826. — Clanculopsis MONTEROSATO, Bull. Soc. Malac. Ital., v, p. 222, 1879.
The animal of Clanculus bears four pairs of tentacular filaments on the epipodial line. The dentition (T. pharaonius, pi. 50, fig. 5,) is similar to that of Trochus, but the body of the tooth is more expand- ed, the centrals and laterals bearing large lateral supporting-wings.
I was at first inclined to treat Clanculus as a genus distinct from Trochus ; but on account of the difficulty of so defining the group that its species may always be distinguished from Trochus, and the lack of any tangible anatomical character differing from the latter
48 TROCHUS.
genus, I do not see my way clear to make such a separation. Con- chologically, such species as C. villanus Phil., are very near to T. scabrosus Phil., etc. ; and finally, when we see that neither the teeth of the columella nor of the outer lip are constant in nearly all the species, nor the form of shell, peculiar umbilicus nor granulated sculpture can be depended on for generic characters, it is clear that the group can have no higher rank than Tectus, Infundibulum, and other subdivisions under 'Prodi us.
As to the grouping of the species I have not been able to discover any mode of division into sections wholly satisfactory to myself. Perhaps the species are best grouped by a division into two sections; Clancnlus including those with strong basal tooth to the columella, and Clanculopsis for species with only a small denticle at the base. Each of these sections may be divided into species with the columella solute or tortuous above, inserted at or near the center of the axis in the bottom of the false umbilicus, and those with the columella inserted upon the edge of the umbilieus, and not deeply entering. Perhaps this last distinction is the more fundamental of the two. There are a number of species which greatly resemble species of Gibbula of the section Eurytrochus. Of course the resemblance is wholly superficial, as there is no real relationship between the forms.
Section TLAM-TUIS (,s-. .sfr.) T. niAUAoxirs Linne. PL 15, figs. 54- 5<>.
Depressed conoidal with rounded periphery and profoundly umbilicate axis, very strong and solid, densely granulate, coral red; spire conoidal, its outlines scarcely convex; whorls about 6, some- what convex, separated by well impressed sutures, the last large, deflected anteriorly, bearing 18 or 19 crowded, closely granose cinguli, of which the 1st, 3d, 5th, 7th, 9th and two upon the base are composed of alternate black and white granules ; upon the base the granulation is finer ; the base is convex, a trifle indented toward the center; aperture oblique, subtetragonal, peristome with a marginal rowT of black and white dots ; outer lip plicate within, with a short pliciform tubercle above ; basal lip, outer margin of the umbilicus and parietal wall provided with wrinkle-like plicse ; columella very oblique, terminating below in a square prominence, contorted above, and inserted on the side of the umbilicus ; umbilicus white, and within the strongly radiately plicate marginal rib, smooth.
Alt. 18, diam 23 ; alt. 16, diam. 18 mill.
Red Sea,
TROCHUS. 49
Trochus pharaonius L. Syst. Nat., x, p. 757, no. 506. — (and of authors generally). — Monodonta pharaonis WOODWARD, Man. of Moll. pi. 10, f. 12.
Specimens of a dark brown color, with alternating brown and black series of granules above are before me.
T. PUNICEUS Philippi. PI. 15, figs. 59-61,
This form differs from pharaonius in being more finely granulate, the last whorl bearing 20 or 21 cinguli, of which the 4th and 9th, as well as one or two upon the base, are articulated with black ; balance of shell coral red, or sometimes more or less articulated with white ; last whorl more deflected anteriorly than in T. pharonius.
Alt. 18-19, diam. 22-23 mill.
Zanzibar.
Monodonta punicea PHIL., Zeitschr.f. Mai., 1846, p. 100. — Trochus puniceus PHIL., Conchyl. Cab. p. 73, 1. 14, f. 2. — FISCHER, Coq. Viv., p. 167. — Trochus pharaonis var. KIENER, Spec. Trochus, t. 56, f. la.
T. FESTIVUS Tapparone-Canefri. PI. 14, fig. 18.
Shell elevated-conoid, encircled by granose Iira3, base depressed ; whorls depressed, slightly tumid below, separated by moderately distinct sutures, ornamented with 5 unequal granulose cinguli on the penultimate, 13 on the last whorl, the interstices sculptured with oblique longitudinal stride, crossed by nearly obsolete spiral striae, giving the shell a granulose appearance ; umbilicus small, its margin dentate ; columella oblique, its edge reflexed, terminating in a plicate tooth below; labrum dentate within, with a conspicuous tubercle above ; color rosy-brown, (in specimens worn nearly smooth,) orna- mented with rose, black and rarely white granules, except the first and third cinguli, which are unicolored.
Alt. 12, diam. 14 mill. (Tapparone-Canefri.)
Bay of Bias, New Guinea.
Clanculas festivus TAPP.-CAN., Zool. delviaggio delta fregata Mag- enta, p. 58, t. 1, f. 10. (1874.)
Differs from T. pharaonius in the less numerous spiral cinguli (5 instead of 7 on the penultimate, 13 instead of 17-19 on the last whorl,) by the coloration, etc. It is perhaps more nearly allied to the group of T. stigmatarius than to T. pharaonius. The name festivus is preoccupied by Philippi in Trochus. 4
50 TROCHUS.
T. LIMBATUS Quoy et Gaimard. PL 11, figs. 39, 40.
Shell depressed conoidal, carinate at periphery, umbilicate, whitish or yellowish, maculated with brown, generally writh a series of blotches at periphery and beneath suture, the intervening space unicolored or more or less tessellated ; base tessellated or radiately flamed ; spire low conical, apex acute, smooth ; whorls 5 to 6, convex just below the sutures, then flattened, and at the periphery carinated >* sutures subcanaliculate ; last whorl scarcely descending anteriorly, above with 6 to 8 spiral closely granose cinguli, beneath with 7 to 9 similar concentric cinguli, the interstices both above and below closely, sharply, obliquely, microscopically striate ; base slightly convex ; aperture tetragonal, oblique ; outer lip four or five-lirate within, the upper fold somewhat enlarged, subdentiform ; basal mar- gin and marginal rib of the umbilicus finely plicate ; columella oblique, nearly straight, its edge reflexed and plicate-dentate ; term- inating below in a small square denticle, inserted above upon the side of the umbilicus ; umbilicus rather wide, funnel-shaped.
Alt. 14, diam. 18 mill.
Adelaide, Victoria, Port Western, Australia.
Trochus fimbatus QUOY ET GAIMARD, Voy. de I' Astrolabe, iii, p. 245, t. 63, f. 1-6.— PHILIPPI, Conch. Cab. p. 212, t. 31, f. 10-12.— FISCHER, Coq. Viv. p. 214, t. 71, f. 2.— T. depressus (" GMEL.") PHILIPPI, Conchy 1. Cab., p. 77, t. 14, f. 6.
The coarser granulation will serve to separate this form from the several following species ; the reflexed, crenulated edge of the colum- ella is also characteristic. The basal margin of the aperture is expanded, in fully adult individuals.
T. VARIEGATUS A. Adams. PI. 14, fig. 19.
Shell depressed-conical, light colored, variegated with reddish brown ; whorls tumid above, ornamented with granose cinguli, the interstices longitudinally striate ; last whorl acutely angulate ; base plane ; umbilicus crenulated ; columella twisted above, the margin reflexed, crenulated, terminating below in a biplicate tooth ; lip lam- ellarly toothed within, the upper tooth larger. (Ad.)
Id. Of Siquijor, under stones. (Cuming).
Clanculus variegatus A. AD. P. Z. S. 1851, p. 160, no. 27.— TENI- SON-WOODS, Proc. Eoy. Soc. Tasmania, 1877. p. 40. — TAPPARONE- CANEFRI, Zool. del Viaggio della Fregata Magenta, p. 57, t. 1, f. 11.
TROCHUS. 51
Of this form Tenison- Woods says : A rather thin depressedly conical shell, acutely angulate at the base, which is flat, granular, with oblique microscopic strife between ; pale brownish red ; larger than any of our species except the twro preceding, 18 to 20 mill. diam. whorls 5. I cannot distinguish this shell from C. zebrides of the same author. Tasmania ; S. Australia.
Tapparone-Canefri has figured this species. The British Museum specimens are said to be more vividly colored than his examples. His figure is copied on pi. 14, fig. 19.
T. UNDATOIDES Tenison-Woods. PI. 13, figs. 99, 100.
Shell turbinately conoid, rather small, somewhat solid, opaque, reddish rose with indistinct purple spots ; whorls 5£, flat increasing rapidly, margined below, girdled with 6 series of rounded granules, of which the lowest line is the smallest, and increasing gradually in size to the suture, which is coronate and broadly canaliculate ; the base is flattened, ornamented with 8 spiral lines of close rose colored granules ; aperture rhomboid, with a thickened labrum, which is lirate inside ; columella with two obtuse, blunt tubercles above and below, and intermediate small obsolete teeth ; umbilicus narrow, white, with a rather conspicuous white margin.
Alt. 10, diam. 10 mill. ( Tenison- Woods.)
Dredged near "Sow and Pigs," Port Jackson N. S. Wales.
Clanculus undatoides, TEN.-WOODS, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. iv, p. 22, (1880.)
In shape and appearance this shell is a little like C. undatus Lam., but is smaller and the whorls flat. (Tenison- Woods.)
T. MAXILLATUS Menke. PL 42, figs. 17, 18.
Shell orbiculate-convex, pale brown, obscurely punctate-articulate, or black, transversely granulate-cingulate ; whorls nearly plane, the last subangular, base plane ; cinguli above 6, granose, beneath 7, smooth ; umbilical cavity with crenate margin ; aperture rhomboidal, ringent ; outer lip with 6 teeth, the upper one largest ; basal tooth of the columella large, obtuse, bifid, three on the columella margin. (Philippi.)
Also a very distinct species, allied to T. corallinus Gm. by its size, the grains on the margin of the umbilicus, and the large bifid tooth on the end of the columella ; but it is more depressed, the base is flat, the granose lirse are narrower, their interstices showing fine oblique striie under the lens ; the teeth inside the outer lip are fewer in
52 TROCHUS.
number; finally the edge of the columella shows reflexed blunt denticles, or rather, folds. The color is pale brown, decked with darker dots, or blackish. Alt. 6, diam. 9 mill. (Philippi.)
W. Coast Australia.
Monodontamaxillata^lE,~$KV, Spec. Moll. Nov. Holl., p. 14.— Trochus maxillatus PHILIPPI, Conchyl. Cab., p. 236 t. 36, f. 2.
T. PHILIPPII Koch. PI. 42, figs. 9-11.
Shell conical, perforate, fuscescent, marbled with purple or white, whorls plane, ornamented with a series of nodules at the suture, then 3 or 4 series of granules, the last angulated ; base plane, sculpture with 7 rows of granules ; aperture rhomboidal ; lip lirate within ; columella oblique, subsolute above, terminating below in an acute tooth. (Philippi.)
The shell is conical, perforate ; the whorls are flat, but appear terraced because a nodose carina projects on the upper part, below the sutures; below this there are 2 or 3 minutely granose spiral line, and one more strongly granose, forming the angle of the last whorl. The base is flat, and has 7 granose concentric lir^e. The angle surrounding the very narrow umbilicus is indistinctly grained. The aperture is rhombic, the fauces sulcate, the columella very oblique, somewhat solute above, terminating in an acute tooth below. The color seems to be quite variable; some examples are brown, with large white spots and dark purplish-red granules, others are reddish-brown, with white and purple granules, etc.
Alt. 11, diam. 12? mill., or smaller. Perhaps this species is identical with Monodonta granulata Gray, (Capt. King's Survey, etc., appendix, p. 47.) (Philippi.)
Adelaide, Australia.
T. pfiilippii KOCH, in PHILIPPI, Abbild. u. JBeschreib., i. Trochus, t. 2, f. 1.— Conchyl. Cab., p. 238, t. 36, f. 4.
T. OMALOMPHALUS A. Adams. PL 15, fig. 52.
Shell low conical, acutely carinated at periphery, deeply umbilicate, grayish or brownish, with subsutural and peripheral brown blotches, the carina white and brown articulated, sometimes visible at the sutures, base radiately painted or finely tessellated ; spire somewhat slender toward the acute apex ; whorls rounded, the last descending a little below the peripheral carina anteriorly, bearing above, 8 to 10 closely finely granulose spiral cinguli, separated by regularly, ob- liquely and sharply striate interspaces; base concentrically finely
TROCHUS. 53
granose-lirate, the lirse 10 to 12, much finer than those of the upper surface ; aperture subtetragonal, oblique, outer lip lirate within, slightly plicate-tuberculate near its upper angle ; basal lip rounded, expanded, denticulate ; columella oblique, a little convex, ending below in a square centrally sulcate tooth, its front margin reflexed and finely denticulate, inserted above upon the side of the umbilicus ; umbilicus wide, funnel-shaped, smooth within, margined by a smooth rib. Alt. 10, diam. 14 mill.
Port Jackson, Sydney, Australia.
Clanculus omalomphalus A. AD., P. Z. S. 1851, p. 162. — Trochus homalomphalns FISCHER, Coq. Viv. p. 235, t. 81. f. 2. — WATSON, Challenger Gasteropoda, p. 51.
Like the preceding species in coloration, form of spire, base and aperture ; but more finely granose both above and below, the umbili- cus wider, its margin smooth. C. omalomphalus is more acutely carinated than the next species.
T. FLOBIDUS Philippi. PL 10, figs. 12, 12a. pi. 14, figs. 12, 13.
Shell low conical, subcarinate at the periphery, the carina evanes- cent toward the termination of the last whorl, deeply umbilicate ; color light brown or grayish, striped with rich brown, the markings somewhat interrupted around the middle of the upper surface of the last whorl, the stripes more numerous and narrower at the periphery than upon the upper surface, and continued upon the base, or fading out there, and replaced by dots of brown on a light ground ; sutures deeply impressed ; whorls about 5, the apical ones acute, pale pink, the following closely granose-cingulate, the last with about 17 to 21 closely beaded cinguli, of which the 8th or 9th usually forms the peripheral angle, all above that being subequal and equally spaced; those of the base are more crowded and finer ; the interstices are sharply, finely obliquely striate ; body whorl deflected toward the aperture, and appearing gibbous ; aperture subhorizontal, subtetra- gonal ; outer lip with a finely plicate thickening or rib within, and a strong tubercle near the upper angle ; basal margin expanded, crenulated, and bearing a small but distinct central, very oblique fold within ; columella very oblique, with a strong biplicate tooth below, a wide triangular projection at the middle, the whole edge reflexed but not distinctly crenulate as in the preceding two species, the insertion upon the side of the rather wide umbilicus, which has a radiately crenulated marginal rib ; parietal wall wrinkled. Alt. 8-9, diam. 11-12 mill.
Port Jackson, Australia.
54 TROCHUS.
Troehus floridus PHILIPPI, Conchyl. Cab. p. 243, t. 36, f. 15.— Zeitschr.f. Mai. 1849, p. 156. — WATSON, Challenger Gasterop. p. 52. — Clanculus gibbosus A. AD. P. Z. S. 1851, p. 162.— FISCHER, Coq. Viv. p. 237, t. 81, f. 3.
This form may be distinguished from the preceding by the nearly round periphery ; the outer lip is much depressed and straightened, producing a very oblique aperture ; the sutures are profoundly impressed ; the granulose cinguli of the upper surface are equal, and separated by sharply crispate interstices.
T. ANUS Philippi. PL 14, figs. 34-36 ; pi. 11, figs. 43-45.
Shell low-conic, solid, subangulate at periphery, with a rather wide umbilical excavation, whitish, maculated with brown below the sutures, the remainder of the shell tessellated, black and white, pinkish or yellowish toward the apex ; whorls 5 to 6, somewhat con- vex, spirally gran ose-1 irate, the lirse 5 or 6 on the penultimate, 12 or 13 on the last whorl, of which the 6th is at the periphery; the fine- ly beaded lirse are separated by minutely spirally and obliquely striated interstices as wide as the ridges ; the body-whorl is a little deflected anteriorly, flattened and excavated in the center beneath ; the aperture is contracted, very oblique, tetragonal ; the upper lip is straight, with a strong tooth midway between its insertion and the outer angle of the aperture ; the outer and basal lips are well curved, thickened and plicate-denticulate within ; the columella is very oblique, its edge reflexed and bearing 4 or 5 large tubercles, one at its insertion; terminating below in a strong quadrangular bifid tooth; parietal tract bearing strong white wrinkles ; umbilical excavation penetrating but little deeper than the insertion of the columella, its border plicate-denticulate. Alt. 9-11, diam. 12-15 mill.
Australia.
Troehus anus PHIL., Zeitschr.f. Mai., 1848, p. 101.— Conchyl. Cab. p. 266, t. 39, f. 7.— FISCHER, Coq. Viv. p. 324, t. 101, f. 3.
This species is allied to T. floridus, etc, but differs in the shallow umbilicus, very heavy columellar teeth and coarser sculpture. In the form of the aperture anus is very similar to floridus ; like that species, it is nearly horizontal, and obstructed by large teeth. T. limbatus is more strictly conical, with less developed teeth than anus, and has a more deeply perforating umbilicus. T. clanguloides, with equally strongly developed teeth, is far more finely sculptured, and has a deeply entering columella.
TROCHUS. 55
T. FLAGELLATUS PlliUppi. PI. 19, figs. 3, 4.
Shell conoid, umbilicate, granulate, white, painted with branching stripes of reddish purple ; whorls convex, the last rounded ; base convex, white ; penultimate whorl with six series of granules, the interstices wide as the ridges, obliquely striate ; last whorl with eight series of granules above, nine on the base ; columella oblique, solute above, the edge rugose-denticulate, terminating below in a prominent tooth ; outer lip rugose and dentate within.
The whorls are pretty convex, especially above ; the last is round- ed, deflected anteriorly and flattened ; the penultimate whorl has six series of granules, which are the same width as their densely striate interstices ; the last whorl however has eight, twro new ones having been intercalated on the lower part, the eighth prominent, forming the periphery. The base is rather convex, and has nine close granulose line. The granules on the border of the umbilicus are but slightly developed. The aperture is about as in T. pharaonius. The color white, with numerous dark rose-red radiating, sometimes branching stripes above. Alt. 10, diam. 15 mill.
Habitat unknown.
Separated from T. personatus and T. anus by the more numerous lira} of the base ; from T. morum by the convex base, etc.
Trochus flagellatus PHIL., Zeitschr.f. Mai. 1848, p. Wo.— Conchyl. Cab. p. 267, t. 39, f. 9.
This is a species which I have not been able to identify. It is evidently closely related to T. floridus. Philippi's description and remarks are translated above, and his figures copied on my plate.
T. MORUM Philippi. PL 14, figs. 31, 32.
Shell conicajp umbilicate, granulate, flesh-colored, at the sutures and around the periphery rufous-maculate ; whorls planulate, the last acutely angulate, with 6 series of granules, the interstices wide as the ribs, obliquely striate ; base flat, with 10 granose lira? ; columella oblique, contorted above, the margin reflexed, crenulate, terminating below in a bifid tooth ; lip dentate and rugose within ; the superior tooth large ; umbilical margin crenulate.
The shell is pretty regularly conical, and consists of 6 to 7 slightly convex whorls, of which the upper are angulated in the suture, the last rather sharply carinated at the periphery, scarcely deflected anteriorly, and flattened toward the aperture, as in the other species
56 TROCHUS.
of the section Clanculus. The granules of the upper surface are hemispherical, regular, rather separated, and stand in 6 rows ; on the base they are less distinct and in 10 rows ; the interstices are as wide as the granules ; the close incremental striae with which they are marked give them a very pretty appearance. The aperture and umbilicus show nothing characteristic. Alt. 12, diam. 17 mill.
Habitat unknown.
Distinguished from T. anus and T. personatus by the number of lirse on the base ; from T. flagellatus by the flat base, sharply cari- nated last whorl, etc.
T. morum PHIL., Zeitschr.f. Mai. 1848, p. 109.— Conchy 1. Cab. p. 265, t. 39, f. 5.
Another species autoptically unknown to me, and not mentioned by authors except Philippi. His description and remarks are above translated in full. Compare T. floridus, T. clangulus and the forms mentioned by Philippi.
T. PERSONATUS Philippi. PI. 14, figs. 29, 30. pi. 19, figs. 91, 92.
Shell low conical, heavy, solid, umbilicated, carinated, white, or scuffused with a faint rose tint, with a series of small rose-colored maculations above the periphery and sometimes at the suture, base white or faintly marked with rose around the outer border ; whorls about 5, slightly convex, separated by subcanaliculate sutures ; out- lines of spire a little convex ; first two whorls smooth, eroded, the following granose-lirate, the penultimate with 5 or 6, the last with 11 or 12 series of very distinct rounded granules, the 5th or 6th forming the periphery, the interstices decussated by fine oblique and spiral striula?, which are sometimes obsolete; last whorl carinated at the periphery, slightly deflected toward the aperture, and much flattened there ; base a trifle convex, the middle portion concave toward the umbilicus ; aperture tetragonal, very oblique, the upper lip straight, bearing a strong tubercular tooth midway ; outer and basal lips well rounded, thickened and plicate-denticulate within, the basal margin decidedly expanded and curved; columella very oblique, concave toward the insertion, its edge scarcely reflexed, simple, bear- ing a single triangular projection or tooth below the middle, and terminating in a very strong, quadrate, biplicate tooth at base ; parietal wall wrinkled ; umbilicus penetrating deeper than the inser- tion of the columella, bordered by a plicate rib.
Alt. 10, diam. 14; alt. 10, diam. 12 mill.
Australia.
TROCHUS. 57
Monodonta ringens PHILIPPI, Zeitschr. f. Mai. 1846, p. 99. (not M. ringens MKE, also a species of Clanculus.) — Troehus personatus PHIL., Conchyl. Cab. p. 78, t. 14, f. 7. (about 1847.)
This species is allied to T. anus Phil, but differs in the deeper umbilicus, the smooth, not tuberculate edge of the columella, the stronger development of the teeth, more distinct granulation, and other characters. The aperture is almost horizontal ; the umbilicus and aperture are both narrower than in T. anus. The peristome is much thickened inside.
T. OOHROLEUCUS Philippi. PI. 13, figs. 95, 96.
Shell conoidal, umbilicate, isabella-colored, sculptured with very fine subgranose lira?, about 11 on penultimate, 40 on last whorl; whorls rather convex, the last scarcely angled ; margin of the umbilicus dentate ; columella very oblique, not solute above, ter- minating below in a simple denticle ; lip thickened and corrugated within.
The form is just like T. vieilloti Payr. ; the shell consists of 6 to 7 rather rounded whorls, the last one not angulated to speak of, and with a rather convex base. The spiral cinguli gradually increase in number, so that on the penultimate there are about 11, on the last whorl about 40 of them. On the upper whorls they are distinctly granulose, on the last almost entirely smooth. The umbilicus is pretty narrow, its margin dentate ; the columella is very oblique, not free above, with a small but prominent denticle below ; the out- er lip is thickened within, with five folds, but near the edge with numerous wrinkles. The color is isabella-yellow.
Alt. 8, diam. 12 mill. (Philippi.)
Habitat unknown.
Troehus ochroleueus PHILIPPI, Conchyl. Cab. p. 243, t. 36, f. 16. (after 1853.)
T. CLANGULUS Wood. PI. 10, figs. 5-7.
Shell conical, with decidedly higher spire generally than C. flor- idus, subcarinate, nearly rounded at the periphery, very deeply umbilicated ; color brownish, or, more frequently a beautiful emer- ald green, much paler below, the upper surface broadly radiately maculate with crimson, the flames not extending below the periphery, which, with the base, is dotted with the same shade ; spire usually attenuated toward the acute rose-colored apex ; whorls about 6, con- vex, the last deflected anteriorly, spirally sculptured with about 18
58 TROCHUS.
closely granose cinguli, of which 5 to 8 principal ones are above the periphery, their interstices bearing granose riblets, and sharp oblique striae ; on old individuals the disparity in the size of the lirse of the upper surface is often scarcely apparent ; the base bears much finer, closer, granulose lirse ; aperture very oblique, subtetragonal, outer lip plicate within, the tooth near the superior angle but slightly devel- oped ; other details of aperture and umbilicus as in the T. person a- tus, save that the parietal area is scarcely wrinkled.
Alt. 12, diam. 13 ; alt. 10, diam. 12«i mill.
Port Jackson, Australia.
Trochus clangulus WOOD, Ind. Test, Suppl t. 5, f. 31. 1828.— PHILIPPI, Conchy I. Cab. t. 36, f. 8.— FISCHER, Coq. Viv. p. 234, t. 81, f. 1.
This form is closely allied to C. floridus ; differing in the lesser development of the superior tooth of the lip, the smoother parietal area, and (typically) the greater altitude. C. floridus, too, has much deeper sutures, rounder whorls, and, especially, the ribs of the upper surface are equal, whilst in C. clangulus they are alternately large and small.
In the obsolescence of the superior tooth of the aperture, this species forms a transition from the preceding to the following group of species ; which, whilst closely allied to the foregoing, differs in the less developed teeth within the aperture.
V
T. MINIATUS Anton. PI. 10, figs. 23, 24 ; pi. 14, figs. 24, 25.
Shell conical, carinated at the periphery, deeply umbilicated, painted with crimson and brown radiating bifurcating stripes above, the apical whorls crimson, the base convex, radiately strigate or fine- ly tessellate with brown ; whorls about 6, subplanulate, but with a slightly salient central carina above, spirally finely granose-lirate, the line narrow, close, about 8 to 12 in number on the upper surface of the last whorl, the 5th forming a slightly projecting carina ; base finely lirate, the lirae granose, about 15, subequal, or sometimes alternately smaller, the interstices radiately striate ; aperture rather large, subrhomboidal, the outer lip lirate within, base crenulate, expanded ; columella long, straight, strongly dentate at base, obsolete- ly folded above, inserted upon the side of the umbilicus, which is smooth within, bordered by a slight, smooth rib.
Alt. 12J-15, diam. 15-17 mill.
South African Coasts.
TROCHUS. 59
T. miniatus ANTON, Verzeich., p. 58, 1839. — PHILIPPI, ConchyL Cab., p. 89, t, 16, f. 10.— FISCHER, Coq. Viv. p. 212, t. 83, f. 1.— Clanculus carinatus A. AD., P. Z. S. 1851, p. 162.
In its conical form, densely granose-lirate sculpture and the carina in the middle of the upper surface of the whorls, this form is quite distinct.
VAR CARINATUS A. Adams. PI. 14, fig. 24, 25.
A form which differs slightly from the type in its somewhat great- er altitude ; the peripheral carina of the penultimate whorl is exsert- ed ; the coloration consists of short alternate crimson or brown dashes below the suture, and brown tessellations on a white ground in the center of the base, the intervening space unicolored, brown, save the carina, which is articulated with white.
Alt. 15, diam 16 mill.
Algoa Bay, Australia.
T. ALOYSII Tenison- Woods'. PL 14, figs. 20-23.
Shell small, conical, carinated, umbilicated, whitish or corneous, marked above with zigzag radiating stripes (sometimes broken intc^ dots) of sepia or black, below uuicolored white or sparsely dotted with black, peripheral carina ornamented with a series of black spots; spire rather straightly conical, apex acute, whorls about 6, separated by subcanaliculate sutures ; upper surface spirally sculp- tured with about 6 coarse, conspicuously granose lirse, of which the first and the sixth (or peripheral) are most prominent ; base slightly convex, bearing 6 to 7 concentric, coarse, conspicuously granose separated line ; aperture rhomboidal, outer lip iridescent and plicate within ; basal margin rounded, denticulate ; columella oblique, nearly straight, slightly folded. above, bidentate at base; umbilicus with (in fully adult specimens) a crenate marginal rib, white within, and perforating scarcely deeper than the insertion of the columella.
Alt. 8-9. diam. 9-11.
Tasmania.
Clanculus aloysii TEN.- WOODS, Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasmania, 1875, p. 155.
A small species, quite distinct in the black and white coloration.
T. DOMINICANUS Tenison-Woods.
Shell small, depressed, turbinate, broadly umbilicate, rather solid, bluish brown and obscurely spotted and clouded ; whorls 6, rather
60 TROCHUS.
convex, and obliquely neatly and thickly striate, stria? passing over the lirse but not over the granules ; aperture obliquely quadrate ; lip thickened within, throat pearly ; columella obsoletely unidentate, subreflected ; umbilicus white, smooth ; base flattened, spirally and smoothly lirate. Differs from known species in the smoothly lirate base and the absence of tubercles around the lip, columella or umbili- cus. (Tenison-Woods). Alt. 7 *, diam. maj. 10, min. 8 mill.
S. coast Tasmania.
Clanculus dominicana T.-WoOD, Proc. Roy. Soe. Tasm., 1876, p. 144. (1877.)
This species and the three following are known to me only by the original descriptions.
R. RAPHAEL,! Tenison-Woods.
Shell small, depressedly conical, rather solid, blackish olive, but tessellated with white at the sutures ; whorls 4 to 5, flattened, girdled with irregular spiral granulose liraa, sometimes alternating and some- times with minute granulose lines intervening, granules larger at the margins ; shell universally covered with minute transverse oblique lines ; last whorl subacutely angular at the periphery ; suture canaliculate ; base flattened, ornamented with spiral granulose lines and oblique stria?; umbilicus white; aperture quadrate, silvery, pearly, conspicuously lirate ; columella wide, conspicuously tuber- culate anteriorly ; lip dentate. ( Tenison- Woods').
Alt. 6, diam. maj. 6, min. 5 2 mill.
George's Bay and Long Bay, Tasmania.
C. raphaeli TEN.-WOOD, loc. cit., p. 144.
T. ANGELI Tenison-Woods.
Shell small, turbinate, depressed, orbicular, rather solid, sordid white and clouded red, irregularly keeled all over, with the interstices finely, irregularly, neatly obliquely lirate, and peculiarly punctate ; larger keels smooth or obsoletely granular ; whorls 5, convex, the last obtusely angular ; base flat or slightly convex and spirally lirate with equal lira? and spotted brown, interstices transversely neatly striate ; aperture subquadrate, lip closely dentate, throat conspicuous- ly lirate ; columella obtusely unidentate; margin of the umbilicus regularly tuberculate with rounded granular tubercles.
Alt. 5, diam. maj. 6, min. 5 \ mill. (Tenison-Woods.}
Long Bay (in 10/w.s.); Blackmail's Bay, Tasmania.
C. angeli T.- WOODS, loc. cit., p. 144.
TROCHUS. 61
T. PHILOMEN.E Tenison-Woods.
Shell depressedly conical, white ; whorls 5, at the suture canalic- ulate, concave, \vith both margins beaded, within the margins 3 to 4 lirate ; Iira3 ornamented with round shining granules, interstices very finely obliquely striate ; last whorl acutely angulate and mar- gined ; base flat, spirally granulosely lirate; aperture obliquely squared ; outer lip lirate within ; columella unidentate and corruga- ted ; umbilical margin spirally dentate.
Diam. 11, alt. 10 mill. (Tenison-Woods).
Tasmania.
Clanculus pliilomence TEN.-WOODS, Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasm. 1875 p. 155.
One specimen. A very distinct white shell with moniliferus whorls rising in stages. (Tenison-Woods}.
I have not seen this species. It is evidently closely related to the preceding.
T. YATESI Crosse. PI. 10, fig. 13 ; pi. 14, fig. 33.
Shell conical, very solid, annulate at the periphery, with a very shallow umbilicus; white, variegate with maculations and radiating zigzag stripes of purplish red ; whorls 5, planulate, turgid below the subcanaliculate sutures, the apical ones when not eroded spirally striate, the following granose-lirate, the last bearing on its upper surface five coarse beaded Iira3, the fifth forming the periphery ; base slightly convex, bearing six beaded line ; interstices between the lira? finely obliquely striate; aperture rounded-tetragonal, pearly within ; outer lip lirate within ; basal lip curved, subdenticulate ; columella short, hardly perceptibly folded above, dentate below ; umbilicus perforating scarcely deeper than the insertion of the straight columella. Alt. 8, diam. 11 ; alt. 10?, diam 11 mill.
Gulf of St. Vincent, S. Australia.
Clanculus yatesi CROSSE Journ. de Conch. 1863, p. 379, t. 13, f. 1. —FISCHER,. Coq. Viv. p. 399, t. 118, f. 4.
A solid little species, allied to the preceding, but differing in coloration etc. The specimens before me exceed the types in altitude. A variety from Tasmania is of a uniform deep purple color, (pi. 14, fig. 33.) It may be called var. PURPURATUS.
T. DUNKERI Koch. PI. 14, figs. 26, 27 ; pi. 15, figs. 57, 58.
Shell imperforate, having a little hollow or depression at the place of the umbilicus, orbicularly conoid or subdepressed, thick, solid ;
62 TROCH US.
whorls 5, the first whitish, often eroded, the last brownish, purplish or red, obliquely striated, and ornamented with spiral granulose line, 3 on penultimate, 8 or 9 on last whorl, of which the first is composed of larger beads, and the fourth forms the periphery, the interstices about as wide as the line ; last whorl somewhat gibbous and descend- ing toward the aperture, which in adult specimens is somewhat con- tracted and subtrigonal, outer lip witli a few deeply entering line within, the upper one terminating in a small denticle; columella short, concave, smooth, terminating in an acute narrow denticle, which is separated from a similar smaller tubercle on the base by a narrow notch. Alt. 8, diam. 1 1 ; alt. 8, diam. 9 ; alt. 9, diam. 11-13 mill.
Adelaide, Cape Riche, St. Vincent's Gulf t S. Australia ; Port Philip, Melbourne, Bass, Straits.
T. (Monodonta) dunkeri Kocn, in PmLirpi, Abbild. u. Beschr. neuer ConchyL, i pt, 3, p. 67, t. 2, f. 5. 1843.— PHI LI PPI, Conchy I. Cab., p. 237, t. 36, f. S.— Clnnculm rubens ("A. AD.") ANGAS, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 178— TENISOX-WOODS, Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasmania, 1878, p. 40.— Trochus dunkeri FISCHER, Coq. Viv., p. 361, t. 96, f. 2, (1880).— BRAZIER, Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasmania, 1886, p. 202.
The typical form of this shell is shown in figs. 26, 27 of pi. 14 ; the figures and description given by Fischer are of a depressed variety. In several specimens measured by me the altitude is nearly equal to the diameter. The synonymy was first worked out by Mr. BRAZIER, from whose excellent description the first lines of my own are quoted. This shell is allied to the T. yatesi, but is more solid, more compact, and less carinated at the periphery ; its spiral line are fewer than in that species. The umbilicus is remarkably shallow for a Clanculus.
A
The two following species are similar to certain forms of the section Clanculopsis in lacking a distinct tubercle at the base of the col- umella ; I am however inclined to group them with the preceding species, which they resemble in general aspect.
T. GUINEEXSIS Gmelin. PI. 10, figs. 3. 4.
Shell conical, very solid, rather depressed, angulate at the periph- ery, deeply umbilicate, whitish, painted with broad radiating purplish brown stripes above, base with narrow radiating stripes or tessella- tions of the same shade; whorls about 6, planulate or slightly con- cave above, the apex whitish, eroded, the succeeding whorls spirally beaded, the last whorl slightly descending anteriorly, bearing on
TROCHUS. 63
the upper surface about 7 spiral beaded lira?, the interstices oblique- ly finely striate ; base subplanulate, concentrically sculptured with about 7 or 8 beaded lira? ; aperture rounded rhomboidal, the outer and basal lips thick, evenly and finely plicate within ; columella oblique, deeply entering, conspicuously folded near its insertion, its edge denticulate near the base, and passing into the basal margin with a regular curve ; parietal wall bearing a white wrinkled callus, . the untbilical margin of which is dentate; umbilicus wide, deep, scarcely narrowed as it penetrates, bordered by a strong acutely dentate rib. Alt. 13-16, diam. 18-20 mill.
Guinea; Gaboon; Liberia.
Trochus guineensis GMEL. Syst. Xat. xiii, p. 3574, no. 49, 1788. — PHILIPPI, Conchyl Cab. p. 79, t. 14, f. 9. — FISCHER, Coq. Viv. p. 221, t. 72, f. 3.
This species, together with T. villanus constitutes a group which differs from the typical forms of Clanculus in lacking the strong tooth at the base of the columella.
T. VILLAXUS Philippi. PI. 11, figs. 58, 59 ; pi. 14, fig. 28.
Shell conical, very solid, cinereous-olive or purplisji, lighter beneath, sparcely dotted with black; whorls about 6, slightly con- vex, spirally lirate, the last encircled by about 14 granose separated lira?, of which about 6 are on the upper surface, their interstices bearing spiral stria? ; last whorl obtusely angular at the periphery, slightly convex beneath, a little descending anteriorly ; aperture rounded-tetragonal, outer and basal lips plicate within, columella as in T. guineensis but longer; umbilicus narrow, deep, parietal wall slightly calloused, wrinkled. Alt. 22, diam. 22 mill.
W. African coasts ; Guinea; Gold coast; Gaboon.
Mondonta villana PHILIPPI, Zeitschr. f. Mai. 1846, p. 101. — Trochus villanus PHIL. Conchyl. Cab. p. 74, t. 14, f. 3. — FISCHER, Cog. Viv. p. 220, t. 72, f. 2.
More elevated than T. guineensis, less carinated at the periphery, and with narrower umbilicus. The parietal callus is much heavier in T. guineensis.
64 TROCHUS.
T. MAUGERI Wood. PL 10, figs. 25-27.
Shell conical, with nearly straight sides carinated, solid, thick, false-umbilicate, reddish or yellowish brown, more or less dotted minutely with a slightly darker shade; whorls about 8, flat above, the sutures scarcely marked ; the first whorls of the apex when not smooth by erosion are spirally 1 irate, the lira; dotted with red; succeeding whorls very closely, finely granulate in spiral series, the last whorl with about 7 rows of granules above, carinate at the periphery, slightly deflected anteriorly; base nearly flat with nu- merous (15 to 20) close finely beaded concentric lirula?; aperture very oblique, tetragonal; upper lip straightened, wrinkled within; outer and basal lips thick, curved, crenulate within ; columella very oblique, its edge denticulate, slightly tortuous above, and inserted in the center of the axis, below terminating in an acute or squarish narrow tooth ; parietal wall and umbilicus rugose, the latter bound- ed by a plicate-denticulate rib. Alt. 20-25, diam 25 mill.
Port Jackson, Australia.
T. maugeri WOOD, Lid. Testaceo. suppl t. 5, f. 27a, p. 220. — PHILIPPI Com'liijl. O.ib., t, 36, f. 9.— FISCHKII, (.oq. Vie. p. 218, t. 72, f. 1.
A handsome species, formerly very rare. The form is more strict- ly conical than usual in Ounculus. The fine granulation nearly uniform, color, minutely dotted with darker and beneath usually with white, are characters separating maugeri from other species. The specimens before me are from Port Jackson, collected by Brazier.
T. NODULOSUS A. Adams PL 13, fig. 3.
Shell turbinate-conoid, imperforate, whitish, variegated with red; whorls transversely silicate, ornamented with grnnose cinguli, above with a coronal series of tubercles ; suture canaliculate; last whorl spirally sulcate, at the periphery tuberculate, the base rather flat- tend, concentrically gran ose-1 irate ; columella solute above, tortuous, anteriorly tuberculate; margin of the umbilicus crenulated; lip transversely sulcate within, margin dentate-lirate. (A. Ad.)
T-isinania, (Cuming.)
Clancu1u* noditlosus A. AD. P. Z. S. 1854, p. 39, t. 27, f. 2.
This species has most of the characters of a Clanculus, but the whorls are nodulous and not granular. (Adams.)
The pecies has not been been noticed by Tasmanian nor Aus- tralian conchologists,
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TROCHUS. GO
T. UNDATUS Lamarck. PI. 40, figs. 1, 2.
Shell large, depressed conoid, excavated, i'alse-innbilicate in the center beneath, cinereous or rose colored, radiately striped with brown or black, the stripes sometimes broken into irregular macula- tions, especially on the base ; whorls about 6, convex around the upper part, then flattened, obtusely angulate at the periphery, the base flattened, concave toward the center ; sutures subcanaliculate ; apex acute, eroded ; following whorls finely granose in spiral series, of which there are 10 to 12 on each whorl ; last w7horl somewhat deflected anteriorly, bearing about 30 spiral granose ridges, very close and fine upon and below the periphery, coarser above and around the umbilicus, the interstices obliquely striate ; aperture oblique, tetragonal, outer and basal lips thickened and plicate within ; columella oblique, inserted nearly in the bottom of the broad umbilical excavation, its edge reflexed and bearing about 10 denticles, twisted near the insertion, terminating below in a simple tooth ; parietal tract wrinkled ; umbilicus with a plicate border, and in the middle a strong, sometimes crenulate, spiral funicle.
Alt. 18-22, diam. 28-35 mill.
S. Australia; Tasmania.
T. undatus LAM. An. sans. Vert, vii, p. 28, no. 61 (1822). — FISCHER, Coq. Viv., p. 168, t. 56, f. 2.— PHILIPPI Conchyl. Cab., t. 33, f. 4—Monodonta undata LAM. Encyc. Meth., t. 447, f. 3.— Trochus smithii WOOD, Ind. Test, Suppl. t. 5, f. 20a,
The largest and one of the most beautiful species of Clanculus. It is apparently more nearly allied to T. maugeri than to any other species of the genus. T. PUSILLUS H. Adams. PL 43, fig. 6.
Shell trochiform, solic, encircled by granose lirse, alternately minute, the interstices densely obliquely striate ; rosy, marked with white macul.ttions ; suture canaliculate ; whorls 6, convex ; the last convex beneath, with granose concentric lirse ; umbilicus crenulated, white; aperture diagonal, subcircular; columellar tooth prominent, compressed; lip simple, sulcate within. (Adams.}
Alt. 5, diam. 7 mill.
New Hebrides.
Clanculus pusillus H. AD., P. Z. S., 1873, p. 207, t. 23, f.-9.
T. CLANGULOIDES Wood. PL 10, figS. 10, 11.
Shell globose-conic, very solid, deeply, narrowly false-umbilicate, fawn colored, lighter beneath and roseate at the apex, sharply 5
66 TROCHUS.
granose-lirate, usually with every second rib articulated with dots of white or black or both ; whorls about 6, the upper ones nearly flat, the penultimate and last convex, the former with 7 or 8 spiral distinctly granose lirae, the last with about 18, of which the 7th usually is upon the periphery, interstices finely obliquely striate ; last whorl deflected anteriorly, rounded at the periphery ; base some- what convex ; aperture oblique, small, contracted ; outer lip bearing within a strong tooth above, and an inconspicuous rather acute thread at the place of the periphery; basal lip expanded, curved, slightly denticulate ; columella very oblique, slightly tortuous above and very deeply entering, terminating below in a strong plicate, tooth, and with a smooth margin, save for a small denticle im- mediately above the basal tooth ; parietal tract wrinkled ; umbilicus with a plicate-denticulate border. Alt. 10-12, diam. 12-15 mill.
Australia, Port Jackson; Watson's Bay; New Caledonia; Viti Is.
T. clanguloides WOOD. 2nd. Testaceo. suppl, t. 6, f. 39. — FISCHER Coq. Viv., p. 369, t. 113, f. 2.
In the typical form, the 1st, 3d, 5th, 7th and 9th lirse, and one or two upon the base are articulated with black. A tray of specimens from the Viti Islands, received from the late Andrew Garrett, differ in having only the 3d and 7th lirse, and one upon the base so marked. I need not compare clanguloides with T. persouatus and its allies, — species with similar strongly developed teeth — for the deeply enter- ing columella of the present species at once separates it.
T. ROBERTS: Pilsbry. PL 13, fig. 4-7.
A form similar in color-pattern and sculpture to T. clanguloides, but differing notably in the greater altitude, more turbinate form, and greater development of the teeth ; in these characters it is like T. stigmatarius, which is, however, quite different in coloration. The spire is elevated conical, the apex tinged with orange ; the upper whorls are nearly flat, separated by a linear suture, which becomes more deeply impressed at the last whorl ; the body-whorl is slightly convex, rounded at the periphery, deeply deflected and flattened toward the aperture ; the base is rather flattened, about as in T. clanguloides ; the sculpture consists of spiral series of closely set rounded granules, the series or cinguli a little separated on the upper surface, closer beneath ; these number 17 or 18 upon the last whorl, the 7th being upon the periphery, just as in T. clanguloides ; the interstices between lirse are finely obliquely and spirally striate, the
TROCHUS. 67
spiral strise often a little difficult to distinguish ; this gives the inter- stices at times a granulate appearance under the lens. The aperture is nearly horizontal, tetragonal ; superior lip straightened, bearing a very large sub-bifid squarish tubercle in the middle ; place of the periphery marked inside by an entering lamellar fold ; basal margin curved, slightly expanded, bearing two or three fold-like denticles inside, edge minutely denticulate ; columella oblique, deeply enter- ing the narrow umbilicus and inserted in the center of the axis, slightly dentate above, bearing a narrow tooth below the middle, and terminating in a large, heavy bi- or triplicate tooth ; parietal area covered by a white callous bearing numerous wrinkles, one or two of which enter the aperture ; umbilicus surrounded by a radiately strongly plicate callous. Coloration as in T. clanguloides.
Alt. 12£, diam. 13 ; alt. 11, diam. 11 mill.
Red Sea. (Dr. Beadle.)
On old specimens the compression and deflection of the last whorl gives the shell a bullet shape. The aperture is like stigmatarius, coloration and sculpture like clanguloides. In this combination of characters the species is quite distinct. Similar specimens marked Lord Howlands Id. are before me. The species is named in honor of Mr. S. RAYMOND ROBERTS, author of the Monograph of Cyprseidte in the MANUAL.
T. LARGILLIERTI Philippi. PL 11, figs. 51, 51.
Shell perforate, conoid, apex acute; whorls 6J, the first rosy, following whorls convex, grayish, spotted with white and black at the narrow sutures ; spirally lirate, lira? granulose, numerous, 8 to 10 on the penultimate whorl ; last whorl rounded, concentrically lirate beneath, lime 8 to 10, gray and brown articulated ; aperture oblique, rhomboidal, lip dentate above ; basal margin plicate, colu- mella oblique, dentate at base ; parietal callous wrinkled ; umbilicus bordered by strong white plica?. Alt. 14, diam. 16 mill. (Fischer.)
Habitat unknown.
T. largillierti PHIL., Zeitschr. f. Mai. 1848, p. 109.— Conchyl. Cab. p. 265, t. 39, f. 6.— FISCHER, Coq. Viv., p. 216, t. 71, f. 3.
T. FLOSCULUS Fischer. PI. 11, figs. 56, 57.
Shell narrowly perforate, conoid, thick, apex acute ; whorls 7 J , the first rosy, smooth, the rest convex, separated by linear sutures, spirally lirate, the lime granose, 6 on the penultimate whorl, of which the 1st, 3d, 5th are entirely reddish, the 2d, 4th, 6th composed
68 TROCHUS.
of alternating white and black granules ; last whorl globose, bearing 15 or 16 Iira3, somewhat convex beneath, the concentric line uniform yellowish-brown, often in pairs, separated by single alternately white and black articulated lira? ; aperture oblique, rhomboidal ; lip thick- ened, plicate, dentate above, columella oblique, terminating in a large, plicate, contorted, truncate tooth ; umbilicus profound, narrow, its border crenulated ; parietal callous wrinkled.
Alt. 11, diam. 11 mill. (Fischer.')
Seychelles Is.
T. rarus (Dufo) FISCHER, Sp. et Icon, genre Trochus, t. 96, f. 1. -T.flosculus FISCHER, Coq. Viv., p. 300, t. 96, f. 1. (1880.)
This form was at first identified by Dr. Fischer with the T. rarus, of Dufo (Ann. des. Sc. Nat. 2e. Ser. xiv, 1840, p. 188). This form, however, cannot be certainly determined from Dufo's miserable description, and had better be dropped altogether ; or, as Fischer suggests, be relegated to the synonymy of T. pharaonius.
T. MARGARITARIUS Philippi. PI. 13, fig. 90.
Shell conical, umbilicate, ornamented with granose cinguli (about 7 on penultimate whorl), brown, the 2d and 4th cinguli ornamented with black, 6th and 7th with alternating brown, white and black granules ; margin of the umbilicus dentate ; columella solute above, terminating in a plicate tooth below ; lip dentate within.
The grains of the second and fourth rows are much smaller than the rest, and are formed of alternating white and black grains. The base shows 10 concentric rows of granules, in which every fourth granule is black. The aperture and the umbilicus are formed just as in T. pharaonius. In all varieties the ground-color is a dirty flesh-color, and alternating series of granules white and black articulated. Alt. 12, diam. 14 mill. (Philippi.)
3Lonodonta margaritaria PHIL., Zeitschr. f. Mai. 1846, p. 100. — T. margaritarius PHIL., Conchyl. Cab., p. 74, t. 14, f. 4.
Philippi quotes as possibly the same as margaritarius the figure of T. clangulus, in Wood's Index Test. It is not that species, how- ever. It may be allied to stigmatarius.
T. AMCENUS Koch. PI. 42, figs. 19, 20.
Shell elevated conical, false-umbilicate, granulate ; whorls plane, the last rounded-angulate ; granose cinguli 4 or 5, first and third pale pink, second, fifth and basal (6 to 7) cinguli whitish, every
TROCHUS. 69
fourth granule brown ; aperture rhoniboidal, lip smooth within ; col- umella oblique, solute above, terminating below in a strong tooth, margin reflexed. (Fhilippi.')
Allied to T. pharaonius. The shell is elevated conical, with a rounded angle on the periphery, the base elevated but not rounded. The whorls are about 8, the uppermost forming a rosy apex, pretty smooth, the following elegantly encircled by series of granules, act- ually 12 in number, but only 4 shown upon the upper whorls, the suture running upon the middle of the fifth. The interstices are somewhat narrower than the ridges, and under a lens are seen to be finely, densely, obliquely striate. The first and second rows of granules* are pale flesh-colored ; the rest have regularly 3 white granules, then a brown one. The aperture is rhombic, with rounded outer portion. The outer lip is thickened within, but simple, smooth ; the columella oblique, solute above, its edge reflexed, below ending in a strong tooth, near which is a denticle. The false- umbilicus is rather narrow, with smooth margin. Alt. 82, diam. 71 mill. (Philippi.')
Habitat unknown.
T. amoemis KOCH in PHILIPPI, Conchyl. Cab., p. 100, t. 16, f. 1.
I have seen nothing in nature or the books like this form. The lack of folds within the outer lip is different from the numerous species of Clanculus having similar elevated conical form.
T. STIGMATARIUS A. Adams. PL 15, fig. 53 ; pi. 19, figs. 5-8.
This is a globose- conoid, solid, false-umbilicate species, very similar to T. clanguloides, but differing in the following characters: It is more solid, more elevated, somewhat the shape of a Minie ball. There are 6 to 7 whorls, the sutures somewhat impressed ; the penul- timate is encircled by 6-8, the last whorl by 18 (more or less) gran- ulose line, every alternate rib of the upper surface and tw7o or three of the base roseus, articulated with dots of brilliant rose-red, the ground-color faint pinkish or yellowish. The base is quite convex ; the aperture tetragonal, contracted by teeth and the deflection of the superior margin, which is straightened, bearing a strong tooth, below which the outer and basal lips are well rounded, and bear, within, a few plica?. The columella is short, very deeply entering the profound, narrow umbilicus (much narrower than in T. clangu- loides) ; anterior edge of the columella as in clanguloides ; terminat- ing below in a very large, heavy, trifid quadrangular tooth, much
70 TROCHUS.
larger than the corresponding part in T. clanguloides ; parietal callous slightly wrinkled ; umbilicus border with only one or two denticles. Alt. 12-14, diam. 11-12 mill.
Philippines ; Upolu ; Ins. Phoenix, Art, New Caledonian Archipel- ago ; Guan, Marianne Archipelago ; Viti Is.
Clanculus stigmatarius A. AD., P. Z. S., 1851, p. 161. — FISCHER, Coq. Viv., p. 217, t. 71, f. 4.
A beautiful rose-dotted species, of which many specimens collected by PEASE and by GARRETT are before me.
T. UNEDO A. Adams. PL 10, figs. 17, 18.
Shell elate-conic, very solid, narrowly false-umbilicate, red or reddish brown, dotted with black; rosy at apex; outlines of spire a little concave toward the apex ; whorls about 7, nearly flat above, sutures linear, impressed, last whorl descend ing anteriorly, encircled by about 13 or 14 granose line every second one, or on some spec- imens every one articulated with black dots ; the interstices finely spirally and obliquely striate ; base convex ; aperture tetragonal, the outer lip bearing within a strong tubercle above, and a few plica? on the outer and lower part ; columella short, oblique, with a very slight fold above, very deeply entering the profound, extremely narrow axial pit, and at the base terminating in a large squarish trifid tooth ; parietal tract finely Avrinkled ; umbilicus bounded by a plicate rib. Alt. 12-16, diam. 11-15 mill.
Lis. Art, New Caledonian Archipelago (Montrouzier) ; Viti Is. (Garrett.)
This species differs from T. stigmatarius in the same way that that form differs from T. clanguloides. It is higher, narrower, more acute than stigmatarius ; the color is darker ; the line of the body-whorl less numerous, and the umbilicus narrower. The microscopic spiral lines in the inter-liral interstices also constitute a perfectly tangible and characteristic difference.
T. CEYLANICUS Nevill. PL 11, fig. 48.
Shell small, conical, solid, whitish or yellowish, radiately striped above with sepia, alutaceous or reddish brown, the stripes at the periphery frequently branching, and with additional stripes inter- calated between them, all of which continue upon the base as narrow rays, or are there broken into tessellations ; whorls 5 to 6, slightly convex, spirally gran ose-1 irate, the last bearing 12 or 13 line, the upper six larger, separated by obliquely striate interstices about as
TROCHUS. 71
wide as the ridges, basal line finer, closer, more minutely granose ; last whorl bluntly angulate at the periphery, slightly convex beneath, slightly deflected anteriorly ; aperture oblique ; outer and basal lips curved, with a plicate thickening or rib within, and a small pliciform denticle above ; columella very deeply inserted in the narrow, pro- found umbilicus, its middle portion subdentate, terminating below in a strong tri-plicate tooth ; umbilicus with a strongly crenulate marginal rib. Alt. 7, diam. 7 mill.
Ceylon.
Clanculus ceylanicus G. and H. NEVILL, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, xxxviii, 1869, p. 157, t. 17, f. 7. — FISCHER, Coq. Viv., p. 303, t. 96, f. 3.
A small brown-radiate species, somewhat similar to T. clangu- loides in form. The more characteristic marks, aside from form and coloration, are the narrow, deep umbilicus, with centrally inserted deeply entering columella, the large, trifid basal tooth, and the number of granose spiral ribs, which is fewer than in allied forms.
T. THOMAS: Crosse. PI. 10, figs. 14, 15.
Shell conic-globose, umbilicate, maculate with white on a ground of reddish carmine ; whorls 5, convex, spirally traversed by five very finely granulose lirse, the first two small, third larger, fourth small, fifth larger than the others ; suture profoundly impressed, canalicu- late, last whorl with 8 lirse on the base encircling the umbilicus ; columella unequally bidentate, the basal tooth larger, compressed ; lip at base obsoletely denticulate, elsewhere edentulous ; aperture oblique, less ringent than most species of Clanculus, fauces sulcate, nacreous ; umbilicus white, in young shells smooth, in adults ob- soletely crenulated. Alt. 6-62, diam. 62 mill. (Fischer.)
Is. Art, Nei.v Caledonia.
Clanculus thomasi CROSSE, Journ. de Conch, x, 1862, p. 405, t. 13, f. 4.— T. thomasi FISCHER, Coq. Viv., p. 321, t. 101, f. 1.
A variety is olivaceous green, maculate with white, the apex rosy.
It is a small species, with very prominent, compressed basal tooth, and slight crenulations at the margin of the umbilicus, the right lip not dentate.
T. SATRAPIUS von Martens. PL 39, figs. 25.
Shell conoidal, umbilicate, granulate-cingulate, cinguli unequally elevated, smaller ones interpolated, numbering 5 to 6 between suture and periphery, 7 to 8 on the base of the last whorl ; periphery
72 TROCHUS.
obtusely angulated; granules of rosy-red and white subalternating ; suture moderate ; aperture very oblique, subquadrangular, fauces sulcate, corresponding to the ridges of the exterior ; outer margin obtuse, subcrenulated ; basal margin plicatulate ; columella disjoined and prominently denticulate above, oblique, with 1 or 2 tubercles where it joins the basal margin ; umbilicus narrow, margin not crenate, with an elevated fold within, white.
Alt. 14, diam. 14? mill. (Martens)
Persian Gulf; Aden.
T. satrapius MART., Vorderas. ConchyL, p. 100, t, 6, f. 50. — T. ton- nerrei NEVILL, Jo-urn. Asiat. Soc. Beng., 1874, p. 27, t. 1, f. 3, and 1. c. 1875, p. 103.
T. CORALLINUS Gmelin. PI. 10, figs. 1, 2.
Shell globose-conic, umbilicate, coral-red or brown, marked beneath the sutures with narrow flames of white and maculations of brown, and on the base dotted with white ; spire conic, acute ; sutures subcanaliculate ; whorls 5 to 6, convex, spirally granose- lirate, the last rounded, encircled by 14 or 15 conspicuously granose equal ridges, the interstices finely obliquely striate, and with more or less obvious spiral striae ; aperture oblique, subtetragonal ; outer lip plicate within, dentate above, the tooth usually bifid ; basal margin curved, crenulate within ; columella inserted deep in the rather narrow umbilicus, bearing a strong dentiform fold above and a large quadrangular biplicate tooth at the base ; parietal wall wrinkled ; umbilicus white, smooth within, with a crenulate margin.
Alt. 9, diam. 11 mill.
Mediterranean and Adriatic Seas.
Trochus corallinus GMEL., Syst. Nat. xiii, p. 3576 (1788), and of most authors. — Monodonta couturii PAYRANDEAU, Cat. desc. et. Mctli. des Annelides et des Moll, de Vile de Corse, p. 134, t. 6, f. 19, 20 (1826).— Otavia corallina, Risso, Hist. Nat. VEur. Merid. iv, p. 133. — ? Trochus roseus VON SALTS, Reisen ins KonigreicJis Neapel, p. 376 (1793). — Clanculus corallinus, BUCQUOY, DAUTZENBERG et DOLL- FUS, Moll. Mar. du Eoussillon, p. 409, t. 50, f. 1-4 (1885).— Trochus multigranatus PHILIPPI, Zeitschr. f. Mai. 1848, p. 147. — ConchyL Cab., p. 239, t. 36, f. 6. (PI. 19, figs. 14, 15.)
A common Mediterranean species exhibiting considerable varia- tion iri color. The deep brown form is var. brunneus Requien. (Var. atra Monts. is a synonym.) Philippi's T. multigranatus was described
TROCHUS. 73
from a specimen with 16 series of granules upon the body-whorl. The species is somewhat allied to T. ceylanicus, but is larger, less conical, and has a different color-pattern. The large basal tooth will separate it from other Mediterranean forms. I have not thought it necessary to quote in the synonymy every author who has written on this well-known species.
T. ERUBESCENS Philippi. PI. 42, figs. 12, 13.
Shell conoidal, white, radiate with red ; whorls slightly convex, deeply separated by the suture, granulate, granules of the penul- timate whorl in 5 to 6 series, 7 on the last, 12 to 14 on the base ; false-umbilicus with a denticulate margin; aperture subrhomboidal ; columella straight, denticulate above, subsolute, the margin crenula- ted. (Philippi^
The shell is conoidal, somewhat broader than high, granulate. The whorls are but slightly convex, but separated by a deep suture, the lower ones with 5-6 rows of granules, of which the three upper are crowded, the two lower wider apart. In the interstices there are two elevated lines, which also become rows of granules at last. The false-umbilicus is denticulate on its margin. The almost vertical columella has a tooth above, and three denticles on the edge. The outer lip is plicate within, but less obviously to the touch than to the sight. The color is whitish with pale red flames. From T. kraussi this species is distinguished by the more depressed shell, less convex whorls, paler color and much more numerous series of granules of the base. Alt. 11, diam. 14 mill. (Philippi.)
Habitat unknown.
T. erubescens PHILIPPI, Conchyl. Cab., p. 101, t. 16, f. 13.
Seems to be a variety of T. kraussi. T. BERTHELOTI d'Orbigny. PL 11, figs. 46, 47.
Shell small, globose-conic, very similar in form to T. corallinus ; yvhorls 5, acutely granose-lirate, brown, below the sutures more or less maculated with blackish, base dotted with white ; last whorl en- circled by 11 sharply granose ridges, those of the base profoundly separated by deep grooves, wider than the ridges ; aperture as in T. corallinus, but the tooth at base of columella more pointed, smaller.
Alt. 6-8, diam. 8*-9 mill.
Madeira, Azores and Canary Is.
Monodonta bertheloti D'ORB., in Webb et Berthelot, Hist. Fat. des Canaries, p. 81, t. 6, f. 17-20. — Trochus bertheloti PHILIPPI, Conchyl. Cab., t, 39, f. 17.— FISCHER, Coq. Viv., p. 295, t. 95, f. 1.
74 TROCHUS.
Allied to T. corallinus, but easily distinguished by the deeply separated lirse of the base.
T. CRUCIATUS Linne. PI. 11, figs. 60, 61 ; pi. 19, figs. 16, 17.
Shell globose-conic, narrowly umbilicate, spire conic, apex acute,, pinkish ; dark brown, blackish or pink, radiately maculated with white below the sutures, and dotted with white around the center of the base ; whorls 5 to 6, convex separated by canaliculate sutures,, spirally granose-lirate ; body-whorl rounded, encircled by about 13 line, those above the periphery granulose, about as wide as the interstices, those beneath more separated, smoother ; interstices finely spirally striate ; base convex ; aperture subcircular, oblique ; outer and basal lips rounded, finely crenulate within ; columella slightly concave, bearing a small denticle at base and above near the in- sertion ; parietal wall nearly smooth ; umbilicus deep, narrow, smooth, and white within, bordered by a strong smooth or obsoletely crenulated marginal rib, and surrounded by narrow tract of white.
Alt. 8-9, diam. 9-10 mill.
Mediterranean Sea ; Cape Verde Is. (Rochebrune.)
T. cruciatus, LINN., Syst. Nat. xii, p. 1228. (1767).— HANLEY, Ipsa Linn. Conch., p. 315, t. 5, f. 6.— FISCHER, Coq. Viv., p. 298, t. 95, f. 3.—Monodonta vieillotii PAYRANDEAU, Cat. des Annelides et des Moll. Corse, p. 135, t. 6, f. 21-23 (1826).— T. vieilloti PHILIPPI, Comliyl. Cab., p. 80, t. 14, f. 13, and of other authors.— T. med- iterraneus WOOD, Ind. Test. Suppl., t. 5, f. 32. — Clanculus eruciatut BUCQUOY, DAUTZ. ET DOLLFUS, Moll. mar. du Roussillon, p. 411,t. 50, f. 5-12.
A species of about the size of T. corallinus. The obsolescence of the teeth will distinguish this form from any other Mediterranean Clanculus. The subgenus Clanculopsis of Monterosato is based upon this character ; but in view of the great variation observed in the teeth of nearly related species, and of the fact that this shell is really very closely allied to T. corallinus I am not inclined to give any systematic value to the division.
Var. GLOBOSO-CONICA Arad. et Ben. (Conch, viv. mar. della Sicilia^ p. 171.)
Whorls with a broad subsutural margin lacking line ; last whorl with four, penultimate and antepenultimate with three granose lirse. A form said by Aradas and Benoit to be constant, though rare. I have not seen examples.
TROCHUS. 75
The following variations have received names. They are scarcely distinct enough to be called varieties, for typical examples of all three occur in one of the sets before me.
Var. nigrescens Requien. (-brunnea Req.,-monochroa Monte.) Color uniform brown or blackish, without white flammules.
Var. rosea Monts. (pi. 19, fig. 13.) Rose-colored, with or without white markings.
Var. Candida Monts.'(pl. 19, fig. 12.) Entirely white. This and var. rosea are abundant in the Gulf of Gabes, Tunis. (See Moll du Roussillon, p. 413.)
T. KRAUSSI Philippi. PI. 10, figs. 8, 9.
Shell umbilicate, conoid, moderately thick ; whorls 5, convex, separated by canaliculate sutures; first whorls eroded, whitish, the rest roseus, cinereous or brownish, ornamented with a few radiating white streaks, spirally granose-lirate, the line 6 on the penultimate whorl, the fifth larger, more prominent, simulating a carina ; last whorl angulate, plano-convex beneath, concentrically cingulate, the cinguli granose, about 7, the interstices sometimes bearing concentric liruke ; aperture rhomboidal, lip within thickened, sulcate, basal margin crenulate ; columella tuberculose, above twisted plicate, be- low obsoletely truncate ; umbilical area white spirally plicate, mar- gin crenulate ; parietal callous thin, wrinkled.
Alt. 19, diam. 12 mill. (Fischer.)
W. Coast of Africa.
Monodonta kraussi PHILIPPI, Zeitschr. f. Mai. 1846, p. 100.— I7. kraussi PHIL. Conchy I. Cab., p. 82, 1. 14, f. 14. — FISCHER, Coq. Viv., p. 377, t. 114, f. 4.
Allied according to Dr. Fischer, to T. cruciatus L. but distinguished by the less rounded whorls, shallower sutures, closer spiral lirse, smaller tooth at base of columella and by the well developed um- bilical crenulations.
T. JUSSIEUI Payrandeau. PI. 11, figs. 36-38 ; pi. 19, fig. 11.
Shell depressed-globose conic, umbilicate, polished, shining, black- ish, olive or purplish brown, unicolored, dotted or tessellated with white, often with short flames of white beneath the sutures and always more or less marked with white around the umbilicus ; spire conical, sutures simple, impressed ; whorls 5 to 6, convex, the upper surface marked with obsolete, frequently almost imperceptible lirse, the interstices between them finely spirally striate ; base smoother,
76 TROCHUS.
lightly concentrically marked around the center ; aperture rounded, outer and basal margins crenulated within ; columella bearing a small tooth above and below, concave between them, deeply entering the umbilicus, but inserted on its edge ; umbilicus rather deep, smooth within, bordered by an irregularly crenulated rib.
Alt. 11, diam. 14 mill ; alt. 8£ diam. 9 mill.
Mediterranean and Adriatic Seas.
Monodontayussicei PAYR. Cat. Annelides et Moll. Corse, p. 136, t. 6, f. 24, 25 (l&Zfy.—M.jusaieui PHILIPPI, Enum. Moll. Sicil, ii, p. 157 (1844).— Trochus jussieui PHIL., Conchyl. Cab., p. 81, t. 14, f. 11. — FISCHER, Coq. viv., p. 238, t. 82, f. 1. — Clanculus jussieui BUCQ., DAUTZ. ET DOLLF., Moll. Mar. du Rouss., t. 50, f. 13-20, p. 413.— Clanculus blainvillei CANTRAINE, Malac. Medit. et lift. t. 6, f. 14, 14a ; Bull. Acad. Brux., ix, p. 344. — Trochus glomus PHILIPPI, Enum. Moll. Sicil., ii, p. 157, t. 25, f. 16 ; Conchyl. Cab. p. 82, t. 14, f. 15.
To be consistent, Payrandeau's original spelling of this name ought to be revived ; but since the emended form used by Philippi has been adopted by all modern authors we would perhaps in this case lose rather than gain by a rigid adherence to principle. The species was named in honor of M. ADRIEN DE JUSSIEU, " professeur au Jardin du Hoi."
It is a variable form in size, coloration and sculpture ; the surface is remarkably smooth and shining for a Clanculus. The following color varieties are described by Messrs Bucquoy, Dautzenberg and Dollfus. (Moll, du Roussillon,p. 415.)
Var. GLOMUS Phil. (pi. 19, figs. 9, 10). More decidedly lirate above than the type. This is a transition form to T. cruciatus.
Var. STRIATA Monts. Small, polished, under a lens showing fine spiral lines. (Gulf of Gabes, Tunis.') Var. BLAINVILLEI (pi. 11, fig. 36). Conspicuously tessellated. Var. ROSEOCARNEA Monts. Roseate or violaceus in color.
T. SPADICEUS Philippi. PL 9, figs. 97, 98 ; pi. 11, figs. 52, 53.
Shell umbilicate, conoid, thick, shining; whorls 5£, convex, the first vivid rose-color, following chestnut-brown, subcanaliculate at the suture, in the middle subangulate, minutely spirally cingulate, the ridges about 9 on the penultimate whorl ; last whorl carinated, slightly convex beneath and paler, white and brown maculate, con- centrically marked with about 9 delicate line, the interstices radi- ately striate; aperture subtrapezoidal, plicate within; lip double,
TROCHU8. 77
basal margin denticulate ; columella oblique, granulose without, above contorted, truncated below ; umbilical area white, with an interior spiral ridge, crenulated at margin ; columellar callous obso- lete. Alt. 10, diam. 14 mill. (Fischer.)
W. Coast Equatorial Africa ; Annabon Id.
T. spadiceusPmL, Zeitschr.f. Mai. 1848, p. 125. — Conchyl Cab., p. 239, t. 36, f. 7. — DUNKER, Lid. Moll. Guin. infer, coll. p. 17. t. 2, f. 43-45.— FISCHER, Coq. Viv., p. 390, t. 117, f. l.— T. ludwigi KRAUSS, Die. Sudaf. Moll. p. 99, t. 5, f. 33 (1848).— PHILIPPI Conchyl Cab., p. 323, t. 46, f. 5. Allied to the preceding by the comparatively smooth shell.
T. ludwigi Krauss (pi. 13, figs. 93, 94) seems to be an immature form of spadicus, and if so probably has priority ; for the preface of Die Sudaf. Moll, is dated January, 1848. The diagnosis of Krauss is as follows :
Shell obliquely conoidal, apex acute, umbilicate, roseate, sculpt- ured with irregular delicate transverse striae, which are subgranulose below the suture ; whorls 6, convex ; separated by subcanaliculate su- tures, the last subangulate; base convex, striate, with two white-spotted cinguli around the umbilicus ; umbilicus white, bounded by a prom- inent margin ; columella oblique, solute above, unidentate, base (4 or 5) denticulate ; aperture rounded-rhomboidal ; lip acute, callous and denticulate within. Alt. 2, 4, diam. 3 lines. (Krauss.)
Cape of Good Hope.
T. ATROPURPUREUS Gould. PL 15, figs. 50, 51 ; pi. 11, figs. 28-32;
pi. 13, figs, 86-87.
Shell depressed, conoid, umbilicate, dark purplish or ferrugineous brown, unicolored, the apex carmine; whorls 6, convex, granose- lirate, the sutures narrowly subcanaliculate, last whorl rounded at the periphery, abruptly briefly deflected anteriorly, encircled by 16 or 17 finely, very regularly but feebly granose line, which are wider on the base ; aperture rounded, outer and basal lips regularly curved thickened and finely crenulated within ; columella deeply entering the profound umbilicus, bearing a minute denticle above and at the base ; umbilicus profound, smooth within, bordered and constricted by a marginal rib bearing about four white teeth, the largest near to the parietal wall of the aperture. Alt. 7, diam. 9 mill.
Samoan and Viti Is.; Sorong, New Guinea; San Christoval, Solomon Is.; Tutuila, Navigators' Is.
78 TROCHUS.
Trochus (Monodonta) atropurpureus GLD., Proc. Host. Soc. Xat. Hut iii, p. 107 (1849).— U. S. Expl Exped. Shells, p. 189, t. 13, f. 224. — Trochus samoensis HOMBRON ET JACQUINOT, Voy. au Pole Sud. etc., Zool., v. p. 58, 1. 14, f. 21-25 (1854).— FISCHER, Coq. Viv., p. 239, 1. 82, f. 2.
A solid little species, evidently allied to the group of T. cru- ciatus (l< Clanculopsis "). Numerous specimens before me show little variation. The more notable characters are the uniform dark color with rosy apex, the very regular and superficial cutting of the lirse into beads on every part of the surface, and the teeth around the umbilicus.
T. BATHYRHAPHE E. A. Smith. PI. 11, figs. 34, 35.
Shell depressed-conic, the base flattened, olive-green, the apex green, ornamented with deep brown granules, rather widely umbil- icate; whorls 5i, convex, separated by a narrowly canaliculate suture, encircled by granose Iira3, about 7 on penultimate whorl ; last whorl with roundly angulated periphery, encircled by about 14 granulose lira?, umbilicus white, surrounded by a white granuliferous rib, and with a smooth rib within; aperture oblique, beautifully pearly, lirate within, lip with the outer margin crenulated, at the base strongly lirate ; columella inserted on the whorl above, oblique, dentate below. Alt. 6$, diam. 8-] mill. (Smith.')
San Christoval, Solomon Is.
Trochus ( Clanculus) bathyrhaphe SMITH, Journ. Linn. Soc. London, xii, p. 557, t. 30, f. 17 (1876).
Distinguished from atropurpureus by the difference of color, more rounded spire, and the peculiarity of the umbilicus. The main color of bathyrhaphe is a very dark olive-green, the apex being bright green ; the granules of the infrasutural series, which are con- siderable larger than the rest, are dark brown at intervals, two or three together being of this color, and those between them of the same hue as the shell. The granules on the base are subalternately reddish-brown and greenish. (Smith.')
T. MICRODON A. Adams. PI. 13, figs. 91, 92.
Shell depressed conoidal, thick, solid, of a reddish-brown hue, interstices between the ribs, chocolate colored, above marked with a few broad yellowish or flesh-tinted maculations radiating from the sutures toward, but not quite reaching the periphery, which with the base, has the ribs sparcely dotted with white ; spire low-conic, apex
TROCHUS. 79
roseate ; suture distinct, not canaliculate ; whorls 5, moderately convex, encircled by lirse more or less distinctly granulate, very unequal in size, numbering, on the last whorl about 14, the inter- stices closely obliquely striate, and usually bearing a minute central riblet ; body-whorl descending anteriorly, rounded at the periphery ; base convex, the revolving lirse more superficially and much more •closely cut into granules than those of the upper surface, and also broader, flatter, and equal in size, numbering 6 to 7, one or two around the umbilicus white, dotted with yellow or reddish, the remainder reddish-brown, sparcely articulated on the ribs with white, sometimes radiately marked with narrow white stripes ; aperture oblique, somewhat contracted, subcircular ; outer and basal lips thickened, finely crenulated within ; columella oblique, with a tooth-like fold above, solute, and deeply inserted upon the side of the umbilicus, middle portion concave, with a reflexed subdenticulate edge, ending beneath in a minute denticle ; umbilicus profound, smooth and polished within, bordered by a strong rib bearing 6 or 7 projecting white teeth, the upper one the largest. Alt. 9, diam. 12 mill.
Andaman Is.
Clanculus microdon A. AD., P. Z. S. 1851, p. 162. — E. A. SMITH, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 818, t. 50, f. 21.
A species belonging to the group of atropurpureus, bathyrhaphe, etc., including species in which the base of the columelia is scarcely toothed, but passes into the basal margin in a regular curve, bearing several subequal denticles, the columella above inserted upon the side of the umbilicus instead of in the center of the axis as in the typical Clanculopsis. From T. atropurpureus, which seems to be its nearest ally, T. microdon differs in the larger size, variegated color- ation, and irregularity of the spiral ribs on the upper surface.
T. PLEBEICJS Philippi. PL 10, figs. 19-22 ; pi. 13, figs. 1, 2.
Shell small, depressed, umbilicate, pinkish brown, gray or yellow, the ribs articulated with dots of black and white, often forming radiating lines above, zigzag beneath, where yellow replaces pink in the ground-color ; spire low-conic, apex acute ; whorls about 5, coarsely lirate, the sutures subcanaliculate ; body-whorl obtusely angular at the periphery, its upper surface encircled by 4 coarse, somewhat beaded lirse, the upper two contiguous, the third separated by wide intervals above and below it, the fourth peripheral, usually
80 TROCHUS.
formed of two ridges close together, the interstices bearing numerous fine spiral striae and sharp microscopic incremental stride ; base con- vex, concentrically sculptured with numerous (6 to 9) smooth striae, in the intervals between which very numerous microscopic striulse revolve ; aperture rounded, oblique, outer and basal margins thick- ened and very minutely crenulated within ; columella oblique not tortuous above, nor entering the umbilicus, but inserted upon its side; front edge nearly straight, denticulate at the base; umbilicus wide, not very deep, its margin somewhat denticulate. Alt. 7, diam. 10 mill.
S. Australia ; Tasmania.
T.plebejus PHIL. Zeitschr.f. Mai. 1851, p. 41, and Conchyl. Cub. p. 326, t. 46, f. 10.— FISCHER, Coq. Viv., p. 243, t. 83, f. 2, 2a.— Clanculus nodiliratus A. ADAMS, P. Z. S. 1851, p. 163. — C. nodolir- atus TENISON- WOODS, Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasmania, 1877, p. 40.
Both Adams and Philippi proposed names for this form in 1851. I give precedence to that of the latter author because the description is better, and is accompanied by excellent figures. The species when typically developed is easily recognized by the very coarse sculpture of the upper surface, and the minute concentric striation of the base and interstices. To this (typical) form Dr. Fischer gave the mss. name T. muscarius, which he considers a var. /?. of plebejus. There are also smoother forms exhibiting numerous line above, which, while still unequal in size, are not nearly so prominent as in the types. These specimens (pi. 13, figs. 77, 78) have a rounded pe- riphery, and only the upper few lirae are gran u lose. In the Academy collection they are marked C. rubicundus Mighels ; but I have seen no description of such a species by that author. The ground color is yellowish, obliquely, narrowly radiate above and below with blackish lines, edged anteriorly with white, the lines of base and top uniting in a V-shaped angle on the periphery, when the pattern is, not too much interrupted.
T. BICARINATUS Angas. PI. 11, figs. 33.
Shell umbilicated, turbinate, solid, very dark purplish-brown ; whorls 6, prominently keeled in the center, the last whorl with two keels, one above and one below the periphery, sculptured all over with distinct separated rows of regular, close-set bead-like nodules, those on the keels being double the size of those between them, the interstices crossed with fine oblique striae ; outer lip strongly dentate
TROCHUS. 81
within, and surrounded by a row of black spots at the margin ; col- umella nearly straight, with a small tooth-like projection at either end, the margin of the false-umbilicus dentate, with an incurved tooth above, and crenate at the base, around the umbilical margin white; interior pearly white. Alt. 12, diam. 16 mill. (Angas.)
Port Darwin, N. Australia. C. bicarinatas ANGAS, P. Z. S. 1880, p. 419, t. 40, f. 4.
This shell is remarkable from its having too strong keels on the last whorl, and also on account of its uniform dark brown color. (Angas.)
T. GRANOSUS Brazier.
Shell conoid, spire prominent, apex white, smooth; whorls 4], flattened, spirally encircled with four rows of beaded grains, the two upper near the suture being the smallest, interstices with very minute oblique striae, ornamented with white and light brown flames ; suture deep, last whorl large and inflated, having rive beaded rows of grains, the last being contiguous to the suture ; base slightly convex, finely grained; aperture oblique, triangularly ovate; peristome denticulated; columella white; umbilicus marginal plicated and denticulated below.
Alt. 6, diam. maj. 5J, min. 4J mill. (Brazier.}
Barnard Is., JVo. Ill, N.-E. Australia.
Clanculus granosus BRAZIER, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, ii, p. 43 (1878).
Found in crevices of large blocks of coral. I cannot determine the specific relationships of this unfigured Clanculus, as the descrip- tion gives no details of the structure of the columella.
T. RINGENS Menke. PL 11, figs. 49, 50.
Shell perforate, conical ; whorls 7, the first smooth, yellowish, following planulate, separated by canaliculate sutures, maculate with chestnut and white, spirally cingulate above with 4 elegantly gran- ulate ridges, the upper and lower the larger, last whorl acutely carinated ; base slightly convex, ornamented with 8 to 9 granose cinguli ; aperture rhomboidal, obliquer narrow ; basal margin sul- cate-denticulate ; columella strong, oblique, terminating below in A large tooth, ringent above ; columella callous, ringent, plicate.
Alt. 10, diam. 11 mill. (Fischer.)
S. Australia, Port. Lincoln; Van Diemen's Land.
82 TROCHUS.
Monodonta ringens MENKE, Spec. Moll. Nov. Holl. p. 14, no. 53 (not M. ringens PHIL. 1846). — T. ringens PHILIPPI, Conchyl. Cab., p. 235, t. 36. f. 1.— FISCHER, Coq. Viv., p. 213, t. 71, f. 1.
May be known by the conical form, not depressed rior gibbous like the majority of Clanculus. It is sometimes quite narrow, the altitude greater than the diameter.
T. LACEYI Sowerby Jr. PL 18, fig. 21.
Shell conical, grayish-brown, all over covered with series of mi- nute granules ; whorls 6, conspicuously bi-angulate ; last whorl slightly convex beneath ; umbilicus white, deeply excavated ; aperture oblique, fauces iridescent, obsoletely sulcate ; columella obscurely folded above, conspicuously uniplicate at base.
Alt. 14, diam. 13 mill. (Sowerby. ~)
Port Elizabeth, S. Africa.
Clanculus laceyi SOWB., Jo-urn of Conchol. (Leeds) vi, 1889, p. 11, t. l,f. 16.
An interesting bi-angulated species, more conical than C. car- inatus. (Sowb.)
Unfigured, imperfectly known and insufficiently described species of Clanculus.
The following species are known to me only by the descriptions, which are reprinted in full below. A few have been recognized by Australian naturalists, and in these cases I have given such addi- tional information as is accessible to me. Most of those descriptions by A. Adams, without either locality or measurements are mere trash. Such careless work does not deserve recognition.
The arrangement is alphabetical ; but the original sequence of the descriptions may be determined by the species number.
CLANCULUS ACUMINATUS A. Adams. C. testa elevato-conica ; spira acuminata, fusca, nigro-fusca punctata, cingulis transversis subdistantibus granorum ornata ; interstitiis lineis transversis et longitudinalibus decussatis; margine umbilici subnodulosa ; col- umella margine reflexo, integro, basi dente simplici magno terminate; labro intus lirato.
Sibonga, island of Zebu, under stones. (Cuming.)
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1851, p. 160, no. 31.
CLANCULUS ALBINUS A. Adams. C. testa conoidea, albida, cing- ulis granorum confertis ornata, grauis nonnullis fusca-punctatis ;
TROCHUS. 83
anfr. convexis, ultimo rotundato ; margine umbilici plicato-dentato ; columella callosa, plicis duabus transversis, basi dente triplicate terminata ; labro superne inflexo, intus lirato ; tuberculo magno "trisulcato prope marginem superiorem.
Habitat unknown. L. c. p. 160, no. 32.
CLANCULUS BRUNNEUS A. Adams. C. testa depresso-conica, fusca, ciagulis granorum subdistantibus ornata ; interstitiis longitudinaliter elevata striatis ; anfr. planiusculis, ultimo acute angulato, umbilici margine plana ; columella transversim plicata, margine fimbriata, basi dente bi-plicato terminata ; labro intus lirato, lira suprema majore.
Habitat unknown*
L. c. p. 161, no. 37.
CLANCULUS CINGULIFER A. Adams. C. testa elevato-conoidea, carneola, cingulo albo rufoque articulate ornata ; anfr. rotundatis, cingulis transversis granosis sculptis ; basi concava, peromphalo albo rosea radiato, margine plicato ; columella crassa, supra nodosa, infra uniplicata ; basi dente triplicate terminata ; labro intus lirato ; tuberculo maximo prope margine superiorem.
Habitat unknown.
L. c. p. 160, no. 28.
CLANCULUS CONSPERSUS A. Adams. C. testa orbiculato-conica, rufescente, albo rubroque variegata, cingulis moniliformibus trans- versis ornata, cingulo infra suturam majore, anfractu ultimo angu- lato ; columella antice plica magna transversa terminata, postice subcanaliculata vix tortuosa ; labro intus valde dentato-lirato.
Habitat unknown.
L. c. p. 163, no. 46. — TENTSON-WOODS, Proc. Eoy. Soc. Tasmania, 1877, p. 40.
Tenison-Woods says of this species : A trochiform coarsely gran- ular shell, with last whorl subangular, variegated red and white ; toothed on the inner lip. Alt. 11, diam. 13 mill, whorls 4$.
N.-E. Tasmania ; Bass' Sts.
CLANCULUS PEPICTUS A. Adams. C. testa conoidea, pseud o- umbilicata, albida, viridi fuscoque radiatim picta, cingulis sub- granosis insequalibus ornata ; anfr. planis, ultimo ad peripheriam angulato ; margine umbilici simplice ; columella superne uniplicata,
84 TROCHUS.
inferne tuberculis ' tribus parvis instructa ; intus lirato, margins Isevi.
Bombay (Cuming.)
A prettily variegated conical species, somewhat resembling a Polydonta in appearance. (A. Ad.)
P. Z. S. 1854, p. 316.
CLANCULUS EDENTULUS A. Adams. C. testa orbiculato-conoidea, sordido rufa, albo variegata, cingulis transversis granosis sculpta; anfr. parum convexis, umbilici margine subcrenulata ; columella supra plicata, infra edentula, margine infra tuberculis tribus ; labro intus subsulcato.
Habitat unknown.
P. Z. S. 1851, p. 162, no. 40.
CLANCULUS JUCUNDUS Gould. Testa parvula, depressa, ovato- conica ochracea vel rufescens; anfr. 5, convexis, prope suturam tessellatis, interdum omnino strigatis, liris inrequalibus cinctis, ad anfr. majores gemmatis ; sutura canaliculata ; basi rotundato ; um- bilico crenulato; dente columellari eminente, acuto ; labro intus sulcato. Alt, 5, diam. 5 mill.
Sydney, N. S. W.
About the size of C. minor.
Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist, viii, p. 17 (March, 1861). — Otia Conch., p. 156.
CLANCULUS MACULOSUS A. Adams. C. testa elevato-conoidea, rufo-fusca, maculis albidis variegata ; anfr. rotundatis, cingulis granorum ornatis, interstitiis oblique striatis, margine umbilici crenulato ; columella supra tuberculo magno instructa, basi dente biplicato terminata ; labro intus lirato, lira suprema maxima.
Habitat unknown.
P. Z. S., 1851, p. 160, no. 29.
CLANCULUS MINOR A. Adams. C. testa parva, conica, albida, fasciis rufo-fuscis radiatim ornata ; anfr. planis, cingulus transversis granosis sculpta, anfractu ultimo angulato, basi planiuscula, margiue umbilici crenulata ; columella tuberculo decurvato terminata ; labro intus lirato.
Id. of Masbate, sandy mud, 7 fms. (Cuming.)
L. c. p. 161, no. 36.
CLANCULUS NIGRICANS A. Adams. C. testa depresso-conica, umbilicate, nigricante ; aiifr. planis, cingulis quinque granulatis ornata, ultimo augulata, carinis planis duabus in parte inferiore,
TROCHUS. 85
cingulis 5-6 articulatis sulcisque intermediis sculpta ; umbilici margin e crenulato ; columella recta, superne soluta, in parte super- lore tuberculata, extus tuberculis tribus instructa ; labro intus Isevi.
Habitat unknown. L. c. p. 162, no. 41.
CLANCULUS ORMOPHORUS A. Adams. C. testa depresso-conica, umbilicata, anfr. rotundatis, cingulis granorum sequalibus ornatis, cingulo primo, secundo et tertio granis fuscis albis alternantibus, quarto granis fuscis ornato ; anfractu penultimo gibboso, ultimo rotundato ; umbilico crenulato ; columella callosa, subreflexa, basi dente triplicate.
Habitat unknown.
L. c. p. 159, no. 26. TROCHUS PLANOSPIRUS Kiener.
This species is known only by two illustrations in Kiener's Spec, et iconogr., genus Trochus, pi. 56, fig. 3 (copied on my pi. 11, figs. 41, 42). One of these figures is probably C. floridus Phil. ; the other is a different species, but it is practically unidentifiable because of the total lack of knowledge we have of the aperture.
CLANCULUS SULCARIUS A. Adams. C. testa parva, albida, fasciis fuscis radiatim ornata, cingulis distantioribus granorum instructa, interstitiis longitudinaliter oblique striatis ; anfr. parum convexis ; margine umbilici crenulato ; columella dente pliciformi ; labro intus crenulato.
Id. of Masbate, sandy mud, 1 fms. (Cuming.)
P. Z. S., 1851, p. 160,no.30.
CLANCULUS TEXTILOSUS A. Adams. C. testa conoidea, spira acuminata, cingulis granorum inaequalibus ornata, primo, tertio et sexto coccinea, secundo, quarto, quinto et septimo granis albis nigris alternantibus ornata ; margine umbilici dentato ; columella biplicata, margine acuta, basi dente triplicate terminata ; labro intus lirato, prope marginem superiorem tuberculo magno.
Id. of Ticao, sandy mud, 6 fms. (Cuming.)
i.e. p. 161, no. 35.
CLANCULUS TURBINOIDES A. Adams. C. testa turbinato-conoidea, fusca, cingulis subdistantibus granorum ornata ; interstitiis lineis transversis prominulis ; anfractibus rotundatis, sutura canaliculata, basi cingulis concentricis granorum instructa ; umbilico dentato ; columella sulcata, margine reflexa, tuberculis quatuor ; labro intus lirato.
Habitat unknown.
86 MONODONTA.
L. c. p. 160, no. 33.
CLANCULUS ZEBRIDES A. Adams. C. testa conoidea, fuscesceni, nigro-fusco radiatim picta, cingulis grauorum sculpta ; intersititiis lineolis transversis elevatis ; anfr. rotund atis ; umbilici margine crenulata ; columella supra tuberculo, margine callosa, basi tuberculo magno terminate ; labro intus dentibus linearibus instructo.
Habitat unknown.
L.c.p. 161, no. 39.
Said by Tenison- Woods to be the same as C. variegatus A. Ad.
Genus MONODONTA Lamarck, 1801.
Monodonta LAM. Syst. des. An. s. Vert. p. 87 (1801). — GRAY, Syst. Dist. Moll. Brit. Mus., p. 155.— A. AD. P. Z. S. 1851, p. 173.— H. and A. AD., Gen. Rec. Moll, i, p. 417. — WOODWARD, Manual of Moll. p. 144.^-FiscHER, Man. de Conchyl., p. 820. — Labio OKEN, Lehrbuch, p. 263, and some other authors. — Monodontes MONTF. Conch. Syst. ii, p. 195. — Trochidon SWAINS. Treatise on Malacol. p. 351. — Odontis SOWERBY, Cat. Tankerv. coll. p. 53. — Trochulus HUMPH. — Monodon SCHWEIGGER.
The genus Monodonta was first separated from the Linnseau genus Trochus by Lamarck in 1801, T. labio L. being given as the type. Later, Lamarck included many species of such dissimilar groups as Tectarius, etc ; but modern authors have restricted the genus to the toothed Trochids allied to the type.
Monodonta consists of globose-conoidal shells with more rounded body-whorl and aperture than Trochus. With the exception of several forms from the West Coast of S. America, the species are all Old World in distribution, mostly tropical. All are littoral. Geo- logically, the genus dates from the Trias. The prominent character of the dentition (pi. 50, figs. 5, 12) is the development of the lateral basal angles of the central and lateral teeth into broadly projecting lobes imbricating over the adjacent tooth ; the cusp of the central is wide, shortly reflexed, its edge denticulate at the sides, smooth in the middle.
Subgenus MONODONTA Lam. Section Monodonta (restricted). M. LABIO Linne. PL 19, figs. 95, 96.
Shell imperforate globose-turbinate, very solid, grayish-pink or greenish, mottled or longitudinally striped with purplish-red or
MONODONTA. o7
blackish ; spire conic, acute ; whorls 6-7, slightly convex, spirally sculptured with coarse, irregular, coarsely granose lime, about 6 in number on the penultimate whorl ; sutures not much impressed, the whorl flattened just below it; last whorl globose, rounded; base rounded ; aperture oblique lined with a white porcellaneous layer, rounded, the outer and basal lips margined with green, beveled to an edge, plicate within ; columella short, projecting and terminating as a square tooth-like prominence into the aperture below, forming a square notch between it and the oblique plications of the base ; parietal wall not calloused above. Alt. 35-40, diam. 28-34 mill.
Indian Ocean; E. African Coasts; E. Indies; Japanese and Chi- nese Seas.
An abundant and mutable species, very variable in the compar- ative length of the spire, and in coloration.
Trochus lafyio LINN, Syst. Nat. x, p. 759 (1758). — Monodonta labio LA.MARCK, Encyc. Meth., p. 447, f. 1, 2 and of. other authors. -Trochus labio PHILIPPI, Conchyl. Cab., p. 166, t. 27, f. 1-4, t. 44, f. 8.— FISCHER, Coq. Viv., p. 223, t. 73, f. 1, t. 74, f. 4.— Monodonta confusa, TAP-CAN., Zool. Viaggio della Magenta, Malac., p. 61, t. 1, f. 8 (1874).
TroschePs figure of the dentition of this species is given on PI. 50, fig. 5.
Var. CONFUSA Tapparone-Canefri. PI. 22, fig. 37.
This form, of which typical examples are before me, is shaped like M. labio ; the color is pink, longitudinally clouded with dusky ; the penultimate whorl bears 5 or 6, the last 13 or 14 spiral ridges ; the second one from the suture is very narrow ; the others are subequal, but become smaller beneath ; there are no lirulse intercalated between the ridges on the last whorl, as is usually the case in M. labio ; and the ridges are very conspicuously and regularly cut into oblong subquadrangular or lozenge-shaped grains by vertical iinpres-: sions as deep as the inter-liral grooves ; the basal tooth of the col- umella is smaller and more acute than in typical M. labio.
Alt. 16, diam. 15 ; alt. 20, diam. 18 mill.
Singapore.
Var. minor, or immanis of Fischer (1880) seems to be identical with confusa.
Tapparone-Canefri's figure, copied on my plate, does not distinctly enough show the coarsely granose character of the lira?.
The figure 88 of plate 62 represents, according to Philippi an aberrant form of M. labio.
MONODONTA.
M. AUSTRALIS Lamarck. PL 62, figs. 84, 85.
Shell similar to M. labio, but with rounder whorls, more marked sutures, the lirse lower, not granulose, tessellated with black and <r ravish or greenish ; penultimate whorl subangulate by the prom- inence of its central rib ; columella much less strongly dentate than M. labio, and the notch or canal below it shallow ; basal plicae less developed than in M. labio. Alt. 25, diam. 22 mill.
Seychelles ; Madagascar ; Cape of Good Hope.
M. australis LAM., An. sans Vert, vii, p. 35, no. 11 (1822). — M. viridis LAM., loc. cit. no. 13. — Trochus australis PHILIPPI, Conchyl. Cab., p. 169, t. 27, f. 4, 5.— FISCHER, Cog. Viv., p. 227, t, 74, f. 1, 2 (not of Quoy et Gurnard). — T. melanoehlorus PHIL., Conchyl. Cab., p. 220, t. 33. f. 2.
Var. VIRIDIS Lamarck.
Shell dark green, unicolored or nearly so. This is the T. mel- anoehlorus of Philippi.
M. CANALIFERUS Lamarck. PL 62, figs. 86, 87.
Shell similar to the preceding, but with more convex, rounded whorls, upon the last of which the spiral lirse become more or less obsolete ; the lirre are more distinct upon the upper whorls, and are smooth, with narrow interstices ; the color is reddish, purplish or green, the lirse usually articulated with white, but sometimes unicolored ; the outer lip is more curved and more finely crenulate within than that of M. labio ; the columella is short, squarely den- tate at base, its edge more or less rugose, and separated from the col- umellar area by a deep narrow straight sulcus, extending from the place of the umbilicus to the notch at base of columella ; basal notch deep, divided by a small denticle in the middle.
Alt. 21-24, diam. 18-20 mill.
New Caledonia; Manilla; New Ireland.
Monodonta canalifera LAM., An. sans Vert, vii, p. 55, no. 12 (1822). — Trochus canaliferus PHILIPPI, Conchyl Cab., p. 170, t. 27, f. 9, 10.— QUOY ET GAIM. Voy. de I'Astrol. t. 64, f. 26-29.— FISCHER, Coq. Viv., p. 225, t. 73, f. 2, et var. atramentaria FISCHER, t. 73, f. 3. — T.parvus TROSCHEL (in Mas. Berol.) PHILIPPI, Conchyl. Cab., p. 175, t. 27, f. 15.
M. labio has a somewhat similar sulcus parallel to the columella, but is very distinct in sculpture ; M. australis lacks the median tooth of the basal notch or canal and the sulcus upon the face of the col-
MONODONTA.
umella is much more superficial than in M. canalifera. T. parvus- Trosch. (pi. 34, fig. 27) seems to be identical.
Var. ATRAMENTARIA Fischer. PI. 62, fig. 86.
Blackish or blackish-green ; more distinctly spirally grooved than the type ; lip and columella green-bordered.
M. DAMA Philippi. PI. 21, fig. 24 ; pi. 22, fig. 38.
Shorter, more globose than M. labio ; nearly smooth ; whorls about 5 ; spire short, more or less elevated, the apex eroded ; follow- ing whorls convex ; sutures linear, impressed ; color cinereous, en- circled by spiral series of narrow purplish or brownish oblong mark- ings ; surface covered with minute narrow spiral ridges, scarcely elevated above the surface ; body- whorl large, globose, a little flat- tend below the suture, then convex ; aperture large, oblique ; outer lip finely plicate within ; columella short, ending in a smooth, but slightly salient basal tooth ; middle of the columellar area with a deep curved groove from the place of the umbilicus downward, the groove extending upon the basal lip as a submarginal sulcus ; basal notch or canal not deep, nor dentate in the middle ; basal lip subplicate within. Alt. 20, diam. 20 mill. ; alt. 29, diam. 27 mill.
Red Sea; Suez; Gulf of Akabo.
Trochus dama PHIL,., Zeitschr.f. MaL 184:8, p. 105. Conchyl. Cab.y p. 233, t. 35, f. 6.— FISCHER, Coq. Viv.t p. 360, t. Ill, f. 2.
Distinguished by the fine, sometimes obsolescent surface sculpture, the narrow articulated color-pattern, and especially by the semilunar sulcus upon the center of the columellar tract, which does not terminate at the basal notch but is continued upon the lip as a more or less obvious groove. This sulcus is in an entirely different place from that of M. canalifera, which is short, parallel to the edge of the columella, and straight.
M. VERMICULATA Fischer. PI. 21, figs. 25, 26 ; pi. 62, fig. 64.
Shell imperforate, solid, thick, subglobose; spire conoid, short; whorls 4 to 5, the penultimate and last quite convex, the last descending, more or less concave just below the linear suture ; young shells obsoletely spirally lirate, the sculpture disappearing with age; coloration consisting of numerous narrow red or orange zones alternat- ing with bands of light green articulated with black ; aperture oblique, round-ovate ; outer lip finely plicate within ; basal lip thickened, plicate ; columella short, terminating in an acute tooth ;
^U MONODONTA.
middle of the eolumellar area with a longitudinal semilunar groove, frequently irregularly curved ; basal notch or canal oblique, squar- ish, wider than deep, not denticulate in the middle.
Alt. 23, diam. 26 mill. ; alt, 17, diam. 17 mill.
Natal ; Ins. Socotra ; Mascat.
T. vermiculatus FISCHER, Journ. de Conch., 1874, p. 373, et Coq. Viv., p. 228, t. 74, f. 3. — T. australis (in part) PHILIPPI, Concliijl. Cab., t. 27, f. 6, 7.
This species of which numerous specimens collected by DR. EUSCHEHBERGER at Mascat, Arabia, are before me, is allied to M. australis and M. dama. From the former it is distinguished by the more depressed form, less numerous whorls, smooth surface almost without spiral ridges, the coloration, the more numerous finer grooves within the lip, and the smaller tooth of the columella. The color- ation is different from that of M. dama, which is, however, a very closely allied species.
There is great variation in color in this species. In some spec- imens red predominates; in others green; and often the general effect is an olive shade. There is usually a subsutural series of lig-ht and dark dashes. The numerous narrow red spiral lines are char- acteristic, but are also found sometimes on M. canalifera, — a species separated constantly from this by its deep basal notch, denticulate in the middle.
It is rather difficult to distinguish the species of this group ; but attention to the differential characters pointed out under each, will enable one to see that although closely allied they are distinct.
Section AUSTROCHLEA Fischer.
Aiistrochlea FISCHER, Manuel de Conchyl., 1885, p. 820. M. CONSTRICTA Lamarck. PL 20, figs. 6, 7.
Shell imperforate, thick, solid, lusterless ashen or whitish, obscurely marked with black zigzag lines and stripes, or with spiral articulated zones or with spiral stripes of black ; sometimes nearly unicolored ; spire conical, apex acute; whorls about 5, convex, the first eroded, the penultimate very strongly spirally tricostate, the last with about seven strong carina? ; aperture oblique ; outer and basal lips either thick and multi-lirate within, or rather thin and slightly furrowed at the places of the principal carinse ; columella short, oblique, sub- dentate at base, at the insertion spreading in a strong callous upon the parietal wall. Alt. 28-33, diam. 22-28 mill.
MONODOXTA. 91
Australian Coasts, Port Jackson; York Peninsula; Tasmania; JBass sts.
M. constricta LAM. An. s. Vert, vii, p. 36. — T. constrictus PHIL- IPPI, ConchyL Cab., p. 159, t. 26, f. 2b, 3. — QUOY ET GAIM., Voy. de V Astral, iii, p. 251, t. 63, f. 23, 24— FISCHER, Coq. Viv., p. 178, 't. 59, f. 2, t. 60, f. 4.— Trochus cochlea WOOD, Ind. Test, suppl., t. 5, f. 24.
The present form may be distinguished from the following by the prominence of the spiral ridges, and their number — three on the penultimate, seven on the last whorl. The ridges are sometimes less prominent upon old specimens.
M. ZEBRA Menke. PL 20, figs. 20.
Shell imperforate, thick, solid, lusterless, whitish or covered with a thin greenish-yellow cuticle, conspicuously longitudinally striped with black or dull red, the stripes sometimes zigzag ; spire conic, acute ; whorls 6 to 7, convex, obliquely striated and spirally ridged, the ridges 4 or 5 in number on the penultimate, 8 to 12 on the last whorl, not so prominent as in M. constricta, and closer, especially upon the base ; aperture as in M. constricta ; outer lip lirate or smooth within ; columella bearing an inconspicuous blunt tubercle near the base. Alt. 34, diam. 25 ; alt. 25, diam. 22 mill.
S. Australian Coasts; Tasmania.
Monodonta zebra MENKE, Verz. Malsb. Conch. /SammL, p. 17 (18 ^.— Trochus zebra PHILIPPI, ConchyL Cab,, p. 160, t. 26, f. 4. -FISCHER, Coq. Viv., p. 182, t. 60, f. 2 (not T. zebra Wood).— T. tceniatus QUOY ET GAIM., Voy. de T Astrolabe iii, p. 249, t. 69, f. 15 -17 (not T. teen laid s Wood). — Trochocochlea multicarinata CHEXU, Man. de ConchyL, ii, p. 360, f. 2676.— FISCHER, Coq. Viv., p. 184, t. 60, f. 3. — T. constrictus PHILIPPI (in part) ConchyL Cab., t. 26, f. 2a.— Q. ET G. (in part) Voy. de VAstrol t. 63, f. 26, 27.— T. obtusus "Chemn." PHILIPPI, Conchy L Cab., p. 19, t. 4, f. 3, 4.
This species may be separated from the preceding by the more numerous, less salient spiral ridges, and by the color pattern of dull red or black stripes alternating with white. The cuticle is usually rubbed off in adults, causing the underlying white to replace the yellow, and intense black the red, of fresh shells. The T. multicarin- <itus of Chenu (pi. 20, fig. 12) differs in the much closer, narrower stripes ; but that it is the merest color-variety is proven by numerous intermediate specimens before me.
92
MONODONTA.
Var. PORCATA A. Adams. PI. 20, figs. 10, 11.
More elongated than the type, aperture less dilated, columellar tubercle obsolete. Alt. 15 mill.
Labio porcatus A. AD. P. Z. S. 1851, p. 179 (not TrocJms porcatus- Phil.). — T. extenuatus FISCHER, Coq. Viv., p. 330, t. 103, f. 1.
Specimens received from Dr. Cox seem to be scarcely distinct from the M. zebra.
Section OSILINUS Philippi.
Osilinus PHIL. Zeitschr. f. Mai. 1847, p. 20; Handbuch der Conchyl. u. Malac. p. 210. — Trochocochlea "Klein" H. and A. AD. Gen. Rec. Moll, i, p. 425 (1858) ; and of FISCHER, TRYON, CHENU, and most authors. — Caragolus MONTEROSATO Nom. gen. e spec., p. 43 (1884).— Trochius Leach, in GRAY, 1850.— "Osilin" ADANSON.
After rejecting Klein's pre-Linnsean name Trochocochlea (not properly defined until 1858), we find Osilinus Phil., the next in order.
The section is restricted to the seas of Europe in distribution.
M. TURBINATA Born. PL 21, figs. 21-23.
Shell imperforate, conical, very solid and thick, whitish, tinged with gray, yellowish or greenish, tessellated with numerous spiral series of reddish, purple or chocolate subquadrangular blotches; spire more or less elevated, conoid, the apex eroded ; whorls about 6, slightly convex, with impressed spiral lines between the series of blotches, the last generally descending anteriorly ; base eroded in front of the aperture ; aperture very oblique ; outer lip beveled to an edge, thick, smooth, pearly and iridescent within; columella flattened on the face, bluntly lobed within, pearly, backed by an opaque white layer.
Alt. 25-30, diam. 24-30 mill. ; alt. 36, diam. 30 mill.
Mediterranean Sea, from the JEgean to Algiers and Spain; Portu- gal; Canaries.
Trochus turbinatus BORN., Test. Mus. COBS. Vindobon., p. 335, et T. tessulatus BORN., 1. c. p. 332, t. 12, f. 5, 6 (young shell) 1780.— T. tessellatus GMEL., Syst. Nat. xiii, p. 3583 (in part ; not T. tessel- latus GMEL., p. 3574). — Monodonta fragaroides LAMARCK, An. sans* Vert, vii, p. 36. — HIDALGO, Moluscos Marinos de Espana, etc., t. 61, f. 2, t. 62, f. 9-11.— T. Olivieri PAYR., Moll, de Corse p. 133, t. 6, f. 15, 16.— T. turbinatus PHILIPPI, Conchyl. Cab., p. 162, t. 26, f. 7-11.
MOXODONTA. 93
FISCHER, Coq. Viv., p. 201, t. 67, f. 6. — DESHAYES, Ann. de Malawi. (France) i, p. 9, t. 1, f. 1. — BUCQ., DATJTZENB., ET DOLLFUS, Moll. Mar, du Roussillon, p. 402, t. 48, f. 6—11. — Caragolus turbinatus MONTEROSATO, Norn. Gen. e Spec., p. 43.
The name T. tessulatus Born, was the first applied to this species ; but as Philippi, Fischer, and most modern authors have adopted the name turbinatus of Born, we had better not inquire too curiously into the question of absolute priority ; especially since tessellatus is a name that figures in the synonymy of the following species.
A number of varieties are recognized by Messrs Bucquoy, Daut- zenberg and Dollfus ; the principal ones are var. GLOBOSA Requieu, less elevated, more globose than the type ; var. ELONGATA Requien, a slender form (pi. 21, fig. 21); var. ZEBRA Wood, ornamented with longitudinal zigzag lines.
Plate 21, fig. 28 is M. fragoroidus of Lamarck.
M. ARTICULATA Lamarck. PL 21, figs. 33-36.
Shell imperforate in the adult, generally perforate when immature, elongate-conical, heavy and thick ; color cinereous greenish or whit- ish, spirally traversed by bands composed of alternating white and black purplish or red squarish spots, the intervals between the bands longitudinally closely lineolate with blackish ; spire elevated ; whorls about 6, the upper ones slightly convex, the last generally constricted and concave below the suture, then convex ; spiral im- pressed grooves or lines like those of M. turbinata in the young, but generally obsolete in adult specimens; aperture PS in M. turbiuata, but smaller and less oblique.
Alt. 25-30, diam. 21-24 mill.
Mediterranean and Adriatic seas ; Portugal. M. articulata LAM. An. s. Vert., vii, p. 36 (1822). — T. artieulatus PHILIPPI Conchyl. Cab., p. 163, t. 26, f. 13-15.— HIDALGO, Mol Mar. de Espana, etc., t. 61, f. 3, t. 62, f. 6-8. — DESHAYES, Ann. de MalacoL, i, 1870, p. 8, t. 1, f. 2.— FISCHER, Coq. Viv., p. 204, t. 68, f. 1. — BUCQ,, DAUTZ. et DOLLFUS, Moll. Mar. du Roussillon, p. 404, t. 49, f. 1-7, 10. — T. tessellatus VON SALIS MARSCHLINS, Reisen in Koen. Neapel, p. 374, t. 7, f. 7 (not tessellatus Gmel.). — DESHAYES, Exped. sci. au Moree, p. 140. — M. draparnaudii PAYR., Moll, de Corse, p. 131, t. 6, f. 17, 18.
The form of this species is more elongated than the preceding, and the last whorl usually more concave above ; the coloration will also separate the turbinata from this species ; for the former has no
94 MONODONTA.
markings upon the spaces between the blotches, while articulata is all over closely lineolate in zigzag pattern, and the spiral series of blotches are comparatively few and widely separated. Some speci- mens are conspicuously spirally grooved, some are quite smooth.
M. MUTABILIS Philippi. PI. 30, figs. 20-22 ; pi. 20, figs. 13, 14.
Shell globose-conoid, umbilicate or subimperforate, solid resem- bling a young M. articulata ; color usually grayish-yellow, yellow or flesh-tinted, more or less obviously marked with obliquely radiating lines or maculations of dull crimson, sometimes broken into tes- sellations, sometimes faintly, minutely articulated with reddish, appearing nearly unicolored ; spire short, conoid ; suture impressed ; whorls 5 to 6, slightly convex, spirally finely grooved, the last some- what flattened around the upper part ; aperture very oblique, large, the lip forming half of a circle, not so much thickened nor beveled within as in M. articulatus ; columella more flattened than that of M. articulatus, scarcely edged with pearl, the tooth or lobe less heavy, more acute than that species ; umbilical region always more excavated than M. articulatus, the umbilicus open, or nearly closed by the callous at the insertion of the columella.
Alt. 16-18, diam. 17-19 mill.
Mediterranean and Adriatic Seas-
Trochus mutabilis PHILIPPI, Conchyl. Cab., p. 166, t. 26, f. 18-22 (1846).— FISCHER, Coq. Viv., p. 314, t. 99, f. 2.— BUCQ., DAUTZ. ET DOLLFUS, Moll. Mar. du Rouss., p. 407, t. 49, f. 11-14. — T. articu- latus var. WEINKAUFF, Conchyl. des Mittelmeeres, ii, p. 355.
A species which exhibits a curious combination of the characters of M. articulatus and Gibbula richardi Payr. From the former it differs in the finer sculpture, lighter columella and more excavated umbilical tract; in the last character mutabilis approaches Gibbula richardi. The dentition of the latter species should be examined ; that of mutabilis, if correctly figured by Troschel (Des Gebiss der Schnecken, ii, t. 22, f. 14), is similar to the other species of Osilinus*
M. CRASSA Montagu. PL 21, figs. 27-30.
Shell imperforate, subperforate in the young, globose-conic, very thick and solid, dull grayish, densely marked all over with very numerous fine flexuous or zigzag anastomosing purplish-black lines ; spire conic; whorls 6 to 7, convex, the apex usually eroded and orange-colored ; last whorl flattened around the superior portion * base eroded in front of the aperture ; aperture oblique ; columella
MOSODOSTA. 95
short, obtusely subdentate near the base, spreading at the insertion into a heavy callous, which covers the umbilicus. Alt. 25, diam. 23 ; alt 30, diam. 27 mill.
Western Europe ; Portugal; Mogador ; British Is.
Trochus crassus PULT., Cat. Dorset., p. 44. — MONTAGU, Test. i, p. 281 (1803).— PHILIPPI, Conchyl. Cab., p. 164, t. 26, f. 15, 16.— FORBES and HANLEY, Hist. Brit. Moll., t. 65, f. 4, 5. — FISCHER, Coq. r/V., p. 202, t. 67, f. 2. — Lineatus DA COSTA, Brit. Conch., p. 100, t. 6, f. l.— T. lineatus JEFFREYS, Brit. Conch., iii, p. 317 ; v, t. 62, f. 6.— HIDALGO, Mol. Mar. de Esp., t. 61, f. 1, t. 62, f. 1-5.— B., D. et D., Moll, du Roussillon, t. 49, f. 8, 9. — Monodonta lugubris LAMARCK, An. s. Vert., vii, p. 37.
I have not seen the Catalogue of Pulteney, which is quoted by Montagu for this species. The name lineatus of Da Costa, used by many authors, should be considered inadmissible on account of the failure of that author to use generic in combination with his specific names.
This species is similar to M. turbinata in form, but usually has the outlines of the spire more convex. The culumella projection or tooth is nearer the base than in the turbinata, and the diverse color- patterns will serve to further distinguish the two species.
M. TAMSI Duuker. PL 20, figs. 3, 4 ; pi. figs.
Shell imperforate, conic, solid, spire conical, apical whorls eroded, the following dull cinereous or purplish-black, marked with several spiral rows of white spots, or with longitudinal zigzag white stripes, the base generally tessellated or striped with white ; whorls 5 to 6, the upper ones marked with spiral impressed lines in young speci- mens, and two carinse, the latter giving the last whorl a squarish form; aperture oblique, the lip not much thickened within; col- imiella short, obsoletely subdentate at base, above at the insertion with a heavy white callous spread upon the base, invading the um- bilicus, and wholly closing it, or leaving only a narrow pit.
Alt. 17-19, diam. 16 mill. ; alt. 23, diam. 19 mill.
Cape Verde and Canary Is. ; Coast of Guinea ; Cape of Good Hope.
Trochus tamsii DUSKER, in PHLIPPI, Abbild., i. p. 18'J, Trochus, t. 5, f. 3 (1845).— PHILIPPI, Conchyl. Cab., p. 160, t. 26, f. 5.— DUSKER, Lid. Moll. Guin., p. 16, t. 2, f. 40-42.— FISCHER, Coq.
MONODONTA.
Viv., p. 177, t. 59, f. l.— T. atratus WOOD, Ind. Test, suppl, f. 25 (1828). (Not T. atratus Gmel.)
The name of atratus Wood has priority in Monodonta, but has not been adopted by authors.
This species is quite variable in coloration, the white appearing either in oblique zigzags or in spots. The bicarinate whorls will separate it from the preceding species. The young are perforate.
M. PUNCTULATA Lamarck. PL 20, figs. 8, 9.
Shell imperforate, conical, solid, deep purplish-brown or blackish, dotted with white, the dots sometimes forming spiral series, and al- ways elongated in the direction of the spiral ; surface nearly smooth, sometimes showing traces of spiral grooves, which are always visible on the young ; spire conoid, apex generally eroded and orange- colored; whorls 6, convex, the last somewhat flattened or subconcave around the upper part, the base convex, eroded and white in front of the aperture ; aperture half-circular, the outer lip not much thick- ened, edged with black, beautifully iridescent within, with ame- thystine tints ; columella short, obtusely subdentate at the base, ex- panding above into a callous, which covers axis and umbilicus, or leaves a slight excavation or groove. Alt. 17, diam. 18 mill.
Coasts of Senegal, W. Africa.
Monodonta punctulata LAM., An. s. Vert., vii, p. 37. — T. pum-t- ulatus PHILIPPI, Conchyl. Cab., p. 165, t. 26, f. 17. — Fischer, Coq. Viv., p. 176, t. 58, f. 2. — Otsilin ADAMSOU, Voy. au Senegal, p. 178. — Monodonta osilin DESHAYES in LAM. An. s. Vert. ed. 2, p. 182 (excl. •syn.)
A species resembling some forms of the preceding in the somber •coloration, but differing in the more iridescent interior (in which red is more conspicuous than green), the smaller dots of white, and the rounded, not bicarinate body- whorl.
Subgenus DILOMA Philippi.
Section DILOMA Phil, (restricted).
Diloma PHIL., Abbild. etc., i, p. 168 (1845) ; Handbuch der €onchyl., u. Mai., p. 209.— H. and A. AD., Gen. Rec. Moll, i, p. 419. — FISCHER, Manuel, p. 820. — TRYON, Struct, and Syst. Conch., ii, p. 315.
Diloma has been restricted by Fischer to the South American species. The only diagnostic character separating these from the
MOXODOXTA. 97
Australasian forms is the band of nacre extending across the parietal
wall, connecting the terminations of the peristome. The species are
dark colored, like nearly all Trochiclje of the west coast of the
Americas. This melanism is probably a protective adaptation, for
the prevailing hue of the rocks of these shores is very dark.
M. NIGERRIMA (Gmel.) Philippi. PI. 23, figs. 77, 78 ; pi. 20, fig.
18.
Shell i in perforate, depressed glqbo.se, solid, slate-colored or black, sometimes (especially if rubbed) reddish or brownish ; spire short, conic, apex acute, usually reddish ; sutures linear; whorls 5, slightly convex, rapidly increasing, spirally obsoh-tr-ly striate, the last whorl usually depressed or subconcave below the suture; base rounded, eroded and iridescent in front of the aperture; aperture large, oblique iridescent ; the outer lip rather thin, not black-margined within; but bordered by a brilliantly iridescent band; co lamella concave, obsoletely subdentate below, very broad and flattened or excavated on the face, composed principally of an opaque white layer which also lines the base but does not extend to the edge of the lip. Alt. 15-26, diam. 17-24 mill.
Coast of Chili.
Turbo )nf/errimus GMEL., Syst. Nat., xiii, p. 3597 (not TrocJm* nigerrimus Gmel., a species of Chlorostoma). — Trochus nigerrimus PHILIPPI, Conchy 1. Cab., p. 149, t, 24, f. 14. — Trochus araucanus D'ORBIGNY, Voy. dans FAmer. mericl, p. 410, t. 55, f. 5-8 (1846).— GOULD, U. S. Expl ExpecL, 1. 13, f. 215.— FISCHER, Coq. Viv. (Turbo), p. 110, t. 29, f. 'I.— Turbo Quoyi KIENER, Spec, et Icon. (Turbo), t. 29, f. 2. (Not Trochus Quoyi Phil.)
The above description is drawn from specimens brought by DR. RusCHENBERGER from Valparaiso, the original locality. The sur- face is either black and shining, or presents a corroded appearance. The spiral sculpture is obsolete on the last whorl, in large specimens, but traces of it may usually be seen upon the base. I do not think this species has been found except upon the S. American coast, although Professor HUTTON and others quote it from New Zealand. The dentition of the New Zealand form is quite different from that of the real S. American M. nigerrima. While there may be some slight doubt about the identity of this species with the T. nigerrimus of Gmelin, it is undoubtedly the shell described under that name by Philippi. Turbo Quoyi Kn. and T. araucanus d'Orb., are certainly the same ; and it is equally certain that the Diloma nigerrima of
98 MONODONTA.
Hutton and others is a distinct species. A notable character of this species is the band of iridescent nacre which connects the termina- tions of the peristome, extending across the parietal wall.
M. CRUSOEANA Pilsbry. PL 35, figs. 19-21.
Shell similar in form to M. nigerrima or somewhat more depressed ; the color, columella and parietal wall as in M. nigerrima ; Outside closely conspicuously spirally lirate, the sutures bordered below by a depression or groove ; outer lip acute, thin, very narrowly black- edged, bordered within by a broad band of very thin white sub- stance, which overlies the nacre ; parietal wall with a band of nacre connecting the ends of the peristome, but obscured by the same thin opaque layer ; fauces brilliantly iridescent ; lip lirate within ; upper angle of the aperture narrowly channeled ; ribs of the outer surface about 8 in number on the penultimate, 20 (more or less) on the last whorl. Alt. 15, diam. 17 mill.
Ins. Juan Fernandez ; Coquimbo, Chili
Two trays of this well-marked form are before me. It is need- less to compare with the Australo-Zealandic species, for the band of nacre across the parieto-columellar region, connecting the termina- tions of the peristome, at once separates our species from these, and allies it to M. nigerrima, the only other form exhibiting this char- acter. From M. nigerrima it is separated by the much stronger liration of the entire surface, and the canaliculation of the sutures.
Section NEODILOMA Fischer, 1885.
Neodiloma FISCHER, Manuel de Conchyliologie, p. 820.
Differs from typical Diloma principally in its Australasian dis- tribution. The dentition also differs somewhat from Diloma. (PI. 50, fig. 12, NeodiloiiKi <rf]ilops Gmel.)
M. ^THIOPS Gmelin. PI. 19, figs. 99, 100 ; pi. 20, fig. 19.
Shell imperforate, globose-conoid, solid, thick, blackish, encircled by series of narrow white marks, formed by the interruption of nu- merous longitudinal white lines by narrow spiral black stripes ; spire conic, whorls 5, convex, the first eroded, spirally sulcate, the last marked by narrow, separated spiral grooves, the cuticle lamellose- striate ; base convex, eroded and subconcave in front of the aperture ; aperture large, oblique, expanded ; outer lip black-edged, then thick- ened with opaque white; columella short, obtusely bidentate, the
MONODONTA. 99
umbilical tract very broad, subconcave, bounded on the outer lower margin by a chocolate streak. Alt. 25-33, diam. 25-30 mill
N'W Zealand.
T. cethiops GMEL., Syst. Nat., xiii, p. 3596. — PHILIPPI, Conchyl.
Cab., p. 147, t. 24, f. 10, 11.— FISCHER, Coq. Viv., p. 185, t. 61, f, 1.
— T. zelandicus Q(UOY ET GAIM., Voy. de I'Astrol., iii, p. 257, t. 64,
f. 12-15.— T. reticularis GRAY, Dieffenb. N. Z. ii, p. 238.— Ind. Test.
suppl., t. 5, f. 21.
Easily recognized by the distant narrow spiral black grooves, the intervening tracts flat, black, articulated with white.
31. STRIOLATA Quoy et Gaimard. PL 19, figs. 97, 98.
Shell imperforate, globose-conic, generally rather depressed, very thick and solid, yellow and black, tessellated or longitudinally striped, sometimes the black, sometimes the yellow predominating ; spire very short conic, apex usually perfect and acute, often ruddy ; whorls 5, slightly convex, very rapidly increasing, spirally strongly •cost-ate, the ridges 13 or 14 in number on the last whorl ; body- whorl slightly descending at the aperture, not eroded on the base ; aperture large, oblique ; outer lip margined within with yellow and black, followed by a nacreous and then by an opaque white thickening which more or less contracts the aperture and which is more or less notched at about the place of the periphery ; columella •white, much narrower than in 31. setlriops. bidenticulate below.
Alt. 20-22, diam. 23-25 mill.
S. Australian and Tasmanian Coasts.
T. striolatm Q ET G., Voy. de I' Astrolabe, iii, p. 253, t, 63, f. 18- 22. — PHILIPPI, Conchyl. Cab., p. 158, t. 26, f. 1. — FISCHER, Coq. Viv., p. 187, t. 61, f. 3. — T. concameratus WOOD, Ind. Test, suppl., t. 6, f. 35 (no desc.).— T. viridis WOOD, Ind. Test, suppl., t. 6, f. 36 {not T. viridis Gmel.). — Labio fuligineus A. AD., P. Z. S., 1851, p. ISQ.— T.fuligineus WATSON, Challenger Moll., p. 67, t. 4, f. 11.—? T. zebrinus PHIL, Conchyl. Cab., p. 161, t. 26, f. 6.
The more prominent characters of this species are the strong spiral ribs and the thick outer layer of yellow and purplish-black, or of black veined with yellow, which usually assumes a tessellated pattern. Sometimes, however, the black predominates to the almost entire exclusion of yellow, and specimens also occur in which the black is scarcely visible on the surface. Both of the names given in
100
MONODONTA.
the Index Testaceologicus are anterior to that of Q.uoy and Gaim., but being unaccompanied by descriptions have not been adopted. Watson's figures of the undoubtedly synonymous T. fuligineus are given on my pi. 19, figs. 1, 2.
M. LUGUBRIS Gmelin. PI. 19, fig. 93 ; pi. 35, figs. 24, 25.
Shell imperforate, depressed conic, solid, thick, blackish, dotted upon the ribs with yellow or white ; spire conic, more or less depressed, apex acute ; whorls 5, spirally strongly ridged, the ridges nodulous, 3 on the penultimate whorl, interstices spirally striate ; last whorl depressed, angulate at the periphery, concentrically lirate below, the line coarsely granulose, about 5 in number ; aperture very oblique, the outer lip edged with blackish, then nacreous, and lined with opaque white, the thickening slightly notched at the place of the periphery ; columella oblique, nearly straight, flat, opaque white, backed by nacreous. Alt, 9, diani. 13 ; alt. 13, diam. 15 mill.
^ew Zealand.
Trochus lugubris GMEL., Syst. Ifat., xiii, p. 3583. — FISCHER, Coq. Fit'., p. 189, t. 62, f. l.— T. nngulatus QUOY ET GAIM. Voy. de I'AstroL, t. 64, f. 16-20 (not T. cingulatusBrocc\\'iii<n' Menke). — T. gaimardi PHILIPPI, Conchy I. Cab., p. 211, t. 31, f. 7-9. — Diloma gaimardi HUTTON, Manual N. Z. Moll, p. 96. — T. bernardi RECLUZ, Journ. de Conch., 1852, p. 166, t. 7, f. 5. — T. sulcatus WOOD, Lid. Te4. suppl., t. 6, f. 40 (not T. sulcatus Martyn nor Lam.). — T. bicanalieulatus DUNKER, PHILIPPI, Conchy I Cab., p. 202, t. 30, f. 6.
A small species, sufficiently distinct from all others in its cari- nated, ridged, granulose whorls. It is more nearly allied to M. strio- lata than to any other species. The sculpture is quite variable. T. bicanalieulatus Dunker (pi. 35, fig. 12, 13) seems to be synonymous. It is placed here by Fischer.
M. LEPROSUS Philippi. PI, 34, figs. 23,
Shell depressed conoidal, umbilicate, solid, blackish-brown, sculpt- ured with 4 to 6 irranose cinguli ; whorls rapidly increasing, the last rounded; base ornamented with 5 elevated rather smooth cinguli; aperture subcircular inside; columella with denticles on its lower outer part, above impinging over the umbilical tract. (Phil.)
The shell is very thick, depressed-conoidal. The 4-5-5 whorls widen very rapidly ; the last is rounded. The sculpture consists of 4 to 6 elevated warty or granose spiral cinguli upon the upper sur- face, and 5 pretty smooth