' H I
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A
MONOGKAPH
ORIENTAL GIGADIDM
BY
W. L. DISTANT
FELLOW OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIF.TIES OF LONDON, BELGIUM, FKAKCE, AND STOCKHOLM ; AUTHOR OF 'RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA,' 'A NATURALIST IN THE TRANSVAAL,' 4c.
WITH FIFTEEN PLATES, AND WOODCUTS.
fcj? ©rtfcr of ttjt
of tfjc
Entrfan dftlngeu Calcutta*
Landor despised Entomology, yet, in the same breath, said, "the sublime was in a grain of dust." — EMEBSON, 'English Tru •
LONDON :— FEINTED BY WEST, NEWMAN & CO. AND SOLD BY
LONDON :— H. S. KING & CO., 65, COKNHILL : AND E. W. JANSON, 85, LITTLE RUSSELL ST., BLOOMSBUKY.
CALCUTTA :— AT THE INDIAN MUSEUM ; AND THACKER, SPINK & CO.
BERLIN:— R. FRIEDLANDER & SOHN.
1889 — 1892.
tlje Ittcmartr of
E, T. ATKINSON, B.A.,
ACCOUNTANT-GENERAL, OF 11ENOAL ;
I'ltKSIllEXT OF THE BOARD OF TKUSTKES OF THE INDIAN MUSEOM, OAI.CCTTA J
AUTHOR OF MANY PAPKHS OX IXIIIAN 1U1YXC1IOTA;
AND
promoter of tltc Jhtbliciittoit of this ^H
I DEDICATE THE SAME.
PREFACE.
AT the request and by the liberal enterprise of the Trustees of the Indian Museum- much influenced by my late friend Mr. E. T. Atkinson — I have in the following pages attempted the monographic revision and description of the Oriental species of the Homopterous Family Cicadidse.
The limits of the fauna thus studied have already been denned at page 2, and over this large area our knowledge of such a little-collected family as the Cicadidae must necessarily be fragmentary and of a very unequal character. Nevertheless I have been able to study a very great deal of the material which already exists. The fine collection of these insects belonging to the Indian Museum at Calcutta has passed through rny hands, and I have examined all the specimens in the collection of the late Mr. E. T. Atkinson. I have also had submitted to me for identification the whole of the Oriental species in the Brussels Museum;*- the Celebesian specimens collected by Dr. Meyer, and now in the Dresden Museum; the very fine material in the Genoa Museum,! including the collection made by Fea in Tenasserim and Upper Burma, by Beccari in several islands of the Malayan Archipelago, and by D'Albertis in New Guinea ; the rich Cicadan possessions in the Leyden Museum, J including the captures made in Java and Sumatra by Hagen, Van Lansberg, and the Sumatran Expedition, have been placed at my disposal to aid this work ; §and I have also had a loan of the private collections of the late Dr. Signoret, Mr. F. Moore, and Mr. F. Pascoe. I have naturally had ready access to the British Museum, without which nothing could have been attempted in the unravelling of the types made by the late F. Walker, and our national collection is not only rich in Indian species, but contains nearly all the Cicadan results of Mr. Wallace's memorable visit to the Malayan Archipelago. My own collection includes the captures made by Dr. Leith in Bombay, A. W. Chennell in Assam, G. T. Hampson in the Neelgiri Hills, myself in the Malay Peninsula, H. 0. Forbes in Java and Sumatra, Carl Bock in Sumatra and Borneo, Baron Von Hugel in Java, W. Doherty in Assam, Burma, Perak, Borneo, and the eastern islands of the Archipelago, J. Whitehead on the Kica Balu Mt.. Capt. Bingham in Burma, Geo. Lewis and H. J. S. Pryer in Japan, W. B. Pryer in North
* For which I was indebted to M. Preudhomme de Borre.
f Through the kindness of the Marquis Doria and Dr. Gestro.
I I cannot help recording, and with scientific appreciation and gratitude, tlje facilities I have been afforded by Continental Museums, to improve this and other works I have been engaged on, by the loan of specimens, always cheerfully and readily granted. I cannot give Continental workers the assurance of similar assistance from our National Institution, for by the rules of the British Museum, a specimen once deposited there never leaves the portals of ita zealously-guarded doors.
§ By the good offices of Dr. C. Eitsema.
6
vi PREFACE.
Borneo, and part of the collection made by A. E. Pratt in China.* I have also been allowed to see most of Still's Philippine and Indian types in the Stockholm Museum. f
Referring to my own unpublished Catalogue, about 82 genera, and 720]: species of Cicadidae are now known to Science, and of these I have been able to include 34 genera and 268 species in this fauna, a doubtless insufficient number for many parts of the area, especially for China and New Guinea, though we may consider our knowledge of the genera and species found in Continental India as much more satisfactory.
Of the life-histories of these interesting insects we can only glean scattered records. At page 1, reference has been made to most of the published information respecting the structural details of the wonderful sound-producing organs of the males. The volume of sound emitted by these organs has impressed travellers and naturalists in all parts of the world, and we meet with many references to it in zoological literature and in works of travel and adventure. The time of day when the males give forth their shrill and unmelodious sounds probably varies with different species and in different localities. In Nicaragua, Belt " found them loudest towards sunset, keeping up their shrill music until it is taken up by night-vocal crickets and locusts." § In Australia, " during rain, these insects are silent ; but re-commence their clamour on the re-appearance of fine weather." || In South Brazil, Bigg- Wither, referring to a dominant species, states that he does not remember ever hearing " its shrill whistle excepting during the three months of September, October, and November. "IT In the Transvaal, according to my own experience, Platypleura divisa has an equally restricted time of appearance and song, commencing in November, after the arrival of the rains. In the North of Italy, Swinton noticed that the males of Cicada plebeja and Tibicen hcematodes " sing on the summit of brushwood at an elevation varying from ten to twelve feet," while Tettigia orni " will ascend the poplar trunks to a much greater height" for the same purpose.** In Brazil, Mr. Jones describes a species as making a noise equal to the whistle of a locomotive. " Indeed so remarkable is the resemblance that once or twice since I have returned to England I have suddenly been recalled to the tropical groves by the sound of an extra shrill railway whistle at a distance." ft Perhaps the most picturesque description of this sound is given by Prof. McCoy, referring to an Australian species, Psaltoda mcerens. It is described as producing " almost a deafening sound from the numbers of the individuals in the hottest days, and the loudness of their noise ; which beginning with a prolonged high-toned whir like that of a knife-grinder, or the letter R loudly prolonged in a high pitch, continued 'for a minute or two, breaks into a series of diminuendo 'squawks,' like that of a frightened duck in a farm-yard, loud enough to be heard some hundred yards off, and stunning our ears with the shrilling and squalling. This kept up with ' damnable iteration,' as Falstaff says, by hundreds of individuals all day long, would tax the patience of a saint, if such existed in Australia." ||
The Cicadan song is clearly of a sexual nature, the sound-producing organs being only
* Presented to me by Mr. J. H. Leech, the promoter of the expedition. f By the favour of Dr. C. Aurivillius.
I This does not include the whole of Walker's descriptions, and leaves a few yet undetermined to be of synonymic or specific value. The tabulation, however, may be taken as approximately correct.
§ 'The Naturalist in Nicaragua,' p. 312. || Bennett, 'Wanderings in New South Wales,' vol. i. p. 237.
IT ' Pioneering in South Brazil,' vol. i. p. 297. ' Insect Variety,' p. 222.
ft 'Yorkshire Naturalist' (2), ix. pp. 129-30 (1884). JJ 'Prodromus Zoology— Victoria,' v. pp. 53, 54 (Dec., 1880).
PREFACE. vii
developed in the male sex. A recent writer has affirmed that the song of the Cicada is appreciated by other orders of insects. According to this observer — wliose name is not mentioned by the narrator — in Natal, when a species is singing its loudest, it is often surrounded by numbers of a lace-wing fly" (Nothochrysa gigantea).* The song is suspended when the insect is alarmed, as in the Transvaal, where, when a tree has almost vibrated with the screeching noise, I have produced complete silence by standing amidst its branches.
We know nothing of the mental concepts of these beautiful insects. The writer is not a Cartesian, and does not estimate even the Cicaclidag as living automata. The "life-histories" of insects may include their embryological stages, with an exhaustive knowledge of tin ir structure, their classification in zoological sequence, their geographical distribution, the protective or mimetic resemblances by which they often survive the terrors of a struggle for existence, their duration and habits of life, their food and times of appearance, and yet, little as this knowledge can be said to exist regarding many insects, the veil is no more lifted which hides their — probably limited — thoughts and feelings, than those of the inhabitants of a Kafir kraal are known to the vulture soaring above them. The psychology of insects is practically undreamed in the philosophy of entomologists. If, as has been truly remarked, with ears sufficiently attuned and capable, we might hear the roar of the atoms which environ us, how much more might we long to have a sympathetic insight into the ideas, fears, and concepts of the living mass of creatures of which we form so small a part.f I have recently hazarded the opinion, though upon very limited observation, that at least a species of African Platijpkura may pair for life in the mature development. J If reason and intelligence are, and must be, allowed to ants, termites, bees, and even wasps and spiders, surely it is only our ignorance that prevents the recognition of some form of the same qualities in the Cicadidae. Although Entomology has made such strides, and so many thousands of insects are now fully described, catalogued, and often figured, yet to their inner lives we are "strangers yet."
The Cicadidae appear to be one of the most non-protected family of insects, and are the victims of most predacious creatures. The instances that can be quoted probably only give an idea of the way their numbers are thinned by numerous enemies, while the list of those enemies is at present very incompletely known. § They probably largely fall a prey to birds. In Nicaragua, Belt has described how during April, when the Cicadas are particularly plentiful,
* ' Nature Notes,' August, 1891.
t Dr. Mivart has lately re-affirmed his belief that the psychical powers of brutes are limited to sense perception , and give no evidence of the possession of the higher faculties of ideation and conception ('Essays and Criticisms') ; but the proof is absent, and though reasonable the statement does not carry more conviction than some theological propositions. On the other hand, Count Goblet d'Alviella truly remarks, when discussing the question of ' Religion in Animals ' : — " A century ago such a question would only have provoked a smile ; but now that we have accustomed ourselves to search in the lowest strata of animal life for the antecedents of physiological and intellectual characteristics which only receive their full expression in the best-endowed representatives of human culture, it is no longer possible to dismiss the question of the religion of animals in this summary style. Animals share the philosophic fate of savages. They are alternately exalted and humbled, according to the exigencies of the current theory as to the position of man in nature " (Hibbert Lectures, 1891, p. 49). Westermarck, in his great work, ' The History of Human Marriage,' goes back to the precursors of man in his study of the origin of that institution, and a course he forcibly affirms (p. 9) is " the only one which can lead to the truth, but a path which is open to him alone who regards organic nature as one continued chain, the last and most perfect link of which is man."
I ' Naturalist in the Transvaal,' p. 67.
§ A few of the following notes I published in my description of the Central American Cicadidoe in the ' Biologia Central! Americana.'
viii PREFACE.
"individuals are often seen whose bulky bodies have been bitten off from the thorax by some bird; and the large and graceful Swallow-tailed Kite at that time feeds on nothing else. I have seen these Kites sweeping round in circles over the tree-tops, and every now and then catching insects off the leaves, so that on shooting them I have found their crops filled with Cicadidaa."* In "New Zealand, Melampsalta cingulata is destroyed in enormous quantities by the " ordinary house sparrow," and Mr. Hudson, who records the fact, also remarks that he does not think the species can, from this cause, " long remain abundant in the neighbourhood of our larger towns." t The same thing has occurred in North America, where Tibicen K,'i>tnnili'ciin was also attacked by Passer domesticus, "and so ravenously and persistently does this bird pursue its food, that the ground is strewn by the wings of the unfortunate Cicada wherever these have been at all numerous." I
They are not spared by other insects. The eggs of an European species are stated by Reaumur to be attacked by the larvae of an ichneumon. § In South-East Africa the perfect insects are devoured by Mantidae. Mrs. Monteiro found " a large green Mantis holding an unfortunate Cicada, from which it had already bitten one eye, and part of the head ; the poor thing — a male . . . . — making its loud stridulating noise all the time." || In the Transvaal, as I have elsewhere recorded, 1 found a species of Platypleura (P. divisa) was captured and eaten by spiders. " On once hearing a particularly loud chorus from a peach-tree, I visited the same to capture specimens, and found that spiders had industriously spread their webs between the branches, and remains of the Platyphurce were suspended in a more or less devoured condition." 1F In the neighbourhood of Candahar a writer who records a wonderful congregation of Cicadidae, also states, "The only enemies they appeared to have were some large dragon-flies, which pounced upon them and carried off what appeared to be double their own weight." Hornets swell the list of insect-foes. Herr Schluter, in Texas, saw a Cicada of "exceptional size" attacked by a hornet, killed, and actually carried away by its much smaller destroyer. ft They are also subject to fungoid growths. Mr. Peck describes a fungus developed on the abdomen of Tibicen septemdecim, which, though not immediately fatal to the insect, manifestly incapacitates it for propagation. J J
The peculiarities in the geographical distribution of the species described in this volume are best understood by a reference to the following systematic list, in which the range of all the species is comparatively scheduled. It will thus be seen that in the extreme west of our region the genus Cicadatm just enters as a Palaearctic representative, whilst in the most eastern portion of our area the genera Prasia and Acrilla are allied to the distinctly Australian genera Cystosoma and Chlorocysta. This helps to prove the Cicadan homogeneity of our faunistic area, which embraces all the known species of the genera Polyneura, Angamiana, Tacua, Graptopsaltria, Toscna, Leptopsaltria, Dundubia, Pomponia, Psithyristria, Cryptotympana, Talainga, Graptotettix, Huechys, Sderoptera, Mogannia, Kamulata, Eustia, Karenia, Calcayninns, Terpnosia, Prasia, Bceturia, and Acrilla. Thus, according to present knowledge,
* 'Naturalist in Nicaragua,' p. 230. f Trans. New Zealand Instit. vol. xxiii. p. 50 (1890).
I Eilcy, ' Science,' v. p. 521 (1885). § Quoted by Westwood, ' Modern Classif. Ins.' vol. ii. p. 425.
|| ' Delagoa Bay,' p. 188. IT Distant, ' Naturalist in the Transvaal,' p. 67.
•LA. S. Beng. vol. ix. p. 441 (1840). ft Biichner, 'Mind in Animals,' Mrs. Besant's Translat. p. 297.
JI ' Annual Report on the New York Museum of Natural History for 1878.'
PREFACE. ix
twenty-five out of our thirty-four genera are wholly restricted to the fauna; whilst we may almost say the same of three other genera, Cosmopsaltria, Gymnotympana, and Lcmbeja. In many cases, therefore, this is a generic as well as a faunistic monograph, but it is not likely to possess that exhaustive character with many of the above genera, when the Cicadidae of the Pacific Islands are better known. Our western limit being on the border of the Palaearctic region proves a moderately sharp faunistic divisor ; but in the east we artificially closed the Malayan Archipelago at New Guinea, and this is certainly not a line of faunistic cleavage. In the Cicadidte, Japan does not exhibit a Palaearctic facies, but has true Oriental affinities ; of China our knowledge is so limited and so partial that nothing can with confidence be said on the subject.
In preparing a monograph of a group of exotic insects, the writer becomes aware as the more thoroughly he strives to do his work, of the initial character of such undertakings.* Collectors, no doubt, will largely add to the number of species to be included in this fauna, and also show a wider distribution of the species already enumerated. Fresh observations on the habits of these insects must necessarily accumulate with time. The permanence of the classification here adopted and pursued is neither claimed nor expected. In fact, it would be taking a very pessimist view of the future progress of Entomology, if our present artificial and arbitrary classificatory systems were anticipated to survive the exigencies of museum arrangement, and our present limited knowledge. Embryological conditions, considered on evolutionary principles, must be the guide in framing our future natural systems, showing the sequence of Families, Genera, and Species ; the embryology of the Cicadidae is at present practically- unknown. The monographist of to-day can only prepare the material to be dealt with in a future biological era by students trained on wider principles, and living in a philosophical conception of life less narrow than that now so generally popular. It is only about thirty years since the publication of the ' Origin of Species ; ' judging from what has already taken place, what may not be expected at the end of another similar period ? I thus feel that, though I found our knowledge of the Cicadidaa in a somewhat chaotic condition, I only leave it in artificial order, and may, metaphorically, exclaim, "Order reigns in Warsaw." I will only add — if I may do so without presumption — to those who use this monograph, that he who criticises does well ; he who corrects does better ; and he who adds to our knowledge does better still.
I must again bear witness to the faithful work of my artist, Mr. Horace Knight, who has illustrated this publication, .as he did my ' Rhopalocera Malayana.' I think the entomological artist does not always receive his proper value. How often he makes possible a bad description !
* It was one of the sayings of the late well-known British zoologist, Fredk. Bond, "that a naturalist ought to have three lives — seventy years to collect, seventy to study his collection, and seventy to impart hia knowledge to others." — ' Entomologist,' vol. xxii. p. 266.
PURLEY, SURREY,
August, 1892.
SYSTEMATIC LIST OF GENERA AND SPECIES DESCRIBED IN THIS MONOGRAPH, SHOWING OUR PRESENT KNOWLEDGE OF THE GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF SAME.
|
1 |
Subfam. CICADINjE. |
Tab. vii. |
& Fig. 20 |
|
•) |
18 |
||
|
g |
3 |
||
|
4 |
i. |
16 |
|
|
*, |
12 |
||
|
6 |
ix |
6 |
|
|
7 |
viii. |
19 |
|
|
8 |
1 |
||
|
9 |
i. |
5 |
|
|
10 |
g |
||
|
n |
12 |
||
|
19, |
, nicobarica |
i. |
3 |
|
18 |
, fulvigera |
2 |
|
|
14 |
viii |
16 |
|
|
15 |
, semusta |
i. |
10 |
|
10 |
18 |
||
|
17 |
, liilpa |
i. |
6 |
|
is |
4 |
||
|
19 |
, andaniana |
9 |
|
|
•/o |
, atnnis |
||
|
-'1 |
|||
|
<?A |
1'latypleura rcpanda |
7 |
|
|
W |
14 |
||
|
24 |
,, nobilis |
13 |
|
|
9,5 |
15 |
||
|
9,0, |
,, badia ; |
15 |
|
|
"7 |
Polyneura ducalis |
7 |
|
|
9,8. |
Ant,'amiana setherea |
1 |
|
|
W |
T;icua speciosa |
9 10 |
|
|
30, |
Graplopsaltria colorata |
g |
|
|
31 |
Tosena mearesiana .... |
3 |
|
|
•M. |
fasciata |
1 2 |
|
|
as. |
melanoptera |
5 |
|
|
34. |
monti vaga . . . |
g |
|
|
35 |
depicta |
U |
|
|
36. |
dives |
10 |
|
|
37 |
sibylla |
||
|
38. |
splendida |
g |
|
|
39. 40. |
Leptopsaltria (jiiadrituberculata „ mascula |
viii. |
6 1 |
|
41 |
|||
|
49,. |
,, albistigma |
15 |
|
|
48. |
,, nebulinea |
17 |
|
|
44. 4,5. |
,, andamanensis ... ,, tuberosa |
X. |
12 7 |
|
40 |
,, pryeri |
12 |
|
|
47 |
A |
||
|
48. |
,, tigroides |
18 |
|
|
49. fiO. |
,, albiguttata ,, carmente |
Iviii. .** |
5} 2 |
|
.11. |
14 |
||
|
,19. |
,, guttularis |
20 |
|
|
.13. |
,, morrisi |
19 |
|
|
54. |
Dnndubia rnannifera |
17 10 |
|
|
Var |
xii. |
1 |
|
Page 5 |
a .5 9 r- — w W o |
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Andaman Islands |
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Sulu Islands |
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* The way in which the terms " Continental" and " Insular" are understood in this work, has been already explained in a footnote to page 24.
t In these Islands are included Gilolo, Ceram, Bouru, Batchian, Morty, Obi, Ke, Timor-laut, Amboyna, Ternate, Tidore, Kaiua, and Banda (Walla
' -Malay Archipelago,' chap, xxvii.).
|
65. 56.' 67. 58. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 71a 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80. 81. 82. 83. 84. 85. 86. 87. 88. 89. 90. 91. 92. 93. 94. 95. 96. 97. 98. 99. 100. 101. 103. 104. 105. 106. 107. 108. 109. 110. 111. 113. 114. 115. 116. 117. 118. 119. 12l". 122. 123. 125. 126. 127. 128. 129. 130. 131. |
Tab. vi. xii. is. iv. viii. vi. iv. viii. iv. ( V. } iv. iv. v. ' V. V. V. XV. vii. iv. V. xii. vi. vi. iv. viii. vi. V. iv. V. iv. V. XV. V. iv. iv. V. iv. iv. vi. iv. xii. vii. vii. vii. ix. vi. V. iv. vi. V. vii. X. xi. viii. vii. vii. X. X. V. viii. xii. ix. vii. XV. X. vii. vii. vi. vii. X. xiii. X. vii. vii. ix. ix. xiii. ix. xiii. ix. |
& Fig. 6 9 1 4 3 7 1 4 14 fll 11 10 9 6 3 20 8 15 8 12 15 16 2 5 9 15 7 11 9 17 21 4 8 6 2 16 12 17 5 14 1 4 6 3 3 5 3 1 16 7 16 12 1 5 3 14 2 13 10 21 15 10 22 8 18 11 4 20 13 8 9 19 17 14 4 7 11 9 7 |
Page 40 40 41 41 41 42 42 43 44 44 45 45 46 46 47 101 47 48 48 49 49 50 50 51 51 52 52 53 54 54 102 55 55 56 56 •57 57 58 58 59 59 60 60 60 61 61 62 62 63 63 64 64 65 65 66 66 66 67 67 68 4 (fig. 1), 6 70, 154 102 70 71 71 72 72, 102, 15 72 73 73 74 74 75 75 76 76 77 77 |
£ a |
CONTINENTAL <s . m ai 1 /it % 1 1 i 1 i M H S 0 . O ... 0 . . |
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0 ... Am & Salwatty Islands |
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Corea . . . |
Duke |
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0 |
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, operculissima... |
0 |
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o |
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, silhetana |
0 |
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0 |
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» lutulenta |
• 0 ... |
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Waigiou |
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0 |
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0 |
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, chlorogaster ... , gemina |
0 Santa Cruz Islands |
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0 Goram |
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0 ... |
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, junctivitta , obtecta |
0 |
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0 0 ... Aru, Salwatty, & |
||||||||
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, pi^afettas |
0 [of York Islands |
|||||||
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. ... o |
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Pomponia imperatoria |
0 |
0 0 |
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fusca |
0 |
.... o |
0 ... 0 |
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|
japonensis |
0 |
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grsecina |
0 |
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|
o |
... 0 |
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... 0 |
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singularis |
0 |
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ransonneti ... |
0 |
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0 |
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pumila .... |
0 |
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viridimaculata . . . |
0 |
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0 |
00 |
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solitaria . |
." Narkondam Island |
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... 0 Engano |
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|
0 |
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|
translucida |
Sulu Islands |
|||||||
|
bindusara |
0 |
00 |
||||||
|
.. 0 .. |
132. 133. 134.
135. 130. 137. 138. 139. 140. 141. 142.
143.
144. 145. 146. 147. 148. 149. 150. 151. 152. 153. 154. 155. 156. 157. 158. 159. 1GO. 161. 162. 163. 164. 165. 166. 167. 168. 169. 170. 171. 172. 17:!. 174.
175. 176. 177. 178. 179. 180. 181. 182. 183. 184. 185. 186. 187. 188. 189. 190. 191. 192. 193. 194. I!).',. I'.W. 197. 198. 199. 200. 201. 202. 203. 204. 205. 206. 207.
Tab. & Fig.
Pomponia kama vi. 12
„ pallidiventris vi. 14
viridi-cincta Woodcut, fig. %
Tab. & Fig.
„ expansa vi. 13
,, maoulaticollis vi. 11
„ obnuhila vi. 10
Psithyristria specularis Woodcut, fig. 3
crassmervis ..
nodinervis
tenuinervis .. simplicinervis
XI.
xiii.
xi.
xi.
xi.
xi.
xi. x.
xi.
xi.
xiii.
x.
xi.
xi.
xi. x.
xiii. xiii.
Cryptotympana fumipennis ...
accipiter
diomedea
epitbesia
aquila
mandarina ...
pustulata
corvus
intermedia ...
acuta
demissitja
recta
facialis
sinensis
insularis
limborgi
exalbida
tondana
immaculata
Cicada leecbi xiii.
„ bihamata xii.
„ sinensis xiii.
coronata xii.
ochracea :.. xii.
tagalica vi.
pontianaka v.
germana vii.
polyhymnia xii.
„ viridis xii.
,, elopurina xii.
,, flarnmata xiii.
„ semperi
Subfam. TIBICENIN.E.
Gseana maculata iii.
„ stellata iii.
„ sulphurea iii.
„ hageni jx.
,, festiva iii.
„ atkinsoni ix.
„ octonotata iii.
„ tenebriscosa iii.
„ delinenda iii.
Talainga bingbami xiii.
Graptotettix guttatus iii.
„ thoracicus
Huechys sanguinea iii.
„ incarnata iii.
„ phBenicura iii.
„ vidua iii.
,, fiisca iii.
„ pingenda iii.
„ celebensis iii.
,, thoracica ....: iii.
„ lutulenta xiv.
„ dobertyi xiv.
„ chryselectra xiv.
„ hsematica xiv.
Scieroptera splendidula xiv.
„ crocea xiv.
,, fumigata xiv.
Mogannia viridis xiv.
„ fulva xiv.
,, obliqua xiv.
„ doria; xiv.
„ sesioides xiv.
,, hebes xiv.
Tab. & Fig.
4 10 3 5 9 7 10 11 1 8 11 10 11 6 2 7 12 13
2 8 3
11
13 8 7 2 4
19 5
15
17 15 22
8 18 10 12 14 16
4 21
2 4 6 9 7 1 8 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Page 78 78 79
79 80 81
82 82 83 83 83
84 84 85 85 85 86 86 87 88 88 89 89 90 90 91 91 92 93 93 94 95 95 95 96 96 97 97 97 98 98 99 99
104 105 105 106 106 107 107 108 108 109 110 110 111 112 113 113 114 114 115 115 115 116 116 116 117 118 118 119 119 119 120 120 121
|
C3 .* a HH PQ 0 ... |
CONTINENTAL 1 1 J 1 8 * i-l !? a >* | -3 .| H 3 O O |
INSULAR 1 | 3| I II4I11II1 0 |
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0 |
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0 |
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o |
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o |
o |
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0 ... |
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. ... 0 |
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. |
0 |
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.. „ 0 |
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0 |
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0 |
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Siam |
... o |
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0 |
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o |
|||
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0 |
|||
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... 0 ... |
Corea |
... 0 ... 0 |
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|
o |
|||
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0 |
0 0 |
||
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0 ... |
|||
|
o |
|
0 . 0 |
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|
o |
000 Timor |
||
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... 0 |
|||
|
o |
|||
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o |
Siam |
0 |
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|
o |
|||
|
Andaman Islands |
|||
|
o |
|||
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0 ... |
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0 |
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0 |
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o |
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0 |
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o |
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o |
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o |
Formosa |
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0 |
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. . 0 |
... 0 0 0 Sum Islands |
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o |
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0 |
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0 ... 0 ... 0 0 |
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0 |
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0 |
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0 0 o |
o |
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o |
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0 |
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o |
o o |
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o |
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0 0 o |
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o |
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o |
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o |
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o |
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0 0 |
0 0 |
00 I' Sumbawa |
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0 0 |
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0 ... 0 |
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o |
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|
o |
0 00 Sulu Islands |
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0 |
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0 |
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... 0 |
o |
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0 |
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... 0 |
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o |
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n |
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0 0 o |
0 0 |
... 0 0 0 ... 0 |
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... 0 0 0 |
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o |
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0 0 |
o |
o |
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0 ... |
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0 0 |
o |
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. o 0 |
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.. 0 |
1-omiosii |
d
|
Tab. i |
k Fig. |
Page |
|
|
208. Mogannia nasalis |
XIV. |
14 |
121 |
|
209. „ cyanea |
XIV. |
15 |
121 |
|
210. „ effects |
XIV. |
16 |
122 |
|
211. „ funebris |
XIV. |
17 var. |
122 |
|
212. „ conica |
XIV. |
18 |
122 |
|
213. Gymnotympana stridens* |
IX. |
16 |
124 |
|
214. Kamalata pantherina |
Vlll. |
9 |
124 |
|
215. Bustia dentivitta |
Vlll. |
14 |
125 |
|
216. ,, tigrina |
XIV. |
19 |
126 |
|
217. Karenia ravida |
Xll. |
6 |
126 |
|
218. „ calatata |
Sill. |
5 |
127 |
|
219. Tibicen casyapse |
XIV. |
20 |
128 |
|
220. „ reticulatus |
XIV. |
21 |
128 |
|
221. ,, lacteipennis |
(4 |
6l 10 J |
129 |
|
222. „ subvittatus |
Xll. |
17 |
129 |
|
223. , nanns |
XIV. |
22 |
130 |
|
224. , tener |
VI. |
5 |
130 |
|
225. , maculicollis |
XIV. |
28 |
131 |
|
226. , apicalis |
Xll. |
15 |
131 |
|
227. , nubifurca |
XIV. |
24 |
131 |
|
226. , ferrarius |
132 |
||
|
229. ,, pusillus |
132 |
||
|
230. Emathia segrota |
xii. |
3 |
133 |
|
231. Cicadatra querula |
xii. |
2 |
134 |
|
232. „ rugipennis |
xii. |
7 |
135 |
|
233. „ xantes |
XV. |
1 |
135 |
|
234. „ striata |
XV. |
2 |
135 |
|
235. „ acberi |
XV. |
3 |
136 |
|
236. Calcagninus picturatns |
Vlll. |
13 |
136 |
|
237. ,, nilgirensis |
Vlll. |
15 |
137 |
|
238. Terpnosia nigricosta |
XV. |
4 |
138 |
|
239. „ pryen |
XV. |
5 |
139 |
|
240. „ stipata |
XV. |
6 |
139 |
|
241. „ psecas |
Vll. |
21 |
140 |
|
242. ,, maculipes |
XV. |
7 |
140 |
|
243. „ clio |
IX. |
5 |
141 |
|
244. ,, andersoni |
IX. |
13 |
141 |
|
245. „ madhava |
IX. |
2 |
141 |
|
246. „ collina |
Vll. |
12 |
142 |
|
247. Melampsalta literata |
XV. |
8 |
143 |
|
XV. |
9 |
143 |
|
|
249. ,, pellosoma |
XV. |
10 |
143 |
|
250. „ exsequata |
XV. |
11 |
144 |
|
251. ,, laevifrons |
144 |
||
|
252. Prasia faticina |
Vll. |
14 |
145 |
|
253. „ princeps |
X1U. |
14 |
145 |
|
254. ,, hariola |
Vll. |
16 |
146 |
|
255. ,, fatiloqua |
VI. |
2 |
146 |
|
256. „ foliata |
XV. |
12 |
146 |
|
257. Lembeja maculosa |
Vll. |
13 |
147 |
|
258. ,, paradoxa |
148 |
||
|
259. BKturia conviva |
XIV. |
25 |
148 |
|
260. ,, exhausta |
XV. |
13 |
149 |
|
261. „ obtusa |
XV. |
14 |
149 |
|
262. ,, beccarii |
XIV. |
27 |
149 |
|
263. „ innotabilis |
XV. |
15 |
150 |
|
264. „ subnotata |
XV. |
16 |
150 |
|
265. „ stigma |
XV. |
17 |
150 |
|
266. „ bicolorata |
XIV. |
26 |
150 |
|
•l(n. „ ? sandaracata |
Vll. |
9 |
151 |
|
268. Acrilla adipata |
XV. |
18 |
151 |
|
CONTINENTAL £ & <0 3 s a 1 "3 la 55 U3 os a 2 2* * n ~ n c Q 1 i 1 i 1 i 0 - |
INSU1 C3 I =5 a -1 fl i3 0 O< g o ^ 11 ill 111! |
|
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0 0 0 |
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0 0 |
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0 ... 0 ... 0 |
... 0 0 ... 0 |
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o |
||
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0 0 |
Siam & Cambodia . |
|
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0 |
||
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... 0 |
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o |
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0 |
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0 |
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0 |
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0 |
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0 |
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0 |
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0 0 ... |
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0 |
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o |
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o |
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0 |
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0 |
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0 |
f Persia, Turkestan, | \ & Afghanistan J |
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0 |
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0 |
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0 |
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0 |
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o |
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0 |
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0 |
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0 ... 0 |
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0 0 |
, |
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0 |
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0 ... |
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0 |
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0 |
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0 ... |
||
|
0 0 ... |
||
|
0 0 ... |
||
|
o |
... 0 0 |
|
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... 0 ... 0 0 ... |
||
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|
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||
|
0 |
||
|
0 ... |
||
|
o |
||
Mysol
Timor, Aru, & Duke of [York Island
Mysol
* Gymnotympana strepitans, tab. viii., fig. 9, page 124 (note) ; locality, Woodlark Island.
ORIENTAL CICADID^E.
Class INSECTA.
Order RHYNCHOTA.
Suborder HOMOPTEEA.
Fam. CICADID^E.
Stridul antes, Latreille, Fam. Nat. du Regne Anim. p. 426 (1825) ; Amyot & Serville, Hist, des Hem. p. 458 (1848).
Striilulantia, Burmeister, Handb. ii. 1, pp. 102, 170 (1885) ; Stal, Hem. Afr. iv. p. 1 (1866).
Cicadida, Westwood, Intr. Mod. Class. Ins. ii. p. 420 (1840) ; Arcan. Entomol. i. p. 91 (1848) ; Distant, Biol.
Centr. Am. Ebynch. Horn. p. 1 (1881). Cicadaria, Packard (nee Latreille), Guide Study Ins. 5th edit. p. 588 (1876).
The principal characters of this family of Homoptera are as follows : — Ocelli three in number and placed on the disk of the vertex of head ; antennae short, inserted close to the eyes and composed of seven joints. The head is short, broad, and transverse, terminating beneath in an elongated rostrum composed of three joints. The thorax is large ; the pronotum short and transverse, with two oblique longitudinal discal furrows on each side; the mesonotum* is very large and terminates behind in a small basal cruciform elevation.! The abdomen consists of six segments and an anal segmental appendage. The anterior femora are incrassated and more or less spinose beneath. The tegmina are generally hyaline, sometimes opaque ; the venation usually distinct and furcate in ramification, but sometimes reticulate. J
The sound-producing or stridulatiug organs of the male § have been studied and described by Reaumur,]] Goureau and Solier,1f Duges,** Landois,tt Mayer, \\ and Carlet.§§ Mr. Jno. C. Galtou has also given an excellent resume of the same,|||| especially as regards the work of Carlet. Prof. C. Lloyd Morgan has recently contributed a short but very succinct description of "the sound-producing apparatus of the Cicadas, "1T1T which Mr. Middlemiss, writing from the North- West Himalaya, has supplemented by further particulars.***
This sound-producing apparatus is covered beneath by two flaps, which, as pointed out by Westwood, are " in fact, the dilated sides of the metasternum" ttt ; these are often incorrectly
:; This has been considered as a scutellum by Stal and some other writers, but I am supported iu my view l.y Burnaeister and Westwood.
t The metathoracic cross of Mr. Uhler (see fig. 1, 5, p. 4). J As in Polyneura ducalis, Westw.
§ Dr. Bennett found that the natives of New South Wales were acquainted with the fact that the males alone produced the sound. They said, in their peculiar English, " Old woman Galang galang no got, no make a noise," implying that the females do not possess these musical instruments. — ' Wanderings in New South Wales,' vol. i. p. 237.
|| 'Memoires,' torn. v. pi. xvii. (1740). 11 Ann. Soc. Ent. de France, torn. vi. (1837).
** 'Traite de Physiologic couaparee,' torn. ii. (1838). ff Zeitschr. fur wisaenoh. Zool. bd. xvii. s. 105 (IsiiT'.
H ' Zeitschr. fur wissench. Zool. bd. xxviii. s. 79 (1877).
§§ 'Ann. des Sciences Naturelles,' ser. 6, Zool. torn. v. & ' Comptes Kendus de 1'Acad. des Sciences' (1876). Illl ' Popular Science Review,' new ser. vol. i. p. 353, pi. x. 1T1f ' Nature,' vol. xxxiii. p. 868 (1886). *** Ibid. p. 583 (1886).
f ft ' Modern Classification of Insects,' vol. ii. p. 422.
B
2 ORIENTAL CICADIDM.
described as "drums," but are really covering-flaps, or as they are generally called "opercula," in agreement with Stal and other writers. These opercula, in many genera, are by their length and structure most important factors in specific differentiation. The real drums or " tympana" are either seen above on each side near the base of the abdomen as in the Tibicenince, or covered by the dilated or expanded lateral areas of the basal abdominal segment,* as in the Cicadince.
The females are provided with a remarkably developed ovipositor, by which they are enabled to pierce the branches of trees and there deposit their eggs. According to Westwood, the female deposits from five to seven hundred eggs, t but we have the statement of Dr. Hildreth that in North America the stock of eggs possessed by the female of Tibicen septemdecem " amounted to about one thousand." I
It may be here stated that it is proposed in this work to fully describe and figure all the species known or recorded from Continental India and Ceylon, the islands in the Bay of Bengal, Burma, Tenasserim, the Malay Peninsula, the length and breadth of the Malayan Archipelago, including, but not extending eastward of, New Guinea ; and Eastern Asia including China and Japan. It will be thus evident that this area, in a zoo-geographical sense, is a very arbitrary one, including the whole of the Oriental Kegion of Wallace, or the Indian Region of Sclater, § entering the Australian Region at New Guinea, and embracing the Japanese Subregion of the Palearctic realm. The Monograph thus embraces — literally — Oriental Cicadidas, and many genera can thus be more exhaustively treated than if a smaller, though more accurate, zoo-geographical region had limited our descriptive work.
As regards the habits and life peculiarities of the Cicadidce, we lack much precise information. References to these sound-producing insects are naturally found in most books of travel written by authors to whom Nature has, at least, some kind of interest, but even in these the recorded facts can only be applied to the members, or rather some individuals, of the group || belonging to a special locality, as specific, or even generic, distinctions can scarcely be expected to be recognised. Some attempt will be made to collate a number of these observations, and opportunity will be sought to diffuse them throughout the work in a more or less geographical manner as opportunities arise.
The general impressions of Cicadan music are naturally varied. Darwin, when at
::: I follow Stal in considering this as the basal segment of the abdomen, though Mr. Woodworth, in a recent " Synopsis of North American Cicadidte," describes the "second abdominal segment of the male" as being expanded. — 'Psyche,' vol. v. p. 67 (1888).
t ' Modern Classification of Insects,' vol. ii. p. 425.
I Sillim. Amer. Journ. 1830, p. 49. — As Darwin has admirably put it, "the real importance of a large number of eggs or seeds is to make up for much destruction at some period of life ; and this period in the great majority of cases is an early one." — ' Origin of Species.'
ii Address delivered to Biol. Sect. Brit. Association, Bristol (1875).
|| Even this is not always the case. Thus we frequently find, in books of travel, references to grasshoppers, when cicadas are evidently the insects intended. But perhaps the "reductio ad absurdum," in this respect, is reached by an anecdote given in that still charming narrative of Capt. Cook: — "One of the seamen who had been rambling in the woods told us at his return that he verily believed he had seen the devil ; we naturally enquired in what form he had appeared, and his answer was in so singular a style that I shall set down his own words : — ' He was,' says John, ' as large as a one-gallon keg, and very like it ; he had horns and wings, yet he crept so slowly through the grass, that if I had not been afeard, I mi«,'ht have touched him.' This formidable apparition we afterwards discovered to have been a bat." — ' The Voyages of Capt. .las. Cook,' vol. i. p. 284. Our modern poets are now even changing the English name ; thus, in Mr. Allingham's ' Flower Pieces and other Poems,' just published, and in which some earlier-published poems have received a new editing, " Cicada drunk with drops of dew," has become a tettix, and we read "OTettix," and " O my Tettix," where formerly appeared, "Cicada," and " dear Cicada." But, oh, mirabile dictu t a reviewer of these poems defends the name " Cicada" against " Tettix," as though less onomatopoeic, being more pleasant, and long since " the English way of naming this grasshopper."
ORIENTAL CICADIDJE. 8
Botofogo Bay, thought the "ceaseless shrill cry," when softened by distance, "not unpleasant";* in the Himalayas, Mr. Middlemiss describes the "deafening roar" from the rhododendron-trees, like the "whirr of large machinery;"! and Dr. Hildreth states that the "countless multitude" of Tibicen septemdecem, Linn., filled woodlands and orchards with a "continual singing or scream," from sunrise till evening, so loud that in a calm morning "the sound was heard a full mile." J Nor must we omit the testimony of Virgil, whose utterances, once more made classic in the pages of Kirby and Spence, describe the Italian species " as bursting the very shrubs with their noise" § — " Et cantu querulae rumpent arbusta cicada;" (Georg. iii. 328). [|
As regards the classification of the Cicadidte, we are, as in many other groups of Rhynchota, much indebted to the work of the late Dr.Stal,1T and there can be little doubt that his proposed classification, according to our present knowledge, is a sound one, and is and will be generally followed, if not entirely adopted by most students of the family. In fact, without the " Illative Sense," as propounded by Cardinal Newman, it is difficult to frame a very different one, and with some modifications, and supplemental proposals, it is adopted here.
It appears that two divisions or subfamilies can be well differentiated :—
Male. Tympana entirely or in great part covered by the dilated or expanded lateral areas of
the basal abdominal segment.** - - - - ' CICADIN^;.
Male. Tympana entirely or in greater part uncovered. - TIBICENINJE.
Subfam.^CICADIN^.
In this subfamily I include thirteen genera, and from these I have been obliged to eliminate many species hitherto thus generically treated, and to incorporate some which seem to have been unnecessarily divorced. The following synopsis will, however, best explain the generic views here followed. In the differentiation of the species, good structural characters can generally be found. These, as a rule, exist in the length and shape of the opercula, and where they are unduly developed the greatest specific distinction occurs, as is the case with other organisms, as pointed out by Darwin. ft These specific differentiations in opercula reach their maximum in the genera DunduUa and Cosmopsaltria, and the structure of the face, or in some cases the length of the rostrum, are also important factors in the discrimination of the species. Colour differences alone, without coincident structural departure, are treated as varietal and not specific differences.
Before proceeding further, it will probably be well to explain the nomenclature here used to represent the different anatomical divisions and other specialized forms of structure which are principally used in the diagnosis of genera and species; in other words, that portion
* ' Voyage of the Beagle,' 10th edit. p. 29. f ' Nature,' vol. xxxiii. p. 583 (1886).
I Sillim. Amer. Journ. 1830, p. 48. § Ivirby & Spence, ' Introd. to Entoniol.' 7th ed. p. 500.
|| Libanius, in his funeral oration upon the Emperor Julian, with the lofty rhetoric used on those occasions, exclaimed, " Whenever a cessation of business occurred, after breakfasting just sufficient to support "life, he was not beaten by the cigale, but throwing himself upon piles of books, he sung away." — 'Julian the Emperor,' King's translat. p. 176.
*\ Hern. Afr. vol. iv. p. 1 (1866). ** See fig. 1, 5a, p. 4.
ff As in the opercular valves of sessile Cirripedes (rock barnacles), but these not only show specific distinction, sometimes " wholly unlike in shape," but vary in the individuals of the same species (' Origin of Species,' 6th edit. p. 120).
ORIENTAL CICAD1DJE.
of the subject which was well separated by Burmeister under the name of "Partial Orisinology."
Front of head. Vertex of head. Pronotum. Mesonotum. Cruciform elevation.
Abdominal coverings to tympana.
Abdomen.
Face, on underside of head.
Opercula.
Costal membrane.
Basal cell.
Costal area.
Costal vein.
Radial vein.
Radial area.
Ulnar areas.
Apical areas.
Postcostal area.
Fig. 1. General structure of Pomponia imperatoria.
SYNOPSIS OF GENEKA.
1. Lateral margins of the pronotum ampliated and more or less angularly produced. a. Tegmina with eight apical areas.
b. Expanse of head, including eyes, broader than mesonotum. bb. Expanse of head, including eyes, not broader than mesonotum. aa. Tegmina with the venation dense and furcate, the apical areas numerous, but small and irregularly formed. -
2. Lateral margins of the pronotum convex, but not angularly produced.
A. Tegmina and wings more or less opaquely coloured.
c. Lateral margins of the pronotum somewhat convex but even. d. Head, including eyes, equal in width to anterior lateral margins of pronotum. dd. Head, including eyes, narrower than anterior lateral margins of pronotum. cc. Lateral margins of the pronotum anteriorly subampliated and somewhat toothed. AA. Tegmina and wings either totally or partially hyaline.
B. Lateral margins of the pronotum more or less distinctly toothed.
c. Second and third ventral segments in male with distinct lateral tubercles ee. Ventral' segments without tubercles.
/. Opercula long, generally reaching beyond middle of abdomen.
g. Head with the front large and convex, about twice as broad at base
as anterior margins of the lobes of vertex. h. Eostrum scarcely reaching the posterior coxae. gg. Head with the front not twice as broad at base as anterior margins
of the lobes of vertex.
hh. Rostrum reaching, sometimes slightly passing, the posterior coxse. ff. Opercula long, at least reaching centre and, sometimes apex, of abdomen. fff. Opercula short and transverse.
i. Interior ulnar area normal.
ii. Interior ulnar area broad and beyond base distinctly ampliated. BB. Lateral margins of the pronotum not toothed.
/, . Metasternum elevated at middle and furnished with a posterior
process turning backwards. -
kk. Metasternum not, or very slightly, elevated, but not provided with posterior process. ...
PCECILOPSALTRIA. PLATYPLEUKA.
POLYNEURA.
TACUA.
GRAPTOPSALTRIA.
TOSENA.
LEPTOPSALTRIA.
DUNDUBIA.
COSMOPSALTRIA.
POMPONIA. PSITHYRISTRIA.
CICADA.
ORIENTAL
Genus PCECILOPSALTRIA.
Pcecilopsfiltria, Still, Hem. Afr. vol. iv. p. 2 (1866); Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 211 (1885); ibid. vol. Iv. p. 148 (1886).
Body robust, somewhat short. Head broad, truncate anteriorly, including eyes broader than the base of the mesonotum ; ocelli about twice and sometimes thrice the distance from eyes as from each other; face moderately convex, not prominent above. Pronotum with the lateral margins ampliated, or horizontally and laminately expanded, obtusely or acutely angulated near centre. Anterior femora not distinctly spined. Metasternum elevated, the elevated portion centrally sulcated and somewhat sinuately truncated. Tympana practically covered ; opercula short, broad, their apices more or less convexly rounded. Tegmina with the basal cell or area broad, irregular, with four or sometimes five angles ; ulnar veins widely separated at their bases ; interior ulnar area somewhat broadened at apex.
This genus has a wide distribution ; it is found in tropical and subtropical Africa, throughout the Oriental region and enters the Palearctic fauna at China. Of twenty-five species at present known to the writer or otherwise recorded, no less than twenty-one are found in our fauna, and are here enumerated, nineteen only being figured, as two have proved to the present time unprocurable.
Many of the species show considerable dissimilarity to each other in coloration, structure, and general appearance ; specific variation itself exists only to a moderate degree, and is principally confined to the markings of the tegmina and wings.
A. Tegmina and wings clear and unspotted.
a. Pronotal angles very prominent and acute.
1. Pcecilopsaltria bufo. (Tab. VIII., fig. 20, a, b.)
Oxypleura bufo, Walker, List. Horn. i. p. 27, n. 9 (1850) ; Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 216, n. 15 (1885K Platypleura (Oxypleura) bufo, Butl. Cist. Ent. i. p. 195, n. 44 (1874). Ptatyphura bufo, Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. Iv. p. 149, n. 10 (1886).
This species is only known to the writer by Walker's type in the collection of the British Museum. That specimen is here figured, and Walker's original description, slightly remodelled in sequence, is reproduced.*
" Body tawny ; head and chest very broad ; head much narrower than the fore-chest,t adorned with two black irregular bands, the hinder one passing over the region of the eyelets ; face very slightly convex : mouth t tawny, with a black tip, reaching the hind border of the drums § ; eyes not prominent; feelers!! black : fore-chest broadest in the middle ; scutcheon II adorned with a blackish mark in the middle ; furrows blackish; hind-scutcheon** pale tawny, ferruginous, much widened, and forming a very projecting right angle on each side: scutcheon of the middle-chest tt ferruginous; hind border very slightly excavated: abdomen ferruginous, shorter and narrower than the chest, Jt tawny at the tip and beneath ; opercula^ tawny, partly pitchy, close ; drums tawny, rather large, nearly meeting, less than half the length of the abdomen, their disks darker : legs tawny ; tips of the claws black ; fore-thighs armed with two extremely
* A comparison is also attempted of the structural terms used by Walker and those followed in this work,
f Prosternum. J Rostrum.
§ Opercula. — The rostrum considerably passes the posterior margin of the opercula.
|| Antennae. V, Pronotum. *« Posterior margin of pronotum.
ft Mesonotum. {J Sternum. §§ Tympanal coverings.
6 ORIENTAL CICADID^E.
short and blunt tawny teeth ; wings with an exceedingly slight tawny tinge, tawny towards the base, bright tawny along the fore border ; veins tawny, darker towards the tips ; cross veins darker.
Second marginal areolet * nearly as long as the first ; first cross vein very slightly curved, slanting, forming a very obtuse angle, parted from the second by more than four times its length ; second slightly curved, very slanting, forming a very obtuse angle, nearly twice the length of the first; third nearly straight, very slanting, forming a slightly acute angle ; fourth nearly straight, slanting, forming a very slightly acute angle, a little shorter than the third ; fifth curved, forming a slightly acute angle."
Long. excl. tegm. <? . 29 millim. Exp. tegm. 86 millim. Exp. pronot. angl. 19 millim.
Hab. — EAST INDIA (sic) ; (Brit Mus.).
Nothing can be more unsatisfactory than such a habitat as "East India," and the proper locality of the species is still to be discovered.
aa. Pronotal angles moderately prominent and acute.
2. Pcecilopsaltria canescens. (Tab. VIIL, fig. 18, a, b.)
<>.cypleura canescens, Walker, Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. x. p. 88 (1867). Platypleura (Oxypleura) canescens, Butl. Cist. Ent. i. p. 197, n. 50 (1874). Platypleura (Oxypleura) aeutipennis, Butl. Cist. Ent. i. p. 195, n. 45 (1874).
Head and pronotum ochraceous ; a spot at anterior angles of front, a transverse fascia between eyes •widened at area of ocelli, a small spot between ocelli and eyes, lateral margins of the pronotum and the inner edge of the posterior margin (broken at centre) black. Mesonotum dark castaneous, with the following black markings : — a central fascia widened in front of cruciform elevation, two obconical spots on anterior margin and a longitudinal fascia on each lateral area. Abdomen castaneous, somewhat thickly clothed with greyish pile. Body beneath and legs ochraceous ; a transverse fascia between eyes, central sulcation to face, margins of the laterally dilated prosternum, a small spot at bases of opercula, and a spot at bases of posterior (and sometimes also of intermediate) tibiae, black.
Tegmina pale hyaline ; the costal membrane and basal cell ochraceous, the venation brownish-ochraceous ; the transverse veins at bases of third, fifth, and seventh apical areas, and the apices of the longitudinal veins to apical areas, slightly infuscated. Wings hyaline, the venation ochraceous or brownish-ochraceous.
The face is very strongly transversely striate, and its central sulcation is very broad. The rostrum just passes the posterior coxae and reaches the central connecting angles of the opercula, which are broad and short, not extending beyond the base of the abdomen.
Long. excl. tegm. $ , 23 millim. Exp. tegm. 82 millim. Exp. pronot. angl. 14 millim.
Hab. — SUMATRA (V. Lansberg — Leyden Mus.). BANDA (Wallace — Brit. Mus.). TIMOR LAUT (Forbes —coll. Dist.). ARU ISLANDS (Wallace— Brit. Mus. ; Beccari — Genoa Mus.).
The form described by Mr. Butler as P. (0.) aeutipennis, is a slight variety, but I possess a specimen from Timor-Laut which is quite intermediate between that form and the typical P. canescens, Walk. This species has evidently a wider distribution in the Malayan Archipelago than our present collections enable us to describe.
3. Pcecilopsaltria calypso. (Tab. X., fig. 3, a, 6.)
Oxypleura calypso, Kirby, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1888, p. 558.
This species is only known to the writer by the type in the British Museum (which is here figured), and Mr. Kirby's description, which is here reproduced : —
" Male. Black, with testaceous markings. Head black ; front of vertex with a wide testaceous stripe on each side, extending from the inside of the eye to the striated portion of the face. Longitudinal
* Apical area.
ORIENTAL CICADIDM. 7
sulcation broad, rather deep, black, surmounted by a trapezifortn ochreous spot ; the transverse striations, except the upper ones, are marked with ochreous, ending in a continuous ochreous stripe, not striated, on each side of the extremity of the longitudinal sulcation. Sides of face clothed with thick yellowish -grey hair ; labrum with a longitudinal testaceous stripe, expanded above and below ; proboscis testaceous, black towards the extremity, and reaching as far as the hinder trochanters ; antennae black. Pronotum testaceous, entirely so behind ; a dumbbell-shaped black mark in front of this, extending to the front edge, and the central sutures blackish ; sides not greatly expanded, with irregular black markings, and clothed with grey hair ; mesonotum black, with two short thick tawny stripes on each side, not reaching the front edge, and a spear-shaped tawny mark, filled with black in the middle, directed forwards ; scutellum with the hinder half and lateral ridges testaceous. Abdomen black ; sutures narrowly edged with testaceous, especially on the sides ; segment 7 with two testaceous dots in the middle and a larger spot on each side. Sternum mostly black, clothed with greyish hair ; legs testaceous ; coxse, four front femora, and tarsi streaked with black above ; opercula testaceous, extending nearly to the end of the first segment of the abdomen. Abdomen beneath testaceous ; basal segment entirely black, the following segments triangularly blackish on each side at the base, the last two lateral lobes spotted with black. Tegulae and wings hyaline, with brown nervures; costal nervures and inner marginal nervures testaceous."
Long. excl. tegm. 28 millim. Exp. tegm. 76 millim. Exp. pronot. angl. 13 millim.*
Hab. — CHRISTMAS ISLAND (Lister — Brit Mus.).
B. Tegmina and wings clear, but more or less spotted.
4. Pcecilopsaltria polita. (Tab. I., fig. 16, a, 6.)
Oxypleura polita; Walker, List Horn. i. p. 29, n. 11 (1850). Platypleura (Ojeypleura) polita, Butl. Cist. Ent. i. p. 196, n. 46 (1874).
Head, pronotum, and mesonotum tawny-ochraceous ; head with some black spots on front and a broken transverse black fascia between the eyes ; pronotum with two black discal spots, the anterior one longitudinal, the posterior one transverse ; mesonotum with four black spots on anterior margin, the two central ones smallest, a central longitudinal line not reaching anterior margin, and a small spot in front of each anterior angle of the basal cruciform elevation ; abdomen black, tyinpanal coverings, lateral posterior margins of the first segment, posterior margins of the second, third, and fourth segments, and a large spot on each side of the apical segment ochraceous. Head beneath, sternum, and opercula ochraceous ; a spot on each side of anterior margin and the central sulcation to face, a transverse spot between face and eyes, and the interior area of opercula black ; abdomen beneath dark castaneous. Tegmina pale hyaline, costal membrane and venation brownish-ochraceous, transverse vein at base of second ulnar area, and the transverse veins at bases of apical areas faintly infuscated, faint fuscous spots on lower margins of second and third ulnar areas, and a small double series near the apices of the longitudinal veins to apical areas.
The pronotum is considerably and angularly produced on each side, the rostrum passes the posterior coxse, and extends to near the inner angles of the opercula.
Var. a. Tegmina with all the fuscous markings darkened and enlarged, and with the addition of the basal cell, a spot in centre and at apex of radial area, and a spot near base of fourth ulnar area, also pale fuscous.
Long. excl. tegm. 23 millim. Exp. tegm. 70 millim. Exp. pronot. angl. 12 to 12£ millim.
Hab. — CONTINENTAL INDIA ; Karwar, Canara, Trevandrum (Calc. Mus. and coll. Dist.).
The varietal form described above was collected at Trevandrum. The species is evidently a continental one, and its habitat is now for the first time published, as Walker had no knowledge of the locality from which the British Museum specimen was derived.
* I have taken these dimensions from the figure, as Mr. Kirby has appended none to his diagnosis.
8 ORIENTAL CICADIDM.
5. Pcecilopsaltria cervina. (Tab. V., fig. 12, a, 6.)
Platyplftira cervina, Walker, List Horn. i. p. 16, n. 22 (1850) ; Stal, Berl. Ent. Zeit. 1866, p. 172 ; Atkins.
J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 217, n. 16 (1885) ; ibid. Iv. p. 149, n. 1 (1886). Piatypleitra stnnninea, Walk. List Horn. i. p. 17, n. 28 (1850). Platypleura (O.ri/pleiira) cerrimi, Butl. Cist. Ent. vol. i. p. 198, n. 52 (1874).
The following is Walker's description of this species : —
"2. Body pale buff: head nearly as broad as the fore-chest; face very slightly convex; mouth pale buff, with a black tip extending to the hind hips : eyes not prominent : feelers pitchy, buff at the base : fore-chest of equal breadth from the fore border to the hind border ; hind-scutcheon widened, and nearly straight on each side ; hind border of the scutcheon of the middle chest very slightly excavated ; abdomen obconical, a little longer than the chest: drums very small, far apart; legs pale buff; claws black, tawny towards the base ; fore thighs armed with small teeth ; hind shanks beset with buff spines whose tips are black ; wings whitish ; veins yellow ; fore- wings buff along the fore border ; cross-veins clouded with brown ; a row of brown dots on the tips of the longitudinal veins of the marginal areolets.
" Second marginal areolet much longer than the first ; first cross-vein slightly curved, slanting, forming an obtuse angle, parted from the second by nearly thrice its length ; second slightly curved, slanting, forming a very obtuse angle, about twice the length of the first ; third very slightly curved, slanting, forming an acute angle ; fourth slightly curved, slanting, forming an acute angle, much shorter than the third ; fifth curved, forming a very slightly acute angle."
Long. excl. tegm. $ . 18 millim. Exp. tegm. 50 millim. Exp. pronot. angl. 9 millim.
Hab. — CONTINENTAL INDIA ; North Bengal (Miss Campbell, Brit. Mus. ; and Calc. Mus.)
This appears to be a very rare species, or at all events is very seldom found in collections ; it is probably quite confined to Continental India, and even there its distribution may be considerably localised. The male specimen figured is in the possession of the Calcutta Museum.
C. Wings always more or lest opaque.
D. Tegmina opaquely spotted or banded.
6. Pcecilopsaltria basi-viridis. (Tab. IX., fig. 6, a, b.)
Platypleura basi-viridis, Walker, List. Hoin. i. p. 18, n. 24 (1850) ; Butl. Cist. Ent. i. p. 188, n. 19 (1874).
Head and thorax above brownish-ochraceous ; the posterior margins of pro- and meso-notums stramineous ; head with a large spot on each side of front, and a transverse fascia between the eyes, enclosing ocelli and connected with base, black; pronotum with a central discal angulated spot, two transverse spots on centre of posterior margin, a somewhat oblique spot behind eyes, the lateral margins and the furrows black: mesonotum with four obconical spots on the anterior margin, the central ones shortest, a large spear-shaped central spot — not reaching anterior margin, — on each side of this a small rounded spot, a spot on the centre of anterior margin and the anterior angles of the cruciform elevation, black ; abdomen blackish, the tympanal coverings and the posterior segmental margins ochraceous. Body beneath dull ochraceous ; central sulcation and anterior margin of face, — excluding centre, — a large spot between face and eyes, apex of rostrum and apices of the tarsi black.
Tegmina hyaline, the venation brownish, costal membrane brownish with two blackish spots ; basal cell brownish with a darker spot, a curved fascia crossing near base, followed by a more waved macular fascia, a dark and outwardly concave maculav fascia crossing beyond end of radial area, an oblique fascia situate on the transverse veins at bases of apical areas, and extending from post-costal area to about half the breadth of tegmina, and a double series of small obscure spots on apices of longitudinal veins to
ORIENTAL CICADIDJE. 9
apical areas dark brownish ; wings ochraceous, margins broadly — especially at apex — dark brownish, with a pale marginal whitish spot at apex and centre of posterior margin.
Long. excl. tegm. <? , 18 millim. Exp. tegm. 52 to 55 millim. Exp. pronot. angl. 10 millim.
Hab. — CONTINENTAL INDIA : Karwar (Gale. MusA
This is another of those species described by Walker, to which, at the time, no locality could be given ; but a specimen recently forwarded to me by Mr. Atkinson, which had been captured at Karwar, enables the species to be added to our fauna.
7. Pcecilopsaltria basialba. (Tab. VIII., fig. 19, a, b.)
Oxypleura basialba, Walker, List Horn. i. p. 26, u. 8 (1850).
Platy pleura basialba, Butl. Cist. Eut. i. p. 191, n. 32 (1874) ; Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. Iv. p. 147, n. 7 (1886).
This species being only known to the writer by the typical specimen in the British Museum, the usual plan of giving the original description is followed : —
" Body yellow, clothed with white hairs, covered beneath with white powder ; forehead adorned with a black band in front and behind, and with a stripe of short black bands on each side ; cheeks also with slender black bands ; eyes tawny ; eyelets red ; feelers tawny, with black bands and tips ; fore-chest adorned with seven small black marks ; middle-chest adorned with three black stripes, the side pair oblique, the middle one straight, widened o"n each side by the fore border, and having a small black spot on each side near the hind border ; abdomen black ; druma, tip and hind borders of the segments yellow; legs yellow, clothed with short white hairs; tips of the claws black; hind-shanks beset with tawny spines; fore thighs armed beneath with two small teeth; wings colourless, white at the base above, brown at the base beneath ; from this brown hue a short tawny stripe proceeds along the hind border, and communicates with an oblique brown band which crosses the wing near its base ; hind-wings colourless, dark brown with a whitish outline for near half the surface from the base, which is tawny ; flaps dark brown ; veins tawny, pitchy at the tips of the fore-wings.
" Second marginal areolet as long as the first ; first cross-vein nearly straight, very slanting, forming an extremely obtuse angle, parted from the second by full five times its length ; second very slightly curved, very slanting, forming an extremely obtuse angle, a little more than twice the length of the first ; third very slightly curved, slanting, forming an acute angle ; fourth curved, upright, forming a slightly acute angle."
Long. excl. tegm. 21 millim. Exp. tegm. 62 millim. Exp. pronot. angl. 11 millim.
Hab. — CONTINENTAL INDIA ; North Bengal (Miss Campbell — Brit. Mus.).
This appears to be either a very rare or a very local species.
8. Pcecilopsaltria subrufa. (Tab. L, fig. 1, a, b.)
Oxypleura subrufa, Walker, List Horn. i. p. 25, n. 7 (1850).
Platypleura subrufa, Butl. Cist. Ent. i. p. 192, n. 36 (1874) ; Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 216, n. 14 (1885) ; ibid. Iv. p. 148, n. 9 (1886).
Head brownish -ochraceous; lateral and basal margin of front, anterior lateral margins of vertex and a transverse fascia between the eyes black ; pronotum brownish-ochraceous, the posterior and lateral margins stramineous, edges of the dilated lateral margins and a small obscure central discal spot black ; mesonotum pale castaneous, with four obconical black spots on anterior margin, the central two shortest, a central black elongate discal spot, and a small rounded black spot in front of each anterior angle of the
10 ORIENTAL CICADIDM.
basal cruciform elevation ; abdomen black, with the posterior segmental margins narrowly castaneous ; head beneath, rostrum, sternum, opercula and legs ochraceous ; head with the central sulcation and a large spot on each side of anterior margin of face and a broad fascia between face and eyes black ; abdomen beneath castaneous, with the posterior segmental margins paler.
Tegmina with about basal third opaque, remainder hyaline ; base, a subbasal oblique fascia and a shorter transverse fascia at about centre brownish, the space between base and the subbasal fascia obscure creamy white, the costal membrane ochraceous, its anterior edge minutely spotted with brown, venation brownish-ochraceous, the apical margins of the ulnar areas infuscated, and some elongate spots on the apices of the longitudinal veins to apical areas of the same colour ; wings dark brownish with a central obscure creamy fascia not reaching posterior margin, the apical margin and a spot on posterior margin creamy white.
The transverse striations of the face are coarse and profound, the rostrum reaches the interior angles of the opercula, which have their posterior and lateral margins oblique.
Long. excl. tegm. $ , 28 millim. Exp. tegm. 75 millim. Exp. pronot. angl. 14 millim.
Hab. — CONTINENTAL INDIA — no locality — (coll. Dist.). CEYLON; Colombo (Calc. Mus.).
This is another scarce species in collections. Walker's type is unlocalised. I possess a specimen simply labelled "India," and the Indian Museum contains an example from Colombo. The Cicadidce of Ceylon have still to be collected.*
9. Poecilopsaltria octoguttata. (Tab. L, fig. 5, a, b.)
Tettigonia 8-guttata, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. Suppl. p. 615, 22-23 (1798) ; Syst. Khyng. p. 39, 33 (1803). Tettigonia octoguttata, Coqueb. 111. Icon. Ins. i. p. 34, t. 9, f. 1 (1799).
Oxypleura sanguiflua, Walk. List Horn. i. p. 24, n. 6 (1850); Ins. Saund. Horn. p. 2 (1858). Pcecilopsaltria octoyuttata, Stal, Berl. Ent. Zeit. x. p. 168, n. 1 (1866).
Platypleura octoguttata, Butl. Cist. Ent. i. p. 192, n. 35 (1874) ; Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 216, n. 18, (1885) ; ibid. Iv. p. 148, n. 8 (1886).
Head and eyes ochraceous ; front, a transverse fascia between the eyes, and a spot behind the eyes black ; pronotum castaneous, the posterior and lateral margins ochraceous, two spots on anterior edge of posterior margin and the area of the lateral margins black ; mesonotum ochraceous, with five large black spots, four obconical on anterior margin — the central two shortest — and one large discal, narrowed and pointed anteriorly and widened and dilated posteriorly, and a black spot on each side of the cruciform elevation. Abdomen blackish, clothed with greyish pile ; tympanal coverings anteriorly dull ochraceous. Head beneath, sternum, legs and opercula dull ochraceous ; a transverse fascia between the eyes — containing a small ochraceous spot at centre and each side of face — central sulcation and posterior margins of face, some sternal spots, basal margins of opercula and apex of rostrum black ; tibiae more or less castaneous ; abdomen beneath black.
Tegmina with about basal half opaque, remainder hyaline, costal membrane ochraceous, with two dark brown spots, venation ochraceous, a basal patch, a broad transverse fascia at about one-third from base, a waved fascia united to the previous fascia at apex of radial area and apex of lower ulnar area, which is again united to a narrow waved fascia at bases of first five apical areas, and a double series of small spots near apices of longitudinal veins to apical areas, dark chocolate-brown ; between these basal fasciae are a narrow transverse fascia, and a spot near apex of radial area, which are creamy opaque-white ; wings dark chocolate-brown with basal sanguineous rays, and the outer margin — not extending to anal angle — pale white hyaline.
* One wishes that an entomologist could be sent to this island with instructions somewhat similar to those given by Prof. Ward to Mr. Hornaday — " Plunder Ceylon. Bake the island over as with a fine-toothed comb ; catch everything you can in three months' time, and send me the best of it." — Hornaday, W. J., ' Two Years in the Jungle,' p. 248.
ORIENTAL CICADIDM. 11
Far. a. — Wings with a subcostal ochraceous patch.
Far. b.— Wings ochraceous, the outer area only chocolate-brown, and the sanguineous rays entirely absent.
Long. excl. tegm. $ . 24 to 26 millim. Exp. tegm. 73 to 80 millim. ; exp. pronot. angl. 14 millim.
flab. — CONTINENTAL INDIA : Panjab — Wazeerabad* (Hearsay — Brit. Mus.) ; North Bengal (Campbell — Brit. Mus.) ; Naini Tal (Stock. Mus.) ; Eajpootana — Mount Aboo (Calc. Mus.) ; Jodhpoor (Calc. Mus.) ; Sambalpoor (Calc. Mus.) ; Karachi (Calc. Mus.) ; Bombay (Leith — coll. Dist.) ; Karwar (coll. Dist.) ; Coimbatore (Walhouse — Brit. Mus.) ; Neelgiri Hills — Southern Slopes (Hampson — coll. Dist.) ; Shivarai Hills (Bidie & Morris— coll. Dist.). CEYLON (Calc. Mus.).
This is decidedly the most abundant and widely spread species of Pcecilopsaltria in Continental India, to which and Ceylon it appears to be confined. Besides the distinct varieties recorded above, even typical examples vary much in the shape and extent of the chocolate-brown markings to the tegmina.
10. Poecilopsaltria hampsoni. (Tab. L, fig. 8, a, b.)
Pcecitojisaltria Hampsoni, Distant, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 5, vol. xx. p. 226 (1887).
2 . Head luteous ; front with a number of black linear markings ; vertex with a transverse, narrow, black fascia between the eyes, and with a central black spot containing the ocelli. Pronotum greenish- ochraceous, the disk with the following black markings : — a central I-shaped spot, on each side of which are some oblique linear markings ; the lateral dilated margins are black, and the anterior margin is narrowly — and the posterior margin broadly— dull reddish ochraceous. Mesonotum greenish-ochraceous, with the following black spots : — four obconical from anterior margin, of which the central two are smallest ; and a large, oblong, discal spot, with a small partly rounded spot on each side of it ; the basal cruciform elevation dull reddish ochraceous. Abdomen above black. Head beneath, with the face black, marked with luteous transverse Hues ; sternum somewhat ochraceously pilose ; abdomen beneath black, the segmental margins ochraceous, the anal appendage of the same colour; legs castaneous, streaked or spotted with piceous and luteous. Eostrum black, the basal portion luteous.
Tegmina pale hyaline, with the venation brown, the costal membrane greenish, the basal third somewhat opaque, with darker transverse markings and small basal black markings ; a double irregular series of dark brown spots cross the tegmina at about centre, a dark brown fascia at bases of upper apical areas, a few small subapical spots and some small marginal spots of the same colour. Wings brownish- ochraceous, paler at apex than at base and very pale across centre, with a white marginal spot near anal angle ; the venation brown.
The rostrum reaches the basal abdominal segment ; the lateral margins of the pronotum are distinctly angulated ; the face is robustly gibbous, with a profound central longitudinal sulcation ; the posterior tibiae have three distinct spines on each side of apical half.
Long. excl. tegm. $ . 23 millim. Exp. tegm. 70 millim.; exp. pronot. angl. 13 millim.
Hab. — CONTINENTAL INDIA: Neelgiri Hills, northern slopes, 3500 & 5000 feet (Hampson — coll. Dist.).
We are indebted to the exertions of Mr. G. F. Hampson for the discovery of this very interesting species. It was first captured in the month of May, and although a fair series of specimens were collected, they all belonged to the female sex, and the male is consequently still desiderated.
* For the spelling of Indian localities I follow G. Smith's ' Student's Geography of India.'
12 ORIENTAL CICADIDM.
11. Poecilopsaltria coelebs. (Tab. I., fig. 12, a, b.)
Platypleura calebs, Still, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lend. ser. 8, vol. i. p. 578 (1868) ; Butl. Cist. Entom. vol. i. p. 188, n. 28 (1874) ; Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 218, n. 7 (1885) ; ibid. Iv. p. 146 (1886).
Head ochraceous; front, excluding a central spot, margins of vertex between front and eyes, and a transverse fascia between the eyes black ; pronotum pale castaneous, the posterior and lateral margins ochraceous ; mesonotum castaneous, with four large obconical black spots on anterior margin, the central two smallest, a central discal elongate black spot and a small black spot in front of each anterior angle of the basal cruciform elevation; abdomen black, the tympanal coverings, and the posterior segmental margins ochraceous. Head beneath, sternum, legs, rostrum and opercula ochraceous ; a transverse fascia between the eyes — enclosing a pale spot on face — inner margins of eyes, posterior margin of face and apex of rostrum black : abdomen beneath castaneous, with the posterior segmental margins and the apex ochraceous.
Tegmina with about the basal half creamy opaque, shaded with pale fuscous, and more or less outwardly denned by an indistinct curved pale fuscous fascia, remaining area hyaline, costal membrane and venation dark ochraceous, the transverse veins at the bases of the second, third, fourth, fifth and seventh apical areas slightly infuscated ; wings stramineous for about two-thirds their area from base, this coloration outwardly margined with fuscous, remaining area pale hyaline, the venation dark ochraceous.
The rostrum extends a little beyond the inner angles of the opercula, which are somewhat well separated.
Long. excl. tegm. 22 to 23 millim. Exp. tegm. 64 to 68 millim. Exp. pronot. angl. 11 millim.
Hab. — CONTINENTAL INDIA: Dekhan (coll. Dist.). CHINA: Chusan (Calc. Mus.).
Three specimens are contained in the British Museum, but they are only labelled " East India." The species is probably widely distributed, but appears to be scarce in collections.
12. Poecilopsaltria nicobarica. (Tab. I., fig. 3, a, 6.)
Platypleura nicobarica, Butler, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. iv. vol. xix. p. 811 (1877) ; Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 213, 11. 5 (1885) ; ibid. Iv. p. 147, n. 6 (1886).
? . Head and pronotum brownish-ochraceous ; anterior margin of front, a broad fascia between the eyes and the edges of the lateral dilated margins of the pronotum black ; mesonotum with four obconical black spots on anterior margin, the central two shortest, a central narrow lanceolate spot and a small spot in front of each anterior angle of the cruciform elevation, black ; abdomen blackish, the posterior segmental margins ochraceous. Head beneath, sternum, legs and rostrum ochraceous ; a narrow fascia between the eyes extending across anterior margin of face, central sulcation and posterior margin of face, black ; abdomen beneath very dark castaneous, the posterior segmental margins ochraceous.
Tegmina with about the basal half ochraceous and opaque, with two spots on costal membrane, a spot in basal cell, and two in radial area dark brownish ; remaining area of tegmina pale hyaline ; a pale brown fascia not quite crossing tegmina a little beyond the opaque area, an oblique brownish fascia extending across the apices of the upper three ulnar areas, and an irregular double series of brown spots near the apices of the longitudinal veins to apical areas ; wings ochraceous, the outer margins and a transverse discal fascia near apex dark brownish, a spot on outer margin a little before inner angle creamy white.
Far. a. (Tab. I., fig. 17.)
Platyi/leura distincta, Atkinson, J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 288 (1885).
Differing from typical examples by the somewhat smaller and less intense black markings on the upper side of head and thorax, and by the wings having the subapical discal fascia fused with the outer margin.
ORIENTAL CICADIDM. 18
Long. excl. tegm. 25 millim. Exp. tegm. 7G millim. Exp. pronot. angl. 14£ to 15 millim, Hab. — NICOBAR ISLANDS (Brit. Mus. — Gale. Mus. — coll. Dist.).
We have no record as to the precise island, or islands, of the Nicobar group from which the specimens alluded to above have been derived. The species is allied to the following, — P.fulvigera, Walk., — but differs structurally by the width of the pronotal angles.
According to my note-book, I once saw a specimen received from the Andaman Islands, but without more precise information it is unsafe to add that very probable habitat.
13. Pcecilopsaltria fulvigera. (Tab. I., fig. 2, a, b, var.)
Platypleurafuhirjera, Walker, List Horn. i. p. 9, n. 14 (1850); Butl. Cist. Ent. i. p. 185, n. 9 (1874) ; Waterh.
Aid Went. Ins. t. 152, f. 6. Pacilopsaltrlafuh-igera, Still, Berl. Ent. Zeitscbr. x. p. 169 (1866) ; Ofv. Vet-Ak. Forh. 1870, p. 707, 1.
2 . Head and pronotum ochraceous ; some linear markings on front, a broken narrow fascia between eyes, and the edges of the lateral dilated pronotal margins, black ; mesonotum pale castaneous, with four black obconical spots on anterior margin, of which the two central ones are smallest, a narrow lanceolate discal spot (not seen on specimen figured), and a small black spot in front of each anterior angle of the basal cruciform elevation ; abdomen black, the posterior segmental margins ochraceous. Head beneath, sternum, legs and rostrum ochraceous; a narrow fascia between eyes containing a small pale spot on anterior margin of face, inner margin of eyes and apex of rostrum black ; abdomen blackish, with the posterior segmental margins and the anal appendage ochraceous.
Tegmina with the basal half ochraceous and opaque, with a spot at base followed by a transverse fascia and a few scattered spots, and a spot on costal membrane, dark brownish ; remaining area pale hyaline, with the venation, a broad transverse fascia at end of opaque basal area and a short oblique fascia on apices of first and second ulnar areas dark brownish ; the transverse vein at apex of third ulnar area infuscated, and some minute brownish spots near the apices of the longitudinal veins to apical areas ; wings ochraceous, the inner posterior margin and a short discal fascia near apex dark brownish.
Var. a. — Wings having the subapical discal fascia fused with the outer margin, as in the specimen figured.
Long. excl. tegm. 2 . 23 millim. Exp. tegm. 68 millim. Exp. pronot. angl. 18 millim.
Hab. — PHILIPPINE ISLANDS (Brit. Mus. — Stock. Mus.) ; Manilla (coll. Sign.). CELEBES (Meyer — Dresden Mus.).
This species, which, as already pointed out, is allied to the preceding species, P. nicobarica, also varies in the same way as that species by the sometimes fused dark markings of the wings. The Philippine Islands are evidently the head-quarters of the species.*
14. Pcecilopsaltria sphinx. (Tab. VIIL, fig. 16, a, b, c.)
Platypleura sphinx, Walker, List Horn. i. p. 18, n. 18 (1850) ; Butl. Cist. Ent. i. p. 188, n. 20 (1874) ; Atkius. J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 218, n. 6 (1885) ; ibid. Iv. p. 145, n. 8 (1886).
This species is only known to the writer by the types in the British Museum ; the original description is therefore here given : —
" Body pale tawny, tinged with white, clothed with short, whitish hairs ; head narrower than the fore-chest ; crown adorned with two brown bands ; face very slightly convex ; mouth tawny, with a brown
* A considerable number of Cicadidce are recorded from these islands, Stal, by the aid of Semper's collection, having enumerated or described twenty-eight species, which does not include some others described by Walker. At Zamboanga, Lord Geo. Campbell describes the woods as " alive with the thrilling buzz of large Cicadas, rejoicing in their new skins, while the old ones were still sticking under leaves and on the trunks of trees. You thought you had caught a Cicada asleep, but it was only his empty outside."—' Log-letters from the Challenger,' 1st edit. p. 238.
E
14 ORIENTAL CICADID^E.
tip, reaching the hind-hips ; eyes not prominent ; feelers dark tawny ; fore-chest broadest in the middle ; hind-scutcheon much widened, and almost angular on each side ; scutcheon of the middle-chest adorned with four obconical dark brown marks, the outer pair long, the inner pair short and pointing towards two dots of the same colour ; hind border very slightly excavated ; abdomen obconical, a little longer than the chest ; opercula close ; drums of moderate size, nearly meeting, less than half the length of the abdomen ; legs pale tawny ; tips of the shanks darker ; claws pitchy, tawny at the base ; fore-thighs armed with tawny teeth, which hardly rise above the surface ; hind shanks beset with tawny spines whose tips are pitchy; fore wings whitish, brownish-tawny towards the base, and having elsewhere some irregular pale brown marks, which, here and there, include white spots; veins yellow; hind-wings brown, mostly yellowish-white towards the base, and having a large yellowish-white spot in the disk, white at the tips, and adorned with a white spot on the hind border, which elsewhere is brown ; flaps yellowish-white with broad brown borders.
"Second marginal areolet as long as the first; first cross-vein nearly straight, slightly slanting, forming a very slightly obtuse angle, parted from the second by about five times its length ; second nearly straight, very slanting, forming a very obtuse angle, much more than twice the length of the first ; third nearly straight, very slanting, forming a very acute angle ; fourth slightly curved, slanting, forming a slightly acute angle, a little more than half the length of the third ; fifth curved, forming a slightly acute angle. In the left wing of an insect of this species the third cross-vein is not more than half the length of that in the other wing."*
Long. excl. tegm. $ 16 rnillim. Exp. tegm. 46 milliin. Exp. pronot. angl. 8 millim.
Hab. — CONTINENTAL INDIA : North Bengal (Campbell, Warwick — Brit. Mus.).
A female specimen of this species contained in the collection of the British Museum is here figured, and fig. 16, b, exhibits the under surface of the abdomen — showing opercula — of a male specimen in the same collection.
Tegmina nearly altogether opaque. 15. Poecilopsaltria semusta. (Tab. L, fig. 10, a, b.)
Paettoptatiria semusta, Distant, Anu. & Mag. Nat, Hist. ser. 5, vol. xx. p. 227 (1887).
$ . Body dull ochraceous ; head with the front and a broad fascia between the eyes black, the last containing the ocelli and two small ochraceous spots ; pronotum with two central, discal, somewhat triangular, black spots, the lowermost largest and broadest, on each side of which are three narrow, oblique, black fasciae, or furrows, the lateral ampliated margins somewhat darker outwardly. Mesonotum with a large, black, central spot on anterior margin connected with the black margin of the basal cruciform elevation ; on each side of this central spot is a large, black, obconical spot, which nearly crosses the disk ; abdomen above dull castaneous, the segmental margins ochraceous. Head beneath with a broad black fascia between the eyes ; face ochraceous, the upper portion black, enclosing an ochraceous spot, the central snh-ation and transverse striations bright castaneous ; body beneath ochraceous, with darker shadings ; legs more or less tinged with castaneous; abdomen beneath as above; opercula brownish ochraceous, with the margins paler ; rostrum ochraceous, with the apex pitchy.
Tegmina brownish, with the following creamy markings : — a short, macular, transverse fascia near base ; a broad, irregular, transverse, macular fascia near centre ; between the fascia and apex are two spots near post-costal area, each divided by a vein, and an outer irregular series of submarginal spots ; at the bases of apical areas the transverse veins are shaded with dark castaneous. Wings brownish, some basal streaks and central macular markings ochraceous ; marginal fringe very pale ochraceous.
The rostrum about reaches the apex of the basal abdominal segment ; the opercula are angularly rounded, do not overlap, and are well separated from each other ; the face has a central, deep and broad,
* The description of these areolets is valueless. They are not altogether constant in form, and, if they were, afford little clue to the identification of species.
ORIENTAL C1CADIDM. 15
longitudinal sulcation extending through its lower two-thirds, and it is also transversely striated to that extent.
Long. excl. tegm. 18 millim. Exp. tegm. 55 millim. Exp. pronot. angl. 10 millim.
Hab. — CHINA: Chusan (Calc. Mus.).
I have only seen one specimen of this well-marked and interesting species.
16. Poecilopsaltria westwoodi. (Tab. L, fig. 18, a, i.)
Platyplcui-H U','!<tiroodii, Still, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. ser. 3, vol. i. p. 571 (1868) ; Butl. Cist. Ent. i. p. 186, n. 13 (1874).
I do not possess this species, and the following is Stal's description : —
" Eemote sericea, pallide olivaceo-virescens vel flavescens, macula media fasciaque utrimque lateral! verticis, macula vel fascia lata genarum, maculis nonnullis minutis thoracis, maculis quattuor basalibus, duabus discoidalibus minoribus pone medium maculaque sublaterali oblongo-obtriangulari sctitelli, fasciis basalibus segmentorum abdominis, dorsalibus latis, ventralibus angustis, tarsis anterioribus totis basique tarsorum pbsticorum, vitta exteriore tibiarum anticarum nee non alis nigro-fuscis aut nigris, harum fascia latissima irregular! media, limbum posteriorem baud attingente, limboque testaceo-flavescentibus ; tegminibus fuscescentibus, fascia obliqua prope basin sordide testaceo-flavescente, macula subcostali longe ante medium maculaque discoidali pallide testaceo-flavescentibus, pellucidis, maculis nonnullis majusculis pone medium in seriem transversam subcontinuam dispositis, macula subcostali prope apicem, maculisque quattuor marginis apicalis vitreis, anastomosibus obscurius fusco-marginatis, areis apicalibus apice et prope apicem ad venas longitudinales maculis parvis geminis obscure fuscis notatis 2 .
" PI. phalcenoidi, Walk.,* a qua PL interim, Walk.,* baud distingui potest, quoad formam thoracis affmis, aliter picta ; differt prseterea statura minus crassa, capite proportionaliter latiore, ocellis plus duplo longius ab oculis quam inter se remotis, frontis sulco longitudinali minus profundo, costa basin versus minus dilatata, maculis vitreis tegminum multo paucioribus et minoribus, genitalibus feminse magis productis, metasternique basi inter pedes intermedios magis producta."
Long. excl. tegm. 25 millim. Exp. tegm. 78 millim. Exp. pronot. angl. 15 millim.
Hab. — CEYLON (Hope Coll., Oxford — Calc. Mus.).
The male specimen here figured is in the collection of the Calcutta Museum. It is another of those rare species in Museums, which rather show the want of interest felt in these insects by collectors than the scarcity of the species itself.
17. Poecilopsaltria hilpa. (Tab. L, fig. C, a, 6.)
Platypleura hilpa, Walker, List Horn. i. p. 6, n. 10 (1850) ; Butl. Cist. Ent. i. p. 185, n. 6 (1874) ; Atkins.
J. A. S. Beng. vol. Iv. p. 149, n. 12 (1885).
Platy pleura fenestrata, Uhler, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliilad. p. 282 (1861). Pcecilopsalti-ia hilpa, Still, Berl. Ent. Zeitscbr. x. p. 169 (1866).
Head and pronotum dark ochraceous ; a curved fascia on front, a spot above insertion of antennae, and a transverse fascia between eyes, black ; pronotum with a central discal longitudinal fascia, widened posteriorly, black, the extreme lateral margins also more or less infuscated ; mesonotum with four obconical spots on anterior margin, the central two shortest, a central longitudinal lanceolate spot, and a small spot in front of each anterior angle of the basal cruciform elevation, black ; abdomen black, the posterior segmental margins a little paler, the tympanal coverings ochraceous ; head beneath, sternum, opercula, legs and rostrum ochraceous ; a subquadrate black spot with its centre ochraceous on anterior margin of head between eyes and face ; face black, its anterior margin ochraceous, the edges of the
* = Platypleura repanda, Linn.
16 ORIENTAL CICADIDJE.
transverse striations castaneous, posterior margins of face, dfsk of mesosternum and basal margins of opercula blackish ; abdomen beneath very dark castaneous, greyishly pilose, the posterior segmental margins pale castaneous.
Tegmina nearly totally opaque, pale brownish, the costal membrane and venation ochraceous ; basal area and an ill-defined transverse or macular fascia crossing centre, pale creamy ochraceous, a transverse fascia at about one-third from apex and the marginal fringe creamy-white ; a double series — sometimes connected — of small pale brownish spots near the apices of the longitudinal veins to apical areas. Wings pale ochraceous, outer margins, excluding anal area, and an oblique discal fascia — connected with the marginal fascia — dark brownish, a marginal spot near anal area pale creamy-white.
The opercula meet at inner angles, but by a malformation they do not do so in the specimen figured (fig. 6, 6) ; the rostrum just passes the posterior coxae.
Long. excl. tegrn. 20 to 22 millim. Exp. tegm. 60 to 63 millim. Exp. pronot. angl. 10£ millim.
Hab. — CHINA (Churchill— coll. Dist.) ; Hong Kong (Bowring — Brit. Mus.) ; Chusan (Gale. Mus.).
This species seems clearly located in China, though I possess a specimen labelled " India," to which habitat I bestow no credence whatever. In a little-worked family like the Cicadidce, I have frequently acquired specimens with most erroneous locality labels, and the only surprise is that the older authors were not in this way more frequently led astray.
18. Pcecilopsaltria ciliaris. (Tab. I., fig. 4, a, I.)
Cicada, ciliaris, Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. ed. x. i. p. 436, n. 12 (1758) ; Mus. Lud. Ulr. p. 155, n. 2 (1764) ; Syst.
Nat. ed. xii. 1, 2, p. 706, n. 8 (1767) ; Oliv. Enc. Meth. v. p. 757, n. 52 (1790) ; Germ, in Thon. Ent.
Arch. ii. 2, p. 2, n. 18 (1880); Germ. Silb. Rev. Ent. ii. p. 78, b (1834).
Cicada ocellata, DeGeer, Meni. iii. p. 220, n. 16, t. 33, f. 2, 3 (1778) ; Oliv. Enc. Me"th. v. p. 751, n. 21 (1790). Cicada varia, Oliv. Enc. Meth. v. p. 756, n. 44 (1790). Tettigonia marmorata, Fabr. Syst. Ehyng. p. 88, n. 24 (1803). Cicada marmorata, Germ, in Thon. Areli. ii. 2, p. 2, n. 17 (1880).
Platypleura arcuata, Walk. Ins. Saund. Horn. p. 1 (1858) ; Butl. Cist. Ent. i. p. 184, n. 4 (1874). Platypleura catocaloides, Walk. Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. vol. x. p. 82, n. 1 (1867) ; Butl. Cist. Ent. i. p. 184,
n. 8 (1874). Platypleura ciliaris, Stal, Hem. Fabr. ii. p. 3, n. 2 (1869) ; Ofv. Vet.-Ak. Forh. 1870, p. 707, n. 1 ; Butl. (part),
Cist. Ent. i. p. 185, n. 7 (1874); Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. Iv. p. 144, n. 2 (1886). Platypleura varia, Butl. Cist. Ent. i. p. 184, n. 5 (1874); (excl. habitat). Stoll, Cig. fig. 147.
Body above greenish-ochraceous ; margins of front, area of ocelli, a central longitudinal fascia, two short curved discal fasciae and the oblique furrows to pronotum, black ; mesonotum with four, sometimes six, obconical spots to anterior margin, the central two small, the outer two sometimes broken, thus forming four spots (as in specimen figured), a central lanceolate spot and a small spot in front of each anterior angle of the basal cruciform elevation, black ; posterior segmental margins and the anal appendage black. Body beneath greenish-ochraceous, sometimes dark castaneous ; a spot at base of face, margins of apex of face, apices of the rostrum and tarsi, black.
Tegmina greenish- or brownish-ochraceous, opaque, and greyishly pilose ; two spots on costal membrane, an oblique transverse fascia near base, two converging fasciae near apex and a double or fused series of small spots near apices of longitudinal veins to apical areas dark brownish. Wings ochraceous, the outer margins, an oblique discal fascia near apex (sometimes connected with base), and sometimes the margins of the anal area chocolate-brown.
The opercula in the male very slightly overlap at their inner angles ; the rostrum reaches, but does not pass the posterior coxae.
ORIENTAL CICADID&. 17
Long. excl. tegm. 21 to 25 millim. Exp. tegm. 62 to 70 millim. Exp. pronot. angl. 11 to 12 millim.
Hab.— COCHIN CHINA (coll. Dist.). PHILIPPINE ISLES (Semper— Stock. Mus.) ; Ternate (V. Lansberg— LeydenMus.). MOLUCCAS: Amboyna (Wallace — Brit. Mua. ; Beccari — Genoa Mus. ; Hoedt — Leyden Mus. ; Forbes — coll. Dist.) ; Ceram (Bruss. Mus. ; Wallace — Brit. Mus.).
This species is closely allied to the preceding, P. hilpa, from which it differs by the much darker and more opaque tegmina, but the structural differences are very slight, and I fully expect a long series of specimens from other localities will prove both to be but varietal forms of one species. Typical P. hilpa is found in China, and typical P. ciliaris in the Moluccas, whilst my specimen, derived from Cochin China, is both intermediate in locality and somewhat intermediate in appearance.
Mr. Butler, in his "Monographic list" of the species of Platypleura, has fallen into obscurity over this species, for he keeps the P. catocaloides, Walk., and P. arcuata, Walk., as distinct species, though he states that the last is probably only a "local form" of the first. But as P. arcuata was described nine years before P. catocaloides, in classification the position should be reversed. Again, Mr. Butler has applied the name P. ciliaris, Linn., to an African species, apparently in ignorance that Stal, five years previously, had, in his ' Hemiptera Fabriciana,' identified and localised it as above.
19. Poecilopsaltria andamana. (Tab. I., fig. 9, a, b.)
Platypleura andamana, Distant, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1878, p. 174 ; Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 214,
n. 8 (1885); ibid. vol. Iv. p. 146, n. 5 (1886). Platijpleura roepstorjfii, Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 214, u. 9 (1885).
Tawny, pubescent ; a spot on each side of front, and a transverse fascia between the eyes, black ; eyes dark shining castaneous ; pronotum with two very small foveate pitchy spots placed close together near centre of posterior margin ; mesonotum with two large obconical spots on anterior margin, and having between them on disk a narrow lanceolate longitudinal spot, a small spot in front of each anterior angle of the basal cruciform elevation, and an obscure fasciate spot on each side of the central obconical spots, black ; abdomen blackish, the posterior segmental margins oehraceous and strongly and palely pilose ; body beneath and legs brownish oehraceous.
Tegmina brown, opaque, with pale semi-opaque markings, especially on the apical half; basal third thickly covered with pale pubescence, and containing five dark brown spots, situate two in the radial area, one at base of third, and two in fourth ulnar area ; remainder of tegmina less pubescent, with a number of greyish-white spots, of which the most prominent are a transverse series crossing tegmina at end of apical area, and another waved series commencing about middle of upper ulnar area, where they are very distinct beneath, the apical areas greyish-white ; a double row of small brown spots on and near the apices of the longitudinal veins to the apical areas ; a dull whitish spot on inner angle of outer margin, which is very prominent beneath. Wings very pale castaneous, with a dark brown outer margin, and some suffused dark brown discal streaks.
Long. excl. tegm. 22 to 24|- millim. Exp. tegm. 76i to 84 millim. Exp. pronot. angl. 14 millim.
Hab. — ANDAMAN ISLANDS (Calc. Mus., Stock. Mus., coll. Dist.).
The figure is taken from a male specimen in the collection of the Calcutta Museum, the original description being that of the female sex only. It is a somewhat difficult species to accurately describe, but it is very distinct and easily recognised. According to present knowledge, it is quite confined to the Andaman Islands.
18 ORIENTAL CICADIDM,
Two species now remain to be enumerated, which are only known to the writer by the descriptions of the same, and in one case by a very indifferent figure.
20. Poecilopsaltria affinis.
Tettiyonia affinis, Fabricius, Syst. Eliyng. p. 87, n. 22 (1808).
Cicada affinis, Germ, in Thon. Ent. Arch. ii. 2, p. 1, n. 6 (1880) ; Silb. Eev. Ent. ii. p. 79, d (1884). Platypteura affinit, Walk. List Horn. i. p. 8, 7 (1850).
Pcecilopsaltria affinis, Stal, Hem. Fabr. ii. p. 4, n. 1 (1869) ; Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 211, n. 2 (1885) ; ibid. IT. p. 148, n. 1 (1886).
The following is Stal's description, derived from an examination of the type : —
" Pallide olivaceo-flavescens vel virescens ; loris, margine excepto, clypeo, carina excepta, maculis parvis duabus apicalibus lineisque duabus transversis versus basin frontis, fascia genarum, macula ocellos includente, maculis duabus ad oculos lineaque transversa interdum oblitterata verticis, linea latiuscula intramarginali laterali thoracis, maculis quattuor basalibus, mediis majusculis, vitta obliqua laterali angusta, posterius abbreviata, maculisque tribus parvis posterioribus scutelli, limbo basali segmentorum dorsi abdominis maculaque laterali segmentorum quattuor ultimorum ventris nigris ; tegminibus opacis, flavo-albidis, fusco-nebulosis, macula media arese radialis maculaque medium arearum ulnarium primae et secundffi occupante pallidioribus, areis apicalibus, exceptis area tota octava et partibus basali et apicali arese primes, vitreis, decoloribus, venis ulnaribus apice et prope apicem utrimque macula parva fusca notatis ; alis lutescentibus, vitta angusta parteque apicali extus late, intus angustius obscure fuscis, hac parte ad venas, limbo enervi areaque anali dilute lutescentibus.
"Caput obtusum, fronte leviter convexa; parte verticis apicali laterali, inter frontem et oculos jacente ; froutis parte subbasali latitudine subsequali ; clypeo apice sinuato-truncato. Ocelli ab oculis quam inter se plus duplo longius remoti. Thorax lateribus valde angulato-dilatatus, angulis suberectis, apice imo rotundatis. Latera area ulnaris interioris pone medium subparallela. Metasternum elevatum, medio longitrorsum irnpressum, antice sinuatum. Limbus enervis tegminum et alarum sque latus.
" Long. corp. 23 millim. Exp. tegm. 77 millim.
" Patria : INDIA ORIENTALIS (Mus. Lund.)."
21. Pcecilopsaltria capitata.
Cicada capitata, Olivier, Enc. Meth. v. p. 754, 84, t. 112, f. 10 (1790). Stoll, Cig. p. 76, t. 19, f. 103.
It is quite possible that Olivier only described this species from Stoll's figure :—
" Elle a un pouce de longeur, depuis la tete jusqu'a 1'anus, et trois et demi de largeur, lorsque les ailes sont etendues. Elle est noiratre. La tete est verdatre, tres-large ; les yeux sont gris ; les petits yeux lisses sont rouges. Le corcelet est brun anterieurement. Les elytres et les ailes sont transparentes, avec un peu de gris ; les elytres ont deux bandes noiratres, transversales ; la plus pres de 1'extremite des elytres part de leur bord exterieur, et n'atteint pas le bord interne : on voit pres de 1'exterieur de petites taches ou quelques traits noiratres. L'abdomen est conique et pointu. Les pattes sont brunes."
Measurements taken from Stoll's figure : —
Long. excl. tegm. 82 millim. Exp. tegm. 100 millim. Exp. pronot. angl. 17 millim. Hab.— " Ceylon."
I have not reproduced Stoll's figure, as it is evidently of an imperfect nature, and Olivier's figure is merely a copy of that of Stoll. It is clearly allied to the P. subrufa, Walk.
ORIENTAL CICADIDtf;. 19
Genus PLATYPLEURA.
Platypleura, Amyot & Serville, Hist, des Hem. p. 466 (1848) ; Still, Hem. Afr. vol. iv. pp. 2 & 9 (1806) ; Atkins.
J. A. S. Beng. vol. Iv. p. 144 (1886). Ojypleura, Amyot & Serville, Hist, des Hem. p. 469 (1848).
General characters of Pcecilopsaltria, but distinguished from that genus by having the head, including eyes, not or scarcely broader than the base of the mesonotum.
This genus has a wide and almost conterminous distribution with that of Pacilopsaltria. It is found in tropical and subtropical Africa, where it is most abundant and largely represented, exists more sparingly in the Oriental region, and enters the Pala3arctic fauna at Japan. My catalogue of this genus enumerates thirty-four species, but of these five only are found in this fauna, thus being in marked contradistinction to the preceding genus, as Platypleura is focussed in the Ethiopian, as Pcecilopsaltria was shown to be in the Oriental region. Here we have two genera closely allied, but separated by the relative widths of the head and mesonotum. In Africa the more contracted head is in the ascendancy, and Platypleura is the dominant genus, whilst in the Oriental region the positions are reversed, and Pcecilopsaltria, with the widened head, reigns supreme. Such facts find their place in the ever-increasing evidence for what is usually called the "Darwinian theory," and although their bearing or explanation is not at once seen, they become part and parcel of the great "case" which is now being so widely recognised by naturalists and students of all orders and of diverse views.
A. Wings, excluding margin, opaque.
1. Platypleura repanda. (Tab. I., fig. 7, a, b.)
Cicada repanda, Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. i. 2, p. 707, n. 17 (1767) ; Mus. Lud. Ulr. p. 159, n. 6 (1764) ; Gmel. ed.
Syst. Nat. i. 8, p. 2097, n. 17 (1782) ; Oliv. Enc. Meth. v. p. 754, n. 86 (1790) ; Germ. Thon. Arcb. ii.
p. 220 (1880); Silb. Eev. Ent. ii. p. 78 (1884). Tettitjonia repanda, Pabr. Sp. Ins. ii. p. 821, n. 16 (1781) ; Mant. Ins. ii. p. 267, n. 20 (1787) ; Ent. Syst. iv.
p. 28, 24 (1794) ; Syst. Bbyng. p. 41, n. 89 (1803). Fidicina? repanda, Walk, (part), List Horn. i. p. 90, n. 22 (1850). Platypleura phaleenoides, Walk. List. Horn. i. p. 4, n. 9 (1850) ; Butl. Cist. Ent. i. p. 186, n. 11 (1874) ; Stal,
Ofv. Vet. Ak. Forh. 1862, p. 480; Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 211, n. 8 (1885). Platypleura interna, Walk. List Horn. iv. p. 1119, n. 80 (1852). Platypleura repanda, Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. Iv. p. 150, n. 14 (1886) ; Dist. Ann. Mus. Civ. Genoa, ser. 2a,
vol. vi. p. 453 (1888).
Head, pronotum, and mesonotum greenish-ochraceous, with the following black markings : — head with a spot on each side of base of front, a narrow transverse waved fascia between eyes, and some spots on disk of vertex ; pronotum with a central longitudinal fascia, widened posteriorly, some curved fasciae behind eyes, and the anterior portion of the dilated lateral margins ; mesonotum with four obconical spots on anterior margin— the central ones shortest — a lanceolate central discal spot and a small spot in front of each anterior angle of the basal cruciform elevation. Abdomen blackish, clothed with yellowish pile, and the posterior segmental margins ochraceous. Head and sternum beneath thickly clothed with yellowish pile ; the longitudinal sulcation, and some of the transverse striations to face, black ; legs pale castaneous, femora with a dark spot at base and apex ; opercula black, the outer margin narrowly ochraceous ; abdomen beneath black, clothed with yellowish pile.
20 ORIENTAL CICADID&.
Tegmina with basal half opaque, greenish-ochraceous ; two fuscous spots on costal membrane, two in radial area enclosing a semihyaline spot, a spot of the same colour beneath apex of radial area enclosing two very small semihyaline spots and a large irregular transverse fuscous fascia crossing tegmina beyond radial area, enclosing two semihyaline spots situate in the third and fourth ulnar areas, and another similar spot situate in the lower apical area; remaining area of tegmina hyaline, with the venation greenish-ochraceous, and a large fuscous subapical fasciate spot extending across the apices of the first, second and third ulnar areas, stretching outwardly across the third and fourth apical areas and then continued to apex, and a double series of small fuscous irregular- shaped spots on and near the apices of the longitudinal veins to apical areas. Wings opaque, ochraceous, the apical area and apex of anal area dark castaneous, outer margin pale hyaline.
The rostrum just passes the inner angles of the opercula, which slightly overlap and are outwardly convex.*
Long. excl. tegm. 21 to 23 millim. Exp. tegm. 68 to 78 millim.
Hab. — CONTINENTAL INDIA : Kashmeer Valley (Leech — coll. Dist.) ; North Bengal (Campbell — Brit. Mus.) ; Sikkim (Calc. Mus. and coll. Dist.) ; Darjeeling (Gale. Mus. ; Stock. Mus. ; coll. Dist.) ; Himalaya (sic) (Dohrn — Leyden Mus.) ; Assam (Warwick — Brit. Mus.) ; Sylhet (Stainsforth — Brit. Mus.) ; Seebsagar (Calc. Mus.). BURMA: Kakhien Hills (Fea — Genoa Mus.).
Far. a. (Tab. I., fig. 11, a, b.)
Platypleura assamensis, Atkinson, J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 212, n. 4 (1884).
Body less robust and smaller in size than is usual in typical specimens, markings of the tegmina much paler in hue.
Hab. — CONTINENTAL INDIA : Darjeeling (Stock. Mus.). ASSAM : Seebsager and Naga Hills (Calc. Mus.) ; Khasi Hills (Chennell — coll. Dist.!.
This species has always been found in every collection of Cicadidce examined by the writer that has been derived from the North-Eastern Provinces of Continental India, to which and Burma, its head-quarters at least appear to be confined.- The variety, \ — assamensis, Atkins., — has also been found in most of the collections where the species was represented by a fair number of specimens.
2. Platypleura kaempferi.| (Tab. I., fig. 14, a, b.)
Tettu/onia kampferi, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iv. p. 23, n. 25 (1794) ; Syst. Ehyng. p. 41, n. 40 (1803).
Cicada kampferi, Walk. List Horn. i. p. 117, n. 34 (1850).
Platypleura ktr,»ipferi, Butl. Cist. Ent. i. p. 189, n. 27 (1874).
Platypleura hyalino-limbitta, Sign. Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr. (6), t. 1, p. xlii (1881) ; Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. Iv.
p. 150, n. 13 (1886). Platypleura J'uscani/ttlis, Butl. Cist. Ent. i. p. 189, n. 29 (1874).
Head, pronotum, and mesonotum dull ochraceous ; head with the following black markings : — a narrow transverse fascia on front, a transverse fascia between eyes, forming a spot at area of ocelli, continued on inner margin of eyes, two small discal spots, and a fasciate spot at anterior lateral angles of vertex; pronotum with a central longitudinal fascia widened anteriorly and posteriorly, the oblique furrows and the lateral dilated margins black ; mesonotum with four obconical spots on anterior margin (the central ones
* I havejfelt it superfluous to describe very fully in words the structural differential characters of the face, rostrum, and opercula, having given diagrams of the same, which are more useful and explanatory.
f In treating other entomologists' " species " as " varieties," I am, of course, — in the absence of breeding experiments, — expressing my own views alone, on the basis of reasons already given (antea, p. 3). The value of these specific discussions has long since been exposed by Darwin.
\ Named after E. Ksempfer, physician, naturalist, and zoological traveller. He travelled in Persia and various parts of India ; but is best known by his ' History of Japan,' which was translated from the original High Dutch by Scheuchzer, and published in two folio volumes in 1728. Ksernpfer was born in 1051 and died in 1713.
ORIENTAL CICADIDM. 21
shortest), a lanceolate discal spot much widened posteriorly and a spot in front of each anterior angle of the basal cruciform elevation, black. Abdomen black, the tympanal coverings and posterior segmental margins dull ochraceous. Head beneath, sternum, and legs dull ochraceous; central sulcation and posterior margins to face ; a fascia between eyes and face, some obscure sternal spots, and a spot at base of opercula, black ; abdomen beneath blackish, with the posterior segmental margins ochraceous.
Tegmina with about the basal half opaque and creamy ochraceous, costal membrane with two fuscous spots, and the following fuscous fasciae : — one basal, one oblique, passing through centre of radial area and terminating at apex of lower ulnar area, and a broad, waved, and irregular fascia commencing at apex of radial area and united with the preceding fascia at apes of lower ulnar area ; between the second and third fasciae are some small fuscous spots and a semihyaline spot near end of radial area, and a similar spot in lower apical area, remainder of tegmina hyaline, with a broad subapical fuscous fascia extending to apex of third ulnar area, an apical fuscous spot and some irregular small fuscous spots on the apices of longitudinal veins to apical areas. Wings dark fuscous, with the outer margins pale hyaline.
The opercula are pale fuscous, with their outer margins ochraceous, overlapping at centre, outwardly convex, but somewhat oblique at their lateral margins ; the face is considerably compressed, with the central sulcation broad and somewhat deep.
Long. excl. tegm. 21 to 22 millim. Exp. tegm. 65 to 73 millim.
Hab. — CHINA (coll. Sign.) ; Shantung (coll. Dist.) ; Shanghai (Fortune — Brit. Mus.) ; Chusan (Calc. Mus.). JAPAN (Bligh — Brit. Mus.; Lewis — coll. Dist.) ; Yokohama (Genoa Mus.).
This species appears to be quite confined to China and Japan. Mr. Butler has described, under the name of P.fuscangulis, a specimen which seems to be but a slight variety of P. faempferi, and he has given it the habitat of " Sarawak (Wallace)." I think it more than probable that a mistake has been made with this habitat, and I have refrained from adding it to the localities given above.
B. Wings partly hyaline. 3. Platypleura nobilis. (Tab. I., fig. 13, a, b.)
Cicada nobilis, Germar, Thon. Arch. ii. 2, p. 9 (1830) ; Silberm, Eev. Ent. ii. pt. 11, p. 82, n. 60 (1884). Cicada hemij>tera, Guer. Voy." Belang. Ind. p. 500 (1834). Platypleura semihidda , Walk. List Horn. i. p. 20, n. 27 (1850).
Platypleura rjemina, Walk. List Horn. i. p. 21, n. 28 (1850) ; Butl. Cist. Ent. i. p. 191, n. 81 (1874). Platypleura nobilis, Stul, 6"fv. Vet. Ak. Furh. 1862, p. 479 ; Butl. Cist. Ent. i. p. 191, n. 80 (1874) ; Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 215, n. 11 (1885).
Head, pronotum, and mesonotum brownish, or greenish-ochraceous ; head with the area of the ocelli, the inner margin of the eyes, and a short fascia between the ocelli and the eyes, black ; pronoturn with a rounded black linear fascia behind the eyes and a somewhat triangular spot on inner edge of posterior margin black, the lateral dilated angles infuscated ; mesonotum with four obconical spots on anterior margin, the central ones shortest, a lanceolate central spot and a small spot in front of each anterior angle of the basal cruciform elevation, black ; abdomen greenish- or brownish-ochraceous, the two basal segments, an obscure central longitudinal fascia, the basal segmental margins, and in the female generally the anal segment, black. Body beneath ochraceous ; central sulcation to face, inner margin of eyes, some small and obscure sternal spots, nietasternum at base of opercula, lateral margins of abdomen and apex of rostrum, black.
Tegmina with about basal half opaque and very pale ereamy-ochraceous, two spots on costal mem- brane, the basal cell, three spots in radial area — the smallest at base and apex, the largest a little before centre — a large spot on claval area, and a broad oblique fascia commencing at end of radial area and widened inwardly between third and fourth ulnar areas — where it encloses a pale spot — fuscous ; remaining
G
22 ORIENTAL CICADID&.
area of tegmina pale hyaline, with an oblique fuscous fascia much waved and angulated near apex and a series of small fuscous spots on and near apices of longitudinal veins to apical areas ; wings dark fuscous, with the outer margins, or nearly the apical third, pale hyaline ; abdominal area pale hyaline, slightly infuscated.
The rostrum is long, reaching considerably beyond the posterior coxae and to near the posterior margin of the overlapping interior angles of the opercula.
Var. a. Wings with the fuscous area containing a distinct oblique ochraceous ray.
Long. excl. tegm. 15 to 17 millim. Exp. tegm. 50 to GO millim.
Hab. — CONTINENTAL INDIA : Garo Hills (Chennell — coll. Dist.) ; Samagooting (Calc. Mus.) ; Munjpoor (Calc. Mus.). SUMATBA (V. Langsberg — Bruss. Mus; Hagen — Leyden Mus.). JAVA (V. Lansberg — Bruss. Mus.; Hagen — Leyden Mus.).
The var. a described above appears to be a purely continental race, and I have been unable to trace an example in the large collections from Java and Sumatra which have passed through my hands. P. nobilis varies in size, and in the intensity of markings to the tegmina ; in some specimens also the basal opaque coloration to the tegmina is of a pale brownish-green hue.
Walker gave as locality for the example he described under the name of P. cjemina (supra), " Cape Good Hope," which has been copied by Butler, but is clearly erroneous.
4. Platypleura insignis. (Tab. I., fig. 15.)
Platypleura insignis, Distant, J. A. S. Beng. vol. xlviii. p. 39, t. 2, f. 2 |_1879) ; Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 216, n. 12 (1885).
Body testaceous, thickly covered with griseous pubescence. Pronotum and mesonotum not differing in structure and markings from P. .nobilis, Germ., but more pubescent ; sternum and abdomen above and beneath also resembling that species ; rostrum with the apex pitchy and extending to a little beyond posterior coxa ; legs pale ochraceous, anterior and intermediate tarsi with the base, apex and claws pitchy.
Tegmina pale hyaline, with the venation, costal membrane, costal afea, radial area (excepting almost apical half) and a large basal patch transversely terminating from near the apex of the radial vein to the apex of the lower ulnar area, fulvous covered with griseous pubescence ; the radial area is hyaline from about its centre (where it is darkest in colour) to near the apex, which is narrowly fulvous and has a subconical fuscous spot on its outer border. A double series of small spots situate on and near the apices of the longitudinal veins to apical areas, and an irregular series of spots situate at the apices of the ulnar areas, black. Wings pale hyaline, with the venation fulvous and with a large black basal patch.
Allied to P. nolilis, Germ., but the tegmina and wings are very distinct, the dark opaque portions being much less in each than in that species ; the rostrum is also shorter in length, and the opercula do not so much overlap as in P. nobilis.
Long. excl. tegm. 15 millim. Exp. tegm. 45 millim.
Hab. — UPPER TENASSEKIM* (Limborg — Calc. Mus.).
The typical specimen described ten years ago, and now contained in the Calcutta Museum, is the only example of this species I have yet seen.
:= We possess little information as to the Gicadidce of Tenasserim. What we have comes from the pen of the late Eev. F. Mason, who wrote : — " One of the first objects that attracts the attention of an observer in some localities of the Karen jungles, is a clay tube several inches high, raised over a shaft sunk two or three feet in the ground, over which may be often seen a Karen, bending and inserting the extremities of a long branch of a thorny rattan, which after a few twists is withdrawn, bringing with it a grub that is deemed a great luxury."
" The natives have a distinct name for the grub, and seem to be ignorant that it is the larva of the Cicada. This I was enabled to verify on one occasion by observing the exuviae of many of their pupae adhering by claws to the serrated bark of trees, with rents in their backs, out of which the perfect insect had escaped. The Karens, it may be observed, are no more barbarous in their taste than the civilized Greeks, for Aristotle testifies that they were an article of diet, both in their larva and perfect state, and one species is still eaten by American Indians. The most common species is small, and often flies into dwelling-houses." — ' Tenasserim ; or, Notes on the Fauna, Flora, &c., of British Burma and Pegu,' p. 385 (1852).
ORIENTAL C 1C A DID M. 28
5. Platypleura badia. (Tab. VII., fig. 15, a, b.)
Platypleura badia, Distant, Ann. Mus. Civ. Genoa, ser. 2a, vol. vi. p. 458, t. iv. f. 6, a, b (1888).
? . Allied to P. insignis, Dist., but differing by the opaque markings to the tegmina being fulvous- brown ; the wings have the opaque coloration extending further from the base, where it is simply pale fulvous, and the body is fulvous-brown.
The species, however, is structurally separated by the length of the rostrum, which reaches the base of the anal segment.
Long. excl. tegm. 16 millim. Exp. tegm. 48 millim.
Hab. — TENASSERIM : Houngdarau Valley (Fea — Genoa Mus.).
Genus POLYNEURA.
Pohjneura, Westwood, Arcan. Ent. vol. i. p. 92 (1842) ; Amyot & Serville, Hist, des Hem. p. 460, 856 (1848) ; Stal, Hem. Afr. vol. iv. p. 3 (1866).
Body robust and moderately elongate. Head including eyes about equal in width to the mesonotum at base ; ocelli farther apart from eyes than from each other ; face moderately convex, slightly prominent above. Pronotum with the lateral margins moderately ampliated and somewhat laminately expanded, obscurely and obtusely toothed near centre. Anterior femora distinctly and robustly spined. Meso- and metasternums sulcated. Tympana covered ; opercula short, and broad. Tegmina with the venation dense and furcate, reticulate towards apex, ulnar and apical areas numerous and ill defined.
This genus is still represented by a solitary species, and its area of distribution is confined to Continental India and Burma.
1. Polyneura ducalis. (Tab. II., fig. 7, a, b.)
Pohjneura ducalis, Westwood, Arcan. Ent. vol. i. p. 92, t. 24, f. 2 (1842) ; Amy. & Serv. Hist, des Hem. p. 460, n. 1 (1843) ; Walk. List Horn. i. p. 2 (1850) ; Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 211, n. 1 (1886).
Body above and beneath black ; eyes, the anterior lateral margins of vertex, and the anterior and posterior margins of pronotum, ochraceous ; femora reddish, their bases and apices and the tibia and tarsi black (coxse in some specimens also reddish).
Tegmina brownish-ochraceous, the venation, costal membrane, and claval margin ochraceous ; the tegmina are also darker in hue for a little more than basal third. Wings ochraceous, in some specimens (as in the one here figured) irrorated with paler ochraceous, and the tegmina, as in the same figure, sometimes with a short transverse discal ochraceous fascia.
The rostrum about reaches the posterior coxa; the opercula are short, not extending beyond the basal segment of the abdomen, their lateral margins oblique, their posterior margins convex and their inner angles overlapping.
Long. excl. tegm. 35 to 37 millim. Exp. tegm. 100 to 110 millim.
Hab. — CONTINENTAL INDIA ; Nepal (Hardwicke — Hope Mus. Oxford and Brit. Mus. ; North-Western Province, Kanikhet (Calc. Mus. and coll. Dist.) ; Sikkim and Assam (Gale. Mus.) ; Darjeeling (Stock. Mus. and coll. Dist.). BURMA: Eangoon (coll. Dist.).
The specimen here figured is a female, which has proved to be the dominant sex in all the examples of the species which have passed through my hands; the females are also, from my measurements, larger than the males.
ORIENTAL CICAD1D.E.
Genus TACUA.
Tacua, Amyot & Serville, Hist, des Hem. p. 461, 859 (1848) ; Still, Hem. Afr. vol. iv. p. 8 (1866) ; Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. Iv. p. 150 (1886).
Body very robust and somewhat long. Head broad, truncate anteriorly, including eyes as broad as anterior lateral margins of pronotum ; ocelli a little farther apart from eyes than from each other ; face broad and convex, but somewhat compressed. Pronotum with the lateral margins convex, but not promi- nently ampliated or laminately expanded. Anterior femora distinctly and robustly spined. Metasternum centrally and longitudinally sulcated. Tympana covered; opercula long, extending a little beyond the middle of abdomen, their margins subparallel and slightly overlapping at centre. Tegmina opaque ; apical areas eight, interior ulnar area somewhat widened at apex ; wings excluding margins opaque.
This genus is only represented by one large and very handsome species, and its distribution is focussed in the islands of Sumatra, Java, and Borneo, and excepting a specimen received from the island of Penang, I have no knowledge of it from any other habitat. It certainly appears to be an insular and not a continental * genus. As in the genus Tosena, its species varies in an albinic manner.
1. Tacua speciosa. (Tab. II., fig. 9, a, b, and fig. 10, a, b, var.)
Tettigonia speciosa, Illiger, Wied. Zool. Arch. ii. p. 145, n. 88, t. 2 (1800) ; Fabr. Syst. Rhyng. p. 33, n. 1 (1803). Cicada indica, Donov. Ins. Ind. Hem. t. 2, f. 3 (1800—3). Cicada specios/i, Blanch. Hist. Nat. Ins. iii. p. 165, n. 1 ; Hem. t. 9 (1840).
Tacua speciosa, Amy. & Serv. Hist, des Hem. p. 462, n. 1 (1848) ; Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 217, n. 17 (1885); ibid. Iv. p. 151, n. 15 (1886).
Body above black ; eyes, anterior pronotal margin (narrowly), posterior margin of pronotum, posterior margin of the third, and the whole of the fourth, fifth and sixth abdominal segments, ochraceous ; basal cruciform elevation red, with its anterior angles black ; body beneath black ; lateral areas and margins to prosternum, a spot at lateral margins of third abdominal segment, and the lateral margins of the fourth, fifth and sixth abdominal segments, ochraceous.
Tegmina black, costal membrane and venation dull reddish, outer margin narrowly creamy-white ; wings black, the outer margin (excluding anal area) creamy-white.
Var. a. Tegmina and wings greyish -brown, the black coloration only observable at margins of the veins.
Long. excl. tegm. 47 to 57 millim. Exp. tegm. 150 to 180 millim.
Hab. — PENANG (coll. Dist.). SUMATRA (coll. Dist.; V. Langsberg — Bruss. Mus., Leyden Mus.). JAVA (Amy. & Serv.). BORNEO : Sarawak (Beccari — Genoa Mus,) ; Kina Balu Mt. (Whitehead — coll. Dist.).
According to Donovan, a single specimen of this species was found in Bengal by Mr. Fichtel, and deposited in the Imperial Cabinet at Vienna, but that habitat I consider liable to the greatest doubt. It may possibly be found in the Malay Peninsula, as a specimen has been received from the adjoining island of Penang, but I have hitherto seen no examples from the mainland, nor did I meet with the species myself when residing in that country.
The pale-coloured variety is found with the normal form of the species, and I have quite recently received both, collected at the same time, from Kina Balu Mountain in Borneo.
* The words "insular" and "continental," as here used, represent strictly subdivisions only of the "continental" area, bounded by the thousand-fathom line as generally understood in zoo-geographical distribution. Sumatra, Java, and Borneo thus form part of that " continental area," but in this work the areas have to be more finely drawn, and the cicadan fauna of these islands are compared with those of the surrounding continental lands.
ORIENTAL CICADIDM. 25
Genus GRAPTOPSALTRIA.
G-raptopsaltria, Stul, Hem. Afr. vol. iv. p. 8 (1866).
Body robust, attenuated posteriorly. Head, including eyes, narrower than the anterior lateral margins of the pronotum ; ocelli wider apart from eyes than from each other ; rostrum extending to about posterior coxae. Pronotum with the lateral margins irregularly convex, not prominently ampliated or laminately expanded. Anterior femora robustly spined. Tympana practically covered; opercula short, broad, not extending beyond basal segment of abdomen. Tegmina opaque. Apical areas eight ; transverse vein at the base of the second apical area much curved ; interior ulnar area not distinctly widened at apex. Wings opaque ; apical areas six.
This genus, represented according to present knowledge by one species, is known only from Japan, which thus contains an example of the opaquely coloured species having the tympana covered, and found in other portions of our fauna, in the genera Tacua and Tosena.
1. Graptopsaltria colorata. (Tab. II., fig. 8, a, b.)
Gmptopsaltria colorata, Still, Berl. Ent. Zeit. x. p. 169 (1866).
Head black ; apex and base of front, anterior lateral margins, a small spot behind eyes, and two large discal spots to vertex castaneous ; ocelli and eyes ochraceous. Pronotum castaneous, the anterior and posterior margins, and two narrow central longitudinal fasciae, blackish ; extreme lateral margins cas- taneous. Mesonotum black, with two faint obconical spots at centre of anterior margin ; in some specimens there are a few small castaneous spots ; cruciform elevation castaneous, with its centre and apical angles black. Abdomen above black. Body beneath ochraceous, mottled with dark castaneous and blackish ; opercula dull ochraceous ; inner margin of eyes and margin of face blackish.
Tegmina dark ochraceous, mottled with castaneous ; a narrow angulated linear fascia, commencing at apex of radial area and terminating at apex of inner ulnar area, and the apical area (irregularly) fuscous, a series of small pale submarginal spots near apices of apical areas. Wings dark, warm ochraceous, the outer margin and a subapical fascia castaneous, a small pale spot near apex of lower apical area.
Long. excl. tegm. 30 to 37 millim. Exp. tegm. 92 to 118 millim.
Hab. — JAPAN (Stockh. Mus. — Brit. Mus. ; Lewis — coll. Dist.).
The females of this species — in all the specimens I have examined — have been invariably larger than the males. It does not appear to vary in markings or coloration, as a fine series passed through my hands, collected by Mr. George Lewis, in his Japanese entomological expeditions.
Genus TOSENA.
Tosena, Amyot & Serville, Hist, des H<5m. p. 462, 860 (1843); Stal, Hem. Afr. iv. p. 8 (1866); Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. Iv. p. 151 (1886).
Body robust and long. Head broad, including eyes, about equal in width to that of mesonotum at base ; ocelli twice the distance from eyes as from each other ; face convex, slightly prominent above. Pronotum with the lateral margins more or less ampliated, or laminately^ expanded, and more or less distinctly toothed. Anterior femora distinctly spined. Metasternum elevated. Tympana covered; opercula short and broad. Tegmina usually altogether opaque ; apical areas eight ; interior ulnar area somewhat widened at apex ; wings opaque.
26 ORIENTAL CICADIDM.
Tosena is one of the most conspicuous genera of the Cicadidce, and its species are all included in this fauna. The north-eastern districts of Continental India are its head-quarters, for here are focussed some of the largest and handsomest of its species ; it is also well represented in Burma, and from thence its distribution is extended throughout the Malay Peninsula to the south, and apparently northward as far as some portions of China. In the Malayan Archipelago it is not uncommon in Sumatra, Java, and Borneo, and as I have seen representatives from Amboyna, it probably exists in other intervening islands, of which, however, we have at present no precise information.
As in Tacua, albinic variation is not unfrequent.
a. Tegmina uniformly black ; icings reddish ochraceous.
1. Tosena mearesiana.* (Tab. II., fig. 3, a, b.)
Cicada Mearesiana, Westwood, Arc. Ent. vol. i. p. 98, n. xv. t. 25, f. 1 (1842).
Tosena Mearesiana, Amy. & Serv. Hist, des Hem. p. 468 (1843) ; Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 217, n. 19 (1885) ; ibid. Iv. p. 151, n. 17 (1886).
Body and legs black or dark fuscous; ocelli and eyes pale castaneous; posterior margin of pro- notum, posterior margin of mesonotum (excluding cruciform elevation), posterior lateral margins of metanotum, a small spot on each side of face, and a large spot on posterior lateral margins of prosternum, ochraceous.
Tegmina black, opaque. Wings reddish-ochraceous ; tbe venation, posterior margin, and anal area dark fuscous.
Tbe rostrum extends to between the inner angles of the opercula, -which are short, broad, and well separated.
Long. excl. tegm. S , 53 to 58 millim. ; 2 , 40 to 43 millim. Exp. tegm. $ , 132 to 142 millim. ; 2 130 to 133 millim.
Hab. — CONTINENTAL INDIA : Himalaya (sic. — Westw.) ; Sikkim (Calc. Mus. — coll. Disk).
According to present knowledge, this species appears to be confined to the neighbourhood of Sikkim. The females are much smaller than the males, and have their tegmina rather paler in hue.
b. Tegmina black or dark fuscous, crossed by an oblique whitish fascia.
c. Wings more or less black.
2. Tosena fasciata. (Tab. II., figs. 1 & 2, a, b.)
Tettigonia fasdata, Fabricius, Mant. Ins. ii. p. 265, n. 2 (1787*) ; Ent. Syst. iv. p. 17, n. 2 (1794) ; Syst. Ehyng. p. 84, n. 3 (1808).
Cicada fasciata, Oliv. Enc. Meth. v. p. 747, n. 2, 1. 109, f. 1 (1790) ; Germ, in Thon. Arch. ii. p. 2, n. 11 (1830) ; Silb. Eev. Ent. ii. p. 75, n. 49 (1834) ; Blanch. Hist. Nat. Ins. iii. p. 165, n. 2 (1840).
Tosena fasciata, Amy. & Serv. Hist, des Hem. p. 462, n. 1 (1843).
Stoll, Cig. fig. 16.
Head and thorax above black ; an oblique spot near each anterior lateral angle of vertex of head, ocelli, eyes, two small spots on anterior margin of pronotum, posterior margin of pronotum, posterior margin of mesonotum, a spot on each side of cruciform elevation, and the posterior margins of metanotum, ochraceous. Abdomen ochraceous, tha basal segment, tympanal coverings, and a central discal spot on the second and third segments, black. Head beneath, rostrum, sternum, legs, opercula, and basal segment
* Named after Mr. Meares, by whom it was first Bent home.
ORIENTAL C 1C A DID. E. 27
of abdomen black ; apices of coxae, apices of femora, extreme bases of tibite, rostrum near base, central portions of sternum, and tbe abdomen, ochraceous.
Tegmina and wings blackish, the venation brownish-ochraceous ; tegmina with the base narrowly brownish-ochraceous and crossed by a narrow creamy fascia, commencing beneath and near the apex of radial area and terminating on posterior margin beneath the lower apical area.
Far. a. — Wings with some obscure pale submarginal rays as in the specimen figured (Tab. II., fig. 1).
Far. b. — Wings with the venation black and concolorous.
Far. c. — Tegmina with the transverse creamy fascia much widened.
Far. d. — Mesonotum with two central ochraceous spots (Tab. II., fig. 2).
Long. excl. tegm. $ , 53 to 58 millim. ; 2 , 41 to 44 millim. Exp. tegm. $ , 125 to 140 millim. ; S , 128 to 132 millim.
Hab. — SUMATRA (Bruss. Mus. ; coll. Dist.). JAVA (V. Lansberg — Bruss. Mus. ; Forbes — coll. Dist.). BORNEO : Kina Balu Mt. (Whitehead — coll. Dist.) ; South-East District (Doherty — coll. Dist.). AMBOYNA (Bruss. Mus.).
I possess a specimen labelled " China," but do not care to attach much importance to that habitat without further corroboration. T.fasciata, according to present knowledge, is a purely insular form, and is replaced on the mainland by the following race ? or species ? T. melanoptera.
In some specimens the posterior margin of the pronotum is green, and not ochraceous, but this colour difference does not constitute a distinct variety, as it is observed co-existent with the other aberrations already described under vars. a, b, c.
3. Tosena melanoptera. (Tab. II., fig. 5, a, b.}
Cicada (T.) melanoptera, White, Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. xvii. p. 881 (1846).
Tosena melanoptera, Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 217, n. 18 (1885); ibid. vol. Iv. p. 151, n. 16 (1886); Dist. Ann. Mus. Civ. Genoa, ser. 2 a, vol. vi. p. 454, n. 3 (1888).
Allied to T.fasciata, but tegmina and wings darker in hue, the transverse creamy fascia to tegmina much less oblique ; pronotum without the small ochraceous spots at anterior margin, and the abdomen beneath more or less blackened, but prominently so near base and apex.
Far. a. — Legs black, with the apices of the femora ochraceous.
Far. b. — Legs uniformly black.
Far. c. — Tosena albata. (Tab. II., fig. 4, a, b.)
Tosena albata, Distant, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1878, p. 175 ; Waterh. Aid Ident. Ins. t. 147, f. 2 (1884) ; Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 217, n. 20 (1885); ibid. vol. Iv. p. 152, n. 18 (1886).
Tegmina with five longitudinal greyish fasciae, one occupying radial area, and the others divided by ulnar veins, two of which amalgamate with the transverse fascia, and five irregular greyish fascise situate in the apical areas. Wings with nine greyish ray-like fascise situate on outer margin, the one at anal area largest; two-thirds of the outer margin narrowly edged with greyish. Apices of the femora not ochraceous.
Long. excl. tegm. $ , 58 to 62 millim. ; ? , 43 millim. Exp. tegm. $ , 140 to 155 millim. ; ? , 180 millim.
Hab.— CONTINENTAL INDIA : N.W.Himalaya (coll. Dist.) ; Sikkim(Calc.Mus.); Darjeeling (Stockh. Mus.; Elwes— coll. Dist.) ; N. Khasi Hills (Chennell— coll. Dist.) ; Sylhet (Stainforth— Brit. Mus.) ; Seebsagar (Calc. Mus.). BURMA : Bhamo (Fea — Genoa Mus.).
This species ? or race ? seems to be only separable from T.fasciata by colour differences, the usual structural characters used in differentiation, such as the shape of the opercula, &c., .being apparently identical in both T. fascia ta and T. melanoptera. The internal structure of the
28 ORIENTAL CICADIDM.
anal organs might prove of diagnostic value, but too much value may be placed on the constancy of such characters.*
T. melanoptera, however, is only found on the mainland, whilst T. fasciata is as rigidly confined to the Malayan Islands — the distribution and close affinity of the two species ? being exactly parallelled in Khopalocera by Papilios agenor and memnon, of which the first (as I have previously pointed outf) is the continental and the second the insular species.
4. Tosena montivaga, n. sp. (Tab. XIII., fig. 6, a, b.)
3- . Head and thorax above black ; head with the eyes and the lateral margins and anterior angles of vertex, and two small spots on anterior margin of pronotum ochraceous ; lateral and posterior margins of pronotum, lateral margins and a large basal patch to mesonotum pale greenish inclining to ochraceous, the basal patch contains two small black spots ; abdomen above black, its apical area covered with greyish pile. Body beneath and legs black; face, eyes, a spot connecting face and eyes, lateral margins of prosternum, apices of femora, and a spot on coxae, ochraceous.
Tegmina black, the costal membrane and venation pale greenish, and with a narrow oblique whitish fascia crossing tegmina beyond radial area. Wings black.
? . Differing from the male in having the transverse fascia to tegmina broader, the basal patch to mesonotum ochraceous (this is probably only varietal, or the result of discoloration), and the abdomen uniformly black, not greyish, at apex.
In this species the lateral margins of the pronotum are not distinctly toothed, the rostrum passes the inner angles of the opercula, which are short and transverse, with their posterior margins oblique.
Long. excl. tegm. $ , 51 millim. ; 2 , 41 millim. Exp. tegm. $ , 130 millim. ; ? , 128 millim.
Hab. — CONTINENTAL INDIA: Naga Hills (coll. Dist.).
This handsome and distinct species is allied to T. fasciata and T. melanoptera, from both of which it differs by the black abdomen, the pale basal patch t6 the mesonotum, the green costal membrane to the tegmina, and the narrow oblique pale fascia to same. The opercula are also different in shape, being shorter, broader, more nearly meeting at inner angles, and with their posterior margins obliquely straight.
5. Tosena depicta. (Tab. III., fig. 11, a, b.)
Tosena depicta, Distant, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, vol. ii. p. 823 (1888).
Head and thorax above black ; head with a spot at apex of front and a spot at each anterior angle of vertex, two central spots on anterior margin of pronotum, the posterior margin of pronotum, four spots in transverse series on mesonotum, and the posterior margin of mesonotum ochraceous ; the centre of basal cruciform elevation black. Abdomen above reddish ochraceous, with a central, longitudinal, narrow, dorsal, fuscous fascia. Head beneath, sternum, a lateral fascia to opercula, and legs black ; a spot at base and one on each side of base of face ; coxae, apices of femora and tibiae, tarsi (excluding base) and rostrum (excluding apex) ochraceous. Body beneath ochraceous, the basal segment blackish.
Tegmina dark olivaceous, the costal membrane and the venation reddish ochraceous, and with a trans- verse and slightly oblique greyish-white fascia near centre, not extending above the base of the second ulnar area ; posterior basal margin narrowly reddish ochraceous. Wings black, the basal area reddish ochraceous, with its posterior margin black.
* See Mr. Beddard's account of some remarkable variations in the internal organs of a species of earthworm (Perionyx excavatus), as quoted in Wallace's ' Darwinism,' p. 66.
t ' Bhop. Malayana,' p. 342, note.
ORIENTAL CICADIDM. 29
The rostrum reaches the apex of the basal abdominal segment, and the tegmina have their apices considerably attenuated.
Long. excl. tegm. 36 millim. Exp. tegm. 90 millim.
Hab. — BORNEO:* South-East District (Doherty — coll. Dist.).
This species has probably a wider distribution, as Prof. Westwood informs me ho has apparently the same insect from Sumatra and Malacca.
cc. Wings red, with the apex black. 6. Tosena dives. (Tab. III., fig. 10, a, b.)
Cicada dives, Westwood, Arc. Ent. vol. i. p. 98, t. 25, f. 2 (1842).
Tosena dives, Amy. & Serv. Hist, des He"m. p. 464 (1848).
Huechys transversa, Walk. List Horn. Suppl. p. 40 (1858) ; Stal, Ofv. Vet. Ak. Forh. 1868, p. 483 ; Atkins.
J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 219, n. 26 (1885). Gaiana dives, Atkins. J. A. S.Beng. vol. liii. p. 221, n. 84 (1885).
Body and legs black ; eyes ochraceous, apex of face castaneous. Tegmina blackish ; the venation, costal membrane, and a transverse fascia, — commencing at apex of radial area and terminating on posterior margin at lower apical area, — reddish ochraceous. Wings pale reddish, with about the apical third black.
The face is very globose, and the rostrum extends to between the inner angles of the opercula.
Long. excl. tegm. $ , 24 to 25 millim. Exp. tegm. 66 to 73 millim.
Hab. — CONTINENTAL INDIA (Stevens — Brit. Mus.) : Sikkim (Calc. Mus. and coll. Dist.) ; Darjeeling (Stockh. Mus.) ; Sylhet (Stainforth— Hope. Coll., Oxford).
This species, according to present knowledge, has a very limited distribution.
d. Basal areas of loth tegmina and wings more or less ochraceous.
7. Tosena sibylla. (Tab. IX., fig. 9, a, I.)
Gaana sibylla, Stal, Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 8, vol. i. p. 576 (1863); Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol.lv. p. 156, n. 26 (1886).
* The best and fullest information we have concerning the Cicadidce of Borneo is from the pen of Mr. Cuthbert Collingwood, who informs us : — " There are several species in Labuan and Pulo Daat, which make the woods resound. One of the most extraordinary of these singing insects utters a sound by no means unmusical. Just as the sun goes down, a loud, ringing whistle strikes up among the fern, or in some spot near the house, sometimes apparently almost in the verandah, which I can best compare to one smartly rubbing on very sounding musical glass, and keeping up for a long time a very loud and uninterrupted musical note. You may search in vain for the origin of the ringing sound, though it appears to spring from the very spot on which you may be standing, for a quiet approach will not disturb the insect, which, sitting in the mouth of its hole in the ground, whistles its monotonous and loud song, which is probably intensified by reverberation in the cavity. This insect seems to affect the neighbourhood of houses, and can only be seen by a patient and, withal, fortunate watcher.
"But there are two or three species of Cicadas which are no whit inferior in noisy powers to the insect just mentioned (which I have been assured was a locust), though their notes have a different character. One of these makes a simple chirp, all night long, like our crickets. But there are two others which I will designate respectively the scissor-grindcr and the saw-wlietter. I shall never forget the first time of hearing the scissor-grinder in the jungle at Pappan when approaching the island in a boat, the noise being distinctly audible for at least a quarter of an hour before we reached the shore, and when there the resounding whir-r-i — whir-r-r — whir-r-r of the insect awakening the echoes of the forest was truly astonishing. After continuing this deafening sound for some time, it winds up with a protracted whiz-z-z-z which dies away just like the scissor- grinder's wheel when the treddle stops. Another which I heard at Coal-point closely resembled the whetting^ of a saw, but was not so common as the last ; and a third always began with a sort of warbling note, like a person blowing in water with a bird-whistle, very loud and somewhat melodious withal. These sing all day, even during the hottest hours.
"The Cicadas are, however, very difficult to detect by the sight. They often sing high up in the trees, and I should still be doubtful of the' real nature of the songsters had I not once or twice, when peering curiously up into the tree, seen a Cicada quit its retreat and fly from among the leaves simultaneously with the discontinuance of the sound. But when in a bush near at hand, the ringing sound is of a peculiarly deceptive and ventriloquous nature. The noise they make is so loud that it thrills through the ears in a manner perfectly deafening. You approach the bush from which it appears to issue, and you even appear to have reached the very spot in which the animal is concealed, but nothing daunted, the insect continues its screeching, and you may peer about and look for a glimpse of it in vain. Your proximity does not disturb it, for it seems to think that it is quite safe in its concealment, and even thrusting a stick into the bush will not dislodge it, nor in all cases even stop the noise. At the same time one cannot be absolutely certain that it is really in that particular bush, for the mere intensity of the sound is not sufficient to fix its exact locality, though the thrill it sends through the ears proves it must be very near." — ' Kambles of a Naturalist on the Shores and Waters of the China Seas,' pp. 175 — 7.
30 ORIENTAL CICADIDM.
This species being only known to the writer by the type in the British Museum (of which a figure is here given), the original description is also copied : —
" Nigra ; tegminibus a basi vix ad medium subolivaceo-flavis ; alis ultra medium lutescentibus $ .
" Statura G. maculates. Frons valde tumida. Thorax antice capite nonnihil angustior, lateribus ab apice ad medium parallelis, dein subito ampliatis. Tegmina costa et vena subcostali per totam longi- tudinem sat distantibus, venis ulnaribus basi sat distantibus, areis apicalibus longissimis, pritna, quarta et sexta aequilongis. Opercula subtriangularia, apice rotundata.
" Long. 42, exp. tegm., 112 mill."
Hab. — MALAY PENINSULA : Tringanu (Brit. Mus.) ; Jelebu (Baffles Mus. Singapore).
Stal described this species from an unset specimen. I have to thank the authorities of the Zoological Department of the British Museum for having the tegmina and wings expanded, thus exhibiting the tympanal coverings, which show it to belong to the genus Tosena, and not to Gceana.
e. Tegmina and wings partly hyaline, wings broadly greenish at base. 8. Tosena splendida. (Tab. II., fig. 6, a, b, var.)
Tosena splendida, Distant, Ent. Month. Mag. vol. xv. p. 76 (1878) ; Waterh. Aid Ident. Ins. 1. 147, f. 1 (1884) ; Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 217, a. 21 (1885); ibid. vol. Iv. p. 152, n. 19 (1886).
Body above black ; front with a reddish spot at each basal angle ; eyes, two small spots on vertex, four large spots to pronotum (two on disk and one at each posterior lateral angle) and two spots on disk of mesonotum,* luteous. Body beneath and legs black; lateral margins of the face, a wide central annulation to femora, and a central discal series of subtriangular spots, sanguineous.
Tegmina and wings — where not obscured by darker markings — pale hyaline, exhibiting varied opaline lustre, which in some lights is found to be ornamented with close and regular series of transverse darker striae ; tegmina at base (narrowly) and costal membrane shining blackish ; venation bright luteous and for two-thirds from base broadly margined with shining blackish, and a series of shining blackish marginal spots on the apices of longitudinal veins to apical areas largest and somewhat fused at apex ; claval area pale greenish. Wings pale greenish for nearly two-thirds their area from base ; remaining apical area shining blackish, enclosing a submarginal series of pale opaline spots, of which the largest are subapical.
Far. a. — Typical, as described above (Waterh. Aid Ident. Ins. t. 147, f. 1).
Far. b. Supra (Tab. II., fig. 6).
In this variety all the markings are paler and more sombre in hue, the mesonotal spots practically absent, and the dark fuscous markings to tegmina and wings, not shining blackish.
Long. excl. tegm. $ , 45 to 47 millim. ; ? , 44 millim. Exp. tegm. $ & ? , 122 to 127 millim.
Hab. — CONTINENTAL INDIA : Naga Hills, 2000 to 6000 ft. (Chennell— coll. Dist.) ; Khasi Hills, 4500 to 6000 ft. (Chennell— coll. Dist.) ; Lushai Country (Calc. Mus.). BUKMA : Akyab (coll. Dist.).
When first diagnosing this species, with only one of each sex before me, I was disposed to consider that the sexes usually differed in the manner there described. I have, however, since received other specimens, which prove the dark coloration to be the normal form of the species.
* The specimen figured was somewhat faded, but the colorist has altogether ignored these spots.
ORIENTAL CICADIDM. 81
Genus LEPTOPSALTRIA.
Leptopsaltria, Stul, Hem. Afr. iv. p. 5 (1866) ; Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 227 (1885) ; ibid. vol. lv. p. 157 (1886).
Body moderately long and robust. Head somewhat narrowed anteriorly, including eyes about equal in breadth to the anterior margin of the mesonotum ; ocelli not quite twice the distance from eyes as from each other ; front somewhat conical and subprominent. Pronotum with the lateral margins moderately ampliated and more or less distinctly toothed. Gense* internally near the apex at the base of the lores,* furnished with a tubercle or tumescence. Anterior femora distinctly and robustly spined. Eostrum extending beyond the posterior coxas. Tympana covered ; opercula short. Second and third abdominal segments in the male furnished with a well-developed tubercle near each lateral margin. Tegmina with the interior ulnar area not, or slightly, narrowed at apex.
This genus of Cicadidce, with covered tympana and clear tegmina, is easily recognised in the male sex, by the character of the lateral tubercles to the second and third abdominal segments. In the Tibicenince we have a similar genus, separated by the tympana being practically uncovered, for which I propose the generic name Calcagninus. t
The distribution of the genus is conterminate with the faunistic area embraced by this monograph, and every known species is thus included.
a. Opercula with the posterior margins obliquely straight, the lateral margins usually oblique, sometimes slightly convex.
1. Leptopsaltria quadrituberculata. (Tab. VIII., fig. 6, a, b.)
Cicada quadrituberculata, Signoret, Ann. Soc. Ent. de Fr. ser. 2, vol. v. p. 297 (1847).
DunduUa quadrituberculata, Walk., List Horn. i. p. 78, n. 40 (1850); Stal, Ann. Soc. Ent. de Fr. ser. 4,
vol. iv. p. 60 (1864). Leptopsaltria quadrituberculata, Stal, Berl. Ent. Zeit. x. p. 170 (1866) ; Ofv. Vet. Ak. Forh. 1870, p. 710, n. 1.
S . Body above ochraceous. Head with the lateral striations to front, a series of linear marks on vertex, and the area of the ocelli black ; eyes castaneous ; ocelli red. Pronotum with two central black lines, the posterior and inner lateral margins also black, and an irregular black spot on posterior margin near each lateral angle. Mesonotum with five black linear spots, the central one straight and crossing disk, the others situate two on each side, shorter and oblique, and with four small rounded black spots near base. Abdomen pale castaneous, sparingly clothed with greyish pile, the segrnental margins pale blackish ; lateral margins of the tympanal coverings also blackish. Body beneath, rostrum and legs ochraceous ; apices of face and gense, a fascia between eyes and face, a broad annulation at apices of anterior femora, anterior tibiae excluding apices, anterior halves — excluding apices — of intermediate tibiae, anterior tarsi excluding base, apex of rostrum, margins of opercula, abdominal tubercles, and apex of abdomen, black.
Tegmina and wings pale hyaline ; the first with the costal membrane and venation ochraceous with blackish shadings, the transverse veins at the bases of the second and third apical areas infuscated ; wings with the venation ochraceous, more or less infuscated.
''•'• The terms "gense" and "lores" may be described in the words of Burmeister: — " The sides of the head, from the eyes downwards to the mouth, are called cheeks (genie). We again distinguish in them the anterior portion, extending as far as the articulation of the mandibles and maxillae, or the commencement of the mouth, by the name of reins or lora." — c .Manual Entomology,' Shuckard's translation, p. 51).
t The author quoted by Burton, in his ' Anatomy of Melancholy,' as an authority for the power of music on the insect world, — "bees .... though they be flying away, when they hear any tingling sound will tarry behind."
32 ORIENTAL CICADID^E.
The rostrum reaches the inner angles of the opercula, which are widely separated, their apical margins oblique, their lateral margins slightly convex.
Long. excl. tegm. 41 millim. Exp. tegm. 110 millim.
Hab. — JAVA (coll. Sign., coll. Dist.). PHILIPPINE ISLES (Stockh. Mus. — Bruss. Mus.). CHINA (Bowring — Brit. Mus.).
This is the largest species of the genus at present known to science.
2. Leptopsaltria mascula. (Tab. X., fig. 1, a, b.)
Leptopsaltria mascula, Distant, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, vol. iii. p. 420 (1889).
c? . Head, pronotum, and mesonotum greenish ochraceous ; head with the margins of front, anterior margins of vertex, inner margins of eyes, and the area of the ocelli black ; pronotum and mesonotum with the following black markings : — pronotum with two central longitudinal fasciae, widened anteriorly and rounded and united posteriorly, the incisures, a large spot on lateral margins and three spots on posterior margin, the central one smallest and linear ; mesonotum with five fasciae, one central, widened and somewhat cordate posteriorly, an abbreviated one on each side, followed by another completely crossing disk, and two small spots in front of the cruciform elevation. Abdomen castaneous, the segmental margins pitchy and a spot of the same colour at base. Head and thorax beneath, legs and opercula greenish ochraceous, face with black striae, head spotted with black, apices of the tibiae and tarsi blackish. Abdomen beneath castaneous, with the tubercles and apex black.
Tegmina and wings pale hyaline, the venation ochraceous ; tegmina with the apex slightly infuscated, a small black and ochraceous spot at base of upper ulnar area and the transverse veina at bases of second and third apical areas darkly infuscated.
The rostrum reaches the posterior coxae ; the opercula are angulated, the outer and posterior margins nearly straight.
Long. excl. tegm. <? , 28 millim. Exp. tegm. 78 millim.
Hab. — BORNEO : Kina Balu Mtn. (Whitehead — coll. Dist.).
3. Leptopsaltria samia. (Tab. VIII., fig. 11, a, I.)
DundvMa samia, Walker. List Horn. i. p. 77, n. 89 (1850) ; Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 225, n. 47 (1888).
The following is Walker's original description : —
"Body green, tinged here and there with tawny : head much narrower than the fore-chest, pitchy about the eyelets, and with a pitchy streak on each side along the eye; mouth tawny, with a black tip reaching beyond the hind-hips ; eyes prominent ; feelers tawny ; scutcheon of the fore-chest adorned with a pale streak which is slightly widened in front and behind ; a pitchy spot on each side; hind-scutcheon narrow in the middle, slightly angular and much widened at the base of each fore-wing, slightly excavated on each side; scutcheon of the middle-chest ferruginous, adorned with some green marks, of these there is a large angular spot in the middle, on each side a forked mark, behind which there is a curved mark, and nearer each side a slight streak ; hind border slightly excavated ; abdomen obconical, tawny, darker at the tip, longer than the chest, paler beneath ; opercula tawny, small ; drums pale green, small, far apart : legs tawny ; tips of the claws black ; fore-thighs armed with three teeth, two of moderate size, one very small ; wings colourless ; fore border green, tawny beyond the brand ; veins green, adorned with a few black bands, tawny towards the tips ; cross-veins clouded with pale brown ; a row of pale brown spots near the tips of the longitudinal veins of the marginal areolets ; fore-flaps brown ; hind-flaps brown between the middle veins and the fore border."
Long. excl. tegm. 26 millim. Exp. tegm. 76 millim.
Hab. — CONTINENTAL INDIA : North India (sic) (Warwick — Brit. Mus.) ; Sikkim (coll. Dist.).
ORIENTAL CICADIDM. 88
I have thought it best to reproduce the original description of this species, as the Sikkim specimen in my collection, and which is here figured, has the markings of the mesonotum faint and somewhat obliterated.
It is closely allied to the preceding species, L. mascula, from which it structurally differs by the opercula, which are wider apart and have their posterior margins more oblique, the face is also less strongly striated. The abdomen beneath has the apex more broadly black, and the tegmina have a complete series of small fuscous marginal spots at the apices of the longitudinal veins to apical areas.
4. Leptopsaltria albistigma. (Tab. X., fig. 15, a, b.)
Dundubia albistiyma, Walker, List Horn. i. p. 58, n. 18, (1850).
This species is only known to the writer by the specimens in the British Museum, one of which is here figured, and therefore the original description — as far as necessary — is reproduced : —
" Body 'tawny, somewhat ferruginous, covered with white down ; head a little narrower than the fore-chest ; some black marks on each side of the crown ; space about the eyelets also black ; face very convex, adorned in front with a broad black stripe, on each side of which there are black bands ; mouth tawny with a black tip, reaching the hind-hips ; eyes prominent ; feelers black ; scutcheon of the fore-chest adorned in front with two triangular black spots ; hind scutcheon angular and slightly notched and armed with a very short tooth on each side ; scutcheon of the middle-chest adorned with five black stripes, the inner pair short, but succeeded by two black dots, the outer pair broad ; hind border very slightly excavated ; abdomen slightly obconical, larger than the chest, adorned on the hind border of each segment with a pitchy band which is widened on each side into a triangular spot ; four tubercles on the under side ; opercula dull tawny ; drums small, tinged with green, a little apart, not more than one-third of the length of the abdomen ; legs tawny ; claws black, tawny at the base ; fore-thighs armed with three black teeth, one very short, two very long; wings colourless, greyish at the base; cross-veins from the first to the fourth clouded with brown ; brands whitish ; veins tawny ; cross-veins and a few parts of the longitudinal veins black; flaps greyish at the base."
Long. excl. tegm. 80 millim. Exp. tegm. 86 millim.
Hab.— CHINA (G. T. Lay— Brit. Mus.).
5. Leptopsaltria nebulinea. (Tab. VIII., fig. 17, a, b.)
Dundubia nebulinea, Walker, Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. vol. x, p. 84, n. 10 (1867).
Walker describes the female sex only as follows : —
" Testaceous, partly greenish about the sides of the thorax. Head with a transverse black mark on each side of the front ; orbits of the ocelli black ; face with transverse piceous streaks along each side. Prothorax with a black line along the fore border ; the two usual black lines very incomplete ; fore border and hind border of the postscutellum black. Mesothorax with two slightly curved piceous lines, which are united behind, where they form a deep curve. Abdomen with a piceous line along the fore border of each segment ; tomentum shining, cinereous. Fore tibiae and anterior tarsi piceous. Wings pellucid ; veins ochraceous, partly black; stigma bright yellow; first, second, and third transverse veins clouded with dark brown ; a pale brown fusiform dot on each of the seven marginal veins ; a still paler diffuse brown streak in each of the marginal areolets."
In the male the opercula are situate wide apart, their lateral margins slightly convex, their posterior margins obliquely straight.
Long. excl. tegm. 22 to 25 millim. Exp. tegm. 60 to 74 millim.
84 ORIENTAL C1CADIDM.
Hab. — SUMATRA (Wallace — Brit. Mus.). BORNEO: Sarawak (Genoa Mus.); South-East Eegion (Doherty— coll. Dist.).
Walker described the species from a single female specimen only, but my collection now contains three males which differ very widely in size. The markings are, however, generally constant.
6. Leptopsaltria andamanensis. (Tab. X., fig. 12, a, fc.)
Leptopsaltria andamanensis, Distant, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, vol. i. p. 870 (1888).
Body above reddish ochraceous, ocelli reddish. Pronotum with the centre of the anterior margin and the whole of the posterior margin (widest at centre) blackish. Mesonotum with two linear, blackish, obconical spots at anterior margin and a greenish fascia near each lateral margin. Abdomen with the segmental margins darker. Body beneath ochraceous, the abdominal tubercles blackish. Legs mutilated.
Tegmina and wings pale hyaline, the venation fuscous. Tegmina with the costal membrane brownish ochraceous, a small costal fuscous and ochraceous spot at base of upper ulnar area, the transverse veins at the bases of second, third, and fifth apical areas infuscated, and a series of small fuscous marginal spots situated on the apices of the longitudinal veins of apical areas.
The rostrum has the apex piceous and just passing the posterior coxae.
Long. excl. tegm. $ , 21 millim. Exp. tegm. 58 millim.
Hab. — ANDAMAN ISLANDS (J. Wood-Mason — Calc. Mus.).
b. Opercula with their apical margins more or less convex.
7. Leptopsaltria tuberosa. (Tab. VIII., fig. 7, a, b.)
Cicada tuberosa, Signoret, Ann. Soc. Ent. de Fr. ser. 2, vol. v. p. 299 (1847). Dundubia tuberosa, Walk. List Horn. i. p. 78, n. 41 (1850). Leptopsaltria tuberosa, Stal, Berl. Ent. Zeit. 10, p. 170 (1866).
Body above brownish ochraceous ; head with some lateral curved fasciae to front, some oblique fasciae to vertex, area of ocelli, and basal margin blackish ; pronotum with two central blackish longitudinal lines, the anterior margin, the edge of lateral margin, and a spot near each lateral area blackish, posterior margin greenish or ochraceous; mesonotum with the following blackish markings:— a narrow central longitudinal fascia, on each side of which is a short curved fascia ; these are followed by a short triangular spot on anterior margin, and then a broad oblique fascia on each lateral area unites with a large triangular spot in front of the basal cruciform elevation, and a fascia on each lateral margin uniting with the preceding fascia at base. Abdomen with the segmental margins blackish. Body beneath and legs ochraceous ; abdominal tubercles blackish.
Tegmina and wings pale hyaline, the venation brownish ; tegmina with the costal membrane brownish, a blackish spot at base of upper ulnar area, the transverse veins at the bases of second, third, fifth and seventh apical areas infuscated, and a submarginal series of small fuscous spots placed near the apices of the longitudinal veins to apical areas.
Opercula small, situate wide apart, their apices broadly convex.
Long. excl. tegm. $ , 27 to 82 millim. ; 2 , 23 millim. Exp. tegm. 72 to 79 millim. ; 2 *, 84 millim.
Hab. — CONTINENTAL INDIA: Sikkim (Calc. Mus., coll. Dist.) ; Khasi Hills (Calc. Mus.). JAVA (coll. Sign., coll Dist.). JAPAN: Yokohama (Bruss. Mus.).
This is not only a distinct, but evidently a widely distributed species, and its localities will be largely increased when the Cicadidce of Eastern Asia are more sought after by collectors.
One specimen only.
ORIENTAL CICADIDJE. 85
8. Leptopsaltria pryeri.* (Tab. VIII., fig. 12, a, fc.)
Leptopsaltria pryeri, Distant, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 688.
Body above brownish-ochraceous ; head with the frontal margin, the area of the ocelli and the posterior margin (narrowly) blackish ; pronotum with an obscure central longitudinal sulcation, the edges of which are very slightly raised and darkened, commencing on anterior margin, but not extending through more than half the pronotal length, lateral and posterior margins ochraceous ; mesonotum with two obscure obconical spots on anterior margin, the edges of which are blackish ; abdomen beneath and legs pale brownish-ochraceous ; opercula inwardly and narrowly margined with blackish, abdominal tubercles dark castaneous.
Tegmina and wings pale hyaline with a pale ochraceous tinge, venation brownish-ocbraceous ; tegmina with the costal membrane brownish-ochraceous; a small dark costal spot at base of upper ulnar area; the transverse veins at the bases of second, third and fifth apical areas infuscated, and a sub- marginal series of small pale fuscous spots placed near the apices of the longitudinal veins to apical areas.
The opercula are situate closer together than in the preceding species, L. tuberosa, and are alsa less convex, and have their apices more convexly angulated.
Long. excl. tegm. $ , 26 millim. Exp. tegm. 82 millim.
Hab. — BORNEO: Sandakant (Pryer — coll. Dist.).
9. Leptopsaltria tigrina. (Tab. X., fig. 6, a,, b.)
Dundubia tiijrina, Walker, List Horn. i. p. 69, n. 81 (1850) ; Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 224, n. 45 (1885).
Head and thorax above ochraceous ; abdomen brownish ochraceous. Head with the frontal margins, the area of the ocelli, inner margin of eyes, and an angulated fascia on each lateral area of vertex black ; pronotum with the anterior margin, two central longitudinal fasciae, and a semicircular lineate spot on each lateral area, black ; mesonotum with a central longitudinal fascia, on each side of which is a shorter curved fascia, followed by a small costal spot, a broken irregular fascia on each lateral area, and a small spot in front of each anterior angle of the cruciform elevation, black; abdomen with the segmental margins black. Thorax beneath, legs and opercula greenish ochraceous ; abdomen beneath pale" ochraceous, the tubercles, a spot near base and the apex black ; a transverse spot between face and eyes, a small spot at apex of face, and the apex of the rostrum black.
Tegmina and wings pale hyaline, venation brownish-ochraceous, becoming fuscous towards apical areas ; tegmina with the costal membrane brownish-ochraceous ; a small pale ochraceous submarginal spot near base of upper ulnar area, the transverse veins at bases of second and third apical areas broadly infuscated, and some small faint fuscous marginal spots near apex.
The opercula are small, wide apart, with their apices convexly angulated, and their inner margins not distinctly convex as in the two preceding species.
Long. excl. tegm. <? , 24 to 27 millim. Exp. tegm. 68 millim.
Hab.— CONTINENTAL INDIA : Malabar (Brit. Mus.) ; Trivandrum in Travankor (H. S. Fergusson— coll. Dist.). MALAY PENINSULA : Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.).
10. Leptopsaltria tigroides. (Tab. XII., fig. 18, a, b.)
Duiid\ilii(( tiijroides, Walker, Ins. Saund. Horn. p. 5 (1858).
tiijroides, Dist. J. A. S. Beng. vol. xlviii. p. 88 (1879) ; Atkins, ibid. vol. liii. p. 229, n. 68 (1885).
: Named after my friend Mr. W. B. Pryer, to whom I am indebted for the above and many other fine species belonging to different orders of insects from Northern Borneo.
f British Nortli Borneo is evidently rich in the family Cicadlda;, for besides information acquired from Mr. Pryer. Mr. Guillemard, in his account of the zoological features of that province, describes " the ceaseless and ear-piercing u-lnr—r — r of thousands of cicadas." — ('The Cruise of the Marchesa,' vol. ii. p. 90).
86 ORIENTAL CICADIDM.
A typical male specimen in the British Museum is here figured, and as this is the writer's only knowledge of the species, Walker's original description of a female is here given :—
" Female. Green, partly testaceous. Head with minute black marks in front and on each side, and with a large black spot on the vertex. Prothorax with six black stripes ; the inner pair dilated at each end ; the middle pair oblique ; the third pair marginal ; a curved brown discal streak on each side between the first and second pairs. Mesothorax with five black stripes, which are slightly dilated hindward ; inner pair shortened hindward ; outer pair curved outward hindward ; two black dots on the hind border. Abdomen with a black lanceolate mark on each of the first and second segments, with black dots along each side, and with a black subapical band. Wings vitreous. Fore wings with the costa green, luteous beyond the middle ; stigma black, with a pale band ; veins green, partly black ; first and second transverse veins very slightly clouded with brown ; first parted by more than twice its length from the second."
Long, excl.-tegm. 22 millim. Exp. tegm. 60 millim.
Hab.— "Hindostan,"* sic (Brit. Mus.).
Walker describes this species as closely resembling D. tigrina, " but may be distinguished by the outward curve of the exterior stripes on the mesothorax, by the spots and band of the abdomen, and by the first transverse vein of the fore wing, which is slightly oblique outward, whereas that of D. tigrina is very oblique inward."
L. tigroides and L. tigrina are, however, structurally distinct by the shape of the opercula, which in the first named species are small and very convex ; the surface and markings of the face are also distinct.
c. Opercula with their apices obtusely angulated, the apical margins straight or slightly concave. 11. Leptopsaltria albiguttata. (Tab. VIII., fig. 8, a, b, & Tab-. X., fig. 4, a, b.)
Dundubia albiyutta, Walker, Journ. Linn. Soe., Zool. vol. i. p. 83, n. 4 (1856).
Pale ochraceous, with the following black markings : — head with linear fasciffi on anterior margins of front, a spot on anterior lateral angle of vertex, a curved line in front of eyes, and the area of the ocelli ; pronotum with the anterior margin and extreme posterior margins, two irregular central longitudinal lines, on each side of which is an angulated linear spot, a somewhat rounded linear spot on each lateral area, and a small spot on each lateral margin ; mesonotum with a central longitudinal line, on each side of which is a short curved linear fascia, again followed by a longitudinal series of three small spots and a spot in front of each anterior angle of the basal cruciform elevation, posterior segmental margins, some short transverse fasciae on upper half of face, two small spots between face and eyes, four small spots near base of rostrum, apex of rostrum, anterior femoral spines, and some small spots to sternum.
Tegmina and wings pale hyaline, the venation ochraceous, becoming pale fuscous towards apical areas ; tegmina with the costal membrane ochraceous, and the transverse veins at the bases of the second and third apical areas narrowly infuscated.
Opercula small, the inner angles obtusely acute, the inner apical margins concavely sinuate, their apices narrowed and convexly rounded, the outer margins oblique.
Long. excl. tegm. $ , 23 to 25 millim. Exp. tegm. 67 to 69 millim.
Hab. — MALAY PENINSULA : Perak (coll. Dist.) ; Malacca (Wallace, Brit. Mus.). SUMATRA : Western Region (V. Lansberg — Bruss. Mus.) ; Tapanoeli (V. Lansberg — Leyden Mus.) ; Koetoer and Mceara Laboe (Sum. Exped. — Leyden Mus.). JAVA (coll. Dist.).
* The vague use of the words " India " and " Hindostan," in Zoology, recall to mind the equally uncertain value of the first-named word in some of the traditions of the fourth century, which attributed to Christianity certain very remote conquests. As Benan writes, " The use of the word India was extremely vague ; whoever had embarked at Clysina and made the voyage of the Bed Sea was reported to have been in India." — (' Marcus Aurelius,' Eng. edit.).
ORIENTAL CICADIDM. :!7
This is a very pale coloured species, constant in markings, and a somewhat common insect (if the species of this family can ever be styled ahundant)* in the localities where it has been collected.
12. Leptopsaltria carmente. (Tab. VIII., fig. 2, a, b.)
Dundiibia carmente, Walker, List Horn. i. p. 71, n. 88 (1860).
Leptopsaltria nigrescent, Dist. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, vol. iii. p. 50 (1889).
Brownish-ochraceous, with the following black markings : — head with the area of the ocelli, the inner margins of the eyes, a spot near bases of antennae, a spot on each side of front, and a central transverse linear line at base ; pronotum with two central lines united at base, and the incisures ; mesonotum with two central obconical spots at anterior margin, a sublateral fascia on each side, and a spot in front of each anterior angle of the basal cruciform elevation ; the posterior margins of the abdominal segments, the margins of the eyes beneath, the apex of the face, the disk of the sternum, the inner halves of the opercula, the abdominal tubercles, and the disk of abdomen also black.
Tegmina pale hyaline, the basal venation brownish, the apical venation fuscous. Wings pale hyaline.
The rostrum passes the posterior coxae, the opercula are concave externally, oblique internally, the apices narrowed and angularly rounded.
Long. excl. tegm. $ , 20 millim. Exp. tegm. 56 to 63 millim.
Hab.— JAVA (Brit. Mus., Bruss. Mus., coll. Sign., coll. Dist. ; V. Lansberg — Leyden Mus.). BORNEO : Sarawak (Genoa Mus.).
The black fasciate markings to the opercula renders this species very distinct.
13. Leptopsaltria barbosae,t n. sp. (Tab. V., fig. 14, a, b,)
Very closely allied in size, colour, and markings to L. carmente, Walk., but differing in colour, size, and shape of the opercula, which in L. barbosa are shorter, less attenuated posteriorly, not concavely sinuate outwardly, the apices broader and more rounded, I and the inner and apical margins only shaded with blackish.
Long. excl. tegm. $ , 22 millim. Exp. tegm. 60 millim.
Hab. — SULU ISLANDS: Jolo (coll. Dist.).
14. Leptopsaltria guttularis. (Tab. XII., fig. 20, a, b.)
Cicada guttularis, Walker, List Horn., Suppl. p. 29 (1858).
Leptopsaltria guttularis, Stal, Berl. Ent. Zeit. 10, p. 170 (1866) ; Ofv. Vet.-Ak. Forh. 1870, p. 710, n. 2 ; Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 227, n. 61 (1885).
This species is only known to me by the female typical specimen in the British Museum, and by a corresponding female specimen in my own collection. Walker's original description (with some abbreviation) is therefore given : —
" Testaceous, varied with green ; under side mostly pale green. Head with a black four-forked mark about the ocelli, and with two black transverse streaks on each side; face with black streaks on the furrows, and with three on each side. Prothorax with a black band in front, and with two black stripes
* "They generally rest high upon the trees, and though daily and hourly heard, are seldom seen or captured" (Wallace, ' Travels on the Amazons,' new ed. p. 38).
\ Named after Barbosa, to whom, according to Crawford, we are indebted for the first authentic notice of one of the chief islands of the Sulu group. — (Descr. Diet. Ind. Islds. pp. 407-8).
J Unfortunately rendered too angulate in the figure (Tab. V., fig. 14, b).
L
38 ORIENTAL CICADIDM.
which approximate in the middle ; three blackish streaks on each side, where there is an acute angle in front. Mesothorax with a black middle stripe, and with five black streaks on each side. Pectus with four black spots. Abdomen partly black beneath towards the tip. Wings vitreous ; veins testaceous, black towards the tips. Fore wings with a whitish stigma : tips and transverse veins, and tips of the marginal veins clouded with brown."
Long. excl. tegm. ? , 19 millim. Exp. tegm. 60 millim.
Hab.— BUKMA (Brit.fMus.). BORNEO: Sarawak (coll.Dist.) ; Philippine Islands (Semper — Stockh.Mus.).
I include this species ? with considerable hesitation. Walker described it from a single female specimen, — a most unsatisfactory proceeding, — and I have only seen another specimen, and that of the same sex. Stal, who had visited the British Museum and inspected Walker's types, apparently had no reticence in identifying some Philippine specimens as L. guttularis, and, having male examples, writes, " L. tuberosce, Sign., simillima, divergit operculis obtusioribus, apice multo minus oblique truncatis, parte apicali exteriore obtusiore,- minus longe producta, tuberculisque ventris apud marem majoribus nigris, lobum tumidum simulantibus." The female type, to my view, is closely allied to L. albiguttata, Walk., and may possibly yet prove to be simply that species.
Genus DUNDUBIA.
Dundubia, Amyot & Serville, Hist, des Hem. p. 470, 371 (1843) ; Stal, Hem. Afr. iv. p. 5 (1866) ; Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 223 (1885); ibid. vol. Iv. p. 157 (1886).
Body robust, long. Head somewhat triangularly elongate, including the eyes rather narrower than base of pronotum at lateral angles ; ocelli a little farther apart from eyes than from each other ; front large, globular, and convex, about twice as broad at base as the anterior lateral margins of the vertex. Pronotum ,with the margins not prominently ampliated, but distinctly toothed. Anterior femora spined. Tympana covered ; opercula long and extending beyond the middle of the abdomen. Kostrum scarcely reaching the posterior coxae. Tegmina hyaline, the basal cell twice as long as broad ; interior ulnar area with the apex not or very slightly ampliated.
The absence of the tubercle or tumescence to the gense and of the tubercles to the second and third abdominal segments of the male, together with the presence of the long opercula and the large, globular and convex front and face, sufficiently distinguish Dundubia from the preceding genus, Leptopsaltria.
This genus is a small one, though, owing to the number of species described uniformly by Walker under the generic name Dundubia, it would appear to be the largest genus of the Oriental Cicadidce.
In geographical distribution, Dundubia is strictly confined to our faunistic area, and is focussed in the Indo-Malayan region ; it is doubtful whether it extends so far eastward as New Guinea, but our collections from that large island are still too small to enable us to speak positively as to its absence. Its distribution, however, throughout the Malayan Archipelago is in no way equal to that of the following and allied genus Cosmopsaltria.
Another feature in the general appearance of the species of this genus is the unspotted tegmina, no species of which the writer is cognisant having the transverse veins at the bases of the upper apical areas infuscated.
ORIENTAL CICADIDM. 89
a. Opercula oblong, their apices rounded. 1. Dundubia mannifera. (Tab. IV., figs. 17, a, b, and small var. 10, a, i>.)
Cicada mimnifem, Linnams, Mus. Ad. Fried, p. 84 (1754), excl. syn.
Tettigunia vayinata, Fabr. Mant. Ins. ii. p. 266 (1787) ; Ent. Syst. iv. p. 18, n. 7 (1794) ; Syst. Rhyng. p. 85,
n. 10 (1803).
Cicada vaginata, Gmel. Ed. Syst. Nat. i. pt. 4, p. 2099 (1782) ; Oliv. Enc. Me"th. v. p. 748, n. 10 (1790). Cicada virescens, Oliv. Enc. Metb. v. p. 747, n. 5 (1790). Dundubia virescens, Walk. List Horn. i. p. 64, n. 25 (1850).
Dundubia vaginata, Amy. & Serv. Hist, des Hem. p. 471, n. 1 (1843) ; Walk. List Horn. i. p. 47, n. 4 (1850). Dundubia nii/rimacula, Walk. List Horn. i. p. 63, n. 28 (1850). Dundubia sobria. Walk. List Horn. i. p. 63, n. 24 (1850). Dundubia mannifera, Stul, Berl. Ent. Zeit. x. p. 170, n. 1 (1866) ; Ofv. Vet.-Ak. Forh. 1870, p. 707, n. 1 ;
Dist. J. A. S. Beng. vol. xlviii. p. 88 (1879) ; Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. ser. 2a, vol. vi. p. 455, n. 11 (1888) ;
Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 223, n. 89 (1885).
Fidicina confinis, Walk. Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. vol. x. p. 92, n. 21 (1867). Stoll, Gig. fig. 35.
Var.
Dundubia immacula, Walk. List Horn. i. p. 50, n. 10 (1850) ; Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 225, n. 52 (1885).
Green, pale ochraceous, or green and dark ocbraceous ; abdomen above with some small lateral black spots, which are most distinct in the paler coloured specimens.
Tegmina and wings pale hyaline, the venation and the costal membrane of tegmina pale brownish or ochraceous.
Eostrum just passing the intermediate coxae ; opercula about reaching the penultimate segment of the abdomen, concavely sinuate on each side near base and then convexly ampliated, especially on inner margins, their apices narrowed and obtusely rounded.
Long. excl. tegm.* $ , 38 to 45 millim. ; ? , 27 to 35 millim. Exp. tegm. $ , 95 to 115 millim. ; ? , 78 to 95 millim.
Hab. — CONTINENTAL INDIA : Sikkim and Naga Hills (Calc. Mus.) ; Assam (Warwick — Brit. Mus.) ; Seebsagar (Calc. Mus.). BURMA: Bharno (Genoa Mus.) ; Moulmein (Calc. Mus.). TENASSERIM (Limborg — Calc. Mus.) ; Myitta-in-the-Valley (Doherty — coll. Dist.). MALAY PENINSULA : Penang (Walker) ; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.) ; Johore (Calc. Mus.) ; Sinkep Isld. (coll. Dist.). SUMATRA (Ludeking, V. Hasselt, and V. Lansberg — Leyden Mus.; Bock — coll. Dist.). JAVA (Bruss. Mus. ; Piepers and V. Lansberg — Leydcn Mus.) ; Bantam (coll. Dist.) ; Kederi (Baron Von Hugel — coll. Dist.). BORNEO: Pontianak (Bruss. Mus.) ; Kina Balu Mt. (Whitehead — coll. Dist.). CELEBES (Meyer — Dresden Mus.). PHILIPPINE ISLES (Semper — Stockh. Mus.) ; Palawan (coll. Dist.). CHINA : Hong Kong (Bowring — Brit. Mus.).
This appears to be the commonest and most widely-spread species of the Eastern Cicadidce, scarcely any collection of these insects made in the above localities is without it, and I found it a somewhat abundant species in the Malay Peninsula when collecting there some years ago. It is variable in hue, but is easily recognised, especially by the length and shape of the opercula.
Var. a. (Tab. XII., fig. 1, a, b.)
Cephaloxys Terpsichore, Walker, List Horn. i. p. 239, n. 10 (1850).
DuTuliibia terpsichore, Stal, O'ifv. Vet.-Ak. Forh. 1862, p. 483.
Mogannia terpsichore, Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 233, n. 94 (1885).
* The dimensions of the small variety (Tab. IV., fig. 10, a, b) are not given, as the specimen is undoubtedly abnormal.
40 ORIENTAL CICADIDJE.
Closely resembling typical D. mannifera, but differing by the somewhat shorter opercula, a slight bronzy tinge to the apices of the tegmina in the male, and by the central mesonotal spots being outwardly margined with black.
Long. excl. tegm. $ & 2 , 30 millim. Exp. tegm. 85 to 92 millim.
Hab. — CONTINENTAL INDIA: North Khasi Hills, 1500 to 3000 feet (Chennell — coll. Dist.). MALAY PENINSULA : Perak (coll. Dist.).
The female, typical and only specimen in the British Museum, is smaller than the above dimensions given of two specimens in my own collection. After careful comparison and consideration, I incline to the view, that this specific creation of Walker is but another varietal form of D. mannifera.*
2. Dundubia rufivena. (Tab. VI., fig. 6, a, b.)
Dundubia rufirena, Walker, List Horn. i. p. 59, n. 19 (1850).
This species is closely allied to D. mannifera, Linn., but differs by its constantly smaller size and by the different shape of the opercula, which are much more concavely narrowed near base and then convexly widened on each side.
Long. excl. tegm. $ & 2 , 24 to 31 millim. Exp. tegm. 61 to 81 millim.
Hab. — MALAY PENINSULA: Penang (Biggs — coll. Dist.); Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.). SUMATRA (Bruss. Mus. ; Ludeking — LeydenMus.; Beccari — Genoa Mus.)- NIAS ISLD. (coll. Dist.). JAVA (Dresden Mus., Bruss. Mus. ; V. Eyndh & Piepers — Leyden Mus.) ; Kederi (Baron Von Hiigel — coll. Dist.). SUMBAWA (V. Lansberg — Leyden Mus.). BORNEO : Sarawak (Beccari — Genoa Mus.) ; Elopura (Pryer — coll. Dist.) ; South-East District (Doherty — coll. Dist.). MOLUCCAS: Amboyna (Bruss. Mus.).
This species, like D. mannifera, varies in hue from pale green to dark ochraceous, but unlike that species, I have been unable to trace its distribution to Continental India.
2 a. Dundubia mellea, n. sp. ? or D. rufivena, var. ? (Tab. XII., fig. 9, a, b.)
$ . Head, pronotum and mesonotum brownish-ochraceous, ocelli pale ochraceous, eyes pale castaneous ; front with some obscure black lateral striae ; mesonotum with two short faint central obconical spots, and a larger obconical spot on each lateral area; base of cruciform elevation dark castaneous ; abdomen above and beneath and the opercula golden-yellow, margins of the opercula more or less shaded with black; head beneath, sternum and legs dull ochraceous, tibiae and tarsi pale castaneous.
Tegmina and wings pale hyaline, the first with the costal membrane and basal portion of the venation bright ochraceous, remaining venation darker ; wings with the venation ochraceous, in some portions infuscated.
The rostrum extends to about the intermediate coxae ; the opercula are somewhat short, concave on each side near base and rounded at apices, which about reach the base of the fifth abdominal segment ; anterior femora and posterior tibiaa spined.
Var. a. Head, pronotum, and mesonotum pale greenish, the abdomen ochraceous.
Long. excl. tegm. 33 millim. Exp. tegm. 80 millim.
Hab. — BORNEO: Western District (Brit. Mus.). ELOPURA: Pryer (coll. Dist.).
I was at first inclined to consider this form, from its very distinctive coloration, as an undescribed species, but have since found other specimens from Northern Borneo, of so inter-
* This question of varieties and species still remains in a very open condition, as Mr. Bouverie-Pusey has stated it : — " One school made varieties lesser species, the other made species (not to say higher divisions) only better marked varieties. "- (' Permanence and Evolution,' p. 5).
ORIENTAL CICADID&. 41
mediate a character that I have preferred keeping it for the present as a subspecies or simple variety of D. rufivena. Should the last supposition prove correct, we have in D. nificena a species which not only varies in colour, but also much more largely in size.
3. Dundubia locusta. (Tab. IX., fig. 1, a, 6.)
Cephaloxys locusta, Walker, List Horn. i. p. 286, n. 7 (1850). Mogannia locusta, Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 288, n. 91 (1885).
Body brownish-ochraceous ; ocelli red; eyes fuscous; posterior and lateral margins of pronotum paler in hue ; inesonotum with two obscure obconical spots on anterior margin, their outer edges black, and a small dark spot near each anterior angle of the basal cruciform elevation ; lateral margins of the abdomen above paler in hue and ornamented with a segmental series of black spots. Body beneath paler in hue ; the head beneath, sternum, legs and opercula ochraceous.
Tegmina and wings pale hyaline, the venation and the costal membrane of the first ochraceous.
The opercula extend to about half the length of the abdomen, are concavely constricted on each side near base, and are then convexly rounded and moderately ampliated, the apex broadly rounded. The body is somewhat elongated and the head narrowed.
Long. excl. tegm. $ , 84 millim. ; 2 , 30 millim. Exp. tegm. 83 millim.
Hab. — CONTINENTAL INDIA (Wooler — Brit. Mus.) ; Bombay (Leith — coll. Dist.).
The narrowed head — a character which probably induced Walker to place the species in the genus Cephaloxys — will easily separate D. locusta from the other species of Dundubia, and the elongated body is also another distinctive character.
This species seems to have a limited distribution, as four specimens, two males and two females, collected by Dr. Leith at Bombay, and now in my own collection, are the only examples I have seen, excepting the type in the British Museum.
4. Dundubia rafflesii.* (Tab. IV., fig. 4, a, b.)
Dundubia rafflesii, Distant, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1883, p. 188.
Head and body above ochraceous, moderately and palely pilose. Eyes pale brown, mottled with fuscous, ocelli bright castaneous ; posterior and lateral margins of pronotum greenish-ocbraceous ; mesonotum with two central pale and subobsolete obconical spots situate at anterior margin, with an obscure pale fuscous oblique streak on each side. Body beneath and legs ochraceous ; opercula reaching the third abdominal segment, slender, concavely constricted on each side near base, and then again convexly widened to apex, which is rounded; rostrum about reaching posterior coxae, with its apex narrowly fuscous.
Tegmina and wings pale hyaline ; veins and costal membrane of tegmina ochraceous.
Long. excl. tegm. $ , 80 millim. Exp. tegm. 73 millim.
Hab.— JAVA (coll. Dist.).
This species is allied to D. rufivena, Walk., but differs by its much more slender opercula, which are not perceptibly broader at the apex than at the base, being quite the reverse of what obtains in D. rufivena.
5. Dundubia emanatura. (Tab. VIII., fig. 3, a, b.)
Dundubia emanatura, Distant, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, vol. iii. p. 51 (1889).
Pronotum above either greenish or ochraceous. Abdomen ochraceous. Head with a narrow, reticulated, linear, transverse, black fascia between the eyes enclosing the ocelli and a black spot at
* The name of Sir Stamford Baffles is indelibly connected with two great zoological enterprises. He followed and fostered the study of Natural History in the East, — especially in Java, — and may be said to have created the great Zoological Society of London.
M
42 ORIENTAL CICADIDM.
anterior lateral angles of vertex ; eyes brownish ; pronotum with a narrow, black, lateral marginal fascia ; body beneath and legs ochraceous, apices of posterior tibiae infuscated.
Tegmina and wings pale hyaline, the venation pale greenish ochraceous.
The rostrum reaches the intermediate coxae ; the opercula are very narrow, slightly curved outwardly, concave on each side near base, the apex broadly convex and extending to about half the length of the abdomen.
2 . Abdomen with a lateral marginal black fascia on each side.
Long. excl. tegm. 3-, 26 millim. Exp. tegm. 72 millim.
Hab. — CONTINENTAL INDIA: Karwar (Atkinson — Calc. Mus.) ; Neelgiri Hills, southern slopes, 3000 feet (Hampson— coll. Dist.).
D. ernanatura is another distinctly-marked species, the black lateral margin to the pronotum and the narrow opercula being good differential characters.
This does not appear to be an abundant species. For some time I possessed only a female specimen sent me, by my good friend Mr. Hampson, from the Neelgiri Hills, but eventually I also obtained the loan of a single male specimen, collected at Karwar, belonging to Mr. Atkinson, and was thus enabled to describe it.
6. Dundubia ? aerata. (Tab. VI., fig. 7, a, b.)
Dundubia eerata, Distant, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, vol. i. p. 292 (1888).
Body above resembling D. mannifera, Linn., but much larger ; beneath with the opercula small, narrow, concavely sinuated towards the middle, their apices obtusely rounded and reaching the third abdominal segment (rostrum mutilated).*
Tegmina and wings pale hyaline, their apical areas (especially those of tegmina) suffused with bronzy brown.
Long. excl. tegm. 50 millim. Exp. tegm. 120 millim.
Hab. — BORNEO : Elopura (Pryer — coll. Dist.).
This is the largest species of the genus ? at present known to science, and a distinctive colour peculiarity is the bronzy suffusion on the apical areas of the wings and tegmina, especially on the last.
I am indebted to Mr. W. B. Pryer for a single male specimen.
b. Opercula narrow and elongate, their apices acutely pointed.
7. Dundubia intemerata. (Tab. IV., fig. 1, a, b.)
Dundubia intemerata, Walker, Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. vol. i. p. 84, n. 5 (1856) ; Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 224, n. 42 (1885).
Body above green, ochraceous, or with the abdomen alone ochraceous. Ocelli red, eyes dark castaneous or fuscous. Rostrum, coxae, tarsi and apices of tibiae ochraceous ; apex of rostrum and the tarsal claws black.
Tegmina and wings pale hyaline ; extreme bases, venation and costal membrane of the first greenish-ochraceous.
The opercula are elongate and narrow, their apices acutely pointed, and their outer margins strongly and concavely sinuate.
In this species the rostrum about reaches the posterior coxae, thus nearly affording a character belonging to the succeeding genus Cosmopsaltria, but the structure of the head, combined with the unspotted tegmina, locate its position in the genus Dundubia.
* Possessing but one specimen of this species, I have been compelled to anticipate the length of the rostrum, in order tir place it in either the genera Dundubia or Cosmopsaltria, to which it undoubtedly belongs. From other characters, I have thought it to belong to the first-named genus, but more specimens are necessary for exact generic determination.
ORIENTAL CICADID&. 43
Long. excl. tegm. $ , 28 to 80 millim. ; $ , 26 to 28 millim. Exp. tegm. $ , 78 to 85 millim. ; 2 , 74 to 78 millim.
Hab.— CONTINENTAL INDIA : Seebsagar (Gale. Mus.) ; Assam, Margherita (Doherty— coll. Dist.) ; Khasi Hills (Chennell— coll. Dist.). TENASSEBIM : Myitta in the Valley (Doherty— coll. Dist.). MALAY PENINSULA : Malacca (Wallace — Brit. Mus.).
This species is most variable in coloration, resembling in that respect D. mannifera, but the extraordinary shape of the opercula — a perfectly constant character — renders its identity at once discernible.
Genus CO SHOPS ALTRIA.
Cosmopsaltria, Stal, Hem. Afr. iv. p. 5 (1866) ; Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 226, n. 58 (1885). Sub.-gen. Platylomia, Cosmopsaltria, and Diceropyga, Stal, Ofv. Vet.-Ak. Fork 1870, p. 708 note.
Closely allied to Dundubia, but with the rostrum always reaching and sometimes passing the posterior coxae ; the head also generally has the front not twice as broad at the base as the anterior margins of the lobes of vertex. Opercula long, reaching centre and sometimes the apex of the abdomen.
This is a most unsatisfactory genus to define, and may be taken as a good example of the artificiality of some generic creations, though serving a useful purpose in classification.
The length of the rostrum is really the only universal character separating Cosmopsaltria from Dundubia, though many of its species have, in the shape of the head, a good distinctive characteristic. A number of its species have also unspotted tegmina, a feature of Dundubia, though more diverge considerably from this character. It might therefore be more strictly accurate to treat Cosmopsaltria as a subgenus or section of Dundubia; but as the former already contains an exceedingly large number of species, I have preferred, for the purposes of more easy identification, — an object of the present monograph, — to retain the two generic creations as distinct. For the above reasons I have been compelled to transfer several species I described under Dundubia to this genus.
Stal proposed (supra) three subgenera of Cosmopsaltria, but the study of a large number of species has shown that these must be considerably increased in number to be of any value, and I have found them capable of being somewhat clearly reduced to sections by other characters than those on which Stal relied.
Cosmopsaltria is distributed throughout our faunistic area, and is also found in the Australian and parts of the Pacific Regions.
A. Head with the front globosely produced as in Dundubia.
a. Opercula more or less constricted on each side near base and with their apices rounded. b. Tegmina unspotted.
1. Cosmopsaltria amicta. (Tab. VIII., fig. 4, a, b.)
Dundubia amicta, Distant, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, vol. iii. p. 51 (1889).
Body above brownish-ochraceous. Head with striae to front and two central longitudinal lines, a broad oblique fascia on each side of vertex between eyes and ocelli, and the area of vthe ocelli black. Pronotum with two central longitudinal black lines, anterior margin and the inner edge of the posterior margin black ; posterior and lateral margins paler in hue, the last crossed by an oblique black fascia emerging from behind the eyes. Mesonotum with five black fasciae, one central and longitudinal, two short and
44 ORIENTAL CICADIDM.
directed obliquely inwardly, and one (largest) on each lateral area, but not reaching anterior margin, a black spot in front of each anterior angle of the basal cruciform elevation. Body beneath and legs brownish-ochraceous, femora more or less streaked with black ; the tibiae, tarsi, apex of rostrum, a spot between face and eyes and the apical margin of face black.
Tegmina and wings pale hyaline, the venation fuscous.
The opercula extend to about half the length of the abdomen, are concavely constricted on each side near base and then convexly widened, with their apices rounded.
Long. excl. tegm. $ , 48 millim. Exp. tegm. 115 millim.
Hab. — CONTINENTAL INDIA : Karwar (Calc. Mus.).
2. Cosmopsaltria nagarasingna.* (Tab. IV., fig. 14, a, fc.)
Dunduiria nagarasingna, Distant, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1881, p. 685 ; Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 225, n. 51 (1885).
$ . Body above castaneous. Head with centre of front and an oblique fascia on each side of ocelli ochraceous. Pronotum with a central fascia and the lateral and posterior margins ochraceous. Mesonotum with two anterior central obconical spots denoted by black margins ; margins of basal cruciform elevation ochraceous. Abdomen with the basal half sparingly clothed with greyish pile, the apical half much more densely so, and with a broad lateral fascia of greyish pile on each side. Body beneath, with the sternum, legs and opercula, pale ochraceous ; abdomen pale castaneous.
Tegmina and wings pale hyaline ; costal membrane of tegmina ochraceous.
Head broad, including eyes subequal in width to base of pronotum, and wider than mesonotum ; the face is very tumid, the centre longitudinally sulcated for half the length, and sides transversely striated ; rostrum reaching apex of posterior coxa? ; opercula long, reaching base of last abdominal segment, narrowest and with the edges concave from base to commencement of second abdominal segment, from which they are somewhat suddenly widened with the edges convex ; apex somewhat narrower and rounded. Anterior femora with two long ochraceous spines ; posterior tibiae with two long black spines, somewhat close together on inner margin near apex, and two much wider apart on outer margin.
Long. excl. tegm. 34 to 38 millim. Exp. tegm. 88 to 95 millim.
Hab. — BURMA (Bingham — coll. Dist.); N.W. Districts (coll. Dist.). TENASSEEIM: Myitta in the Valley (Doherty — coll. Dist.). COCHIN CHINA (coll. Signoret).
3. Cosmopsaltria larus. (Tab. 5, fig. 1, a, b, and car. Tab. IV., f. 13.)
Dundubia larus, Walker, List Horn., Suppl. p. 7 (1858).
Cicada—" The Knife-Grinder," Emerson Tennent, Nat. Hist. Ceylon, p. 432, fig. (1861).
Head and thorax above greenish-ochraceous ; abdomen pale castaneous. Head with the lateral areas of face, the area of the ocelli, an angulated fascia in front of eyes, and two small spots on posterior margin near eyes, black. Pronotum with two central, longitudinal, angulated and connected black linear fasciae, on each side of which is a short curved discal fascia, the incisures and the edges of lateral margins also black. Mesonotum with five black fasciae, one central and longitudinal, two short and angulated, and the outer two longer, but very irregularly shaped and angularly curved ; a black spot in front of each anterior angle of the basal cruciform elevation. Abdomen with some central black discal spots. Head beneath, sternum, legs and opercula ochraceous or greenish-ochraceous ; apices of anterior femora, bases and apices of anterior and intermediate tibiae, bases of posterior tibiae and anterior and intermediate tarsi black. Abdomen beneath pale castaneous.
Tegmina and wings pale hyaline, the venation ochraceous or greenish, in some places black.
* Nagarasingna, the first conquering Burmese king, who is said to have subdued Arracan. — (Rev. F. Mason, ' Tenasserim,' p. 450).
ORIENTAL CICADIDM. 45
The opercula are long, about reaching the penultimate segment of the abdomen, concavely constricted on each side near base, and with their apices narrowly rounded.
Long. excl. tegm. $ , 32 to 88 millim. Exp. tegm. 84 to 100 millim.
Hab. — CONTINENTAL INDIA : Bombay (Leith — coll. Dist.) ; Neelgiri Hills, Koonoor 6000 ft. (Hampson— coll. Dist.). CEYLON (Templeton — Brit. Mus.).
There can be no doubt that this is the species figured by the late Sir J. Emerson Tennent, in his ' Natural History of Ceylon,' and named by him " The Knife-grinder," and which he describes as " resting high up on the bark of a tree, make the forest re-echo with a long-sustain <•<! noise so curiously resembling that of a cutler's wheel that the creature producing it has acquired the highly appropiate name of the ' Knife-grinder.' " *
4. Cosmopsaltria bocki.f (Tab. IV., fig. 11, a, b.)
Dundubia bocki, Distant, Ent. Month. Mag. vol. xix. p. 159 (1882).
Head and thorax above dull ochraceous or olivaceous : abdomen, above and beneath, castaneous. Head with the area of the ocelli black ; eyes castaneous, speckled with ochraceous. Pronotum with two small black spots at centre of anterior margin, the lateral and posterior margins somewhat paler, the last inwardly and outwardly narrowly edged with black. Mesonotum with two central, contiguous, obconical spots, their bases situate on anterior margin, the outer margins very pale and bordered outwardly at base — and inwardly — broadest at apex — with black ; four sub-basal black spots situated one on each side of the anterior angles of the basal cruciform elevation, which is somewhat paler. Tympana ochraceous. Head beneath, rostrum, sternum, legs, and opercula ochraceous ; apex of rostrum black ; anterior tibiae, bases, apices, and a subapical annulation to intermediate and posterior tibiae, fuscous.
Tegmina and wings pale hyaline ; tegmina with the veins and costal membrane dull ochraceous, and the claval area inwardly margined with dark fuscous ; wings with most of the veins dull ochraceous, a few being fuscous.
The body is elongate ; the face is prominent and globose, transversely wrinkled and with a deep and broad central longitudinal sulcation ; the opercula are long, about reaching the penultimate abdominal segment, concavely constricted on each side near base, and then broadened and convexly rounded, the apex being broad and rounded.
Long. excl. tegm. <? , 44 millim. Exp. tegm. 123 millim.
Hab. — SUMATRA (Bock — coll. Dist.).
5. Cosmopsaltria similis. (Tab. V., fig. 10, a, 6.)
Dundubia similis, Distant, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, vol. i. p. 292 (1888).
Head and thorax above pale greenish ; abdomen pale castaneous. Head with the area of the ocelli somewhat blackish ; eyes castaneous, mottled with fuscous, posterior margin very narrowly ochraceous. Mesonotum with a central black longitudinal linear fascia, on each side of which is a short oblique black fascia, which is crossed and partly obliterated by a narrow curved ochraceous fascia ; a black spot near each anterior angle of the basal cruciform elevation. Abdomen above with a short, broad oblique fascia of greyish-white pile on each side at base. Head beneath, sternum, legs and opercula pale greenish or greenish-ochraceous. Abdomen beneath pale dull castaneous ; apex of rostrum black.
Tegmina and wings pale hyaline, the venation greenish-ochraceous, in some places black; costal
membrane of the tegmina greenish.
\
* ' Natural History of Ceylon,' p. 432.
t Named after Carl Bock, author of ' The Head Hunters of Borneo,' &c., and by whom this species was captured.
N
46 ORIENTAL CICADIDJE.
The opercula do not reach the penultimate abdominal segment, are only moderately constricted on each side near base, and have their apices broadly but obtusely rounded. Long. excl. tegm. $ , 50 millim. Exp. tegm. 122 millim. Hab. — CONTINENTAL INDIA : Sikkirn (Calc. Mus. ; coll. Dist.) ; Assam (Calc. Mus.).
C. similis is closely allied in general appearance and markings to C. radha, Dist., a species which, from the totally different structure of the opercula, I place in another section of the genus.
6. Cosmopsaltria oopaga.* (Tab. V., fig. 9, a, I.)
Cosmopsaltria oopaga, Distant, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1881, p. 640; Atkins. J. A. S.Beng. vol. liii. p. 227, n. 58 (1885).
Head dull ochraceous. Posterior lateral margins of front black ; two basal ocelli surrounded with black, which extends to posterior margin. Pro- and meso-notum pale olivaceous ; the first with a central longitudinal ochraceous fascia, bordered with black, which is widest anteriorly, and rounded, with the black lines continuous posteriorly. Mesonotum with two obconical spots, bordered with black on anterior margin, followed by a small black spot and an anterior lateral fascia ; a curved basal fascia and a small spot on each frontal side of cruciform elevation of the same colour. Abdomen dull ochraceous, inclining to olivaceous, with the lateral sides sparingly covered with greyish pubescence, and with an indistinct lateral segmental row of fuscous spots. Underside of body pale ochraceous or olivaceous.
Tegrnina and wings pale hyaline.
The body is broad and somewhat depressed, the abdomen narrowing at apex. The head, including eyes, is narrower than base of pronotum, and but little wider than mesonotum. The rostrum about reaches the apex of the first abdominal segment. The opercula, which almost reach the apex of the fourth abdominal segment, are situated on the lateral sides of abdomen, and are much wider apart at base than at apex ; they are concavely narrowed on each side near base, and are then widened and convex on each side to apex, which is broad and rounded, the extreme apex being on outer margin. The face is globose, with a curved black fascia at base, and a central longitudinal sulcatipn ; it is profoundly transversely striated, the interstices