eg! eis t pecs Cy JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN CAROL H. WOODWARD EDITOR VOLUME 48 1947 Published monthly by the New York Botanical Garden BRONX PARK, NEW YORK 58, N. Y. TABLE OF CONTENTS VOLUME 48 1947 (Exclusive of Book Reviews and Notes, News, and Comment) January (No. 565) The Botanical Garden at Nikko B.C. Blackburn Some Remarks on the Nutrition of Pla Herbert A. Lunt Planning a Woodland Garden for Next pone (Broadcast) Helen S. Hull H. Beaman Douglass Fepruary (No. 566) Winslow Homer Exhibit at Wildenstein Galleries The Chrysanthemum ... Its Story Through the Ages S. L. Emszweller Jojoba—An Oil-Producing Plant of the Su State Goad Douglas Vanilla-Growing on Dominic: pe H. Narodny Suitable Trees for the Home en (Broadcast) J. H. Beale ak Given on Flower Shows .B. m Staff hree Scene of Books on ce Exhibited ae Exhibit on Paper-Mak Marcu (No. 567) Exploring for Useful Plants Dawid Fairchild Medicine and Plant Exploration Ralph Holt Cheney & Benjamin L. Milana Plant Explorers, Nurserymen, and Breeders Tohu C. Wister The Waiting Forest Resources of the American ee Arthur Koehler Books on Exploration Arrit (No. 568) Plants as Treasure Houses of Rare Chemicals George W. Pucher A Forest Lover in the Caribbee Islands VIL a to Montserrat J. S. Beard ards for Plant Explorer’s Jungle Camp she. ER cae Grape A, B. Stout The Legend of the Basil Bessie R. Buxton 57 61 May (No. 569) My Garden of Slime Molds Ruth N. Nauss 101 The Largest Sequoia East of the Rocky Mountains Charles F. Jenkins 110 The Brooming Disease of Walnut B. O. Dodge 112 Plant Products from Brazil (Broadcast) José Garrido Torres 115 Sir William Hamilton’s Third Volume 117 Vegctable Gardening Must Go On! alter Zuleh 124 June (No. 570) Let’s Take the “Scare” Out of Rose Culture Robert Etsenbrown 125 Micronesian Mangroves ‘, R. Fosberg 128 Early June in the Garden Bene King 139 Fund of Quarter Million Provided for Antiviral Research Volunteer Associates Organized 141 Du Pont Gardens Visited 142 Tropical Fruits and Flowers in Summer Exhibit : 142 Jury (No. 571) Fifth Annual Rose-Growers’ Day Attracts a Record Crowd 149 Primrose for Naturalizing eita H. Scott 153 Naranjillas, or “Little Oranges” of the Andean Se . Hl. Hodge 155 Some Additional Comments on the Naranjilla 159 pete Jew Staff Members Appointe 160 el Joel Seed ane and Bryologist Ines M, Haring 163 a de Forest Baldwin 166 Puerto Rican Expedition 166 Juniper Book Published 169 Avuocust (No. 572) Twining Plants Fred J. Seaver 173 Indestructible Begonias Genevieve A. Kinney 176 w Pest Controls - the Rose Garden P. P. Pirone 177 A pom Lover in the Caribbee pee VII. The ee Caribbee J. S. Beard 181 Wood Flowers Made by Parasite Placed on Exhibit in Museum Building 194 Serremper (No. 573) Roses in Landscaping Marian Coffin 197 Composts, Manures, and Inorganic Perle“ Walter Thomas 204 Bringing in the Birds Lorine Letcher Butler 210 Ocroner (No. 574) Composts, Manures, and Inorganic Fertilizers—II Walter Thomas 221 Rock Gardening in Westchester Harold Epstein 226 Chrysanthemum Show at Garden Oct. 24-26 233 Where Was the Canker Worm This Year? 236 Journey to Japan 244 Back from Polar Regions 244 NoveMBER (No. 575) Do You Collect Pollen? G. Erdtman 245 The Sycomore Fig of Ancient Lineage Mary I. Barrett 254 Fine Quality Plants Exhibited at Chrysanthemum Show 263 Decemper (No. 576) Woody Plants Unique and Noteworthy in the Rochester Parks Elisabeth Keiper 269 A Handful of Plant Names and How They Have Come Into Our anguage H. IV. Rickett 280 Index to Volume 48 293 COVER ILLUSTRATIONS 1947 Winter Landscape Hf. IW. Rickett ANUARY ‘In the Jungle, Florida” IFinslow Houter FEBRUARY Kaieteur Falls in British Guiana Bassett Maguire Marcu Magnolia Against an April Sky Donald Bec APRI Plasmodium Pattern Ruth N.. Nauss May The Rose Garden Gottscho-Schleisner June Rose “Miss Rowena Thom” E. N. Mitchell Jury Milkweed Sannel H. Gottscho y. UST A Formal Rose Garden Edged with Box 4. Burton Sireet SETTEMBER Prize-Winning Chrysanthemums Ebner N. Mitchell OcTover Heart of a Thistle Samaucl S. Gottscho NovEMBER alley in Durand-Eastman Park, Rochester, Neo. Elisabeth Keiper DECEMBER JOURNAL OF THE NEW YorK BOTANICAL GARDEN VoL. 48 JAN UARY Paces Vo. 565 19-4 7 1a JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Caro. H. Woopwarp, Editor LATE WINTER EVENTS AT THE GARDEN Museum Exhibits Open daily, 10 a.m. to 3 p.m. Members’ Day Program 3:30 p.m the mbers’ Room Feb. 5—Dr. Hosack and the Elgin Saad Garden Bineice Mae a aa Course. . 19—Nature hee for Teachers de Ape ita Seema 15 consecutive eee 4-6 p.m. $5 ($2 to eas \ Mar. 1—Plant Pro, FE. E. Naylor, Instructor 4 alternate Saturdays, 2-4 p.m. $3 Saturday A aii Progra 3 p.m. in the ae ae in the Museum Building Jan. 18—Landing and Living in the Tro, R. A. Howard Jan. 25—Gardens of the Sea 1. G. C, Cooper Feb. 8—Protective Devices in the Insect World Louis Pyenson Feb. 15—Wild Flowers and Other Bits of Nature Samuel H. Gottscho Feb. 22—Forest Treasures and Doorway to Happiness— Two motion pictures Radio Programs Alternate Wednesdays at 3:45 p.m. over WNYC (830 on the dial) Jan. 22—Plant Tumors and Cancer in Animals Robert S. de Ropp Feb. 5—How to Keep Your House Plants Healthy : Chris G. Schmitt | Feb. 19—Mid-vinter Use of the Small Greenhouse : . Ernest Chabot | TABLE OF CONTENTS January 1947 WINTER LANDSCA Cover ee a H.W. aia THE BoTANICAL ee AT NIK . Blackbur: Some REMARKS ON THE cea oF PLAN i A. Tact Mt PLANNING A WOODLAND GARDEN FOR sae aie ie Helen S. Hull 18 Notices anpD Reviews oF Recent Boo 20 Notes, News, AND . ENT 24 H. BEAMAN Dousta 24 The Journal is published: monthly by The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York 58, A Y. sete in v. = Entered as peau tee Matter, January 28, 1936, at the Post Office t New York, N, ¥ on der e Act of Augu: 1912, Annual subscription $1.50. Single copies is cen JOURNAL THE NEW YorRK BOTANICAL GARDEN VoL. 48 January 1947 No. 565 The Botanical Garden at Nikko By B.C. Blackburn NTERING fee a oo stone gateway and passing a ee us keeper’s lodge ontinues along a bea epee avenue of cher trees ae oe oA casting cool ie ns over a pee kept gravel driveway. Conifers and rhododen eo ae in closely i hind - heres, a ng to ae atmosphere of quiet and seclusion. The nee le on to e before a rambling Japanese house, and immediately fr ront one sees the alp ine ee and the laboratory building framed in ine m misted blue i i threatening Daiya River. Here is one of the most enchanting and beauti- 11 gardens of the world today Nikko has long. been a mecca for nature lovers, as well as Buddhist The of tow superb background fr naturalistic pee ae and alpine plants thrive in the cool, moist climat The history of the Nikko pare Garden begins somewhat prior 1902, the ee when four mei nt in diverse fields, and all seal from the city of Mito in Tes i Prefect ire, northeast of Tokyo, put into execution plans to start a new botanical garden i in which the rae ee uti- ful alpine plants of the Japanese ane could be grown and s . The original i ms to have come from Dr. Jinz ete fe firs director of Imperial University’s historic garden in Koishikawa C Tol ga i 1 at the former Hakusan Palace in Tokyo. The project received hearty sup- port from Dr. Matsumura’s friends and fellow natives of Mito, Bunya 1 2 loki, an artist who drew alpine plants, and Kazuma Jyé, a lawyer who wa: alpine enthusiast. Shinchd Nakayama, chief priest of the Tosyé Shrine at Nikko at that time, assi in the eas of - three plantsmen, and it was decided that Nikko, on the eastern slo Mou utara in Tochigi Prefecture, a lit er 80 miles see of ai igi tle ov Tokyo, would be ideal for the garden’s location. Another native of : : : 5 The « original a was started at Nikko under the auspices of the priests of the Tésy6 Shrine, along the east side of the temple grounds at a spot known as Hotoke-iwa, beside the Inari or Fox River, a branch stream of - Dai © garden was taken over by Tokyo Imperial University’s of gently nee and hilly ground extending down to the Daiya River from the highway to es fee enji. The Nikko oo is organized and administered as a branch of es “Koishikawa garden of the Imperial University, and its ae are designed to ee those of the older garden in Tokyo. Following the original concept of the tp tenes it is primarily for growing plants of the Japanese es which do thrive in the lower altitude of ae where temperature and nace are considerably higher Dr. Voshihars Matsumura, serous at Kyoto Imperial University, is the third and present as of the garden, and Dr. Honda, director of ae an at shikawa, pas the Nikko garden regular ae Dr. Matsumura is particularly interested in alpines, and dur ee in the cee, of 1946 he was deve loping plans to ie ate i hag = aay re garden, particularly in eget separate gar’ rdens f the rock plants of Hokkaido and for alpines of the main islands ae proof oO the soundness and economy of the naturalistic design for the gar as well as the excellence of the administration, is at once lete recovery fror itable wartime neglect. Paths evident in the com m iney are well maintained and all areas are immaculate, and labeling is amazingly completely and pees done. It ee be added S that there ar anywhere—but in Japan one encounters weeds a ° 5 3 ® ia a ° i] € weeds only in rare aad inate circumstances. The principal aac at the Garden are an office, a frame ee in western style in which ba oer has a Hee and a very a tive house aa as at idence and on occasion as a oe dir res for visitors. This building. in | edie ae se style, was formerly the Nikko villa of Count Matsudaira of Kagawa, and from its three front rooms and outside corridor or porch one looks directly into the rock From the Director's residence, one sees this view in the Nikko Botanical Garden. garden—in fact, one feels actually i the rock garden. Miniature peaks rise on either side, dramatically framed with co aes and set with beauti- ful stonework and choice Japanese alpine plants. ond opens a vista of weeping lawn, frarned by extensions of the deci woodland He oss t T, TOW oppos osite ba: pe ae mossy, time-softened stone a. a vit have been st ois ae ae turbulent Daiya undermined . bank and tore out part of the mountainside, but a strong wall protects the remaining statues and insures the serenity of their contemplation. Tradition has it 4 that one is never able to count the number of statues cee accurately, but dge ga . Ri s of : ‘ with. coniferous forest, Nakimushi Mountain dominates this dramatic picture, now flooded with sunlight, and now partly concealed by mists and clouds. bine e Nikko Botanical phan brocaded in gc ein ae UL oustonia). In the background, rugged mountains rise, ae by the peak of Nhe The On my first visit to the garden, in mid-April of 1946, the lawn beyond the rock garden a brocade meadow of bluets, with azaleas making nena e of ae at the edges. A group - ge dee fates o play, and when I greeted those nearest me with “Kon wal”, ... . Again, trees along the avenue were at their best, with a few pink petals drifting do eG in the light breeze, and at the end of the dave waves of soft 5 color of oe azaleas with Sree splashing through them. What a setting for a garden, and for gardeners! The rock garden seemed carpeted an many unfamiliar and exciting plants, and many which I knew only from written descriptions. A stream over a ro r re u with more imerestin "s possibilities for making water gardens and finding the proper settings for all pa of plants cannot be imagine Starting ae sas office seis building, paths ee the rolling lawn and make a network through the garden. The most recently de- veloped portion is a beaut fal hill and glade overlooking a small lake and e ca he river ae spot fav avored by the Emperor Taisho, who 0 e tree on which the Emperor would hang his hat while he rested, and yards away, in a sunlit aan eee a little grove of beeches, the Empress would gather new shoots of ABI, bracken-fern*, for the cooks. m Dr. Tamura in 1927. addition to the chestnut aes ee) and beeches (Fagus nr other plants as are a dw. eS shaped form of Prunus Sargentii, magnificent prostrate junipers tee perus conferta), Nikko azaleas (Rhododeniar nikoense), eee Bai and ferns. e of the most fascinating plant associations is the section which may be called the bog garden. Hurrying down from the mountain summits above the Tasyd ae a small stream os under the highway and into the grounds of the garden, dashes thr ough a grove of azaleas and cypresses ie ce over a ae Pg a Beside the waterwall, in a matrix rich with mosses and lichens, Tanakaea radicans makes a aaa mosaic ae its beautiful pale ch er- _shaped oe and misty white flov The stream scrambles ver mossy stones and divides int ao channe a where its win ada a become leisure nee nd in the rich areas between, many bog plants are growing luxuriantly—osmundas and other very handsome ferns, primulas, cypripediums, polygonatums, smila- r. Matsumura had his little son gather shoots of warani (Pteridinim latiusculium var. eer from this spot and Mrs. Matsumura had them prepared for our sh of ‘o and ae c= with a sorakling of salt. They are eetch: slightly fragrant, ry del Yoshiharu. Matsumura, Director, with his small son at the Nikko Botanical oe vden. The historic “hat-hanging chestnut” ee at top of the slope above the prostrate juniper. cinas, azaleas, even skunk-cabbages we know nie and also the Nipponese version in Lys ieee rontarateose On three nay the bog is framed : eile and a native shrub grouping an as, deutzias, hydrangea gece , and more azaleas, On the fourth sie, prostrate junipers ce ee climb to the “hat-hanging Tn this Nikko Cannas a aes forms of Japan oe s, come to know them in Am not as evident (fort nately, ieee, as we have been led 6 ce ipate. “To cons sider one or two examples: At the garden I did not see ae “amoena”’ or Hinodeae sales nor any ot h blooms aia o these in in ipa act. Ne apan yews are ra fas or three. The nese prefer the native pois and Sawara cypresses to all the cohen ted: peas of these two t 7 Ev Me es rhododendrons are few at the re ae ad from the ent hey do no plants along the drive at the entrance; Dr. Matsumura say t grow partly well. He pointed out that Nikko | is fae an nny winte ile in summer it is cool, clou Y> and r t therefore seems possible eee th e a ae types au s do not ripen sufficiently in summer and Win r temperatures and sno ea wall in the Nikko g the plants on ae I Hee en well known in the United Pesala be interest for American gardens, though a a great many more iene well be added i oe ag ist. The scientific names and references follow those ae e Nikko Botanical ee and ‘by the Tokyo Imperial University. ee verifying my ee cee notes ay fer furnishing - historical data on the foundin arden I am deeply indebted o Dr. Matsumura, and to all a eee family for ne very de- lightfal hospitality Em PLANTS OF SPECIAL INTEREST IN THE NIKKO BOTANICAL GARDEN Abelia sanguinea Makino. Benizan more fitting than its transcendental Eng- UBANE-UTSUGI i Janae e;ag ate lish name of maidenhair. ul, delicately branched shrub comin; 7 into full bloom on May 12, with pink Athyrium yokoscense —_ Christensen. corollas expanding fi ngular bro’ HEBINONEGOZA, Saree “snail sleeping- buds, e other wild species of Abelia, ™ nat ;” a very dainty fern growing luxuri- this can be compared with our — among ene in nyoist shade. hardly pte -ybrid, A, ae on all f general garden val Abies homolepis Siebold and Zuc carini. tenes nae of re igh: mountain fir were not noted at ae bo- tanical garden, “hot ae i cane ee are Urayiro- ae in i whi oh grows so well | i lie eastern nace is known to us as the Nikko Acer nikoense Maximowicz. This in- teresting trifoliate maple seems to grow no differently in its ae locality than around Boston and eH ork City, and not as well as in Brookly: Adiantum pedatum Linnaeus. _ This universal favorite is native in the aay area. It ts Japanese name, KUJAKUSH means “peacock-fern,” and seems a vulgaris Hill. Not Ping pice es but it was very pleasing beside the col path i d butterflies, hovered around the blooms all Carpinus laxiflora Blume. A _ sturdy and handsome small tree with grcy- feet high ai t Seugers os 10 inches, Ie. ae name AKA-SHIDE. appropriately mea red hor abe am.” Cercidiphyllum japonicum Siebold an Zucearini. Katsura. Graceful young specimens of this beaotitu' Shs showed the slender, one-trunk habit associate more particularly with the Chine. h with which we e more familiar in America Chionographis japonica Maximowicz. An attractive aoe ‘of the Melanthaceae, with graceful owers remindin, one of a Seail sain. on sale and very effec ees in the alpin ine Sean he Japanese name, means ae oe ae oS “white-string- Lethra ‘barbinervis Siebold and Zuc- arini. This plant, know: in Japanese, was awarded a gol 1, Clethra a S a super small tree about 18 feet in height, with three trunks showing the pale new bark, blue-grey in color, overlaid with the elder bark in moleskin- oo Laatie This effect is fully as beautifu ur summersweet. Cynoxylon hen icum F. Maekawa— Dr. e ng J and northern (Some of these, =) e Chinese var iety pedium japonicum Thur group of this species Oe oc- was erowing lushly. 3 in ol conifers, and th 1 flowers, deep ruddy-red sented a very dramatic picture. was matched by the pale green leaves Haas were og like the divisions of a ota pal Davallia Mariesii Bde The climbing featetccle of this s-foot fern, SHINOB U quer artists with very bea utiful Gee nulatus Fes Ome This roe pa about 10 feet at N Epimedium macranthum Morren a: Decaisne. oie of the large barren: worts, with leaves Ueego handsome coppery and reddish tones, making spec- acular pictures in rock crevices and as a ground-cover nod shrubs. It should be used widely in gardens ‘uon alatus Siebold. Appropri- lay called NISHIKIGI, “brocade-tree,” the gardeners and nurserymen | of an. oS as ef Euonymus Fortune et radicans Rehder. ecient nym \ paid us.” This everg: reeper to grow with more “refinement in oe oe Stand than with t It made a beautiful study on the a ak of a fied Toringo crab- ale near the bank above the Daiya Filipendula pur, Maximowicz. Bold clumps promised Pate poets the sunny portion of the bog garden. Hemerocallis nia Koidzumi. A rich ance: flowered "lily, dwarfish in oe This species is native of the area UGE, anne ae is the one whose ready- ate with deli te re- it is called Nixxo-xis Nikko daylily. -onen buds az os Hos glauca Stearn. A and “fective plant, with gree’ handsome darkish blue- Hosta Sieboldiana Engler. More Amer- ican ade lens should ¢ certainly enjoy the aga beauties o ee - urdy plantain- lily. In Nikko iden mbieaily as with us, and it ee yaricde dy effec- tive at os edge of shrub and conifer planting er Zuc- drangea petiolaris Siebold and oval and Hy arini, _ tfolia Franchet Saate very attractive vine, as we know fall ail of the type. It grows wild in the rocky woodlands’ around the shrines at Nikko, where it is known as TSURU-AJISAL Ra Some best larch for Larix Kaempferi Sargent. yosHo, “leaf-dropping pine.” Lee insist this ue the us oes nt in America. 2 Lepi Onoei Chi A creeping uipttie pe that “establishes itself on moist and shaded n J: mountain areas. ae HIMENOKISHINOBU, whi ch lated me also no rowing 30 feet up ot on the trunks of hor pean Ry in the forest on oo lower of Mount Hutara, abov shrin Osmunda lancea nber; A ha some boy sturdy fern luxuriating in bog garden, where it reached a height Of two and one ges feet. It is similar to our royal fer Thunberg. 8 m faleatum A. Sora ane Polygonatu: Gray. Another of ock garden, II blown 7 it aie with pale yellow elongated bel Harmatsu of “creeping pine.” us pumila Re: > ees pardons or A nee erased little tree with pros- trate stem: Primula japonica These primroses, A. Gray. gi appears that these superb plants may be A eas more in the States than in their homeland. hododendron _ japon icum Suringa are po an are native over most of the Japanese ands. Rhododendron lateritium Planchon. Ree delicate and large- oe ever- green azaleas known as SAT! “May- biloo. ming ales ” to the japanese Their similarity to the variety we know as “G, F. Wilson” is marked, Rhododendron nikoense Nakai. A a Leary branched shrub called red azalea,” by the Japanese. Generally “inital ar “te R. pen. drag bait in delicacy flower it also resembles Schlipenbach Tpeshite the Japanese name, the flowers are a very fine pink; id About the Author fore joining the Armed Forces. Be Blackburn for a woody plants to the Flower Grower and o azines, even a is Army service began. He is also the author of a small book on gardening, “Your Garden This Week,” published by the Rutgers University Press in 1939. After a period of service with th Army this country, working especially on camouflage, Mr. Blackburn was sent to New Guinea, the Philippines and Japan, where he served as a Captain. in public welfare and education assignments in ° : ie eed ili Section. He returned to this country Ph.D. degree at Rutgers University. of the United see in 1942, He is now leet ale 10 th word aka covers the entire gamut of reds in Japanese. In lat e April ‘and ee ae beautiful shrub cones in oe bloo: the Nik ite nea w mushiyama is rene ful by the aes red” ‘stage tone. Nal particularly when it ts in ing development. Rhododendron quinquefoli Bisset , and Moore. An pee om 6 of se work as R. April and early Ma: hododendron Tschonoskii Maximo- wicz, forma pentamerum Makino, KometsutsuJt, “rice azalea,” is the well- chosen vernacular name of this neat rounded shrub sowing about four feet high. The small, ivory-w hi olor and seat rice grains, apanese name most appropriate. It is an interesting shrub, but not showy. Rodgersia podophylla _ Gray. The flowers of this woodland round -cover Sane. ous we Trow- cole in nee is a type wheal made with erupt and ie leaf divisions of this plant suggest just this. Rosa _ microphyHa Roxburgh, pire Regel. A beautiful 12-40 covered in early June with dee inch t single blooms in pale pink. Despite simpli of single 3 and siv iY foliage, this rose makes an exotic pic- ture because of its neal size and very ee ane The aes name, s based on the strong re- apne "ot “the leaves to when of Daathe aryl. Schizandra nigra Maximowicz. Mar. SUBUSA Of USHI-BUbO, “cow-grape.” ‘An interesting vine, seen climbing to the top of a 25-foot Sargent cherry. The fruits are used as food and also to color SAKE, Japanese wine. Spi ica Maximowicz. This graceul Pred Sica very ee eg the uralistic setting eee ind b garden, Denaine one more bit a an te - ast my qieels ken ides that reas are Lae ae fates shrubs for dres ons (Similar Benen ons dentaias — De angeas, among Ow ted also.) Ean ee only, eat others, japonica Siebold and Zuccarini. As is ‘alo aie o the ue Rakes this smi seems t more s pene in te erative land. Siebold and Zuccarini. fers. Its local name OBA~ASAGARA, meaning “large-leaved gara,” and in- dicates the rather casual derivation of the ae name for the species, It also called eneneen “white-c a tree,” ‘ont its appearance flow: ele a Makino, Ko-Haku BOK “small ihe: Sion tree,” grows about - feet high and has white flowers in Thuja Standishii Carrie Young Specimens, about 18 feet in height, were ma. eens y fine gro - The foliage of t pecs has a and beauty as distinct from Papen ee and as it grows equally well oe us, it should find more general use in our gardens. hujopsis dolobrata Siebold and Zuc- eight 30 f and produces ecards trees quite unlike the straggly specimens we manage indif- w York area. It seems furnished y deciduous trees. name is ASUNARO. s as large and as stout as HINORT (Che maecyparis obtusa Endlicher), the Jap: 11 ane timber of such great value which sed for the Anest lacquer work and aes important buildings, vs little tree appeared sadly consc ious of its short- comings. Then it said ony “Never mind; I will grow tomorro Tripetaleia panic: ieboid and Zucearini. An orca rather coarse. seven- -foot shrub, called o-TsuTsUjI, ‘panicle-flowered azalea.” Tsuga eat hal de Masters. The rather formal hemlock whi in vi growing coi are ns in Am The shape of the daieate. ieaves “suggests th he Japanese common name, ETSUGA, “rice hemlock,” Miquel. Nats Finding Nikko garden was an pected pine an “an old friend, Vaccinium Oldhami ohis b unex were, from the Bussey Hill section s it of the Arnold Arboretum. “This is a very handsome shrub on all counts—habit o growth, flowers, fruits, aun colora- jon. + Vaccinium Usunoki Nakai, An inter. esting odes of medium height, suit- able as woodland cover. Viburnum dilatatum a ai aaa Nakai. AMAZUM Mor loo habit and less formal had Prin ne as we know it. The a was in full bloom at the end of odwardia radica ‘entalis artz. This civipaods. Scar feck is fae graceful than our species and ac- re ified locations, as_ it eens happily in dry stone crevices. The Japanese call KOMOCHISHIDA, “chil- dren-having fern.” Wo Sw Some Remarks on the Nutrition of Plants By Herbert A. Lunt Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station trees and golden erie more difficult than it is. arod, j towering dogwood and Canada ae e xcluding the oe ad the fertitee: dealer—would be im- at plants do differ in their nutritional requirements is no longer ques- the tioned, but there was a time when opposite view was held by many 12 eople. Only a little over a century ago Liebig, i s discussion of chemistry as it applied to pe and physiology, ‘aint’ that the percentage nutrient content of plants is constant, and, : refore, the nutrient partie ion pie sents nutrient es ae theory has been thoro ly disproved by researches carried on since Liebig . We now ee tha ie composition 0 of a plant is affected by the nutrient supply, but it is Ae affected to an equal or greater degree by other factors. ee these ee are tk how they operate will become apparent later the eee Be ne po oint let us consider the amounts of plant nutrients in some common farm a orchard crops—figures readily obtained Hs chemi- cal analysis . Rien samples, ed calculated on the basis of acre yield. This hee ee on numerous occasions and the fi findin ngs. re- ported in ne Tite Su ch data are ai stressi ate variable, how owing to differences in alae in soil, in variety or strain, and in ae of the plants at sous time of sampling. Nevertheless, sufficient data taken under rather c sare: es have been obtained to give a rough idea of the amo of the major plant nutrients contained im the crop. These data have ree compiled from various sources by the fertilizer in- dustry and are presented in the ne table. The data for forest trees see been added by pe write For convenience, the a been divided into three groups based on ie total amount - nitrogen, phosphoric acid, _an d potash The reader will observe tha n plants, notably the cereals, forest trees, most of the iesunes and ae consume more nitrogen oe either phosphoric acid or potash. Others, such as oranges, sw Pee tobacco, celery, potatoes, sugar beets, and tomatoes, use more potash. Celery and tomatoes are eet Oulstancing in this respect. Phos- phorus, on the other hand, is required in relatively small amounts by all crops. The grains contain a noe proportion of phosphorus to nitrogen and ee ae othe s, but in no case does phosphorus equal either nitrogen or potassium This fact is of oe significance Naa: as most fon tilizers eon tin more phosphorus than potassium—often or three times as much. nfo ae pee data are not Se for the other essential nutrients. Sources _ Plant Nutrients As econd step toward the pnesaligiar ac of nutritional problems, let us ae briefly the sources of plant nutrients 13 AMOUNT OF NUTRIENTS IN CERTAIN CROPS Nitrogen Phosphoric Potash Crop Yield per acre cee acid (P20s) (K20) Total pound. pounds pounds Apples “ bushels . 10 35 75 Barley 0 bushels 50 20 40 110 Oats 30 erg 50 20 45 115 Timothy 15 t 40 15 45 100 Wheat 0 bushels 50 20 30 100 Woodland 15 3 6 24 Average 37 14 34 87 Cabbage 15 tons 100 25 100 225 Corn 60 bushels 95 35 70 200 Cowp 2 tons 125 25 90 240 espedeza 130 30 230 ranges 600 boxes 90 30 130 250 ‘ea beans 30 bushels 95 30 55 180 500 bushels 85 25 100 210 ‘éanuts ton 85 15 50 150 d Clover tons 80 20 70 170 oybeans 25 bushels 125 40 60 225 pinach 1000 bushels 90 30 45 165 weet potatoes 300 bushels 75 20 15 210 ‘obacco 1500 pounds 80 20 5 215 Average 97 27 82 205 Alfalfa 3 tons 140 35 135 310 Celery 350 crates 80 65 235 380 Potatoes 300 bushels 125 35 170 330 gar beets tons 115 45 145 305 Sweet clover 5 tons 185 45 165 395 T 10 tons 35 00 335 Average 124 43 175 343 irogen . By far the largest part of soil nee is in unavailable form as organic matter and humus in various of dec omposition. Only when it is broken down by soil pean e i ammonia, a es pecially to nitrates, can it be used by plants. Generally speaking, the pr Pica: of nitrates from soil organic matter is not equal to the needs of rapidly ing crops m, growin , hence manure, compost, or commercial fertilizer must be Y is espec needed for spinach, lettuce, cabbage, and other leafy crops, particularly on sandy soils low in organic matter. The commor rvati - ark yoo are ee oils is true, generally natter which is the Seal source of nitrogen ° Soi Is well supplied with ee matter possess other desirable duialities also, which need not be elaborated upon here. Legumes ordinarily do not need an outside source of nitrogen, for the are able to obtain sufficient amounts from the air by means of eet fixation, when properly inoculated. 14 Slower growing shrubs and f t trees usually get gone nitrogen from the natur: ae ae ae matter, plus what might be added in rain and that fixed by non-symbiotic organisms, both of which sources provide but i amounts. Sometimes, however, conditions are unfavor- able for Sel ead ar oag: of the litter and it remains inactive, with the result that the suffer from nitrogen deficiency. Disturbing the litter and ge : ae ni mineral soil, opening the stand so as to admit more light ind heat, or the application of nitrogenous fertilizers are ways of over- conine such a conditio Phosphorus. face ee between - amount of phosphorus con- sumed by the crop and the amount that has to be applied prompted and Gilbert, in 1851, to conclude that the arte ae of the crop “is no direct guide ios to fertilizer needs. This disc aes) iS ae to two factors:—(1) s ane contain but ‘small amounts phos- phorus, and the rate of ‘availability s slow, a nd (2) when seared ane soils (usually pH 1 nes with iron an aluminum to form ae insoluble iron and aluminum phosphates. Raisin the pH by the use of lime precipitates ae metals and causes the forma- oe Of the more one ae ee Soils vary widely in os shosphoras fae power, those high in clay being the worst eas eee On the fae about 75 an, He = phos- oe applied bec one ed. Thus ene eet the needs o growing s, dis proportionately large amounts me be applied. eae high ries of mer on will eventually build up the sel a supply o the point ie re only light amounts are required annually roduce ee yields. This has happened in the ee “fields of ce Canes valley. tassium. Potassium silicate is one of the common constituents of rock. When rock is weathered to clay and ae this weathered aii contains potassium in several forms:—(1) a very small amount of w. soluble potash readily available to plants a eee to loss by leaching (2) a considerably larger amount chemically cae ed within clay particles, ne generally available to plants but firmly held against aching and (3) the insoluble silicate form, acu ae 90 per cent of the total, unavailable to plants except through the weathering — Sik are low in potash because they contain but little clay. Muck oils are ela low for the same reason. Plants Ww ly are usually o obtain sufficient eee aa the a of artificial treatment. ane en potash fertilizer is ied, € fixation takes place but the proportion so tied up is arene ee nae ar phosphorus. slow a of a 15 Calcium and magnesium. The requirements of plants for aera and magnesium are not shown in the table, bu ve these elements of su importance they should be discussed, ie ly brietly. Sets ‘adequately limed exhibit no Ree e of calcium but “ee may be defici nesium unless dolomitic limestone is used occasionally. Lac! ik = ‘ali is a definite factor in the poor results obtained on acid soils. Ther cases, such as in ite growing, where a fair se of acidity i is desire, yet there must not be a deficiency of calci Here calcium sulfat (gypsum) can be. ee for it has little or no ee on re acidity of soil. Other elements. The requirements of plants for sulfur, manganese, boron, zinc, copper, molybdenum, iron, silica Hse and Lea others are low and are usually adequately met by the Man of de- ficiency have been reported, however, ae more are ae : He clep with the continually increasing crop yields, and the greater use of synthetic ertili with a hi e West. may be usually low in some soils, while in ee the ey may be in ample anti : Ries : 6.5 and higt its availability being de ependent upon the proportion of boron to calcium, : io f these three bases to the other two. Weather conditions likewise affect = situation, boron ee cy per uages pani up Mia more readily sea of dry weather thar en t infall is normal. ae per is often lacking in = mt ie highly organic soils, and occa- sionally in in sands. Zine ee symptoms take the form of oe se disease of peach and other deciduous fruits, of ‘“mottle-lea ruits, and of “rosette” disease in sari These eer ene occur in Cali- ornia, Arizona, and Florida, and in many other parts of the world. Zinc setae 7 | increasing pH. A deficiency in acid soils is robably due to crop removal, to the le anes use of organic ian ca to the seca tion of cover cr sae in place of the native cov Tro n be made unavailable by use - too much Time, as has already ae ee Cobalt oe found in New Hampshire and in Australia, is a nutritional oe of een It does ee seem to affect the eed of the plan Plant Cafeteria hat plants are selective in what they take up has been demonstrated many times. Growing side by side on the same soil, dogwood leaves may 16 contain twice as much calcium and potassium as red maple leaves, and nearly four times as much calcium as beech. Alfalfa has a calcium con- tent of about 1.5 percent, and requires a nearly neutral soil (pH 6.4 or i ould ne t pH 4.5) and low in fertility. os red cedar grows well on such ere and ts foli has a calcium content of three percent. White pine on the same soil will show only abou one percent in its needles. e of the most striking a of ae absorption is the case of selenium in parts of Wyoming and adjoining states. On soils con- taining considerable amounts - pie eee t plants will contain only three or four p.p.m. (parts per million), with a possible maximum of 30 p.p.m. Alfalfa and vetch will average six to eight p. p.m., and. cabbage 25 to 35. But native plants average abor 1t 800, with a maximum of around he absorption of larger ana 2 a nutrient than are actually needed is referred to as luxury feedin common fsa on in the plant world. Potassium in part ne amo: ore common essential ele- ments, is taken up fr es if Seo. a the “soil in nee quantities. A chemical analysis of a luxury feeder, Hien gives no clue as to the requirem ents of tha t plant for the nutrients in question. Such an analysis, status of the one Much depends upon the balance between the various elements. The dependence of boron ae ae ui fa ten that element and the other bases has already bee ned. excess of lime may be re as pa as too peat jie: ce it ov nee the absorption of other bases. A plan owi ng pi Pee may be suffering just as much from calci ium io Too amare keeps the plant from getting Tt has gr in the foliage. Since magnesium is a ary cons ae of chlorophyll, chlorosis resulted. Under certain conditions an ie on of nitrogen to the soil may accentuate copper deficienc Many ad examples could be cited. In some situations, certain minimum level is ne sary to insu satisfactory quality for tk oe feeding or for human oe, which ve may be in excess of that required for maximum, or at 1 t economic, 17 yields. Agronomists and plant physiologists are now aware of the nutri- ae angle and have as their goal the increase in quality as well as quantity. Time-and Rate of Absorption Analysis of plants at different stages of growth show the rate of absorp- n of several fier during the progress of the season. Obviously small plants cann aw as heavily upon the soil a ones ound of potash per acre; at 24 days, they pie 11 pounds; at 39 days, 108 pounds; 54 days, 180 oe oe 61 days, 190 pounds. During i otat: the first 50 days, potatoes have been foun eee a total of only seven pounds of nitrogen, and 14 of pot ees Bit ae mae oo 10 days they required a pound of nitrogen a uinds h per day; in tl 20 days—that is, 5 y. ee aie the requirement was two ie four pounds per day respectively. This shows A of hav ee food become available in ample quantities the pe mere ence the importance of dela eri pags and ie ae use of side fe pia on certain crops, Ses during periods of heavy ae Il when losses by leaching are apt The situation with regard to perennials is ee tee inasmuch oots remain in the ground the year around and a certain amount of i en the so, there are perio : ue maximum and oe oe of dif- eae nutrients, as has A deicenines by European investigators many years ago. These dare ee that phosphorus abso ea takes place : : f ates f -Sep' ruce, fir, February-May. There is need is further research along this line. An Unlunied Field usly this article has merely scratched the surface of the known thon seer abou t plan nt nutrition. The mechanics of nutrient abso! Dion it is infinitely more WwW e come a | from Liebi d from Lawes and Gilbert in our understanding of nutritional problems and in the techniques used in their solution. But there is still much to learn. The field of plant nutrition is practi ically unlimited. No one can predict what rew developments will arise to revolutionize agricultur 18 BROADCAST By Helen S. Hull hen ee Lewis ’ Tul moved into a new home at Boonton, New Jersey, about she spot in the front ce so overgrown with weeds and sneibbesy Gat her igband dubbed it “the scar.” is would never do, she thought, so with her garden instinct and experience, she cleared the ar f ir material, exposed a hagnincent gray rock, and t: oe the spot, by planting of columbine, Dutchmen’s breeches, and other wild flow and ferns, into a woodlan garden which today is a place of great beauty. Since that first year in the new home, the extension of the woodland garden has been one of ull’s favorite pastim So successful has she been in making wild flowers of the region grow naturally around her se, that the New rk 5 r alee Garden asked her to appear on the radio program over WNYC October 30 ere others what they could do ee pigoing a woodland garden. . Hull’s suggestions are given h Planning a Woodland Garden for Next Spring of all, select a site near the plants in from the wild and estab stablish house where you can enjoy the un- them in your garden, The whole secret folding of the furry pe on the first ae irinaes lies in your care in creating hepaticas, watch daily the bloodroot home which closely pushes its ad eet the clasping ane the one they ene in nature. leaves, an e Dutchmen’s Seer And in moving them to new home, swaying ke yantaloons drying a line always bring a nares Pe detal of in the April bre Of See if you earth around their roots. have a ca ee fe a distance you can't Just pie that our lee vias move it, but it sometimes pays to create flowers are set in their and it i the effect of one close to the house. little use to ae Gace oath ie After years of expecting my fami unless we conform to their demands friends to s my enthusiasm Bioeds The best way to meet their requirements, to don an aad brave the March of course, is to take note of the situation winds and April showers in a slopp: Pey on in which you find them in the wild. For to see my eesaire es, I have giv example, cpanel plants which Now my woodland ae bai a fee disappear in the d heavy from our front steps, me oe my overhead shade donned their long dormant favorite plants tucke a in period. a can create a desirable situa- outcropping of rock wadeeneath 5 a eo lece tion for r plants if you first will oak tree, visualiee har ae habitat. If there is a natural woodland situation The soil is very important, and it near the house, then your problem of does not pay to ie to ee with having a woodland garden is so simple the wrong soil. If it is not natural that you need no suggestions from me. woodland situation, it is better to dig out All that is necessary is to remove the the soil to a depth of a foot—eight inches agen te a paths where they at the very least—and re it with soil eeded, and introduce colonies of from the ee a this is unobtainable, pane in any cee : rs garde! ’ I a “ t mixture” aoe voule. hoes You would, of mposed of 1/3 topsoil garden loam, 3 fin Bee t kinds of plants 18 ee a the rest belong qanieaily in your kind of wood- land, and you would not try to grow ae a thal belon 4 a sunny meadow peatmoss ae a dash of sand will do, in a deep shade of oak trees. with peatmoss added as a top layer for is a fairly ainple matter to bring a moisture- holding mulch. Woods soil is peatmoss and a old, then 19 light and crumbly, rich in humus, and it holds water like a sponge. After the soil is prepared 1 often cover n he place Me Lee Ue and fet the spot remain ASOT whole before ae ae ing ile soil es settle and r I use pine needles because they vs an Set mulch, they do not blow or mat, t let moisture through, and also because I think they are a nice brown color and always smell like Christmas Ferns for Initial Planting ni is a good time to start plan- in, fantine a woodland eae but the end of October is a little lat to set out most cine is anxious to start a as bloodroot, hepatica, and other: rs, i aine or Vermont, eee the spring 1 be further advanced. Lis first ee Dianne the garden t of my house, J used the big gray rie Th ad ex) speed a a background or evergreen and nearly evergreen ferns —the Christmas fern, the evergreen 10 a day been g ad the Hock are enough ‘for beauty, but I have added others. ‘Dutchmen’s breeches have taken over the bank beyond the rock—they do like an eastern bank if t e to spread from seed. Large hie eillinins eich started out as a clump of 25, last spring produced 72 blooms at one time. Yellow ae slippers do very well in the drier soil at the top of the ledge, there is a i a h n ur from secre ” my garden dow: ‘qccumillaien the path is a ae house of leafmold. By scratch- and other woodland plantings. Besides Ea makes a very nice leafy path to alk Summary of Hints To he suggestions for th piganiag: Sand planting of a ecdiand garden, I would s 1 ct a site for your wo oodla nd garden which is close ni to’ the house, so you can enjoy each bursting f to those plants you are prepa for which red by your conditions GF soil, light, og moisture. eter ae and those of a sunny meadow are lovely, but aot in a wood- land ne len. 3. Prepare a — he to the one from a the plants will have come. ee with the soil. Start nae with woodland note light, mene line Yich with hum ecimen vith a ¥ of all, fe to know the habits of es “plants, and they will always i oy and wonder and will a me] ay The above script was published with the aid of the Caroline and Olivia Phelps Stokes fund for the preservation of wild flowers. NOTICES AND REVIEWS OF RECENT BOOKS Human Adjustments in tremendous importance both to the ordin- Aavieulin ary citizen as well as to the student fe SELCHMUES es = e have available such i sound and full aca se ane ae ee cine a: ike. trate ment a our economic life. States 414 ory ot “Htustratea, "The Last ene deals Farrar & Rinehart, New York, 1945. with ae Tepe Gal period when the frontier was closing and the agricultural Profes Shannon — has oad eople were adjusting to this fact. The perhaps ie most comprehensive eee author is deeply aware of the changes readable account which we now ha oot which were taking place among -farmers the history of American acriculture. ree and indeed in whole society as we ing the forty years which followed the turned from a predominantly agrarian to Civil War, His book is Volume Vina a predominantly ind ee eople. The series of nine which bids fair to be the approach in his book is from th farmer’s most integrated and authoritative full- — poin : view and is Hees with the length treatment of America’s economic reactions of farm people to both restricted history yet projected, Ala time when migration and the necessity to substitute the United States has emerged as the conservation methods and a newer bus- world’s foremost economic power it is of | bandry for the older exploitative ways. Never before ...so many beautiful NEW FLOWERS Many new plants developed patie the war are NEW CHRYSANTHEMUM WHITE CACTUS ady mak. now re: to 1947 truly Hepa: —Pointed petals form fully double flower like garden year. A few of these vellatee item: a Cactus Dahlia. Blooms 4” 6" EW —Pii : a NEW ROSES—Butterscotch: Soft eae 7 eee PHLOX—Pinkette: Large flor ets delicate pink; tubes to plant deep pink. aaa aie pale buff, penciled lightly w: Rosy-Blue: Soft 1 di bh . deli orange-buff. Edifh wie Pointed bud jasper ine ee ita a o fiers meith <dslicate ink r aad shrimp pink. Hill creations. gee _ Be lower: heads: ND FOR WORLD'S FINEST HORTICUL- NEW oe orae ROSE anette supa peercatates. 6 pay in —exelusive Wayside enn Gloriv dreds of lovel: rs in true colors. Complete Vermillion emi-double fl pant cultural instructions to grow finest roses, shrubs, rose. White Wings: D eee flowers, gol: nts and bulbs. red cluster rose, Quite “Tike a miniature mellia. SST 51 Mentor Avenue Mentor, Ohic oat request 50c, coin or stamps, to cover ge and handling costs. 21 e book is not on the technical out made American farm Certainly he shows e economic life of farmers is linked with the economic life of the whole , that instability ig co-op ve movem shows pla’ a i example thai the Poona ‘economic characteristics of the whole society have oe n determin- ing factors in “the life Professor Shannon made through co-operation marketing and buying costs ough to insure security. neir Was never fated so that the u are used not to burden the and graphs and charts sufficient care so as text ies of economic | c_ studies, uti ready economic “wealth of mir these books intend very ba people at ite oa of the last cen- tury fulfills this = ALSTON WarIine, New Hope, Pa. For Florida’s Nature Lovers ATIVE TREES OF FLORIDA. Erdman West, & Lillian XxX + 2 ’ illustra ttong index, . Uni- versity of Florida “Press, Gaines. ville, 1946. $3.75, clothbo $3. paperbound, This is one of t books on wo which ts ave long ees wanted by ithe “nature lovers of Florida,” to whom it is dedicated. E 2 pages is devoted to a ; or, occasionally, to t ed species: about 271 in meaelavire ee pas fies ‘of in Taternational Cod portant synony ae a names ae vad d lescri ption ; a saniaey o s ing characters; a general comment on distribution, habitat, economic importance, WILLIAM M. HUNT & COMPANY INCORPORATED 115 WEST 45th STREET NEW YORK 19, N. Y. Vegetable and Flower Seeds Lawn Seeds Domestic and Foreign Flower Bulbs Finest Quality plus Incomparable Service Please write for free catalogs. Telephone—Bryant 9-3547 22 etc.; anda mela - paren species. These notes show xte ay fie ae studies made by * Wes Arnold and give salable peecsicen Nee As key in couplet form serv mple es isene. the genus, or at least the family, . Lee hea tree penta a noes o far ard overcoming potenises. instinctive ae vice. How - simplification Inthe key and t Carey the key of lines refer: pentandra, Conn alter. sia lia, Zanthoxy- lum coriaceum, and cium ee wonder, also, about the for mitting from the book sug Gets as Leitneria floridana, us rubra, Hype- late trifoliata, Bumelia lycioides, Enal- chotria baham- lagma cucurbitina, and Psy ensis. “The Native Bile of Florida’ con- raphical or el sfactory ae c i ection of species is strictly that of its THe, it should be followed by Bobbink & Atkins NURSERYMEN ND PLANTSMEN Most of the unusual Roses, Trees and ape not ebtg hain a pale be found Pecblaimeet. ne Annals of pene odode Visitors Always Welcome Catalogue Upon Request Bobbink & Atkins Paterson Ave., E. Rutherford, N. J. : eer work on the 300 or so natural- da pubs hed by Director of the same cee in bu Daa now most part out of p a pe for the hE F. BaARgetr. A Text to Extend Botanical Horizons BOTANY — PRINCIPLES AND PROBLEMS. Edmund W. Sinnott. 696 pages, illustrated, indexed. MeGraw- Hill Book Co., New York, 1946. $4.50. Happily, books are written, not born. And how fortunate that bel text- books can begin to record some of the recent operant advances a science as. their botany, too, have its epoch ae discoveri Penicillin and the new mi probably among the most Geuiaent bio- gical discov fae - ll time. heir botanical ori gins soon be ieee but their contabaucn to the well bein: of man has ied begun, e and tumber of o advances oe “the past decade have a their way into the n edition of Edmund W. Sinnott’s “Botany; rinciples and Problems.” One also finds such physiological topics as tissue the numerous practical uses of plant hormon ot eas re they dis- nes extensively but it is sieuacn that y have te een eee in an ele- mentary textl poe Every teacher of botany should read r Vo Borny and the Future” before oe another class. In the ords he author, “Botany needs ore skilled interpreters to describe its advance readi: orld;” thi the bas roblems of : P Roe too ‘long fecha of botany e been content to teach the f ‘acts of: : 23 plant structure, classification, and “life cycles,” aes en they sl ey and ¢ t S vistas that mi; shit tead eae of a ae a radi- tional subject r r. innott’s book still deals with the cee) but there are re oe ues - ne feels ie they are ne leat - aorea as orev ae ini facts. The number of bota nical terms. Thoughtful ee will find it both interesting and ES, Avery, Jr., ea Botnae Garden. Life of a Forest Giant BIG TREE, Mary and Conrad Buff. Ly cae p ailaatre ceo. ae guetone: The $3. This book gi ce restrain ined portrayal of “he tials and ‘ibulations ce a Big Tree, “Waw pi to of say nin and “ihe i tre the forest. Natural history a3 Naeae in the eta forest is interwoven with the life history of the tree. ion is provided by a battle of two bucks, happenings in and about a golden agles’ lg ne flight of the Sage bef ore an ming forest and finally the eric of the inabeenicns California is not mentioned. Although written primarily for chil- e book is attractively illustra a and printed in clear t oe C. MuENsScHER, Cornell Universi ey. Some British Mushrooms UNG, John Rams- bottom. 32 pages, Senn in color, Penguin Books, New York, 1945. $1. A competent eae eel fonts dou auc os on in long paragraphs about. a es superstitions, “classical iit, and popu ion. discovers this. sentence: “To know whether a species is edible or poisonous A ETNA PHOTO ENGRAVING CO., INC. 305 EAST 47th STREET NEW YORK 17, N. Y. MAKERS OF PRINTING PLATES PRO CESS BENDAY LINE & HALFTONE SEED COLLECTIONS We are i nterested in purchasing Tree—Shrub—Perennial Seeds Correspondence invited HERBST BROTHERS 92 Warren St. New York 7, N. Y. it is necessary to be able to recognize it and A eae its reputation.’ To poisonous species the Rien, ieeaien then turns to 16 v color plates—and runs into confusion he deadly Amanita phallotdes : show: to be deep green on top. ae s white illustrated are admitted in their descrip- tions to be not poisonous, even edible! Rutierrorp Pia EC Notes, News, and Comment . Dr. B, O. Dodge was elected ary member of the British My- bes Society at the Fiftieth eae — nies Meeting in London Oct Plants and Cancer. At the ae Relation to Cancer, Problem, Growth, of the National "Research Coun- ci o Hawaii. Otto Degener, who has ree Hai ce research on the flora of Hawaii at the New York Botanical Garden since the beginning of the war, returned ay clipper to his home in Hono- lulu D panei Members of the scientific staff and registered students of the Garden were addressed the monthiv conference Dec by Dr. Robert S. de Ropp, Assistant Curator, on oe growth and ar of crown-gall tu tissue ; : possi le bearing on the problem of cance Science E. r served as one of ne ee at i: st Science Fair promoted by the American Institute of the City of New York at Madison aE uare Garden on the opening day, eas __ Lecture. The first in a series of ‘ was given 27 +t ‘sur- oor uts plants of the New York a PT coon H. Beaman Douglass HILE spending his customary win- ter in Florida, at West Palm Beach, New York ew d many years he contributed an original lecture ane to the Saturday afternoon to eS series. mong the topic: presented, beginning in 1931, were: “Some Edible and Poisonous Mushrooms from ine,” “Jungles ane arde Florida,” “Palms Fi f FI gad me Seaweeds aaa their Companions and Rss Bae eee to Survive.” Dr. Dou also a member of the Tone ‘Bota Club, and in 1917 and 718 be ontributed articles on mush- room polite to its publication, Torreya. He was known as an amateur tread ne as well as a naturalist of tee his dical degree from Co jennie “ni crit in 1886, Dr. Douglas He terne a “Presbyterian hospital toe two rs af his graduation, then became as ae in t at pean de- rtment. Upon his return from abroad he joined the staff of th ae a and E. a ue as surgeo Fro 1898 on, professor ie “the New York Post- Coa Medical School and Hosp ict He was noted for the invention of the tonsilotome and other medical instru ents for nose, throat, and ear surgery. THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN JoserH R. Sw. HENRY DE non anes sii ieee Jou ae Merritt, Vice-president ArtTuur M. ANDERSON, Treasurer ea DE LA Montacye, Secretary Elective Managers WILLIAM Sins BARRETT oe B. Harpinc H. Hopart Porter Howarp Bay: ey HUNTINGTON Hane E. Powe ., Jr. Epwin DE T. “Brewre Mie Haroxp I, Prazr ENRY F. pu — Mrs. eee D. ane Witizan ¥ ee MARSHALL FE See bas Lew: UND SINNOTT Rev. Rosert I. Cinee: RILL ree beeen S.J. ee i Mowieouaae Srpney J. WEINBERG cates be io Managers Wituiam O’Dw Mayor of the City of New York ANprew G. Cia eUson cc President of the Board of Education Rogpert Mosss, Park Commissioner Appointive Managers By the Torrey Botanical Club LEASON By Columbia Ce Marston T. Sade Marcus M. Ru#oapes Crar.es W. Bau Sam e TRELEASE THE STAFF WiiiaM J. Ropsins, Pu.D., Sc.D. Director H. A. Greason, Pu.D. Assistant! season on Curator HENRY DE LA MONTAGNE Assi t Director Frep J. Seaver, Pu.D., Sc.D. ‘urator A. B, Stout, P#.D. Curator of Education ae WT aboraiones Bernarp O. Donge, Px.D. Plant Pathologist H. W. Rickert, Px.D. "Bob liographer Tuomas H. Everett, N.D. Horr. Horticulturist Bassett Macuire, Px.D. to: oe Curator H. Camp, Pa.D. Associate Curator E. i ALEXANDER, B.S. Assistant Curator and Curator of the Local Herbarium E Naytor, Px.D. tant Curator _—E, LOR, F. W. Kavanaca, Px.D. penne Curator Ropert S. DE Roe, Pua.D., D.C. Sraeing Curator Marjorie ANCHEL, PHD. Research Associate Secma Koyan, ‘S Technical Assistant RosaLie WEIKERT Technical Assistant Inpa McVeIcuH, Pu.D. Technical Assistant Te eM ical rane Libraria ‘AROL H. Woopwarp, A.B of the Tou rnal G. L. Wirrrocx, A.M. Gidioter ae the Hoan Orro DEGENER, oe Collaborator in Hawattan Botan EuMer N. Mirc Photogra re Joun Pay eee A.M., M.D. Bibliographer Emeritus A. J. Grout, Pa.D. Honorary Curator oe Ae Inez M. Hiuinc Assistant Honorary Curator of M. Josepu F. Burke Honorary Curator of the Diatonaceae B. A. Kruxorr Honorary Curat tor of Economic Bo tan Etruer Anson S. Pecknam HH. A. C. PrANDER Superintendent of Buildings and Grounds To reach the Betanical Garden, take the Independent Subway to Bedford Park Boulevard station; use the Bedford Park Boulevard exit and walk east. Or take the Third Avenue Elevated to the Botanical Garden or the 200th Street station, the New York Central to the Botanical Garden station, or the Webster Avenue surface car to Bedford Park Boulevard. Membership in THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN and what it means TO THE INSTITUTION, membership means support of a program that reaches several hundreds of thousa nds of persons annually. Briefly, this program compri 1) bonbeuliner declan. (2) education, (3) scientific r rset and (4) botanical exploratio To further this work and bout plan’ d large ariun ys it ch work, while the extensive plantings at the eae ae the public vistas of beauty to enjoy the year around. The Publi is also free to use the Botanical Garden’s library, and, under direction, to consult the herbarium. E hee ore seh reais means, beyond the personal gratification of aiding such a program, these privileges: Free Batotineat in courses up to the amount of the annual member- ship fee pai A subscription to the Journal and to Addisonia. mission to Members’ Day programs nee use of the Members’ Room lants when made available for distribution. (These plants may include the parca 's new introductions into horticulture.) Personal conferences with staff members, upon request, on pr cole related % eee and horticulture free announcements of special displays, lectures, broadcasts, pro- e of lantern elides oon the Garden’s large collection. under j colabhshed regulations for such loans. membership card w ane serves as identification at special functions at ae Hotoaieal Garden and also when visiting similar institutions in a other cit 4 arden, and thus receive certain privileges for the club as a unit and others for individual members. Information on Garden Club Affiliation will be sent upon equest. Business firms may become Industrial Members of the New York Botanical Garden. Tonnes on the classes of ind strial Membership and the privileges of membership will be sent uaee requ den clubs may become Vine, ate noe of ake) New Yok Botanical | { * * ps of Perera) in the New York Botanical Garden in addition to ratnct Memberships Annual Single Fee Coneabiiy Annual Member $ 10 Member for Life SUSHMHIGE Member 25 Fellow for Life iy eh) Garden Club Affiliation 25 Patron 5,000 Fellowship Member 100 Benefactor 25.000 Contributions to the Garden may be deducted from taxable incom es Contributions to the Garden are qeagencie in computing Federal Ail New A leg: ally ADD proved form of bequest is as follov y bequeath to The New York Botanic ae Catan. ° I he incorporated under the ae New York, (Giaapier 285 of 1891, the sum Gifts may be made subject to a reservation of income from wine gift property for the benefit of the donor or any designated beneficiary during hi her lifetime. All requests for further information should be addressed to The New York Botanical Canna Bronx Park, New York 58, N. Y. JOURNAL THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN ot. 48 FEBRUARY PAGES 1947 ae JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Caro, H. Woopwarp, Editor FEBRUARY EVENTS AT THE GARDEN Art Exhibit See opposite page for details. Members’ Day the Members’ Room Feb. 5—Dr. Hosack and the ps Gel Garden Clarence McK. Lewis Saturday A Basle hie the oom Hall in the Museum Building Feb. ees in ees o—A series of motion picture shorts ‘eb. 8—Protective Devices in the Insect hs iad Louis Pyenson Feb. 15—Wild Flowers and Other ae of N Samuel Gottscho Feb. 22—Forest Treasures and y to Hap Two motion eae ee the fn eee Radio Bee Alternate Wednesdays at 5:45 over WNYC (830 on the Feb. 5—How to Keep your House Plants Healthy Se Feb. 19—Mid-Winter Use of the Small Greenhouse ee Chabot Course Feb. 19—Nature Study for Teachers E. E. Naylor, Instructor 15 Wednesday afternoons, 4-6 p.m. 4 $3 Forthcoming Events Members’ Day: March 5, “Nature’s Gamble in Producing New Plant Forms” by A. B. Stout, Saturday Programs: March 1, ae Flowers in Crete” by Picieeor and Mrs. Clarence H. Young; March 8, “Rock Garden ig struction” oa A, C. Pfander; March 15, “Exploring in Tropical pean by G e. Radio Programs. March 5. agian a Garden of Herbs” by Marcia Garrick; Miarch 19, “Exploring in Nya a nd” by Harold E. oe ae Course: Plant Propagation, E. E. Naylor, instructor, four sheeoate Saturdays, 2-4 , beginning March 1, $3. Inter national Flower Show: Grand Central Palace, Match “17-22, The New York Botanical Garden will show a plant explorer’s jungle eae a te “IN THE JUNGLE, FLoripa’”—Wat i a nslow er, aa Museum Collection; one of the Se pneae to be yes in the "Botanical yi 8 se nefi exhibit at the Wildenstein Galleries Feb. 19—Mar aoe Cover illust ee WinsLow Homer EXuHIbr wine GaLL 25 THe CHRYSANTHEM s STORY ds THE ae S. L. Emsweller 26 Jojosa—Awn OlL- “PRODUCING Biane OF SOUTHWESTERN STATE: Margaret Douglas 29 NILLa-GRow N Leo H. Narodny 33 ee Trevs pact THE Home Grounps J. H. Beale 37 UR N ON FLOWER SHOW: GE RETIRES FROM S 40 CENTURIES OF Booxs ON PLANTS EXHIBITED 42 Historica, Exuisit ON Parer-M 4B oTes, News, AND COMMENT 43 Notices AND Reviews or Recent Booxs 46 The Journal is published monthly by The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York 58, N.Y. aa Fu cous S. A. Entered as Second cine Matter, January 28, 1936, at the Post Office at New ™ ork, un adez the Act of August 24, 1912. . Annual subscription $1.50. Si ar New | ingle copies JOURNAL of THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN VoL. 48 FEBRUARY 1947 No. 566 Winslow Homer Exhibit At Wildenstein Moers: than 100 works of the nineteenth century eae ar tist, Winslow Homer, will be shown in an exhibitio will be presented for the betieht of the Garden fund. The admission charge will be fifty cents a person, and the gallery will a ae each es from apna He Pat day from 10 a 0 5:30 pm. For the preview, will ne place the ereing of Tuesday, Feb. "8. the ee are oe i six dollars each. In the 40 canvasses, 48 w atercolors, aes i drawings to be on view, nee ow Homer’s love of nature is made evident. The artist led an ardent outdoor life, ie he eequeuly painted people in their relation to nature, either working or playing out- doors. Although he visited England and Trance, he painted mostly American scenes, though some influence from Eng- lish seaside crept into his work fter visiting Tlorida and Berr his painting took on more vividness, and he usec ermuda, watercolors chiefly in depicting scenes from these two places. ” The cover ae entitled “In the Jungle, Vlorida,” is an example of this iod. The Bo sae Garde n’s exhibition at the Wildenstein hice leries will be the most comprehensive of Winslow Hor works since the Whitney Museum displayed his ae i 936. er-century after his death. Lloyd Good fe Associate Curator at the Whitney and this isoauhae authority on the artist, is collaborating in arranging the oming sl n ibition, with pictures coming ee museums, gal- leries, and private collectors all over the country. Seventeen of the pictures are in the Wildenstein Galleries’ own collection. 26 The Chrysanthemum. - Its Story Through the Ages By S. L. Emsweller* For nearly three thousand years this regal flower of the autumn season has been cultivated for the delight of man. Its present forms are manifold, Baan widely and often enpredicaby TS ee ase wild species from w in the beginning, ae Sie seco d history is garden chrysanthem ee + Chin o the scientific breeding of the snails ee is adits to ines in sae article. HE chrysanthemum flower is one of the patriarchs among those that man has long g grown for the pure pleasure of his soul. The culture of improved forms is known to antedate the Christian era by many centuries. AML the oe points to China as the native home of the chrysanthemum. According to some Chinese writers it was being grown in China as early as about 1000 B.C., at a time when most of Europe was a complete blank insofar as authentic oa is concerned. The Chinese were growing improved forms as early a B.C. According to the ee chrysanthemums were introduced into Japan from China about 724 to 749 A.D. At first they were grown in the gardens of the Imperial Palace. Soon, howeve they became popular with the nobility and finally with the masses a ‘the people. Within a short time 8. The first chrysanthemums reached Teurope in 1688. Today it seems strange to us that such lovely flowers had not attracted the attention of Europeans at an er Probably they did, and very likely earlier attempts to import them met with fa ilure because of the inability of the plants to survive the long, hard passage from the Orient. In 1689 several: varieties were reported as being grown in the Netherlands, but for some unknown reason these varieties soon passed out of cultivation. * Dr. Emsweller is Principal Horticulturist, Division of Fruit and Vegetable Crops and Diseases, Bureau of Plant Industry, Soils, and Agricultural Engineering, Agri re i D tme Ag cultural Research Administration, United State epartment of Agr See Belts: ville, ryland. The paper presented here ae the introductory section of ali address on chrysanthemum breeding given at the New York Botani aL ron den last October 26, during the chrysanthemum show and fron ram staged in co-operation with. the Eastern States Chrysanthemum Society 27 In 1764, just 76 years after the first European importation, chrysanthe- mums a their first appearance in England. They were popular immedi- ee on aay varieties were in from China in 1789. During the period 1789-1809, eight new types were introduced from China. U norte the early oe of chrysanthemums in the United States is very obse ce. According to the 1828 ae of William Prince they were first ple ie in 1798 at Hoboken, New Jersey, ee a certain John ner In He as of informa ion o ‘the contrary it may be assumed this dat robal ect, althou oo sere eae had then oe en ee in ae d for oi years. The first plants reaching America were pri obably a dark ae form that had been introduced into Europe from China in 1790. In 1826 the Prince Nursery listed 26 varieties and by according to Hovey’s i dencr’s Magazine a Regie. 50 distinct varieties were availble’! in this coun —_ All of the early varieties mao from the Orient were Boast in as living plants. Insofar e know, the first attempts to grow seedlings in Europe were made about 1827, ok this time a I'renchman, M. Bernet, flowered several fine seedlings from seed a found in withered flower heads the previous pera Following this it is highly probable that many amateurs began growing seedlings, but ey there are no records. e have no record whatever ean the origin of the 50 varieties listed in the United States in 1835. Very probably they were varicties from Ycurope, propagated entirely by ae and crown divisions. Since propa- is an indication that very little actual improvement by means of growing seedlings had been attempted. One of the earliest eee breeders in this country was Robert Kilvington, of Phila eae n 1841 he exhibited a new seedling See William Penn before the ne nsylvania Hortice me Society. It a large satay fone almost globular in shape. While this new ee received favorable comment it did not stimulate pee work, and no other co: Suan ion, peas ed for some time. About 1850.Samuel Brookes of Chicago became very much eee in chryaanhemumns and did con- siderable work to stim ne interest e flov A general interest in cysatenins was sow to ees in we coun- try. In 1844 an impressive display nade of the ae varieties at the fall show of ss aeons eer Society. Tw: years later there was a large exhibit before ae eet nia ear eel Society, where the ee was described as the coming pes As ie eae show was not nd, A owever, ai 1868. A present time there are many chrysanthemum exhibits each year. 28 Previous to 1850 chrysanthemums were not grown as greenhouse plants. About this time a few varieties were tried under glass, and development of special florist types was soon under w y. The florists soon extended the blooming period and it possible to racket the large showy types that wer e being introduced from Japan. About 1883 Hosea Waterer imported acd 50 varieties from cre Shortly following this a large white variety age es was so attractive it is said to have been sold for a fabulous This variety \ sent to Mr. and Mrs. Alpheus Hardy and un- doubtedly was one f ce stim ulating bee that led to a amc of interest in chrysanthemum ee ng in thts country. Some of the success ] breeders of this period were H. epaaiine: E. Fewkes, Pitc her a Manda, V. H. Hallock, W. C. fae , E.G. Hill, and F. Dorner and Soi By 1894 there were listed 163 sorieiies of American origin. Among the more recent breeders of chrysanthemum one finds the name of Telmer 1D. Smith, of Adrian, Michigan. By 1928 he had introduced 445 new varietics, and many ethers have a added since that time. d J. W. Byrnes ae is .M ee ve - ee ety has been the work of V. R. Petris, of Detroit, Michigan, Alex Cumming, Jr., of Bristol, Connecticut, Baur- Steinkamp, of Indian- apolis, Indiana, Yoder be ers, of Barberton, Ohio,.and the Styers of c Penns /- what is the origin ot the modern Reon Before World War the Japanese ae to have about 5,000 varieties. In Europe robably at least half this number , and here in our country the This which thousands of words have been written. So far, however, there is no evidence in favor of any particular species that will stand up under critical CNG eae One of the speculations most widely eee and now accepted by iy as a fact 1s that our present-day flori arden chrysanthemums vere derived from Chrysanthennen moriflin a C. indicum. The large- re varieties are supposed to have come from C. Gans he = small-flowered ones fri C. indicum. White his may pro o be thus far it is is purely upon inference and is not Eee on any critical eviden There are several ways in which we might attack the problem of discover- g the par r parental species of our chrysanthemums, If C. sio ee F al C. ey are the primary types, then we might be able to derive thes two s species from our modern varieties by a program of so-called Tebreets g. This could be done by pollinating a variety with its 6wn pollen, select- 29 We pee the seedlings those most near ly like the alleged parent species, oe the self asl ie . If the original factors or ae ci com: morifolium are pres uch a program should eventually p ce a morifolbum p lant. It is een unlike ely, however, that either mor alin H program ee the alleged parents, morifolium and indicum. Our pera var’ , however, probably contain relatively few genes exactly s they were in ae original primitive parental type or types Ea Jojoba—An Oil-Producing Plant Of the Southwestern States By Margaret Douglas Go WILD in desert regions of the southwestern states is an oil-producing plant of considerable promise, locally called the goat-nut rt i i i of an H or JoyoBa (both J’s pronounced as in Spanish, the sound ). Kn to th ly Indians there, who us tuits for food and beverage, it was ad a small extent by the white settlers, who also used its in cookery and medicine, Only i years, however, have its commercial gna become evident. n exp ental plant ing has bee e Boyce Thompson Southwestern Arboretum at Superior, Ariz TI 8, Mrs. Walter Douglas, for many years has been Pree keen and Sane he w wild a inter home i observations recorded here, technical notes have been added by Dr. George amieson of Washington, D. C., author of “The Oiticica Tree of Brazil and the Oil from its " Seeds,” which appeared in this Journal for October 1946.--C. H. W. Y attention was first called to the oyoBa when some friends cu mine in 1944 bought twenty acres of desert land in ie Valley Phoenix, in order to enjoy the great variety of plan in our fie ret By stirrounding the property with a fence, they Lae the plants fron * See her article on the huanita, a rare, fragrant-flowered tree of Mexico, in the Journal for May 1946. Five-yearold plants of Simmondsia californica, four feet high, at the Boyce Thompson. Southwestern Arboretum at Superior, Arizona. the ea: of cattle and other destructive elements. This particular spot aboun . n the te desert flora: owl clover, phacelia, delphinium, many of the pane e, yucca, Ocotillo, numerous kinds of cacti and lupines. But the ae in which we a oe interested, quite apart from its economic value—o WS retnies in this locality—-was the goat-nut or jo soba unas californ This shrub also grows very ee the Boyce aed Cree Arboretum, in are erior, Arizon Not long ago, while visiting Mr. Fred Gibson, Director of the Arbor cn he showed us some of the large plants the jojoba, ee later on the products as informed that the plant, which belongs e Box family, was first described by Thomas Nuttall is being found at San Diego, and he named it Simmondsia californica in honor of the botanist, Thomas W. Simmonds, who d in Barbado Towever, Mr. Gibson tells me th nist *, Link came that the bot Click with the name Buus chinensis, thinking the plant was of Chines tigin, Therefore, is ne chinensis is Botanic lly correct, it furthers an error of conceptio: ect mentions a je in 1859, in “Botany of the aerate (in te report by W. H. Emory, on the United States and aa survey), and calls ie Euphorbia. Mr. Gibson says that ql ne is the Box family, it is also very near the Euphorbiaceae 31 nel i Standley tells of the jojoba ada in Sonora and Low California, besides the already- es type from San Diego, and ae among ae things, in his ‘““Trees and Shrubs of Mexico The seeds contain about 48% of i which is used locally as a hair tonic... The first reference i ae ny is that of Clavigero, (Historia de la California, 1789), ose unt is as ee ‘The jojoba is one of the most highly valued frais of ‘California . .. has become noted because of its medicinal v: cure for wounds . remedy for cancer’. The plant dock: ne bear rar oy year, but only when there has fallen at least a heavy shower in the winter The oval, box-shaped oe are a dull sage-green, and grow to one or one and a a inches long. The flower in shape resembles a berry with Be on s, and has no apparent outer change when it becomes a fone the ret: rogress on of the two small horn-like projections of the signa ae pollination. When the fruit develops, it is somewhat like an ac and the so-called nuts have long been eaten by Indians and n acori see “ makes a good browse ae and cattle are fond of both fruit Most neeuieis le the fact, which Mr. eed bees attention to, that the jojoba is dioecious, and he unted th they appea in nature, and found ea to be balanced. Most of the Go eave FLOWERS a4 FRUITS OF THE JOBOBA berry-like pistillate, or female, flowers are at the left. The staminate, or Ai from a different plant are shown in the center cluster. vat ey eight is a specimen of the ripe fruit, all about three-quarters natural si 32 one to ae that both Hele Ae pistillate flowers are borne on the same plant, but a ma (staminate) flowers are in clusters on one, while the i ce (pistillate) flowers occur singly on another. The plants are generally f£ t feet high. In places where the jojoba finds a friendly foothold, these shrubs sometimes grow so cl together that he branches mingle and give the £ having male and female blos- soms on the same plant, which leads to a mistaken determination. nat The dioecious character of the plant relates to the future economic possibility of growirig it for a During 1933, R. A. Green and I. A. Foster were the first to discover that the so-called oil was a liquid wax, whereas all other ae seeds contain fatty or glyceride oils. Sperm oil is another liquid w. — ose who are interested in growing it are warned that if t they oF eee es e ate only half will bear seed. Jojoba does not ee cept as seedlings with roots aascneben Seeds are the best way to A opeahe come up after summer ra oe economic aaa of the jojoba “oil were discovered about ten e fae or rubber-like substance, made from the oil, was. A e€ Tlona Ga for the use of the a in shortenings and other food ae : ae) their becoming ra: Abou uae rs ago, a patent eon was era covering the ee, wa Someone else has patented the liquid wax as a lubricant for dict instruments. It has also been patented for use in preparing a printer’s ink. eee ive ne the hydrogenated wax do not melt oe ae used—evi burning hot ee ee In hardness jojoba ee next to Say eae being used for some pur- poses in competition with carnauba. Another product of this remarkable seed is stock feed, which can be made from the residue after the oil is removed. This same residue also Ba be used for plastics. coffee-like ne erage has been made from the seeds ground and roasted. ae the fruits are eaten raw, directly from the ‘bus hes + New light is shed on the progress—or rather, lack of progress—in introducing jojoba into commercial culture through an article that appeared in The Arizona Farmer Dec. 14, 1946. Under the heading “Durkee Co. Drops Jojoba Program,” tl item reads, in part: “Except for 20 acres, the pio nut Ds a in the Magma district is terminated. “This decision is a shar sal from last spring’s plans, Thousands of dollars were then spent to plant fe eine to jojoba, and the intention was to expand to 640 acres next year. ow the new plantings have all been pl : ae is still undeniable that the liquid wax extracted from jojoha nu juts, also known rries and bucknuts, is a product of enormous possibilities in the varnish coffeebe industry and allied lines. But the Durkee and Glidden eel decided that it would take too long to get jojoba catablished as a commercial c ne from Fred Gibson, Director, Boyce Thompson ees Arboretum. 33 Vanilla-Growing on Dominica By Leo H. Narodny THe steep shores of as pnts island are a vanilla-growers’ paradise, and the peasants rely n the culture of this fragrant orchid as their source of income Ir, Sy, who has lived for sod years on pone here describes the wi way the vines are grown and the pods ave processed for consumption in the United States on island of sen in lee British ie Indies ate chieted become ] the largest producers of vanilla in the Western Hemisphere. the ester ae of the bonny oe at He same ans (15° n orth) as G Ja on the eastern boundary, an ideal loca- tion seems to have been found for this terrestrial orchid, Vanilla planifolia Introduced ma ago by Jesuit priests, rchid has been plante throughout the rain-forest of this mountainous little island. It normally climbs up thirty or forty feet and when it has outclimbed its supporting tree, it ie down free hanging sprays. In t son, which star in February, ‘these hanging sprays throw out clusters of small yellow orchids, re fruits from which are harvested nearly a year later. The crop is ee ane entirely by negro eee in their small gardens, some havin single vine. An old plant growing under ideal conditions can ae en than thirty pounds Pa . een beans, but this is e 1. M ften ne will duce about a d of green beans, which when cured make about three ounces of Uae ee about a dollar to the peasant. It does not sri Soe Se rovide t of the income of oe peasants, who erie Ss. The price of vanilla now is so high that oe fifty paola pounds of cured beans comprised the most valuable of the island’s exports in 1945. In fact, in the Carib Reserve, which has been described in a previous article in this Journal, “Plants Used by the poy ae by W. H. Hodge, a sight to see the mongoloid Caribs carrying hundred pound bags of these eas green beans on their heads for ten or fifteen miles to the dealers the co- operative association whi pie ae ceil their beans. The vanilla ae is sometimes gro coffee s, which, some two hundred years ago, were e the ee ont crop . he island. Beas heavy shade : oe is so dense, however, wee the plant rarely bloo: the dimness beneath tnless the branches are trimmed, Ther ea saa the end of the year, the trees on which the ai is grown are pruned’ away. This gives the vanilla plant more light.and thus induces ‘t ‘ bloom n Dominica, the best supporting tree for vanilla vines seems to be hibiscus, The plant on the left is bearing several pounds of green beans. On the right a vine is shown clings om during sae ensuing dry season, and also keeps the Rae on napa losing all its leaves, which it would otherwise normally do at this ‘Plato of = vanilla orchid is done by hand, usua ally ne a eae of wood o safet Ue and the flower almost Bae rnd wilts.’ Only self- -olination is practised, as cross- pollination would be eae An exper ced girl can lina more than six hundred flow sunrise ee noon, when the flow e fresh. The temptation to alti = many flowers on a ee bit Bae the plant ee renders it liable o disease. Almost every p t has lost a good part of his aie chee in this way. Seldom is a ee plate ee found, nor i found in Mexico, the original home of the In a few months the pods attain a length ae cent inches or more, but er. In order to prevent theft ee as it is called i ee as “praedial .larceny,” no beans may be plucked before January 15, and many growers: brand dee beans by writing ts initials with a pin on one fac of the pod, thus making an indelible sca: 35 The con pene ea amount of personal care needed for cultivation oe vents this cro m becoming a large-scale estate crop a and will tend t keep it in the ee of peasants. This is also trite in Mexico ohe fe Tatonoco Indians near Nie Cruz care for oC vine on iat holdings eans, the best leans are © oe ned by curing on a eee al Dominic: lla G s Association sorts the beans for quality and scalds them in hot oie or a few seconds and then places them in small boxe d with woolen blankets. In a r th ns bi sweat from the heat generated by their own enzyme activity. They are then placed in ne sun to dry. Later, when they have reached one-fifth of their original weight, they are conditioned in boxes. No aroma appears until the conationine process, which lasts a months, has fairly well begun. Vanillin, one of the pr rincipal constituents of vanilla, is also bee ae the waste pu ulp of paper mills in Canada and northern a ited but this is by no means the only ingredient of cured vanilla, alee which has rich ie —~a blend of several unknown ingredients in addition 2 vanillin, More than a million pounds of beans normally go to the United States, During seis the streets of Roseau, capital of Dominica, are lined with vanilla beans, curing in the sun. This shows about = eee worth of beans offering a novel obstruction traffic. Vanilla money often is spent within two days during Mardi Gras eae in Dominica. The streets that were lately blocked hy drying beans are now thronged with masked people celebrating the carnival with native songs and die a OMS to flavor ice-cream. Although the price is high, close to eight dollars nd n of flavoring with real vanilla is only about ten cents a gallon, and in spite of the production of thousands of pounds of ane vanillin, the market for natural inane continues. e economic life of Dominica depends on public preference for the real vanilla flavor, hich fortunately : a wel Ca babi in the U.S.A. ae -pod of this pretty orchid, bea in such out-of-the-way tal regions as nie e of Mexico, Madag: r, and Dominica, provides supply of this Aavoring to the rest of the yard Vanilla can grow in many parts of the world, but only near the sea and between the latitudes of 10° and 20° ety and south has it been found to flourish. we add “to these requirements those of steeply ig land, a heavy alee: a a predominantly ee proprictor, it is ¢ y Dominica is 0! of the very few places in the world wheres vanilla will cece Gara ra become more ica because of large a veloped areas. The pictures show the unobtrusive eae eee invisible vanilla plants. Jt is very difficult to sce the succulent green leaves and stems in the shade of the support tree, and equally difficult oO see the long green beans in the = 37 heavy foliage. A vanilla plantation, to a casual observer, looks like an abandoned clearing in the forest, and some of the most valuable crop land in the world, producing over a thousand dollars per acre, looks completely worthless. There are other forms of ae some a or four, which grow wild in the island, but none has become of a rtance. Vanilla is the only orchid cattiv a ae ae except its flower. Lee BROADCAST By J. H. Beale Suitable Trees for the Home Grounds O many requests were receiwed for the list of trees suggested by J. H. Beale, Superintendent of the Arboretum at the Boyce Thompson Institute, when he spoke on ihe New York Botanical Garden’s radio program over ct. 16, that ihe entire manuscript on which the broadcast was based is presented here. I making a choice of trees to plant on his PLOPER ys the first question ae see -owner must answer for himself is t purpose is the ae ae aie e ee to provide shade wher ax on hot summer days; or : : ae to add a fe See —an ne —. part of the garden? Or t to oe a focal point from a window, a porch, or a favorite wee in “the garden _. pote the a “What kind of tree makes the greatest ap- peal to Ts i ‘the e year- coud dignity of the evergreens; the aaa ne ee foliage changes of some of the larger deciduous trees; or essentially te beauty of the blossoms, leaves, and fruits that is ied: When these points are settled, there still remains that very important consideration : “How sta can Wwe devote to trees without overcrowding other plants in the’ In sins Santas. sen this point will greatly influence the final selec Evergreen Trees and Other Cone-Bearers ihe heads. Therefore, any shade begin evergreen tree: they cast is lateral rather than ov ethead s a whole they grow more slowly than shade. . aa ee trees of similar age, and not The light, feathery grace of the com- for a great many years do they develop mon hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) can 38 hardly be surpassed by any other ever- common ve all a) {24 ieee as 3B g - ° Ny est, Cc linizna), "which not as well known as it to ha r bench s long, soft. neat hite Norway spruce es more commonly other, and makes a handsome tree unless _attacked by spruce gall aphis. A muc! re recent introduc: rbian eet P. Bae rather ei hab superior to oe orw: _pugens arc too w comment except to remark tl lat no Of in- they pre- of the best. re the Nikko fir 4. homolepis), the fc) folia). aati Graamentl tree that must not be overlooked. The larches are among the very few cone-bearing trees that lose their leaves in winter. wo kinds are frequently grown, the European (Lartr decidua). and the Japanese (L. leptolepis), ae of the two the Japanese is the more de- ew Both | kinds grow rr rapidly, id iracsey as do the larches whe the lea begin to appear in spring. The Larger Deciduous T: eS The oaks oe cone es are usuall k (O still more e brian fall Ae liage, are age, hat open head. he aes ae Fagus syfvatica) is generally a smaller tre American counterpart: of them can in any way be considered as “smal trees, in their early years bot! rather slowly. The European eee is probably better known in. its weeping form, or as one of several varieties with colored foliage, referred to as purple or copper beeches. Another ariety i | aved beech, so called rom the de errations in the edges of the leaves. aples are familiar trees, and the ue oraale (4cer platar roides) is fel nuch too often, near the surface of the ground, it is im- possible to maintain a carpet of grass hen ae its branches. sugar maple (.4. saccharum) is a ore refined tree, but is onen to mu eyes cchari nun) t nei aie he - ener (A. rubrun i) is heautiful in flower and in its fal col loring, but it req rites a toist soil and is also surface-rootir Smaller hes for Ornament The birches much smaller trees, nd those w an white trunks are highly eriamenial The indigenous gray birch (Betula populifolia) is ‘frequently planted, are 39 and with its cluster of white stems aris- ing a a common pa makes a cline t. H drooping b attractiveness. the add various ‘white- stemmed birches the canoe B. ue ra) is birch ( rie peeling the most desirable, though it makes a ane hae The river rch (B. nigra) is inctive in its vecilae rich brown, ay bark, nd is a good plant f ba dis ‘broken, Everywhere his region ae moun-~ tain as! orbus rae ) was out- standing in the fall of 1946 in the beauty of its quantities BF orange-red berries Here is a small tree that provides annual display, and oe not cast a very le. eep a close watch for stem borers! Trees with Showy Flowers The white, pendent flowers of the divcrhell: (Halesia oe appeat just befoi y wit th the makes a four- vee fruits, tho ugh | beanie are unu Many of 1 nolias ae no other tree ] ibe he mag me “Tat striking wie ia ag- yulan (M7. “8 ilar carly flo ers are sometimes injured by late or cold winds. The wire mag- nolia (Al. tripetala), with lea 12-24 inches long, also has large white cou ers, but as 2 not appear until after the leaves in evidence. The whiteleaf Ja arn “enagnolia (M. obovata) though both leaves and flowers tit smaller than those of the umbrella mag- nolia, has more striking flow ecatse of their bright scarlet filaments. A very much smaller plant in every is the thay (M. cirginiana) which does not flower until June and July. | Though oe in the South it is deciduous in this The violet color of the flowers of the empress-tree (Paulownia spinel is unusual, and though ihe tree is not un- common about New Yorl ne is always an object of interest. ao he branches break rather too easily during | winds, for the ee os rapidly the wood is soft. Distinctive i in many ways is the golden- rain tree Koelreuteria ee, another small tree which, n July, pro- uces its smali yellow pee in large clusters on the ends of the branches. The flowering dogwood ae rns florida), at any a te the one of the paves of small flowering tr rees, and 19 - ou stand- ars, In eS ae com. eave: bates flowers which later t berri su ing co st to the white. Less familiar is the Asiatic kousa dogwood (C. kousa) ee differs from its American cousin in later flowersie: in the aie aon ee below the Pius ers, and strawberry-like frv — Crabs and Cherries All rab-apples are exceedingly showy in fll Pa and aoe of them have the edd tous attraction of fruits that are almost as showy. Mention can only be made of some of the better ones, for example the Carmine, the Dolgo, the ane the Rose, the Toringo, the ley Purp Among di e flowers of tl Parkmann crab a pleasing shade of pink, and the flowers of the Vi rienta. ere are one or two weeping forms ot which Elise Rathke is, perhaps, the bes Of the ae cherries the weeping Higan | ae Bie ced ie dula Vi ost frequently gro te a ae ae one is the Fuji cherry, in which the almost white flowers are pro oduced in quantities great number of double- but unfortunately the re are a flowered forms, buds of these are often injured or de- stroyed by frost. Two popular varieties are Kwanzan and Koiveen both witl sae flowers. are a other trees, both large merits of a a many before making a final selectior tA com Lectures Given on Flower Shows 1947 serics of as lectures by the New York Botanical Ga: began Jan 16 with a_ talk hy Richardson Wright, Editor of House nd rden, a “What Went Be- oe of this series of six e been given at the home of Mrs. ohn Sloane, has been to interpret flower shows ad their out cance. Subsequent addre: every Thursday morning Ad 20, have been follov ses, Oc ane concluding announced as “How | Grow Plants of Exhibition Quality Your Garden’ by James B. Jack, Superintenaen mt, A. A. Cook Estate, Mt. Kis N. Y¥. by Tames. In Pla ms a Sucerinicuaene. ae apace er on, Eldridge etates eat Neck, and Baltas Gardeners’ Chrowicie of a “Catching Ibye” by eor: Il. “eit, meat aries or the eld Estate, Huntington, L. ae Be Asked Judge” by TReckett, Suocintendente Mrs. Herbert N. Straus Estate, Red Bank, N. T. 4 nd Flower Shows of by F. I. Rock- of Ilome Garden ardens the. pane are Yours” eas Scone ~in-Chief mag: ine. This program has been arranged by the New York Botanical Garden's Men hattan office, with Mrs. Melvin E. Sawir and Mrs. John D. Picat Je acting as co-chairmen of a commit which in- ae i B. ono Fairchild: Mrs. rthur Lech Mrs. Harold I. Pratt, Donald TR. Straus, and Mrs. Thomas ‘ 7: J. WWaleor Dr. B. O. Dodge Retires from Staff T WENTY. YEARS in which scientific research in the genetics of the fungi and with a p a un, as gone hand i ith rogram of pra 1 work in plant pathology at the Nev ork Botanical Garden were g on, with Dr. D returnin nis desk and laboratory every day. uring the es Ir: een at the ver been directly Neurospor r. Dodge other cenit that able of 1 ane 2. & a 2 a ae ae Z a a Bs R z 4 a “has been of r ins hybridiz ie ames S pproach of deccloning ‘lant to fung' aataral he clue to their and pointe the way to a new their problem which ena be dis S. immune Th wast this work which won for Dr. Dodge, number of years after it was first ecconupl hed membership in the Na- 41 tional Academy of Sciences. He is also a 01 member of the oe Academy of Arts and Sciences and numerous other scienti organization: id more offices in the Torrey Botanical Club, inclu hat ditor, re y other member, and in recognition of this, volume 74 of the Bulle tin, which almost coeval with him, will be arena fee a oe will contain a portrait and iog Dine ‘his years at the Garden he has been one of the only two plant pathol- ogists panera with diseases of orna- taining arden’s studen ardeners i disease control, omen his eine 4 in the Two-year Science Course for Garden- = addition, he has taught genetics fungi to Columbia University ae students in botany. The result of his many ye of work in plant ome contrived © a “638. page volur “Diseases and Pests of Ornamental Plants,” which he wrote in Soca with W. Rickett. The book w: published it in 1943 by the Jaques nt work a ine Garden wa: Ww n he was studying fo ‘olum- there. P. ol ingto . Cc, w : eight years he had been pathologist in fruit diseases for the Bureau of Plant Industry. ee asked what his plans for the y by remarking, “Dodge r knows wuntil the day befo oo swien fe is going, where he is going, why.” ver, an answer met be eenled by a quota- tion from Dr. arper, anon, Dr. Dodge once ae to oteeeet a aie ae a ele he was gi Dr. er respo: “Tt feet. eratice wha t “the ded, title ot your paper is; we all know what ae re going to talk about’ So Dr. Dodge will undoubtedly con- tinue working on Neurospora. h Wayside— 1 'y¥ all grown with tl Jmade the name “Wayside’’ a synonym for garden suceess, Here are just a few! EW CIANT FLOWERING GLADIOLI FROM HOLLAND. a ‘ ee pie Unsur- passed for giant s valu DWARF BUDDLEIA WHITE PROFUSION. globe- ape shrub studded with hundreds a fi lowers. A fine foreground for shrub borders, psolutely new fruit. Flavor entirely new and distinct, Splendid NEW FLOWERS with traditional Wayside hardiness more like peach, nectarine and plum combined. Fruit giant size—-2%” or after planting. more diameter, Bears second ycar Send for Fin Horticultural Book Cdabe ages of gard shrubs, poe bulbs aeausty illustrated in col- you ak oe ii that you enclose with your re: quest, 50¢,. coi r stamps, ta cover postage and handling costs. 53 Mentor Ave. Mentor, Ohio Three Centuries of Books on Plants Exhibited a the See books on garden- d botany in Cen “culture were s caribited at ate New York Botani- oa Garden for the Novenber Members! y program by Albert E. Lownes Peder R. I., a member of the Garden and collector of significant books of rence and technology. Forty % of the books on display came from the New York Botanical Garde, ae all eo one ned XN ° Fr represented volumes by = Mr. Lownes. Aiinouek oe nat the works were written long before, the books ex: hibited d from the late 15th to beginning of the 19th century.* The earliest volume shown was a 1483 edition, printed in Treviso, of Theo. phrastus’s “De historia et causis plan- tarum” ich was se about 300 B.C. wrote his “Naturiae ‘ iny, who historiarum” more ne “300 years later, was es by a 1497 edition printed in Ven Te exhibited what he called Mr. “the first edition in English of a SEED COLLECTIONS We are interested in purchasing Tree—Shrub—Perennial Seeds Correspondence invited HERBST BROTHERS 92 Warren St. New York 7, N. Y. oe. ‘best selle a The a wa! tain Pak arliest English asteation of he oe st ie es ca on living oat sete appeared Otho Bru: “Herbarur vivag cicones,” Cel in Strassbur; St oe thes said Mr. Lownes this he a la ay mark in botanical histor During the info rmal cae wait he e s, Fitzherbert’s “The published a h told in oe style of a housewife’s anes fein a mornyng whan thou art > £ the holy crosse, art up & redy, than fyrst swepe thy hous, dresse up thy dysshborde, ae set all thynges in good ordre within thy hous, mille thy k iy cal oe mylke, prods for thy hus- pais ‘reels “An the oe of Marche or a lytell tone is tyme for a wyfe to make her garden, and to gette as many good e e can, & he and to eate/ and as oft as nede shall equyre it must be weded, for the — 1 over: erie the herbes. . . .” e first English book that was truly dey ae to gardening was Thomas Hyll’s small hook “The art of gardening” (Lon- don 1563) homas Hyll was known also for the excellence is illustra- tions in “The gardeners Jabyrinth” (15 Lownes showed | slightly 7). Mr. ee editions of both of these historical John Gerarde’s “Herball” of 1597 was sh iowa: as was John Parkinson’s “Paradisi in sole” of a quarter of a century later. Among other books of interest (if one a ee * Only days ait the exhibit was over. ae Lownes 18th century., edition of Humphr could be said to draw more attention than another) were William Coles’ “The art of simpling” (recently reprinted by the Tro- ni n Press, a previously reproduced csimile Rosetta FE. Clarkson), yeh a ‘New England’s rarities discovered,” Wan Rheede’s ‘“Malahaarse kruidhof” which is one of the best and earliest books of the flora of the East Indies, Paget Kaempfer’s “History of Japan” showing for the first time ene nese ae and gardens, Mark oe sby’s “Natural History of Carolina,” ‘ali Nicolaus J. well as Mr. Ss, owns a copy of ‘this rare acre Em Historical Exhibit on P Making more than a a M1 Peeiiine mber, ee ork Bo- ts earliest day Hen to the exhibit was ei the Poet genuine dae oe ‘arated on several types cluding the first oe was of includ: node with corn stalks were show EGS Notes, News, and Comment g. At the the Advancement of Boston Meetin, American Association for Science meeting in Boston, the week after 43 ee Dr. Bassett Maguire spoke “Congeneric Aspects of “Levan nerella Kingii and Physaria Geyeri.” preci bat Pas tem: , spoke on P lems member and Mrs. avanagh, an Selina Kojan. Reports from hen were at the staff confere January 16. i nual Meeting.Frederick S. Moseley, Jr., was elected to the Board of Managers of the New York Botanical Garden at the annual meeting of the Corporation He. ney i are Mrs. Ja dy, Mrs. Charles Burlingham, Mrs. Sidney de Kay, Mrs. Regirald Sint Mrs. Q’Donneli Iselin, Mrs. Grafto of ion a rs. Junius A. Richards, B. Weld, Howard Bayne, Toe Bue “Charles B. Harding and Chauncey Stillman, ;, Bobbink & Atkins NURSERYMEN AND PLANTSMEN st of the unusual Roses, Trees and ao a. not a ara ar be found grow: ens t. a nals of rere Heaeiee. Visitors Always Welcome Catalogue Upon Request Bobbink & Atkins Paterson Ave., E. Rutherford, N. J. 44 Howard Bayne was appointed to fill a yacancy on the Finance Committee onl a ees of the ary, was named to n additis summary of recent even vents at th sei brief reports were givcn by To ea R Swan, President, Mrs. J. Henry Harper, Executive Assistant, Mrs. Robert H. Fif Chairmar e Advisory Council, and y Dr. leason on his work on the flora of northeastern we States. All officers were re-elec i lad Representative. Dr. Fred J. has been appointed to the Board a eee gers as a representative of the Torrey Botanical Club, succeeding Dr. H. A. Gleason, who has held the post since’ the retirement of Dr. Tracey E. Hazen from Columbia at the end of 1939. dvisory Council. Mrs. Guthrie Shaw has been elected Corresponding Secretary £ the Advisory Council of the Garde First e-Cha: “ A. eect Second Vice- Chairman; Mrs. Nelson B. Williams, di ae Mrs. F cil by ihe Board of ene at the annual mee re 15. y J. Fisher, who had been a ea OF aie Advisory Council since 1935, and of the Corporation of th Garden since 1936, died last Dec w Imports for I VAN TUBERGEN vee are and Unusual aay east Reed dae nl apr Gesne . Oxalis, etc. tite “ Seria ie THE BARNES, IMPORTERS Lockport 8, New York Members’ Days. Sections of two distant continents were i Hate py gree at the Members’ rogra: the New ae us ee Garden in December and J 4, ee J.B reported on th 2 ea first expedition in age the pro- nthony, also zuela, he program of February 5, at whi Mr. Clarence McK. Le of the Garden's Board of Managers talked on “Dr. Hosack and the Elgin Botani rden,” was inspired by the formal presentation anu 16 of rtrait of r. Hosack to the New Yo otanical arden, This portrait of the oe remained in the “family since Aa was tai inted. Descendants of Dr. Hosack re- cae presented it to the Garden and it s formal y accepted at the opening of the Gales aon lectures at the home of Mrs. John in New York. A. repor the Nos ember Members’ ee oe ig, Lownes described 50 e: an ee herbals which he exhibited, is appear- ing elsewhere in the Jou Lectures. On January 5, Elizabeth C. ae es the eighth annual winter and spoke on “Garden Books of a A. B. Stout lectured to the and ‘cradeate in biology at For ahaa U ersity Dec. “Taxonomic sl ce Studies ae the genus Hemero- ca Four garden clubs were invited by the garden department of the Women’s Club of Grea t Neck, eee of the Botani- cal Cale. io le talk by E. J. Alexander January 20 an “Wild Flowers for Our Gardens. Tr. i mp gave the annual William T. Davis ee lecture at the — Island Institute of 18. Arts and His_ subject was anuar: the Hartford, Conn., “Plant Exploration i in Southern Vis Dr. F. R. Fosberg, who has just Here from making a ee ae of some Pacific Islands that ha _ stitution of the "Ge Rog ae “of ” Michi higan, George Bh "Britz of the pa se - Cali- fornia erkeley, McMinn. of Mill s Citeae Catone: and if eed ae Fulford of the Uni versity of Cincinnati, all s spent some time in the Garden’ s ee barium ¢ an hah Yani er uigi Fenaroli made,a fare it .to the Caden on his x se . Ic te “e Ben feoae: Staly, where he in charge of the Agricultural Eeperecent Station. During the Christm Neat, some former student gardeners sited the New York Botanical Gardens “They in- cluded Li nard te now at Ca ifornia S) Di n 6s 2.8 area Ee aie = ‘ D. Bock efeller, ‘ Ossining, N. o SO visiting the Rage during Perlberger, Plant Paiclogice “SSrecaltiral Research Sta- tion at Rel hovot, Palestine, who has been See six ‘months in this country. s have been Dr. and Mrs. ie ne A er- t to the ‘halletin of Horticulture from the Antoinette Charles J. awaii; Baki asaphel — Akar: Turkey; Jason Sw al at Wa: shington, the Janciro ; at Janu- co ‘ot Nor Ass " co Cr cen Thunb, oe nol: at the pres re time ae ing Michigan State College of Agricul- 4 "Dr. ture at East Lansing; J. M. Watcrston of the Department of Agriculture, Bermuda: Walter H. Snell, Brown University; Paul Neergaard Erom Copenhagen, JJen- ae Dr. a - ae gman of New k City; Jos , Cc A stry, 2 oe Geo min, Pare Univer oronto ; Bruno, renee n Call ege, Winds sor, Ontario; Robert Snedigar of the Chicago Zoologi cal park kf ecole fford Proctor, landscapist, m byshire, England, on his way to Groups. Seventy- a rember of the Park Association ork, for which Dr. Wi a) ~ Robbin oe as horticulturist, made i the Garden Oct. 2. ote rere "Haye Sulz- berger is pre and Mrs arold Irving Pratt Nir “Albert D. Lasker are among the direc ages, lor, Fe ee the NEW YORK 8 132-138 CHURCH ST., Dept.BO MAYFAIR NURSERIES’ | pee Hae ane of Choice and Rare Rock Plants end for your free copy today MAYFAIR NURSERIES 3 Hi ighland Ave., Bergenfield, N. J NOTICES AND REVIE WS OF RECENT BOOKS Merrie Little Volume wise, is kept throughout the book, though asaul by an irritatingly inco mplete RECIPES AND ca ee OF alos ban eas Mea wes bee Troviiion Bue he erb enthusiast of today who Press, Herrin, Ill, 1 knows her cooking herbs, will Feinic in Its choice paper and linge type the stately phraseology of those recipes t once lsc idualice this book, for “Secthing Benes” 1390) r for the which is the third of a Meenas device making, in 2, of the “Queen’s Ordin- issued from the Trov itlions’ private press ae ‘ouill oe with mint, parsley, thyme Not one of the pages in it is a eae “great onion.’ One gets the impress aon ee the aon intended to reveal, there Trovillions have sele ted joyously iiaee is an amazing amount of information in old-time recipes, magic cures, those old rec of th Il-room with customs and bits ot ate advice froma ts. rules for the making conserves, wealth of old literature, not always oling waters, lotions and love potions. because they savor of the’ fud Heros but rivial it may be, but therc is something hosen, rather, for their amusing More than absurdity in the excerpts on relevancy to modern living with all its “The Making of Hysterical Water” and fads and fotble: he Gathering of May Dew.” For the face part, the original lan- ee treatises on health of centuries guage of the period, Elizabethan or other- quoted Hy its of wisdom which eke well be followed today. “Labour not,’ jam Vaughn writes n 1602, “either your minde or body pres- ently after meales; rather sit awhile scourse upon some pleasant mat- NA PHOTO ENGRAVING CO., INC. 305 EAST 47th STREET NEW YORK 17, N OF PRINTING PLATES PROCESS BENDAY LINE & HALFTONE “merrie” little volume, rather thoughtfully conceived and truly a col- le ee item. Pee have no fear not ie ‘Tailed joucully Ae the wisdom n ings which a pleasantly profitable for Hew man. but will be all.” LEN Noyes WEBSTER. Extolling the oe of G ereuEns Plants Under Glas. RUENIOVS E NE. pages, tastia Co. SE For 258 Tar- GARDENING Ernest Chabot. ated, andexe, M, rows & New Yo 1946, An intriguing, popular lit ae ea this volume is ‘frank cly intended to make Ca the ee nder glas dressi ne, of course, the prospective. prc: florea! gardener. 47 t wo ould ela be un nfair to criticize choi of ea ’s conncetiol with a cturin pee mae kes his. “eatipoent “details rather the nie r some fear to the nad rates ing experience not else- oihere: ibis is quoted from the au- thor’s con and credit glas that such corinileone : ae: oe ae incomplete ; example Leucocoryne Lackenia. Chivi BAe The author commends sits flower shows, “botanical peri agr ‘cul, r 5 commercial miss Orutihoqalum, See tae glass for cle a for education.” of the ee ig reer shoe amatet special literature for since aoup ts is so mal that nee is not to be expected, but “gardening is a literary avocation,” and libraries chou he in- cluded in this itinerary. R GRETFF, VI Neponsit, ee Island. Gleaning Prosperi From pean Waste SOTL NEW RICHES THE Wheeler Meniliea. aren pages, aie dexed, D, Van Nostrand Co., York, 1946 3. “Chemurgy— idea rather tha: oe for new crops to a man’s expanding ants” From the jacket of the boo. In nty-three chapters, arranged three ie the author, a great crus: attention of an inadterent brings to the although vitally concerned agricultural world, the truth of an old natural law— “Nothing in nature is lost.” “Quite so,” says r. cMillen, “but you have to seek for nature’s values,” and he un- folds a thrilling story for ev - ryhody on how “chemurgy” has helped to sav wastes. You will interesting a EA 3 nagement, land plants THE Writ n by Frank intensive study and re Lavishly illustrated with At your boekstore wealth of information on the 200 beautiful Botanists and Nature Lovers — enjoy this complete and thrilling birds.’ study of the “king o Here is detailed jaiennation on one of nature’s most nd spectacular creatures — its life Ae eding habits — includin any aeiteeds of ee upon which it feeds. RUFFED GROUSE C. Edminster, this book is the result of more than eight years’ and line drawings. Price $5.00 photographs 385 pages The Macmillan Company, 60 Fifth Avenue, New York 11 48 ae stories of the cigarette paper, the soybean ‘and the Flor Everglades are good to read. How alcohol and rubber efforts were war tested and earned many battle-stars, are recounted in fascinating style. The homeric battle re corncob, edito rial activity f wo decades was a victory, nay more, a crowning success The new spirit co-operatior ween agricultu and the general ture, lustry, public is animating an era which will we better living to us all. chemurgie co A er new Feoiies: sciences ag shown how sources be conv erted things for “humans to use.” how is yed in this good book. ncept The thes points out oo gic W. D. Turn Technical Consultant on Plastics. Lilies, Horticulturally Speaking GARDEN LILIES. Alan & aes Macneil. 208 pages, vee dexed, Oxford University Pres New York, 1946. $3.50. The Macneils have grown lilies suc- cessfully for year heir Vermont place. ine sell plump, healthy bulb with good roots on them and the would- be pure: ser can depend on their stock, which is unusual among many lily grow- ok is not only a record ae ce up to date o their prevention, and on the latest neta for propagation by se and scale, for potting and for exhibiting lilies The xt is characterized by a ns ing fee and honesty. such as whe they tell the story of testaccuim and how al bulbs at pres sent available arc Biccicd, as are also some strains of candidum and figrimuu, The authors are alsa up t date on the latest hybrids which are valuable for the. ae , and ee a list of all Hlies being grov the ed t i aii descriptions oF "the ir cultural no well as the experienced er ower 1is nine challenging of flowers, B Algae in the Laboratory PURE CULTURES OF ALGAE, E. G. Pringsheim, 107 pages, illus~ d, indexed. Cambridge Uni Macmillan Co, New $1.75. This smi mall publication is an abbreviated vie eaters w and critique of the cul- ture metho a ot the author and othe vet Since the size of the volume has pete ay ue inclusion of any caaae of speci a it is regr ike that much of the available space has bee discussion of purely witie occupied with microbiological Pane iques and even ele- mentary lal abora ory mi eras The i — of the of certified pure ealeires in physi elo ical bios pre as a means of reducing the sent con- {usion is su ted Uinforiunn ely the author has indicated that use of cultures in ta 1 research will yield knowl- 1 flora unavailable by oe examination of the flora. This is dis- claimed for their use in eplegal re- care The " most useful portions of the book will be the last chapter containing data on the culture of various groups of organisms and the exhaustive’ nine-page . bibliography. \. PHINNEY, Har K. Chicago Natural isa Museum. Hudson River Background For Some Native Flowers AMERICAN WIED FLOWERS. Emma C. Embury. 40 pages, illus- trated. Hastings Tiouse, New York, 1946. $1. In an earlier volum me Mes. Embury calls the wild flowers ‘ own hand has se small bong has an ee cine can which grips heart and takes ns back to Natu complement. H oo ed with lo ving cal i a book is the “series years ago. Ars, ‘lig ature lovers, calling them agai the oods and fields. ANNE NICOLL WicHTMAN, President, Hudson River Conservation Society, Tne. THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Officers Joszeru R. AN, Pre HENRY DE Bones BALDWIN, Vo iio Jonn L. Merritt, Vice-president AR pels M. Anperson, Treasurer HENRY DE LA Mowrien NE, Secretary Elective Managers Wiiam Feiton BARRETT as co B. Harpine Freverick S. Moserry. Jr. Howarn BayNre w Huwntineton Francis E, Power, Jr. ees aE T. BECHTEL MiFoo RS, Harotp I, Pratt Henry F. pu Pont Mrs. hee D. Lasker Wi1am J. Ropsins Rev. Rozpert I. Gannon, ae McK. Lewis Epmunp W. Sinnott S.J MERRILL HAUNCEY STILLMAN mee H. Montcomery Ex-Officio Mt Witutam O’Dw Mayor of th of New ANDREW G. Cravson, co President py ie *poare of Bdreation Rovert Moses, Park Commissioner Appointive Managers By the Torrey Botanical Club F.J.S EAVER ee Columbia University Marston T. Marcus M. RuHoanes Cartes W. eae Sam F. TRreLease THE STAFF WiuiaM J. Rossins, Pu.D., Sc.D. ivector H. A. Greason, Pu.D. Assistant Director and oe ator HENRY DE LA MonTAGNE Assistant Director Frep J. Seaver, Pa.D., Sc.D A ad Curator A.B. Srour, Pa.D. Curator of Education and Laboratories Bernarp O, Dooce, Pu.D. Plant Pathalogist Emeritus . W. Ricxerr. Px.D. ibliographer Tuomas H. Everetr, N.D. Horr. Horticulturist Bassett Macurre, Pu.D. Curator Haroip - eae Pu.D, Associate Curator W. Associate Curator E. J. Ale 'B. .S. Assistant Curator and Curator of the vies Herbarium E. E. Nayror, Pu Assistant Curator W. Ka AVANAGH, BaD, Gece Curator Rozert S, Dz Rorr, Pu. at DLC. oe Curator cea Ez ANC Pu Research Associate SELMA Kor AN, "BS. Technical Assistant RosaLie Wace Technical Assistant Inpa McVeicu. Px.D. Technical Assistant Mary Sressins, M.A. Technical Assistant EvizazetH C. Hatt, A.B., B.S. Librarian Caro, H. Woopwarp, A.B. Editor of the Journal GL. ASE Sr A.M. Cutaan of the Hei aun ‘0 DEGENER, Collaborator in Hawatian Botany Etmer N. Mite Photographer an ents “Baran, A.M., M.D. pher Emertty. Pico yaa te of Mosses hel va acne” Assistant Honora’ Curator a ene JoserH F, Burke Fa ahet hake of the Diatomaceae B Kruxkorr of ee Oot Eragt Anson S. PeckHaM Honorary coe a ris an ps Narcissus Collections A. C, PFANDER ‘Superintendent of Buildings and Grounds Te reach the Botanical Garden, take the Independent Subway to Bedford Park Boulevard station use the Bedford Park Boulevard exit and walk east. Or take the Third A "Avenue plevated to the Botanical Garden or ne 200th Street station, the New York Central to Gy Botanical Garden station, the Webster Avenue surface car to Bedford Park Boulevard es ee ote reas rae eal amc avated ta the Ratanieal Garden ar the 20fth Stre: THE CORPORATION OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN The New York Botanical Garden was incorporated by a special act of the , of the State of New York 1891. he Act of esd ees provides, among other things, for a_self-perpetuating bo of incorporators, who meet ually to elect Peary of the Board of Th d Managers. ey also elect new members of their own body, the present roster of which is Ow The Advisory Council consists of 12 or more women oe are elected by the Board. custom, they are also elected to the ee tior Officers : Mrs. ert H. Fife, Chairman; Mrs. Elon Huntington Hooker, First Ema Mrs. Shiltecs AY een Second Vice- Chairman; Mrs. Nelson B. Wil ee meta Secretary; Mrs. Guthrie Shaw, Corresponding Secretary; and Mrs. F. Leonard Kellogg, Treasurer. Arthur M. Anderson Harry Harkness Flagler Rufus L. Patterson Mrs. Arthur M. Anderson Mrs. Mortimer J. Fox Mrs. Wheeler H. Peckham Mrs. George Arents, Jr Childs Frick Mrs. Georg, 1! George Arents, Jr. Rev. ee I. Gannon, S.J. Mrs. Hugh Peters E. C. Auchter Dr. leason Howard Phipps Dr. Raymond F. Bacon Mrs. Pee A. Godley Rutherford Platt H. Bailey Charles B. Hardin Francis E. Po Jr uae Ba Mrs. William F. Hencken Mrs rold I. Pratt y de Forest Baldwin rs. A. Barton Hepburn rs. Rodney Procter Berd Baldwin Mrs. Elon H. Hooker Mrs. Henry St. C. Putnam Charles W. Ballard Mrs. Clement Houghton Mrs. Grafton H. Pyne Mrs. James Barnes Archer M. Huntington Lady Ramsey William Felton Barrett Mrs. O’Donnell Iselin Stanley G. Ranger Mrs. William Felton Barrett Pierre Jay Johnston L. Redmond Howard Bay Mrs. Walter gee Prof. Marcus M. Rhoades Edwin De Tt. Taal Mrs. Alfred Kay Mrs. Junius A. Richards William B. Bell Mrs. F. Leo! A Kalbe Dr. William J. Robbins Prof. Charles P. Berkey Nie Warren Kinney Mrs. Melvin E. Sawin of. Marstor Bogert Mrs. Lee Krauss John M. Schiff Prof. William J. Bonisteel R. Kunhardt, Jr Mrs M es a Brad Mr: Ibert D. Lasker Mrs. Arthur Hoyt Scott Ge are efferts Mrs. Arthur H. Scribner Mrs. sie fe Wolfe Brixey Clarence McK. Lewis rs. Townsend S: Leonard J. Buck Mrs. William A. Lockwood Mrs. Samuel Seabury Mrs. Charles Burlingham Dr. D. T. MacDougal Mrs. Guthrie Shaw Dr. Nicholas M. ae Mrs. David Ives Mackie Prof. Edmund W. Sinnott Miss Mabel Choa rs. H. Edward Manville Mrs. Samuel Sloan Miss a Mabel Clark Parker McColleste: Edgar B. Stern W. R. Coe Miss Mildre NeCoaee Chauncey Stillman Mrs "som NG Coombs Louis E. McFadden Nathan Straus Mrs. Hen enimore Cooper Mrs. John R. McGinley Mrs. Theron G. Mrs. Willem Redmond Cross Dr. E. D. Merrill Mrs. Arthur H. see Mrs. C. 1. DeBevois John L. ent Joseph R. Swan rs. Thomas M. Beane Roswell Miller Mrs. Joseph R. Swan s ey G. de Kay Mrs phone ae Jr. Prof SamiBencliceleake el Mea: Roswell Miller, Sr. Arthur S. Vernay ee ie Mrs. Antonie P. Voislawsky George M. Moffet euch Sa En Manfred Wahl Col. Robert a Menace Allen Wardwell . Robert H. Montgomery Mrs. Philip B. Weld Bee ee Nelson . we rs. William H. Moore Alain C. White . Y. Morriso Mrs. Nelson B. Williams noe Ss. ae ley, Jr. Mrs. Percy H. Williams H. Fife Mrs. Augustus e Paine ohn C. Wister Ver, Reginald Fincke Mrs. James R. Parsons Richardson Wright Ss lll JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Carnot H. Woopwarp, Editor EARLY SPRING EVENTS AT THE GARDEN International Flower Shor Grand ae Palace, New York, March 17-2 The New York Botanical ane will show a Plant Explorer's Inte Camp, equipped with materials used by staff members on recent expeditio: Art Exhibit The exhibit of Winslow Homer works at the Wildenstein Galleries, 19 East 64th Street, New York City, will continue through March 22. Menben’ Days 3:30 n the eae Room March 5 Nature's Gamble in. Praduens Plant Forms A. B. Stout April 2 Vacations Without Hayfeve Roger P. Wodehouse Saturday eer Prone the ne Hall in the Museum Building March 1 Spring Flowe s in Crete Professor and Mrs ee ne Young March 8 Rock Garden Conaitabe rnd March 15 Exploring in Tropical America Mareh 22 “While the Earth Remaineth” a e eo A prize-winning motion picture with musical background. March 29 Gardening in Great Britain Toda Elizabeth Hess April 6 Two motion pictures on Vegetable eoleaeg from the U. §. Department of Agriculture April 13 Planting About the H ut . Wetzel April 20 Primroses You Can Easily Grow Aleita H. Scott Radio ke Iternate feces at 5:43 p.m. over WNYC (830 on the dial) March Starting a Garden of Herbs Mrs. Oliver B, Capen March 19 Exploring in — Harold E. Anthony April 2 New Beauty in the Garden with a a Edward Steichen April 16 Vegetable Cae Must Go On! Walter Zulch Courses March 1 Plant Propagation E. E. Naylor, Instructor 4 alternate Saturdays, 2-4 p.m. April 14 sale for aera E. E. Naylor, Instructor ie -4 p.m $5 April 19 Field Botan G. L. Wittrock, Instructor 15 Sa Ha en 1:30-3 p.m, $5 ($2.50 to teachers) TABLE OF CONTENTS MARCH 1947 Kareteur Facts IN BritisH GUIANA Cover photograph Be Bassett Maguire EXPLORING FoR UsgFuL PLANts vid Fairchild 49 MEDICINE AND PLANT Eins Ralph Holt Cheney and Benn min L. ae 57 PLANT EXPLORERS, NURSERYMEN AND BREEDERS . Wister 6! ‘LHE WAITING Foxrst RESOURCES OF THE AMERICAN TROPICS ahr Kochie 67 NOTICES AND REviEWS OF Recent Booxs vit Notes, NEws, AND Co 73 Books ON EXPLORATION 15 ¢ Journal is Published monthly by The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York 58, N oy Pua ip U. S. A. Entered as Second Class Matter, January 28, 1936, at the Post Office at New York, N. ¥., nace the Act of August 24, 1912. Annual subscription $1. 50. Single copies 15 cents, JOURNAL of THE NEW YoRK BOTANICAL GARDEN VoL. 48 Marci 1947 No. 567 Exploring for Useful Plants A Glance At The Fertile Past And o The Promising Future By David Fairchild KNOW ee the general idea of exploring is to go to ae where nobody else has been and find something which nobody else has seen. My own ee. in this field of peers do not nae with this ee conception. aah one ces begin i in one’s own back yard, if one has such a Re If o any, then in a neighbor's Ge Pp hand lens, and ce over all the old hee in the yard and examine the ngleworms and the nie: and t ow bugs which crawl out when you turn them over. Pull up the ee aa see what their roots are like, and if you are not ot ae them ieueees sees to a your tongue burn a a sometimes. When the weeds seed, find out how they scatter their seeds and how they lose ae leaves ad ask someone why the leaves fall and wheter they have any vitamins in them, and pile them up’and make a compost out of them in which a will find all sorts of strange mushrooms; including microscopic ones of the greatest beauty of form and color n this exploration of your back yard until you can find nothing unknown in it, and then be egin to read about the vast outside world which touches your back yard at ever ry edge of it—and discover that you have overlooked a thousand things in i yard ne in your ignorance you brushed aside. you have the stuff in you to eare ane ue ae your own back yard you are on the way to getting ready to be a real e . the back oe of the tropical or any other peed Renee on i ae ‘til you know a lot about the place you live in, you are not pr repared to go out and find things that are new. have had the experience of 49 ee] TRUST some little boy may take to heart what I say about his own back yard,’ wrote David Fairchild, veteran explorer of the United © n urned 0 States Department of Agriculture, whe ret final proof of the article h te for this number of ¢ ournal t me, The ampong, at Coconut Grove, Florida, there is visible evidence of some of 4 the thousands of plants which he has brought jistant countries— beauty. Yet, Dr. Fairchild and others of his generation have only scratched the surface of potential search for useful plants. “The jungles the world,” he asse: erts in conclusion, “are open to exploration as they fore have never been getting seeds in Africa which I thought would be valuable in Florida, to find inter that the plant was eee growing in the swamps of the Ever- glades without my having noticed it What Comes of Exploring? What is the value of exploring? What comes out of all this wandering through the forests of the world, spying out plants and putting them ener aia ae and bringing them home to press and dry and mount a white a will tell ae and I have not been that kind of an . either. I have gone out hunting for seeds; things which will grow and bloom and their flowers. But the explorers after the specimens which fill the great museums of the world are doing something fundamental; som ethin ng without which a chaos of names a and the confusion prevents our ee aa to a most amazing e ry to make a common-name ces of the things in your own room or : ae ae yard nie let some friend try to use it and discover, which f e will very soon, t he has no idea under igs letter to co ora a or a bug in he sae or ne vine es he garden You will understand that you live in a chaos of s - ut imagine eer transport ted to the shades of some ee jet where there is not a le thing about babe which es can find a name for. Then you i appreciate what it means to have had someone like a Humboldt 0 Asa Gray ora Ramon ora Sta ndley or a Britton spend thousands af hours poring over dried specir mens nae in that jungle, or one like it, a arranging the specimens in a kind of order to which he furnishes the eys. If you want to find a friend in the mazes of New York streets you 51 look for his name in the Telephone ati and talk to him. If you want to find a plant you have heard a somewhere in the wilds of West Africa you get a Tlora of that vast a and find a page devoted to it h st saw there has been in his grave a hundred years, but you can depend upon it, that was the spot where the plant was seen growing when he plucked the branch or flowers wh ich rest in the herbarium of some museum, where the same explorer or another one perhaps had seen it and examined it with his iar lens. But you still ask, ey: was the use of - a from West Africa after the explorer got it?’—the seeds of it, So circumscribed are fe most of us who i atone the tall buildings of great cities that although we see the skyscrapers clearly, we seldom stop to wonder what the millions of human beings who made them and live in them are fed, and how these things they eat have come to their tables— n where and when New, Useful Plants for America This is not the place to expand the stories of the potato, the corn, the tomato, the sweet potato, the barley, the cucumber, the spinach or any of the fruits which adorn our tables. t Wave a ene ae theme ; one that fa is limited to the coming to America o umber of useful plants in my own lifetime ; ee with which I have had pee . do, either foes or through other explorers of one sort or another je t n their graves, most of ten unhonored in the main by a public to whom only the ee warriors or politicians make appeal. As I write, ae face me twenty volumes of records of their activities and explorations where are written, wrote them, accounts of the n me of more an 150,000 economic food plants, their varieties, their se ruses. These account ivi ing see io with which here in America experiments were made to see if they would oe oe to the emi ae soil conditions of any part of t ted Sta This is a long story and a continued one, for the ee and ee ae are will going out in search of seeds and specimens. V am se to tell is of some of the successes and what they have meant in the terms of the man = the street who thinks in dollars and cents; to whom ie hs of the shade tree over te door does not count so much as does so ne plant ee will perhaps shorten his grocery bill. When the stream oe naive ultural explorers ee out in ne and a gathered about me men who knew dae tely what was growing in the back yards or in their broad Kansas pastures and grain nelds, the bread “Then there is the whole question of the giant grasses, the bamboos. Here & planting of timber bamboo, Phyllostachys bambusoides, one of 120 bamboo sbecies bet tested at the Barbour oo Plant Introduction Garden of the Bureau of Pl Industry, near Savannah, Geor. 53 everybody ate was made of soft Ngee and was brilliant white and had little of the superior quality of the long loaves of French bread. The macaroni wheats that Carleton acne for in the Russian Ukraine and the Black Lands of Russia led to a kind of revolution not only in the macaroni Dramnel Mae was then in its infancy here, but in the bread- making of the whole cou she Palms and et Oil a scattered seedling date palms in the then unin- mee pen e sou ee ia and Arizona where today there are 50-foot-tall date ee ie load of fruit seule eae derricks to ag the een to gather i as when they r Almost a half of wingle’s life work w the studies of ‘the date palm in Algeria Pe He reuirene ents The e names of half a dozen plant explorers are clustered about him, aad the records of Silas Mason, T. H. oe and the writer of this oe are to be found in the volumes on shelf here. Who will know or care a whit, when he eats the delicious California dates, who brought them in; ae t exploration of this kind entailed; what es upon ) 3 Ww i chaos and a silly popularization of names which takes no account of the striking Arabic names . i date varieties in the oases of Arabia and Tunis and Algeria and Egy The Chi inese pe ne I first saw on the Yangtse Kiang in 1902 were . aaa ee anes wood oil, or tung oil, as it is variously ed. My Rete: noe t and Bissett and Morrow and a de: chip’ $ carpen aes 2 Tallahassee a the name of Raines, and a Scotsman by the name of Ronald were given the pleasure of first playing with this Chinese tree in America and starting an ae which ee year is — ing but $11,000,000 to the hundreds oil grow These were all ieee ina oo new to this sere odiae out ie to grow this new strange The Start of the Soybean Industry One of the early explorers whose name has been almost forgotten was cout indicated and when he found himself surrounded by a people w drank milk nor ate beef steaks and yet were strong and healthy, : sted a foods, tasted ai oy discovered they were as eae as thos e had known and i He in Denr n this country. 0 like their TOFU and their soy sauce cand the fal boiled soybeans whieh were served in the pod and eaten with soy. “Why cannot we grow this bean in Kansas?” he had asked. He Set ‘soybean seeds back and tried them, but for 34 some reason they grew indifferently—not at all as they had in Japan. Some wise ones declared that the soybean was not adapted to the climate and svil conditions in America and most people believed this ALy old friend Merton B. Waite , whose mind was as truly a the explor- discussed the reason ae came to the conclusion n that perhaps the roots of the soybean needed a cific ee in the soil around it and that oe soil didn’t ae ne soil germ. nel I sent and got from aa it we carried out a plo lot experiment. Rows of ata were a in the Tokyo soil es ae from the same t far away in Maryland soil, The To kyo soil. plants grew amaz Se ae eae those in the Maryland ac a when autumn came we dug up some plants and photographed their roots. Those of th Kyo soil rows were covere with nodules, whereas those : ae Seat sot had almost none n of my prized ey aphic “pin-ups’ this photograph which Waite took. In the s that fo llega ere ral Explorers from the little Division of Plant ene of the D the a yard ie and the field in, for varietics of the soybean, and more than a thousand different sorts were ere which oe into the building up of the then new soybean pea Now it is a thing of millions of acres, immense storage and pro plants, and milling enterprises which are scattered over half a eee states. And the soebean fields are still pees t was a little band of true explorers who, h the curiosity born of ee studied every ye oe eyes fell upon in cc back yards of the homes they lived in rched for oybeans ev enter e. Their names should of this Onesel crop—a crop whi a in dairy industry of the oa World ey of trials. f the v the Orient takes i ae e of the anl furnished the seeds for A Vision of Future Plant Exploration | could go on with the story far into the night, but there is a limit and T must close with a personal vision—take it t for what it is worth—of the vast possibilities for plant exploration which the airplanes and quick trans- at ion ven the best varieties of the peach palm seem never to have been investigated.” Gann. because of its abundant, tasteful drupes, a as one af the important Mae broducing palms of tropical America. Yet it is virtually unknown outside of the lands it is native. 36 He of seeds and a seeteea yes of tropical agriculture have in store for e boys and girls who have explored their back yards and want to see - world with a eyes. There are the vitamin-rich fruits and vegetables which man has jus begun to learn the existence of. ‘The Barbados cherry which I have eae ing here on The Kampong has, just before it ae more than 4000 units of ascorbic acid, and it mé ee a eeu elly. e Javanese—and there are 40 millions—cat in their diet so many green eae that Professor Ochse has written a book describing more than 300 of these, most of them _ upknown to people of the Western World, and as us baths ed. The peoples of the great Amazon valley have species of palms that have never been studied by scientific men, of which they consume enormous quantities. Even the best varieties of the peach palm seem never to have been in- he whole world of trees suited for growing in forests for timber, which ne explorers like I'oxworthy and Curran have spent their lives avon in the jungles of bese an the Philippines and which the older r Koorders of Java tried to classify, remain to be grown in great . - ee es on the slopes of a tropical mountains and in the swamps along the waterways. there is the whole question of the giant grasses, the bamboos, of which there are hundreds of species uae aes the oe ae the tropical lowlands and mountain slopes of both hemispheres. Thos visitors to Florida who motor in haste by our collecioa of 120 tins at the see La uae pes oo Garden 13 miles south of Savannah, Geor; miss of the triking plant sights of eastern North nen ric: The. names of rae Lathrop, Frank N. Meyer, E. A. Mcllhenny, D. F. McClure, Robert A. Young, and David Bissett—ex- plorers, all of them, of the k ind Tam vale about—will live in the history bamboo culture wherever it takes root in a big way and th blem of Pp i t w journeys of McClure up the rivers aE China will be interesting reading indeed. s : ae these Ns I look out and see stretching skyward the 60-foo of a South American ae t points and beckons and eee me ae ae. in the marian a century ago, Richard, Pula tan ss a a bamboo wh ae the Indians of the cue make their blowguns out of and which has slender stems without a joint for 15 fae patie ee it ae pies into cultiv ae by civilized man. I have tricd to get it gape ut so far in vain. It is -frundinaria Schom- eae the curata of the Mogae. I are this to indicate that the work for tena ee rs has barely begun. It is when we approach the subject of the relatives of those plants upon 57 which we depend for our essential foods that we find a vast category o wild species whose hereditary genes are utterly unknown to the ee of genetics; those who are ages their explorations into the very stru ture of the ‘cells out of which, through Havgenonee are built the ee eat or admire. This world is, after all, t eat new world of explora- tion into which modern botany is sure to a ee the jungles of the world are open to exploration now as they never have been before Medicine and Plant Exploration By Ralph Holt Cheney,* Brooklyn College, And Benjamin L. Milana, Brooklyn College of Pharmac MONG the dozen most important drugs eres in modern medicine, more than half of them are derived from plant sources. In addition, the keys to a large number of the synthetic compou en used therapeutically were aa by a study of the plant ee produced by natural metabolis: The a. armacopoeias of the world vary from a few pages with less than 100 bene drugs listed to the Chinese Lemans opoeia of several volumes including ioaaiee: ] plant species. The history of botany, pharmacy and medicine reveals that the sources and uses of these drugs have been iscovered in many inter as digitalis, quinine, cocaine, strychnine, curare, come and strophanthin reveal, accomplished by dramatic experien Some medicines an incidental by-product of expeditions for con ee elena , or ea conversion. Others were the direct ~ of the activity of ‘bot tanists or ieaaes both—assigned for the specific purpose of plant investiga- tion as rt of a ee expedition, kes a group ae especially for plant ie Incentive . a Russian Botanical Garden Ther m one instance, at least, in which an interest in neice plants ‘tly receded plant exploration rather than the reverse. In an = Great of Russia ordered a medicinal ee ey to be laid out e of a islands of the Neva river. It alled the pee cet Cais and the island is still referred to as tee Dr, Cheney is also Resident Investigator for. Economic Plants at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, 58 Island. In 1716, Peter the Great visited the oon Breynius in Danzig and reque ee him - nna a botanist to explore the natural produc- « tions of Rus posed Messe es who traveled from 1720 to 177 i in ee oF Pade vast collections, especially in the eastern... SF of reputedly iene and ine plants. Upon the order of Alex- ander 1, this Apothecaries’ Garder 1823 became the Imperial Botanic Ga: a ‘under the eee ip of a aetich Fischer, who is regarded as the founder of the Botanical Garden of St. Petersburg, now Leningrad. Bitter-wood, Sassafras, and Rhatany 2 ant journeys of individual botanists have been responsible for many of the drug plants cited in the official list recognized by the United States Pharmacopocia NIP (known as “U.S.P.”) and in the National Formulary (“N.F.”) VII, which are the current authoritative volumes published in the Un ited States. For example, bitter-wood (Picrasme = =e o es o = ms) ios] 4 oo @ in 0 Linnacus. Occasion: ally a mea ne and plant ie ne intro- duced a ee of some medicinal significance. In 1602, Bartholomew Gosnold Cees Caeaos ae Concord chartered by Sir Walter Raleigh. He sailed He the of New England and carried what must thas ce the “first e a a from eee to England” in the form of ague-tree bark (Sassafras albidum of the Lauraceae). Thi perspiration-inducing sae was oe ee Seminole Indians in Florida before the adventure of Ponce de Le n 1502. Thi s plant is also the source of one of the-chicf aromatics i in ee popular ae drinks as root beer, birch beer, and sarsaparilla. Peruvian rhatany (the root of Arameria 00 triandra of the Leguminosae) was introduced into Spain by the. botanist Hipolito Ruiz. During his travels in Peru, he observed native women — it as an ee and tooth preservative. A similar and also official s, Krameria argentea, now comes from Brazil. ae en, an all-purpose gov ae expedition ti included one or more a, ut botanists for ae neuen 1 1852, the United States sent two naval . expeditior n Asia. e first was commande i“ Conn see en : Pe a ee Dr. Wi re W illiams and s other ae collectors | ae American surgeon, Charles Frederick ae Dani — | and" s Morrow. Their collections were identified by Dr Bro niel I. Raton, W. G. Sullivant a Dr. W. Harvey. The second — took along the botanist Charles Wright. These explorations, and also such Gk as Robert Fo aa journeys in China, re-introduced for further studies such known medicinal plants as species of Rhamunts (cascara) and elconitum autiunimale and tl. chincus 59 he botanico-pharmacognostic exploration undertaken by Dr. H. H. mee for - years Honorary Curator of Economic eee at, - New York Botanical Garden, and by others for Parke, and Co. 1885, led to the eee in South eae of an i Pee of fe Purshiana which yields the official cascara sagr ada. According to ae tee cascara bark was known to the early Spanish priests of Califo It was introduced into general use in 1877 and has been a favorite ionic lax: ce all over the world ever since. Dr. Rusby’s trip also led to the discovery and collection along the ae river (Andean slope of Bolivia) of cocillana (the bark of Guarca Rusbyi of the Meliaceae or Mahogany ieee ae . the sae as an emetic on introduced into hae S. medicine in 1886 nauseant expectorant, a ie ipecac. It o longer officially r pare aati in ee the U.S.P. 0 oN. F. but j is a eee widely today as an ingredient in certain cough 2 ‘ops. There are at least 35 or 40 minor dase Haru from plants with which our ancestors became familiar through their contacts with the North American Ina These drugs, however, can het be said to have been introduced as a direct result of plant exploration, aliens gh our colonial be tanists and ivdican: were always on the outlook for the native plants possessing medicinal value The Search for a Cure for Leprosy More ancient than the Bible is the dread «lisease of leprosy. Prescrip- tions for its-treatment are known in the Egyptian records in 1500 B.C. In the middle of the 19th century, British doctors in India — aware that the Burmese and Bengalese used the seeds of an ee which fod some really beneficial effect in the treatment of le en were obtain nd their oils and acids studied by the We eae Ree ch Lab in London ee Py F ick Power of the ae ited States partment of gricultu r. Dean and his associates in the leper receiving stations in Hono a pe deed the ai with apparent success. The question as imperative. What tree of the jungles bore these seeds’ The markets of Benares and Rangoon obtained Hen or ie we from the tribesmen of the upper Chindwi in district of northeastern Bur es 1920, the U. S. Office of ae and cae Intron sent ocl he Agricultural Explorer, Joseph F clk. ngkok, the capital ie ‘Thailand (Siam), Rock found an avenue of 1: ee trees ‘which the natives called MAIKR These trees possessed oils similar to the RABAO. chaulmoogra. At the suggestion of Princess Bovaradej of Siam, with ar Korat in a + a] oh ‘oH 2 5 BD togenos Kuraii near Kyokta village in the Ch Although some ae react anaphylactically to intravenous injections of 60 chaulmoogra and some patients are said not to remain see others, who are qualified to speak, deny this claim of the temporary n of the effect. Although some oe have dropped the tradit ional hainoogr te treatment a matics there is are ‘rience that it neficial. oil is also fee for a purposes and t es are now grown by 7 United States in Hawai the Philippines pos in Florida. Quinine in the Recent World War In 1942, when the quinine source of the world was suddenly cut off by the invasion of the Dut so ae Indies by the Japanese, the U. S. Board of Economic Warfare (now the Office of Foreign Economics Administra- tion) undertook negotiations . buy all the Cinchona bark above a certain minimum alkaloidal content, from the Andean Republics which were the world’s quinine source a century earlier. The Cinchona Missions in South America were organized. American botanists, including W. C. Steere, FLR. Fosberg, W. H. Camp, and others, relocated and identified the several species in the forests of northwestern South America. These species in- cluded the lesser known C oe nsis which is unusually rich in Basie for a wild type Cinchona. Ita . 3% and ranges up to over 5% in total alkaloids. rupted analyzed t e barks in the Cin sei Micei Laboratories which were operated in ae Quito, Lima, and Ta Paz. This offici eee ice resulted also in the revival of the use of the painniious bark known as “cuprea bark” from Remijia pedun- culata as a nian of the pease quinine. This species was re-discovered on the west slopes of the ern Andes, north of eee anga. Its bark yields “ ‘ 3% quinine ee and with very little admixture of other alkaloids. This bark has been known for its quininiferous content for man pasate control drug during the emergency period of World War JT was made possible through the direct efforts for this purpose of plant explora- ee ae ed by the U. S. government. Resulting analyses have brought to light some coe P nysiological eas between botanical species, varieties and forms not previously suspected. More Laman Needed in Interest of Human Health nt support of future plant ex xplorations should be encouraged ee sable and private auspices inter a es in the ge cars active principles produced by the metabolism of vegetation. His indicates fficacious homologues of known drugs for the alleviation of human disease. 61 Plant Explorers, Nurserymen And Breeders By John C. Wister, Swarthmore College N THE EYES of the enterprising gardener, the nurseryman and plant breeder play roles quite as important as the explorer. Yet the explorer must come first to give them the materials with which to work. Dr. Wister here portrays the interdependence of these two or three (breeder and nurseryman often being the same) and reveals their joint effect on today's and tomorrow's horticulture. F we look at a garden of annuals, peas or shrubs with a t hought for the geographical origins . the ae e find that ae majority —perhaps 65 percent—come from other oe nts. Many of our flowers grown as man such as reetes eae verbenas, once a wild in South America. A number of our Saleem ue fashioned gas- plant, sweet-william, Canterbury bells, and other natives of central Europe and the mei rraueat region, including ie a Min nor. Many of the shrubs that are grown in eastern United States came cn eastern Asia, for plants ee that section of ie at thrive particularly well along our eastern seaboard. ee books and articles have been written about the work of men who have gone to distant countries and brought back plants, but as yet there tion about the men who have improved the newly discovered plants and made them aus to luis ure? e work of plant mbr y different Lavan The early ae on of sone from southern Europe aus a 1 Minor into oe ae fics d most of ommon fruits, such apples, pears, and peaches, which had come ie these regions ee ae China. 1Dr. John M. Fogg, Professor of Bot t the University of Pennsylvania, has given a lecture course at the Stborem e the Barnes Pero in Merion. Pa., about early botanists and explor and i a Me hoped so: - day this will be i - ' 7 : r ne piers no Heat with nding a and naming plan When rst given did not Boe ne "references to persons ae iiedueet ae com the wilds into gardens, which is a different thing from identifying wild plants and merely collecting herearan material. 62 In due time the British ie oh Lee from North America, during a period typified by the work of t ergyman, John Banister,” as early as 1680, one John Bartram a oe plants abroad to Peter Collinson in the 18th y. Then there were the other explorers such as Michaux, ntur: the faa who came to this country primarily to collect living plants to send to Europe. Later from En eee a aes Fraser and ie Lyon. During the early 19th century Ame e Pike, Long, T and “Meaawhile there came the great as a xploration for plants in China, peas with d’Incarville, who sent oS osainne to Trance a ~ 1751, He was followed by von Seibold, Macartney, Kerr, Fortune, erg, Kaempfer, Maxsiowig on - ch’ see in E. H. Wilso re w the French Helene eects Delavay, Soulié, Farges, cons Me ae and many others*® There were the ne Americans, George R. Hall, Thomas Hogg, W: iam Car Smith, and others, and the Irishman Augustine Henry. Il these men did important work, many of ea eed the sponsorship of ae papa such as Kew ee the Par ote eum of pees fe History, the gre eitch Nursery, and, in t ntry, the A oe ain, The New York oe ran den had not Ee been eae when most of these explorers field. IT have mentioned China ae pen e it is from there we have drawn so m a trees ae a which are aa ee n the climate of eastern North Amer ‘A similar list of plant explorers could be He ie Africa, Australi India, a h America, and other regions. Tt is em that we owe our greenhouse plants and many annuals of our ae To the . it is sufficient to have a good botanical specimen in the herbarium, but the gardener wants much more: he wants the living plant, and not eae a typical representative of the specics, but if possible a variety or form, which for gardening purposes may be an improvement on oe type. signal example of what sometimes happens in plant introduction can be Seen in the early history of Buddleia, the butterfly-bush : wn 8 SEE 2 Linnaeus named the genus in 1737. I have read that the French Jesuit, ee : atever source, th f 's wh t Buddicia Davidi and which Hemsley in 1889 named Buddleia variabilis; this latter name was in common use until recent years when the priority of the name Davidi was established. 2 John Banister (1650-1692) settled in Virginia after living for a while in the West Indies, and from there he sent plants back to his native England. aad old- inl gas plant (above) comes from the Mediterranean region; deutzia he ea. eof monest springtime shrubs, from Asia; and the He eae nasturtium (right) from South America, These are among the estimated 65 percent of ur garden flowers that are native on other continents. This is the sort of information about a species in which the botanist is interested, The horus on the other es is concerned with whe = aie first Baddlcia was introduced into gardens. He notes that it was a decidedly ir or form which made no imprecsion on gardeners. To fee horticulturist, a me is of greater interest to know that in 1893 the firm of Vilmorin, Andrieux & Co. of Paris receiv ed seeds f a better f Y, Jean a € soni, which Wilson had also in oO named by him in 1905, and they established Buddlcia as a garden ae Gardencrs, therefore, really credit this ae nt to Wilson rather than to D Fas Since the time when Veitch introduced plants brought in i Wile at 'e east seven sea al have raised ella gs ad developed and named the tue wich we are growing today, These seedlings now have a much greater color range than the gE =e . 64 wild types, oe - white, pinkish-lilac, orchid-pink, blue-purple, and deep red-. purple. . We have, refore, as a history of ee a ae comprising on original discov a ie nanal introduction which had no value, a secondary intro: duct tion of great value, and then, finally, the work a the nu ae in giving us colors, In a is group, at least, there is no record that any of these are hybrids with site speci 3: I ae dwelt at length on this particular group because it typifies the differences between botanical and horticultural exploration and also shows ae ena of the nurseryman and the plant ae Another example that of the lilac, Svringa oblata, and its varieties This species was, Ree by Fortune from a Chinese garden in 1856 and was named by Lindley n 1859. Lemoine a it with S. qulgaris and in 1878 named the resulting Thre “Hyacinth: iflora plen; It was a rather insignificant plant which made no great impression, but upon it Rehder in 1899 founded the hybrid species S. hyacinthifiora, The variety S. oblata Giraldi was introduced from north China in 1895 as trol bably the wild form of the type. Lemoine ot this ssl ne vulgaris and introduced Hi variety “Lamartine” in 1911 and other similar varie i Heft enty years followi These varieties were totally unlike ‘ “Hy. acinthiflora” ae accor nding to bat tanical niles are classified ae it. They are extrei ny valuable contributions to horticulture even though they have no distinct botanical standin, n . Wilson introduced pee Kors Syringa oblata dilatata. This is a much finer jant for the garden than its two predecessors, F. L. Sk met Manitoba his witl r i i i ° 7 ae 3 aE Bh 3 B a ec. 5 a = io) a 4 2 i] a a ° a = > oO B 2 acint m the 1 2 . Sort new forms may turn out a be better than ne varieties we have had before. They really constitute a new race, yet they must bear the accepted botanical name Surtiga hyacinthiflora, It has seemed to me important that records should be kept of the intro- ductions of such new improved forms in order that sometime in He ee 9) ant thr a general books, the names of most of the a cae os the - ils and we know many of the plants which they introduced, but are often i inadequate records of the exact places from which the or Bee type of the species was collect ed? 31t is only a few years a pas instance, that through the auspices of the John Bartram Association, Dr. Francis Harper made a thorough study of the writings of John and Willi and went retull e ground which these me had covered so many years before. ig publication of notes on these two pioneers has given u much better comprehension of tl k. Similar work n done about the work and the travels of many othe ly r it uld involve can be seen from the work of Dr. John Hendley Barnhart over many years in com He at the Ne k Botanical gre alog 0 botanists with sor mae Rae about them. In later years Dr, Barnhart added many horticu! rene to though often only by name as so little information ‘was available about them. ee picker nally greatly indebted to Dr. Barnhart because I have often had the privilege of consulting this card catalog and getting my first real information about some person whom I knew only by last name Buddleia, which has become a summer-flowering garden favorite, owes its position in ads horticulture to a eit of plant explorers and nurserymen, all attempting 0 discover or develop finer form: 66 There are many plants in our gardens today descended from first intro- ducti Yet, in the wild, wai ting for fur ther explorers, there e oO “Some e botanical ae s, of course, have kept their eyes open for S Soa ee ies that ares her eras function. Nor is it the Ae function of botanical eee encourage explo oration to find these, but it should be the function of our norticaltueal seciees to do this oe hich is pre-eminently in their ee When new plants have come in to the institutions which have been men- tioned, some of them might fave ia scientific curiosities but for the interest a pana ees and a r gardeners who wished to use them on their places. eat apenas nursery firms of the 19th cen- tury? were lar ay “apo for propagating the new material, selecting ssa ae and sending them out to gardeners. n America W illiam Bane (1725- 1802) was one of the first of the 0 d ys know sae a ie Ee as aa hb = oe recoils leases Hee Moon and Hoo These old-t $s grew many kinds of ornar fel ri a their oe eae, were S frait es particaacy apples and pears, many of them having hundreds of varieties of This phase of American Oo 45 & a an es) aS oO 2 89 3 G ies) fo} 2. ag iO = Oo 4 wm ° rh = ats a g 3 na le} oe oO = 2 oy & end when better transportation and refrigerator cars made it possible for fruit to be shipped long distances. Present economic conditions and high cost of labor make it more and a i. 7 o 4 + 3 oD 28 Qo a 4 o oe a B a a ee fol 3B Me Ey finest kinds and not put ow sorts. W. great variety a plants from which to choose and. more ria are than most gardeners can - operly learn to care for. It should, ae be an important function of botanical and horticultural ae $, groups, » 3 Q wm Qo 2 o oc. is) wa a io} o 4 cae a ca me >° oD 4 a 4 aero pe ° a a 2 lo] os th ° 4 A = so cy a + wn ° ot a m rid, forms of already known species from which the plant breeders can give us new varieties of great value. itch in England, van Houtte in Belgium, Croux, Moser, Vilmorin and m others in France, Ludwig Spaeth and Plitzer in Germany, Froebel in Siccdant Koster, den Quden and other famous nurseries of Boskoo; op, Holland, and the great Dutch bulb firms of Krelage, de Graaf, van Tuber. sae van Waveren, padi 0 fo rth. 5 Many of the catalogs of these early nurserymen are on file in the tihrary of the New York Botanical Garden, the Massachusetts Horticultural Society, and the Unite d States Department of f Agriculture a Washington, and they give peer ar ely fon: lists of plants ea in those days of cheap labor could be grown and sold at very ee prices, yct at a profit. I have seen ul -old bills oF some of these nurseries which were selling Cedar of Lebanon at 25 cents a plant (the size not stated). 67 The Waiting Forest Resources Of The American Tropics By Arthur Koehler Aba there is a scarcity of high-grade native hardwood lumber in the United States can attested by anyone a even before the war tried to buy large quantitie — ide boards or veneer of oak, maple, birch, and ine Due xtensive cutting o of choice trees of suc species during the war oa subsequent civilian demand, the acute- ness 2, the shortages ae ge more evident. That there are extensive forests in the countries to the south of the 40 iat 3 oO wn = Pp 3 Pp wu =] o OQ iS) =i =f ia S mm S =e a 2 3 ja S wm = 3 jak al Oo a = = = ay 3 o c hardwood, whereas in the United States about 85 percent of the forest stand is in softwoo That there is a i dollar-and-cents interest in the Hea of Tropi- cal-American Laey of wood at the present time is shown by the numerous inquiries ete occurrence, ch nae entiation, and poss uses of t suhae w von received at the Forest Products Laboratory since the end of the The eins come from pan owners, exploit ers, mechan and Prospective rs. re are po otential dena supply, and oo ready to go. Can eee prevent the importation of lumber and vencer logs on a large scale from cue Ce see ag Ba West Indies, and South America within a few years? Per the effective hindrance to going ahead, full steam, wil be the ee me ae, nalyze the situation by working backward, beginning with the ult ie consumer, ese ee all, the consumer is the person who de- termines whether a new product or a new wood is going to make a hit. Suppose a nance avert ee furniture eh of “caximduba”’ wood. The sumer wha slike (un it is painted or apt to warp? Will it fade or darken with age? What well-known native species is it like in behavior? Unless the salesman can assure him somehow Mr. Koehler is Chief the Division of Silvicultural Relations. in the For Products Laboratory, mamtained by the Forest Service, U. S. Departmént - aL Agriculture, at Madison, Wisc., in co-operation with the University of Wisconsin. 68 that the wood is “as good as it flocks ” the customer will prefer to let someone else pee with it firs step back to the manufacturer who is offered a nae om a ow let u eee ae ber at a price he is willing to pay, if. firs to know how does the wood season? Will it chee % war a or ee Pay ink iin drying? Will it dry ina ae length of ee ae it shrink and swell si ee aoe ae moisture content as occur with changes in the seasons? Can it be surfaced and glued without difficulties? ae it perhaps dull saws ond enive res quickly, as indeed is ay case with e species of wood that not at all very hard? When it comes ¢ finishing is there perhaps some natural oil or soluble gum a the wood ich may cause uate when finishes are applied, or several months later? In a tion, he o know the answer to ail the questions the consumer may ask. If ce answers seem to a on then he wants to know if he can be assttred of a continuous s Similarly, the wholesales does be a to load jaar or his customers with lumber or veneer of unknown quality. And fi y, there is ie man who buys the sade Babee whether ee Ge eal toad feet or acre, and the banker who finances him. They do not want to invest ee cee that a rs percentage of the timber has some “bug,” not necessarily an insect, in To ae just a few examples of difficulties encountered in exploiting inadequately known woods: There is a species of timber in Central America e Tt The worked, shri and warps eativety little, ouue is said to nes resistant to fungi and ie insec ct attack. It is an excellent wood for cores for veneer being neocon slow 0 dy, and if the eek is forced in a dry kiln, it collapses to useless ee tions. Other cies of lumber a sadly in drying that unless that ee is eee overcome (as it w native sweetgum) the loss is just too great; or again some one ete tely not many, species of wood produce a dust when wo orke hich causes eee nan a of the kin and mucous membranes of some eople who work with i “there undoubtedly are oe Ngati ae ae wood in the tropics. o hav Brazil alone is said to hav n 3,000 species of timber, zuuging from eae igh to cxtemely hey Te a ee curve were drawn shi e prevalence of species by property. classes, the bulk of owin the species, no Ts coal fall ia near the middle between the two extremes. 69 In ue to supply ee country with ae aa een and to find a market for the many mature stands of timber in Latin-American countries, intensive dade shor uld be made . . aval ilability nd charac- cutting characteristics, and seasoning properties, should be made of species reasonably abundant and accessible. e . : too cS for individual sae or private associations to ca hat some s true t ork already has been done by eae aa ae ee eran but so “they fall far short of an ying the great and ana problem of prop- erly utilizing the Latin- ae Me rdwood fore — Professor Record Yale ieee so wisel ta few sige Sa to the consum he companies, re to the riveree who do the work, both here and abroad. Research in the utilization of foreign woods should have two basic * Rec S. J. Factors in the Utilization of Latin-American Timbers. Jour. of Forestey "he: 165-168. Feb. 1942. Apply Horn Tree Paint Water Resisting — Adhesive — Healing Possessing antiseptic and fungicidal prop- erties. Protects exposed wood from rot-fungi and insects until the wound can heal over —stimulates callus growth. This dressing does not freeze. A. C. Horn Co.. Ine. Division of Sun Chemical Corporation 43-36 Tenth St.,. Long Island City 1, New York 70 objectives, namely, (1) to determine their more important characteristics in a scientific manner so that definite data can be made available and com- ies, and (2) t ¢ metho ecies in civ iid region cede, e must supply the facts so that sufficiently pee for a Sei ne u industry can apply the oa we are aaekly going to bridge the gap between urgent demand and su Hand in hand with ie essential technological research there should be thi 2 ee new and known kinds of sien that show ork, and construction. A progra eee this ny the research that wil ¢ ly tion about the av: ailability promise for veneer, cab should bo: ie stimulate a accom make the best of this new n two billion acres part of the more eee me is waiting today to be explored for usable timber New.. Lovely.. Better.. —THEY’RE FROM WAYSIDE! Ni GIANT TRITOMA W. S. REEVES— er in existence. Spikes 5 to Os varietigs to accent nine beauly of your 12 to 15 inches. Soft, iw All tested for nee Red of the new one eel, eee ‘esas d hardiness. Here are just a few NEW ROSES. Butterscotch. Soft buif-yellow on " Haan eae Lane solder at Co potatoe Send for Finest Horticultural ie, eo eer k-Catalog es, flowering SANTHEMUM WHITE CACTUS, 716 Passes of ros shrubs, plants and lilies. Com- NEW CHRY: rae petals as ae noe flower Tike @ ye cultural instructions. s Dahlia. © page of color phol “HOWARD'S MIRACLE" FRUIT. Sweet delightful flavor like peach, nee- a. 24" larine and plum combin Wanxside TC Mentor, Ohio 51 Mentor Ave. NOTICES AND REVIEWS OF RECENT BOOKS Growers’ Monogra aph On the “Orchid Cacti pobtebehrecdiy HANDBOOK. aselton. eee ioe aa Abb Scott juste a dened. Pas ena, Calif, ” 94a, 75550. My men “toll fairly tore out of my hands. ay or the last ten years— erat ing hobby — when ay saw Sco Haselton a an these Rocta cacti” xcited— and not disappointed on ani, ce husband says that all 1 . ont since he put into practice some of the suggestions he found between its covers. Scott Haselton, Cactus book has raeticulon ISS generously black and who is editor of The and Succulent Journal, in this eee a most t thoroug h and tudy of the genus Epiphviaiins illustrated with eres white ni ings and with a plate: fascin ating, the ee history, pe 2 oacies for grow: ing Bees jotes ee growers. also refers to ev uthor on the subject, past and niccenr” “it seems to me the most complete monograph I have ever foes the soe fortune: to meet, and it very pleasant readin: OtiviA ErpMANN Kuser. Dh hi he he Know Your Trees You will find this handbook with its 498 lucid illustrations an invaluable guide. To facilitate quick and accurate identification it not only illus- trates the tree itself, but the leaves, fruits or berries, bark, transverse sec- tion of wood, and the locale in which each particular species may be found. An excellent text supplements the photographs. MACMILLAN Handbook of the $5.50 » OF THE NORTHERN STATES AND CANADA At your bookstore TREES By Romeyn B. Hough 72 In Canada LANTS OF ‘THE Gan. PARKS SxeTEMt eons Nel eeg George H. ilto azes, mn lustrated, aeved rh eee yers Press, Toronto. 1943. ran he resumption of automobile tra ae r has given it could hen it was first published, at the en 1 — eee illustrations, some col- ored, describes briefly the common wild ee to be found in the National Parks of southern Ontario. Heme in Fieger idan E FLOWERS. Carl Schroeter. or paces ee a Uni- versity. Pre: 1945. $3. Color printing anh as is ve i s Solda tiny choco: scented orchid, mead ine NA PHOTO ENGRAVING CO., INC. 5 EAST 47th STREET NEW YORK 17, N. Y. OF PRINTING PLATES PROCESS BENDAY LINE & HALFTONE and the miniature oe jerrpincu are strangers except who ae climbed these nouns ightful pleasure of finding 1 ene of each flower precede the color plat Caro. H. Woonwarn. For ae Sie People ? rman and An ae deundiae: 39 ieee use trated. Bare R. Scott, Inc., New ork. $1.50. Yor! icture book for very little folk, ioag $. e Hen sha ade cat new oe sie issued ies ago tant lands. The Ae e Bah stralia, ahamas, Bermuda, Brit- onduras, Dominican Republic, Hawai, New Zealand, and the Virgin Islands. New pte soles Reprints en Fo tkior and native "customs are en- tertainingly ook peel with the descrip- tions and illustrations of plants in Haw. National P; where TED GiaNcae or COAST ier McMinn and i 351. pages. ea youn versity of California Press. Berkeley. Alt feng h described as a second editi this well “nown eohute is apparently oe than a reprinting by offset process, te le 73 tural suitability in various situations and for various ae on the Pacific Coast. . 'Vietor illus- an & ce trated indexed. Pearce, New York. 1946 sé - om This is a welcome reprint of an exciting and intimate tale of a search for the quetzal bird in ae Ria mountain forests of Hondur: New Data in Fibre Studies CONTRIBUTION TO THE PHYS- IcS OF CELLULOSE FIBRES. P. H. Hermans. 221 pages, intro- duction, Elsevier Publishing Co., 1946, $4, Even though this book supplies no sua Saige e many of the oe Lise ellulose fibres are - thy of attention pies retical deductions on v. of ae e fibres. New data on presented the cag acon of the density _ cellulose in differ me ae is pendix explains Ae ods ee in Hest the many tniricate rmeasarenients Stamm, Chicf, pie ce Boris Products, U.S.D.A. Forest Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin. am) Notes, News, and Comment Conference. ie pee the pas announeed for 13, oF which Dr, O. Dodg: and be Bassett Maguire were to be the speakers, the staff, augmented by amber itors, was addressed by Dr. erg, who showed the made while in ast year ie a U. 5. Gov ‘os kodachrome pictures he Micronesia during the pas botanical survey for the en nt Selected Film. “The Gift of Green,” the New York Botanical Garden’s sound and color film telling the story of p synthesis, was chosen for the opening production at a six-weeks’ conference on Films in Public R h ashingt each ed y eb. 5 through March 12. uring the Rae patio od, talks were given by David F : ‘who directed the film ; Neil ier Director of the Sugar Research ae tion, which de p ction of the film for the Bo- tanica] Glen. and by Dr. E. E. Naylor, 24 in fusing. the 44 Pag olor, fea newex, high quality eeds, bulbs and plants, 132-138 CHURCH ST., Dept.60 . NEW YORK 8 DRICONURE the all-organic animal manure FERTILIZER Here’s a fertilizer you can use with com- nee. It’s called DRICONURE plete confide all-or; ganic, is ee clean and easy to use — econ oo. Comes in large, 2 bushel a 1h, ) Write today for prices and literature. ATKINS & DURBROW, Wh New 165 John Street York 7, who served as technical advisor and pre- ed ‘ en” as an out- ee pee ‘ei an ‘educational film pro d during 1946. Hobart Porter. On Feb. 9 occurred old, a member of the Board of Managers of th w York Botanical Garden since Jan. 12, 1925, and of th 0: in e numerous eng gineering Societies also a life tr oe o Columbia University an rise qember at ee xecu- tive commitige 6 of ae National Research Council. Bobbink & Atkins NURSERYMEN A PLANTSMEN Most of the unusual Roses, Trees and Shrubs not obtainable elsewhere will be found ae in this great Establishmen e unique in the Annals Horticulture. Visitors Always Welcome Catalogue Upon Request Bobbink & Atkins Paterson Ave., E. Rutherford, N. J. of panos Taxonomic Index. The American So- ciety of Plant Taxonomists _ started volume 10 of The Taxonomic Index with an 8-page printed periodical in paper covers. Heretofore, the Index has been ‘ameodiaplied at the New ae Botanical Garden, Dr. H. Camp is Editor; Mrs, Lazella Schwarten, “Libraria an at the Arnold Arboretum, and H.W. Rickett, the Garden’s Bibhereebe: As- sociate Editors. i o an understanding of its plants. It was established in 1938, and, except for the period of the war, Dr. Cam p has been the editor since the beanie: Marcia Garrick. a Walter pote of New City, N. Y., who known by her reia crane was o have appear red on the Ne oe Mar Ww Garden’s radio program speaking on “Starting a Garden [ 4 § air! ce) rk unit of the American Herb So an or ganieation aed which Marcia Gar- rick w also The 969-page “Flora Rydberg’s Flora. of Central 1 R: of the Disires and Plains North Sue P yee es base able was frst C aunen by the Garden i in 1932, shortly after Dr. Rydberg’s death. Radio. T. H. Everett was guest speaker on the Mary Mar: he McBride program over NBC January 10. He eae particularly about his recent England and of the uae “hich Dae been exchanged, as a re: between the New York Botanical thd len and the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew. The Garden was represented on the Modern Farmer La over C the morn- ay oh Feb. y Carol hi Woodward, poke on ne Garden’s publications. 75 ° BOOKS ON EXPLORATION | ceva thos iv who like to saa paige oe @ suggestive list of books is given below. Many of them a t of print, but all may be seen and used in the ia 0 with historic volumes. The selections. have been made merely to whet the appetite and point the way Sep hours of pleasant reading in significant volumes concerning chiefly ee for p : EARLY COLLECTORS IN THE UNITED STATES Earnest. E. John and William Bartram: Botanists and oe 1699-1777, 1739- nee Philadelphia, University ‘Of Pennsylvania oe ee (Ea ly American collec who penetrated little known regions of Michaux, André. Journal, 1787- With an eras ad notes by C, 8. Sargent. Philadelphia, American Philosophical Society, 1889. (Collector sent by the French Government to North America Coues, Elliott. The History of the Lewis and Clarke Expedition. 4 vol. New York, t, 1893 Rodgers, A. D. John Tor rrey; a Story of North American Botany. Princeton, N. J., Princeton University Press, 1942. EXPLORERS IN LATIN AMERICA Baal ue W. The Royal baa Expedition to New Spain, 1787-1820. Waltham, ., Chronica Botan (publication date, April 1947). (Explorati ions of oe and Mocifio in xico MacCreagh, Gordon. eas Waters and Black. New York, Century, 1926, (In the Gill, Richard C. Whi te Water and Black Magic. New York, Holt, 1940. (Medicinal plants of eastern Todor eee beee, T. Harper. Plant Hunters in the Andes. N. Y., Farrar & Rinehart, ae Rey Henry H. Jungle Memories. New York, Whittlesey House, 1933. (Tra Genel South American exploration for medicinal plants). ‘onti Foster, Mulford B. and Racine S. Brazil; Orchid Cte Tropics. The Story of pitas ts’ Explorations a Adventures in the Brazilian Jungles and Highin ds in Search of: Rare Flowers. Lanca , Jaques Cattell Press, 1945. Spruce, Richard. Notes of a Botanist Bes nthe neon and Andes. 2 vol. (Edited by Alfred Russel Wallace). London, SOUTH SEAS AND ene EXPLORATION Buck, 7 H, Vikings of the Sunrise. New York, Stokes, 1938. (Migration of e ians). : Fairchild, David. Garden Islands of the bitty East. oe — uae ed oe i erl h ae in the Forests ad ae a Bercee ca the Sulu ‘Archipelege. eae 80. ay, Russan, liye and Boyle, Frederick. The Orchid Seekers. A Story of Adventure in Borneo. London, Wane. n. Beccari, eee Wanderings in the da abi of Borneo. Travels and researches of a naturalist in Sarawak. London, Constable, 1904. Farrer, Reginald J. The Garden of Asia. ings ssions from Japan. London, Methuen, Wee ae Kingdon. Plant ae Paradise. New York, Macmillan, 1938. (Northern ma and adjacent re Cox, E .M. Farrer’s a t Journey Upper Burma, 1919-20. London, Dulau, 1926. Walton Ernest H. Chi ina, M. of Gardens, Boston, Stratford, 1929. (Based on his Naturalist in Woke ‘o io 76 Fortune, Rober the Northern Provinces of C. In cluding a vine’ . Pes Tea "ake ond gone Countries; with an account ao “the Agriculture and Horticulture of the Chinese, New Plants, etc.; 2d ed. London, Murray, 1847. Cox, E. Hd "M. Plant-hunting in China. A History of Botanical Exploration in China and the bean Marches, London, eon 1945. ae Reginald J. On the Eaves of the rid. ‘London, Arnold, 1926. 2 vols. (1914 journey round the Kansu borders of Ptibet). Ward F. Kingdon. A Plant Hunter in Tibet. London, Cape, 1934. PENETRATING AFRICA sages John. A Botanist in Southern Africa. London, Gawthorn, 1945. (Fore ord by Rt. Hon. J. C. a mae S oe orn, Chase S. ae ope ; Land of the Man-eating Tree. N. Y.. , Republic, 1924, Synge, i, Patric ck M. pees ins “of the Moon. New York, Dutton, 1938. (Equatorial rica with rites rie Espedinon). WORLD TRAVEL Barlow, Lady Nora, ed. Charles Darwin and the Voyage of the Beagle. New York, Philosophical Library, 1946. (Unpublished letters and notebooks edited with troduction by his granddaughter Fairchild "David. The he rid Was My Garden. Travels of a Plant Explorer. New r, 1 = Farrington, Ernest PH. Wilson, Plant Hunter. Boston, Stratford, 1931. (Intro- uction by B ‘Richardson Wright). Wilson, Ernest Plant Hunting. Bos Stratford, 19 v. (“From aes aaa I paid my ce visit to China until 1932, when I mee re from Cape T in South Africa, I wandered about the world in search of plants *. Veitch, James Hortus Veitchii. A History of the ae and | Progress the Nurseries of Messrs. James Veitch and Sons, together wit! Account of the Botanical say a Hypnsite Employed eae ped a “Lise of the Most Remarkable of Their Int London, Veitc! LIVES OF SOME GREAT EXPLORERS Von Hagen, Victor W. South America Called Them. Explorations of the Gre: Naturalists, La Condamine, Humboldt, Darwin, Spruce. New York, Knopf, 1045, Peattie, Don ald Culross. Green Laurels, The Lives and Achievements of the Great Naturalists. New York, Simon & Schuster, 193 Hawks, Ellison ib Boulger, G. S. sida neers of Plant Study. N. Y., Macmillan, 1928. Thwaites, Reube old. Ea rly Western Travels. 6 vol. Cleveland, Black, 1914. (Pioneering Penelicone beyond he Mississippi). Kaieteur Falls N THE PLATEAU above British Guiana’s Kaieteur, one the world’s largest waterfalls, Dr. Bassett Maguire ex te for the New York Botanical Garden before he undertook his Uae Mountain Expedition in Surinam in 1944. In the Garden Herbarium there are no’ ww approximately 2,500 specimens of ae wi ver the the Poe a river on At the crest - waterfall is 400 feet wide. THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Officers JosepH R. Swan, Presid Henry ve Forest Bapwin, Vice prea id. HL Merrily, Vice-pres ArtHur M. ANpERsoN, Treasur Henry DE La Monta GNE, Secretary Elective Managers Wox11aM Frecton Barrett Cuartes B. Harpinc Freperick S. Mosezey, Jr. Howarn Bayne Mrs nee HUNTINGTON FRANCIS S ao OWELL, JR. Epwin De T. BecHTEL Hoo Mrs. Haroun J, Pratr Henry F. pu Pon’ RS. pee D, LaskER Waa a one . Rev. Ropert I, Nee. aa McK. Lewts Epmunp W. Sinnott S.J. MERRILL CHAUNCEY STILLMAN re H. MontcoMery Ex-Officio — WittiaM O’Dwyer, Mayor of th of New York Aworew G, CL fae Jr, a a ie “Board of Pducalion Rosi + Moses, k Commissione: eae Managers By the Torrey Botanical Club F By Columbia University Marston T. Bocert Marcus M. R#oApEs CHarLtes W. BALLARD Sam F. TRELease THE STAFF Wittiam J. eg Px.D., Sc.D trector H. A, Greason, Pu.D Assistant cee and co rator HENry pe La MonTAGNE sistant Director Frep J. Seaver, Pu.D., Sc.D. ead Curator A. B. Stout, Px.D. Curator of ae and Laboratories Bernarp O. Donce, Pu.D. int Pathologist Emeritus H. W. Ricxetrr Px.D. ibliographer THom. Everetr, N.D. Horr. Horticulturist Bassett Macuire, Pu. Curator Harotp N. Mouvenxe, Pu.D. Associate Curator W. H. Camp, Pu.D. Associate Curator E. J. ALEXANDER, B. a Assistant Curator and Curator of the re Herbarium E E. Naytor, hee 'H.D, ssistant Curator Sonus Kavanacu, Pu.D. pee Curator TS. De Roe, Pxr.D., DIC. Assistant Curator Manone ieee Pz.D. Research Associat SELMA , 3B. Technical Assistant Rosar eee Technical Assistant Itpa MecVetcu Px.D. echnical Assistant ARY Stepsrns, M.A. echni nt Et HC, Hatt, A.B., B.S ‘arian ROL _H. Woopwarp, A.B. Editor of the Journal G. L. Wirrrocx, A.M. Custodian ae the Herbarium Orro ee - Collaborator in seer Botany Evmer N. Mir hot raphe Joun Henney Dac wnaue: A.M., M.D. Bibliog noe Emerita A. J. Grout, Pa.D. orary Curato of Mosses Inez M. ane Assistant Hon norary Guaiee of Mosses Josep F. Burke Edsaints Curator of the Diatomaceae B. A. Kruxorr Honorary Cur ais of Economic Botany Ernst aan S. PeckHaM AEOROPY, Curator, Iris arcissus Collections A.C. Pra Superintendent ms Souildoee and Grounds To the Botanical Garden, take the Independent Subway to Bedford Park Boulevard stati jon ae the Bedford Park Bor ulevard exit and walk east. Or take the Third Avenue Elevated to the Botanical Garden or the 200th Street station, the New York Central to the Botanical Garden station, or the Webster Avenue surface car to Bedford Park Boulevard PUBLICATIONS OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Books, Booklets, and Special Numbers of the Journal Illustrated Flora of the aie Ga United States and Canada, by bane Gah Bee Nae Addison ae Three volumes, giving descriptions and illustra tions of 4,666 cies. Seco d edition, Eeonnte eden s 10) of t ce Heaiees ena Plains ch ee ae America, by P. A. Rydberg. 969 nae and 601 figu 1932. , $6 postpaid. The Bahama ie 2 Nathaniel an Se and Charles Frederick Millspaney 695 pages. escriptions of the ae aga Piece Pe bryophytes, and thallophytes of the Bahamas, with keys, no explorations ade collections, bibliography, and index. 1920. $6.25. North American Caricea By nee neth K. Mackenzie, containing 539 plates of Carex and related Nici pet arry C. Creutzburg, with a description et “each species. Indexed. 40. Two et ae 1034 x 13'% inches; bound $17.5 bound $15.50. Keys to the North American Species A ee by K. K. Mackenzie. From Vol. 19, Part 1, of North fH Flora. Food and Drug Plants of the rth ees ican Indian. Two ie articles by Marion A. & G. L. ae in ans Journal for March 1942. 15 ¢ getables and nee for the Home Gar Four authoritative articles reprinted from Med Journal, 21 pages, fiat Edite Ae "Ca rol H. Woodward. 1941. 15 cents- The Flora of th Sie icorn Tapestries by E. J. Alexander and Carol H. Wood- ee a soecel dieaerated wath photographs and drawings; bound with paper. 1941. Dec a log of Hardy Trees and Shrubs. A list of the woody plants being grown Gutdeors at the New York Be nied Garden in 1942, in 127 pages with notes, a map, and 20 illustrations. 75 Succulent Plants of New and Pon World Deserts by E. J. Alexander. 64 pages, indexed. 350 species ‘reated, 100 illustrated. Bound in paper. 1942. Second edition 1944. 50 cen Periodicals Addisonia, annually, devoted exclusively to colored plates accompanied by popular descriptions of How supe pe eight plates in each number, thir 2 two in each v ow in its twenty-se pee volume. Subscription pe se volume (four kak Not offered i in exchan Free to members of the Gar Journal of The New York Bota ae Garden, monthly, containing news, book reviews, and non echnical ae les on botany and horticulture. Sibeeaceen $1.50 a year; sgl copies 15 . Free to members of the Garden. Now in its 47th volume colesiaa bimon ee illus ee in color and otherwise; devoted to fun) teas lichens, containing techn oe Wee and news and notes of general ee terest - ar; single copies $15 ach. Now in its thirty-eighth volume. Twenty- four Year Index volume $3. Brittonia. A of botanical papers published in co-operation with the American Society on Phan Tivonauit ts. Subscription price of volumes 1 through 5, $5 a volume ($4 t nembers he he Society). Now in its sixth volume. Price, $7.50 ($5 to Fneiniers at the Society). North American Flora, Descriptions of the wild plants of North America, including Greenland, the West Indies, and Central America. 9 arts now issued. Not offered i han ices of s Contributions from The w York Botanical Garden. A series of techn papers reais ted from oats one: than the above. 25 cents each, $5 a Memoirs of The New York Boresen Garden. A collection of ae papers. Contents and prices on reque q JOURNAL OF THE NEW YorK BOTANICAL GARDEN VoL. 48 A P R I L PAGES No. 568 1:9 4.7 77-100 JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Caro. H. Woopwarp, Editor APRIL EVENTS AT THE GARDEN Members’ Day April 2 3:30 p.m. Vacations Without Hayfever Dr. R. P. Wodehouse Saturday Afternoon ba tae m, in the Lecture _ April 5 “The Farm Gar ae “Grow Your Own’ Two ne ane films aes ee U, §.D.A. April 12 Planting About the House Ruth N. Wetzel April 19 Primroses You Can Easily Gro’ Aleita H. Scott April 26 Wild Flowers to Seek on Weekend Walks Walter H. Shannon Courses April 14 Botany for Beginners E. E. Naylor, Instructor 6 Mondays, 3-4 p.m $5 April 19 Fi a Botany G. L. Wittrock, Instructor 15 Sanurdaves 1:30-3 p.m. $5 ($2.50 to teachers) April 24 Indoor Gardening Practice 8 Thursday, ‘ 7:4 Lie Edwin Beckett, aliases Open only to those have successfully completed the winter term of lectures in Cultivation . Greenhouse Plants. Class completely booke: ad Radio Programs scheduled to be given every other Wednesday over Station The prog: WNYC have been can nesled be ecause of the broadcasting of the proceedings of the United Nations y Ru Bee eaten: Several of the same speakers will be heard over other stations dasieadad Events s’ Day: May 7, “Adventures in a One-Man Greenhouse” by Victor Greif. Sat ey grams: May 3, Action ey s of Ga iden Flawers by Allen K. White; Mey 10, Plants aa ide: Wondesines by W. H ‘Camp Mi ay 17, Wild Life in the Watchu gs by Mildred J. Rulison. May 24, oe and the Life of Man” and ae a 2 Green —the Botanical Garden's films. grams for Garden Clubs: May 1, Tou ‘on gardens in Wilmington. May 20, Gee Club Day at the New Tak Botanical Galler TABLE OF CONTENTS APRIL 1947 Macno.ia AGAINST AN APRIL SKY Cover Photograph by Donald Beck ne of many Beate by Mr. Beck in his current exhibit in the Museum Building. PLaNTs AS TREASURE Houses oF RaRE CHEMICALS George W. Pucher 77 A Forest Lover IN THE CaRIBBEE ISLANDS VI. Sasa To MONTSERRAT J. S. Beard 82 Two Awarps FoR PLANT Explorer's JUNGLE CAMP 89 THE INTERLAKEN SEEDL Gr A. B. Stout 92 Tue LeGcen E i Bessie R. Buxton 94 Notes, News, AND CoMMEN 96 Notices AND Reviews oF Recent Books 99 Noy VE Painted BUSS. Ar Eduted 4 Gem Cis Manes Teor ine ape oe "oie 1; ee , N. Y., under the Act of August 24, 1912. Annual subscription $1.50. Single copies JOURNAL of THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN VoL. 48 Aprin 1947 No. 568 Plants As Treasure Houses Of Rare Chemicals By George W. Pucher N addition to their esthetic appeal and food value, plants are the most amazing chemical factories in existence today. From the : the biochem- ist has isolated hundreds of cots compounds, many of whic uses ee 4 ual or of even — biological importance are still in ee ry of gotten man. Futur research ere oe vil oo Or Baa for one and ee these eas the past twenty years the biochemical laboratory at the Con- Per oe ere Experiment Station vb a ed a large number of ue eee i in plan Three of outstanding signi nifi- —asparagine, glut , and Hen acid—_will be ier here. The e thr ree chee occur in many plant tissues in amounts that vary m traces in some pl to quantities in oft plants which make commercial moductici ee e compounds are neitl drugs enzymes or vitamins, they in themselv dis ve: any a yet they already have made important contributions cea the promotion of human well-being. Thus, ASPARAGINE, in spite of ee eee iy ae a more effective aie: S a preferre urce of nitr r the growth of the tubercle bacillus. This organism is eh faa a ee, for the com- mercial ae ion Aa which is used in hypodermic injections as a test for eu reu ai es of GLU lose relative of asparagine, are essential for the of pa emit or blood-destroying, streptococci. Use of this Ere has simplified the laboratory culture of these pathogenic organisms and thus eee medical knowledge of the origin and Dr, Pucher is Research a in Biochemistry at the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station in New Hav 77 78 oo of diseases of which these organisms may be the causative agen Giuta amine, obtainable from plants, also occurs in animals a being an important constituent of the: blood, liver, kidneys, and brains. It also undoubted] ly plays essential roles in the transportation of oe niet gh body in the synthesis of certain nitrogenous products of meta- bolism—that continuous series of chemical changes in the body’s cells, se which the energy is provided for vital processes and activities. TRIC ACID, most rec ently encountered and by far the rarest of the a mentioned, occupies a central ein : he Aaa cycle, which is one phase of eee of nie lis , the respiration cycle is the chain s by means of whi ch a fae and animal cells cone crhyates ae a ase the ene Tgy necessary to maintain life o function. Thus, in green plants it is part of the com led ee ‘of eae taking place during photosynthesis.* Isocitric acid, t 7 =a ms ° <a o rugged individualism which has made characterization possible ASPARAGINE Asparagine, the structural formula for which substance is as follows: OC: NH.) - CH, - [H, is an amino acid in which the hydroxyl of one of the groups has been substituted by ammonia. no type of nee is called an amide. Asparagine was recognized to be a constituent i yee ee more than one ae dred years ae but this plant i sed today preparation of this compound. In 1848 Pirea oF exacted aes from see ee and the classical studies of Schulze (2) forty years te then of Prianischnikov (3) in 1904, partially explained ee ce seeds of legumes were able to Anat ure large amounts of this compound on germination in the dark. In this process, called a the large stores 1en of the nitrogen from the ‘protein is converted into ammonia, at in turn : resynthesized into asparagine. Thus, nitrogen, an essential component fo subsequent growth of the plant, is conserved and stored in the form . a reactive compound, asparagine, which is easily moved to the growing ints, where it is utilized for the building up of new protein as the Ane develops. *Sce the Journal for August 1946, page 209, for an explanation of photosyn- thesis. 79 The capacity ] Ae ieee to share asparagine varies over a wide range, reaching its maxim the s seeds of the lupines. Thus Lupinus yellow is conce: ee vacuo until crystals begin to separate. After es ee the cspaagie is filtered off pees tuirified by recrystalliz- ation from water. It is then ready to use in a preparation of many media on which eee a fungi are grow sparagine is one of the simplest biological preparations since it has a property of crystallizing very easily from impure mixtures, in contrast the other substances described below, which require the use of oe neat for their separation GLUTAMINE The structural formula of the related compound, cone given here: differs from that:of asparagine by only one—CH, —group, which imparts it ¢ 1 properties that make it a unique amide. Tor examp le, : ping e known case can this amide be obtained by Hoss Ses of a plant extract. It generally requires the use eral chemical el aes for the separation of a fraction that will a a enn crystalline com Gna was discovered by Schulze and Bosshard (6) in 1883 and evidence was advanced that it could replace asparagine in many plants. Schulze and other workers have siempre to classify plants according to te pane or asparagine content, but as yet there seems to be no clear 2 of demarcation. Furthermore, eee species differ widely in their acity 2 vegies these two amides. Whereas the seeds of ime may produce as much as 22 percent of their dry weight as Asparagine can occur in two possible optical forms, or isomérs, but only one of tes - eo a aa BS plant. This as of plant tissues to synthesize only air of optical isomers canriot = duplicated in the laboratory, and this fact ieee why plants are invaluable so s of biologically active compounds. 2 Figures in parentheses refer to the ibligeraphy at the end of the article. 80 asparagine, together with a little rine the maximum amount of glutamine produced from squash or sunflower seedlings is not more than three to four percent of the aor of the dry seeds. Yet these seedlings are among the richest sources of this substance. The reasons for this rt hand, beet roots have been found to be an excellen source for the preparation of ee (7). This a tissue pes only traces of asparagine and other pe araar es that interfere with the isolation iat fa desired amide. The unt of glutamine is ae upon the variety of beet and upon the alr pao raga The glutamine meee of field-grown beets may be increased by the applica- tion of large amounts of ammonium sulfate a ee i prior . t harvesting.* That beets are not eee in this respect is indicated by the fact that ordinary grass may, under certain unexplained circumstances, produce z ' ps in This menon was first observed ee bea and Chibnall (8) in England sad also has oe noted - Curtis (9) at this Station. On one occasion patches of the grass were ee - mak small og Nadie of glutamine as an encrustati ion the tip of e blade. ample con- beet root. Prices sar a content o diet is small and condi- tions have ni ind by means of which the abnormal behavior can be artificially ee ae certainty of success ISOCITRIC ACID Isocitric acid, as its name implies, is isomeric with common citric acid: OOC- CHO) : coe) -CH, - COOH Its pie formula shows it . be composed of the same elements in the same tions, but they are differently arranged, therefore the ices ies oe on compound are different. Isocitric acid, in contrast 3 This observation is of great biological significance, since it shows that the beet tissue contains or can easily manufacture a carbon chain precursor which will mite with ammonia to form glutamine 1 papuhe acid, the hydroxyl (OH) group is on the alpha instead of the beta arbon on is in citric acid. As a result, the molecule contains two asymetric carbon ee and I hence four different optically active forms of isocitric acid are possible. Only one of these exists in nature 81 to citric acid, is very difficult to crystallize and is usually isolated in the form of derivatives which are readily converted back into isocitric acid in and was isolated from t Ee a the bl - hae re (10 n 1942 Pucher and it a major constituent of the leaves of panies eee 2 ae amusing lant known as “life-plant” or “fl ” because of its (0) developing plantlets with roots attached, around the margins 7 the leaves Chey demonstrated its identity with crassulacean malic acid, a substance acid that has been a contr ici issue among plant physiologists ie nae ts for more than 60 yea The solution eae es the development of specific analytical methods by mea : s of which it was possible to prove that all of the malic id present in Bryophyllum clei the species used by the older Pee nie was the natural ac id, and that this and other known acids accounted for only about 30 per cent of the total acids present in the tissues. The ee 70 per cent must therefore consist of unknown acids. Study of the © proper rties of this fraction led to the identification of isocitric acid as a major component Rereading the papers of Mayer, aii rson and Franzen in light of this dis. sovery showed that all - ee Pea edly had aie ions of isocitric is Bae oe - of eed but failed to identify them bee der pie and salts which they prepared were ining re mae acid by the Suiyiel methods then available. e amount of isocitric acid in the leaves of Bryophyllum calycinum is pheno amounting > as much as 14 percent of the dry solids, contrast to the juice of the blackberry where it occurs to the extent a only a ere 1 percent. a is thus available, for the first time, a plant tissue from which it is possible to prepare isocitric acid in quantity, since the plant is easily ena in the pales and it grows luxuriantly in certain sections the South. At present, the preparation of the pure acid is a dificult io procedure, fe “details oF which are still in the 5 Also known as B, pinnatiun. 1875 Mayer (12) stated that the Crassulaceae contained an optically active iff in physical properties. In 1898 Aberson (13) proved that crassulacean malic acid di malic iffered from the two known optically active forms ol acid and concluded that the new acid was ird isomer. This exception to the rules of sterioisomerism, which state that compounds with one asymetric carbon atom such as malic acid, can have only tw active forms, was possible in 1898 but is untenable in tl light of our presen’ wledge. In 1922 Franzen and Ostertag (14) reinvestigated the acids of the Crassulaceae and concluded that there bee no e oa nce to support he view that tissues of the family Crassulaceae contai lic acid. nig of mal is explanation was apparently such a relief to the ae Teo Be ilies her chemists that another twenty years clapsed before the correct answer to the problem was found. 82 experimental stages. However, there is every reason to believe that it can be vimplified and that some day isocitric acid may be as common and--——~ cid. as ee! nt a chemical as its well-known isomer, Be ic a The three es discussed above were prepared from three ee plant soure etiolated lupine ‘seedling, beet root, and the leaves of aes Galyeiin The choice of source rater ae been largely a matter of chance, and a compr see survey of plants in respect to their aes o ae of kno n_ biological ae is pu required. Such a ey res inf ee Laas but the dis- very of something new ne hae is inevitable result. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Pir Rk, Ann. chim. phys. (3), 22: 160. 1848. 2 Schu a. E. Landw. vate. “17: 683. 1888. 3. Prianischnikov, D. Ber. deutsch. bot. Ges. 22: 35, a 4. Vickery, H.B., Pre G.W., and Deuber, C.G. J. B vol pats 145: 45: 1942. 5. Vickery, H.B., and Pucher, G.W. J. Biol. Chem. 150: 943. 6. Schulze, E. and Bosshard, E. eae Vers. Stat. 29: 2s “1883 7. Vickery, H.B., Pucher, G.W. and Clark, H.E. J. Biol. Chem. 109: 39, 1935. 8. Greenhill, AW., and Chibnalt XG Biochem. Jour. 28: 1442. 1934. 9. Curtis, L.C. Plant au siol 19: 44 10. Nelson, E.K. J. ¢ 11. Pucher, GW, J. B a Vickers, ib. er Biol. Chem. 145: 525, 1942. 12. May 13. Sterne n, Ae 14. Franzen, H. Re Ostertag RZ. Phrsiol, en 122: 263. 1922, + See the Journal for January 1946, page 15, for the preparation and uses of citric acid. cA Forest Lover in the (Caribbee Islands Vio Saba to Montserrat By J. S. Beard Hi pace links in the voleanic chain of the Lesser Antilles are a series of relatively tiny islands ele fe along a 70-mile arc. Their names are viene Redonda, Nevis, St. Ch Histopher (St. Kitts), St. Eustatius (Stitia) and Saba. The li st ae ae are Dutch, the others Lritish. Montserrat is neighbour to Irench Guadeloupe in the centr the Senne chain. North of Saba the volcanic arc ceases at the - passage beyond which we come to the essentially continental structure of Tuerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. a2 Bel cana) co S Looking north from Montserrat: Redonda in the middle distance, cloud-capped Nevis behind. Redonda i is just a high conical Tock too small to be inhabited. Its name or “circular” as it is that shape in plan. Saba is isl ht ) most per land 7 x iameter. N pa ah and its name is ek ee the shrine of Nuestra Sefiora de las es (Our Lady of the a not as is so often alleged because es ee its cloud ca He could not es been quite so Bae cee! this is not a name anyway: he called the island St. Mo oo ce Our Lady of oe in Spain) is ae pas than Nevis, with 33 square miles, but is more mountainous, of an ol : high. In the centre of the island rise the Centre Hills, see eroded and dissected ; and in the south the Soufriere Hills, composed of one large 4 cone and several smaller ones, so recent that the structure of the principal crater is still very plainly visible. There are several fumaroles still activey . . t group, with 67 square miles. ercisa te Ryonaers backbone formed4 by a chain of relatively young volcanic aay skirted Dy a ely sloping. ; apron, or glacis, .\t the north end of th and there is a well preserved . crater, evidently in eruption not many ar ies back. Part of the crater rim rises in a lofty exposed pyramid to 3,700 feet, highest en ation in a group of islands. This is aptly known as Misery Peak from the rigours of _ its wet, windswept climate. From the southeastern end of St cae a is > low promontory of barren hills reaches out tow: _- Nevis, including in its { i a. ted. hese islands were discovered by Giambi 1493, on his second voyage, but were never settled by the rus Its was left is ie English, more than a century later, to colonise-them. In 1624 an If eae oa adyenturer, Sir Thomas Warner, planted a ee of settlers upon St. and et the second successful Lnglish colony in nae ; - G Pilgrim ‘athers having beaten him to it by t rs e French appeared to and for a long time the english owned the middle of St. K ud th a Irrench the two ends, a situation which led to constant Sidie: Ieventually the [english settlers represented to Queen Anne that this was a nuisance and, evis also was settled by Ie nglish ; Montserrat by T Dutch Saba ae is peopled by the TEnglish-speaking descendants of buc- caneers, who formed one of the scat eka small white communities in the Caribbean, the population of the adjoining British islands being now predominé ee negro. The first settlers were white small- ot who — nee tobacco and ud th he planta: has been rationalised ty construction \ of a creuminsal sail way an ud a f : y from all but the oe and least cultivable parts of the central peaks, and even ee a great deal of oe dee been done in the past. Nowadays. in all. the British Mie nds, legislation protects the forest on the central mountains in the interests of wi te er conservation, so that the islands all sent the appearance of broad, te ely cultivated aprons at the fo f steep forested slopes. Most of the forest scen in this way consists actually of low secondary bush which is growing back, but here and there Most of the mountain slopes of Montserrat are covered by a low secondary bush, mua of tree ferns. The crowns of numerous tree ferns can be seen in this picture one can find examples of fine forest Hake hee survived be the interest of some former landowner. High up near the tops of the peaks the ra is still natural but is of a fee ae ee a elevation and exp On Mor rat the writer knows of only one single ae of natural rain for oe a this is found on the South Soufriere Peak a ae a estate. The dominant trees ae bs sane Daer sas ercelsa, Sloan nea iruncata and Rilene grandis, can be seen by a ‘detot Pica the bridle path which ae the Galway soutier C seein a a before crossing the col joining the South Soufriere Peak and Chance's Mountain. Else- where in Mor ee the sas slopes are cov a with a low secondary bush formed usually of groves of tree ferns (Cyathea and "Hemitelia) a reduc oodland formed on the more exposed parts o these eu ae the influence of the wind. One of the few trees found among the palms is eee eae) a tree with vellow flowers which ranges from Mon t to Mar There is rather an Here ee. bordering the numerous 1 These include Sapium a Tetrasygia discolor, Fresicra undulata, Ochroma lagopus and Acnistus arbores ie) an 86 SOUFRIERES or solfataras in this island. The ie fumes emitted a deadly to most plants and any recrudescence of a y kills off vegeta te which has encroached during a quiescent ee The soufrieres are _ little trees, Clusia alba and Ternstroemia peduncularis, with tussocks of the bromeliad Picante angustifolia, the sedge Cyperus euler is, and the aroid Philodendron giganteum. Some of the forest on Nevis is in quite good condition and one can find stands of rain forest containing the inevitable Dacryodes excelsa and Sloanea truncata, with ee ade ula (a on raceous tree with red bark), Guatteria caribaea and tw es of the Sapote family, Pouteria multiflora and Alicropholis chneophoe On the upper slopes this merges into a palm brak ce like f Montserrat by way of a transitional is the dominant tree.? On this island there is also some xerophytic wood- land on rocky hills near the sea. All of it is secondary Siu eis of a low arid thicket with many thorny components.* The forest area of St. Kitts is much the largest of any on these lands - forest is tall and dense, with trees 100 ae more feet high, crowded ogether with long c cylindrical. stems. Light 1 shut out so high above the oe that the interio e forest is ae empty. It is a great vault arching ee ee sta one finds anaes little growth. A few small trees on their way up to the canopy, alms, some rare Bae jungle” fable. Large-leaved epiphytes perch here and there otches or i up the stems and an occasional re ge liane loops to the ae The soil itself is covered with a close ferny mantle of —o flabellata and Dryopteris L’'Herminicri. As always in the rain forest of the Caribbee rae Dacryodes excelsa : the som iene te, _ toring 40 percent a the total tree crop. Euterpe globosa forms ano 35 per- t. The r Ra is ad of much i common hes Among the many others seen there are Drypetes pyriformis and Micropholis chophatoides ome_of the more_typical species include Bursera simaruba, Tabebuia pallida, ee Capparis and Coccoloba species, Guctiarda scabra, Pithecellobium unguiscali and Fagara 8 species. +'Ihree species of Sfoanea are present—S. berteriana, S. dentata and S. massont, -There are a nur fie of ranhes: of ae era: family (Lauraceae)—Aniba bracteata, Beilschmiedea pendula and some sp f Ocotea, diffic ov to identify. Simaruba amara is frequent, Ormosia ae steiea “Giateda caribaea and ! Melios sma herbert ' a ecide atalis, the latter showy when in flower with its white blos: On the upper ies of the mountains in these islands a palm brake is found, of which his thick grove of Euterpe globosa on Montserrat is a part : There is some really fine so i i i R y Hoe forest on St. Kitts. A buttressed Sloanea is seen centre, bel me Dacryodes, and several Euterpe palms, 89 Unfortunately, a finest stands of forest are restricted in area, the two best examples lying on Wi ingfie eld and Mansion estates, o1 opposite as of the ee backbone just south of the old trail across the island int t impoverished. Large trees are scattered and show signs of breakage at some time, usually forking quite low down into two or three stems. The spaces in between are filled quite variably with groves of palms or thickets of advetititious tree species On the higher all in slope es the rain forest merges into a palm brake as described for Montserrat and this in turn at the summits aay an elfin or mossy wo a a low gnarled ae oe about 12 feet high, loaded with moss and epiphytes, matted with lia The flora is charac- teristic and it differs from that of the oe pe below, featuring Charianthus Ee (a melastome with showy red flowers), Didymo- panax attenuatum (with pale-coloured, ean leav hee Dae arborescens (with fleshy, aromatic leaves a aerial roots). he prominent plants are Frezicra dae ee coriaceus a Weinmannia pinnata. The great pyramid of Misery Peak, rising 600 feet clear of its surround- ings, is covered with a low, Peat eaarcee a may be ia in a certain sense to the Andine P. The plants consist in ae of species from the elfin npr ae now eee ced to small knee-high shru oe With them associate various herbaceous plants,’ aay oe aroids and ferns, a few ground orchids and other flowers, and some sedges and grasses, Two Awards for Plant Explorer’s Jungle Camp O emphasize the importance of plant exploration, the New York Botanical Garden presented a plant explorer’s jungle camp at the International Flower Show March 17—22 at Grand Central Palace. ae exhibit won a gold ae from the Flower Show oe and the t color citation of the Garden Club of New Jersey, the second award bane compa to the bronze medal formerly offered in days when metal was not scare vies the spec: represented are Pitca itcairnia ia angustifolia, P. spicata, Lycopodinm toriun Ba trnione striata, Dryopteris limbata, Epidendrum mutelianum, Lobelia cirsitfolia, Isachne angustifolia, and I. rigidifolia, also a species of ‘Anthuriuin and of Dicranopteris or Gleic: 90 e scene, which included a shelter equipped neue mosquit esses, fuel cans, lantern, machetes, other object use . a plant explorer, sir mulated a cre ally tropics crevices al ee the tree were epiphytic orchids, eae bromeliad: and other plants, while a common a ess creep minoides, draped itself o . branch. The same care appeared o the jungle floor with oie en aie var. argyroncura, anothe common plant of the tropical American jungle, and with arrowroc (Maranta arundinacea), common throughout the tropics but native to th ee With them one of the few Asiatic plants used in the exhib helped to cover the ground—Piper Betle, with dark green heart-shape nH = <2 3 es. Aroids were prominent in the scene, one of the most noteworthy spec mens, because of its spadices that were laden with red fruits, being a plar one a se, which the ee ee from ete mor oe forty y Somewhat resembling it was a specimen of Philc . ae He de from Cael ee with che bade “ike tightl calla-lilies displayed in the center = te largest Philodendron was P. verrucosum, which has been growin for many years on an enormous stump in the Palm House im the Garden’ conservatory. The heart-shaped leaves of this species are marked wit reddish tones beneath and are roughly hairy. Near it stood a slende cut-leaved species, P. SeHoum, with prominent leaf-scars on the trunk an with oe a descentling from the stem Arousing the greatest interest, because it was mentioned in the Heralc Trine on the an day of the ee was the pe tree (ire arpus communis) at the rear corner of the shelte A number of palm aoa the eee ou with numerous smaller ot units in the foregrounc Among them were two specimens of Begonia foliosa, — sd ab 1800 by Alexander von Humboldt, a plant of an Asiatic ate and another orchid, Schomburgkia ee from Colombia glassed-in cases at the side of the exhibit, not visible aa the jung’ scene oe ee nine significant plants which have been brought int horticulture or other use as a result of plant exploration, One of thes Was an ree aroid, discovered by Dr. Bassett Maguire on Tabl pane in in Slee: in 1944, wh ich otters promise as a house plan i ant 0 of LITCes 86 Rev. Hugh Goldie, from west tropical Africa; Cyclamen pe rsicum, a S plant from the Mediterranean region, source of our showy floris Jungle scene and part of the plant explorer’s camp which won two awards for the New York Botanical Garden at the International Flower Show in New York in March. ait of the Pr esent day; Tradescantia Wastseaiesiane named for a Polish botanist—an excellent but little known house plant; Stachys en ciscovered in the 19th century by the French botanist Cosson while exploring in the mountains of a an cea dwarf saul a Chamaedorea, brought to the Gar in ent years by Thomas MacDougall from Mexico; Pee ic eriauunt, pee for its discoverer in Central America, a small- flowered species with exceedingly ‘a. rinted information about the na York Botanical vey was ee buted throughout the week by ac of volunteers under direction (rs. John G. Winchester. Ones about the plants a a ene of exploration were answered by members of the staff, one of whom was ee in attendar The award . aie Garden Club of New . was designated : “Tri-color citation of the Garden Club of New Jerse r an educational exhibit showing the important relationship between os and Badaceiee through its em mphasis on plant exploration, as presented i ropical jungle scene. 91 The Interlaken Seedless Grape By A. B. Stout HE January number of Farm — ape by the New York State Agricultural Experiment Sta t Geneva and the Cornell tration of a cluster of ee is on a photograph taken at Geneva. The description is as foll low S$: Po gon yellow-fruited, very early, seedless grape was named Interlaken Seedless, his variety is a seedling of rare crossed with Thompson Seedless, the small- aie Saas — grape which is so a grown in California. 10 the latter, also known as Sultanina, is primarily a raisin grape, it is also used for table purposes and is atten seen in eastern Le during Aaa and ore mber. Interlaken Seedless bears clusters of medium size which are well filled and often shouldered. The berries are slightly larger than those of Delaware. They ripen very early, about September 1 at Geneva, or a full month before Concord. Tho greenish yellow when the fruit first becomes edible, it later ripens to a rich golden yellow color. From a practical standpoint the berries are cecil seedless, The fruit of this variety has a high sugar ives and the flesh is meaty like that of Thommen Needles rather than of the slipskin type. The flavor is a delicious blend of that of Ontario with that of Thompson Seedless. The fruit, like that of Schuyler and Steuben, will keep in cold storage much longer than that of most eastern ae and has been held in good condition until late December. The vines are vigorous a of moderate productivity. In hardiness the variety compares favorably with Seneca, Golden nae 7S Delaware, and Dutchess. Temperatures of—20° F mi be expected to ood of Interlaken Seedless. es Seedless wa ine loped in collaboration with Dr. Stout of the New York Beenie Garlen, who has been ee io the ee of eee hardy seedless grapes at Geneva for more than 25 y Reports 2 345 of this research on ae grapes have been made to readers of the Journal of The New es amie Garden and several reports a bulletins Hale a printed els In this research a £ 309 1 ndividual pee have been obtained Mae Pe seedless or near gaia fruits. All of these have been obtained n first or later generation progenies of hybrids between hardy, seeded, bach grapes and the two vinifera seedless ae as Thompson Seedless 1 Three New Grapes that Show Promise.. George D, Oberle. Farm Research 8: 9. 1947, 2 Studies of grapes in co-operation with the State Agr. Exp. Sta. at Geneva. A. B. Sa Jour. N. Y. Bot. Garden 22: 148-156. 1921. A new seedless grape. . B. Stow ne N. Y. Bot. Garden 28: 20-23. 1927. 4 Some chronicles of grape history. I. A. B. Stout. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Garden 39: 254-263. 19. 5 Some chronicles of grape history. IJ. A. B. Stout. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Garden 39: 274-281. 1938. idle Seedless, an early yellow seedless adie at the New York State Agricultural Experi Station. It appears to be the most a seedless grape . ced to date for eastern grape-growing areas. 94 and Black Monukka. At least 50 of thése whieh have ae Se a ie have been propa cae for pos cre at Geneva and s hardy have been tested e in vineyard Fe, oe pe ie egos Seedless vil now as aie in limited numbers, according ount of nursery stock, from the New York Fruit Testing eae at Geneva The Legend of the Basil By Bessie R. Bux Peabody, Mase OG SS manifests itself in many ways and one nost familiar ones is gr pies the well-loved uae of se Saearane ecially tru Mediter: This | is especially of natives of the nean countries wher flowe ae fruits are so Senet The Greek es e 1S, es f more than othe d one sees large and handsome specimens of orange, lemon and fig in the windows of the Greek shops. ,In summer, they flourish in gardens or on balconies. TWO KINDS OF BASIL GROWN BY THE GREEKS IN MASSACHUSETTS The purple-leaved form is shown at the left, the common species, Ocimum Basilicum, at the right. O. minimum, with smaller foliage, also is cultivated. 95 e plant will almost eae . found in Greek gardens and shop the bs or BASILICO, as they call it—Ocimum Basicwm herb to the Greeks, and every zoe ek child knows the leg: en Helena, the mother of the Emperor hee tine, in her search search where fragrance filled the air. Searching the hills, she suddenly stepped on a mass of set a its fragrance revealed to her the’ Holy Cross, — buried beneath i ae isa ae nd. oe start the Rasy ae in the house in February. oe it is ee ted into boxe tubs and set in the garden, where it gro into a saan usar aa o tender green about two feet ae The e flow Tin a Ae are gro , the common species, e leaves one to es long; O. minimum, with very fine, delica iecolses: and a purple- vee ves of O. Basilicum. The slightest brush against the foliage of the plant sends a wave of spicy perfume through the air. Jtalians and other races use the basil in cooking, but to oat Greeks this is sacrilege. They grow it only for its religious significance. New Varieties RICH IN BEAUTY Count on Wayside for the newest——just as PLUS man: you count on us for the: finest. aha choice years wl ial items typify Wi 1 Jucti. £ ‘hi have become favorites of dis- criminating flower growers. EW CALIFORNIA ROSE ORIGINATIONS. Exelusive Wayside Garden introductions. Send for Finest Horticultural Glorious: Yermilion buds, semidouble flow. Book-Cotalog ers of Tyri is : Dogwood- like Borers gold-tipped anieahysi stamens. 76 pages. Hundreds of Ming Toy: Dainty, rose-colored. Quite like ers in full color. a miniature Camellia. cultural instructions on ing finest roses, shrubs, plants NEW GIANT GLADIOLI sohag HOLLAND. a ibs. To be & Hybrids. of famous Picardy. fe go this oustanding Book, it for giant size and high ss valu NEW ROSE EDITH WILLKIE. oe ane In: of oe red. Inside shrimp pink. or stamps, to cover p an cereal andling costs aE TTY eR 51 Mentor Ave. Mentor, Ohio . 96 Notes, News, and Comment Flower Show Visitor. Lord Abercon- way, President « of the Royal Horticultural cie ray mer- the Waldorf- oS Seaver was the Garden OE representative at he luncheon. Lor ed s gardens in Bodnant, Tal-y- n Wales, are a famous show rt Exhibit. A Appe oximately 500 a tended the of hg Winslow ess e benefit of S Bot eat len Feb. 18, and turing” “ihe ae qe the pictures ¢ on the Wildenstein galleries, DRICONURE | the all-organic animal manure FERTILIZER Here’s a fertilizer you can use with com- ee confidence. It’s peuled DRICONUR. d ely by cae s 100% 5 5 a mical, pan a Ib.) ne Write today ae foes and literature. ATKINS & adie 165 John Street bee there were more than 6,000 visitors. The cxhibit was open to ae on bs days from Feb. 19 thr h March 2. oo T. H. Eve a s been none Thomas Roland m medal for skill bi eer by the ee ibe the Mas chusetts Horticultural Society. lent. a oT Towns of the Huntington Becivell Garden, San Marino, Calif, Feb. 10. Show Windows. During part of the month: the Winslow Homer a was at Wildenstein Gilleses nw: department Y ee aed York ae The: anels Teller windows of tie: agen One window at Lord & Taylor's con- cae a peruredietcn of one of Homer’s pat Du Por ont Garden Tour. On May 1 the New York Botanical Garden is fee ing a tour of a gardens of eee F, and Pierre du Pont at Wilmington, Del. Members of ae aes Gdn Clubs S Se ey w Jersey, and Connecti- eing noe d. Mrs. Henry F. oe ‘Coie is making the arrange- ments. lub Day. The eae annual Garden are Day at the York Bo- a.m, demonstration of e Botanica 1 Garden mie ale aa canes will bei in the is of a -H. Evere ae as mode Those ve attend a pected to bring their own lunches coffee will be served. At 1:30 t will be guided tours of ne tine Gard such the rubs. rs. er man of arrangements, with Mrs. wand Mrs, Junius Richards men, Basie Judges of the Court of Appeals of the State of New York were guests 97 at the New York Botanical Garden Sunday, Jan. 26. Dr. William J. Robbins gave them a brief address in the Mem- ’ Room bers’ Radio. The following staff aes spoke on various radio programs cones with the International Flow Show at Grand Central eee eiahy ihe | Work Botanical Garden exhibited a Plant Explorer’s Jungle Cam Elizabetl all, on “This is New York’ + WCBS March 14 at 9 a.m. Ir, Camp on y’s pro: gram over WOR March 14 at 10:15 a.m. Mrs. W.. Beals, Jr., on Liliian Okun’ program over WMCA March 15 at 1 p.m. Dr, Bassett Maguire and G. = Wittrock on Nancy Craig’s program over WJZ March we ae 12:30. . Naylor on the “Modern Far: E, rit over WNBC March 18 at 6; 45 4 ay ae Le Everett and E. J. Alexander on Mergaret uA Program over WCBS March 18 8:45 Conference. The regular see s held Heterocaryosi rospora tetra- ie ene in N. sttaphila and N. crassa,’ ’ Dr. sett Maguire spoke on “The Boundary Limits for the Tatermoaa tai Flor Lectures, setages ae 7 member 13 <2 e Boll "Plants “and iher eigniicanen | in the ui Buea Annette Hervey sp ve ee entative of Dr. Robbins a the ete jincliess o the Riverhead. oun ee Jan. 13. e Wor er subject was of he Ne: otanical Santen? . H. Everett Pane . “Needed— Craftsmen in t a o the cae os ural Club of sn: Feb. Bo ‘ock Gardens” to the Larchmont Garden Club, March 3; on “Rebuilding Gardens” to ue Rockville Cone Gar een Club; and “Spr. Wor he ; ng orl arden” ‘the garden section a th Bronxville Women’s Club, the last three being Affiliates of the Botanical Garden Dr. William J. Robbins spoke on “Plant Research as Related to Medicine” at a nee of the Bedford Garden Club Dr. H. N. Moldenke lectured Feb. 17 on “Marvels in Adaptation Among our Our Local eetay to the Garden Club of Mt. Vernon, an Affiliate of the Garden, and 1 “Plants, £ the Bible” Feb. 18 the reenwich ane Club; March 19 to the Newark n Club, ane March 21 to the Har ras Mode len Clu Instructor. Edwin ett, Superinten- fe nt of Middl etown re Red Bank, N. J., a replace ea instructor ae the sprin; Ap ihe winter tern on Culication of Green- house Plan ichael Evenari came to ee Gna ae Ed and stayed two weeks obtaining information Ain establish- t a bo =] pers — ebrew nari is a plant phvsiologat: ‘aking an iene tour of the United = Dr. G. G. Ste enis, Senior Botanist of the Departinent of Eevee Affairs, Eu lneers: Java, eek . Ge sce ae ite “wie on his end ied Mr van ea Mes brought ayith hint adit. s for color plates for a proposed new - Bobbink & Atkins NURSERYMEN AND PLANTSMEN of the unusual Roses, Trees and sh not obtainable elsewhere will be found growing in this great sees one unique in the Annals of American Horticulture. Visitors Always Welcome Catalogue Upon Request Bobbink & Atkins Paterson Ave., E. Rutherford, N. J. 98 flora of the Flora aes Dr. Gauman mycolo; at Zurich Uae enin: ‘and hae eae a hock on coma a ea of the fungi, he 19. Malaysian Archipelago, visited tl Gar rden > fe of Bota at etoria, South Africa, was a cent a isitor. A former Paes ° orge S. Avery, Jr., she to bie country again to meet ‘American plant physiologists. Bee Robert A. Vines of the University Texas brought to the Garden in Febru nary a portfolio of a Oe has made for of Ha a d Pei Other x, U. hull, Princeton Univ ersity ; nry and G, H. H. Tate, Mecnee atural History; hn iversity of Idaho; and President of ‘the Horticultural Society of England. NA INC. A PHOTO ENGRAVING CO., 305 EAST 47th STREET 1 N.Y. MAKERS OF PRINTING PLATES PROCESS BENDAY LINE & HALFTONE Groups. Among the classes which have pay visited the conservatories are 80 tudents from Chatham High School, Cuatan N. J.; 17 students from Hunter College; 20 from ue Franklin School Professional Arts, to do painting; and th ase Girl Sue Sev eral cases of Museum Building, Approximately all of the See were made on the grounds ad in fhe conservatories of the New ical Garden ee scho were hea ex- and of autumn @ plants Platt were on dis- —_ es aan Rut hi erford play fodels by Paul Marchand, showing ome of our common mushrooms, among nes, are on rotunda, These are own in a natural setting and are under illumination. yor models will be added within a few : of the inadequacy the Addison Addisonia. Because of funds ee from C -p this periodical of t pubtished neneeton als. Nany years had heen given free to mber the Garden. The economy” in ae publication of Addiso effected in 1920, at la} Leas becor will 1 issue a number only when suf- ficient money has accrued A ne ae lication possible. pe Le ee oun a Coane est colored slistanone. of nlants w with po lar and technical descriptions. NOTICES AND REVIEWS OF RECENT BOOKS agaderate Genus Treated tral ae South aes These treatises In: a Se ho sated Monograph therefore give accurate portrayal at : the ane as ee occurs in th two J TRAD oti MERICA, ulford, XVE + 178 py “Ilustrated. indexed. Chroni e 46 species of Central a: Botan vets aN eee, Mase. G. - America are grouped into two ee. eee . * Bidentatae, including 7 species, and Tri- Till crack of ne the liverworts to dentatae, with 39, the representatives of st biologists—and to many botanists— each being true to these characterization ahs ; me eae will mean Aferchantia, even though the Each species is then described at length; leafy forms are often more common, and a habitat is given, followed by a is: im many ways much more Sea: sion, in which distinguishing featur: One of the most conspicuous, widespread, are “considered, as well. as varieties and and, thanks to Dr, Fulford, Gar iow forms, when present. Distribution and genera of the leafy liv references for cvery species are listed. Bassania. There are 17 new combinations. n a previous publication the author he ie sega some of which consist considered the 6 species ae a genus of as 20 separate drawings, found in the United Stat 1 Canada, show ae sketclien leaf characters, Job- The present volume eke with the 46 ings, cellular interrelationships in the species authoritatively known from Cen- leaves and bracts, and other minutiae. Ahh he he Know Your Trees You will find this handbook with its 498 lucid illustrations an invaluable guide. To facilitate quick and accurate identification it not only illus- trates the tree itself, but the leaves, fruits or berries, bark, transverse sec- tion of wood, and the locale in which each particular species may be found. An excellent text supplements the photographs. mMacMILLAN Handbook of the “TREES OF THE NORTHERN STATES AND CANADA By Romeyn B. Hough At your bookstore 100 To specialists Professor Fulford’s earnest and scholarly treatise will be invaluable. To knights of the test tube or the microtome, as well as to genera aud ficld bota ists, a perusal of this book should offer a rewarding glimpse of one of our Comnion oe attractive even if les showy gencra lants. The cole | is enn opHately insertbed to Alexander W. Eva MaATZKE, Columbia Univer sity, More than a T: For Health Officers WATER BAC TEMLOLOCY: 8s. ¢. A. Winslow v, and $4.50. The sixth Baie the first in 15 years, is more than a ae nas of an old mw (bog written oe ‘th old. Mr. McCrady, who has been Boy identified ite the development of the field, co princip. ale agreeme nt rom workers in this field. The bibliography of 52 pages is an Eanaiee ton of the thoroughness of the wo: This univ book belongs on the must hacteriologists, and thos engaged in ching public health. Use di in conjunc- tion with Standard Methods it will be of constant assistance to those interested in the role of hac teriology in sanitary prol 0 be co ongratulated on mt. a noteworthy secon hme ; .M M.D., . Director. Burean OF Pere EON Bucupinver, Px.D. Head, Division of Sanitary Benois City of New York. officers, sanitary engineers, - Petal ed ba hae vely With a Minimum Of Effo RDENING WITH SHRUBS AND LOWERING TREES. ass rk are assets at our command, yet too often overlooked. ATHERINE G. FENIMORE COOPER. Guide for Embellishment d Grounds i-) = & SHRUBS. VINES AND LAWNS. Albert E. W: eee ahs pages, il- lustrated, pkoteaer New Home Library, piitedoin a Pa., 1946. $1, This reference work on trees, shrubs, vines and Nae es the amateur ae o parts. The first popular retest us ei orative ater in at on 71 ds bui ie taken up sith information pertainir the general = lant material, Me Sandie ote of & an mak- ing and caring for lawns, sis, “erties insect pests and eee of plants and their contro! 7 information oe int The b erest ook has many illustrations, drawn = by Tabea Hoffman: Epwin BECKETT. edness THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN HENRY DE LA Montacn! NE, AY paar ry Elective Managers WuuiaM Ferton Barrett oe B. Har Frepericx S. Mose ey, Jr. Howarn BAYNE ee ne Einecres Francis E. Powe tt, Jr. Evwin De T. BecuTer v Hoo Mrs. Harorp I. PRratr Henry F. pu Ponr Ae D. Lasker Witt1am J. Rospins Rev. Rosert I. Gannon, Canons McK. Lewts Epmunp W. Sinnott S.J. MErrILi Cuauncey STILLMAN a H. Montcomery wal a Managers Wiuutam O’Dwyve_r, x of the City of New York ANDREW G Coauson. Tk. en 5 ie rials of Education Rozert Moses , Park C sion A ppointive nee By the Torrey Botanical Club By Columbia University Marston T. Bocert rcus M. Rwoapes Cuartes W. BaLLarp mM F, TRELEASE THE STAFF Lares J. Rozsins, Pxu.D., Sc.D. Dir H. A. Girason, Px. D. Assistant Director and Gin aioe GN: Assistant Director Sc.D. ead Curator Frep J. SEAVER, Pu.D., A. B. Stout, Px Curator of Education and ‘Laboratories Bernard O, Doncr, Px.D. Plant ae oo H. W. Rickert, Pu.D. ographe: Tuomas H. Everetr, N.D. Horr. ite rial Bassett Macuire, Px.D, Harotp N. Motpenke, Px.D Associate Bate Me H. Camp, Pu.D. Associate Curator ocal Herbarium E, J. ALexanpver, B.S. Assistant Curator and Curator of the L E E. Nayror, Pu.D. Assistant Curator Assistant Curator Assistant Curator Research Associate RT I c , Pa.D Technical Assistant Mary Stessrns, M.A. Technical Assistant Exizabetn C. Hatt, A.B., B.S ibrarian ROL H, Woopwarp, A.B. he Journal G. L. Wirtrocx, A.M. Orro ae ae . Collaborator in aes a ELMER N. Mrr vapher Joun Henprey - Barkan, A.M., M.D. Bibh Fe pe aie Inez M. Harin Assistant Honorary Curator ot Mosses JosrrH F. Boe ao morary Curator of the Diatomaceae B. A. Kruxorr a Cunalor of Economic Botany ETHEL seal S. Peckuam Honorary pees Tris ae. Narcissus ee A. C. Peano) Su, peruiendent of Buildings and Gro To reach the Batanical Garden, take the Independent Subway to Bedford Park Boulevard tation use the Bedford Park Boulevard exit and walk east. Or take the Third Avenue Elevated to the Botanical Garden or the 200th Street station, the New York Central to the Botanical Garden station, or the Webster Avenue surface car to Bedford Park Boulevard Membership in THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN and what it means support of a program that 1E INSTITUTION, membership means nds of persons a (2) education, reaches several hundreds of thousa y, this ogram cone eee (1) horti eultnral displays (3) scientific research, and (4) botanical exploration. To further this work and to disseminate useful in tion about plant life to the public, the Garden issues books and periodicals, both scientific an ular, and presents lectures, programs, radio broadcasts, and of study in gardening and botany. Th boratories and large herbarium and library serve t its researc cational work, while the extensive plantings at the Garden give the public vistas of beauty j year aro The public is also free to use the Botanical Garden’s he roun , under ansochton, to consult the herbariu DU embership means, beyond the personal gratification of ata such a prog abe ance privi ree in courses up to ae amount of the annual member- enrollm ship ies paid. A su seeped to the Journal and to Addisonia. a io o Me mbers’ Day programs aaa use of the Members’ Room also at ot tim A aire of pian when made available for distribution. (These plants may Fabel t the Garden’s new moda cone into horticulture.) Personal conferences with staff mbers, upon request, on problems related to een eae, i orticulture Fre ts of sued displays, lectures, broadcasts, pro- grams, seats ae ev cane Use lantern sli from the Garden’s large collection, under such established regulations tee me embership card which serves as identification at special functions at the es cal Garden and also when visiting similar institutions in other citie Garden clubs may perenne. "Affliate Member of the New York Bowne Garden, and thu ert privileges for lub as a unit and others for individual a eibenes Tibi aiaatoe on Girden Chik Affiliation will be ae upon request. usiness firms may become Pedic Members of the New York Botanical iformation on the classe. oh ie dustrial Membership and the privileges ai ancnalbar ship will be sent sues rea eee in the New York Botanical Garden in addition to mem induct Meena Annual Single Fee Contribution Annual Member $ 10 Member for Life $ 250 gust taining Memb f Fellow for Life 1,000 Garden Club Affiliation 25 Patron 5,000 Fellowship Member 1 Benefactor 25,000 pa ese ie one Garden may be deducted from taxable inco Contributi the Garden are SeaeeanTes in computing Telarc a New York estate eked egally approved form of bequest is as follov hereby Beglient The New York Botanical “Carden, incorporated under York, Chane 285 of 1891, the s y ae bap ade subj a reservation aie income from the gift proper ty for ne ‘benefit of the as nor or designated beneficiary during his or her lifetim equests for further information shore ee addressed to The New York ie Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York 58, JOURNAL _ THE NEW York BOTANICAL GARDEN JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Caro. H. Woopwarp, Editor EVENTS DURING MAY AT THE GARDEN Members’ Day 3:30 p.m. in the Members’ Room May 7 Adventures in a One-Man Greenhouse Victor Greiff Saturday Afternoon oi a 3 p.m. in the Lecture Hall May 3 Action asia of Garden Flow Alien K. White A lapse-time motion picture in an colbe May 10 Plants and their Wanderings W. H. Camp May 17 Wild Life in the Watchungs Mildred J, Rulison s seen at the Trailside Museum of the Union cote ae Commission May 24 “Plants and the Life of Man” and ee ift of G Botanical “Garden's own color films The Saturday programs will be oan in the 2 Programs for Garden Clubs Arranged by the aetiae downtown office at 801 Madison Avenue May 1 Tour to du Pont gardens in Wilmington May 20 erat Club Day at the New oy rk Botanical Garden am. Program in the Lecture Hall 7 a0 p Guided tours of buildings and grounds Museum Exhibits lower Paintings by Tabea Hoffman, through May Fruits of Central America, water colors by Lee pe through May 31. Mushroom Models by Paul Marchand, showing a dozen edible and poisonous ecies, continuous. Forthcoming Events ne ers’ Day: ane “Some Native American Herbs and Meera by Helen M. Museum Ex waite Photographs of English Gardens, date to be announced, Masbiosn Models, continuous. TABLE OF CONTENTS Y 1947 aaa PaTTERN—A portion of the moving plant body of a slime mold its vegetative phase Cover photogr aa by Ruth N. Nauss My Gun or Sime Mops uth N, Nauss 101 THE Larcest Sequoia East of THE Rocky Mountains Pon F, ie 110 Tue Broominc Diszase oF WALNUT B. O. Dodge 112 BroapcasT—PLaNnT Propucts FROM BRAZIL José Garrido Torres 115 Sir WILLIAM fies s THIRD VOLUME 117 Rea! AND Reviews OF RECENT BooKs 118 Notes, News, AND COMMENT 122 can GarpDENING Must Go ON! Walter Zulch 124 rete Journal is Published monthly by The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New Yor! Printed in U. S. Entered as Second Class Matter, january 28, 1936, on "the Post “Offs y New York, N. Y., Sader the Act of August 24, 1912. subscription $1.50. Single copies cents, JOURNAL of THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN VoL. 48 May 1947 No. 569 Tily Garden of Slime Molds By Ruth N. Nauss Ag ever see a plant with an animal-like body? My indoor ola full of them. They are slime molds, which in their native haunt’ move a t freely searching for food; then overnight they change thei form into vig -filled fruiting bodies which are of unusual beauty in form an a The jee nd inhabit Mare the world over, creeping between fallen eee inder bark of rotting logs, and even into the logs themselves, where they are completely hidden from view. Some species ee live down in the ide i ~ Bec Yy are so secretive : cen habits, the slime se are little ieee oe vee studied. Few i a dozen of the -odd lage have had their life histories as t and recorded. te phase of investigation, ae is one of the ee nearer and deserves more attention To carry on my own studies of the slime molds, for the past ten years so ial for th heap. Gradu ae pushing back a a little at a time, I have ac- quired sere of the ieee room for my work. Here I do my ae ing,” using ae jars an Hs glass- etd dishes a are “rowed oe sectional bookca Othe equipment consists of a large k desk, tl herbarium case, one table, photographic apparatus, a panes al files and record books. You may well wonder how my husband and I an t ound it on radi \ compensated in being able to observe the captivating habits and unusual beauty of these queer ae like plants The spore-bearing bodies, or sPorANGIA, of the slime molds, like myriads 101 102 of other minute things, could not be seen in detail until lenses sae ar oe which use, ¥ only a little over 200 years ago. Botar nists then hunted ~ them out ae a score aid named them the cee CETES, meaning pare i eek “slime molds.” Until comparatively recent years, most of the n them, determining the species, and filing them away in some herbarium for. future reference. For the most part, sporangia are formed on the surface of the substratum ae are therefore seen more often than the vegetating, or moving, “animal” phas The Foot-Loose Plasmodium This easone phase that gives rise to the Uae saan is it like? Fruiting bodies of our common fungi, such as the well known puffballs and nro that also bear spores, have a plant body ae of tough thread-like strands, some of which can be found rooted, so to speak, in the sista on nae it grows. But slime molds leave no such clear evi- dence of thei r of life after fruiting occurs, for usually all of their ns is utilized | in making the sporangia themselves. In higher plants, this oo ae laeaae to an entire plant—roots, stems, and leaves— being transformed overnight into a mass of seeds. This ate ae of th e growing stage, ae as the Pi. evita is a network of gelatinous-like threads, or veins, consisting of protoplasm and . ingested ae legit It is usually fan- shaped, the Le ce oe the adv vaneing f The vein patterns of plasmodia are often ete beautiful ie in at least several instances are characteristic of a oles They slowly but pasa) pea shape as the pasnation reeps along. When two contrastin lored species are grown in the same ae and their veins rue eae are as delightful to the a as any of the flowering plan Since plasmodia are ot stad eneneaay in any way to their sub- strata, they ooze about in moist shady pla oo loose and fancy free.” Someone has humorously said that their ability t reep as a unit, through ° ou eshes of a n-door and on the other side. bs sect is ae the rs ae veins are able to pull apart and later fuse a: The plasmodium ae no D pr rotective covering or internal support of any kind. It is formed by the fusing together of many microscopic amoeboid On the Cover The fan-like advancing front of this oF -clear plasmodium, ranked among the handsomest of all species, is scalloped with a border of wheels, one of which is shown at the left. The varying patterns of this very finely veined white slime mold plasmodium are always attractive to the observer. (Magnified about 30 times) bodies which come from spores. Unlike spores of eae molds, which start pe sey life by sending out germ tubes row, ay slime mold s cracks open and liberates a small ies body that begins (nee i itself. It ae itself about by a flagellum, . pee like appendage that ie a it to get food. Later it draws i s flage ee sare ns out, and c: ae ia ke an — It m ages itself ma s by. dividin oo a two and again. After a while these little eee get lonesome . aa other ee begin - collect in groups. Then they unite in pairs and their nuclei fuse. me authors Gea this i bi y pla um. i i nucle : pene separate. Finally, all that have joined together become the multinuclear gl Lpeciae that is characteristic of slime molds. : The mechanism that enables a plasmodium to creep along is the most rentable phenomenon of all.* Un ant the microscope a vein resembles y river carrying sand and gravel, racing to some distant lake or sea. Then, suddenly the oa slows down as though ones had been forgotten. It comes to a dead stop, then starts racing back after it. Soon *See Hagelstein, Robert. “On Preparing an Exhibit of the Life Cycle of the Mycetozoa" in the Journal tae Jane. 1936. 104 the streaming halts again, the forgotten article is appar ently picked up, and the little river begins racing forward again. This unique rhythmic ebb and flow is repeated over ver, the flow forward being perhaps five othesis eral microscope, I have seen rotifers suddenly stop the streaming by anchoring their two-pronged tails into a vein while they stretched out their bodies and Bae ae for their suppers. Streaming started again when the rotifers left. oe ie slime molds are so animal- ‘el in these le phases, the and have named th zoologists have also laid just claim to t ve ed them the Mycerozoa, meaning pac sea ane This ernie ee classification, ever, ae stems from 0- ology Ne arene the an which j is ae off . a sides of the veins, is usually left in the form of two parallel lines just barely separated, and is the telltale track of where a slime mold has been. have never been able to gather satisfactory data as to how far slime molds actually travel in their search for food, for mine are housed in a city apartment where their peregrinations have to be curbed. Some of them TWO CURIOUS TYPES OF PLASMODIUM (Both magnified approximately 100 times) the next, even though thes appear separa eke ight is a plasmodium of mee transparency which feeds on microscopic eelworms vee Rede): by quickly surrounding them with ‘ Stabe op protoplasm which spurt out from the slow-moving veins. CANNIBALISM AND TRAVEL (Both magnified approximately ae The velvety-black plasmodium at the left i ictim of c its ated slime molds, a white a of dehcate ero the second oldest plasmodium, one which she has kep for eight ce without its having frui me lism practised by on of right is the authors ted. At the rate of one inch in three hours, how ie it have traveled in its series of dishes in this time obviously feel confined in their small dishes and if aie a chance would grow much larger and travel long distances. I often dream of a enclosed or tile room where they could be kept moist and wander as far as they like. Usually such thoughts come after I fine es ee ane modium apy across the top of my desk. It has “ own h nmy bsence and could not wait till I returned. It isa age sg hee its enter se outlined sharply against the black, but for its own good (the dry osphere would ay kill it) for the sake of my ae it ie c re scooped up and put ca : its dish, se then the ea top mopped up. Ordinarily, ee modia very well b a hey ea round and round their pee nee until ie are ready to fru Speaking of rer however, I wonder how far my two oldest ee modia have traveled at the one-inch-in-three-hours rate since they were collected eight and nine years ago, respectively. The eight- Bs -old one is not near S- ly so fastidious about having its meals on time as is the big yellow one. eas it has gone from six to nine oe without any attention at all. is one of the daintiest plasmodia I have ever seen under the und microscope, ve it has never borne sp porangia ae all its life in captivity. Watching for the Fruiting Stage ough finding sporangia in my dishes is a common occurrence, some- how it is always a delightful surprise. Some plasmodia are very timid 106 and bear their sporangia only in — others do not ses the light; and one even seems to prefer it. One ing I found it oozing out from under the lid of its dish. As it was my eae T turn afi out the light and left, iia to put it back on my aes But to my surprise it was already bac when I later switched o e light. As I worked at my = I pete that it began creeping o ee n. Farther and farther it I was interested. But about nee ven o’clo ck T began to be sleepy ne “decided that it was time this plasmodium was retiring also. I lifted up the lid, but as I was about to scoop it up I noticed that its texture had changed ; i was fruiting. I delightedly a my eyes open and decided to sit up with it until it had finished, for I did not have the heart to turn out the light which it seemingly needed for this delicate process. While I aise kk pictures of it as it tumbled over the side of its dish. The reproduced here shows its tracks’ in the background of the dish. By one o’clock in the morning the vague transformation es omg to spores had been completed, having required about five hou: That was the first and last time I ae ever felt in to sit ns with a slime mold. One of the timid eae is a beautiful aes one. I never get over being surprised when I find its sporangia, for very seldom is . fruiting process observed. mT = ago I was Satine. one of these plasmodia that was so ee it nae as though . eae enamel had been sill on the blotting paper. I knew that it was somewhere near its fruiting time an i ve o’¢ me ck. Nex t mornings outlining where it had been, a dozen or so little reddish- black sporangia, resembling Indians at or for a different reason. Thi species relishes the taste of it and feeds upon it till it is all gone. Then I have to give it another black plasmodium, or it will die of malnutrition or starvation. A horrible thought, I grant you, but a fascinating situation to observe. In one genus there are two plasmodia that can be easily watched during the fruiting process, because they have the peculiar habit of bearing spores , intermittently over a long period of time. One of these plasmodia, which ae toa species that has been considered rare by several workers, . produced a few sporangia nearly e every day for four and one-half months. The other one bore sporangia for ee months without being trans- ferred to another dish. These are both exceptional records. Since both of these species have beautiful sporangia, it is not hard to realize they stand high in my list of favorites. Then there is the plasmodium that lives entirely under water, coming ‘*'' 107 Yellow froth tumbling down from the side of the petri dish, leaving its trail behind it, marked the begin me 2 of pte eae stage of ae ahaa soul olga plasmodium, aut up late to the surface only when it is mature and ready to fruit. It likes to creep It is colorless, transparent, and a eins it carries “boulders” of starch grains which are’ ak Aiea: along the ere Since it isa yey hardy plasmodium, a minimum of attention is given to it. All I have to do to get it started is oak a few home-grown sporangia in oe ane in about ten days piecocsl fans appear. Managing a Slime-Mold Garden By now you ae be hankering to start a slime-mold ay of - own so that you can observe some of these things for self. If s you ge more as half of what it takes, for Baan te As er ment, all you se are a small piece of bark or decaying wood an inch or two long, a piece of paper- ie and a anne -covered dish of some kind. Line the ee of the dish with three or four layers of the paper, moisten it with tap water, and then lay the bark or wood in the middle of it. For He next ten days or two iene keep the paper es eleaaics Res the mmon, ordinary molds that appear; they a ist si ny “weeds”! But be sure to give a cheer when you see a jittle bit ‘of ei gelatin ooze out of the wood and creep slowly onto the paper, for that will be a slime- 3 & aybe another sa of wood will yield a different colored one: a shade of yellow, vivid orange, brown, salmon-pink, black, white, transparent Ane clear, bee red. No matter what the color, you will like it. And (M Upper left is one eee aes a oF layer of oe a spores, covered by a thin coating of white lime. At the right, pyramids of gray enon are piled high on the day, cup-like teceptacles surmounting the stalks. These sporangia arise from a color- less plasmodium that turns pale yellow just before fruiting. Lower left are globular sporangia of jet black, alae by a hae gray shell a i a from the surface 2e "gradually. These come from opaque white plasm right are iridescent yellow eae bodies, Ae packed and lying Hea on ide “subs tratum, without talks. The species vary considerably in external struct aoe when the wood fails to yield. Try another, or try a few ist oe leaves lying next to the soil. The woods are full of pana ; pu he pale in ‘ae health. a ee sae be left in rae dish with the wood o ferred without h dish. Plasmodia that have been Foca their a ue! oe fee to be oats a some teen a flour sifter and then through a tea strainer. he re- moist at all times. Slime mee Tee sha a ae eS, 50 - ‘kind to them and keep them out of the sun. A temperature that ranges between 67 and 72 109 degrees I’. is a good average, sane some plasmodia like | a than s. I this at times, some e been ace two hi This 5 5 MS = bes 3 p =] wm 2: om 4 ay. i) 2 ‘3 3° a Ge ic ae = i) ot elgn 0 A sporangia appear, something like naphthalene flakes shor wild 2 put in the dish with ae while they are gradually drying out, or else by the time they are entirely dry, oe mites may have eaten up all the spores. (These litle mites and other organisms like the moisture oF the dishes and do not contaminate other as on the house. ) ople often ask me what I do _ my eee or so plasmodia when vacation time comes ea J am always glad when they do, for it gives me an opportunity to explain ee interesting phase of cae mold life— one that shows them to be practical as well as enn This is the pee i i i gh a very mble a piece of coral in form and t Som species do ae trouble to draw their veins together ee ae nen a very $ as intervals along the veins, each bit rounding up and forming a cyst. Whe favorable condit itions of eee re ad tem: ea return, the contents of the cysts emerge and fuse to form nodium agai So, when I go on vacation, I ae ene of this es aspect and induce some of my plasmodia to sclerotize by remand iia moisture from them several eeks beforehand. Other: able of themselves. But th a re gonna “esiing ots 2 sera eee with those that are ipo ia the t for on or roe are pac eas up and taken oe ee ae hay oe moments cation have been those when one of these special plasmodia has S Z how much it rained, for I had discovered the species of another unknown psi ium. And so it goes in growing slime molds—something interesting all the time. This a of gardening can be made both a pleasant pastime and a worth-while study. Although slime molds are not ae any fu in - mela as having ites anyone, I have several friends who e suffering from some kind of slime- hes ae “They had eee ae ee molds than eat, the author not e The Largest Sequoia East of the Rocky TMountains By Charles F. Jenkins ERHAPS no tree on this continent of ours arouses our interest and enthusiasm more vividly than the sequoia, the “Big Tree” of the Pacific Coast. And aa we find one growing and ae es here on the Atlantic Seaboard, it is a na of horticultural com: Some three miles paeniien of Media, the county seat f Del awa: County, Pennsylvania, and about 18 miles west of Phila pei is an old arboretum established about 800. — brothers, Jacob and Minchell Painter, during the years mane a collection of unusual trees and shrubs and devoted their lives to what came to ae alled ‘“Painter’s Arboretum.” It eventually came into the iene of a relative, aes J. Tyler, who in his will ei the establishment of a public arboreturr Mr. died Meee ae en of nace his ee iis making void this pila opic beque How , Mrs. Tyler, his widow, conforming o his wishes, founded me paneneieg in 1933. It was ae the “John J. Tyler Aedes and in 1946 announcement was made of the addition of 600 acres to the property. There is an aie of $400,000. Several ie ee planted ee the Painter brothers are ‘still stand- ing, and a e none attracts more attention than the California Big Tree— eae giganteum es ia gigantca If the Pee kept records of the source of a accessions, Mae make no note as to the origin a this exile tree. There was a tradition told me years ae that a returning covered wagon, Soice: from California and nd which was turned over to ae ae _ w planted : a sandy = some eae from Agee house and t stands to s day. No one kn age. It is said ce ae i twice cut a the leader ee Christmas tree pete and it was once struck by meee It now has a lightning rod on it. s trunk now has a rayne of 7 feet 914 inches, four and a ‘oir Ga from the base of the The spread of the branches east and west is 21 feét and 23 ae ane a south. It has not been.measured for height but iti is oe oximately 40 fee Neglected and comparativ unnoticed for many ae after the death of the Painters, We Big Tree has now become an object of great horticul- tural interest. This interest will be increasing as te arboreturt is de- sss and publicized by the present board of trustees. s the Tyler Arboretum is off the main road, oe visitors should CALIFORNIA BIG TREE IN THE TYLER ARBORETUM Believed to be the largest sequoia east of the Rockies, ti Tee of unknown age and origin. It is though he ae it he panied there by the Painter ‘brothers early in the 1 Photograph by courtesy of John C. Wist 112 ask for ihe little village - sae not far from Media and there inquire for s lee any tions n the arboretum, they should not fail to see the other old Wess a oh planted by the Painters, leaving for icing on the cau a visit to what is thought to be the largest sequoia east of the Rocky Mountains. The Brooming Disease of Walnut By B. O. Dodge URING the summer of 1942 several curious witches’ brooms de- veloped on a young Japanese walnut tree, Juglans Cele sei near the gate house at the New York Botanical Garden. These brooms co sisted of numerous proliferations or sprouts at points ae the tae branches and even at the ends of branches. The leaves at these points were much dwarfed and otherwise deformed. On other trees, hackberry among them, nino similar witches brooms have been caused by mites, but on these, no fungi, bacteria, or mites that could have stimulated such excessive growth were discovered. Larvae or nymphs of spittle bugs were found on some of the branches and occasionally at the base of young brooms, so : was thought that these insects might have caused the disease. The wai tae pee were eae off from time to time for study, and during 194, ew brooms developed. However, during 1945 about a dozen new oe appeared on the lower, more horizontal branches oe larger one on a side branch from the main‘ trunk near the top. This o is shown here as it appeared in the fall of 1945. During the early summer of 1946 many new brooms developed. all along most S limbs. La arge masses of dwarfed and deformed leaves and flower clus rs joined in mak- ing up the witches’ brooms. The dried iefilinte: ee ee still per: sist (March 1947). he abstract of a paper presented at the Cincinnati meeting of the American Phytopathological Society Dec. 28-30, 1946, by Dr. Lee M. Hutchins of the Bureau of Plant In ee Division of Forest Pathology, and Horace V. Wester, U. S. De eparmcnt ae the Interior, gives us the probable explanation for this disease.! They had observed: it on walnut and butternut for several years in the eastern pe and had proved that it 1 Phytopathology 37: 11, 1947. 113 The large witches’ broom as it appeared on the Japanese walnut at the Botanical Garden in the fall of 1945, three years after the majority of the brooms first a ered had been removed for study. This same year (after none appeared in 1943), a of smaller brooms developed on the lower, more horizontal biaiche € could be transmitted oe grafting. They say in their paper: “Transmission of the brooming disease by grafting and absence of a visible pathogen tion, lowing quotation from a letter dated Jan. 17, 1947, from Dr. ory. The fol Sr is self- -explanat asure to receive your letter of January 13 ze or e paper b: t without question that it is the same disease. I appreciate e trouble you have taken in writing me about it and in furnishing me with such a fine illustration.” ae 114 ‘ The second photograph, the one referred to in the above Lee shows a tree at another angle as it appeared in oe eA a large number of bro shia had developed anne the sum that ae new broom shoots grow up vertically instead ee oe 1 angle. In thus ees song os they are like the suckers . peach trees affected with the yellows Since this aed disease is ee caused by a virus and is therefore ee it follows that if one has a planting of walnuts or butternuts the only sensible procedure is to remove completely any tree showing these witches’ brooms. The same tree in the fall of 1946. The erect nature of the branchlets a in the broom growth should have suggested a virus origin for the dise 115 BROADCAST By José Garrido Torres tates became inc ighbor a day’s airplane journey away from New York lies one of the largest t countries in the reasingly di certain oils, waxes, nr razil, Ae sis beginning of pies upon the 1S, medicine, and food. Garrido a a o program Oct. 2 a Jos ‘azilian Government Trade Bureau in New York Bava are given some selected pestages from the script. Plant Products From Brazil T has been estimated that about one- fourth of all the species of plants row wild in dere there are great po: ong crops that have a imported from other oe such coffee. sat Jone os the worlds Ses coffee ve Brazil ian slants andes culti- vati aoe man he om cial fiapoctines of 5 os of the wa: Is particularly is increasin and waxes come from palm trees. example, yield oils iat are used in ing soap; four kinds provide pleseant taste vege- table oils that are used for margarine, and another a medicinal oil. Seven addi- tional palms are d. The fruit he uM palm (Astrocaryum wul- is vextracted from, the seed Palms Giving Waxes and Oil. a So far, the CARNAUBA palm (Coper- nicia cerifera) is ie most important. In fact. the nativ ] ov it the “tree of nie because they u The wax fro! 0 22 foreign ree and it is bringing Brazil an annual income of nearly 300 million cruzeiros, or about $14,500,000. Carnatba wax is used for almost ev ery- fine wax is y on Whe ate COrdii conve speciosa) single tree will produce an average of nuts ¥ IcuRY, (Syagrus, or newest I of Brazil itself. that th Cr$3, in 1937 to a thousand times that bgure in ao and the increase is still contin Of ait a palm trees yielding oil and wax, these three—carnatba, babasst, and 1 See the Journal for June 1946 for a report of the broadcast, eV geetable Oils That Make Fine Soap” by Georgia Lefing 116 licuri, or a. the only ones whose ia ae are exported, But there are great future possi for the per ee of other palm trees— and o oe aes ot a too. ere 76 : hat makes a ne ee The ortictca (Licania rigida),? is of reater eal ial peeled war it played an Triportant ole as a sub- etn for the tung oil which had form- Chi: ly been coming tom ina. American enterterprs is responsible for the de- velopment of the oiticica trade. Plants Used in’ Medicine merica a number of Brazil’s gaicinal plants are used, ipecac and sarsaparilla, for instance. Others are known in Brazil alone. Some are more flavorin, tonka loa (Ce hae ta), " for example, has a flavor like anilla, ee it used ak oods and familiar in page alternate ae - bare : ng, drink. The h is best kn as a re- ges “drink containing tree amounts It is ey good as a im 8 ePa este: ended for one and invalids, Foods and Beverages hen Brazil exports food products they a mostly from plants that have been first imported from other countries. In the ee few years, for example, rice has been peal rte . While the Amaz zon ai ee sd an intro- duced crop in the State of Bahia. along the Atlantic coast, where more than 95 wild in. percent of the country’s output is grown commercially. Brazil is the world’s sec- of cocoa, the A xported in a year— ina a where it is most enjoyed. recent years t! e mal Hae begun to appreciate maté a Dey (or $1, 250,000), ce which 10 pee en is ac- counted for in expor pn Ivory There are, of course, many other prod- ucts, an ong them the plants hich give us important insecticides, also the fiber plants and timber trees, and the brazil and cistiew nuts, both ° which are ae in B er One rem terest is the vegetable ivory (Phytelephas piaciecdehay which grows in the Amazon valle hat i isfac Brazilian ridust ries ‘is sti fancy. Also like others, its pera is highly promising. ? See the Jour “ for October 1946 for article be “George § Jamieson on “The iii 2 of Brazil and the Oil from its Seed ae are one of Brazil’s lead- Ss. h firs 117 Sir William Hamilton’s Third Volume See TERESA SPENCER, of Habana, Cuba, is part- aihas of a ce o: t Indies. Hamilton published in 1825 a short work — entitle rodronius Indiae aes which may be Ti Garden. The library also contains two volumes of manuscripts and fragments by t e author, one entitled Speci- me @ mes plantarum, the other Icones et fragmenia plantarum. These f aordinary jumble of as- sorted plant specimens, letters ‘om fr famous botanists, newspaper clippings, and bits of manuscript. amilton was evidently planning a much more extensive treatment of the t Indian flora, ani e sea in both § Spencer’s volume and in those of the New York ‘Botanical Garden are fragments of They are written—or rather hand ofnted us hand in red for the characterizati ion of these hey are neither continuous plete, even . a anemnts to collate the two collectio: ne Gace Salis ies with the title Conspectus florae Indiae Rerun Vol, There are 97 p; ° followed by an appendix nat fn ly of copies of Hamilton’ a & 3 3 [ Indi idi talis: or ti plants growing in the West Indian Islands, and mn the adjacent coasts of ica; etc. After this are 383 hese ei man ipt de- criptions with 100 pages of Inde ae includes “Vol. ae a ical with ee Botanical f le : TS i many respects from’ it Hamilton Nee started his work many times, attempted to improve on it with each sieceedide version. the miscellanea Sra Syencers copy ae aeeene Piglnee su ects as loco al s”), Taner ; and 1 Salsbury, ae Kew, Vaux, Lambert, ane othe In many places on the otherwise ccc facing eas hand) pages, descriptions are written in which duplicate those of the pr riited Prodromus. Th work oe ba ce farther than that of the fone ONES. a that the pepe on o the latter ae a promise. P With the ne 2 eee nee Botanical 1 Garden Li it may be age sible to resolve some of thes oubts. Sra. Spencer’ me ime in the brary of eee ‘a Monte in Madrid; later it ie rmed. part of the nae lection of the Cas b: his librarv was ‘des poiled o: treasures during ensuing = and the volume in sap ‘ rumor of its Nacional: Finally it was picked wu a second-hand shop in Cuba. NOTICES AND REVIEWS OF RECENT BOOKS Practically All... A Cyclopedia For Growers of House Plants A B USE ANTS. Montague Free. 329 pages, gi Sas in ee — in halftone, line aw inj merican Gar den guila, Te ‘and Dowbleday & Co Inc. | 1946. $3. The ly objection me reviewer has to the Saar concerned is its name. To be sure, Montague Free is Montague Free, a well known expert and one who has had i owledge o ere, ther plants omitted which oe a anably ie joined this gay thro Having said this, it is now oO say that this a “swell? book, with many good illustrations. se is ve a fault to find with it, so c it ina points of cultivation S DEnTinE, transplant- ing, soils, fertilizers, light, air, watering, propagation, and all the thousand and one sides rowi i Many points are dwelt upon: the need ee ae house ‘aie so little under- ‘cod by most amateurs; the help given ae knowing where the plant concerned Imported Rare Bulbs EXCLUSIVE DISTRIBUTORS VAN TUBERGEN BULBS New. unusual tulips, hya- cinths, eeneds ene many others, ing of Buy direct from erizinat- in nate available h us. comes from, that understanding its reaction to differ rent conditions will hel toward success ; he ne late for many years aes with.a fate date, ae to end , for the outdoor par he author knows that certain plants will cabinit to two get cally different methods of cultivation. For instance, calla lilies when used for the garden after winter of bloom, must at He gests * that the low winter. iemperatre takes the place of the drying r Above all, he aims fiercely a 2 shots at the worst fault of sisters. It is 00 Nala t come rd-boile d all hose plants which at moving time and consign ‘0 the compost pile all beenuse of 7 he; ve. If they d re : thei Vacation ‘outdoors, they are not likely o impro ta n brought inside.” Thi ig acs oe —or I have heard fe oe hea many plants are included which Mr. Fr ditions (no pat ace and a truly scien- Se ined amateur, age ae cule be ed. Few of 1 n grow fer an en es it is one an so a other subjec He omits caleolaria, carnations, ce mahernias and othe ae seem impossible for house ae 119 The story is told simply, almost a toquially in understandable language all, this bo seh i hear pee recommended ms to w good hot 28 c anyone who plants. Saraw V. Coomss. The Question of Soil Acidity pit D PLANTS. James emer 216 pages, indexed, charts. Van Nostrand Co., 1946. $4. U1 ath “An Introduction for Beginners,” pH and its relationship nd plant growth. The chapters deal with the pH doe ee methods used to measure or determine pH, and the relationships and effects of uffers, carbon dioxide a oan protoplast, pH ° = 5 a a 8 ife, soil in rata acrulents rer cytoplasmic The chapter on “Soil pH and Plants” may be of i ractical value to so: be pH growth r s of many kinds of nlants ee according to their acidic or basic pH_ preferences for optimum growth. For pas who wish to pursue the subject further an excellent appendix of about 300 papers is included. The appendix also includes addi aci oie ents a ae picture of related to _ nts, Swanson, Chief Agron Connecticut on Experiment Station. Texas Flora FLORA OF SOUTH CENTRAL TEXAS. R. G. Reeves & D. C. Bain. 298 pages, indexed. The Exchange Store, & M. College’ of Texas, College Station, Texas, 1946. Litho- graphed, $3.90. The specific region covered by this flora includes the following counties of Texas: Lavaca, Colorado, Guadalupe, Caldwell, Bastrop, Lee, "Barlesen mn, Milam, Grimes, "Robertson, cand Madison. Keys to families, and species with simple and concise P deseriacons are in- cluded, as well as a glossary for the more difficult. terminolo; logy. © inclusion of popular names and of culti- vated plants growing in ae region, the conservative manner val are treated, as well as Ae simy it the description of the famil Cap- i In the witl Hi Hes of the ae nd - ss gardec a prolongation of the tacle,” fender the maa ocaaly. ge for student w: ould seem, hone: with t ig- inal purpose in mind, that. it oad better to have treated the grasses Fie fully since the more extended works in AETNA PHOTO ENGRAVING CO.,, INC. 305 EAST 47th STREET NEW YORK 17, N.Y MAKERS OF PRINTING PLATES PROCESS BENDAY LINE & HALFTONE 120 existence on the grasses of Texas are available to the average student usually only fi RY Cie Merz, C.D.P., Our Teds or the Lake’ College, San Antonio, Texas. In Paper Covers KEYS TO SPRING PLANT! Muenscher and L. C. Pe nets pages, indexed, Comstock Du btish- ing Co., Ithaca, New York, 1946, 50 cents. le ists provide a simple Two able botan key for the “pane: plants which are com- mon in the region, of Cor 2 Is GROW HERBS. iv il Foster. 32 pages, iNustrated. Laurel Hill Herb Farm Falls Village, 50 cent: a book about herbs is always popular. his one is oan ae with life-size pie of ti FLOWERING T a ‘REES. Edwin A. Menninger, 44 pages, il- dehy Sta Pa ree Stuart Daily New: Florida, 1946. $1. A ere ohid ‘is practically a de- beaoie guide to the flowering trees that n be grown in Florida, with botanical ae correctly spelled, and with an at- tractive cover showing Tabebuia argentea in full ole Gardeners: Book Club in paper covers is an interesting or, booklets pe out = Organic Gardening at Ex ore recently ea over sei the : f 23 Eas S “a oa pata “which are br iefly mentioned FOR EVERYONE. ood, Paees) thus: simp re acne with” Lae of flowers buat for height, color, and flowering tim WE D WHAT THEY TELL. Bhrentried Piette. ee pages, illus- trate 5. cen Obnox a - ees classifie a a weedy weeds, weeds, pleasant-looking weeds, good weeds, dynamic plants, . and in other cate- erties. P. Apply Horn Tree Paint Water Resisting — Adhesive — Healing Possessing antiseptic and fungicidal prop- + .7 J J £. f, > does not freeze. 43-36 Tenth St., Pp & and insects until the wound can heal over —stimulates callus growth. This dressing A. C. Horn Co., Ine. Division of Sun Chemical Corporation Long Island City 1, New York 121 gories. fe gndstion is an example of a dynam EDIBLE PLANTS OF THE POND AND WATER GARDEN. Ly: Wittrock, Len pages, illustr: tea. 1945. 25 ce A familiar story, aie h makes things of ane wid more interesting and valuable to the nature lover. SUNFLOWER SEED — THE MIRACLE FOOD. Teds Rodale. 39 pages, illustrated. oe sceptic will think that the Ses jue of sunflower seeds as food is scarcely worth the trouble it takes to ea LUTHER BURBANK. Roger aes 48 pages, illustrated. 1945, 25 cents. A brief biography, evidently based as much oe pe myth as actual fact in Burbank’s life. THE COMPLE GARDEN iets AT. low. 94 Du: 25 cents. TE MODERN Robert O. Bar- strated, 1945. £ 35 common ae herbs is is devoted to re. Each iflustr ated, More spac medicinal use than to altar " Charts and aintecene show the extent to which the roots es rootlets of com- mon vegetables will reach in the earth, and how the size a development of roots are related'to cultural practices. Technical Paper THE GENUS RUS IN MEX- 100 I¢cO. Brother ‘Benedict Ayers. pages, indexed. atholic eee De. fs aoe Pre pe Wachin D.C. $1.25. Keys a descriptions of 88 species, with a list of specimens cited. EGET A’ N JO ISLAND, NEPUBTAC OF pate ‘ Erlanson. 12 pages, illustrated. Sinitheaning Tnatituti jon, Washing- ton, D.C. 1946. 15 cents. ey otographs and enliven the tex Pere tine ie oh lan ate ‘which a on a small island belonging to Par AMERICAN SPECIES oF ANCHIER. George } 100 pages, illustrated, index: versity of gqinele iter Til. 1946. $1.50 paperbo' AMEL- ‘Urbana, ; $2 cloth. A long awaited monograph, amply an- notated, and clarified with 23 plates. TILIZATION OF AT. rLANTTC BA Marine St: tation, | pages, iuustra tee Te University Press, urham, c. A technical report on ke subject of seaweeds and their uses. (For a boo unt see the Garden’s Journal for Ts anuary and February 1946.) The bulletin contains the plone articles: Introduc tion to Agar and - ses; Influence of peo Factors upon the Growth Gracilaria conferoodes Gracilaria confervoides as of Agar; Pre- paration an like Gel from Hypnea waciforins: *Suitabilit ity of Ex- from tractive Hypnea ipeneeiadide for the ate = Micro-organisms ; Ma Agar-di Bacteria of the South Atlantic Cat and Three Ww Agar-digesting Actinomycetes. ” Bobbink & Atkins NURSERYMEN PLANTSMEN Most of the unusual Roses, Trees and Shrubs not t obtain able elsewhere will be fou g in thi Establishment . Annals of Ainen Visitors Always Welcome ican Horticulture. Catalogue Upon Request Bobbink & Atkins Paterson Ave., E. Rutherford, N. J. 122 Notes, Neits, and Comment ational Rules. For the first time ! i ae Editor a rte and (e A. We f G H erbarium, rvar a jie versity, this publication assembles all the rules in ea apeeica sive for The 1935 i ublish: nae ne before the In- of the Gray one place. e Rules were en erablened at the Scone in Vienna i 1905, and were a at cabcequent ee in sels iF a Raateedar (1935 The new publication includes, in BAe DRICONURE the all-organic animal manure FERTILIZER Here’s a fertilizer you can use with com- arge, er a i ) eae eer for prices and literature. ATKINS & DURBROW, INC. 165 John Street New York 7, N. Y. ba to oe original rules and their aoe ments, series by families, plus alphabetical index t these more than 2,000 nam Th 1S Iso an appendix on the nomenclature of arden plants and a supplement (pre- ed by A. S. Hitchcock and M. L Green and originally published in 1929) on the standard-species innaeat Bos eric names among the ag oe plants. A subject index conclules ork. Published by the N Yor! ne Botanical arden in co-oper: ation: Ww vith = American Society of Plant Taxonomists, this “un- : a ec rvice to members of the soc rold E. Anthony, Curator o. Dr. Ha or veer at the ame Muscum of Natural History, who was to pee been the Garden’s guest peaker “C on March 19, appeared instead on Alma Dettinger’ s ct “Other Peo- ple’s Business” >, Bal 7 at r. Aah nony spoke on the Vernay- ‘Nyasaland expedition of which he was a member and on which Leonard J. Brass, wh is now in Florida, collected or the Garden iO was to have as based aie ctor | Gita t “rrogrnhy in n the Paci with ve United States y dur. World War II and on i breed ig P dclphinian © Bligabeth Hess, English horticulturist, who spoke on “ Gailonne i 2 ea Britain oday” at the New Botanical pone a JZ at 2 2 Mg p.m, March 2a: Stout lectured on ae the oe of One-way. Hy bridiaation? April 16 to the Torrey Botanical Club, and on April 28 to the Mamaroned Garden Club on the cert of Daylilie club, in a joint meeting with Buteouels Association April Z as Ruthe ford Platt speak on “The ° a Dr. Willies xins delivered the second anal Jatin eee Macfarlane Memorial Lecture sponsored by the Bo- 123 tanical Society of Pennsylvania at the University April 12 on “Basidiomycetes ar oe Sources of Antiobiotic Sub- ces. j. exander addressed the John Pees Cau Club in Yorkers Andi. 16 and the Working Gardeners of Bronx- ville April 22 on the subject of le : Wild- wers Dr. H. N. aera nies on “Plants of the Bible” on March 23 to the Bronx chapter of the: " Zioni st Organization America, and on March 26 to the Sum mit, New Garden Club. April : i Garden n “Treasures of the Watchungs.” Everett ee on “Horticultural CG ati i “ot Pe ngylvania at Pits- burgh March Elizabeth Hall on Apr i 8& before the Hiertculture wan of New ls School of Applied peret a mingdale, Long Island, “Hor ner Hospital "Therapy. Joseph F. Burke gave an illustrated Jecture to the New York Microscopical Society Jan. 3 on “The Photomicrography of Diatoms—Good and Bad.” zips. Eighty-one members of the ‘Disuet aie Nee rated Garden State met in the 1 tas marks were made by Dr. William J. ae followed by a showing of "he Gift of Green” with Dr. E. E. as one ntator. After lunch Dr. Novior ew Jersey, na in the Monieee ae for box luncheon April 22. In the aiterioon i k ou e 45 members throngh the Rock Garden and Conserv tw went five students from the Jean Morgan "Scho ol of Art in New York aoe in the Sra ane) March 28. Forty members of the Garden Club of Rea had lunch in the Members’ [om and later ae escorted through main conservatory by E. 1 Alexander cae G. L. Wittrock on ak New! There’s a host of gorgeous new va- Heres at Wayside Gardens. . . all grown for Saar Wayside hard- iness and bea m. To men- tion a few: New Chrysanthemum White Cac tus. Pointed pale we fully dou: ble flower like Cactus Dahlia. Blooms ri ” to 6”. f Buddleia White Pro: fuslons | re globe ‘shaped shrub stu ded wit Palgerti of alabaster white flow: s. A fine foreground for shrub bor New Giant Gladioli from Holland. Hybrids of famous Picardy. Unsur- Wayside 51 Mentor Avenue Different! -- AND FAMOUS WAYSIDE GARDENS QUALITY. ena “for giant size, high color value. Send for Finest Horticultural -C og rating flow a. 176 pages, ae illustr: cover pete an Mentor, Ohio 124 Vegetable Gardening Must Go On! A Message from an Amateur Gardener " EVERAL years ago, the world’s scarcity of food made the Garden a serious necessity. oday, this condition confirm the wisdom r Government’s suggestion that re his ieee ged need, many amateur cuneate like anes who have been raising table crops for the past years, again pl our vegetables because of thei downright goodness, and also because of the satisfying pleasure we derive fr rking in the garden and watchi r plants de ve us, a patch of healthy, maturing vegetables is a constant reminder strong force behind Mother Nature that is always servin G easily ae in the fun of gardening and appreciates that the Ss es eshly picke is beans, crisp lettuce, a juicy tomato, or ce corn t still “in the milk” is all the ae we ceed Gor the work aed Meanwhile, the youngsters discover for themselves that bar things me just “grow” o: e ery store: te adults in the family, the exercise and subs nt relaxation pr vided by gardening are quite as beneficial as the added vitamins that an abundance of vegetables fresh from the garden can supply. Nations and individuals continue to need he ome-grown foods There is still time to start a vegetable ee this year! WaLtTeR ZULCH. ch, an amateur gardener of G at Neck, Long Island, was t w ¥ announced in the cas series, was canceled because of the broadcasting of the United proceedings, The paragraphs above are taken ed. from the eee the see that was prepare THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Officers JoserH R. Shar ci Henry ve Forest BAvp’ Vie esi Joun L, MesatLL,. eae ident ARTHU ie ANDERSON, Treasurer Hew DE LA Montac: NE, Secretary foe Managers Wuiam Fetton Barrett ca B. Harp: Freverick S. Mosetey, JR. Howarp BAayNe oes Hosanna tees E. Powe tt, , JR Epwin De T. BEcHTeL Rs. Harorp I. Pratr Henry F, pu Pont anes D. Lasker Waa & oma Rev. Rosert I. Gannon, Catone McK. Lewis Eomum NOTT S.J. MERRILL an peels aoe H. MontcomEry Ex-Officio — Wittam O’Dwyer, of th of N. ork ANDREW ‘G. CL as SON, Jr, Peesient of ie PBodrd oF Pee Roser’ Moszs, Park Commissioner Appointive Managers By the Torrey Botanical Club . SEAVER By Columbia University ae cus M. aa Marston T. Bocert um F, Tre Cwartes W. Bararp THE STAFF WriiaM J. Rogsrns, Pa.D., Sc.D. ector Assistant Director and ies tor Henry pe 1A MonTacNne Assistant Director Frep J. Seaver, Pa.D., Sc.D Head Curator A. B. Strout, PD. Curator of ee and Laboratories Bernarp ©. Donce, Pu.D. nt Pathologist Emeritus H. W. Rickert, Px.D. Bibliographer Tuomas H. Everetr, N.D. Horr. Horticulturist Bassett Macuire, Pa. Harotp N. MotvENxE, ‘PuD. Associate Curator W. H. Camp, Px.D. Associate Curator E. AGE orE. B.S. Assistant Curator and Curator of the Locel Herbarium EE. Naytor, Pa.D. ssistant Curator . W. Kavanacu, Px.D. Assistant Curator OBERT S. De Roper, Pa.D., D.C. Assistant Curat Marjorie ANCHEL, PH.D. Research "Associ late Setma Kogan, B.S. Technical Assistant EIKERT Technical Assistant pa M H, a Technical Assistant ARY STEBBINS Technical Assistant ELIzaBeTH C, Hau AE ee BS. ibrarian Carot H. Woo of the Journal G. L. Wintec AM q Guteuee ee the Herbarium Otto Drcener, M.S. Collaborator in Hawaii sae Botan: Eimer N. Mir hotographer Joun Henoiey Barnuart, A.M., M.D. Bibhiographer Dae Inez M. Hart Assistant Honorary Cara tor of Mosses Josrry F. a Honorary Curator of Les eee B. A. Kruxor Honorary Curator of Eco c Botany ETHEL pone S. Peckuam Honorary Curator, Iris ane Norcisnis Collections A. C. PFaNnpER Superintendent of Buildings and Grounds To reach the Botanical Garden, take the Independent Subway to Bedford Park Boulevard station. use the Bedford Park Boulevard exit and walk east. Or take the Third Avenue Elevated to the Botanical Garden or the 200th Street station, the New York Central to the Botanical Garden station, or the Webster Avenue surface car to Bedford Park Boulevard THE CORPORATION OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN The New York Botanical Garden was incorporated by a special act of the Legislature of the State New York in 1891. he Act of ag provides, ee Bee things, for a self-perpetuating body of incorporators, who meet annually to elect members of the Board of oe Bae also elect new members of see own body, the present roster of which is ven teres more women who are os by che Board Officers are: Mrs. Rober: The Advisory Council consists of 12 or custom, they are also elected to t Willia n B Williams, cocaine ee canes Mrs. . Leonard Kellogg, Treasurer Guthrie eae Garena Bee and Mr Ts. Arthur M. Anderson Mrs. Arthur Anderson Mrs. George Arents, Jr George Arents, E. C. Auchter Dr. Raymond F. Bacon Protea lee it.nB| Stephen enry de Forest Sieg Sherman Baldw Prof. Prof. Wii J Bonita Mrs ee rady Geo: rett Mea "nih - Wolfe Brixey Leonard J. Mrs. BAe ostinean Dr. Nicholas M. s Mab hoa ee Et Mabel ae W. R. Coe Mrs Pyeoas W. Coombs Ven, Henry S. Fenimore a Mrs. William Redmond Cro: s. C. I. DeBev Mrs. Jo ree me eee Julian F. Detmer Mrs. Charles D. Dickey Mrs. Charles Doscher é . Fife Mrs. Reginald Fincke Ha a Harkness Flagler Rufus L. Patter . Mortimer J. Fox Mrs. ae H. peae Childs Frick Mrs. George W. Perkins Rev. Robert I. Gannon, S.J. Mrs. Hugh ee Dr. H. A. Gleason Mrs. William F en to) rs. A. Barton Hepburn Mrs. Rodney Procter Mrs. Elon H. Hoo! Mrs. Henry St. C. Putnam ‘s. Clement eee Mrs. Grafton H. oan r M. Huntington Lady Ramsey “0 Donnell rice Stanley G. Ranger ae Johnston L. Redmond Mrs. ae bear rof. Marcus . Rhoades Mrs. Alfred G. Ka Mrs. Junius A. Richards Mrs. F. foe Fonens i Mrs. Warren Kini Mrs. Lee Krauss H Mrs. Melvin E. Sawin ‘aus: Joh: Schi Mrs a Mrs. Barent Leffert: Mrs. Art! Clarence McK. Lewis Mrs. Townsend Scudd rs. William A. Lockwood Mrs. Samuel Seabury iy IDs 0, Weve gal Mrs. Guthrie S Mrs. David Ives Mackie Prof. Edmund W. Sinnott Mrs. H. Edward Manville Mrs. Samuel Parker McCollester Edgar B. Stern Miss Mildred McCormick Chauncey Stillman ouis E. McFad than Strau Mrs. John R. McGinley rs. Theron G. D. Merrill Mrs. Arthur H. Suibeee oh Merrill Joseph R. Swan te eae He F Mrs. Joseph R. Swan rs oswe. Mi er, Jr Mrs. Roswell Miller, Sr. Prof. Sam F. Trelease S. P. Miller Arthur S. Ver: George M. Moffett Mrs. Antonie - "Voinavat H. de la Mon Manfred Wahl Col Se t A Monomer Allen Wardwell > Mieaua Nelson M. Wells M Alain C. White Ts. Bante xe orrison Mrs. Nelson B. Williams Frederick S. Moseley, Jr. Mrs. Percy H. Williams . Augustus G. Paine John C. Wister va Fe ae Richardson Wright , JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Carnot H. Woopwarp, Editor Cy ROSE-GROWERS’ DAY at THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN WEDNESDAY, JUNE 11, 1947 Arranged in co-operation with THE AMERICAN ROSE SOCIETY Second District (New York State) M PROGRAM R. C, Allen, Executive Secretary, American Rose Society, Presiding 10:30 a.m. sas aioe of the Rose Gar. der the ieedecchig: of L. C. "Robbink and his associates in the im of Bobbink & Atkin: 11:30 am. Roses in Landscaping ae nee Coffin cape Architect 12:00 noon Report From Europe t Pyle Rober President. Conard- Pyle Co. 12:30 p.m. Picnic Lunch (Each to nee his own, The Garden will serve a cold drink.) AFTERNOON PROGRAM Paul F. Frese, Editor of “Flower Grower”, Presiding 2:00 p.m. Roses for the Collector Mrs. Richardson as 2:30 p.m. New Pest alae for the Rose Garden iate Broteeor of nan Pathology, Rutgers University The gram and lun a i - outdoors, in the vicinity of the Rose Garden. If rain osc ms events will oie place 4 in the Niassa Building. aid in making Seen for the outdoo: seating, the New York ae Ga is eae uests notification fro ose who plan to attend the program. Ther no chage for registration. Ee TABLE OF oe JUNE 1 Tue Rose GARDEN Cover a ee aaa eee Let's TAKE THE “SCARE” OUT OF ROSE CULTURE Robert W. Eisenbrown 125 a MANGROVES FR i? Poibee 128 Ear_y JUNE IN THE GARDEN Arthur King 139 FUND OF QUARTER MILLION ProviDED FOR ANTIVIRAL RESEARCH 141 VOLUNTEER ASSOCIATES ORGANIZED 141 u Pont GarDENS VISITED 142 TropICAL FRUITS AND FLowers IN SUMMER EXHIBIT 142 Notzs, News, AND COMMENT 143 Notices AND Reviews oF Recent Booxs 146 a Journal is published monthly by The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New Y N. Printed in U. . Entered as Second Class aati January 28, 1936, at "the Post “Othe: at New York, N, ¥, 5 nde the Act of August 24, 1912. Annua’ aupseriplion $1.50. Single copies cents, st 24, 1912, Annual subscription $1.50. Single « JOURNAL of THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN VoL. 48 June 1947 No.. 570 Let’s Take the “Scare” out of Rose Culture By Robert .W. Feairoun WHEN ! the sae is made’ for fundamental eau on rose culture, the “experts metimes overlook the need for explaining the elementary principles to ee eginners. As a result, many gardeners feel there is some deep mystery connected with rose-growing and that far more skill and effort are needed to provide good roses than other flowers. We have therefore asked Mr. Robert W. Eisenbrown of the firm of Bobbink & Atkins, to which the Botanical Garden is indebted for the majority : the 8,000 plants, more or less, in its Rose Garden, to give some simple directions, the ABCs, so to speak, on the culture of roses. Mr. Eisenbrown follows his six fundamental rules with some pertinent comments. OSE-GROWING is no more difficult wee oe ieee - vegetables or perennials in the garden. It takes and a little experience more than anything else. Carryin g an pe six geen sugges- tions offered here should give even a primary-grade gardener a promising Start in the culture of roses (1) cae he ae ooking plants obtainable. (2) Pi hem in a deeply spaded soil ee yok of organic content. (3) ae fe ‘sil Pee Ha layer, about ots, and don’t be afraid of reaking a rai (4) Avoid using quick- ae ane until the plants are well established ; then aes see the a frequen ae lightly. (5) Remember that the use of all the new- ae van led insecticides in the world will not keep as roses healthy. You ae have good plants to start with; then if they devel Misa you must apply the proper treat- them under contr cn but do worry about the invisible spores of fungus diseases, such as black spot, —. must be. oe (Dusting with micronized sulphur is still avored control method used against fungus diseases by many peer s.) 125 126 Whenever I read ee on soil pecan and see the over-worked word “excava = which implies extensive sane down digging operations, I never want to see = ae again. We told to get a load of cinders, rubble, stone, ee Hin 53, ae a a layer of 55% inches of compost or manure over this, then fill in with good topsoil, whatever ct zs a8 3 2 o in ite: years that it is not necessary. I have often stated that any good erage herbaceous perennials will grow good roses. I really. a sorry for the beginner who is led to believe that he has no eee so far as soil preparation is concerned but must use a foot rule and oe a thousand- pound scale handy in order to follow the many stereotyped rules Start With Husky-Looking Roses I would like to ee the anid of getting ad megel husky ere at the be eginning. I know there are many that amount of n being don rfeeding with chemical fertilizers. ree have se Ae sted ieee and lack of bloom are often the result of overfeeding. Is this because of the gardener’s anxiety to match those large eres bere forced in a greenhouse, which one sees at the International Flower Show in New York? A i Problem erhaps a major poi int is often iaeneta when feeding roses. It should be ile eee that in most instances we are actually feeding the roots of a wild” rose, such as Rosa wutifor japonica or “Gloire des Rosomanes” (“Ragged Robin”), for these two understocks are used for budding most of the “bush” roses in commerce today. True ee some climbers and shrub roses are propagated aes cuttings, and in the South “own-root” plants of hybrid teas still are sities a cee fe tough “wild” under- stocks are used on roses s to make sense, in the main, not to give them s much Gemict fertilizer, en in the beginning. For an kind of rose, sa iene is still no substitute for decayed cattle manure earn ee h the soil 3 ae he roses are planted. ne al * used so much in connection with roses, also i and d rom pra nakes tically any other hardy ee eae shrub he may grow. Up toa few years ago, we were all pleased to have a month’s display from our See and ramblers, but now a majority of lanes cry for apes ses all summer long—just as though such a thing were possible or even heaible J am sure we wo wld grow weary of looking - ae same ise in the garden, were there to be a constant succession of bloom. The wo 127 “everblooming” should not be taken literally, though it may be the best word can be found today for the recurrent flowering of this class of rose If you are cutting roses for home ae leave a good portion of the stem on the plant.. a All plants need leaves to function properly.) Cut some with long st if you wish, but ion let anybody tell you the fem e i practice; the point will differ with each variety and the fener and diameter of the individual stem Confidence Comes With Experience Gardeners vires have good common sense and judgment and lack only confidence—which of course is a product of experience. They will make a few oe in the beginning can always p es by them Practically all seca and others w. roses ae osrctions along wi order, and these s Poni be read carefully never failed to cs Ge nae either right or wrong, from these elnel instruction Lu have on written on pruning, but in actual practice you will t ly with tween the treatment of climbers and r ables ce ane ‘of shrub and old-fashioned roses . . . all these mates can hardly be explained in a brief article or even a text book. Notice that there is generally too much prun- ing on good live healthy plants vee the canes are plump and fat the same time, remember aes rose plants seldom, if ever, die from 01 di m lack cause of too severe pruning. But heavy pruning will not kill your rose. Perhaps we should let our hybrid teas grows a little taller; it is silly to read, as we sometimes do, that they alf are to be cut back to the second or third eye, or that they should be left no more than 614 or 854 inches ‘above the ground level. We simply can not generalize on apie methods because of the wide difference in habit and growth of the hundreds or thousands of varieties in commerce now. So I say, pe ca i Take your rose growing as an adventure and I am sure you will get a lot more fun and pleasure out of it than were you to follow many technical formulas. Seek the best advice from those who have had the longest experience 128 Micronesian TMangroves By F. R. Fosberg A Journey by Motorized Sampan to a Peak Development 'f Land-Building Swamps In the Carolines HE mangrove swamp is is one of the world’ ’s most distinctive plant f forma- f mud-flats. Varying from place to place a s its constant and outstanding feature is the presence of trees of the Man- been des¢ribed as a in salt water, oe their young alive, marching out to sea, and taking long ocean voy: ‘Micronesia is an ae place to oe acquainted with mangrove amps. The Palau Islands form the extreme western end of the great goles Archipelago in the western Paci fic. They are a compact group, ostly w an elongate mass of ancient rocks and cole of voleaaie origin, extending wes precipitous and densely wooded. About half-way up this coast is a deep bay into which flows the Garamiscan River, a fair-sized stream that is navigable to small boats up to its first fork, at the head of tidal influence. er e, with a fascinating diversity of t an ciated plants ‘Obviously here was a botanical opportunity which pe pect be neglected, in spite of the shortness of our visit to Palau. On inquiry about a native bi with a gies who eee the river, I was assured that Olop the obvi Consequently it was arranged that Olopsis should me e me in his ae sampan- ie le boat—an inheritance from Japanese days. Vhen the time came, the boat was awaiting me at the pier with its owner, ° a friendly, comical- ee but serious and “helpful bitte Dae and his one-man crew. The boat was about fifteen feet long, with a tiny diesel motor which was started by heating its one cvlinder with a gasoline blow- torch. The boat gave an impression of great instability because of its propensity to roll violently on the slightest provocation, but it always * The U. S. Commercial Company Economic Survey of Micronesia, 1946, Aerial roots of a rhizophora tree are reflected. in the calm waters of the Garamiscan River. righted itself just short of catastrophe. Its speed was ideal, since it was so slow as to give ample opportunity for study of any vegetation that we Along the west coast of the island the reefs kept us well out ene shore, near enough so that the forest looked very intriguing. “The cep high slopes are densely covered with what appears to be the ae primary 130 forest of the region, perhaps the only eee 7 of it le a In only a nae places es oe at Se Shae nd Ng: g Bay, j hich we ¥ nter, has salt water suggests that, of all the mangroves, it will tolerate the most salt. Finally, bet two peaks, we reached an opening, partially obscured by small ee Tee we found ourselves in a ee enclosed bay. N tives on re the hills come tho to the water’s ed small hut, iu on the ma amesets locality mals ing on pecia nens collected in Palau by the Japan he mangrove swamps surrounding the bay are, at the bavw a edge, tenant of Sonneratia cascolaris. So ntered the northern arm of the bay, really the mouth of the Garamiscan River Almost immediately Rhizophora, probably R. mucro- nata, takes ov e dominant ee in the vegetation. This odd tree se : taken as ee of the family of the true mangroves. It ha: posite ee elliptic ok but its most striking hace: is tte eae ce of arching prop-roots holding up the trunk, and aerial roots ° 7 _ oO o a a o 2a BS N oO [any ~ a wo Another notable characteristic, peculiar to certain genera of this family, is the habit of germinating its seeds while still in the fruit, hanging on the MANGROVE SWAMPS OF BABELDAOB IN THE PALAU ISLANDS (On the opposite page) 1. Fronds of a nephrolepis hang in a tremendous clump from the branches of a tree along the lower part of the Garamiscan river. 2. Naviga- t s at this oe mt on th ramiscan. 3. ight tion end is point on the Ga sca t might be New England or the Middl est, but is really Babeld at a point where a meander of the Ca iver, lined with mangrove swamps, reach Se of the hills along the ie sa of the valley. 4. In this riparian forest on the upper Garamiscan, are tangled with ree mostly species of Freycinetia, 5, Not far elow the head of navigat alms are amon the conspicuous plants in the swampy forest. 6. The aerial roots of rhizophora half screen a clump of nipa palms on the swampy shore of the Garamiscan river. ON THE GARAMISCAN RIVER MANGROVE SWAMPS OF BABELDAOB IN THE PALAU ISLANDS (For description of the pictures, see the opposite page) 132 tree. A large seedling is produced, nae made up of a cigar- or torpedo- shaped root or radicle up to eight inches or a foot long. This hangs by its two tiny cotyledon leaves which still st ck into the body of the fruit. When the time comes, this odd little plant lets go its hold and drops into the mud below, Pa down. Here it immediately takes root, and the suc- cessive crops of these seedlings fringing the outer edges of the swamp may be likened to armies of plant- mine headed on their stilt-legs out O sea. If the tide happens to be high the mud is covered and the seedling, us instead of rooting in the mud, may be carried away by the water. ‘Ver resistant to salt, it floats around until it is cast up on a beach to dry, or ore fortunat tely, on another ees where it takes ee een start- ing a new mangrove swamp. This habit seems unique members of the Rhizophoraceae. : iously makes Aa ne ide Aigvisition of the true mangroves and accounts for their presence in practically all mangrove swamps. s the estuary grows narrower and assumes more of - ee Mi a ie the other members of the mangrove assemblage of make appearance, mingled with the one or two s species of Rhophore fee red spec nitge ae with vee nt i scarlet flowers : ‘and Xy yloe Hae granatum, a ener f the ca haeege or Cashew family, with inconspicuous of tiny white flowers, but with huge p endent ee like small aaa on strings. ere the river is ail wide enough so that abundant sunlight bathes the e on its ban As the river narrows and the banks are ee by tall trees, the com- position of the swamp forest changes. Bruguiera gradually. replaces o phor minant tree. a banks where sun- light penetrates are marked by clumps of the nipa palm, Nipa fruticans. This is characteristic of estuaries throughout the Indo-Malayan egion and into the Pacific through m f M hort subterranean stem, as, in ae mud of the Neue and the ees frond- like leaves ascend as y f he hard fruits are borne in uch a ent: heads on erect ae er the leaf- oe The leaves are widely 7 thatching and from the sap toddy is made in many parts of the es a marsh fern, ee oe also inhabits openings. Tt has quite a range of tolerance of varying degrees of salinity, and in places i inant i arshes. Along this lower river course the distribution of epiphytes is very peculiar. Except where the ubiquitous leathery-leafed fern, Davallia solida, crawls with its thick rhizomes here and hee throughout the forest, ow tide on the Garamiscan River, Palau, reveals the rhizome of the palm, Nipa fins, oe the washing away of the mud. A seedli ling of a rhizophora can Seen at t 2 trees ees epiphytes are ae and widely scattered. However, when epiphytes do occur on a tree, there are many of them. Nephrolepis fronds edebne er into this swamp, trees with epiphytes become more and more common until they are abundant along the inner edges of the mangrove swamp proper. Here several lianas may ae be found, such as Freycinetia, the climbing member of the Pa i ; Schefflera of the Araliacea a Derris tri- foliata, a legume with i e pink aes likely to be borne anywhere along the elongate cord- ie ets and a Hoya or ee eae that hangs vertically from the trees. By now the trees are actually meeting overhead. Barringtonia racemosa, Senders indica, H. siuds uh and Pterocarpus carolinensis become important in the veget: and some of the mangrove species begin to dro . Masses of ie holly: leafed Acanthus ebracteatus (A. pala an amphibious tangled bushy liana, are seen along the banks between tide levels. One of the striking features of the river banks and floor of the pice is the great variety of pneumatophores, or aerating organs, found at the bas of the trees. Every ee of tree common in the mangrove ee 134 has a characteristic structure apparently a this da The Rhizophora species have numerous aerial roots entering the mud. The Bruguiera ave true kne truding above the surface nae corky aerogenous tissue building up the op. Sonneratia has abundant erect el spire-like organs resembling inverted carrots, while eee has similar but much smaller and more slender ones resembling inverted roots. Samadera has extensive intricately i upper edges corky, above the surfac ca mud, These organs are so characteristic and varied that it gould be easy to construct a key to the acta of trees in the mangrove formation on a basis of pn ees Toward the head of a villenee the river becomes aoa a tunnel pent oe a dense tall riparian or swamp forest which has few eal . Many | others have appeared—Vitex, ae 5 with keni uiches, Gad some whose i ae is obvi ar: a more ee nes reflecting, perhaps, a com ac te dicppearance of salin nity. Though still yan to tidal oe the water this far up the river seems perfectly fresh. ere the forest takes on oan the character of the tropical jungles pie’ tured in old illustrated books and modern Sunday supplements. A den In a mangrove swamp north of Lele on Kusaie, the pneumatophores of Sonneratia caseolaris look likeeclosely-packed stalagmites rising from the roots below the water. 135 A formation resembling a mangrove swamp occurs in a marsh of nearly fresh water around Lake Susupe, Saipan. Plants shown here ee the fern, Acrostichum aureum; the fragrant white-flowered shrub, Clerodendrum inerme; the yellow-flowered woody plant, Hibiscus tiliacetis; and the grass, Paspalum vaginatum. mae pica over’ rhead. Lianas hang from this canopy. Aroids and f r family in ee openings. Epiphytic ferns, Psilotum and other iycopeds; as well as | rchids abound on the tree trunks cushioned by mosses and a of navigation and tidal influence ee eee so a na into ae country for a cat ated by the Japar Her even the ruins of a bombed out pineapple can nae and old pineapple fields. The pine capple plants, which are ans ently of t ery superior varieties, are still bearing fruits, though, as- ten pee fe abandoned pineapple fields, the fruits have become very small. n this river the Japanese hid their oa craft during the war. That the ae was futile is obvious. Now it is necessary to pick one’s way among sunken ce: craft, small cargo boats, and other shallow draft wreckage left the efficient American bombers Monkeys fas “rocoies were said to abound along oe river par the war. The monkeys not now in evidence. They were shee - Japanese, - ae a And we saw only one crocodile slip "off ar bank into the still water. The war a affected not only the human oe lation of fee islands. MANGROVE SWAMPS ON THE ISLAND OF KUSAIE head _ eu Harbor, with Mt, Crozer in the background, is lined with man: is: grove Epiphytic ferns, a species of Nephrolepis, hang in long ‘rom a Sonneratia tree i mgrove swamp north of Lele meratia caseolaris is a dominant tre mangrove swamps his regio eumatophores show clearly in the picture at the left. e wood of Sonneratia is sometimes u. zy on Kusaie. 5. Nipa fruticans is seen frequently here, as in other mangrove associations of Micronesia. 137 Palau is where the era flora is at its best in Micronesia. here northward and eastward it becomes more and more attenuate the north this takes place rapidly. In Guam only five o or six of the se there are small colonies, mainly Bruguwiera, where there are traces of suitable habitats. Mangrove Swamps of Other Islands , the easternmost of the iia we were afforded another Sng opportunity to study a large man, wamp at close range. To g m Lele, the east side of 7s island, a the north coast we ae to ae ae swamp by outrigger canoe, paddling and poling through a winding channel for several miles. Along this a the quiet black water nai Se the magnificent trees, the clumps of Nipa ale and there, and scattered trees covered with epiphytes, form a scene ose beauty. is hard = portray effectively. The flora here is very Sable. com- pared with that of the Palau swamps. The trees are eee aeaee Bruguiera conjugata, two species of Rhizophora, with a ondar: ones. Far fewer species of ferns and orchids, as well as ree are eee here, Mere individuals are numerous enough. A detailed floristic comparison of the mangrove flora of the high islands and ee in the Carolines—Palau, Yap, Truk, cn Spe be To our great surprise, we found that the ae pee extends o the Marshall Islands—all low ea islands which do not usually provide he e sort a habitat occupied oe t pia - Bee The one mangrove hat I saw in ie a Ils nm Ailinglapalap Atoll and is dominated by Rhizopho ae 5 aa a, accompanied by little else. The b of fine clare silt, and there is an outlet to the lagoon anal coral rock exposed by reat m and low tide, in the pure salt water of the lagoon. Its ability to tolerate eae salt concentrations is well established by this occurrence, where oration during exposure at low tide would ‘concentrate the salt even aes in no ne sea water, ost of the — eget ation in the Marshalls is in a different habitat entirely. In depressions fe clear brackish or semi-salty water, usually seem , are es stands of Bruguiera conjugata or occa- sionally Lummnitzera littorea.. I did not see these mixed in the same de- 138 In the shallow water of a lagoon on Udot Island, Truk, rhizophora trees are growing in island-like formation. pression. Two species here enter the mangrove formation that elsewhere occupy other habitats—Pemphis acidula and Intsia bijuga. The former is isti cor: at or just above sea lev ithin the limestone, further west and south in the Pacific. age ah imerme occurs usually as a secondary shrub in the edges and openings, and Nephrolepis occasionally grows as an epiphyte. hough there is no question that these occurrences are a part of the Ih led 1 “ angrove depressi ’ Th ra of formation here : it ester limit is a poor one indeed. The ultimate in reduction comes in mall depression on dry Bikini ven William Randolph Taylor ee one individual of Bruguicra conjug In Micronesia - deg eie swamps aS at oe little economic importance, except that of the trees are occasionally used for i | om that reaches the surface of the water. Rains leach out the salt, an ae ee habitable land results. Usually the mangrove belt is passed by as dreary, uninteresting, and mosquito-infested by the tropical traveler, to the botanically inclined, or even to the seeker of beauty, this region well repays closer acquaintance. 139 EARLY JUNE IN THE GARDEN By ARTHUR W. KING T this season of the year, from the = = May through early June, garden work is 7 one gardener, whether he be an old only way to clear up ee a ee mps ahead of the average The or tw professional or the newest amateur s to keep right at the job. of wi : Eventually we on to see that saeihiie 4 is ay being accomplished. The End of Spr spr: ing displays in e. To mention a few Narci issi are ‘Finish hed a their foliage tends to give the border an a appear- ance with their stra un- unch, Siping = thin rubber band over them but ightly as to cut the foliage cea have the flower stem r Nu or 2 full leaves ref to furnish next season’s bulb with ma- it, Bleeding-heart should be allowed to have i wn spot in the border till late summer, for if it is smothered by late growing annuals or perennials, it will sure . ‘die. a ur iris ‘clump is too large, cut Slee es away to the ae ie Fina im- st after flowering. roots in a corner of the g: garden ee ‘replanting ter. season’s show of bloom is these plants, and "the Fae can Paes be used for annuals dur- ig the oe ting hough by ee f May nearly annuals can be safely planted! if it is wet, cold season there is very little gained by transplanting some of the tender annuals under such conditions. It and stunted after growing them along under cover for “ cs. hi ee they are toed by the hot as summer sun. It is often a very short s t veen the frosts of spring and heat of summer. Als ady to be set out in early June are Berane heliotropes, lantanas, fuchsias, and such plants grown.in pots for outdoor pee Perennials for Autumn Some of the late eae and fall flowering Hous perennials can be trans- planted season. Ph se would include fhe i a flowering asters, chry- santhemu: oltonias, rudbeckias, or coneflowers, heleniums, or sneezeweeds, Be er te of various kinds. Ili any of these late blooming perennials— most of which h are a American plants oo transplanted n wi, to a good ball o er moving them; check will be too much tet them, they will make poor growth and give few flowers for this season, 140 Staking at the Start If you already have plan our staking, such as “del foe lov or Canter- if you ae settin, a ra g za 8 sense should w: go into the ground right ng with plants. “Another point to remember is to put ur sta the side of the plant farthest from the front of the border, or if possible ne he center of the plant Stakes are never a thing of beauty in a flower border, so try to hide them as mhuch as possible. gaa apa of Transplanting nt, make are in doubt as to the height, or characte er of any plants you in-a good seed ilonne. ora or, if you purchase the pl t urseryman or salesman en j lown the height in inches on the label; it will be a t help in placing your pla in the border. After you vane determined the aeige a several ee plants, set them gro ee Place and ae Bat cee ten oa a time. Keep ae in ie cide until you are Cady for them. E ornin fore you get them into the cool, moist so lan no be sure you make the about one-half inch low: the sur- face the soil in the border. When Hees the soil around the plant, do. not s hard against the plant itself; fateh better to note the width of the ball of soil that was on the plant, then press gently but firmly in a circle eee the same size around the plant. If y ant to be sure of a firm plane: the ‘handle of the trowel can be used a mming ol, do the ra ee Be very careful not to break the ball of il a f 0 leay the plant, weeks. This is the q ture can be taken es of ee the Ae hose or watering- Ve, ble Transpl. In the vegetable garden it is time to get the tomatoes, peppers, and lants bers that le been aa in ae ina frame. arting them i time-saver, Pad means ae ‘rit oo a advance of an outdoor so is be 1 ut 20 inches i e TOWS. If omatoes a , sturdy plants, they may lanted at normal level; but if they are Aeawa and thin in growth, it may help to plant them a few inch oy the al planting depth. I e grow ine celery, your young ju you plants or ‘he set in fee sure to ae them ae oe watered until they start gr Vegetable i Lima beans, both pole and bush types, n be plant d now. Succession sowings a string eee and lettuce can be made o ear. rly Augu eeds of swe at corn middle of July. timed ae 12 best resu’ can be pu These sowings should be to 14 days apart for. 141 Fund of Quarter Million Provided For Antiviral Research pees March of Dimes campaign for research in aR paralysis has brought a new, special fund to the New York Botanical Garden, accord- , a sed by the National 1 Foun caeon for Infar atile Basil O’Connor |, President 0 f the Fo dent = the Garden, will be financed with $225,000 over a ne -year period. The work will be done in a newly equipped laboratory under the su iper- ns. vision wat ba William J. Robbins. The announcement says, in part and in a the past several years the ELoyeiee — have been studying antibiotic Peete capable of inactivating bacter: They have grown more thar ee organisms, ieee fungi, many of which. Gave shown evide lence of being ane se bacte Dr. Robbins, also baie aoa of botany at Columbia University, proposes to test id anisms for their effect on bacterial viruses, scientifically known as bacteroohag ‘ ding Robbins, the relationship between bacteriophage and viruses suffic iently cee to warrant this method of approach. Any of the new ae stances which may reveal a destructive eftect on reerenlar fea will then be given to others for test against animal viruses, includ he one responsible for infantile paralysis The discovery of penicillin, said Dr. Robbins, has led to extensive investigation of other fone ae substances effective against bacteria but little is has been done in the searc! substances active against viruses. The new study, he said, will try to answer ie a stion: Are there antibiotics which can check the growth of ie “It is probable,” he ae “that the most practical approach to the control of poliomyelitis would be through immunization, if a suitable weak strain of the virus could be ie ed ae maintained, or if a method of partially inactivating the virus could be discover “T t is one that Bia inactivation or weakening might be accomplished se table substance which m ight have such an “effect on viruses. This e do n eee ce n amy Siaine “a Botanical Garden’s choice of using bacteriophage’ or bacterial virus in its preliminary screening experimentations, Dr. Robbins said 100 or more substances could be investigate d for antiviral activity against bacteriophage in the time required to determine the schon of one such substance on an animal virus. PS om} iar ale aera — Botanical oon Volunteer Associates. For Gar 's Develop: The objec! ae ee ’s de- velopment a fund-raising program, also oh S C. BRADY and Mrs. i. ee all Ria activ ities un- ald ee have been panied as der ral a sroul When ce t ce h R. Swan an- nounced the eee of this new group, oO b office ond called the New York he said that in the campaign for $5,000,000 142 , pone sought for scientific research and on and for expansion of the en’s horticultural and educational Seuvities es and a quarter million dol- da lars ha ready been received in dona- Gene pe s, and memberships. a rs. arate K. Kernan is vice-chair- the Volunteer Associates, an here i is an advisory board inclu ding Mrs. Allmon Fordyce, Mrs. Melvin E. Sawin, Oswald B. L i 2 arold R. s (vice- chairman) “special events; Mrs. Gardi D. Stout, veterans; and Mrs. John "D. W. el schools. Du Pont Gardens Visited Under Botanical Garden’s Auspices ME (0 men and women made a ee the gardens of 'y F du Pont, “Winterthur,” near Wilmington, a of Pierre lu nt, “Longwood,” Kennett Square, nea ila- delphia, y 1 under the auspices of th Ww Botanical Garden e visi- tors included members of the Garden and of Fed Garden Clubs of New York, New Je onnecticut. At Winter. thur, where spring was ten days or more ahead of New <, they enjoyed the fl ing quinces of pink, yellow, and My e plants were eae masses of Virgin bindels (Mertensia virginica ome of them grouped with naturalized a in pale yellow and ne e. Az zaleas were just beginning to color At mere the features were the vast indoor gardens in the conservatories u he tive fountains outdoors, odeled after those at the Villa Gamberaia in Florence, Italy. In the conservatories azaleas were in full bloom, ae es oe del- and hiniums, s, b Ty amaryllises ad orchids, and larg S oo at Longwood consists evergreens eand. Sthek ees: some of which were planted there in 1800. Tropical Fruits and Flowers In Summer Exhibit At the Garden E- one watercolors of tropical i rs and fruits by Lee Adams of Mandarin, oe la, will be on a at the New k Bot and a aoe the twenty painings which he i sent to the ‘Ga rden are po traits of the breadfruit, Sabian Hen mango, peeiees and rose-apple. F study of the man gO. ay aes the —— au S 2 oe yews Doves,” one of the paintings by L ams on view a the New Yor Beane oils during the summer. 143 Opdyke, and Dr. Wilson Popenoe, he spent some time in Guatemala and Hon- duras, where he studied and painted tropi- cal fruits and flowers in their natural setting, often with native birds among a oe mber of the Ga an Me dal 4 Yucatan to make studies of the oe ane ing to his studio in Mandarin early year. Before ates i devote Wectie to his art, he was a student Sy in botany at Rollins College in Florida and at the University of North Caroli Em pee News, and Comment ere The Garden’s Honorary f£ Mosses, Dr. A. J. Grout, died March 27 at East Bradenton, Florida, after a three days’ illness with pneu- An app: life ar . will ap ppeat in a for thcoming number of the Journal. xhibit. Flower pictures by Tabea ener which were on display at the New York near Garden during May, included originals from eight of the ten gardening esl which she has Prag nt published this spri day. Be- sides native wild ers, te collection includes waterlilies, orchids, fuchsias, African violets, pelargoniums, vines, be- and South Many of the subjects were drawn fo life in the Garden greenhouses. mann’s work is in atercolen most of it is done with conti crayon. A ee tour of the meee 0 mentary Students of the Board of Elna: ton. “The Gift of Green” was show and the students were guided on tours of the rock garden and conservatories. The G ir £ oured den ae film * lants and the Life > May an of P. 1701 Fulton dita in the Bronx ae the Rock Gar and Main See — Dr. Has guided a of member: he Staten Totand eristituie of Arts ae Saciees around the grounds May 10. rae On the evening of May 24, eae sachusetts, _ Colle and Smith llege—on “ tribution Patterns in Modern Plants and ae ‘oblems of Buea Dispersals.” William J. Robbins and Dr. B. O. pue attended the National Academy of Soa e pd in heres ton, D. C., ‘om April 27 to April 3 ere “als ane at the 47th eeting of the Society of Amer- two days later of the Filamentous Sie table ee “Growth Factors for Pathogens.” he Gi Ib ro: rden Club of Mamaroneck, an affiliate the ue ork Botanical Stout speak on Old and New” Garden, heard Dr. A’ us sien of (Daylilie:: n April 28. Naylor as before the Conservatio in the Roosevelt Hall of the. wee ° ate tee on the New York Bo- cal Garden. The film “Plants and ne Ti eo Man" accompan the talk. r. on . J. Seaver substituted for Dr. Mrs. Williat oes as representatives of the Garden at om- ci id fast een by nd break eorge’s Association of the De- partment of "Park s at Riverside Church April 27. Approximately 85 people attended t program given by 7 peal Commits the Gard e Ma a Events include features, consultation sone staff aieabe re and a buffet luncheon. 144 Visito Dr. We erner Hiigin of Basle, Scent who has come to America to study the use of curare, visited the Garden’s herbarium last month to ‘see specimens of plants from which the in secticide is derived. He will be the first one to use curare in Switzerland. Dr. Higin stopped at the Ginlen on his way to Harvard, where he will study for a year. Professor Francis Ryan of the Depart- a of Zoology and Genetics at Colum- ia University, with a group of graduate sidents, visited the i May 9. They w bread mold N. pee has been cared on in the labora- s for many years. em route to Toon to as the United Nations conference on forestry, Chris- opher Swabey, Conservator of Forests in British Guiana, visited the Garden April 30. ers, Assistant Director resume his oC as principal Field Sci- entific Off Latin America for UN ESCO Dr. Karol Maramorosch, arriving re- cently Rumania, visited Dr. B. Dodge i Uni He plans to make his path- who worke rh erate black spot of ae at ~ New York Botanical Garden under Dr. Dodge visitors the Garden’s a u& — s te ~ a ia <a) a¢ a'9 = 4 nn a 8 =. a en finds plants that heen fant to him in their 1 habitat: vie who have spent some time in the Garden’s herbarium include William native Most beautiful selection of NEW TULIPS ! ever offere SEVERAL HUNDRED VARIETIES ILLUSTRATED IN COLOR IN THE FINEST BULB CATALOG WAYSIDE GARDENS EVER PUBLISHED. Our connection with Grullemans, the famous Dutch grower, . bri side Gardens’ customers the cae ringing first to les ne ae finest imported t tulip: Ne offer ed elsewher tetad Tee hyacinth, crocuses and iris. other plan utumn planting. aed Aas ers rely on fae best r Send for bela Finest og Hee on Autumn Planting. s. Superb col Just off the p is dd ]. ie! <a a4 her rare bulbous plants the sensational Eremurus, new new ni . All are a quality that sults or illustrations. roses and reference b ook, i 50¢, coin or stamps, to cover postage and ieadne costs. 51 Mentor Avenue Mentor, Ohio Crimson Giant Darwin Tulip Biggest, strongest and deepest SHerea red Darwin Tulip ever d. 20 for 25, $15.00 r 100. 145 C. Steere of the University of Michigan, studying the mosses; ae rd Bae Schultes, Harvard Univer: H, Fitzpatrick and Richard ~ Kort i Salen hese K. Allen from the Id Jamaica Plain, Other o the G have been Josiah L. Lowe of the College of Forestry, a N. Y.; Richard Whindling, also Rog P Wodehouse, Lederle Laboratories, rea River, N. loylestown, wher she is now doing work in Baae bieedine for the Burpee Co. Advisory Council. Newly elected mem- ban of the Advisory on are Mrs. John Sloane and "Mis Thacher of New York City gomery Hare of *Suaningdate," Mee James, Long Island, and New York City, and ae Roy Arthur Hunt of Pittsburgh, a. with avanagh, Dr. Robbins oe on “Antibiotic Activity of Polyporus biformi Field Bot cord number of Spee rege i in the class in Field Botan: opening April 19 under: the rection: fs) Wittrock. Among the more than % ae who came to learn nd other significant eee ° i are a practising eae cian, a nun, = scout leader, at oie peice of my and a group of laboratory worke ee Days. a In speaking on the “Nature's. Gamble in topic Producing w Plant Forms” at the Members’ Day program of M 5, Dr. Stou explained the significance f the term polyploidy and t April 2 Dr. Roger P. Wodehou author of Pollen’ "and & “Haytever Plants” and a member of the New York Botani- cal Garden for many years, spoke on Baca es Hayfever,” describ- hy u ig Fegiol n igh-mountain as and coastal dunes, whieh are fairly free from these plan ane 7, Victor and, a mem- gr on “Adventures in One “Man cc use.” Flower Prints. To open an exhibition of flower prints that have gee eae from the tenth century down to t ent day, which will continue ae “the s been closely as- buted two articles to the ne neal Satie “Some Horti- Bobbink & Atkins NURSERYMEN AND PLANTSMEN Most of the unusual Roses, Trees and Shrubs not obtainable elsewhere will be found growing in this Establishment . . . one unique in the Annals of American Horticulture. Visitors Always Welcome Catalogue Upon Request Bobbink & Atkins Paterson Ave., E. Rutherford, N. J. 146 cultural Portraits” and “Autumn in the Pine’ Barrens.’ The eas illustration shown in the ‘ary’s ores is a tenth a centry ecure rose in Byzantine oe or e Materia Medica of eo ues most ot is an illustration of the e flower Willmott’s Gains Rosa, published 3 in 1914. The collection includes a group of illum- inated ee cm the 14th to the . Marquand’s address and 12 full- pawe illustrations. NOTICES AND REVIEWS OF RECENT BOOKS The ae Of Our Food— Whe e It Comes From nd Y at It Doe THE SOIL AND HEALTH. Sir Albert Howard. 302 pages, ee trated, indexed. Devin-Adair New York, 1947, $4. This book presents a challenging dis- cussion of the decadent health of crops, animals, and man as premised on the despoilation of the organic fertility of our soils. With vehement voice Sir Albert Howard mentions our shortcomings in thinking about - soils, fan nutrition and health Fi indulge in ie bo ae mh ° 5 as oa 2: 5 2 Sp “Bs 3 oO 08 3 = a o pro: on the soil oad the igaoice ical processes of plants and animals under pan ehiaied Rare Bulbs CLUSIVE DISTRIBUTORS VAN TUBERGEN BULBS New, unusual tulips, hya- cintlis, aamto dils He nae others. of - ior Pees, te Vay tne, aie Buy direct from gxizinat- ors. Many available on rough us. WRITE FOR FREE FULL-COLOR CATALOGUE. THE BARNES IMPORTERS Lockport 8, N. Y. reful observation as related thereto, is listed as a “kind of superb arrogance” by a “laboratory ite? uantity has been our t Q ity criterion of an b: end hi uality of foods. On this aspect his protest against statistical maniations i - most outspoken when says, not measur weigh ee pe res tatisticlan can instantly reciate “quality y and show by their pr their belies health, the'y eeding perform ance how “importa it is. The ani nimal, therefore. is a better judge of one of the factors that reste: be in farmin; than is the ance n.” is a part The ne strong protest ane the use va een hi but, rganics are held up highly, , unfor: tunately, by ning the rgarics. This vi for; hat even in the com- post and il the microbes reduce to also forgets th very first plant had no dead bodies predecessors by which to build itself. Instead it started on a strictly alae ati contributed by the roc ear} inorganic diet which helped it fabrics. itself by using this in combination with air and water, all 147 on-organic as starting materi. it aio forgets that composting is oa “espe cially helpful means of puttin minerals d nitrogen of that ‘m into tein aceous fertilizer products ficcopial pos! ae as a practice should. be understood in terms of, the microbial physiology invo ae de! esas use, has cellent exponent hi an author of the the scien evidence that might. wel have bee d. eee of any seeming omissions or shortcomings in ans oe aspects f this discussion o organic aspects i i wide cir contentions. wit be ie with metal profit, by interested in things nor lox ae ohn in his food and for his health. WiiraM ALBRECHT, Unit ats of Missouri. Reference Work on Official Drugs PHARMACOGNOSY. George Edward rease. 799 pages, aertiiiae in- dexed-Williarns en Wvilicin com- imore. rth ‘edition, Considered the foremost British text on the subject, thi his edi non is slightly t may remain recent developments in the usual changes in status of official drugs, both in Britain and in the United States e greatly peo andards a a noffici ties tance ih industry. Although are ct ae as us is of Eas ane _ ee ee ‘ork, bec: of the ber of oe eine ted, Epvson F. Woonwarn, Pharmacognosist, S. B. Penick & Co. Complete ee . Pests And ae Cont In Gar HE GARDENER’S BUG BOOK. cohen Westcott. 590 pages, color plates, index. The American Garden Guild, Ine. and Doubleda ay & Com- pany Inc., 1946. $4. This is a book for ne we have long been waiting. It is one of the best books of its kidd for use by the home ate which has been published for a lon: ane Dr. * Wes cott’s easy, readable style has not ec from the oo of the facts presented and she a varie and comprehensive Hee dee of the many insects and other pests attacking flowers, trees, shrubs and_ vegetables grown by the home owner. The book is xtensive, co I the In the chapter on ugs” I find it a little dificult at times to locate some ot ae b Their bald es ord there we can usually find he bug. One can also use the index to ae advanta ge. ea tions ait Sarat to the in- boo ok. We all ike = ae at picture Book” i bite i od. many most common pests. aia ing the characteristic ase aS life oe tory, and the in nia of the insect. Her at Rut tgers iri rsity, : Tr sate ed iodachrome ae fro nal plates. oo lin ond white new a ee als One of ne outstanding features of the “Bug Book” is the c field covered. book is one of everyone for pleasure or which, ee be in the hands o owing plants ypE C. HamItton, ~ ces University, Two Thousand Shrubs for the British Garden—Some for a IN COLOUR AND CU Cc. Mansfield. 288 1. P. Dutton This Boke was are for British rove of more than ther: rl horticultural forms a ae oe gee tha tld hardy in pak see The book ae of five brief chapters The first introductory +r mistakes nd jossar. hi th the glossary, which is ion of th the natural order, mily, to which it belongs hen the derivation of the eneric ni is given, and after this come comments upon the characteristics, gen- al use, and propagation of tl MUS a whole. The mear of t ame o the species, and of Ha of ae bo dale 7 sae sheib is on ene n lescription of ek shrub | is written in popular language and as far as is possible under these conditions, gives its distinguishing fea- ture: Fe cllowing the description of each cies and of the more eaeading: caret there is given in oo Ae symbol form, the height: month flowering ; whet! ciduous ; evergreen, ea evergreen or de- minimum Space in square feet tural Society’s color chart; “and typ soil it requires. : ty plates in color: pho- tography which vary considerably both in color quality oo definition. Many of the plates d S oO lower a celluloid template divided into yenty squares is provide ach square is ered, and e J. H. Beatz, Boyce Thompson Institute Nature as a ae to See It PATTERN! TURE. Photo- graphs by Soret. _ pages. J. J. Augustin Press, New York, 1946. es Nearly half of one undead ee _ Hor embled handsome milieace eae take: in this no or. otanical Garden in The author-photographer has vaikeeted his camera nice feeling for pattern. His “ i views leaves, bark, flowers, shells, minérals, ., show new relationships of xture, ht and three- the visual patterns they presented to the era’s he author, aware of ti decorative potentialities of these designs ature, nicl is book wi ten composite plates made up simpli repeats of ead of the preceding pictures, which he siders “immediately” plicable to ca industrial arts as tex- tiles, wallpaper, plastics, ceramics, leather, id jewelry. hile it see pe 3 ms to me quevonable that satisfactory decorative designs can be erived quite so literally from Nat ure, there is no question that this series of large photographs oe provide the in- dustrial artist with a h source of ideas as points of. departs (5 or ae ornamental design based on Tare a a the same time obeying the law Dz Ce KeItH, Exhibits Assistant Cooper Union Museum. THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN cers JoserH R. Swan, Presiden Joun L. gene Vice. president ArtHurR M. Awnp HENay 1 DE LA MonTacne, Senee ae Elective Managers Seas Bieceey BARRETT ee B. Harpine FrepericK S, Mosrrey, JR. How. eae nw HUNTINGTON Heyes E. Powe, Jr. aware De “T. Teche Me oo s, Harowp I, Pratr Henry F, pu Pont Mrs. eke D, LAasKER Wosiau J. pce hee Rev. Rosert I. Gannon, Crarence McK. Lewis Epmunp W. Sin S.J. D. MERRILL HAUNCEY oe Rozert H. Montcomery Ex-Officio artnet Wituam O’ R, Mayor of th of N ANDREW G. Gaon Te, President a ie noord of ae RoBERT Mosss, Park Commissioner Appointive Managers By the — Botanical Club . SEAVER By C ae a Marston T. Bocerr arcus M. RHOADES CHarRLEs W. BaLiarp Ee F. TRELEASE THE STAFF Cee J. Roszins, Pu.D., Sc.D. Director H. A. Greason, Pu.D. Assistant Director and Curator HENRY DE LA MonTAGNE As. a Director Frep J. Seaver, Pu.D., Sc.D. ead Curator A.B. Strout, Px.D. Curator of ees ond f aboratories Bernarp O. Donce, Px.D. nt Pathologist Baris H. W. Rickert, Pu.D. ibliographer Tuomas H. Everetr, N.D. Hort. Horticulturist Bassett Macuire, Pu.D. ‘urator Harotp N. Motpenxe, Px.D. Associate Curator W. H. Camp, Pu.D. Associate Curator E. J. ALEXANDER, B.S. Assistant Curator and Curator of the sree Dla E. E. Nayror, Px.D. Assistant Curator a W. Kovanace Pu.D. ae Curator Ropert S. De Rorr, Px.D., DIC. Assistant Curator Migros ANCHEL, Px.D. ia : Associate Setma Kojan, B.S. Techni Ssist Rosaume WEIKERT Techuteal Assistant Inpa McVetcu, Px. T. stant ARY Stepsins, M. te Euizapetx C. Hatt, A.B., B.S ibrarian RoL_H. Woopwarp, A.B. Editor of the Jou G. L. Wirrrocx, A.M. Custodian of the Herbarium Orto gee Lae Collaborator in Hawatien Botany Ecmer N, Mir Photographer Joun Hess ‘BARN Han, A.M., M.D Bibliographer Emeritus Inez M. Hart “Assistant Honorary Cutter of Mosses JoszrH F. Busse a aiaks neat tor of the Diatomaceae B, A. Kruxorr vary Curator of Economic Botany Ete, Anson S. PeckHam Honorary ae Tris an sf Narcissus Collections A. C. Pranper ‘Superintendent of Buildings and Grounds To reach the Botanical Garden, take the Independent Subway to Bedford Park Boulevard station use the Bedford Park Boulevard exit and walk east. Or take the Third Avenue Elevated to the Botanical oa or the 200th Street station, the New York Central to the Botanical Garden station, or the Webster Avenue surface car to Bedford Park Boulevard PUBLICATIONS OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Books, Booklets, and Special Numbers of the Journal An Illustrated Flora of the Northern United States and Canada, by Nathaniel Lord Britton and Addison Brown, Three volumes, giving descriptions aad illustra- ed. $1 tions of 4,666 species. Second edition, reprinte 5. (Temporarily out of print.) of the eae oe Plains of Central A America, by P. A. Rydberg. 969 ae and 601 figu 932. Price, $6 postpaid. The Bahama Flora, ie eo Lord Britton a Charles Frederick Keene Deceptions of ene ae ere Pes ryophytes, and hama key: otes explorations and collections, bibl . dex. ee North American Cariceae, by Kenn ackenzie, containing 539 plates of Carex and ee plants by Harry C. ene ane. with a dete cea each species. Indexed. 1940. Two Vines 1034 x 13% inches; bound $17.50. Foreign ostage extra. Keys to the North American Species ae poe by K. K. Mackenzie. From Vol. 19, Part 1, of North American Flora. Food and Drug Plants of the North ee Indian. Two lua articles by Micon A. 8 G. L. Wittrock in he oe rnal for March 1942, 15 c es and Fruits for the en. Four authoritative articles printed from rae oe 21 pages, anaes peer is Carol H. Woodward. 1941. 15 ¢ The Flora of the Unicorn Tapestries by E. J. Alexander and Carol H. Wo i, was Ma pages, illustrated with photographs and drawings; bound with paper. 1941. 25) SS log of Hardy Trees raise Shrubs A list of the woody plants being grown oaidoais at the New York Bo ue cal Garden in 1942, in 127 pages with notes, a map, and 20 illustrations. Succulent Plants of New a oly World Deserts by E. J. Alexander. 64 pages, indexed. 350 BBE serrated an illustrated. Bound in paper. 1942. Second edition 1944. 50 c Periodicals Addiso: annually, devoted exclusively to colored plates accompanied by popular aan of flowering plants: eight plates in each number, thirty-two in each volum ow in its twenty-second volume. Subscription price, $1 0 a volume ~ (four years). Not offered in ee Free to members of the Garden. ’ Jou urnal nee w York Botanical Garden, monthly aining news, book © reviews, a on’ techni articles on ae tany and Hereculenect “Subscription, $1. 50a year; sgl cones 15 cents. Free to members of the Garden. Now s 47th volume. logia, bimo ah illustrated in color and eng ie ted to fun ngi, Peininc! lichens, containing ace autiles and n and notes of general in- terest. a year; single copies $1. ach. Now in its thirty-eighth volume. Twenty-four Year Index volume $3. Brittonia. A series of botanical papers published in co-operation with the American Society of Plant Tagore ts. Supe price f volumes 1 through 5, $5 a volume ($4 to members of the Society). Now in its sixth volume. Price, $7.50 i to members of the Society) North American Flora. Descriptions of the wild Poe re North America, ieaeine “Greenland ay Wee ae ies, and Central America. arts now issued. Not offered in exchan Prices of the separate parts on sae Contributions a The rm York Hotene Garden, e series of technical Papers epeinte ed from Geant other than the above. 25 cents each, $5 a volume. s of The New York Hound pa A collection of scientific papers. Canons and prices on reque JOURNAL THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN AROL H. Woopwarp, Editor THE GARDEN IN SUMMER URING the summer the New York Botanical Nanaia i mecca for travelers as ani as for New Yorker: familiar with the coolness offered by t. aspect of the gardens, borders, ae and beds of flowers, vege- sar ae he ee ho are visiting the Garden for the first time, a ite “which is fect eaee free at the gatehouse and i um Building, w: ea the useum B ill s s a convenient guide to the roads, paths, buildi gs, ent Sienuace Postcards and eabliadone of the Garden are available in the Museum. Plantings of special interest in midsu Borders annuals, running the le i i a = outside the Conservatory Pea either end of the same greenhouse. Waterlilies, in the Conservatory Court. oc Gelen east of the Museum Building, at its best in May but always worth a visit. Vegetable Garden, near the northeast corner of the Conservatory. erb Garden, adjacent to the ee Garden Shrubs and trees t see rner of the emia between seasons in midsum er, oe ales colori oo bloo Con. m 10 vatory, open daily fro In the Museum pane in, aio . the Aaa displays, two exhibits of water color ings are Insect Pests of Gardens by Eva Melady— used to illustrate “The Gardener's Bug Boo’ The Museum is open daily from 1 The Botanical Garden and all of its eda are free at all times, and the public is welcome. the original paintings * by Cynthia Westcott. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1947 fue RowENa THOM’’—One of the roses cos as a favorit m Rose-Growers’ Day er Photograph by E. N. aaa NUAL RosE-GroweErs’ Day ATTRACTS A a LIZIN pie ita H. Scott i. LITTLE ORANGES” OF THE A iH NDEAN HIGHLANDS W. H. Hodge 155 THE NARANJILLA 159 INTED 160 ABEL Jo—EL GROUT—VERMONTER AND BRYOLOGIST Inez M. Haring 163 HENRY DE Forest BaLDwt 166 Puerto Rican ExpPEDITION 166 TES, NEws, CoMMENT 166 Juniper Boox PUBLISH 169 Notices AND pees OF Rice Booxs 170 ¢ Journal is published monthly by The New York Bota: nical Garden, Bronx Park, New Yor no v baie iP U. S. A. Entered as Second Class Matter, January’ ‘28, 1936, at the Post "Oithes at New . w Yor! » ¥. w ade ler the Act of August 24, 1912. Annual subscription $1.50. Single copies cents, gust 24, 1¥1zZ., Annual suvscription y1.9u, ings JOURNAL of THE New YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Vor. 48 Jury 1947 No. 571 Fifth Annual Rose-Growers’ Day Attracts A Record ('rowd SINGLE day of good weather und Lidice rain ne cold brought the roses at the New York Bot: 1 Garden unexpectedly good bloom ie Rose-Growers’ Day, ane more than 300. Peon a ale crowd, attended the fifth annual gathering on June 11, arranged in cie i opened with the customary informal tour of the eis 2 at fa on “Roses in Landscaping” by Marian Cruger Coffin, landscape architect; “Report from Europe” by Robert Pyle, wena t of Conard- a n” by Dr. P. P. Pirone, followed by questions and answers. During the time in which Mrs. Richardson Wright, who was ill, was to have spoken on “Roses for the Collector,” Paul r Frese, fone of Flower Grower magazine, con- di ose qu one of th roses, tied ah first place las more than half a hundred votes se Second choic s divided between Miss Rowena Thom, a large pink rose that has ee a ee in ie ora s for many years, and California, a relatively new flower in glowing a tones. Dr. R. C. Allen then eee a number of the distinguished visitors of the day, calling on J. A. Armstrong of California and Lambertus C. Bobbink for short talks. Others ee names were called for a bow included Julia Clements, Associate Editor of My Garden magazine of London ; Dr. Cynthia hides the plant doctor, who announced the annual Rose Day on June 15 at her home in Glen Ridge, New panes W. Ray 149 150 “Peace” ae which shared top honors with “Crimson Glory” (shown on the pepetie ge) in the popularity contest aoe during Rose-Growers’ Day. “Crimson Glory” (left) and ‘ oe baa (right), te age ranking oe with ‘ a Rowena Thom” (shown on iis er) in the opin ae who attended Ros Grow: rs" Day at the Garden Jie : Hastings, Chairman of ae ra agains Rose Selections ; ae aes Early, former Presiden e Georgia Rose Society; Mr. and M Harold L. Field, rose oie = Rochester, N. Y.; Mrs eaaies Doscher, a member of the New York eae ye and of the American Rose: Society and an amateur rose grow note, who challenged Mr. Arm strong’s statement about the eae size ee roses in California, by saying that on Long Island she had hy bas id teas from three to five feet high and hybrid eal up to seven Other introduced included ee R. lage of Ridgefield, N. J., n Ba nae all ot Home Garden magazine; een J. Lane of House and iss A. rose oo in rica; Mrs. Jerome W. Coons. peel a ines and writer and a eres of ‘the Garden; Lester C. Lovett, nurseryman,. of Little Silver, N. ee ormer eee t the American Association of Nurserymen; Mrs. G e M. Jam d Mrs. H. B. Lacey of Culpeper, Va.; and Mrs. Paul . Blactone SE Colonial Beach, Va. Dr. B. O. Dodge introduced Dr. Pirone as his successor as Plant Path- ologist at the New York Bribie Garden. Dr. s talk, as well as that . Miss Coffin, will be published in this Jou le, who is president of the American eee te Council and past oe and secretary of the American Rose Society, briefly de- At the microphone is Marion Cruger Coffin. Talking with Dr. R. C. Allen ail is J. A. Armstrong, who flew from California to attend Rose-Growers’ Day. scribed European conditions of food, transportation, and housing as he found them, and talked of the cage the municipal rose garden of Paris, which is the scene every year of an aoe rian gathering na - selection of new roses; of England’s Hayward’s ath, which s similar purpose, and of the Meilland nurseries at ons France, es where he procured the rose es he introduced as Peace at the conclusion of the war. Peace was the choice of All-America Rose Sean in 1946. He opened his talk with a seb te to the beauty ae a rose garden and to the pleasure of knowle ledge a roses and their h “Nothing i "he erin bia to see ae coming into a rose garden; especially if there is someone with them to oe ce them to the joys of rose growing. This i is one — “he fruits of liberty in Amer- the war years, called for her ron anthem as a symbol of the inspira- tion given by the beauty of that garden “Miss oe spe oke ideale! of the importance of knowing plants better,” he continued, “T h that more — here have ae Leonel of knowing the con Bie history of the. persons whom s were named, such as Mr. Bobbink an nd I experienced only this morn garden. As walking ey this beautiful rose ked at the roses a recognized them, we enti that a every one - ee was See: for a whom someone saw fit to memorialize. r es . H. Everett served as es, chairman for the day, with Dr. Allen eee the morning program and Mr. Frese taking charge in the afternoon. 153 cA Primrose For SNaturalizing By Aleita H. Scoit Beets the sae is held in great affection by many sevinee it is not at all an easy subject in the climate of eastern United States. In many gardens conditions are such that plants are likely to die out after a few attempts to get them established. Primroses grow wild where the air is full of moisture, and where the summers never get very hot. Most of them thrive in the moist, cool condi- tions of England and in our own Northwest. In localities such as these, the varieties to which we must ove the greatest care here in the East grow and thrive as do the wild flow Fro y personal experience over a dozen years in growing a score of fenctes of primroses in northern New Jersey, I have found only one that multiplies from year to year. All the others gradually fade from the scene unless J take pains to start new plantings from seed ev Hele few years. This lf to two inches in diameter, and come in white, ines hace and Saas tints. P. Sieboldii somewhat resembles the nt P. obcon- ica, although I have never heard of its causing the skin et Ae touching this peut pest is likely to cause. There are two reasons, I think, in addition to its oe cas make P. Sieboldii a good subject for naturalizing. The e important one is, perhaps, that it likes the naturally acid _ that we ae in 3 ern New Jersey and many other places in the region ork. Of almost equal weight i is the fact that this plant has the wisdom t to go dormant before all t upon it. With ee it is among the ie to bloom, emi ece - ea culata, and by mid-June or early July it has disappeared fro Jt has very pet rhizomes that are ee well prepared S i a living clement within well taken care ae unti it the following spring. Jus the time when the hot dryness of su r portends, these plants ee 0 lie ce so to speak. By so they esi the fiazard of white mite, which, like its relative, the red s of the most dreaded of the f midsummer by an ccpageeee infestation of white mite. P..Si ali is a at this time, so there is nothing for the mites to feed up find that this ae grows well at the outer ns of tree ade Primula Sieboldii thriving among other spring flowers in a naturalized planting at the edge of a light wood. 155 where eee sunlight ae it oe the spring. It does not thrive well in deep shade. During summer months, the rhizomes do better if concealed. by oe ae I have one clump of P. Sieboldiit that is maintaining itself satisfactorily against ivy and myrtl owever, It does well in association with Mertensia virginica and i macro- phylla (found in most catalogs as Anchusa myosotidiflor Primula Sieboldii is probably at its best along a lightly ie woodiand walk. It is more than agreeable to have a choice flowering plant that thrives on neglect yet that never grows so rampantly as to become a weed. Naranjillas, or “Little Oranges” Of the Andean Highlands. University of Massachusetts Photographs by the Author Dees South America, and eA peen in the oe = eres family, or Solanaceae, attains its greatest developm understandable hen that one of its ® principal as Solanum, eke i given us such faporent plants a: the potato and eggplant, might contain several other elsew! nomically in peel homeland. ne of we is Solanum quitoense, the so- called NARANJILLA or “little orange’ of Ecuador. The popular name, which refers to the small, poe ee spherical fruits, is a fanciful misnomer, cee no one at close look would confuse the fruit with an orange. As on would ie ae or “little tomato,” for aside from the color, the fruits santa _ garden tomato in growth, skin texture, and. internal Mature ee jillas are actually thicker and firmer-skinned than tomatoes, but the pulp, which is greenish-orange rather than red in color, closely resembles ae of a tomato both in juiciness and in its number of small greenish seeds. The abundance of juice makes it eminently popular in Ecuador as the source of a refeeshine and foamy drink, or sorBETE, which is in as much 156. ; demand among Ecuadoreans . are orangeade and tomato juice with u Naranjilla juice is slightly o acid side and usually requires aoe with sugar to the same eee Spottt juice. It has a flavor all its own, thoug' e writer its taste most closely approaches that of the of the passion- flower, such as Passiflora mollissima , fresh and flavorsome wee illa juice is a favorite and in ensive fountain drink in which all classes i indulge—and rightfully ; for, besides being packed with vitamins, i juice is also rich in albumin and pepsin, lime, magnesium and phos F cee or find the juice delicious, oo ape has sat ne talk of canning and exporting it to the United States, where elieved it would meet with much favor. Unfort tunately, a pot ere paces trade has not been realized, because of the loss in flavor br teurization and the addition of antifermentants in the canning process. Undoubtedly ee research by canning interests can overcome these —— difficul Although pane are most popular in the form of the expressed n raw or made into various other items such sometimes stuffed, often with bananas, give a rather delicious and hae So are erie eate marmalade and p They a then baked, eee ee meringue, to unusual dessert. The plant itself is a tions, can attain a height the giant leaves, which are fre requently armed with short sparse thorns, are ordinarily dark-green ae certain of them, especially the ese ones, are purplish- pre - The white flowers, which are typically icels. coarse succulent herb which, under normal condi- of eight feet, with leaves two feet long. cua solanaceous, show the same Lie on the pedi In fact; a characteristic of the species is the dense plushy covering of soft hairs found on all parts of the plant, even the fruit. Most of the fruit hairs du ae harvesting and transporting, but they may prove irritating when the fruit is first picked for they easily pierce tender skin with the same scratch-inciting effect that one would get from a tuft of spun hairs. T ers are borne in corymbose clusters at each node, and they d at clevations oS between 4.000 and 7,000 y, the species, as might be expected, ranges pretty well throughout its ea from the Colombian frontier THE Biel err AND ITS FRUITS AND FLOWERS Above, a young naranjilla plant. Left, the potato-like flowers, which are typical of the pies ‘Solanum. Right a heauly producing ia near the Rio Negro in Antioquia, Colombia. Note the felted hairs on the young leaf growth and on the fruits. 158 south into the province of Loja, where it is to be found in the valley of the Guangocolla River. The most important producing area for this refresh- ing ae lies in i. mre River valley of central Ecuador in the vicinity of Bait The ortance of the naranjilla crop in this aie is lias with ie fact that 4 cs is the path of the only auto road running i Ecuadorean Oriente. Available eee thus has = helped i in the develo sees ee ee herbaceous crop. The naranjilla also is to be foun cultivated i mbia, at least as far north as Medellin, but it does not aL to ste ane ae Peru. In Colombia it goes under the me of LUL The ai seems to ome a fruit of rather recent development or use, altho t has probably been grown locally in the valleys of central a aae since e long before the Conquest. Unlike many other plants of the knowledge of the writer this fruit lacks any mention in fa early records. ae i ae it 7 oe as today in Peru, in old Inca area, ould a: show had not been aeniien by. pec of ae Re het ae ae es when they brought the land of the Quitus into subjection just a few years aes ae Spanish Conquest. Since the Conquest the plant has migrated more toward the north than to the south. Naranjilla culture i is pees cea a are grown and tr planted to the fields just like tomatoes. The $, wih a life- ot “of about three years, Bae well- drained, sloping "snd where they will begin producing about fifteen months after they have been set out, and will continue with fruit for the balance of ee one ne During ee period they so aes a soil eae it is Sealey rthless for most other tropical crops except of plant will yield during its fruiting period duces only about 2,000 tons of naranjillas agarose and two-thirds of this production originates in the Bafios region. As might be expected, the great bulk . ie crop is sent to hot humid Guaya al where cool retehing drinks are in demand than in the highland cap Even so, the fruits are familiar items in the market- ies of all oe pe “highland towns of [ecuador and southern Colombia. Unsuccessful attempts peat have been made to grow the nardn- jilla in - United ee south of the frost belt, in tore ei Florida and cae a. The s are said to have produced abundant foliage and a ee but ue ae The aes suggests that oe like many others native only to equatorial latitudes, requires the ratio of day and night to which it is accustomed - its home. So even though the soil, laa aioe on altitude of Ecuador could be duplicated in our which would not be possible, for at the same altitude in North : i otter ee are not te same—the plant would still fail of suc- 159 cessful acclimatization as a useful crop. Thus if the naranjilla is to 3S its popularity and use in this hemisphere, as it richly deserves, it still m: have to be ee close to the equator in its homeland, the Andes . Ecuador, or in the mountains of neighboring Colombia or Venezuela. Some Additional Comments On the NNaranjilla Ss interested in wider use of the naranjilla as a juice-frutt, in 1945 Dr. W. H. Camp brought back from Ecuador seeds collected from fruits grown near El Topo in the Oriente below Baitos. The plants have grown well im the green- houses at the New York Botanical Garden, and have been exhibited on several occasions because of the interesting leaves with purplish- colored pubescence. The: t em to set d. Becau. this, Dr. A. B. Stout, who is always nhrdelé ‘n problems of sterility, investigate some of the flowers. He reported that the pollen iis was abortive in the mi ed, . Camp made further conunent as follows on the possibility of growing the fovea outside of its native habitat. odge has pointed out, q uires a very rich soil for the production of a profitable crop. The ecipitation a the Rio eatly, increasing steadily at the confluence- of the a Chanbs aad Patate aoe Baiios, im, to La Gloria, near El With this heavy “rina voted ; soils are leached at such a that c tinuous ne of ae nies is Tomato- pre fruits of the naranjilla not and never has been profitable. Solanum quitoense). a result, to obtain a crop of naranjillas 160 is necessary that a stretch of jungle forest be ae ed just before the brief dry season and burned . as is years before one pro- it on a large scale uhere it seems to grow best. “How 7 a it is i w oF oO a ial A c but, for instance, southern Steep mountain slopes in the vicinity of Bafios. Ecuador, United States.” where the naranjilla grows. Three New Staff Members Appointed fae first day of July, of August, and September will see a new member" added to the scientific staff of the New York Botanical Garden. The three are, in order, Dr. P. P. Pirone, Dr. Richard A. Howard, and Dr. Donald P. Rogers. Biographical notes on each are given on the next’ two pages 161 Dr. Pirone, Plant Pathology bare se Dr. Be % Doses: uh tired P. ae S the New York “totaicl Garden as Plant a noeert July . For the past ten years he has been Associate Piste cee “f ‘Plant Pat! ii at Rutgers University, New Brunswick, N. J. 1942, 43 and '44 h oe was one of the in- nical Garden's Twos ti a volume a nore than 400 pages, nu fit in 1941 by the Oxford University “was graduated from Cor al ‘univers in 1929 with | “Bachelor of Science degree. He had already be- gun his pe onal work in ah path- ant ing on veg cele diseases P. P. Pirone ship, he continued his work on vegetable diseases so four years in Nassau County on Long Island, while workin x his Doctor of Philosophy degree. The ae 'h.D. was awarded in 1933. The utch e enrages broke out about that time, th irone went to work at ig for the Baraat of Plant Industry of t e United States Department of Agri- culture, serving ield assistant and project leader for eradication of the Dutch elm disease in New Jer: nd in White Plains and Hempstead, 5 In 1934 he returned to Cornell as Ex- tension ge var ir a = Patholog: ing plac arge of "Then in 1938 he went cal pap ticles, the fea mer ina ding dee Ancor a a three new species of bacteria which he has dis-. covered causing diseases on denias, ‘h published an 80-page circular, of eae Plants,” the revision of which he prepared. At the New Vo rk Botanical Garden ae will have charge of disease and pest c trol on all a Lphgguenees eo ad he will under rs rch on diseases of palmer os Dr. Dodge ait Peni his office at the are rden as the continued oe of his investigations on Neurospora and on plant ee in which he has developed spe- ial interest Dr. mail Tropical ia) AL American botan: Arm my Air Force School of Gites 162 Richard A. Howard age pee Field, Texas, then was selected t Sommaire and direct the ead Surviv aT i r Florida. Dr Howard. major wes in botany hing fe Now at Harv ard in 1939 and received his Master's degree there in 1940, ae in 1942. He is a member Be and sevcral other scientific so Field work aS ‘ake en Dr. Sizma How. ard ne seus of ove or For AAF he prepared survival Pein a for press releases during the war he wrote extensively on the Panel) of ca and animal materials nC: chiefly interested arch, and he is using this acted pariealidy in his studies of the Icacinaceae. Dr. Rogers, Mycology R. DONALD PHILIP ROGERS, now at the University of Hawaii, will come to the New York Botanical arden as Curator in the Cryptogamic Herbarium Sentembe: raduate oe Oberlin College i in 1929, pe Roser. received his of Phil- osophy degree Son h iversity of Towa in 1935. He served in the meantime as assistant in botany, Nebraska, 30, Fellow r lowing year, rad Instructor in Botany at Donald P. Rogers 163 Neate State College from 1936 to 1940. research at Harvard recipient of a scholarship at the New York Botanical Garden, but his work wa: cut short by an o er to go to the Vane of Hawaii as Assistant Pro- fessor of Botany. Recently Dr. Ro ogers made a collecting trip to the Saag Islands with other University. Using e pa a vii isited series he expects to publish. At the h Of the score of technical papers he has written, seven are cytological, one of these is concerned also with phylogeny, one is nomenclatorial, several are biblio- graphic, and the rest are purely ercnomie Five of these have appeared My- cologia; two others have Tee submitted to this’ periodical. Dr. Rogers is a member of the My- cological Society of America, the British. Mycological Society, em Xi, Botanical Society of America, AAAS, and the appeived thts year in Pactfic Science ¢ 1 Club. Vol. 1, pages 92-107), is the first of a Torrey Botanical ES Abel Joel Grout—Vermonter and Bryologist By Inez M. Haring INCE the early 1600s, when the Grout family first came to America, s Rock Cabin, at Na fan r. Grout was a high a teacher of science most his life, his techn area f the mosses absorbed him all through the years, and he was the inspiration for many amateurs and professionals in the study m was obtained at the local grade school i in Newfane, continue work toward a doctor s degree, but lacking the ‘funds, he turned 164 ABEL JOEL GROUT 1867-1947 to ee cone ia at the Vermont State Normal School, in 1893, met and married Grace E. Preston, also a teacher. The de phan cts 6 ae his ao coe. never lagged, ai nd thr ough those early, lea e 53 years of hae married | ontributed much toward band’s career. 1897, Abel ne aan received the degree of Doctor of Philosophy ee "coi University, taking as his thesis a study of the moss ey Brachythec For two years he taught at the State Normal School at Plymouth, New rosie. then for nine years more at the Boys High School in Brook- Island, where he remained until 1930. In that year he was appointed to the research staff of the Biological Laboratory at Cold. Spring Harbor, Long Island, where i received both co-operation and financial help for his Leas es studie ; He wa e of the es of the Sullivant pine Society, and shortly». after, He : auspices, he founded The Bryologist, the first number of .... which appeared in 1898. During the years he contributed much to this 165 ails alae including descriptions of many new nue a ie med. He served as editor for the first few volumes and again in 191 ad 1912, vs ae time of his dea ca - was on the board of ee o. fiftieth anniversary number, issued in March of this year, is desiated to mae on pa occasion cE his 80th birthda: Early in his r. Grout began issuing NV orth American Exsiccati, which ee nis . sats collectors, institutions, and universities all over the world, up to the time of his death. The series represents practic- ally all moss species known in the U tates is own large herbarium, including several hundred slides, was ce sheen s time by University: His eee contained m e books of early writers on mosses, as well asa very complete ie of books and monographs in current eire: Dr, Grout’s own eee works were many. In 1900 he issued his first bool Moses with a Tie hi aan . aid the beginner. itio ens ; published in five sections from 1903 to 1910, was still a non-technical ha: ae saa design ey for general use. These books were followed by what one his Heowork—"Mosses of North America North of volu North American Flora, which was interrupted for many years, was resumed after 1940, and the frst publis ae number of this recent work, the Fissi- dentaceae, came