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JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN

CAROL H. WOODWARD EDITOR

VOLUME 48

1947

Published monthly by the New York Botanical Garden BRONX PARK, NEW YORK 58, N. Y.

TABLE OF CONTENTS VOLUME 48 1947 (Exclusive of Book Reviews and Notes, News, and Comment)

January (No. 565) The Botanical Garden at Nikko B.C. Blackburn Some Remarks on the Nutrition of Pla Herbert A. Lunt

Planning a Woodland Garden for Next pone (Broadcast) Helen S. Hull

H. Beaman Douglass

Fepruary (No. 566) Winslow Homer Exhibit at Wildenstein Galleries The Chrysanthemum ... Its Story Through the Ages S. L. Emszweller

Jojoba—An Oil-Producing Plant of the Su State Goad Douglas

Vanilla-Growing on Dominic: pe H. Narodny Suitable Trees for the Home en (Broadcast) J. H. Beale ak Given on Flower Shows

.B.

m Staff hree Scene of Books on ce Exhibited ae Exhibit on Paper-Mak

Marcu (No. 567) Exploring for Useful Plants Dawid Fairchild

Medicine and Plant Exploration Ralph Holt Cheney & Benjamin L. Milana

Plant Explorers, Nurserymen, and Breeders Tohu C. Wister

The Waiting Forest Resources of the American ee Arthur Koehler

Books on Exploration

Arrit (No. 568)

Plants as Treasure Houses of Rare Chemicals George W. Pucher A Forest Lover in the Caribbee Islands VIL a to Montserrat J. S. Beard

ards for Plant Explorer’s Jungle Camp she. ER cae Grape A, B. Stout The Legend of the Basil Bessie R. Buxton

57 61

May (No. 569)

My Garden of Slime Molds Ruth N. Nauss 101 The Largest Sequoia East of the Rocky Mountains Charles F. Jenkins 110 The Brooming Disease of Walnut B. O. Dodge 112 Plant Products from Brazil (Broadcast) José Garrido Torres 115 Sir William Hamilton’s Third Volume 117 Vegctable Gardening Must Go On! alter Zuleh 124

June (No. 570)

Let’s Take the “Scare” Out of Rose Culture Robert Etsenbrown 125

Micronesian Mangroves ‘, R. Fosberg 128 Early June in the Garden Bene King 139 Fund of Quarter Million Provided for Antiviral Research

Volunteer Associates Organized 141 Du Pont Gardens Visited 142 Tropical Fruits and Flowers in Summer Exhibit : 142

Jury (No. 571) Fifth Annual Rose-Growers’ Day Attracts a Record Crowd 149 Primrose for Naturalizing eita H. Scott 153 Naranjillas, or “Little Oranges” of the Andean Se . Hl. Hodge 155 Some Additional Comments on the Naranjilla 159

pete Jew Staff Members Appointe 160 el Joel Seed ane and Bryologist Ines M, Haring 163 a de Forest Baldwin 166 Puerto Rican Expedition 166 Juniper Book Published 169 Avuocust (No. 572) Twining Plants Fred J. Seaver 173 Indestructible Begonias Genevieve A. Kinney 176 w Pest Controls - the Rose Garden P. P. Pirone 177 A pom Lover in the Caribbee pee

VII. The ee Caribbee J. S. Beard 181 Wood Flowers Made by Parasite Placed on Exhibit in Museum Building 194

Serremper (No. 573) Roses in Landscaping Marian Coffin 197 Composts, Manures, and Inorganic Perle“ Walter Thomas 204 Bringing in the Birds Lorine Letcher Butler 210

Ocroner (No. 574)

Composts, Manures, and Inorganic Fertilizers—II Walter Thomas 221 Rock Gardening in Westchester Harold Epstein 226 Chrysanthemum Show at Garden Oct. 24-26 233 Where Was the Canker Worm This Year? 236 Journey to Japan 244 Back from Polar Regions 244

NoveMBER (No. 575)

Do You Collect Pollen? G. Erdtman 245 The Sycomore Fig of Ancient Lineage Mary I. Barrett 254 Fine Quality Plants Exhibited at Chrysanthemum Show 263

Decemper (No. 576) Woody Plants Unique and Noteworthy in the Rochester Parks Elisabeth Keiper 269 A Handful of Plant Names and How They Have Come Into Our anguage H. IV. Rickett 280 Index to Volume 48 293

COVER ILLUSTRATIONS

1947 Winter Landscape Hf. IW. Rickett ANUARY ‘In the Jungle, Florida” IFinslow Houter FEBRUARY Kaieteur Falls in British Guiana Bassett Maguire Marcu Magnolia Against an April Sky Donald Bec APRI Plasmodium Pattern Ruth N.. Nauss May The Rose Garden Gottscho-Schleisner June Rose “Miss Rowena Thom” E. N. Mitchell Jury Milkweed Sannel H. Gottscho y. UST A Formal Rose Garden Edged with Box 4. Burton Sireet SETTEMBER Prize-Winning Chrysanthemums Ebner N. Mitchell OcTover Heart of a Thistle Samaucl S. Gottscho NovEMBER alley in Durand-Eastman Park, Rochester, Neo. Elisabeth Keiper DECEMBER

JOURNAL

OF

THE NEW YorK BOTANICAL GARDEN

VoL. 48 JAN UARY Paces Vo. 565 19-4 7 1a

JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN

Caro. H. Woopwarp, Editor

LATE WINTER EVENTS AT THE GARDEN Museum Exhibits Open daily, 10 a.m. to 3 p.m.

Members’ Day Program 3:30 p.m the mbers’ Room Feb. 5—Dr. Hosack and the Elgin Saad Garden Bineice Mae

a aa Course. . 19—Nature hee for Teachers de Ape ita Seema 15 consecutive eee 4-6 p.m. $5 ($2 to eas \ Mar. 1—Plant Pro, FE. E. Naylor, Instructor 4 alternate Saturdays, 2-4 p.m. $3

Saturday A aii Progra 3 p.m. in the ae ae in the Museum Building Jan. 18—Landing and Living in the Tro, R. A. Howard Jan. 25—Gardens of the Sea 1. G. C, Cooper Feb. 8—Protective Devices in the Insect World Louis Pyenson Feb. 15—Wild Flowers and Other Bits of Nature Samuel H. Gottscho Feb. 22—Forest Treasures and Doorway to Happiness— Two motion pictures Radio Programs Alternate Wednesdays at 3:45 p.m. over WNYC (830 on the dial) Jan. 22—Plant Tumors and Cancer in Animals Robert S. de Ropp Feb. 5—How to Keep Your House Plants Healthy : Chris G. Schmitt |

Feb. 19—Mid-vinter Use of the Small Greenhouse :

. Ernest Chabot |

TABLE OF CONTENTS January 1947

WINTER LANDSCA Cover ee a H.W. aia THE BoTANICAL ee AT NIK . Blackbur:

Some REMARKS ON THE cea oF PLAN i A. Tact Mt PLANNING A WOODLAND GARDEN FOR sae aie ie Helen S. Hull 18 Notices anpD Reviews oF Recent Boo 20 Notes, News, AND . ENT 24 H. BEAMAN Dousta 24

The Journal is published: monthly by The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York 58, A Y. sete in v. = Entered as peau tee Matter, January 28, 1936, at the Post Office

t New York, N, ¥ on der e Act of Augu: 1912, Annual subscription $1.50. Single copies is cen

JOURNAL

THE NEW YorRK BOTANICAL GARDEN

VoL. 48 January 1947 No. 565

The Botanical Garden at Nikko By B.C. Blackburn

NTERING fee a oo stone gateway and passing a ee us keeper’s lodge ontinues along a bea epee avenue of cher trees ae oe oA casting cool ie ns over a pee kept gravel driveway. Conifers and rhododen eo ae in closely i hind - heres, a ng to ae atmosphere of quiet and seclusion. The nee le on to e before a rambling Japanese house, and immediately fr ront one sees the alp ine ee and the laboratory building framed in

ine m misted blue i i

threatening Daiya River. Here is one of the most enchanting and beauti- 11 gardens of the world today Nikko has long. been a mecca for nature lovers, as well as Buddhist

The of tow superb background fr naturalistic pee ae and alpine plants thrive in the cool, moist climat

The history of the Nikko pare Garden begins somewhat prior 1902, the ee when four mei nt in diverse fields, and all seal from the city of Mito in Tes i Prefect ire, northeast of Tokyo, put into execution plans to start a new botanical garden i in which the rae ee uti- ful alpine plants of the Japanese ane could be grown and s . The original i ms to have come from Dr. Jinz ete fe firs director of Imperial University’s historic garden in Koishikawa

C Tol ga i 1 at the former Hakusan Palace in Tokyo. The project received hearty sup- port from Dr. Matsumura’s friends and fellow natives of Mito, Bunya

1

2

loki, an artist who drew alpine plants, and Kazuma Jyé, a lawyer who

wa: alpine enthusiast. Shinchd Nakayama, chief priest of the Tosyé Shrine at Nikko at that time, assi in the eas of - three plantsmen, and it was decided that Nikko, on the eastern slo

Mou utara in Tochigi Prefecture, a lit er 80 miles see of

ai igi tle ov Tokyo, would be ideal for the garden’s location. Another native of : : : 5

The « original a was started at Nikko under the auspices of the priests of the Tésy6 Shrine, along the east side of the temple grounds at a spot known as Hotoke-iwa, beside the Inari or Fox River, a branch stream of - Dai

© garden was taken over by Tokyo Imperial University’s

of gently nee and hilly ground extending down to the Daiya River from the highway to es fee enji. The Nikko oo is organized and administered as a branch of es “Koishikawa garden of the Imperial University, and its ae are designed to ee those of the older garden in Tokyo. Following the original concept of the tp tenes it is primarily for growing plants of the Japanese es which do thrive in the lower altitude of ae where temperature and nace are considerably higher Dr. Voshihars Matsumura, serous at Kyoto Imperial University, is the third and present as of the garden, and Dr. Honda, director of ae an at shikawa, pas the Nikko garden regular ae Dr. Matsumura is particularly interested in alpines, and dur ee in the cee, of 1946 he was deve loping plans to ie ate i hag = aay re garden, particularly in eget separate gar’ rdens f

the rock plants of Hokkaido and for alpines of the main islands ae proof oO the soundness and economy of the naturalistic design for the gar as well as the excellence of the administration, is at once lete recovery fror itable wartime neglect. Paths

evident in the com m iney are well maintained and all areas are immaculate, and labeling is amazingly completely and pees done. It ee be added S that there ar anywhere—but in Japan one encounters weeds

a ° 5 3 ® ia a ° i]

€ weeds only in rare aad inate circumstances.

The principal aac at the Garden are an office, a frame ee in western style in which ba oer has a Hee and a very a tive house aa as at idence and on occasion as a oe

dir res for visitors. This building. in | edie ae se style, was formerly the Nikko villa of Count Matsudaira of Kagawa, and from its three front rooms and outside corridor or porch one looks directly into the rock

From the Director's residence, one sees this view in the Nikko Botanical Garden.

garden—in fact, one feels actually i the rock garden. Miniature peaks rise on either side, dramatically framed with co aes and set with beauti- ful stonework and choice Japanese alpine plants. ond opens a vista of weeping lawn, frarned by extensions of the deci woodland He

oss t T, TOW oppos osite ba: pe ae mossy, time-softened stone a. a vit

have been st ois ae ae turbulent Daiya undermined . bank and tore out part of the mountainside, but a strong wall protects the remaining statues and insures the serenity of their contemplation. Tradition has it

4

that one is never able to count the number of statues cee accurately, but dge

ga . Ri s of : ‘ with. coniferous forest, Nakimushi Mountain dominates this dramatic picture, now flooded with sunlight, and now partly concealed by mists and clouds.

bine e Nikko Botanical phan brocaded in gc ein ae UL oustonia). In the background, rugged mountains rise, ae by the peak of Nhe

The

On my first visit to the garden, in mid-April of 1946, the lawn beyond the rock garden a brocade meadow of bluets, with azaleas making nena e of ae at the edges. A group - ge dee fates

o play, and when I greeted those nearest me with “Kon wal”,

... . Again, trees along the avenue were at their best, with a few pink petals drifting do eG in the light breeze, and at the end of the dave waves of soft

5

color of oe azaleas with Sree splashing through them. What a setting for a garden, and for gardeners! The rock garden seemed carpeted an many unfamiliar and exciting plants, and many which I knew only from written descriptions. A stream over a ro r

re u

with more imerestin "s possibilities for making water gardens and finding the proper settings for all pa of plants cannot be imagine

Starting ae sas office seis building, paths ee the rolling lawn and make a network through the garden. The most recently de- veloped portion is a beaut fal hill and glade overlooking a small lake and

e ca he river ae spot fav avored by the Emperor Taisho, who

0

e tree on which the Emperor would hang his hat while he rested, and yards away, in a sunlit aan eee a little grove of beeches, the Empress would gather new shoots of ABI, bracken-fern*, for the cooks.

m

Dr. Tamura in 1927. addition to the chestnut aes ee)

and beeches (Fagus nr other plants as are a dw. eS shaped form of Prunus Sargentii, magnificent prostrate junipers tee

perus conferta), Nikko azaleas (Rhododeniar nikoense), eee

Bai and ferns.

e of the most fascinating plant associations is the section which may

be called the bog garden. Hurrying down from the mountain summits

above the Tasyd ae a small stream os under the highway and

into the grounds of the garden, dashes thr ough a grove of azaleas and cypresses ie ce over a ae Pg a Beside the waterwall, in a matrix rich with mosses and lichens, Tanakaea radicans makes a aaa mosaic ae its beautiful pale ch er- _shaped oe and misty white

flov The stream scrambles ver mossy stones and divides int

ao channe a where its win ada a become leisure nee nd in the rich areas between, many bog plants are growing luxuriantly—osmundas and

other very handsome ferns, primulas, cypripediums, polygonatums, smila-

r. Matsumura had his little son gather shoots of warani (Pteridinim latiusculium var. eer from this spot and Mrs. Matsumura had them prepared for our

sh of ‘o and ae c= with a sorakling of salt. They are eetch: slightly fragrant, ry del

Yoshiharu. Matsumura, Director, with his small son at the Nikko Botanical oe vden. The historic “hat-hanging chestnut” ee at top of the slope above the prostrate juniper.

cinas, azaleas, even skunk-cabbages we know nie and also the Nipponese version in Lys ieee rontarateose On three nay the bog is framed : eile and a native shrub grouping an as, deutzias, hydrangea gece , and more azaleas, On the fourth sie, prostrate junipers ce ee climb to the “hat-hanging

Tn this Nikko Cannas a aes forms of Japan oe s, come to know them in Am not as evident (fort nately, ieee, as we have been led 6 ce ipate. “To cons sider one or two examples:

At the garden I did not see ae “amoena”’ or Hinodeae sales nor any ot h blooms aia o these in in ipa act. Ne apan yews are

ra fas

or three. The nese prefer the native pois and Sawara cypresses to all the cohen ted: peas of these two t

7

Ev Me es rhododendrons are few at the re ae ad from the ent hey do no

plants along the drive at the entrance; Dr. Matsumura say t grow partly well. He pointed out that Nikko | is fae an nny winte ile in summer it is cool, clou Y> and r t therefore seems

possible eee th e a ae types au

s do not ripen sufficiently in summer and Win r temperatures and sno ea

wall in the Nikko

g the plants on ae I Hee en well known in the United Pesala be interest for American gardens, though a a great many more iene well be added i oe ag ist. The scientific names and references follow those ae e Nikko Botanical ee and ‘by the Tokyo Imperial University. ee verifying my ee cee notes ay fer furnishing - historical data on the foundin arden I am deeply indebted o Dr. Matsumura, and to all a eee family for ne very de- lightfal hospitality

Em

PLANTS OF SPECIAL INTEREST IN THE NIKKO BOTANICAL GARDEN

Abelia sanguinea Makino. Benizan more fitting than its transcendental Eng- UBANE-UTSUGI i Janae e;ag ate lish name of maidenhair. ul, delicately branched shrub comin; 7 into full bloom on May 12, with pink Athyrium yokoscense —_ Christensen. corollas expanding fi ngular bro’ HEBINONEGOZA, Saree “snail sleeping- buds, e other wild species of Abelia, ™ nat ;” a very dainty fern growing luxuri- this can be compared with our — among ene in nyoist shade.

hardly pte -ybrid, A, ae on all f general garden val

Abies homolepis Siebold and Zuc carini. tenes nae of re igh: mountain fir were not noted at ae bo- tanical garden, “hot ae i

cane ee are

Urayiro- ae in

i whi oh grows so

well | i lie eastern nace is known to us as the Nikko

Acer nikoense Maximowicz. This in- teresting trifoliate maple seems to grow no differently in its ae locality than around Boston and eH ork City, and not as well as in Brookly:

Adiantum pedatum Linnaeus. _ This universal favorite is native in the aay area. It ts Japanese name, KUJAKUSH means “peacock-fern,” and seems a

vulgaris Hill. Not Ping pice es but it was very pleasing beside the col path i d

butterflies, hovered around the blooms all

Carpinus laxiflora Blume. A _ sturdy and handsome small tree with grcy-

feet high ai t Seugers os 10 inches, Ie. ae name AKA-SHIDE. appropriately mea

red hor abe am.”

Cercidiphyllum japonicum Siebold an Zucearini. Katsura. Graceful young specimens of this beaotitu' Shs showed the slender, one-trunk habit

associate more particularly with the Chine. h with which we e more familiar in America Chionographis japonica Maximowicz. An attractive aoe ‘of the Melanthaceae, with graceful owers remindin, one of a Seail sain. on sale and very effec ees in the alpin ine Sean he Japanese name, means ae

oe ae oS “white-string-

Lethra ‘barbinervis Siebold and Zuc- arini. This plant, know: in Japanese, was awarded a gol 1,

Clethra a S a super small tree about 18 feet in height, with three trunks showing the pale new bark, blue-grey in color, overlaid with the elder bark in moleskin- oo Laatie This effect is fully as beautifu ur

summersweet.

Cynoxylon hen icum F. Maekawa— Dr.

e ng J and northern (Some of these, =)

e Chinese var iety

pedium japonicum Thur group of this species Oe oc- was erowing lushly. 3 in ol conifers, and th 1

flowers, deep ruddy-red sented a very dramatic picture. was matched by the pale green leaves

Haas were og like the divisions of a ota pal

Davallia Mariesii Bde The climbing featetccle of this s-foot fern, SHINOB U

quer artists with very bea utiful Gee

nulatus Fes Ome This roe pa about 10 feet at N

Epimedium macranthum Morren a: Decaisne. oie of the large barren: worts, with leaves Ueego handsome coppery and reddish tones, making spec- acular pictures in rock crevices and as a ground-cover nod shrubs. It should be used widely in gardens ‘uon alatus Siebold. Appropri- lay called NISHIKIGI, “brocade-tree,” the gardeners and nurserymen | of an.

oS as ef

Euonymus Fortune et

radicans Rehder. ecient nym

\ paid us.” This everg: reeper to grow with more “refinement in oe oe Stand than with t It made a beautiful study on the a ak of a fied Toringo crab- ale near the bank above the Daiya

Filipendula pur, Maximowicz. Bold clumps promised Pate poets the sunny portion of the bog garden.

Hemerocallis nia Koidzumi. A rich ance: flowered "lily, dwarfish in oe This species is native of the area UGE, anne ae is the one whose ready-

ate with deli te re-

it is called Nixxo-xis Nikko daylily. -onen buds

az os

Hos glauca Stearn. A and “fective plant, with gree’

handsome darkish blue-

Hosta Sieboldiana Engler. More Amer- ican ade lens should ¢ certainly enjoy the aga beauties o ee - urdy plantain- lily. In Nikko iden mbieaily as with us, and it ee yaricde dy effec- tive at os edge of shrub and conifer planting

er

Zuc-

drangea petiolaris Siebold and oval and

Hy

arini, _ tfolia Franchet Saate very attractive vine, as we know fall ail of the type. It grows wild in the rocky woodlands’ around the shrines at Nikko, where it is known as TSURU-AJISAL

Ra Some best larch for

Larix Kaempferi Sargent. yosHo, “leaf-dropping pine.” Lee insist this ue the us oes nt in America.

2

Lepi Onoei Chi A creeping uipttie pe that “establishes itself on moist and shaded n J: mountain areas. ae HIMENOKISHINOBU, whi ch lated me also no rowing 30 feet up ot on the trunks of hor pean Ry in the forest on oo lower of Mount Hutara, abov shrin

Osmunda lancea nber; A ha some boy sturdy fern luxuriating in bog garden, where it reached a height Of two and one ges feet. It is similar to our royal fer

Thunberg. 8

m

faleatum A. Sora ane

Polygonatu: Gray. Another of ock garden,

II blown 7 it aie with pale yellow elongated bel

Harmatsu of “creeping pine.”

us pumila Re: > ees pardons or

A nee erased little tree with pros- trate stem:

Primula japonica These primroses,

A. Gray.

gi appears that these superb plants may be A eas more in the States than in their homeland.

hododendron _ japon icum Suringa

are po an are native over most of the Japanese ands.

Rhododendron lateritium Planchon. Ree delicate and large- oe ever-

green azaleas known as SAT! “May-

biloo. ming ales ” to the japanese Their similarity to the variety we know as “G, F. Wilson” is marked,

Rhododendron nikoense Nakai. A

a Leary branched shrub called

red azalea,” by the Japanese.

Generally “inital ar “te R. pen. drag bait in delicacy flower it also resembles

Schlipenbach Tpeshite the Japanese

name, the flowers are a very fine pink;

id

About the Author

fore joining the Armed Forces.

Be Blackburn

for a

woody plants to the Flower Grower and o azines, even a is Army service began. He is also the author of a small book on gardening, “Your Garden This Week,” published by the Rutgers University Press in 1939. After a period of service with th Army this country, working especially on camouflage, Mr. Blackburn was sent to New Guinea, the Philippines and Japan, where he served as a Captain. in public welfare and education assignments in ° : ie eed ili Section. He returned to this country

Ph.D. degree at Rutgers University.

of the United see in 1942,

He

is now leet ale

10

th word aka covers the entire gamut of reds in Japanese. In lat e April ‘and ee ae beautiful shrub cones in oe bloo: the Nik

ite nea w

mushiyama is

rene ful by the aes red” ‘stage

tone. Nal particularly when it ts in ing development. Rhododendron quinquefoli Bisset , and Moore. An pee om 6 of se work as R.

April and early Ma:

hododendron Tschonoskii Maximo- wicz, forma pentamerum Makino, KometsutsuJt, “rice azalea,” is the well- chosen vernacular name of this neat

rounded shrub sowing about four feet high. The small, ivory-w hi

olor and seat rice

grains, apanese name most appropriate. It is an interesting shrub, but not showy.

Rodgersia podophylla _ Gray. The flowers of this woodland round -cover

Sane. ous we

Trow- cole in nee is a type wheal made with erupt and ie leaf divisions of this plant suggest just this.

Rosa _ microphyHa Roxburgh, pire Regel. A beautiful 12-40 covered in early June with dee inch

t

single blooms in pale pink. Despite simpli of single 3 and siv iY foliage, this rose makes an exotic pic- ture because of its neal size and very ee ane The aes name, s based on the strong re- apne "ot “the leaves to when of Daathe aryl.

Schizandra nigra Maximowicz. Mar. SUBUSA Of USHI-BUbO, “cow-grape.” ‘An

interesting vine, seen climbing to the top of a 25-foot Sargent cherry. The fruits are used as food and also to color SAKE, Japanese wine. Spi ica Maximowicz. This graceul Pred Sica very ee eg the uralistic setting eee ind b garden, Denaine one more bit a an te - ast my qieels ken ides that reas are Lae ae fates shrubs for dres ons (Similar Benen ons dentaias — De angeas, among Ow ted also.)

Ean

ee only, eat others,

japonica Siebold and Zuccarini. As is ‘alo aie o the ue Rakes this smi seems t more s pene in te erative land.

Siebold and Zuccarini.

fers. Its local name OBA~ASAGARA, meaning “large-leaved gara,” and in- dicates the rather casual derivation of

the ae name for the species, It also called eneneen “white-c a tree,” ‘ont its appearance flow:

ele a Makino, Ko-Haku BOK “small ihe: Sion tree,” grows about - feet high and has white flowers in

Thuja Standishii Carrie Young Specimens, about 18 feet in height, were ma. eens y fine gro - The foliage

of t pecs has a and beauty as distinct from Papen ee and as it grows equally well oe us, it should find more general use in our gardens.

hujopsis dolobrata Siebold and Zuc-

eight 30 f

and produces ecards trees quite unlike

the straggly specimens we manage indif- w York area. It seems

furnished y deciduous trees. name is ASUNARO.

s as large and as stout as HINORT (Che maecyparis obtusa Endlicher), the Jap:

11

ane timber of such great value which

sed for the Anest lacquer work and aes important buildings, vs little tree appeared sadly consc ious of its short- comings. Then it said ony “Never mind; I will grow tomorro

Tripetaleia panic: ieboid and Zucearini. An orca rather coarse. seven- -foot shrub, called o-TsuTsUjI,

‘panicle-flowered azalea.”

Tsuga eat hal de Masters. The rather formal hemlock whi in vi growing coi are ns in Am

The shape of the daieate. ieaves “suggests th he Japanese common name, ETSUGA, “rice hemlock,”

Miquel. Nats Finding Nikko garden was an

pected pine an “an old friend,

Vaccinium Oldhami

ohis

b unex

were, from the Bussey Hill section

s it of the Arnold Arboretum. “This is a very handsome shrub on all counts—habit o growth, flowers, fruits, aun colora- jon. +

Vaccinium Usunoki Nakai, An inter. esting odes of medium height, suit- able as woodland cover.

Viburnum dilatatum a ai aaa Nakai. AMAZUM Mor loo habit and less formal had Prin ne as we know it. The

a was in full bloom at the end of

odwardia radica ‘entalis artz. This civipaods. Scar feck is fae graceful than our species and ac-

re ified locations, as_ it eens happily in dry stone crevices. The Japanese call KOMOCHISHIDA, “chil- dren-having fern.”

Wo Sw

Some Remarks on the Nutrition of Plants

By Herbert A. Lunt

Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station

trees and golden

erie more difficult than it is.

arod, j towering dogwood and Canada ae

e xcluding the oe ad the fertitee: dealer—would be im-

at plants do differ in their nutritional requirements is no longer ques- the

tioned, but there was a time when

opposite view was held by many

12

eople. Only a little over a century ago Liebig, i s discussion of chemistry as it applied to pe and physiology, ‘aint’ that the percentage nutrient content of plants is constant, and, : refore, the nutrient partie ion pie sents nutrient es ae theory has been thoro ly disproved by researches carried on since Liebig . We now ee tha ie composition 0 of a plant is affected by the nutrient supply, but it is Ae affected to an equal or greater degree by other factors. ee these ee are tk how they operate will become apparent later the eee Be ne po oint let us consider the amounts of plant nutrients in some common farm a orchard crops—figures readily obtained Hs chemi- cal analysis . Rien samples, ed calculated on the basis of acre yield. This hee ee on numerous occasions and the fi findin ngs. re- ported in ne Tite Su ch data are ai stressi ate variable, how owing to differences in alae in soil, in variety or strain, and in ae

of the plants at sous time of sampling. Nevertheless, sufficient data taken under rather c sare: es have been obtained to give a rough idea of the amo of the major plant nutrients contained im the crop.

These data have ree compiled from various sources by the fertilizer in- dustry and are presented in the ne table. The data for forest trees see been added by pe write

For convenience, the a been divided into three groups based on ie total amount - nitrogen, phosphoric acid, _an d potash

The reader will observe tha n plants, notably the cereals, forest trees, most of the iesunes and ae consume more nitrogen oe either phosphoric acid or potash. Others, such as oranges, sw Pee tobacco, celery, potatoes, sugar beets, and tomatoes, use more potash. Celery and tomatoes are eet Oulstancing in this respect. Phos- phorus, on the other hand, is required in relatively small amounts by all crops. The grains contain a noe proportion of phosphorus to nitrogen and ee ae othe s, but in no case does phosphorus equal either nitrogen or potassium This fact is of oe significance Naa: as most fon tilizers eon tin more phosphorus than potassium—often or three times as much. nfo ae pee data are not Se for the other essential nutrients.

Sources _ Plant Nutrients

As econd step toward the pnesaligiar ac of nutritional problems, let us ae briefly the sources of plant nutrients

13

AMOUNT OF NUTRIENTS IN CERTAIN CROPS Nitrogen Phosphoric Potash

Crop Yield per acre cee acid (P20s) (K20) Total pound. pounds pounds

Apples “ bushels . 10 35 75 Barley 0 bushels 50 20 40 110 Oats 30 erg 50 20 45 115 Timothy 15 t 40 15 45 100 Wheat 0 bushels 50 20 30 100 Woodland 15 3 6 24 Average 37 14 34 87 Cabbage 15 tons 100 25 100 225 Corn 60 bushels 95 35 70 200 Cowp 2 tons 125 25 90 240 espedeza 130 30 230 ranges 600 boxes 90 30 130 250 ‘ea beans 30 bushels 95 30 55 180 500 bushels 85 25 100 210 ‘éanuts ton 85 15 50 150 d Clover tons 80 20 70 170 oybeans 25 bushels 125 40 60 225 pinach 1000 bushels 90 30 45 165 weet potatoes 300 bushels 75 20 15 210 ‘obacco 1500 pounds 80 20 5 215 Average 97 27 82 205 Alfalfa 3 tons 140 35 135 310 Celery 350 crates 80 65 235 380 Potatoes 300 bushels 125 35 170 330 gar beets tons 115 45 145 305 Sweet clover 5 tons 185 45 165 395 T 10 tons 35 00 335 Average 124 43 175 343

irogen . By far the largest part of soil nee is in unavailable form as organic matter and humus in various of dec omposition. Only when it is broken down by soil pean e i ammonia, a es pecially to nitrates, can it be used by plants. Generally speaking, the pr Pica: of nitrates from soil organic matter is not equal to the needs of rapidly ing crops m,

growin , hence manure, compost, or commercial fertilizer must be

Y is espec needed for spinach, lettuce, cabbage, and other leafy crops, particularly on sandy soils low in organic matter. The commor rvati - ark yoo are ee oils is true, generally

natter which is the Seal source of nitrogen ° Soi Is well supplied with ee matter possess other desirable duialities also, which need not be elaborated upon here.

Legumes ordinarily do not need an outside source of nitrogen, for the are able to obtain sufficient amounts from the air by means of eet fixation, when properly inoculated.

14

Slower growing shrubs and f t trees usually get gone nitrogen from the natur: ae ae ae matter, plus what might be added in rain and that fixed by non-symbiotic organisms, both of which sources provide but i amounts. Sometimes, however, conditions are unfavor- able for Sel ead ar oag: of the litter and it remains inactive, with the result that the suffer from nitrogen deficiency. Disturbing the litter and ge : ae ni mineral soil, opening the stand so as to admit more light

ind heat, or the application of nitrogenous fertilizers are ways of over- conine such a conditio

Phosphorus. face ee between - amount of phosphorus con- sumed by the crop and the amount that has to be applied prompted and Gilbert, in 1851, to conclude that the arte ae of the crop “is no direct guide ios to fertilizer needs. This disc aes) iS ae to two factors:—(1) s ane contain but ‘small amounts phos- phorus, and the rate of ‘availability s slow, a nd (2) when seared ane

soils (usually pH 1 nes with iron an aluminum to form ae insoluble iron and aluminum phosphates. Raisin the pH by the use of lime precipitates ae metals and causes the forma-

oe Of the more one ae ee

Soils vary widely in os shosphoras fae power, those high in clay being the worst eas eee On the fae about 75 an, He = phos- oe applied bec one ed. Thus ene eet the needs o growing

s, dis proportionately large amounts me be applied. eae high

ries of mer on will eventually build up the sel a supply

o the point ie re only light amounts are required annually roduce

ee yields. This has happened in the ee “fields of ce Canes valley.

tassium. Potassium silicate is one of the common constituents of rock. When rock is weathered to clay and ae this weathered aii contains potassium in several forms:—(1) a very small amount of w. soluble potash readily available to plants a eee to loss by leaching (2) a considerably larger amount chemically cae ed within clay particles, ne generally available to plants but firmly held against aching

and (3) the insoluble silicate form, acu ae 90 per cent of the total, unavailable to plants except through the weathering

— Sik are low in potash because they contain but little clay. Muck

oils are ela low for the same reason. Plants Ww ly are usually o obtain sufficient eee aa the a of artificial treatment. ane en potash fertilizer is ied, € fixation takes place but the proportion so tied up is arene ee nae ar phosphorus.

slow a of

a

15

Calcium and magnesium. The requirements of plants for aera and magnesium are not shown in the table, bu ve these elements of su importance they should be discussed, ie ly brietly. Sets ‘adequately limed exhibit no Ree e of calcium but “ee may be defici nesium unless dolomitic limestone is used occasionally. Lac! ik = ‘ali is a definite factor in the poor results obtained on acid soils. Ther cases, such as in ite growing, where a fair se of acidity i is desire, yet there must not be a deficiency of calci Here calcium sulfat (gypsum) can be. ee for it has little or no ee on re acidity of

soil.

Other elements. The requirements of plants for sulfur, manganese, boron, zinc, copper, molybdenum, iron, silica Hse and Lea others are low and are usually adequately met by the Man of de- ficiency have been reported, however, ae more are ae : He clep with the continually increasing crop yields, and the greater use of synthetic ertili with a hi

e West. may be usually low in some soils, while in ee the ey may be in ample anti : Ries :

6.5 and higt its availability being de ependent upon the proportion of boron to calcium, : io f these

three bases to the other two. Weather conditions likewise affect = situation, boron ee cy per uages pani up Mia more readily sea of dry weather thar en t infall is normal.

ae per is often lacking in = mt ie highly organic soils, and occa- sionally in in sands.

Zine ee symptoms take the form of oe se disease of peach and other deciduous fruits, of ‘“mottle-lea ruits, and of “rosette” disease in sari These eer ene occur in Cali- ornia, Arizona, and Florida, and in many other parts of the world. Zinc setae 7 | increasing pH. A deficiency in acid soils is

robably due to crop removal, to the le anes use of organic ian ca to the seca tion of cover cr sae in place of the native cov

Tro n be made unavailable by use - too much Time, as has already ae ee Cobalt oe found in New Hampshire and in Australia, is a nutritional oe of een It does ee seem to affect the eed of the plan

Plant Cafeteria

hat plants are selective in what they take up has been demonstrated many times. Growing side by side on the same soil, dogwood leaves may

16

contain twice as much calcium and potassium as red maple leaves, and

nearly four times as much calcium as beech. Alfalfa has a calcium con-

tent of about 1.5 percent, and requires a nearly neutral soil (pH 6.4 or i ould ne

t pH 4.5) and low in fertility. os red cedar grows well on such ere and ts foli has a calcium content of three percent. White pine on the same soil will show only abou one percent in its needles.

e of the most striking a of ae absorption is the case of selenium in parts of Wyoming and adjoining states. On soils con- taining considerable amounts - pie eee t plants will contain only three or four p.p.m. (parts per million), with a possible maximum of 30 p.p.m. Alfalfa and vetch will average six to eight p. p.m., and. cabbage 25 to 35. But native plants average abor 1t 800, with a maximum of around

he absorption of larger ana 2 a nutrient than are actually needed is referred to as luxury feedin common fsa on in the plant world. Potassium in part ne amo: ore common essential ele- ments, is taken up fr es if Seo. a the “soil in nee quantities. A chemical analysis of a luxury feeder, Hien gives no clue as to the requirem ents of tha t plant for the nutrients in question. Such an analysis,

status of the one

Much depends upon the balance between the various elements. The dependence of boron ae ae ui fa ten that element and the other bases has already bee ned. excess of lime may be re as pa as too peat jie: ce it ov nee the absorption of other bases. A plan owi ng pi Pee may be suffering just as much from calci ium io Too amare keeps the plant from getting

Tt has

gr in the foliage.

Since magnesium is a ary cons ae of chlorophyll, chlorosis

resulted. Under certain conditions an ie on of nitrogen to the soil

may accentuate copper deficienc Many ad examples could be cited. In some situations, certain minimum level is ne sary to insu

satisfactory quality for tk oe feeding or for human oe, which ve

may be in excess of that required for maximum, or at 1 t economic,

17

yields. Agronomists and plant physiologists are now aware of the nutri- ae angle and have as their goal the increase in quality as well as quantity.

Time-and Rate of Absorption

Analysis of plants at different stages of growth show the rate of absorp- n of several fier during the progress of the season. Obviously small plants cann aw as heavily upon the soil a ones

ound of potash per acre; at 24 days, they pie 11 pounds; at 39 days, 108 pounds; 54 days, 180 oe oe 61 days, 190 pounds. During i otat:

the first 50 days, potatoes have been foun eee a total of only seven pounds of nitrogen, and 14 of pot ees Bit ae mae oo 10 days they required a pound of nitrogen a uinds h per day; in tl 20 days—that is, 5 y. ee aie the requirement was two ie four pounds per day respectively. This shows A of hav ee food become available in ample quantities the pe mere ence the importance of dela eri pags and

ie ae use of side fe pia on certain crops, Ses during periods of heavy ae Il when losses by leaching are apt

The situation with regard to perennials is ee tee inasmuch oots remain in the ground the year around and a certain amount of i en the

so, there are perio : ue maximum and oe oe of dif- eae nutrients, as has A deicenines by European investigators many years ago. These dare ee that phosphorus abso ea takes place : : f

ates f -Sep' ruce, fir, February-May. There is need is further research along this line.

An Unlunied Field

usly this article has merely scratched the surface of the known thon seer abou t plan nt nutrition. The mechanics of nutrient abso! Dion

it is infinitely more WwW e come a | from Liebi d from Lawes and Gilbert in our understanding of nutritional problems and in the techniques used in their solution. But there is still much to learn. The

field of plant nutrition is practi ically unlimited. No one can predict what rew developments will arise to revolutionize agricultur

18

BROADCAST By Helen S. Hull

hen ee Lewis ’ Tul moved into a new home at Boonton, New Jersey, about

she spot in the front ce so overgrown with weeds and

sneibbesy Gat her igband dubbed it “the scar.” is would never do, she thought, so with her garden instinct and experience, she cleared the ar f ir

material, exposed a hagnincent gray rock, and t: oe the spot, by planting of columbine, Dutchmen’s breeches, and other wild flow and ferns, into a woodlan

garden which today is a place of great beauty.

Since that first year in the new home, the extension of the woodland garden has

been one of ull’s favorite pastim So successful has she been in making

wild flowers of the region grow naturally around her se, that the New rk

5 r alee Garden asked her to appear on the radio program over WNYC October 30 ere others what they could do ee pigoing a woodland garden. . Hull’s suggestions are given h

Planning a Woodland Garden for Next Spring of all, select a site near the plants in from the wild and estab

stablish house where you can enjoy the un- them in your garden, The whole secret folding of the furry pe on the first ae irinaes lies in your care in creating

hepaticas, watch daily the bloodroot home which closely pushes its ad eet the clasping ane the one they ene in nature. leaves, an e Dutchmen’s Seer And in moving them to new home, swaying ke yantaloons drying a line always bring a nares Pe detal of in the April bre Of See if you earth around their roots.

have a ca ee fe a distance you can't Just pie that our lee vias move it, but it sometimes pays to create flowers are set in their and it i the effect of one close to the house. little use to ae Gace oath ie After years of expecting my fami unless we conform to their demands friends to s my enthusiasm Bioeds The best way to meet their requirements, to don an aad brave the March of course, is to take note of the situation winds and April showers in a slopp: Pey on in which you find them in the wild. For to see my eesaire es, I have giv example, cpanel plants which Now my woodland ae bai a fee disappear in the d heavy from our front steps, me oe my overhead shade donned their long dormant favorite plants tucke a in period. a can create a desirable situa- outcropping of rock wadeeneath 5 a eo lece tion for r plants if you first will oak tree, visualiee har ae habitat.

If there is a natural woodland situation The soil is very important, and it near the house, then your problem of does not pay to ie to ee with having a woodland garden is so simple the wrong soil. If it is not natural that you need no suggestions from me. woodland situation, it is better to dig out All that is necessary is to remove the the soil to a depth of a foot—eight inches agen te a paths where they at the very least—and re it with soil

eeded, and introduce colonies of from the ee a this is unobtainable, pane in any cee : rs garde! ’ I a “ t mixture” aoe voule. hoes You would, of mposed of 1/3 topsoil garden loam,

3 fin Bee t kinds of plants 18 ee a the rest belong qanieaily in your kind of wood- land, and you would not try to grow ae a thal belon 4 a sunny meadow peatmoss ae a dash of sand will do, in a deep shade of oak trees. with peatmoss added as a top layer for is a fairly ainple matter to bring a moisture- holding mulch. Woods soil is

peatmoss and a old, then

19

light and crumbly, rich in humus, and it holds water like a sponge. After the soil is prepared 1 often cover

n he place Me Lee Ue and fet the spot remain ASOT

whole before ae ae ing ile soil es settle and r I use pine needles because they vs an Set mulch, they do not blow or mat, t let moisture through, and also because I think they are a nice brown color and

always smell like Christmas

Ferns for Initial Planting

ni is a good time to start plan-

in, fantine a woodland eae

but the end of October is a little lat

to set out most cine is anxious to start a

as bloodroot, hepatica, and other: rs, i aine or Vermont, eee the spring 1 be further advanced. Lis first ee Dianne the garden t of my house, J used the big gray rie Th ad ex) speed a a background or evergreen and nearly evergreen ferns —the Christmas fern, the evergreen 10

a day been g ad

the Hock

are enough ‘for beauty, but I have added others. ‘Dutchmen’s breeches have taken over the bank beyond the rock—they do

like an eastern bank if t e to spread from seed. Large hie eillinins eich started out as a clump of 25, last spring produced 72 blooms at one time. Yellow ae slippers do very well in the drier soil at the top of the ledge, there is a

i a h n

ur from secre ” my garden

dow: ‘qccumillaien the path is a ae house of leafmold. By scratch-

and other woodland plantings. Besides Ea makes a very nice leafy path to alk

Summary of Hints

To he suggestions for th piganiag: Sand planting of a ecdiand

garden, I would s

1 ct a site for your wo oodla nd garden which is close ni to’ the house, so you can enjoy each bursting

f to those plants you are prepa

for which red by your conditions GF soil, light, og moisture. eter ae and those of a sunny meadow are lovely, but aot in a wood-

land ne len. 3. Prepare a — he to the one from a the plants will have come. ee with the soil. Start nae with woodland note light, mene line Yich with hum ecimen vith a

¥

of all, fe to know the habits of es “plants, and they will always i oy and wonder and will

a me] ay

The above script was published with the aid of the Caroline and Olivia Phelps Stokes fund for the preservation of wild flowers.

NOTICES AND REVIEWS OF RECENT BOOKS

Human Adjustments in tremendous importance both to the ordin- Aavieulin ary citizen as well as to the student fe SELCHMUES es = e have available such i sound and full aca se ane ae ee cine a: ike. trate ment a our economic life.

States 414 ory ot “Htustratea, "The Last ene deals Farrar & Rinehart, New York, 1945. with ae Tepe Gal period when the frontier was closing and the agricultural Profes Shannon — has oad eople were adjusting to this fact. The perhaps ie most comprehensive eee author is deeply aware of the changes readable account which we now ha oot which were taking place among -farmers the history of American acriculture. ree and indeed in whole society as we ing the forty years which followed the turned from a predominantly agrarian to Civil War, His book is Volume Vina a predominantly ind ee eople. The series of nine which bids fair to be the approach in his book is from th farmer’s most integrated and authoritative full- — poin : view and is Hees with the length treatment of America’s economic reactions of farm people to both restricted history yet projected, Ala time when migration and the necessity to substitute the United States has emerged as the conservation methods and a newer bus- world’s foremost economic power it is of | bandry for the older exploitative ways.

Never before ...so many beautiful

NEW FLOWERS

Many new plants developed patie the war are NEW CHRYSANTHEMUM WHITE CACTUS ady mak.

now re: to 1947 truly Hepa: —Pointed petals form fully double flower like garden year. A few of these vellatee item: a Cactus Dahlia. Blooms 4” 6" EW —Pii : a NEW ROSES—Butterscotch: Soft eae 7 eee PHLOX—Pinkette: Large flor ets delicate pink; tubes to plant deep pink. aaa aie pale buff, penciled lightly w: Rosy-Blue: Soft 1 di bh . deli orange-buff. Edifh wie Pointed bud jasper ine ee ita a o fiers meith <dslicate ink r aad shrimp pink. Hill creations. gee _ Be lower: heads:

ND FOR WORLD'S FINEST HORTICUL- NEW oe orae ROSE anette supa peercatates.

6 pay in —exelusive Wayside enn Gloriv dreds of lovel: rs in true colors. Complete Vermillion emi-double fl pant cultural instructions to grow finest roses, shrubs, rose. White Wings: D eee flowers, gol: nts and bulbs.

red cluster rose, Quite “Tike a miniature mellia.

SST

51 Mentor Avenue Mentor, Ohic

oat request 50c, coin or stamps, to cover ge and handling costs.

21

e book is not on the technical

out

made American farm Certainly he shows e economic life of farmers is linked with the economic life of the whole , that instability

ig co-op ve movem

shows pla’ a i example thai the Poona ‘economic characteristics of the whole society have oe n determin- ing factors in “the life Professor Shannon

made through co-operation marketing and buying costs ough to insure security.

neir Was never

fated so that the

u are used not to burden the

and graphs and charts sufficient care so as text

ies of economic | c_ studies, uti

ready economic “wealth of mir these books intend

very ba people at ite oa of the last cen- tury fulfills this = ALSTON WarIine, New Hope, Pa.

For Florida’s Nature Lovers

ATIVE TREES OF FLORIDA. Erdman West, & Lillian XxX + 2 ’

illustra ttong index, . Uni- versity of Florida “Press, Gaines. ville, 1946. $3.75, clothbo $3. paperbound,

This is one of t books on

wo which ts ave long ees wanted by ithe “nature lovers of Florida,” to whom it is dedicated. E 2 pages is devoted to a ; or, occasionally, to t ed species: about 271 in meaelavire ee pas fies ‘of in Taternational Cod portant synony ae a names ae vad d

lescri ption ; a saniaey o s ing characters; a general comment on distribution, habitat, economic importance,

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22

etc.; anda mela - paren species.

These notes show xte ay fie ae studies made by * Wes Arnold and give salable peecsicen Nee

As key in couplet form serv

mple es isene. the genus, or at least the family, . Lee hea tree penta a noes o far ard overcoming potenises. instinctive ae vice. How - simplification

Inthe key and t Carey

the key of lines refer:

pentandra, Conn alter. sia lia, Zanthoxy-

lum coriaceum, and cium ee wonder, also, about the for mitting from the book sug Gets as

Leitneria floridana, us rubra, Hype-

late trifoliata, Bumelia lycioides, Enal-

chotria baham-

lagma cucurbitina, and Psy ensis. “The Native Bile of Florida’ con-

raphical or el

sfactory ae c i ection of species is strictly that of its THe, it should be followed by

Bobbink & Atkins

NURSERYMEN ND PLANTSMEN

Most of the unusual Roses, Trees and ape not ebtg hain a pale

be found Pecblaimeet. ne Annals of pene odode

Visitors Always Welcome Catalogue Upon Request

Bobbink & Atkins

Paterson Ave., E. Rutherford, N. J.

: eer work on the 300 or so natural- da

pubs hed by Director of the same cee in bu Daa now most part out of p

a pe for the

hE F. BaARgetr.

A Text to Extend Botanical Horizons

BOTANY — PRINCIPLES AND PROBLEMS. Edmund W. Sinnott. 696 pages, illustrated, indexed. MeGraw- Hill Book Co., New York, 1946. $4.50.

Happily, books are written, not born. And how fortunate that bel text- books can begin to record some of the recent operant advances a science as. their botany, too, have its epoch ae discoveri

Penicillin and the new

mi probably among the most Geuiaent bio- gical discov fae - ll time. heir botanical ori gins soon be ieee but their contabaucn to the well bein: of man has ied begun, e and tumber of o advances oe “the past decade have a their way into the n edition of Edmund W. Sinnott’s “Botany; rinciples and Problems.” One also finds such physiological topics as tissue

the numerous practical uses of plant hormon ot eas re they dis- nes extensively but it is sieuacn that y have te een eee in an ele- mentary textl poe Every teacher of botany should read r Vo Borny and the Future” before oe another class. In the ords he author, “Botany needs ore skilled interpreters to describe its advance readi: orld;” thi

the bas roblems of : P Roe too ‘long fecha of botany e been content to teach the f ‘acts of:

: 23

plant structure, classification, and “life

cycles,” aes en they sl ey and ¢ t S vistas that mi; shit tead eae of a ae a radi- tional subject r r. innott’s book still deals with the cee) but there are re oe ues - ne feels

ie they are ne leat - aorea as orev ae ini facts. The

number of bota nical terms. Thoughtful ee will find it both interesting and

ES, Avery, Jr., ea Botnae Garden.

Life of a Forest Giant

BIG TREE, Mary and Conrad Buff. Ly cae p ailaatre ceo. ae guetone: The $3.

This book gi ce restrain ined portrayal of “he tials and ‘ibulations ce a Big Tree, “Waw pi to

of

say nin and “ihe i tre the forest. Natural history a3 Naeae in the eta forest is interwoven with the life history of the tree. ion is provided by a battle of two bucks, happenings in and about a golden agles’ lg ne flight of the Sage bef ore an ming forest and finally the eric of the inabeenicns California is not mentioned. Although written primarily for chil-

e book is attractively illustra a and printed in clear t oe

C. MuENsScHER, Cornell Universi ey.

Some British Mushrooms UNG, John Rams- bottom. 32 pages, Senn in color, Penguin Books, New York, 1945. $1.

A competent eae eel fonts dou auc os on in long paragraphs about. a es superstitions, “classical iit, and popu

ion.

discovers this. sentence: “To know whether a species is edible or poisonous

A

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it is necessary to be able to recognize it and A eae its reputation.’ To poisonous species the

Rien, ieeaien then turns to 16 v

color plates—and runs into confusion he deadly Amanita phallotdes : show:

to be deep green on top. ae s white

illustrated are admitted in their descrip- tions to be not poisonous, even edible! Rutierrorp Pia

EC

Notes, News, and Comment

. Dr. B, O. Dodge was elected ary member of the British My- bes Society at the Fiftieth eae — nies Meeting in London Oct

Plants and Cancer. At the ae Relation to Cancer,

Problem,

Growth, of the National "Research Coun- ci

o Hawaii. Otto Degener, who has ree Hai ce research on the flora of Hawaii at the New York Botanical Garden since the beginning of the war, returned ay clipper to his home in Hono- lulu D

panei Members of the scientific

staff and registered students of the Garden were addressed the monthiv conference Dec by Dr. Robert S. de Ropp, Assistant Curator, on oe growth and ar of crown-gall tu

tissue ; : possi le bearing on the problem of cance

Science E. r served as one of ne ee at i: st Science

Fair promoted by the American Institute

of the City of New York at Madison

aE uare Garden on the opening day, eas

__ Lecture. The first in a series of ‘ was given 27 +t

‘sur-

oor

uts plants of the New York a

PT coon H. Beaman Douglass

HILE spending his customary win- ter in Florida, at West Palm Beach, New York

ew d many years he contributed an original lecture ane to the Saturday afternoon to eS

series. mong the topic: presented,

beginning in 1931, were: “Some Edible

and Poisonous Mushrooms from ine,”

“Jungles ane arde Florida,” “Palms Fi

f FI gad me Seaweeds aaa their Companions and Rss Bae eee to Survive.” Dr. Dou also a member of the Tone ‘Bota Club, and in 1917 and 718 be ontributed articles on mush- room polite to its publication, Torreya. He was known as an amateur tread ne as well as a naturalist of

tee his dical degree from Co jennie “ni crit in 1886, Dr. Douglas

He terne a “Presbyterian hospital toe two

rs af his graduation, then became as ae in t at pean de-

rtment. Upon his return from abroad he joined the staff of th ae a and E. a ue as surgeo Fro 1898 on, professor ie “the New

York Post- Coa Medical School and Hosp ict He was noted for the invention of the tonsilotome and other medical instru ents for nose, throat, and ear surgery.

THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN

JoserH R. Sw. HENRY DE non anes sii ieee Jou ae Merritt, Vice-president ArtTuur M. ANDERSON, Treasurer ea DE LA Montacye, Secretary Elective Managers WILLIAM Sins BARRETT oe B. Harpinc H. Hopart Porter

Howarp Bay: ey HUNTINGTON Hane E. Powe ., Jr. Epwin DE T. “Brewre Mie Haroxp I, Prazr ENRY F. pu — Mrs. eee D. ane Witizan ¥ ee MARSHALL FE See bas Lew: UND SINNOTT Rev. Rosert I. Cinee: RILL ree beeen S.J. ee i Mowieouaae Srpney J. WEINBERG

cates be io Managers Wituiam O’Dw Mayor of the City of New York ANprew G. Cia eUson cc President of the Board of Education Rogpert Mosss, Park Commissioner Appointive Managers By the Torrey Botanical Club

LEASON By Columbia Ce Marston T. Sade Marcus M. Ru#oapes Crar.es W. Bau Sam e TRELEASE THE STAFF

WiiiaM J. Ropsins, Pu.D., Sc.D. Director H. A. Greason, Pu.D. Assistant! season on Curator HENRY DE LA MONTAGNE Assi t Director Frep J. Seaver, Pu.D., Sc.D. ‘urator A. B, Stout, P#.D. Curator of Education ae WT aboraiones Bernarp O. Donge, Px.D. Plant Pathologist H. W. Rickert, Px.D. "Bob liographer Tuomas H. Everett, N.D. Horr. Horticulturist Bassett Macuire, Px.D. to:

oe Curator

H. Camp, Pa.D. Associate Curator

E. i ALEXANDER, B.S. Assistant Curator and Curator of the Local Herbarium E Naytor, Px.D. tant Curator

_—E, LOR, F. W. Kavanaca, Px.D. penne Curator Ropert S. DE Roe, Pua.D., D.C. Sraeing Curator Marjorie ANCHEL, PHD. Research Associate Secma Koyan, ‘S Technical Assistant RosaLie WEIKERT Technical Assistant Inpa McVeIcuH, Pu.D. Technical Assistant

Te eM ical rane Libraria

‘AROL H. Woopwarp, A.B of the Tou rnal G. L. Wirrrocx, A.M. Gidioter ae the Hoan Orro DEGENER, oe Collaborator in Hawattan Botan EuMer N. Mirc Photogra re Joun Pay eee A.M., M.D. Bibliographer Emeritus A. J. Grout, Pa.D. Honorary Curator oe Ae Inez M. Hiuinc Assistant Honorary Curator of M. Josepu F. Burke Honorary Curator of the Diatonaceae B. A. Kruxorr Honorary Curat tor of Economic Bo tan Etruer Anson S. Pecknam HH.

A. C. PrANDER Superintendent of Buildings and Grounds

To reach the Betanical Garden, take the Independent Subway to Bedford Park Boulevard station; use the Bedford Park Boulevard exit and walk east. Or take the Third Avenue Elevated to the Botanical Garden or the 200th Street station, the New York Central to the Botanical Garden station, or the Webster Avenue surface car to Bedford Park Boulevard.

Membership in THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN and what it means TO THE INSTITUTION, membership means support of a program that reaches several hundreds of thousa nds of persons annually.

Briefly, this program compri 1) bonbeuliner declan. (2) education, (3) scientific r rset and (4) botanical exploratio To further this work and bout plan’

d large ariun ys it ch work, while the extensive plantings at the eae ae the public vistas of beauty to enjoy the year around. The Publi is also free to use the Botanical Garden’s library, and, under direction, to consult the herbarium. E hee ore seh reais means, beyond the personal gratification of aiding such a program, these privileges: Free Batotineat in courses up to the amount of the annual member- ship fee pai A subscription to the Journal and to Addisonia. mission to Members’ Day programs nee use of the Members’ Room

lants when made available for distribution. (These plants may include the parca 's new introductions into horticulture.) Personal conferences with staff members, upon request, on pr cole related % eee and horticulture free announcements of special displays, lectures, broadcasts, pro-

e of lantern elides oon the Garden’s large collection. under j colabhshed regulations for such loans.

membership card w ane serves as identification at special functions

at ae Hotoaieal Garden and also when visiting similar institutions in a other cit 4

arden, and thus receive certain privileges for the club as a unit and others for individual members. Information on Garden Club Affiliation will be sent upon equest. Business firms may become Industrial Members of the New York Botanical Garden. Tonnes on the classes of ind strial Membership and the privileges of membership will be sent uaee requ

den clubs may become Vine, ate noe of ake) New Yok Botanical | {

* *

ps of Perera) in the New York Botanical Garden in addition to ratnct Memberships

Annual Single Fee Coneabiiy Annual Member $ 10 Member for Life SUSHMHIGE Member 25 Fellow for Life iy eh) Garden Club Affiliation 25 Patron 5,000 Fellowship Member 100 Benefactor 25.000 Contributions to the Garden may be deducted from taxable incom

es Contributions to the Garden are qeagencie in computing Federal Ail New

A leg: ally ADD proved form of bequest is as follov y bequeath to The New York Botanic ae Catan. °

I he incorporated under the ae New York, (Giaapier 285 of 1891, the sum

Gifts may be made subject to a reservation of income from wine gift property for the benefit of the donor or any designated beneficiary during hi her lifetime.

All requests for further information should be addressed to The New York Botanical Canna Bronx Park, New York 58, N. Y.

JOURNAL

THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN

ot. 48 FEBRUARY PAGES 1947 ae

JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN

Caro, H. Woopwarp, Editor

FEBRUARY EVENTS AT THE GARDEN

Art Exhibit

See opposite page for details. Members’ Day

the Members’ Room

Feb. 5—Dr. Hosack and the ps Gel Garden Clarence McK. Lewis Saturday A Basle hie

the oom Hall in the Museum Building

Feb. ees in ees o—A series of motion picture shorts ‘eb. 8—Protective Devices in the Insect hs iad Louis Pyenson Feb. 15—Wild Flowers and Other ae of N Samuel Gottscho Feb. 22—Forest Treasures and y to Hap Two motion eae ee the fn eee

Radio Bee Alternate Wednesdays at 5:45 over WNYC (830 on the

Feb. 5—How to Keep your House Plants Healthy Se Feb. 19—Mid-Winter Use of the Small Greenhouse ee Chabot Course Feb. 19—Nature Study for Teachers E. E. Naylor, Instructor

15 Wednesday afternoons, 4-6 p.m. 4 $3

Forthcoming Events

Members’ Day: March 5, “Nature’s Gamble in Producing New Plant Forms” by A. B. Stout, Saturday Programs: March 1, ae Flowers in Crete” by Picieeor and Mrs. Clarence H. Young; March 8, “Rock Garden ig struction” oa A, C. Pfander; March 15, “Exploring in Tropical pean by G e. Radio Programs. March 5. agian a Garden of Herbs” by Marcia Garrick; Miarch 19, “Exploring in Nya a nd” by Harold E. oe ae Course: Plant Propagation, E. E. Naylor, instructor, four sheeoate Saturdays, 2-4 , beginning March 1, $3. Inter national Flower Show: Grand Central Palace, Match “17-22, The New York Botanical Garden will show a plant explorer’s jungle

eae a te

“IN THE JUNGLE, FLoripa’”—Wat i a nslow er, aa Museum Collection; one of the Se pneae to be yes in the "Botanical yi 8 se nefi exhibit at the Wildenstein Galleries Feb. 19—Mar aoe Cover illust ee

WinsLow Homer EXuHIbr wine GaLL 25

THe CHRYSANTHEM s STORY ds THE ae S. L. Emsweller 26

Jojosa—Awn OlL- “PRODUCING Biane OF SOUTHWESTERN STATE: Margaret Douglas 29 NILLa-GRow N Leo H. Narodny 33

ee Trevs pact THE Home Grounps J. H. Beale 37

UR N ON FLOWER SHOW: GE RETIRES FROM S 40 CENTURIES OF Booxs ON PLANTS EXHIBITED 42

Historica, Exuisit ON Parer-M 4B oTes, News, AND COMMENT 43

Notices AND Reviews or Recent Booxs 46 The Journal is published monthly by The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York 58,

N.Y. aa Fu cous S. A. Entered as Second cine Matter, January 28, 1936, at the Post Office

at New ™ ork, un adez the Act of August 24, 1912.

. Annual subscription $1.50. Si ar New | ingle copies

JOURNAL of THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN

VoL. 48 FEBRUARY 1947 No. 566

Winslow Homer Exhibit At Wildenstein

Moers: than 100 works of the nineteenth century eae ar tist, Winslow Homer, will be shown in an exhibitio

will be presented for the betieht of the Garden

fund. The admission charge will be fifty cents a person, and

the gallery will a ae each es from apna He Pat

day from 10 a 0 5:30 pm. For the preview, will

ne place the ereing of Tuesday, Feb. "8. the ee are oe i six dollars each.

In the 40 canvasses, 48 w atercolors, aes i drawings to be on view, nee ow Homer’s love of nature is made evident. The artist led an ardent outdoor life, ie he eequeuly painted people in their relation to nature, either working or playing out- doors. Although he visited England and Trance, he painted mostly American scenes, though some influence from Eng- lish seaside crept into his work fter visiting Tlorida and Berr his painting took on more vividness, and he usec

ermuda, watercolors chiefly in depicting scenes from these two places. ”

The cover ae entitled “In the Jungle, Vlorida,” is an example of this iod.

The Bo sae Garde n’s exhibition at the Wildenstein hice leries will be the most comprehensive of Winslow Hor works since the Whitney Museum displayed his ae i 936.

er-century after his death. Lloyd Good fe Associate Curator at the Whitney and this isoauhae authority on the

artist, is collaborating in arranging the oming sl n ibition, with pictures coming ee museums, gal-

leries, and private collectors all over the country. Seventeen of the pictures are in the Wildenstein Galleries’ own collection.

26

The Chrysanthemum. - Its Story Through the Ages By S. L. Emsweller*

For nearly three thousand years this regal flower of the autumn season has been cultivated for the delight of man. Its present forms are manifold, Baan widely and often enpredicaby TS ee ase wild species from w in the beginning, ae Sie seco d history is garden chrysanthem ee + Chin o the scientific breeding of the snails ee is adits to ines in sae article.

HE chrysanthemum flower is one of the patriarchs among those that

man has long g grown for the pure pleasure of his soul. The culture of improved forms is known to antedate the Christian era by many centuries. AML the oe points to China as the native home of the chrysanthemum. According to some Chinese writers it was being grown in China as early as about 1000 B.C., at a time when most of Europe was a complete blank insofar as authentic oa is concerned. The Chinese were growing improved forms as early a B.C.

According to the ee chrysanthemums were introduced into Japan from China about 724 to 749 A.D. At first they were grown in the gardens of the Imperial Palace. Soon, howeve they became popular with the nobility and finally with the masses a ‘the people. Within a short time 8.

The first chrysanthemums reached Teurope in 1688. Today it seems strange to us that such lovely flowers had not attracted the attention of Europeans at an er Probably they did, and very likely earlier

attempts to import them met with fa ilure because of the inability of the plants to survive the long, hard passage from the Orient. In 1689 several: varieties were reported as being grown in the Netherlands, but for some unknown reason these varieties soon passed out of cultivation.

* Dr. Emsweller is Principal Horticulturist, Division of Fruit and Vegetable Crops and Diseases, Bureau of Plant Industry, Soils, and Agricultural Engineering, Agri re i D tme Ag

cultural Research Administration, United State epartment of Agr See Belts: ville, ryland. The paper presented here ae the introductory section of ali address on chrysanthemum breeding given at the New York Botani aL ron den last

October 26, during the chrysanthemum show and fron ram staged in co-operation with. the Eastern States Chrysanthemum Society

27

In 1764, just 76 years after the first European importation, chrysanthe- mums a their first appearance in England. They were popular immedi- ee on aay varieties were in from China in 1789. During the period 1789-1809, eight new types were introduced from China.

U norte the early oe of chrysanthemums in the United States is very obse ce. According to the 1828 ae of William Prince they

were first ple ie in 1798 at Hoboken, New Jersey, ee a certain John ner In He as of informa ion o ‘the contrary it may be assumed

this dat robal ect, althou oo sere eae had then oe en ee in ae d for oi years. The first plants reaching America were pri obably a dark ae form that had been introduced into Europe from China in 1790. In 1826 the Prince Nursery listed 26 varieties and by according to Hovey’s i dencr’s Magazine a Regie. 50 distinct varieties were availble’! in this coun

—_

All of the early varieties mao from the Orient were Boast in as living plants. Insofar e know, the first attempts to grow seedlings in Europe were made about 1827, ok this time a I'renchman, M. Bernet, flowered several fine seedlings from seed a found in withered flower heads the previous pera Following this it is highly probable that many amateurs began growing seedlings, but ey there are no records.

e have no record whatever ean the origin of the 50 varieties listed in the United States in 1835. Very probably they were varicties from Ycurope, propagated entirely by ae and crown divisions. Since propa-

is an indication that very little actual improvement by means of growing seedlings had been attempted.

One of the earliest eee breeders in this country was Robert Kilvington, of Phila eae n 1841 he exhibited a new seedling See William Penn before the ne nsylvania Hortice me Society. It a large satay fone almost globular in shape. While this new ee received favorable comment it did not stimulate pee work, and no other co: Suan ion, peas ed for some time. About 1850.Samuel Brookes of Chicago became very much eee in chryaanhemumns and did con- siderable work to stim ne interest e flov

A general interest in cysatenins was sow to ees in we coun- try. In 1844 an impressive display nade of the ae varieties at the fall show of ss aeons eer Society. Tw: years later there was a large exhibit before ae eet nia ear eel Society, where the ee was described as the coming pes As ie eae show was not nd, A owever, ai 1868. A present time there are many chrysanthemum exhibits each year.

28

Previous to 1850 chrysanthemums were not grown as greenhouse plants. About this time a few varieties were tried under glass, and development of special florist types was soon under w y. The florists soon extended the blooming period and it possible to racket the large showy types that wer e being introduced from Japan. About 1883 Hosea Waterer imported acd 50 varieties from cre Shortly following this a large white variety age es was so attractive it is said to have been sold for a fabulous

This variety \ sent to Mr. and Mrs. Alpheus Hardy and un- doubtedly was one f ce stim ulating bee that led to a amc of interest in chrysanthemum ee ng in thts country. Some of the success ]

breeders of this period were H. epaaiine: E. Fewkes, Pitc her a Manda, V. H. Hallock, W. C. fae , E.G. Hill, and F. Dorner and Soi By 1894 there were listed 163 sorieiies of American origin. Among the more recent breeders of chrysanthemum one finds the name of Telmer 1D. Smith, of Adrian, Michigan. By 1928 he had introduced 445 new varietics, and many ethers have a added since that time. d J. W. Byrnes ae is .M ee ve - ee ety

has been the work of V. R. Petris, of Detroit, Michigan,

Alex Cumming, Jr., of Bristol, Connecticut, Baur- Steinkamp, of Indian-

apolis, Indiana, Yoder be ers, of Barberton, Ohio,.and the Styers of c Penns

/- what is the origin ot the modern Reon Before World War the Japanese ae to have about 5,000 varieties. In Europe robably at least half this number , and here in our country the

This which thousands of words have been written. So far, however, there is no evidence in favor of any particular species that will stand up under critical CNG eae

One of the speculations most widely eee and now accepted by iy as a fact 1s that our present-day flori arden chrysanthemums

vere derived from Chrysanthennen moriflin a C. indicum. The large- re varieties are supposed to have come from C. Gans he = small-flowered ones fri C. indicum. White his may pro o be thus far it is is purely upon inference and is not Eee on any critical eviden

There are several ways in which we might attack the problem of discover-

g the par r parental species of our chrysanthemums, If C. sio ee

F al C. ey are the primary types, then we might be able to derive thes

two s species from our modern varieties by a program of so-called Tebreets

g. This could be done by pollinating a variety with its 6wn pollen, select-

29 We pee the seedlings those most near ly like the alleged parent species, oe the self asl ie . If the original factors or ae ci com: morifolium are pres uch a program should eventually p ce a morifolbum p lant. It is een unlike ely, however, that either mor alin

H

program ee the alleged parents, morifolium and indicum. Our

pera var’ , however, probably contain relatively few genes exactly s they were in ae original primitive parental type or types

Ea Jojoba—An Oil-Producing Plant

Of the Southwestern States By Margaret Douglas

Go WILD in desert regions of the southwestern states is an oil-producing plant of considerable promise, locally called the goat-nut rt i i i of an H

or JoyoBa (both J’s pronounced as in Spanish, the sound ). Kn to th ly Indians there, who us tuits for food and beverage, it was ad a small extent by the white settlers, who also used its in cookery and medicine, Only i years, however, have its commercial gna become evident. n exp ental plant ing has bee e Boyce Thompson Southwestern Arboretum at Superior, Ariz

TI 8, Mrs. Walter Douglas, for many years has been Pree keen and Sane he w wild a inter home i

observations recorded here, technical notes have been added by Dr. George

amieson of Washington, D. C., author of “The Oiticica Tree of Brazil and the Oil from its " Seeds,” which appeared in this Journal for October 1946.--C. H. W.

Y attention was first called to the oyoBa when some friends cu mine in 1944 bought twenty acres of desert land in ie Valley Phoenix, in order to enjoy the great variety of plan in our fie ret By stirrounding the property with a fence, they Lae the plants fron

* See her article on the huanita, a rare, fragrant-flowered tree of Mexico, in the Journal for May 1946.

Five-yearold plants of Simmondsia californica, four feet high, at the Boyce Thompson. Southwestern Arboretum at Superior, Arizona.

the ea: of cattle and other destructive elements. This particular

spot aboun . n the te desert flora: owl clover, phacelia, delphinium, many of the pane e, yucca, Ocotillo, numerous kinds of cacti and lupines. But the ae in which we a oe interested, quite apart from its economic value—o WS retnies in this

locality—-was the goat-nut or jo soba unas californ This shrub also grows very ee the Boyce aed Cree

Arboretum, in are erior, Arizon Not long ago, while visiting Mr. Fred Gibson, Director of the Arbor cn he showed us some of the large plants the jojoba, ee later on the products as informed that the plant, which belongs e Box family, was first described by Thomas Nuttall is being found at San Diego, and he named it Simmondsia californica in honor of the botanist, Thomas W. Simmonds, who d in Barbado Towever, Mr. Gibson tells me th nist *, Link came

that the bot Click with the name Buus chinensis, thinking the plant was of Chines tigin, Therefore, is ne chinensis is Botanic lly correct, it furthers an error of conceptio: ect mentions a je in 1859, in “Botany of the aerate (in te report by W. H. Emory, on the United States and aa survey), and calls ie Euphorbia. Mr. Gibson says that ql ne is the Box family, it is also very near the Euphorbiaceae

31

nel i Standley tells of the jojoba ada in Sonora and Low California, besides the already- es type from San Diego, and ae among ae things, in his ‘““Trees and Shrubs of Mexico The seeds contain about 48% of i which is used locally as a hair tonic... The first reference i ae ny is that of Clavigero, (Historia de la California, 1789), ose unt is as ee ‘The jojoba is one of the most highly valued frais of ‘California . .. has become noted because of its medicinal v: cure for wounds . remedy for cancer’. The plant dock: ne bear rar oy year, but only when there has fallen

at least a heavy shower in the winter

The oval, box-shaped oe are a dull sage-green, and grow to one or one and a a inches long. The flower in shape resembles a berry

with Be on s, and has no apparent outer change when it becomes a fone the ret: rogress on of the two small horn-like projections of the signa ae pollination. When the fruit develops, it is somewhat like an ac and the so-called nuts have long been eaten by Indians and

n acori see “ makes a good browse ae and cattle are fond of both fruit

Most neeuieis le the fact, which Mr. eed bees attention to, that the jojoba is dioecious, and he unted th they appea in nature, and found ea to be balanced. Most of the Go eave

FLOWERS a4 FRUITS OF THE JOBOBA

berry-like pistillate, or female, flowers are at the left. The staminate, or Ai from a different plant are shown in the center cluster. vat ey eight is a specimen of the ripe fruit, all about three-quarters natural si

32

one to ae that both Hele Ae pistillate flowers are borne on the

same plant, but a ma (staminate) flowers are in clusters on one, while the i ce (pistillate) flowers occur singly on another. The plants are generally f£ t feet high. In places where the jojoba finds a friendly foothold, these shrubs sometimes grow so cl together that he branches mingle and give the £ having male and female blos- soms on the same plant, which leads to a mistaken determination.

nat The dioecious character of the plant relates to the future economic possibility of growirig it for a

During 1933, R. A. Green and I. A. Foster were the first to discover that the so-called oil was a liquid wax, whereas all other ae seeds contain fatty or glyceride oils. Sperm oil is another liquid w. — ose who are interested in growing it are warned that if t they oF eee es e ate only half will bear seed. Jojoba does not ee

cept as seedlings with roots aascneben Seeds are the best way to A opeahe come up after summer ra oe economic aaa of the jojoba “oil were discovered about ten e fae or rubber-like substance, made from the oil, was. A e€

Tlona Ga for the use of the a in shortenings and other food ae : ae) their becoming ra:

Abou uae rs ago, a patent eon was era covering the ee, wa Someone else has patented the liquid wax as a lubricant for dict instruments. It has also been patented for use in preparing a printer’s ink. eee ive ne the hydrogenated wax do not melt oe ae used—evi burning hot ee ee In hardness jojoba ee next to Say eae being used for some pur- poses in competition with carnauba.

Another product of this remarkable seed is stock feed, which can be made from the residue after the oil is removed. This same residue also Ba be used for plastics.

coffee-like ne erage has been made from the seeds ground and roasted. ae the fruits are eaten raw, directly from the ‘bus hes

+ New light is shed on the progress—or rather, lack of progress—in introducing jojoba into commercial culture through an article that appeared in The Arizona Farmer Dec. 14, 1946. Under the heading “Durkee Co. Drops Jojoba Program,” tl item reads, in part:

“Except for 20 acres, the pio nut Ds a in the Magma district is terminated. “This decision is a shar sal from last spring’s plans, Thousands of dollars were then spent to plant fe eine to jojoba, and the intention was to expand to

640 acres next year. ow the new plantings have all been pl : ae is still undeniable that the liquid wax extracted from jojoha nu juts, also known rries and bucknuts, is a product of enormous possibilities in the varnish

coffeebe industry and allied lines. But the Durkee and Glidden eel decided that it would take too long to get jojoba catablished as a commercial c

ne from Fred Gibson, Director, Boyce Thompson ees Arboretum.

33

Vanilla-Growing on Dominica By Leo H. Narodny

THe steep shores of as pnts island are a vanilla-growers’ paradise,

and the peasants rely n the culture of this fragrant orchid as their source of income Ir, Sy, who has lived for sod years on pone here describes the wi way the vines are grown and the pods ave

processed for consumption in the United States

on island of sen in lee British ie Indies ate chieted become

] the largest producers of vanilla in the Western Hemisphere.

the ester ae of the bonny oe at He same

ans (15° n orth) as G Ja on the eastern boundary, an ideal loca- tion seems to have been found for this terrestrial orchid, Vanilla planifolia Introduced ma ago by Jesuit priests, rchid has been plante

throughout the rain-forest of this mountainous little island. It normally

climbs up thirty or forty feet and when it has outclimbed its supporting tree, it ie down free hanging sprays. In t son, which star

in February, ‘these hanging sprays throw out clusters of small yellow orchids, re fruits from which are harvested nearly a year later.

The crop is ee ane entirely by negro eee in their small gardens, some havin single vine. An old plant growing under ideal conditions can ae en than thirty pounds Pa . een beans, but this is e 1. M ften ne will duce about a d of green beans, which when cured make about three ounces of Uae ee about a dollar to the peasant. It does not sri Soe Se rovide t of the income of oe peasants, who erie Ss.

The price of vanilla now is so high that oe fifty paola pounds of cured beans comprised the most valuable of the island’s exports in 1945. In fact, in the Carib Reserve, which has been described in a previous article in this Journal, “Plants Used by the poy ae by W. H. Hodge,

a sight to see the mongoloid Caribs carrying hundred pound bags of these eas green beans on their heads for ten or fifteen miles to the dealers the co- operative association whi pie ae ceil their beans. The vanilla ae is sometimes gro coffee s, which, some two hundred years ago, were e the ee ont crop . he island. Beas heavy shade : oe is so dense, however, wee the plant rarely bloo: the dimness beneath tnless the branches are trimmed, Ther ea saa the end of the year, the trees on which the ai is grown are pruned’ away. This gives the vanilla plant more light.and thus induces ‘t ‘ bloom

n Dominica, the best supporting tree for vanilla vines seems to be hibiscus, The plant on the left is bearing several pounds of green beans. On the right a vine is shown clings om

during sae ensuing dry season, and also keeps the Rae on napa losing all its leaves, which it would otherwise normally do at this ‘Plato of = vanilla orchid is done by hand, usua ally ne a eae of wood o safet Ue and the flower almost Bae rnd wilts.’ Only self- -olination is practised, as cross- pollination would be eae An exper ced girl can lina more than six hundred flow sunrise ee noon, when the flow e fresh. The temptation to alti = many flowers on a ee bit Bae the plant ee renders it liable o disease. Almost every p t has lost a good part of his aie chee in this way. Seldom is a ee plate ee found, nor i found in Mexico, the original home of the In a few months the pods attain a length ae cent inches or more, but

er.

In order to prevent theft ee as it is called i ee as “praedial

.larceny,” no beans may be plucked before January 15, and many growers:

brand dee beans by writing ts initials with a pin on one fac of the pod, thus making an indelible sca:

35

The con pene ea amount of personal care needed for cultivation oe vents this cro m becoming a large-scale estate crop a and will tend t

keep it in the ee of peasants. This is also trite in Mexico ohe fe Tatonoco Indians near Nie Cruz care for oC vine on iat holdings

eans, the best leans are © oe ned by curing on a eee al

Dominic: lla G s Association sorts the beans for quality and scalds them in hot oie or a few seconds and then places them in small boxe d with woolen blankets. In a r th ns bi

sweat from the heat generated by their own enzyme activity. They are then placed in ne sun to dry. Later, when they have reached one-fifth of their original weight, they are conditioned in boxes. No aroma appears until the conationine process, which lasts a months, has fairly well begun. Vanillin, one of the pr rincipal constituents of vanilla, is also bee ae

the waste pu ulp of paper mills in Canada and northern a ited but this is by no means the only ingredient of cured vanilla, alee

which has rich ie —~a blend of several unknown ingredients in addition 2 vanillin, More than a million pounds of beans normally go to the United States,

During seis the streets of Roseau, capital of Dominica, are lined with vanilla beans, curing in the sun. This shows about = eee worth of beans offering a novel obstruction traffic.

Vanilla money often is spent within two days during Mardi Gras eae in Dominica. The streets that were lately blocked hy drying beans are now thronged with masked people celebrating the carnival with native songs and die a

OMS to flavor ice-cream. Although the price is high, close to eight dollars

nd n of flavoring with real vanilla is only about ten cents a gallon, and in spite of the production of thousands of pounds of ane vanillin, the market for natural inane continues. e economic life of Dominica depends on public preference for the real vanilla flavor, hich fortunately : a wel Ca babi in the U.S.A. ae -pod of this pretty orchid, bea in such out-of-the-way tal regions as nie e of Mexico, Madag: r, and Dominica, provides supply of this Aavoring to the rest of the yard Vanilla can grow in many parts of the world, but only near the sea and between the latitudes of 10° and 20° ety and south has it been found to flourish. we add “to these requirements those of steeply ig land, a heavy alee: a a predominantly ee proprictor, it is ¢ y Dominica is 0! of the very few places in the world wheres vanilla will cece Gara ra become more ica because of large a veloped areas. The pictures show the unobtrusive eae eee invisible vanilla plants. Jt is very difficult to sce the succulent green leaves and stems in the shade of the support tree, and equally difficult oO see the long green beans in the

=

37

heavy foliage. A vanilla plantation, to a casual observer, looks like an abandoned clearing in the forest, and some of the most valuable crop land

in the world, producing over a thousand dollars per acre, looks completely worthless.

There are other forms of ae some a or four, which grow wild in the island, but none has become of a rtance.

Vanilla is the only orchid cattiv a ae ae except its flower.

Lee

BROADCAST By J. H. Beale

Suitable Trees for the Home Grounds

O many requests were receiwed for the list of trees suggested by J. H. Beale, Superintendent of the Arboretum at the Boyce Thompson Institute, when he spoke on ihe New York Botanical Garden’s radio program over ct. 16,

that ihe entire manuscript on which the broadcast was based is presented here.

I making a choice of trees to plant on his PLOPER ys the first question ae see -owner must answer for himself is t purpose is the ae ae aie e ee to provide shade wher ax on hot summer days;

or : : ae to add a fe See —an ne —. part of the garden? Or t to oe a focal point from a window, a porch, or a favorite wee in “the garden

_. pote the a “What kind of tree makes the greatest ap- peal to

Ts i ‘the e year- coud dignity of the evergreens; the aaa ne ee foliage changes of some of the larger deciduous trees; or essentially te beauty of the blossoms, leaves, and fruits that is ied:

When these points are settled, there still remains that very important consideration :

“How sta can Wwe devote to trees without overcrowding other plants in the’

In sins Santas. sen this point will greatly influence the final selec

Evergreen Trees and Other Cone-Bearers ihe heads. Therefore, any shade begin evergreen tree: they cast is lateral rather than ov ethead

s a whole they grow more slowly than shade. . aa ee trees of similar age, and not The light, feathery grace of the com-

for a great many years do they develop mon hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) can

38

hardly be surpassed by any other ever- common ve all

a) {24 ieee as 3B g - ° Ny

est, Cc

linizna), "which not as well known as it to ha

r bench

s long, soft. neat hite

Norway spruce es more commonly other, and makes a handsome tree unless _attacked by spruce gall aphis. A muc! re recent introduc: rbian eet P. Bae rather ei hab superior to oe orw: _pugens

arc too w comment except to remark tl lat no Of in-

they pre-

of the best. re the Nikko fir 4. homolepis), the

fc) folia). aati Graamentl tree that must not be overlooked.

The larches are among the very few cone-bearing trees that lose their leaves in winter. wo kinds are frequently grown, the European (Lartr decidua).

and the Japanese (L. leptolepis), ae of the two the Japanese is the more de- ew Both | kinds grow rr rapidly, id

iracsey as do the larches whe the lea begin to appear in spring.

The Larger Deciduous T:

eS The oaks oe cone es are usuall

k (O still more e brian fall Ae liage, are age, hat open head.

he aes ae Fagus syfvatica) is generally a smaller tre American counterpart:

of them can in any way be considered as “smal trees, in their early years bot!

rather slowly. The European eee is probably better known in. its weeping form, or as one of several varieties with colored foliage, referred to as purple or copper beeches. Another ariety i | aved beech, so called rom the de errations in the edges of the leaves.

aples are familiar trees, and the ue oraale (4cer platar roides) is fel nuch too often,

near the surface of the ground, it is im- possible to maintain a carpet of grass hen ae its branches. sugar maple (.4. saccharum) is a ore refined tree, but is onen to mu eyes cchari nun)

t nei aie he - ener (A. rubrun i) is heautiful in flower and in its fal col loring, but it req rites a toist soil and is also surface-rootir

Smaller hes for Ornament

The birches much smaller trees, nd those w an white trunks are highly eriamenial The indigenous gray birch (Betula populifolia) is ‘frequently planted,

are

39

and with its cluster of white stems aris- ing a a common pa makes a cline t. H

drooping b attractiveness. the

add various ‘white- stemmed birches the canoe B. ue ra) is

birch ( rie peeling the most desirable, though it makes a ane hae The river rch (B. nigra) is inctive in its vecilae rich brown, ay bark, nd is a good plant f

ba

dis ‘broken,

Everywhere his region ae moun-~ tain as! orbus rae ) was out- standing in the fall of 1946 in the beauty of its quantities BF orange-red berries Here is a small tree that provides annual display, and oe not cast a very

le. eep a close watch for stem borers! Trees with Showy Flowers The white, pendent flowers of the divcrhell: (Halesia oe appeat just befoi y wit th the makes a four- vee fruits, tho ugh | beanie are unu Many of 1 nolias ae no other tree ] ibe he

mag

me “Tat striking wie ia ag- yulan (M7. “8

ilar carly flo ers are sometimes injured by late or cold winds. The wire mag- nolia (Al. tripetala), with lea 12-24 inches long, also has large white cou ers, but as 2 not appear until after the leaves in evidence. The whiteleaf Ja arn “enagnolia (M. obovata) though

both leaves and flowers tit smaller than those of the umbrella mag- nolia, has more striking flow ecatse of their bright scarlet filaments. A very much smaller plant in every is the thay (M. cirginiana) which does not flower until June and July. | Though

oe in the South it is deciduous in this

The violet color of the flowers of the empress-tree (Paulownia spinel is unusual, and though ihe tree is not un-

common about New Yorl ne is always an object of interest. ao he branches break rather too easily during |

winds, for the ee os rapidly the wood is soft.

Distinctive i in many ways is the golden- rain tree Koelreuteria ee, another small tree which, n July, pro-

uces its smali yellow pee in large clusters on the ends of the branches.

The flowering dogwood ae rns florida), at any a te the one of the paves of small flowering tr rees, and 19 - ou stand- ars, In eS ae com.

eave: bates flowers which later

t berri su

ing co st to the white. Less familiar is the Asiatic kousa dogwood (C. kousa) ee differs from its American cousin in

later flowersie: in the aie aon ee below the Pius ers, and strawberry-like frv

— Crabs and Cherries

All rab-apples are exceedingly showy in fll Pa and aoe of them have the edd tous attraction of fruits that are almost as showy. Mention can only be made of some of the better ones, for example the Carmine, the Dolgo, the ane the Rose, the Toringo, the

ley Purp Among

di e flowers of tl Parkmann crab a pleasing shade of pink, and the flowers of the Vi

rienta. ere are one or two weeping forms ot which Elise Rathke is, perhaps, the bes

Of the ae cherries the weeping Higan | ae Bie ced ie dula Vi ost frequently gro

te a ae ae one is the Fuji cherry, in which the almost white flowers are pro oduced in quantities

great number of double- but unfortunately the

re are a flowered forms,

buds of these are often injured or de- stroyed by frost. Two popular varieties are Kwanzan and Koiveen both witl sae flowers.

are a other trees, both large

merits of a a many before making a final selectior

tA com

Lectures Given on

Flower Shows

1947 serics of as lectures

by the New York Botanical

Ga: began Jan 16 with a_ talk hy Richardson Wright, Editor of House nd rden, a “What Went Be-

oe of this series of six

e been given at the home of Mrs. ohn Sloane, has been to interpret flower shows ad their out cance. Subsequent addre: every Thursday morning Ad 20, have been follov

ses, Oc ane concluding announced as

“How | Grow Plants of Exhibition Quality Your Garden’ by James B. Jack, Superintenaen mt, A. A. Cook Estate, Mt. Kis N. Y¥.

by Tames.

In Pla ms a Sucerinicuaene. ae apace er

on, Eldridge etates eat Neck, and Baltas Gardeners’ Chrowicie of a

“Catching Ibye” by eor: Il. “eit, meat aries or the eld Estate, Huntington, L. ae Be Asked Judge” by TReckett, Suocintendente Mrs. Herbert N. Straus Estate, Red Bank, N. T.

4

nd Flower Shows of by F. I. Rock- of Ilome Garden

ardens the. pane are Yours” eas Scone ~in-Chief mag: ine.

This program has been arranged by the New York Botanical Garden's Men hattan office, with Mrs. Melvin E. Sawir and Mrs. John D. Picat Je acting as co-chairmen of a commit which in- ae i B. ono Fairchild: Mrs.

rthur Lech Mrs. Harold I. Pratt, Donald TR. Straus, and Mrs. Thomas

‘ 7: J. WWaleor

Dr. B. O. Dodge Retires from Staff

T WENTY. YEARS in which scientific research in the genetics of the fungi and with a p

a un, as gone hand i ith rogram of pra 1 work in plant pathology at the Nev ork Botanical Garden were

g on, with Dr. D returnin nis desk and laboratory every day. uring the es Ir: een at the ver been directly

Neurospor r. Dodge other cenit that able of 1 ane

2. & a 2 a ae ae Z a a Bs R z 4 a

“has been

of r ins hybridiz ie ames S pproach of deccloning ‘lant to fung'

aataral he clue to their and pointe the way to a new their problem which ena be dis S.

immune

Th wast this work which won for Dr. Dodge, number of years after it was first ecconupl hed membership in the Na-

41

tional Academy of Sciences. He is also a

01 member of the oe Academy of Arts and Sciences and numerous other scienti organization: id more offices in the Torrey Botanical Club, inclu hat ditor, re y other member, and in recognition of this, volume 74 of the Bulle tin, which almost coeval with him, will be arena fee a oe will contain a portrait and iog

Dine ‘his years at the Garden he has been one of the only two plant pathol- ogists panera with diseases of orna-

taining arden’s studen ardeners i disease control, omen his eine 4 in the Two-year Science Course for Garden- = addition, he has taught genetics fungi to Columbia University ae students in botany.

The result of his many ye of work in plant ome contrived © a “638. page volur “Diseases and Pests of

Ornamental Plants,” which he wrote in Soca with W. Rickett. The book w: published it in 1943 by the Jaques

nt work a ine Garden wa: Ww n he was studying fo ‘olum- there. P.

ol ingto . Cc, w : eight years he had been pathologist in fruit diseases for the Bureau of Plant Industry.

ee asked what his plans for the

y by remarking, “Dodge r knows wuntil the day befo oo swien fe is going, where he is going, why.” ver, an answer met be eenled by a quota- tion from Dr. arper, anon, Dr. Dodge once ae to oteeeet a aie ae a ele he was gi Dr. er respo: “Tt feet. eratice wha t “the

ded, title ot your paper is; we all know what ae re going to talk about’ So Dr. Dodge will undoubtedly con- tinue working on Neurospora.

h Wayside—

1 'y¥ all grown with tl Jmade the name “Wayside’’ a synonym for garden suceess, Here are just a few!

EW CIANT FLOWERING GLADIOLI FROM HOLLAND. a ‘ ee pie Unsur- passed for giant s valu

DWARF BUDDLEIA WHITE PROFUSION. globe- ape shrub studded with hundreds a fi

lowers. A fine foreground for shrub borders,

psolutely new fruit. Flavor entirely new and distinct,

Splendid NEW FLOWERS

with traditional Wayside hardiness

more like peach, nectarine and plum combined. Fruit giant size—-2%” or after planting.

more diameter, Bears

second ycar Send for Fin

Horticultural Book Cdabe

ages of gard shrubs, poe bulbs

aeausty illustrated in col- you

ak oe ii that you enclose with your re: quest, 50¢,. coi r stamps, ta

cover postage and handling costs.

53 Mentor Ave.

Mentor, Ohio

Three Centuries of Books on Plants Exhibited

a the See books on garden-

d botany in Cen “culture

were s caribited at ate New York Botani-

oa Garden for the Novenber Members!

y program by Albert E. Lownes

Peder R. I., a member of the Garden

and collector of significant books of

rence and technology. Forty % of the books on display came from the New

York Botanical Garde, ae all eo one ned XN

° Fr

represented volumes by = Mr. Lownes. Aiinouek oe nat the works were written long before, the books ex: hibited d from the late 15th to beginning of the 19th century.*

The earliest volume shown was a 1483 edition, printed in Treviso, of Theo. phrastus’s “De historia et causis plan- tarum” ich was se about 300 B.C. wrote his “Naturiae

‘ iny, who historiarum” more ne “300 years later, was es by a 1497 edition printed in Ven Te exhibited what he called

Mr. “the first edition in English of a

SEED COLLECTIONS

We are interested in purchasing

Tree—Shrub—Perennial Seeds

Correspondence invited

HERBST BROTHERS

92 Warren St.

New York 7, N. Y.

oe. ‘best selle a The a wa!

tain Pak arliest English asteation of

he oe st ie es ca on living oat

sete appeared Otho Bru: “Herbarur vivag cicones,” Cel in Strassbur; St oe thes said Mr. Lownes this he a la ay

mark in botanical histor

During the info rmal cae wait he

e s,

Fitzherbert’s “The

published a

h told in oe style of a housewife’s anes fein

a mornyng whan thou art >

£ the holy crosse, art up & redy, than fyrst swepe thy hous, dresse up thy dysshborde, ae set all thynges in good ordre within thy hous, mille thy k iy cal oe mylke, prods for thy hus- pais ‘reels

“An the oe of Marche or a lytell tone is tyme for a wyfe to make her garden, and to gette as many good e e can, &

he and to eate/ and as oft as nede shall equyre it must be weded, for the — 1 over: erie the herbes. . . .”

e first English book that was truly

dey ae to gardening was Thomas Hyll’s small hook “The art of gardening” (Lon- don 1563) homas Hyll was known also for the excellence is illustra- tions in “The gardeners Jabyrinth” (15 Lownes showed | slightly

7). Mr. ee editions of both of these historical

John Gerarde’s “Herball” of 1597 was sh iowa: as was John Parkinson’s “Paradisi in sole” of a quarter of a century later. Among other books of interest (if one a ee

* Only days ait the exhibit was over. ae Lownes 18th century., edition of Humphr

could be said to draw more attention than another) were William Coles’ “The art of simpling” (recently reprinted by the Tro- ni n Press, a previously reproduced

csimile Rosetta FE. Clarkson),

yeh a ‘New England’s rarities discovered,” Wan Rheede’s ‘“Malahaarse kruidhof” which is one of the best and earliest books of the flora of the East Indies, Paget Kaempfer’s “History of Japan” showing for the first time ene nese ae and gardens, Mark oe sby’s “Natural History of Carolina,” ‘ali Nicolaus J.

well as Mr. Ss, owns a copy of ‘this rare acre

Em Historical Exhibit on P Making

more than a a M1

Peeiiine mber, ee ork Bo-

ts earliest day Hen to the

exhibit was

ei the

Poet

genuine dae oe ‘arated on several types cluding the first oe was

of includ: node with corn stalks were show EGS

Notes, News, and Comment

g. At the the Advancement of

Boston Meetin, American Association for Science meeting in Boston, the week after

43

ee Dr. Bassett Maguire spoke “Congeneric Aspects of “Levan nerella Kingii and Physaria Geyeri.”

preci bat Pas tem: , spoke on P lems member

and Mrs. avanagh, an Selina Kojan. Reports from hen were at the staff confere January 16.

i nual Meeting.Frederick S. Moseley, Jr., was elected to the Board of Managers of the New York Botanical Garden at the annual meeting of the Corporation He. ney i

are Mrs. Ja dy, Mrs. Charles Burlingham, Mrs. Sidney de Kay, Mrs. Regirald Sint Mrs. Q’Donneli Iselin, Mrs. Grafto of ion a rs. Junius A. Richards, B. Weld, Howard Bayne, Toe Bue “Charles B. Harding and Chauncey Stillman,

;, Bobbink & Atkins

NURSERYMEN

AND PLANTSMEN

st of the unusual Roses, Trees and ao a. not a ara ar be found grow: ens t. a

nals of rere Heaeiee. Visitors Always Welcome

Catalogue Upon Request

Bobbink & Atkins

Paterson Ave., E. Rutherford, N. J.

44

Howard Bayne was appointed to fill a yacancy on the Finance Committee onl a ees of the ary, was named to

n additis summary of recent even

vents at th sei brief reports were givcn by To ea R Swan, President, Mrs. J. Henry Harper, Executive Assistant, Mrs. Robert H. Fif Chairmar e Advisory Council, and y Dr. leason on his work on the

flora of northeastern we States. All officers were re-elec

i lad Representative. Dr. Fred J. has been appointed to the Board a eee gers as a representative of the

Torrey Botanical Club, succeeding Dr. H. A. Gleason, who has held the post since’ the retirement of Dr. Tracey E.

Hazen from Columbia at the end of 1939.

dvisory Council. Mrs. Guthrie Shaw has been elected Corresponding Secretary £ the Advisory Council of the Garde

First e-Cha:

“ A. eect Second Vice-

Chairman; Mrs. Nelson B. Williams, di ae Mrs. F

cil by ihe Board of ene at the annual mee re 15.

y J. Fisher, who had been a ea OF aie Advisory Council since 1935, and of the Corporation of th Garden since 1936, died last Dec

w Imports for I VAN TUBERGEN vee are and Unusual

aay east Reed dae nl apr Gesne . Oxalis, etc.

tite “ Seria ie THE BARNES, IMPORTERS Lockport 8, New York

Members’ Days. Sections of two distant continents were i Hate py gree at the Members’ rogra: the New ae us ee Garden in December and J 4,

ee J.B reported on th 2 ea first expedition in age

the pro- nthony, also

zuela, he program of February 5, at whi Mr. Clarence McK. Le of the Garden's Board of Managers talked on “Dr. Hosack and the Elgin Botani rden,” was inspired by the formal presentation anu 16 of rtrait of r. Hosack to the New Yo otanical arden, This portrait of the oe

remained in the “family since Aa was

tai inted. Descendants of Dr. Hosack re- cae presented it to the Garden and it s formal y accepted at the opening of

the Gales aon lectures at the home of Mrs. John in New York. A. repor the Nos ember Members’

ee oe ig, Lownes described 50 e: an ee herbals which he exhibited, is appear- ing elsewhere in the Jou

Lectures. On January 5, Elizabeth C. ae es the eighth annual winter

and spoke on “Garden Books of a

A. B. Stout lectured to the

and ‘cradeate in biology at For ahaa U

ersity Dec. “Taxonomic sl

ce Studies ae the genus Hemero- ca Four garden clubs were invited by the

garden department of the Women’s Club of Grea t Neck, eee of the Botani- cal Cale. io le talk by E. J. Alexander January 20 an “Wild Flowers for Our Gardens.

Tr. i mp gave the annual William T. Davis ee lecture at the

— Island Institute of

18.

Arts and His_ subject was

anuar: the Hartford, Conn., “Plant Exploration i in Southern Vis Dr. F. R. Fosberg, who has just Here from making a ee ae of some Pacific Islands that ha

_ stitution of the "Ge Rog ae “of ” Michi higan, George Bh "Britz of the pa se - Cali- fornia erkeley, McMinn. of Mill s Citeae Catone: and if eed ae Fulford of the Uni versity of Cincinnati, all s spent some time in the Garden’ s ee barium ¢ an hah

Yani er

uigi Fenaroli made,a fare it .to

the Caden on his x se . Ic te “e Ben feoae: Staly, where he in charge of the Agricultural Eeperecent Station.

During the Christm Neat, some former student gardeners sited the New York Botanical Gardens “They in- cluded Li

nard te now at Ca ifornia S) Di

n 6s 2.8 area Ee aie =

‘ D. Bock efeller, ‘ Ossining, N. o SO visiting the Rage during Perlberger, Plant Paiclogice “SSrecaltiral Research Sta- tion at Rel hovot, Palestine, who has been See six ‘months in this country. s have been Dr. and Mrs. ie ne A er- t to the ‘halletin of Horticulture from the Antoinette Charles J. awaii; Baki asaphel — Akar: Turkey; Jason Sw al at Wa: shington, the Janciro ; at

Janu-

co ‘ot Nor

Ass " co Cr cen Thunb, oe nol:

at the pres re time ae ing Michigan State College of Agricul-

4

"Dr.

ture at East Lansing; J. M. Watcrston of

the Department of Agriculture, Bermuda:

Walter H. Snell, Brown University;

Paul Neergaard Erom Copenhagen, JJen-

ae Dr. a - ae gman of New k City; Jos , Cc

A stry, 2 oe Geo min, Pare

Univer oronto ; Bruno,

renee n Call ege, Winds sor, Ontario; Robert Snedigar of the Chicago Zoologi cal park kf ecole fford Proctor, landscapist, m byshire, England, on his way to

Groups. Seventy- a rember of the Park Association ork, for which Dr. Wi a) ~ Robbin oe as horticulturist, made i the Garden Oct. 2. ote rere "Haye Sulz- berger is pre and Mrs arold Irving Pratt Nir “Albert D. Lasker

are among the direc

ages, lor, Fe ee the

NEW YORK 8

132-138 CHURCH ST., Dept.BO

MAYFAIR NURSERIES’ | pee Hae ane of Choice and Rare Rock Plants end for your free copy today MAYFAIR NURSERIES

3 Hi

ighland Ave., Bergenfield, N. J

NOTICES AND REVIE

WS OF RECENT BOOKS

Merrie Little Volume

wise, is kept throughout the book, though asaul by an irritatingly inco mplete

RECIPES AND ca ee OF alos ban eas Mea wes bee Troviiion Bue he erb enthusiast of today who Press, Herrin, Ill, 1 knows her cooking herbs, will Feinic in

Its choice paper and linge type the stately phraseology of those recipes

t once lsc idualice this book, for “Secthing Benes” 1390) r for the which is the third of a Meenas device making, in 2, of the “Queen’s Ordin- issued from the Trov itlions’ private press ae ‘ouill oe with mint, parsley, thyme Not one of the pages in it is a eae “great onion.’

One gets the impress aon ee the aon intended to reveal, there Trovillions have sele ted joyously iiaee is an amazing amount of information in old-time recipes, magic cures, those old rec of th Il-room with customs and bits ot ate advice froma ts. rules for the making conserves, wealth of old literature, not always oling waters, lotions and love potions. because they savor of the’ fud Heros but rivial it may be, but therc is something

hosen, rather, for their amusing More than absurdity in the excerpts on relevancy to modern living with all its “The Making of Hysterical Water” and fads and fotble: he Gathering of May Dew.”

For the face part, the original lan- ee treatises on health of centuries guage of the period, Elizabethan or other- quoted Hy its of wisdom which

eke well be followed today. “Labour not,’ jam Vaughn writes n 1602, “either your minde or body pres- ently after meales; rather sit awhile scourse upon some pleasant mat-

NA

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“merrie” little volume, rather thoughtfully conceived and truly a col- le ee item. Pee have no fear not ie ‘Tailed joucully Ae the wisdom n ings which a pleasantly profitable for Hew

man. but will be all.”

LEN Noyes WEBSTER. Extolling the oe of G ereuEns Plants Under Glas.

RUENIOVS

E NE. pages, tastia Co.

SE For 258 Tar-

GARDENING Ernest Chabot. ated, andexe, M, rows & New Yo 1946, An intriguing, popular lit ae ea this volume is ‘frank cly intended to make Ca the ee

nder glas

dressi ne, of course, the prospective. prc: florea! gardener.

47

t wo ould ela be un nfair to criticize choi of ea ’s conncetiol with a cturin pee mae kes his. “eatipoent “details rather the nie r some fear to the nad rates

ing experience not else- oihere: ibis is quoted from the au- thor’s con and credit

glas

that such corinileone : ae: oe ae incomplete ; example Leucocoryne Lackenia. Chivi BAe The author commends sits flower shows, “botanical peri agr ‘cul, r

5 commercial

miss Orutihoqalum,

See tae glass for cle a for education.” of the ee

ig reer shoe amatet special literature for

since aoup ts is so mal that nee is not to be

expected, but “gardening is a literary avocation,” and libraries chou he in- cluded in this itinerary.

R GRETFF,

VI Neponsit, ee Island.

Gleaning Prosperi From pean Waste SOTL

NEW RICHES THE Wheeler Meniliea. aren pages, aie dexed, D, Van Nostrand Co., York, 1946 3. “Chemurgy— idea rather tha: oe for new crops to a man’s expanding ants” From the jacket of the boo.

In nty-three chapters, arranged three ie the author, a great crus: attention of an inadterent

brings to the

although vitally concerned agricultural world, the truth of an old natural law— “Nothing in nature is lost.” “Quite so,” says r. cMillen, “but you have to seek for nature’s values,” and he un- folds a thrilling story for ev - ryhody on how “chemurgy” has helped to sav wastes.

You will

interesting a EA

3

nagement,

land plants

THE

Writ

n by Frank intensive study and re

Lavishly illustrated with

At your boekstore

wealth of information on the

200 beautiful

Botanists and Nature Lovers —

enjoy this complete and thrilling birds.’

study of the “king o

Here is detailed jaiennation

on one of nature’s most

nd spectacular creatures — its life Ae eding habits — includin

any aeiteeds of ee

upon which it feeds.

RUFFED GROUSE

C. Edminster, this book is the result of more than eight years’

and line drawings.

Price $5.00

photographs

385 pages

The Macmillan Company, 60 Fifth Avenue, New York 11

48

ae

stories of the cigarette paper,

the soybean ‘and the Flor Everglades are good to read. How alcohol and rubber efforts were war tested and earned many battle-stars, are recounted in fascinating style. The homeric battle

re corncob,

edito rial activity f wo decades was a victory, nay more, a crowning success The new spirit co-operatior ween agricultu and the general

ture, lustry, public is animating an era which will we better living to us all.

chemurgie co A er new Feoiies: sciences ag shown how sources be conv erted things for “humans to use.” how is yed in this good book.

ncept The thes

points out oo gic

W. D. Turn Technical Consultant on Plastics.

Lilies, Horticulturally Speaking

GARDEN LILIES. Alan & aes

Macneil. 208 pages, vee dexed, Oxford University Pres New York, 1946. $3.50.

The Macneils have grown lilies suc- cessfully for year heir Vermont place. ine sell plump, healthy bulb with good roots on them and the would- be pure: ser can depend on their stock, which is unusual among many lily grow-

ok is not only a record ae ce up to date o

their prevention, and on the latest neta for propagation by se and scale, for potting and for exhibiting lilies

The xt is characterized by a ns ing fee and honesty. such as whe they tell the story of testaccuim and how al bulbs at pres sent available arc Biccicd, as are also some strains of candidum and

figrimuu, The authors are alsa up t

date on the latest hybrids which are

valuable for the. ae , and ee

a list of all Hlies being grov the ed t i

aii descriptions oF "the ir cultural no

well as the experienced er ower 1is nine challenging of flowers, B

Algae in the Laboratory PURE CULTURES OF ALGAE, E. G. Pringsheim, 107 pages, illus~ d, indexed. Cambridge Uni Macmillan Co, New $1.75.

This smi mall publication is an abbreviated vie

eaters w and critique of the cul- ture metho a ot the author and othe vet Since the size of the volume has pete ay ue inclusion of any

caaae of speci a it is regr ike that much of the available space has bee discussion of purely witie

occupied with microbiological Pane iques and even ele- mentary lal abora ory mi eras

The i — of the of certified

pure ealeires in physi elo ical bios pre

as a means of reducing the sent con- {usion is su ted Uinforiunn ely the author has indicated that use of cultures in ta 1 research will yield knowl-

1 flora unavailable by oe

examination of the flora. This is dis- claimed for their use in eplegal re- care

The " most useful portions of the book will be the last chapter containing data on the culture of various groups of organisms and the exhaustive’ nine-page . bibliography.

\. PHINNEY,

Har K. Chicago Natural isa Museum.

Hudson River Background For Some Native Flowers AMERICAN WIED FLOWERS. Emma C. Embury. 40 pages, illus- trated. Hastings Tiouse, New York, 1946. $1. In an earlier volum me Mes. Embury calls the wild flowers ‘

own hand has se

small bong has an ee cine can which grips heart and takes ns back to Natu

complement. H oo ed with lo ving cal i

a book is the “series

years ago. Ars, ‘lig ature lovers, calling them agai the oods and fields.

ANNE NICOLL WicHTMAN, President, Hudson River Conservation Society, Tne.

THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Officers Joszeru R. AN, Pre HENRY DE Bones BALDWIN, Vo iio Jonn L. Merritt, Vice-president AR pels M. Anperson, Treasurer HENRY DE LA Mowrien NE, Secretary

Elective Managers

Wiiam Feiton BARRETT as co B. Harpine Freverick S. Moserry. Jr. Howarn BayNre w Huwntineton Francis E, Power, Jr. ees aE T. BECHTEL MiFoo RS, Harotp I, Pratt Henry F. pu Pont Mrs. hee D. Lasker Wi1am J. Ropsins Rev. Rozpert I. Gannon, ae McK. Lewis Epmunp W. Sinnott S.J MERRILL HAUNCEY STILLMAN

mee H. Montcomery Ex-Officio Mt Witutam O’Dw Mayor of th of New ANDREW G. Cravson, co President py ie *poare of Bdreation

Rovert Moses, Park Commissioner Appointive Managers

By the Torrey Botanical Club

F.J.S

EAVER ee Columbia University Marston T. Marcus M. RuHoanes Cartes W. eae Sam F. TRreLease THE STAFF

WiuiaM J. Rossins, Pu.D., Sc.D. ivector H. A. Greason, Pu.D. Assistant Director and oe ator HENRY DE LA MonTAGNE Assistant Director Frep J. Seaver, Pa.D., Sc.D A ad Curator A.B. Srour, Pa.D. Curator of Education and Laboratories Bernarp O, Dooce, Pu.D. Plant Pathalogist Emeritus . W. Ricxerr. Px.D. ibliographer Tuomas H. Everetr, N.D. Horr. Horticulturist Bassett Macurre, Pu.D. Curator Haroip - eae Pu.D, Associate Curator W. Associate Curator E. J. Ale 'B. .S. Assistant Curator and Curator of the vies Herbarium

E. E. Nayror, Pu Assistant Curator W. Ka AVANAGH, BaD, Gece Curator Rozert S, Dz Rorr, Pu. at DLC. oe Curator cea Ez ANC Pu Research Associate SELMA Kor AN, "BS. Technical Assistant RosaLie Wace Technical Assistant Inpa McVeicu. Px.D. Technical Assistant Mary Sressins, M.A. Technical Assistant EvizazetH C. Hatt, A.B., B.S. Librarian Caro, H. Woopwarp, A.B. Editor of the Journal GL. ASE Sr A.M. Cutaan of the Hei aun ‘0 DEGENER, Collaborator in Hawatian Botany Etmer N. Mite Photographer an ents “Baran, A.M., M.D. pher Emertty. Pico yaa te of Mosses hel va acne” Assistant Honora’ Curator a ene JoserH F, Burke Fa ahet hake of the Diatomaceae B Kruxkorr of ee Oot Eragt Anson S. PeckHaM Honorary coe a ris an ps Narcissus Collections A. C, PFANDER ‘Superintendent of Buildings and Grounds

Te reach the Botanical Garden, take the Independent Subway to Bedford Park Boulevard station use the Bedford Park Boulevard exit and walk east. Or take the Third A "Avenue plevated to the Botanical Garden or ne 200th Street station, the New York Central to Gy Botanical Garden station, the Webster Avenue surface car to Bedford Park Boulevard

es ee ote reas rae eal amc

avated ta the Ratanieal Garden ar the 20fth Stre:

THE CORPORATION OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN

The New York Botanical Garden was incorporated by a special act of the , of the State of New York 1891. he Act of esd ees provides, among other things, for a_self-perpetuating bo of incorporators, who meet ually to elect Peary of the Board of

Th d

Managers. ey also elect new members of their own body, the present roster of which is Ow

The Advisory Council consists of 12 or more women oe are elected by the Board. custom, they are also elected to the ee tior Officers : Mrs. ert H. Fife, Chairman; Mrs. Elon Huntington Hooker, First Ema Mrs. Shiltecs AY een Second Vice- Chairman; Mrs. Nelson B. Wil ee meta Secretary; Mrs. Guthrie Shaw, Corresponding

Secretary; and Mrs. F. Leonard Kellogg, Treasurer.

Arthur M. Anderson Harry Harkness Flagler Rufus L. Patterson Mrs. Arthur M. Anderson Mrs. Mortimer J. Fox Mrs. Wheeler H. Peckham Mrs. George Arents, Jr Childs Frick Mrs. Georg, 1! George Arents, Jr. Rev. ee I. Gannon, S.J. Mrs. Hugh Peters E. C. Auchter Dr. leason Howard Phipps Dr. Raymond F. Bacon Mrs. Pee A. Godley Rutherford Platt H. Bailey Charles B. Hardin Francis E. Po Jr uae Ba Mrs. William F. Hencken Mrs rold I. Pratt y de Forest Baldwin rs. A. Barton Hepburn rs. Rodney Procter Berd Baldwin Mrs. Elon H. Hooker Mrs. Henry St. C. Putnam Charles W. Ballard Mrs. Clement Houghton Mrs. Grafton H. Pyne Mrs. James Barnes Archer M. Huntington Lady Ramsey William Felton Barrett Mrs. O’Donnell Iselin Stanley G. Ranger Mrs. William Felton Barrett Pierre Jay Johnston L. Redmond Howard Bay Mrs. Walter gee Prof. Marcus M. Rhoades Edwin De Tt. Taal Mrs. Alfred Kay Mrs. Junius A. Richards William B. Bell Mrs. F. Leo! A Kalbe Dr. William J. Robbins Prof. Charles P. Berkey Nie Warren Kinney Mrs. Melvin E. Sawin of. Marstor Bogert Mrs. Lee Krauss John M. Schiff Prof. William J. Bonisteel R. Kunhardt, Jr Mrs M es a Brad Mr: Ibert D. Lasker Mrs. Arthur Hoyt Scott Ge are efferts Mrs. Arthur H. Scribner Mrs. sie fe Wolfe Brixey Clarence McK. Lewis rs. Townsend S: Leonard J. Buck Mrs. William A. Lockwood Mrs. Samuel Seabury Mrs. Charles Burlingham Dr. D. T. MacDougal Mrs. Guthrie Shaw Dr. Nicholas M. ae Mrs. David Ives Mackie Prof. Edmund W. Sinnott Miss Mabel Choa rs. H. Edward Manville Mrs. Samuel Sloan Miss a Mabel Clark Parker McColleste: Edgar B. Stern W. R. Coe Miss Mildre NeCoaee Chauncey Stillman Mrs "som NG Coombs Louis E. McFadden Nathan Straus Mrs. Hen enimore Cooper Mrs. John R. McGinley Mrs. Theron G. Mrs. Willem Redmond Cross Dr. E. D. Merrill Mrs. Arthur H. see Mrs. C. 1. DeBevois John L. ent Joseph R. Swan rs. Thomas M. Beane Roswell Miller Mrs. Joseph R. Swan s ey G. de Kay Mrs phone ae Jr. Prof SamiBencliceleake el Mea: Roswell Miller, Sr. Arthur S. Vernay ee ie Mrs. Antonie P. Voislawsky George M. Moffet euch Sa En Manfred Wahl Col. Robert a Menace Allen Wardwell . Robert H. Montgomery Mrs. Philip B. Weld Bee ee Nelson . we rs. William H. Moore Alain C. White . Y. Morriso Mrs. Nelson B. Williams noe Ss. ae ley, Jr. Mrs. Percy H. Williams H. Fife Mrs. Augustus e Paine ohn C. Wister Ver, Reginald Fincke Mrs. James R. Parsons Richardson Wright

Ss lll

JOURNAL

OF

THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN

JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN

Carnot H. Woopwarp, Editor

EARLY SPRING EVENTS AT THE GARDEN International Flower Shor Grand ae Palace, New York, March 17-2 The New York Botanical ane will show a Plant Explorer's Inte Camp, equipped

with materials used by staff members on recent expeditio: Art Exhibit The exhibit of Winslow Homer works at the Wildenstein Galleries, 19 East 64th Street, New York City, will continue through March 22. Menben’ Days 3:30 n the eae Room March 5 Nature's Gamble in. Praduens Plant Forms A. B. Stout April 2 Vacations Without Hayfeve Roger P. Wodehouse Saturday eer Prone the ne Hall in the Museum Building

March 1 Spring Flowe s in Crete Professor and Mrs ee ne Young March 8 Rock Garden Conaitabe rnd March 15 Exploring in Tropical America Mareh 22 “While the Earth Remaineth” a e eo A prize-winning motion picture with musical background. March 29 Gardening in Great Britain Toda Elizabeth Hess April 6 Two motion pictures on Vegetable eoleaeg from the U. §. Department of Agriculture April 13 Planting About the H ut . Wetzel April 20 Primroses You Can Easily Grow Aleita H. Scott Radio ke Iternate feces at 5:43 p.m. over WNYC (830 on the dial) March Starting a Garden of Herbs Mrs. Oliver B, Capen March 19 Exploring in — Harold E. Anthony April 2 New Beauty in the Garden with a a Edward Steichen April 16 Vegetable Cae Must Go On! Walter Zulch Courses March 1 Plant Propagation E. E. Naylor, Instructor 4 alternate Saturdays, 2-4 p.m. April 14 sale for aera E. E. Naylor, Instructor ie -4 p.m $5 April 19 Field Botan G. L. Wittrock, Instructor 15 Sa Ha en 1:30-3 p.m, $5 ($2.50 to teachers) TABLE OF CONTENTS MARCH 1947 Kareteur Facts IN BritisH GUIANA Cover photograph Be Bassett Maguire EXPLORING FoR UsgFuL PLANts vid Fairchild 49 MEDICINE AND PLANT Eins Ralph Holt Cheney and Benn min L. ae 57 PLANT EXPLORERS, NURSERYMEN AND BREEDERS . Wister 6! ‘LHE WAITING Foxrst RESOURCES OF THE AMERICAN TROPICS ahr Kochie 67 NOTICES AND REviEWS OF Recent Booxs vit Notes, NEws, AND Co 73 Books ON EXPLORATION 15

¢ Journal is Published monthly by The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York 58, N oy Pua ip U. S. A. Entered as Second Class Matter, January 28, 1936, at the Post Office at New York, N. ¥., nace the Act of August 24, 1912. Annual subscription $1. 50. Single copies 15 cents,

JOURNAL

of THE NEW YoRK BOTANICAL GARDEN VoL. 48 Marci 1947 No. 567

Exploring for Useful Plants

A Glance At The Fertile Past And o The Promising Future

By David Fairchild

KNOW ee the general idea of exploring is to go to ae where

nobody else has been and find something which nobody else has seen.

My own ee. in this field of peers do not nae with this ee conception.

aah one ces begin i in one’s own back yard, if one has such a

Re If o any, then in a neighbor's Ge Pp hand lens, and ce over all the old hee in the yard and examine the ngleworms and the nie: and t ow bugs which crawl out when you turn them over. Pull up the ee aa see what their roots are like, and if you are not ot ae them ieueees sees to a your tongue burn a a sometimes. When the weeds seed, find out how they scatter their seeds and how they lose ae leaves ad ask someone why the leaves fall and wheter they have any vitamins in them, and pile them up’and make a compost out of them in which a will find all sorts of

strange mushrooms; including microscopic ones of the greatest beauty of form and color n this exploration of your back yard until you can find nothing unknown in it, and then be egin to read about the vast outside world which touches your back yard at ever ry edge of it—and discover that you have overlooked a thousand things in i yard ne in your ignorance you brushed aside. you have the stuff in you to eare ane ue ae your own back yard you are on the way to getting ready to be a real e . the back oe of the tropical or any other peed Renee on i ae ‘til you know a lot about the place you live in, you are not pr repared to go out and find things that are new. have had the experience of

49

ee] TRUST some little boy may take to heart what I say about his own back yard,’ wrote David Fairchild, veteran explorer of the United © n urned 0

States Department of Agriculture, whe ret final proof of the article h te for this number of ¢ ournal t me, The

ampong, at Coconut Grove, Florida, there is visible evidence of some of 4 the thousands of plants which he has brought jistant countries—

beauty. Yet, Dr. Fairchild and others of his generation have only

scratched the surface of potential search for useful plants. “The jungles

the world,” he asse: erts in conclusion, “are open to exploration as they fore

have never been

getting seeds in Africa which I thought would be valuable in Florida, to find inter that the plant was eee growing in the swamps of the Ever- glades without my having noticed it

What Comes of Exploring?

What is the value of exploring? What comes out of all this wandering through the forests of the world, spying out plants and putting them ener aia ae and bringing them home to press and dry and mount

a

white a will tell ae and I have not been that kind of an . either. I have gone out hunting for seeds; things which will grow and bloom and

their flowers. But the explorers after the specimens which fill the great museums of the world are doing something fundamental; som ethin ng without which a chaos of names a and the confusion prevents our ee aa to a most amazing e ry to make a common-name ces of the things in your own room or : ae ae yard nie let some friend try to use it and discover, which f

e will very soon, t he has no idea under igs letter to co ora a or a bug in he sae or ne vine es he garden You will understand that you live in a chaos of s - ut imagine eer transport ted to the shades of some ee jet where there is not a

le thing about babe which es can find a name for. Then you i appreciate what it means to have had someone like a Humboldt 0 Asa Gray ora Ramon ora Sta ndley or a Britton spend thousands af

hours poring over dried specir mens nae in that jungle, or one like it, a arranging the specimens in a kind of order to which he furnishes the eys. If you want to find a friend in the mazes of New York streets you

51

look for his name in the Telephone ati and talk to him. If you want to find a plant you have heard a somewhere in the wilds of West Africa you get a Tlora of that vast a and find a page devoted to it

h st saw there has been in his grave a hundred years, but you can depend upon it, that was the spot where the plant was seen growing when he plucked the branch or flowers wh ich rest in the herbarium of some museum, where the same explorer or another one perhaps had seen it and examined it with his iar lens.

But you still ask, ey: was the use of - a from West Africa after the explorer got it?’—the seeds of it,

So circumscribed are fe most of us who i atone the tall buildings of great cities that although we see the skyscrapers clearly, we seldom stop to wonder what the millions of human beings who made them and live in them are fed, and how these things they eat have come to their tables—

n where and when New, Useful Plants for America

This is not the place to expand the stories of the potato, the corn, the tomato, the sweet potato, the barley, the cucumber, the spinach or any of the fruits which adorn our tables. t Wave a ene ae theme ; one that

fa

is limited to the coming to America o umber of useful plants in my own lifetime ; ee with which I have had pee . do, either foes or through other explorers of one sort or another je t n their

graves, most of ten unhonored in the main by a public to whom only the ee warriors or politicians make appeal.

As I write, ae face me twenty volumes of records of their activities

and explorations where are written, wrote them, accounts of the

n me of more an 150,000 economic food plants, their varieties, their se

ruses. These account ivi ing see io with which here in America experiments were made to see if they would oe oe to the emi ae soil conditions of any part of t ted Sta This is a long story and a continued one, for the ee and ee ae are will going out in search of seeds and specimens.

V am se to tell is of some of the successes and what they have meant in the terms of the man = the street who thinks in dollars and cents; to whom ie hs of the shade tree over te door does not count so much as does so ne plant ee will perhaps shorten his grocery bill.

When the stream oe naive ultural explorers ee out in ne and a gathered about me men who knew dae tely what was growing in the back yards or in their broad Kansas pastures and grain nelds, the bread

“Then there is the whole question of the giant grasses, the bamboos. Here & planting of timber bamboo, Phyllostachys bambusoides, one of 120 bamboo sbecies bet tested at the Barbour oo Plant Introduction Garden of the Bureau of Pl Industry, near Savannah, Geor.

53

everybody ate was made of soft Ngee and was brilliant white and had little of the superior quality of the long loaves of French bread. The macaroni wheats that Carleton acne for in the Russian Ukraine and the Black Lands of Russia led to a kind of revolution not only in the macaroni Dramnel Mae was then in its infancy here, but in the bread- making of the whole cou

she Palms and et Oil a scattered seedling date palms in the then unin- mee pen e sou ee ia and Arizona where today there are 50-foot-tall date ee ie load of fruit seule eae derricks to ag the een to gather i as when they r Almost a half of wingle’s life work w the studies of ‘the date palm in Algeria Pe He reuirene ents The e names of half a dozen plant explorers are clustered about him, aad the records of Silas Mason, T. H. oe and the writer of this oe are to be found in the volumes on shelf here. Who will know or care a whit, when he eats the delicious California dates, who brought them in; ae t exploration of this kind entailed; what es upon ) 3 Ww i chaos and a silly

popularization of names which takes no account of the striking Arabic names . i date varieties in the oases of Arabia and Tunis and Algeria

and Egy The Chi inese pe ne I first saw on the Yangtse Kiang in 1902 were . aaa ee anes wood oil, or tung oil, as it is variously ed. My Rete: noe t and Bissett and Morrow and a de:

chip’ $ carpen aes 2 Tallahassee a the name of Raines, and a Scotsman by the name of Ronald were given the pleasure of first playing with this Chinese tree in America and starting an ae which ee year is — ing but $11,000,000 to the hundreds oil grow These were all ieee ina oo new to this sere odiae out ie to grow this new strange

The Start of the Soybean Industry One of the early explorers whose name has been almost forgotten was

cout indicated and when he found himself surrounded by a people w drank milk nor ate beef steaks and yet were strong and healthy, : sted a foods, tasted ai oy discovered they were as eae as thos

e had known and i He

in Denr n this country. 0 like their TOFU and their soy sauce cand the fal boiled soybeans whieh were served in the pod and eaten with soy. “Why cannot we grow this bean in Kansas?”

he had asked. He Set ‘soybean seeds back and tried them, but for

34

some reason they grew indifferently—not at all as they had in Japan. Some wise ones declared that the soybean was not adapted to the climate and svil conditions in America and most people believed this

ALy old friend Merton B. Waite , whose mind was as truly a the explor-

discussed the reason ae came to the conclusion n that perhaps the roots of the soybean needed a cific ee in the soil around it and that oe soil didn’t ae ne soil germ.

nel I sent and got from aa it we carried out a plo

lot experiment. Rows of ata were a in the Tokyo soil es ae from the same t far away in Maryland soil, The To kyo soil. plants grew amaz Se ae eae

those in the Maryland ac a when autumn came we dug up some plants

and photographed their roots. Those of th Kyo soil rows were covere with nodules, whereas those : ae Seat sot had almost none n of my prized ey aphic “pin-ups’ this photograph which Waite took. In the s that fo llega ere ral Explorers from the little

Division of Plant ene of the D the a yard ie and the field in, for varietics of the soybean, and more than a thousand different sorts were ere which oe into the building up of the then new soybean pea Now it is a thing of millions of acres, immense storage and pro plants, and milling enterprises which are scattered over half a eee states. And the soebean fields are still pees

t was a little band of true explorers who, h the curiosity born of ee studied every ye oe eyes fell upon in cc back yards of the homes they lived in rched for oybeans ev enter e. Their names should

of this Onesel crop—a crop whi a in

dairy industry of the oa World ey of trials.

f the v the Orient takes i ae e of the anl furnished the seeds for

A Vision of Future Plant Exploration

| could go on with the story far into the night, but there is a limit and T must close with a personal vision—take it t for what it is worth—of the vast possibilities for plant exploration which the airplanes and quick trans-

at ion

ven the best varieties of the peach palm seem never to have been investigated.” Gann. because of its abundant, tasteful drupes, a as one af the important Mae broducing palms of tropical America. Yet it is virtually unknown outside of the lands it is native.

36

He of seeds and a seeteea yes of tropical agriculture have in store for e boys and girls who have explored their back yards and want to see - world with a eyes.

There are the vitamin-rich fruits and vegetables which man has jus begun to learn the existence of. ‘The Barbados cherry which I have eae ing here on The Kampong has, just before it ae more than 4000 units of ascorbic acid, and it mé ee a eeu elly. e Javanese—and there are 40 millions—cat in their diet so many green eae that Professor Ochse has written a book describing more than 300 of these, most of them _ upknown to people of the Western World, and as us baths ed. The peoples of the great Amazon valley have species of palms that have never been studied by scientific men, of which they consume enormous quantities. Even the best varieties of the peach palm seem never to have been in-

he whole world of trees suited for growing in forests for timber, which ne explorers like I'oxworthy and Curran have spent their lives avon in the jungles of bese an the Philippines and which the older r Koorders of Java tried to classify, remain to be grown in great . - ee es on the slopes of a tropical mountains and in the swamps along the waterways.

there is the whole question of the giant grasses, the bamboos, of which there are hundreds of species uae aes the oe ae

the tropical lowlands and mountain slopes of both hemispheres. Thos visitors to Florida who motor in haste by our collecioa of 120 tins at the see La uae pes oo Garden 13 miles south of Savannah, Geor; miss of the triking plant sights of eastern North nen ric: The. names of rae Lathrop, Frank N. Meyer, E. A. Mcllhenny, D. F. McClure, Robert A. Young, and David Bissett—ex- plorers, all of them, of the k ind Tam vale about—will live in the history bamboo culture wherever it takes root in a big way and th blem of

Pp i t

w journeys of McClure up the rivers aE China will be interesting reading indeed.

s : ae these Ns I look out and see stretching skyward the 60-foo of a South American ae t points and beckons and eee me ae ae. in the marian a century ago, Richard, Pula tan ss a a bamboo wh ae the Indians of the cue make their blowguns out of and which has slender stems without a joint for 15 fae patie ee it ae pies into cultiv ae by civilized man. I have tricd to get it gape ut so far in vain. It is -frundinaria Schom- eae the curata of the Mogae. I are this to indicate that the work for tena ee rs has barely begun. It is when we approach the subject of the relatives of those plants upon

57

which we depend for our essential foods that we find a vast category o wild species whose hereditary genes are utterly unknown to the ee of genetics; those who are ages their explorations into the very stru ture of the ‘cells out of which, through Havgenonee are built the ee

eat or admire. This world is, after all, t eat new world of explora- tion into which modern botany is sure to a ee the jungles of the world are open to exploration now as they never have been before

Medicine and Plant Exploration

By Ralph Holt Cheney,* Brooklyn College, And Benjamin L. Milana, Brooklyn College of Pharmac

MONG the dozen most important drugs eres in modern medicine,

more than half of them are derived from plant sources. In addition, the keys to a large number of the synthetic compou en used therapeutically were aa by a study of the plant ee produced by natural metabolis:

The a. armacopoeias of the world vary from a few pages with less than 100 bene drugs listed to the Chinese Lemans opoeia of several volumes including ioaaiee: ] plant species. The history of botany, pharmacy and medicine reveals that the sources and uses of these drugs have been

iscovered in many inter as digitalis, quinine, cocaine, strychnine, curare, come and strophanthin reveal, accomplished by dramatic experien Some medicines an incidental by-product of expeditions for con ee elena , or ea conversion. Others were the direct ~ of the activity of ‘bot tanists or ieaaes both—assigned for the specific purpose of plant investiga- tion as rt of a ee expedition, kes a group ae especially for plant ie Incentive . a Russian Botanical Garden

Ther m one instance, at least, in which an interest in neice plants ‘tly receded plant exploration rather than the reverse. In an = Great of Russia ordered a medicinal ee ey to be

laid out e of a islands of the Neva river. It alled the pee cet Cais and the island is still referred to as tee

Dr, Cheney is also Resident Investigator for. Economic Plants at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden,

58

Island. In 1716, Peter the Great visited the oon Breynius in Danzig and reque ee him - nna a botanist to explore the natural produc- « tions of Rus posed Messe es who traveled from

1720 to 177 i in ee oF Pade vast collections, especially in the eastern...

SF of reputedly iene and ine plants. Upon the order of Alex- ander 1, this Apothecaries’ Garder 1823 became the Imperial Botanic Ga: a ‘under the eee ip of a aetich Fischer, who is regarded as the founder of the Botanical Garden of St. Petersburg, now Leningrad.

Bitter-wood, Sassafras, and Rhatany

2

ant journeys of individual botanists have been responsible for many of the drug plants cited in the official list recognized by the United States Pharmacopocia NIP (known as “U.S.P.”) and in the National Formulary (“N.F.”) VII, which are the current authoritative volumes published in the Un ited States. For example, bitter-wood (Picrasme

= =e o es o = ms) ios] 4 oo @ in

0 Linnacus. Occasion: ally a mea ne and plant ie ne intro-

duced a ee of some medicinal significance. In 1602, Bartholomew Gosnold Cees Caeaos ae Concord chartered by Sir Walter Raleigh. He sailed He the of New England and carried what

must thas ce the “first e a a from eee to England” in the form of ague-tree bark (Sassafras albidum of the Lauraceae). Thi perspiration-inducing sae was oe ee Seminole Indians in Florida

before the adventure of Ponce de Le n 1502. Thi s plant is also the source of one of the-chicf aromatics i in ee popular ae drinks as root beer, birch beer, and sarsaparilla. Peruvian rhatany (the root of Arameria

00

triandra of the Leguminosae) was introduced into Spain by the. botanist

Hipolito Ruiz. During his travels in Peru, he observed native women

— it as an ee and tooth preservative. A similar and also official s, Krameria argentea, now comes from Brazil.

ae en, an all-purpose gov ae expedition ti included one or more

a, ut botanists for ae neuen 1 1852, the United States sent two naval .

expeditior n Asia. e first was commande i“ Conn see

en : Pe a ee Dr. Wi re W illiams and s other ae collectors | ae American surgeon, Charles Frederick ae Dani — | and"

s Morrow. Their collections were identified by Dr Bro niel I. Raton, W. G. Sullivant a Dr. W. Harvey. The second — took along the botanist Charles Wright. These explorations, and also such Gk as Robert Fo aa journeys in China, re-introduced for further

studies such known medicinal plants as species of Rhamunts (cascara) and elconitum autiunimale and tl. chincus

59

he botanico-pharmacognostic exploration undertaken by Dr. H. H. mee for - years Honorary Curator of Economic eee at, - New York Botanical Garden, and by others for Parke, and Co. 1885, led to the eee in South eae of an i Pee of fe Purshiana which yields the official cascara sagr ada. According to ae tee cascara bark was known to the early Spanish priests of Califo It was introduced into general use in 1877 and has been a favorite ionic lax: ce all over the world ever since. Dr. Rusby’s trip also led to the discovery and collection along the ae river (Andean slope of Bolivia) of cocillana (the bark of Guarca Rusbyi of the Meliaceae or Mahogany ieee ae . the sae as an emetic on introduced into hae S. medicine in 1886 nauseant expectorant, a ie ipecac. It o longer officially r pare aati in ee the U.S.P. 0 oN. F. but j is a eee widely today as an ingredient in certain cough 2 ‘ops.

There are at least 35 or 40 minor dase Haru from plants with which

our ancestors became familiar through their contacts with the North American Ina These drugs, however, can het be said to have been introduced as a direct result of plant exploration, aliens gh our colonial be tanists and ivdican: were always on the outlook for the native plants possessing medicinal value

The Search for a Cure for Leprosy

More ancient than the Bible is the dread «lisease of leprosy. Prescrip- tions for its-treatment are known in the Egyptian records in 1500 B.C. In the middle of the 19th century, British doctors in India — aware that

the Burmese and Bengalese used the seeds of an ee which fod some really beneficial effect in the treatment of le en were obtain nd their oils and acids studied by the We eae Ree ch Lab in London ee Py F ick Power of the ae ited States partment of gricultu r. Dean and his associates in the leper receiving stations in Hono a pe deed the ai with apparent success. The question as imperative. What tree of the jungles bore these seeds’ The markets

of Benares and Rangoon obtained Hen or ie we from the tribesmen of the upper Chindwi in district of northeastern Bur es 1920, the U. S. Office of ae and cae Intron sent ocl

he Agricultural Explorer, Joseph F clk. ngkok, the capital ie ‘Thailand (Siam), Rock found an avenue of 1: ee trees ‘which the natives called MAIKR These trees possessed oils similar to the

RABAO. chaulmoogra. At the suggestion of Princess Bovaradej of Siam, with ar Korat in

a + a] oh ‘oH 2 5 BD

togenos Kuraii near Kyokta village in the Ch Although some ae react anaphylactically to intravenous injections of

60

chaulmoogra and some patients are said not to remain see others, who are qualified to speak, deny this claim of the temporary n of the effect. Although some oe have dropped the tradit ional hainoogr te treatment a matics there is are ‘rience that it neficial.

oil is also fee for a purposes and t es are now grown by 7 United States in Hawai the Philippines pos in Florida.

Quinine in the Recent World War

In 1942, when the quinine source of the world was suddenly cut off by the invasion of the Dut so ae Indies by the Japanese, the U. S. Board of Economic Warfare (now the Office of Foreign Economics Administra- tion) undertook negotiations . buy all the Cinchona bark above a certain minimum alkaloidal content, from the Andean Republics which were the world’s quinine source a century earlier. The Cinchona Missions in South America were organized. American botanists, including W. C. Steere, FLR. Fosberg, W. H. Camp, and others, relocated and identified the several species in the forests of northwestern South America. These species in-

cluded the lesser known C oe nsis which is unusually rich in Basie

for a wild type Cinchona. Ita . 3% and ranges up to over 5% in total alkaloids. rupted analyzed t e barks in the Cin sei Micei Laboratories which were operated in ae Quito, Lima, and Ta Paz.

This offici eee ice resulted also in the revival of the use of the painniious bark known as “cuprea bark” from Remijia pedun- culata as a nian of the pease quinine. This species was re-discovered on the west slopes of the ern Andes, north of eee anga. Its bark yields “ ‘ 3% quinine ee and with very little admixture of other alkaloids. This bark has been known for its quininiferous content for man

pasate control drug during the emergency period of World War JT was made possible through the direct efforts for this purpose of plant explora- ee ae ed by the U. S. government. Resulting analyses have brought

to light some coe P nysiological eas between botanical species, varieties and forms not previously suspected.

More Laman Needed in Interest of Human Health

nt support of future plant ex xplorations should be encouraged ee sable and private auspices inter a es in the ge cars active principles produced by the metabolism of vegetation. His indicates

fficacious homologues of known drugs for the alleviation of human disease.

61

Plant Explorers, Nurserymen And Breeders

By John C. Wister, Swarthmore College

N THE EYES of the enterprising gardener, the nurseryman and plant

breeder play roles quite as important as the explorer. Yet the explorer must come first to give them the materials with which to work. Dr. Wister here portrays the interdependence of these two or three (breeder and nurseryman often being the same) and reveals their joint effect on today's and tomorrow's horticulture.

F we look at a garden of annuals, peas or shrubs with a t

hought

for the geographical origins . the ae e find that ae majority —perhaps 65 percent—come from other oe nts. Many of our flowers grown as man such as reetes eae verbenas, once a wild in South America. A number of our Saleem ue fashioned gas- plant, sweet-william, Canterbury bells, and other natives of central Europe and the mei rraueat region, including ie a Min nor. Many of the shrubs that are grown in eastern United States came cn eastern Asia, for

plants ee that section of ie at thrive particularly well along our eastern seaboard.

ee books and articles have been written about the work of men who have gone to distant countries and brought back plants, but as yet there

tion about the men who have improved the newly discovered plants and made them aus to luis ure? e work of plant mbr

y different Lavan The early ae on of sone from southern Europe aus a 1 Minor into oe ae fics d most of ommon fruits, such apples, pears, and

peaches, which had come ie these regions ee ae China.

1Dr. John M. Fogg, Professor of Bot t the University of Pennsylvania, has given a lecture course at the Stborem e the Barnes Pero in Merion. Pa., about early botanists and explor and i a Me hoped so: - day this will be i - ' 7 : r ne piers no Heat with

nding a and naming plan When rst given did not Boe ne "references to persons ae iiedueet ae com the wilds into gardens, which is a different thing from identifying wild plants and merely collecting herearan material.

62

In due time the British ie oh Lee from North America, during a

period typified by the work of t ergyman, John Banister,” as early as 1680, one John Bartram a oe plants abroad to Peter Collinson in the 18th y. Then there were the other explorers such as Michaux,

ntur: the faa who came to this country primarily to collect living plants to send to Europe. Later from En eee a aes Fraser and ie Lyon. During the early 19th century Ame e Pike, Long, T and

“Meaawhile there came the great as a xploration for plants in China, peas with d’Incarville, who sent oS osainne to Trance a ~ 1751, He was followed by von Seibold, Macartney, Kerr, Fortune, erg, Kaempfer, Maxsiowig on - ch’ see in E. H. Wilso re w the French Helene eects Delavay, Soulié, Farges, cons Me ae and many others*® There were the ne Americans, George R. Hall, Thomas Hogg, W: iam Car Smith, and others, and the Irishman Augustine Henry. Il these men did important work, many of ea eed the sponsorship of ae papa such as Kew ee the Par ote eum of pees fe History, the gre eitch Nursery, and, in t ntry, the A oe ain, The New York oe ran den had not Ee been eae when most of these explorers field.

IT have mentioned China ae pen e it is from there we have drawn so m a trees ae a which are aa ee n the climate of eastern North Amer ‘A similar list of plant explorers could be He ie Africa, Australi India, a h America, and other regions. Tt is em that we owe our greenhouse plants and many annuals of our ae

To the . it is sufficient to have a good botanical specimen in the herbarium, but the gardener wants much more: he wants the living plant, and not eae a typical representative of the specics, but if possible a variety or form, which for gardening purposes may be an improvement on oe type.

signal example of what sometimes happens in plant introduction can be Seen in the early history of Buddleia, the butterfly-bush :

wn 8 SEE 2

Linnaeus named the genus in 1737. I have read that the French Jesuit, ee

: atever source, th f 's wh t Buddicia Davidi and which Hemsley in 1889 named Buddleia variabilis; this latter name was in common use until recent years when the priority of the name Davidi was established.

2 John Banister (1650-1692) settled in Virginia after living for a while in the West Indies, and from there he sent plants back to his native England.

aad

old- inl gas plant (above) comes from the Mediterranean region; deutzia

he ea. eof monest springtime shrubs, from Asia; and the He eae nasturtium (right) from South America, These are among the estimated 65 percent of ur garden flowers that are native on other continents.

This is the sort of information about a species in which the botanist is interested, The horus on the other es is concerned with whe = aie first Baddlcia was introduced into gardens. He notes that it was a decidedly ir or form which made no imprecsion on gardeners. To fee horticulturist, a me is of greater interest to know that in 1893 the firm of Vilmorin, Andrieux & Co. of Paris receiv ed seeds f a better f Y, Jean a

€ soni, which Wilson had also in oO named by him in 1905, and they established Buddlcia as a garden ae Gardencrs, therefore, really credit this ae nt to Wilson rather than to D Fas Since the time when Veitch introduced plants brought in i Wile at 'e east seven sea al have raised ella gs ad developed and named the tue wich we are growing today, These seedlings now have a much greater color range than the

gE =e

. 64

wild types, oe - white, pinkish-lilac, orchid-pink, blue-purple, and deep red-. purple. . We have, refore, as a history of ee a ae comprising on original discov a ie nanal introduction which had no value, a secondary intro: duct tion of great value, and then, finally, the work a the nu ae in giving us colors, In a is group, at least, there is no record that any of these are hybrids with site speci

3:

I ae dwelt at length on this particular group because it typifies the differences between botanical and horticultural exploration and also shows ae ena of the nurseryman and the plant ae Another example

that of the lilac, Svringa oblata, and its varieties

This species was, Ree by Fortune from a Chinese garden in 1856 and was named by Lindley n 1859. Lemoine a it with S. qulgaris and in 1878 named the resulting Thre “Hyacinth: iflora plen; It was a rather insignificant plant which made no great impression, but upon it Rehder in 1899 founded the hybrid species S. hyacinthifiora,

The variety S. oblata Giraldi was introduced from north China in 1895 as trol bably the wild form of the type. Lemoine ot this ssl ne vulgaris and introduced Hi variety “Lamartine” in 1911 and other similar varie i Heft enty years followi These varieties were totally unlike ‘ “Hy. acinthiflora” ae accor nding to bat tanical niles are classified ae it. They are extrei ny valuable contributions to horticulture even though they have no distinct botanical standin,

n . Wilson introduced pee Kors Syringa oblata dilatata. This is a much finer jant for the garden than its two predecessors, F. L. Sk met Manitoba

his witl r i i i

° 7 ae 3 aE Bh 3 B a ec. 5 a = io) a 4 2 i] a a ° a = > oO B 2

acint m the 1 2 . Sort new forms may turn out a be better than ne varieties we have had before. They really constitute a new race, yet they must bear the accepted botanical name Surtiga hyacinthiflora, It has seemed to me important that records should be kept of the intro- ductions of such new improved forms in order that sometime in He ee

9) ant thr a general books, the names of most of the a cae os the - ils and we know many of the plants which they introduced, but are often i inadequate records of the exact places from which the or Bee type of the species was collect ed?

31t is only a few years a pas instance, that through the auspices of the John Bartram Association, Dr. Francis Harper made a thorough study of the writings of John and Willi and went retull e ground which these me had covered so many years before. ig publication of notes on these two pioneers has given u much better comprehension of tl k. Similar work n done about the work and the travels of many othe ly r it uld involve can be seen from the work of Dr. John Hendley Barnhart over many years in com He at the Ne k Botanical gre alog 0 botanists with sor mae Rae about them. In later years Dr, Barnhart added many horticu! rene to though often only by name as so little information ‘was available about them. ee picker nally greatly indebted to Dr. Barnhart because I have often had the privilege of consulting this card catalog and getting my first

real information about some person whom I knew only by last name

Buddleia, which has become a summer-flowering garden favorite, owes its position in ads horticulture to a eit of plant explorers and nurserymen, all attempting 0 discover or develop finer form:

66

There are many plants in our gardens today descended from first intro- ducti Yet, in the wild, wai ting for fur ther explorers, there e

oO

“Some e botanical ae s, of course, have kept their eyes open for S Soa ee ies that ares her eras function. Nor is it the Ae function of botanical eee encourage explo oration to find these, but it should be the function of our norticaltueal seciees to do this oe hich is pre-eminently in their ee

When new plants have come in to the institutions which have been men- tioned, some of them might fave ia scientific curiosities but for the interest a pana ees and a r gardeners who wished to use them on their places. eat apenas nursery firms of the 19th cen- tury? were lar ay “apo for propagating the new material, selecting ssa ae and sending them out to gardeners.

n America W illiam Bane (1725- 1802) was one of the first of the

0 d ys know sae a ie Ee as aa hb = oe recoils leases Hee Moon and Hoo

These old-t $s grew many kinds of ornar fel ri a their oe eae, were S frait es particaacy apples and pears, many of them having hundreds of varieties of This phase of American

Oo 45 & a an es) aS oO 2 89 3 G ies) fo} 2. ag iO = Oo 4 wm ° rh = ats a g 3 na le} oe oO = 2 oy &

end when better transportation and refrigerator cars made it possible for fruit to be shipped long distances. Present economic conditions and high cost of labor make it more and

a i. 7 o 4 + 3 oD 28 Qo a 4 o oe a B a a ee fol 3B Me Ey

finest kinds and not put ow sorts. W.

great variety a plants from which to choose and. more ria are

than most gardeners can - operly learn to care for. It should, ae be an important function of botanical and horticultural ae $, groups,

» 3 Q wm Qo 2 o oc. is) wa a io} o 4 cae a ca me >° oD 4 a 4

aero pe ° a a 2 lo] os th ° 4 A =

so cy a + wn ° ot a m

rid, forms of already known species from which the plant breeders can give us new varieties of great value.

itch in England, van Houtte in Belgium, Croux, Moser, Vilmorin and m others in France, Ludwig Spaeth and Plitzer in Germany, Froebel in Siccdant Koster, den Quden and other famous nurseries of Boskoo; op, Holland, and the great Dutch bulb firms of Krelage, de Graaf, van Tuber. sae van Waveren, padi 0 fo rth.

5 Many of the catalogs of these early nurserymen are on file in the tihrary of the New York Botanical Garden, the Massachusetts Horticultural Society, and the Unite d States Department of f Agriculture a Washington, and they give peer ar ely fon: lists of plants ea in those days of cheap labor could be grown and sold at very ee prices, yct at a profit. I have seen ul -old bills oF some of these nurseries which were selling Cedar of Lebanon at 25 cents a plant (the size not stated).

67

The Waiting Forest Resources Of The American Tropics

By Arthur Koehler

Aba there is a scarcity of high-grade native hardwood lumber in the United States can attested by anyone a even before the war tried to buy large quantitie — ide boards or veneer of oak, maple, birch, and ine Due xtensive cutting o of choice trees of suc species during the war oa subsequent civilian demand, the acute- ness 2, the shortages ae ge more evident.

That there are extensive forests in the countries to the south of the

40 iat 3 oO wn = Pp 3 Pp wu =] o OQ iS) =i =f ia S mm S =e a 2 3 ja S wm = 3 jak al Oo a = = = ay 3 o c

hardwood, whereas in the United States about 85 percent of the forest stand is in softwoo

That there is a i dollar-and-cents interest in the Hea of Tropi- cal-American Laey of wood at the present time is shown by the numerous inquiries ete occurrence, ch nae entiation, and poss uses of t suhae w von received at the Forest Products Laboratory since the end of the The eins come from pan owners, exploit ers, mechan and Prospective rs.

re are po otential dena supply, and oo ready to go. Can eee prevent the importation of lumber and vencer logs on a large scale from cue Ce see ag Ba West Indies, and South America within a few years? Per the effective hindrance to going ahead, full steam, wil be the ee me ae, nalyze the situation by working backward, beginning with the ult ie consumer, ese ee all, the consumer is the person who de- termines whether a new product or a new wood is going to make a hit. Suppose a nance avert ee furniture eh of “caximduba”’ wood. The sumer wha slike (un it is painted or

apt to warp? Will it fade or darken with age? What well-known native species is it like in behavior? Unless the salesman can assure him somehow

Mr. Koehler is Chief the Division of Silvicultural Relations. in the For Products Laboratory, mamtained by the Forest Service, U. S. Departmént - aL Agriculture, at Madison, Wisc., in co-operation with the University of Wisconsin.

68

that the wood is “as good as it flocks ” the customer will prefer to let someone else pee with it

firs step back to the manufacturer who is offered a nae om a

ow let u eee ae ber at a price he is willing to pay, if. firs to know how does the wood season? Will it chee % war a or ee Pay ink iin drying? Will it dry ina ae length of ee ae it shrink and swell si ee aoe ae moisture content as occur with changes in the seasons? Can it be surfaced and glued without difficulties? ae it perhaps dull saws ond enive res quickly, as indeed is ay case with e species of wood that not at all very hard? When it comes ¢ finishing is there perhaps some natural oil or soluble gum a the wood ich may cause uate when finishes are applied, or several months later? In a tion, he o know the answer to ail the questions the consumer may ask. If ce answers seem to a on then he wants to know if he can be assttred of a continuous s Similarly, the wholesales does be a to load jaar or his customers

with lumber or veneer of unknown quality. And fi y, there is ie man who buys the sade Babee whether ee Ge eal toad feet or acre, and the banker who finances him. They do not want to invest ee cee

that a rs percentage of the timber has some “bug,” not necessarily an

insect, in

To ae just a few examples of difficulties encountered in exploiting

inadequately known woods: There is a species of timber in Central America e

Tt The worked, shri and warps eativety little, ouue is said to nes resistant to fungi and ie insec ct attack. It is an excellent wood for cores for veneer

being neocon slow 0 dy, and if the eek is forced in a dry kiln, it collapses to useless ee tions. Other cies of lumber a sadly in drying that unless that ee is eee overcome (as it w native sweetgum) the loss is just too great; or again some one ete tely not many, species of wood produce a dust when wo orke hich causes eee nan a of the kin and mucous membranes of some eople who work with i “there undoubtedly are oe Ngati ae ae wood in the tropics. o hav

Brazil alone is said to hav n 3,000 species of timber, zuuging from eae igh to cxtemely hey Te a ee curve were drawn shi e prevalence of species by property. classes, the bulk of

owin the species, no Ts coal fall ia near the middle between the two extremes.

69

In ue to supply ee country with ae aa een and to find a market for the many mature stands of timber in Latin-American countries, intensive dade shor uld be made . . aval ilability nd charac-

cutting characteristics, and seasoning properties, should be made of species reasonably abundant and accessible. e . : too cS for individual sae or private associations to ca hat some

s true t ork already has been done by eae aa ae ee eran but so “they fall far short of an ying the great and ana problem of prop- erly utilizing the Latin- ae Me rdwood fore — Professor Record Yale ieee so wisel ta few sige Sa

to the consum he companies, re to the riveree who do the work, both here and abroad. Research in the utilization of foreign woods should have two basic

* Rec S. J. Factors in the Utilization of Latin-American Timbers. Jour. of Forestey "he: 165-168. Feb. 1942.

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70

objectives, namely, (1) to determine their more important characteristics in a scientific manner so that definite data can be made available and com- ies, and (2) t

¢ metho ecies in civ iid region cede, e must supply the facts so that

sufficiently pee for a Sei ne u industry can apply the oa we are aaekly going to bridge the gap between urgent demand and su Hand in hand with ie essential technological research there should be thi

2 ee new and known kinds of sien that show ork, and construction. A progra eee this ny the research that wil ¢ ly

tion about the av: ailability promise for veneer, cab should bo: ie stimulate a accom

make the best of this new n two billion acres

part of the more eee me is waiting today to be explored for usable timber

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NOTICES AND REVIEWS OF RECENT BOOKS

Growers’ Monogra aph On the “Orchid Cacti

pobtebehrecdiy HANDBOOK. aselton. eee ioe aa Abb

Scott juste a dened. Pas ena, Calif, ” 94a, 75550.

My men “toll fairly tore out of my hands. ay

or the last ten years— erat ing hobby — when ay saw Sco Haselton a an these Rocta cacti” xcited— and not disappointed on ani, ce husband says that all 1

. ont since he put into practice some of the suggestions he found between its covers.

Scott Haselton, Cactus book has raeticulon ISS generously black and

who is editor of The and Succulent Journal, in this eee a most t thoroug h and tudy of the genus Epiphviaiins illustrated with eres white ni

ings and with a plate: fascin ating, the

ee history, pe 2 oacies for grow: ing Bees

jotes ee growers. also refers to ev uthor on the subject, past and niccenr” “it seems to me the most complete monograph I have ever foes the soe fortune: to meet, and it very pleasant readin:

OtiviA ErpMANN Kuser.

Dh hi he he Know Your Trees

You will find this handbook with its 498 lucid illustrations an invaluable guide. To facilitate quick and accurate identification it not only illus- trates the tree itself, but the leaves, fruits or berries, bark, transverse sec- tion of wood, and the locale in which each particular species may be found. An excellent text supplements the photographs.

MACMILLAN Handbook of the $5.50 »

OF THE NORTHERN STATES AND CANADA

At your bookstore

TREES

By Romeyn B. Hough

72

In Canada LANTS OF ‘THE Gan. PARKS SxeTEMt eons Nel eeg George H. ilto azes, mn lustrated, aeved rh eee yers Press, Toronto. 1943. ran

he resumption of automobile tra ae r has given it could hen it was first published, at the en 1

— eee illustrations, some col- ored, describes briefly the common wild ee to be found in the National Parks of southern Ontario.

Heme in Fieger idan E FLOWERS. Carl Schroeter.

or paces ee a Uni-

versity. Pre: 1945. $3.

Color printing anh as is ve i

s Solda tiny choco: scented orchid, mead ine

NA

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OF PRINTING PLATES PROCESS BENDAY LINE & HALFTONE

and the miniature oe

jerrpincu are strangers except who ae climbed these nouns ightful pleasure of finding

1 ene of each flower precede the color plat Caro. H. Woonwarn.

For ae Sie People

? rman and

An ae deundiae: 39 ieee use

trated. Bare R. Scott, Inc., New ork. $1.50.

Yor! icture book for very little folk,

ioag $. e Hen sha ade cat new oe sie issued ies ago

tant lands. The Ae e Bah

stralia, ahamas, Bermuda, Brit- onduras, Dominican Republic, Hawai, New Zealand, and the Virgin

Islands.

New pte soles Reprints

en

Fo tkior and native "customs are en- tertainingly ook peel with the descrip- tions and illustrations of plants in Haw. National P; where

TED GiaNcae or COAST ier McMinn and i 351. pages. ea youn versity of California Press. Berkeley.

Alt feng h described as a second editi

this well “nown eohute is apparently oe than a reprinting by offset process,

te le

73

tural suitability in various situations and for various ae on the Pacific Coast. . 'Vietor illus- an &

ce trated indexed. Pearce, New York. 1946

sé - om

This is a welcome reprint of an exciting and intimate tale of a search for the quetzal bird in ae Ria mountain forests of Hondur:

New Data in Fibre Studies

CONTRIBUTION TO THE PHYS- IcS OF CELLULOSE FIBRES.

P. H. Hermans. 221 pages, intro- duction, Elsevier Publishing Co., 1946, $4,

Even though this book supplies no sua Saige e many of the oe

Lise ellulose fibres are - thy of attention pies

retical deductions on v. of ae e fibres. New data on presented the cag acon of the density _

cellulose in differ me ae is pendix explains Ae ods ee in Hest the many tniricate rmeasarenients Stamm, Chicf, pie ce Boris Products, U.S.D.A. Forest Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin.

am)

Notes, News, and Comment

Conference. ie pee the pas announeed for 13, oF which Dr, O. Dodg: and be Bassett Maguire were to be the speakers, the staff, augmented by amber itors, was addressed by Dr. erg, who showed the

made while in ast year ie a

U. 5. Gov

‘os kodachrome pictures he Micronesia during the pas botanical survey for the

en nt

Selected Film. “The Gift of Green,” the New York Botanical Garden’s sound and color film telling the story of p

synthesis, was chosen for the opening

production at a six-weeks’ conference on

Films in Public R h

ashingt each ed y

eb. 5 through March 12. uring the Rae patio od, talks were given by David F : ‘who directed the film ; Neil ier Director of the Sugar

Research ae tion, which de p ction of the film for the Bo- tanica] Glen. and by Dr. E. E. Naylor,

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who served as technical advisor and pre-

ed ‘ en” as an out- ee pee ‘ei an ‘educational film pro d during 1946.

Hobart Porter. On Feb. 9 occurred

old, a member of the Board of Managers of th w York Botanical Garden since Jan. 12, 1925, and of th 0:

in e numerous eng gineering Societies also a life tr oe o Columbia University an rise qember at ee xecu- tive commitige 6 of ae National Research Council.

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of panos

Taxonomic Index. The American So- ciety of Plant Taxonomists _ started volume 10 of The Taxonomic Index with an 8-page printed periodical in paper covers. Heretofore, the Index has been ‘ameodiaplied at the New ae Botanical Garden, Dr. H. Camp is Editor; Mrs, Lazella Schwarten, “Libraria an at the Arnold Arboretum, and H.W. Rickett, the Garden’s Bibhereebe: As- sociate Editors. i

o an understanding of its plants. It was established in 1938, and, except for the period of the war, Dr. Cam p has

been the editor since the beanie:

Marcia Garrick. a Walter pote of New City, N. Y., who known by her

reia crane

was

o have appear red on the Ne oe Mar

Ww Garden’s radio program speaking on “Starting a Garden [ 4

§ air! ce) rk unit of the American Herb So an or ganieation aed which Marcia Gar- rick w

also

The 969-page “Flora

Rydberg’s Flora. of Central 1 R:

of the Disires and Plains North Sue P yee es base able

was frst C aunen by the Garden i in 1932, shortly after Dr. Rydberg’s death.

Radio. T. H. Everett was guest speaker on the Mary Mar: he McBride program over NBC January 10. He eae particularly about his recent England and of the uae “hich Dae been exchanged, as a re: between the New York Botanical thd len and

the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew. The Garden was represented on the Modern Farmer La over C the morn- ay oh Feb. y Carol hi Woodward,

poke on ne Garden’s publications.

75 °

BOOKS ON EXPLORATION

| ceva thos iv who like to saa paige oe @ suggestive list of books is given below. Many of them a t of print, but all may be seen and used in the

ia 0 with historic volumes. The selections. have been made merely to whet the appetite and point the way Sep hours of pleasant reading in significant volumes concerning chiefly ee for p :

EARLY COLLECTORS IN THE UNITED STATES

Earnest. E. John and William Bartram: Botanists and oe 1699-1777, 1739- nee Philadelphia, University ‘Of Pennsylvania oe ee (Ea ly American collec who penetrated little known regions of

Michaux, André. Journal, 1787- With an eras ad notes by C, 8. Sargent. Philadelphia, American Philosophical Society, 1889. (Collector sent by the French Government to North America

Coues, Elliott. The History of the Lewis and Clarke Expedition. 4 vol. New York,

t, 1893 Rodgers, A. D. John Tor rrey; a Story of North American Botany. Princeton, N. J., Princeton University Press, 1942. EXPLORERS IN LATIN AMERICA Baal ue W. The Royal baa Expedition to New Spain, 1787-1820. Waltham, ., Chronica Botan (publication date, April 1947). (Explorati ions of oe and Mocifio in xico MacCreagh, Gordon. eas Waters and Black. New York, Century, 1926, (In the

Gill, Richard C. Whi te Water and Black Magic. New York, Holt, 1940. (Medicinal plants of eastern Todor eee beee, T. Harper. Plant Hunters in the Andes. N. Y., Farrar & Rinehart, ae Rey Henry H. Jungle Memories. New York, Whittlesey House, 1933. (Tra Genel South American exploration for medicinal plants).

‘onti Foster, Mulford B. and Racine S. Brazil; Orchid Cte Tropics. The Story of pitas ts’ Explorations a Adventures in the Brazilian Jungles and Highin ds in Search of: Rare Flowers. Lanca , Jaques Cattell Press, 1945.

Spruce, Richard. Notes of a Botanist Bes nthe neon and Andes. 2 vol. (Edited by Alfred Russel Wallace). London,

SOUTH SEAS AND ene EXPLORATION Buck, 7 H, Vikings of the Sunrise. New York, Stokes, 1938. (Migration of e ians). : Fairchild, David. Garden Islands of the bitty East. oe — uae ed oe i erl h

ae in the Forests ad ae a Bercee ca the Sulu ‘Archipelege. eae 80.

ay,

Russan, liye and Boyle, Frederick. The Orchid Seekers. A Story of Adventure in Borneo. London, Wane. n.

Beccari, eee Wanderings in the da abi of Borneo. Travels and researches of a naturalist in Sarawak. London, Constable, 1904.

Farrer, Reginald J. The Garden of Asia. ings ssions from Japan. London, Methuen,

Wee ae Kingdon. Plant ae Paradise. New York, Macmillan, 1938. (Northern ma and adjacent re

Cox, E .M. Farrer’s a t Journey Upper Burma, 1919-20. London, Dulau, 1926. Walton Ernest H. Chi ina, M. of Gardens, Boston, Stratford, 1929. (Based on his Naturalist in Woke ‘o io

76

Fortune, Rober the Northern Provinces of C. In cluding a vine’ . Pes Tea "ake ond gone Countries; with an account ao “the Agriculture and Horticulture of the Chinese, New Plants, etc.; 2d ed. London, Murray, 1847.

Cox, E. Hd "M. Plant-hunting in China. A History of Botanical Exploration in China and the bean Marches, London, eon 1945.

ae Reginald J. On the Eaves of the rid. ‘London, Arnold, 1926. 2 vols. (1914

journey round the Kansu borders of Ptibet). Ward F. Kingdon. A Plant Hunter in Tibet. London, Cape, 1934.

PENETRATING AFRICA

sages John. A Botanist in Southern Africa. London, Gawthorn, 1945. (Fore ord by Rt. Hon. J. C. a mae S

oe orn, Chase S. ae ope ; Land of the Man-eating Tree. N. Y.. , Republic, 1924, Synge, i, Patric ck M. pees ins “of the Moon. New York, Dutton, 1938. (Equatorial

rica with rites rie Espedinon).

WORLD TRAVEL

Barlow, Lady Nora, ed. Charles Darwin and the Voyage of the Beagle. New York, Philosophical Library, 1946. (Unpublished letters and notebooks edited with troduction by his granddaughter Fairchild "David. The he rid Was My Garden. Travels of a Plant Explorer. New r, 1 =

Farrington, Ernest PH. Wilson, Plant Hunter. Boston, Stratford, 1931. (Intro-

uction by B ‘Richardson Wright).

Wilson, Ernest Plant Hunting. Bos Stratford, 19 v. (“From aes aaa I paid my ce visit to China until 1932, when I mee re from Cape T in South Africa, I wandered about the world in search of plants *.

Veitch, James Hortus Veitchii. A History of the ae and | Progress the Nurseries of Messrs. James Veitch and Sons, together wit! Account of the Botanical say a Hypnsite Employed eae ped a “Lise of the Most Remarkable of Their Int London, Veitc!

LIVES OF SOME GREAT EXPLORERS

Von Hagen, Victor W. South America Called Them. Explorations of the Gre: Naturalists, La Condamine, Humboldt, Darwin, Spruce. New York, Knopf, 1045,

Peattie, Don ald Culross. Green Laurels, The Lives and Achievements of the Great Naturalists. New York, Simon & Schuster, 193

Hawks, Ellison ib Boulger, G. S. sida neers of Plant Study. N. Y., Macmillan, 1928.

Thwaites, Reube old. Ea rly Western Travels. 6 vol. Cleveland, Black, 1914. (Pioneering Penelicone beyond he Mississippi).

Kaieteur Falls

N THE PLATEAU above British Guiana’s Kaieteur, one

the world’s largest waterfalls, Dr. Bassett Maguire ex te for the New York Botanical Garden before he undertook his Uae Mountain Expedition in Surinam in 1944. In the Garden Herbarium there are no’ ww approximately 2,500 specimens of ae wi

ver the the Poe a river on At the crest - waterfall is 400 feet wide.

THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Officers

JosepH R. Swan, Presid Henry ve Forest Bapwin, Vice prea id.

HL Merrily, Vice-pres ArtHur M. ANpERsoN, Treasur

Henry DE La Monta GNE, Secretary

Elective Managers

Wox11aM Frecton Barrett Cuartes B. Harpinc Freperick S. Mosezey, Jr. Howarn Bayne Mrs nee HUNTINGTON FRANCIS S ao OWELL, JR. Epwin De T. BecHTEL Hoo Mrs. Haroun J, Pratr Henry F. pu Pon’ RS. pee D, LaskER Waa a one . Rev. Ropert I, Nee. aa McK. Lewts Epmunp W. Sinnott S.J. MERRILL CHAUNCEY STILLMAN

re H. MontcoMery

Ex-Officio —

WittiaM O’Dwyer, Mayor of th of New York Aworew G, CL fae Jr, a a ie “Board of Pducalion Rosi + Moses, k Commissione:

eae Managers By the Torrey Botanical Club F

By Columbia University

Marston T. Bocert Marcus M. R#oApEs CHarLtes W. BALLARD Sam F. TRELease THE STAFF

Wittiam J. eg Px.D., Sc.D trector H. A, Greason, Pu.D Assistant cee and co rator HENry pe La MonTAGNE sistant Director Frep J. Seaver, Pu.D., Sc.D. ead Curator A. B. Stout, Px.D. Curator of ae and Laboratories Bernarp O. Donce, Pu.D. int Pathologist Emeritus H. W. Ricxetrr Px.D. ibliographer THom. Everetr, N.D. Horr. Horticulturist Bassett Macuire, Pu. Curator Harotp N. Mouvenxe, Pu.D. Associate Curator W. H. Camp, Pu.D. Associate Curator E. J. ALEXANDER, B. a Assistant Curator and Curator of the re Herbarium E E. Naytor, hee 'H.D, ssistant Curator Sonus Kavanacu, Pu.D. pee Curator TS. De Roe, Pxr.D., DIC. Assistant Curator Manone ieee Pz.D. Research Associat SELMA , 3B. Technical Assistant Rosar eee Technical Assistant Itpa MecVetcu Px.D. echnical Assistant ARY Stepsrns, M.A. echni nt Et HC, Hatt, A.B., B.S ‘arian ROL _H. Woopwarp, A.B. Editor of the Journal

G. L. Wirrrocx, A.M. Custodian ae the Herbarium Orro ee - Collaborator in seer Botany Evmer N. Mir hot raphe Joun Henney Dac wnaue: A.M., M.D. Bibliog noe Emerita A. J. Grout, Pa.D. orary Curato of Mosses Inez M. ane Assistant Hon norary Guaiee of Mosses Josep F. Burke Edsaints Curator of the Diatomaceae B. A. Kruxorr Honorary Cur ais of Economic Botany Ernst aan S. PeckHaM AEOROPY, Curator, Iris arcissus Collections A.C. Pra Superintendent ms Souildoee and Grounds

To the Botanical Garden, take the Independent Subway to Bedford Park Boulevard stati jon ae the Bedford Park Bor ulevard exit and walk east. Or take the Third Avenue Elevated to the Botanical Garden or the 200th Street station, the New York Central to the Botanical Garden station, or the Webster Avenue surface car to Bedford Park Boulevard

PUBLICATIONS OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Books, Booklets, and Special Numbers of the Journal

Illustrated Flora of the aie Ga United States and Canada, by bane

Gah Bee Nae Addison ae Three volumes, giving descriptions and illustra tions of 4,666 cies. Seco d edition, Eeonnte eden s 10)

of t ce Heaiees ena Plains ch ee ae America, by P. A. Rydberg. 969 nae and 601 figu 1932. , $6 postpaid.

The Bahama ie 2 Nathaniel an Se and Charles Frederick Millspaney

695 pages. escriptions of the ae aga Piece Pe bryophytes, and thallophytes of the Bahamas, with keys, no explorations ade collections, bibliography, and index. 1920. $6.25.

North American Caricea By nee neth K. Mackenzie, containing 539 plates of Carex and related Nici pet arry C. Creutzburg, with a description et “each species. Indexed. 40. Two et ae 1034 x 13'% inches; bound $17.5 bound $15.50.

Keys to the North American Species A ee by K. K. Mackenzie. From Vol. 19, Part 1, of North fH Flora.

Food and Drug Plants of the rth ees ican Indian. Two ie articles by Marion A. & G. L. ae in ans Journal for March 1942. 15 ¢ getables and nee for the Home Gar Four authoritative articles reprinted

from Med Journal, 21 pages, fiat Edite Ae "Ca rol H. Woodward. 1941. 15 cents-

The Flora of th Sie icorn Tapestries by E. J. Alexander and Carol H. Wood- ee a soecel dieaerated wath photographs and drawings; bound with paper. 1941. Dec

a log of Hardy Trees and Shrubs. A list of the woody plants being grown Gutdeors at the New York Be nied Garden in 1942, in 127 pages with notes, a map, and 20 illustrations. 75

Succulent Plants of New and Pon World Deserts by E. J. Alexander. 64 pages,

indexed. 350 species ‘reated, 100 illustrated. Bound in paper. 1942. Second edition 1944. 50 cen

Periodicals

Addisonia, annually, devoted exclusively to colored plates accompanied by popular descriptions of How supe pe eight plates in each number, thir 2 two in each v ow in its twenty-se pee volume. Subscription pe se volume (four kak Not offered i in exchan Free to members of the Gar

Journal of The New York Bota ae Garden, monthly, containing news, book reviews, and non echnical ae les on botany and horticulture. Sibeeaceen $1.50 a year; sgl copies 15 . Free to members of the Garden. Now in its 47th volume

colesiaa bimon ee illus ee in color and otherwise; devoted to fun) teas lichens, containing techn oe Wee and news and notes of general ee terest - ar; single copies $15 ach. Now in its thirty-eighth volume. Twenty- four Year Index volume $3.

Brittonia. A of botanical papers published in co-operation with the American Society on Phan Tivonauit ts. Subscription price of volumes 1 through 5, $5 a volume ($4 t nembers he he Society). Now in its sixth volume. Price, $7.50 ($5 to Fneiniers at the Society).

North American Flora, Descriptions of the wild plants of North America, including Greenland, the West Indies, and Central America. 9 arts now issued. Not offered i han ices of s

Contributions from The w York Botanical Garden. A series of techn papers reais ted from oats one: than the above. 25 cents each, $5 a

Memoirs of The New York Boresen Garden. A collection of ae papers. Contents and prices on reque

q

JOURNAL

OF

THE NEW YorK BOTANICAL GARDEN

VoL. 48 A P R I L PAGES

No. 568 1:9 4.7 77-100

JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN

Caro. H. Woopwarp, Editor

APRIL EVENTS AT THE GARDEN Members’ Day April 2 3:30 p.m. Vacations Without Hayfever Dr. R. P. Wodehouse Saturday Afternoon ba tae m, in the Lecture _

April 5 “The Farm Gar ae “Grow Your Own’ Two ne ane films aes ee U, §.D.A.

April 12 Planting About the House Ruth N. Wetzel April 19 Primroses You Can Easily Gro’ Aleita H. Scott April 26 Wild Flowers to Seek on Weekend Walks Walter H. Shannon Courses April 14 Botany for Beginners E. E. Naylor, Instructor 6 Mondays, 3-4 p.m $5 April 19 Fi a Botany G. L. Wittrock, Instructor 15 Sanurdaves 1:30-3 p.m. $5 ($2.50 to teachers) April 24 Indoor Gardening Practice 8 Thursday, ‘ 7:4 Lie Edwin Beckett, aliases Open only to those have successfully completed the winter term of

lectures in Cultivation . Greenhouse Plants. Class completely booke: ad Radio Programs scheduled to be given every other Wednesday over Station

The prog: WNYC have been can nesled be ecause of the broadcasting of the proceedings of the United Nations y Ru Bee eaten: Several of the same speakers will be heard over other stations

dasieadad Events

s’ Day: May 7, “Adventures in a One-Man Greenhouse” by Victor Greif. Sat ey grams: May 3, Action ey s of Ga iden Flawers by Allen K. White; Mey 10, Plants aa ide: Wondesines by W. H ‘Camp Mi ay 17, Wild Life in the Watchu gs by Mildred J. Rulison. May 24, oe and the Life of Man” and ae a 2 Green —the Botanical Garden's films. grams for Garden Clubs: May 1, Tou ‘on gardens in Wilmington. May 20, Gee Club Day at the New Tak Botanical Galler

TABLE OF CONTENTS APRIL 1947 Macno.ia AGAINST AN APRIL SKY Cover Photograph by Donald Beck

ne of many Beate by Mr. Beck in his current exhibit in the Museum Building.

PLaNTs AS TREASURE Houses oF RaRE CHEMICALS George W. Pucher 77 A Forest Lover IN THE CaRIBBEE ISLANDS

VI. Sasa To MONTSERRAT J. S. Beard 82 Two Awarps FoR PLANT Explorer's JUNGLE CAMP 89 THE INTERLAKEN SEEDL Gr A. B. Stout 92 Tue LeGcen E i Bessie R. Buxton 94 Notes, News, AND CoMMEN 96 Notices AND Reviews oF Recent Books 99 Noy VE Painted BUSS. Ar Eduted 4 Gem Cis Manes Teor ine ape oe "oie 1; ee , N. Y., under the Act of August 24, 1912. Annual subscription $1.50. Single copies

JOURNAL

of THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN VoL. 48 Aprin 1947 No. 568

Plants As Treasure Houses Of Rare Chemicals

By George W. Pucher

N addition to their esthetic appeal and food value, plants are the most

amazing chemical factories in existence today. From the : the biochem- ist has isolated hundreds of cots compounds, many of whic uses ee 4 ual or of even — biological importance are still in ee ry of gotten man. Futur research ere oe vil oo Or Baa for one and ee these eas

the past twenty years the biochemical laboratory at the Con- Per oe ere Experiment Station vb a ed a large number of ue eee i in plan Three of outstanding signi

nifi- —asparagine, glut , and Hen acid—_will be ier here.

The e thr ree chee occur in many plant tissues in amounts that vary

m traces in some pl to quantities in oft plants which make commercial moductici ee e compounds are neitl drugs enzymes or vitamins, they in themselv dis

ve: any a yet they already have made important contributions cea the promotion of human well-being.

Thus, ASPARAGINE, in spite of ee eee iy ae a more effective aie: S a preferre urce of nitr r the growth of the tubercle bacillus. This organism is eh faa a ee, for the com- mercial ae ion Aa which is used in hypodermic injections as a test for eu reu

ai es of GLU lose relative of asparagine, are essential for the of pa emit or blood-destroying, streptococci. Use of this Ere has simplified the laboratory culture of these pathogenic organisms and thus eee medical knowledge of the origin and

Dr, Pucher is Research a in Biochemistry at the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station in New Hav

77

78 oo of diseases of which these organisms may be the causative agen Giuta amine, obtainable from plants, also occurs in animals a being

an important constituent of the: blood, liver, kidneys, and brains. It also undoubted] ly plays essential roles in the transportation of oe niet gh

body in the synthesis of certain nitrogenous products of meta- bolism—that continuous series of chemical changes in the body’s cells,

se which the energy is provided for vital processes and activities.

TRIC ACID, most rec ently encountered and by far the rarest of the a mentioned, occupies a central ein : he Aaa cycle, which is one phase of eee of nie lis , the respiration cycle is the chain s by means of whi ch a fae and animal cells cone crhyates ae a ase the ene Tgy necessary to maintain life o function. Thus, in green plants it is part of the com led ee ‘of eae taking place during photosynthesis.* Isocitric acid,

t

7 =a ms ° <a o

rugged individualism which has made characterization possible

ASPARAGINE Asparagine, the structural formula for which substance is as follows: OC: NH.) - CH, - [H,

is an amino acid in which the hydroxyl of one of the groups has been substituted by ammonia. no type of nee is called an amide.

Asparagine was recognized to be a constituent i yee ee more than one ae dred years ae but this plant i sed today preparation of this compound. In 1848 Pirea oF exacted aes from see ee and the classical studies of Schulze (2) forty years te

then of Prianischnikov (3) in 1904, partially explained ee ce seeds of legumes were able to Anat ure large amounts of this compound on germination in the dark. In this process, called a the large stores

1en of the nitrogen from the ‘protein is converted into ammonia, at in turn : resynthesized into asparagine. Thus, nitrogen, an essential component fo subsequent growth of the plant, is conserved and stored in the form . a reactive compound, asparagine, which is easily moved to the growing ints, where it is utilized for the building up of new protein as the Ane develops.

*Sce the Journal for August 1946, page 209, for an explanation of photosyn- thesis.

79