^mi

•«%

A

NEW, EASY, AND COMPLETE GRAMM4|R^

OF THE

SPANISH LANGUAGE.

1

if^

Printed i</ Richard Taylor and Co., Shot Lane, London.

NEW, EASY, AND COMPLETE

GRAMMAR

OF THE

SPANISH LANGUAGE

COMMERCIAL and MILITARY;

Copious Vocabulary, Dialogues, A Corre«

SPONDENCE, Fables, and Pboss and

Poetical Extracts from

THE BEST Authors.

BY JOHN EMM. MORDENTE,

TSACHER or THR SPANISH LANOUAGK.

A NEW EDITION,

Konbon :

l^ISTED FOR tACKIVGTON, AI-LBS, AND C0.> FINSBURY giiVARE J. RICHARDSON, ROYAL EXCHANGE; LONGMAN, HURST, REES, ORME, AND BROWN, PATERNOSTER ROW ; AND T. BOOSEY, OLD BROAD SIBEET.

1810.

/^

PCmo^

ADVEPaiSEMENT . ^ /.

TO THE SECOND EDITION.

The rapid circulation of this Grammar is some proof of its superiority over contemporary publica* tions; and while the Author acknowledges with gratitude its adoption by several eminent Teachers in this country, he is no less under obligations to those Merchants and Traders who have increased its circulation by the export of large numbers to the Caraccas, as well as to the Peninsula; where the Author has the satisfaction of knowing that his Grammar has not only proved an advantageous speculation to them, but has also been found highly acceptable and useful to the classes of Learners, namely the Commercial and Military, for whom it is more particularly adapted. #

The honourable and rapidly increasing connexion between the British and Spanish Nations will, it is presumed, render its mility permanent: and with a view to the increase of that utility, as well as to manifest his sense of public favour, the Author has diligently revised his work throughout, and made such correcticms and improvements therein as he deemed it capable of receiving.

London, ^

Oct. 1, 1810.

a 3

117

In a few Days ivill he piiUished, hj the same Author y

1. SPANISH EXERaSES, adapted to this GRAM- MAR.

2. A complete VOCABULARY of the SPANISEI, EN- GLISH, FRENCH, and ITALIAN LANGUAGES.

The same Boohellers have recently puUished New and Improved Editions of the following Spanish Works :

1. NEUMAN'S SPANISH and ENGLrSH and EN- GLISH and SPANISH DICTIONARY. 2 vols. 8vo. 1 /. 4^.

2.' The same Work abridged. 12^.

3. ELEMENTS of the SPANISH GRAMMAR, by

John Vigier. 4s.

4. DON QUIXOTE, m Spanish, revised and corrected by Fernandez, with a Lite of Cervantes, &c. .4 vols, 1/. Is.

5. GIL BLAS, in Spanish, revised and corrected by the same, 4 vols. l6s.

6. GIL BLAS, in Portuguese, revised and corrected by the same. 4 vols. 14-?.

7. DA COSTA'S PilSTORY of PORTUGAL: in Portuguese. 3 vols. 15s.

8. PAUL and VIRGINIA, in Spanish. 4*.

9. SELECTIONS in Portuguese, from various Authors, with English Translations, 5s. (5d.

10. FLORIAN'S GONZALVA de CORDOVA, in

Spanish. 6s.

»

11. FLORIAN'S Smaller Novels, in Spanish. 3s. 6d.

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Abbreviations made use of ly Spaniards in their writing . . .... . . ...... . . xiii

PJRT I.

OF PRONUNCIATION AND ORTHOGRAPHY.

PAGE.

Chapter I. Of pronunciation 1

Of ihe Spanish alphabet ib.

Of the vowels ib.

. Of the diphthongs 2

Of the consonants, and their pronunciation . . 3

Observations on the lettersG, J, LL, N, X . . ib.

Of accents . . ." 6

Chapter IF. Of orthography ib.

Of punctuation ib.

Of capital letters . . 7

An easy method of learning Spanish feminine

words ending in ad, and in English in y . . 8

P^RT IL

OF THE PARTS OF SPEECH .. .. n

Chapter I. Of the article ib.

Chapter H. Of substantives 12

Of the declensions oj nouns 13

Of the declensions of adjectives . . . . . . 15

Vlll CONTENTS.

PAGE.

How to distinguish a noun feminine from a mas- culine ., .. 15

Observation 10

Of augmentatives 1/

Of diminutives ib.

Chapter Til. Of adjectives IS

Observation I9

Of comparatives and superlatives 20

Comparatives and superlatives irregularly formed 21

Of the cardinal numbers ib.

. Observations vpon the cardinal numbers . . . . 24

Of the ordinal numbers 25

Chapter IV. Of pronouns ' 2Q

Of personal pronouns ib.

Declension of personal pronouns .. 2/

Declension of the reciprocal pronouns .... 30

Of compound pronouns .. ib.

Of possessive pronouns . . . . ib.

Of demonstrative pronouns ' . . 33

Of cuyo and cuya 35

Of pronouns relative and interrogative , . . , 36

Chapter V. Of verbs .. 38

Definition of verbs . . . . ib.

Of the moods and tenses of verbs 40

Conjugation of the auxiliary vei'b haber, to have 41 Conjugation of the irregular verb tener, to have

or to hold 46

Conjugation of the auxiliary verbs ser or estak,

to be ' 51

Observation upon the verbs SER and EST kR .. 56

Of the regular conjugations ib.

An alphabetical list of regular verbs in ar . . , . 60

The second conjugation ofregulnY verbs in er . , 63

A set of regular verbs of the second conjugation QQ

CONTENTS. IX

PAGE.

The third regular conjugation in'w 6/

An alphabetical list of regular verbs in ir .'. , . yo

Conjugation of a regular and reflective verb in ar yi

Conjugation of a regular and reflective verb in er 74

Conjugation of a regular and reflective verb in ir 77 Conjugation of irregular verbs, in an alphabetical

order »^ 81

Observation cm the irregularities of verbs . . . . 82

A collection of verbs whose infinitives end in cer 118

Several ways of conjugating a verb 119

Of impersonal verbs 120

Chapter VI. Of adverbs 122

Different sorts of adverbs ib*

Of prepositions 126

jin alphabetical list of prepositions , . • . • , ib.

Of conjunctions • . 1 45

Of interjections ., 14/

PJRT III.

OF SYNTAX. 148

Chapter I. The use of Spanish articles .. •• ib.

Articles used in Spanish and in English . . . . 149

Articles used in Spanish and not in English . , ib.

Of the partitive article 151

Jf'^here no articles are used in either language . , 153

Of the preposition de , . 154

The transposition of words . . . . . , , . 155

Cases in which no article is used ib.

Chapter II. Syntax of substantives .. .. 156

Two substantives in the same case ..... , . ib. The latter of two substantives is put in the genitive

ex .. 157

A noun collective general ib.

A noun cQllective partitive ib.

X CONTENTS.

PAGE.

Chapter III. Syntax of adjectives 158

Concord and position of adjec ives ib.

Government of adjectives l6l

Adjectives of dimerision 162

Of comparatiues and superlatives ... . . . . l63

Chapter IV. Of personal pronouns ., .. 166

IVAen they are co?ij /motive or disjufictive . . . . 167

Of the impersonal pronouns it, they, them . . l6c)

Of the right placing of pronouns . .' • . . . 173

Observations 174

Table of pronouns conjunctive 176

IVIien the personal pronouns are to be repeated . . 177

Distinction betweenitXy qW^, and %i ,. ,. .. 178

Chapter V. Of possessive pronouns ,, , . 179

Chapter VI. Of demonstrative pronouns .. 181

Chapter VII. Of relative pronouns .. .. 183

Chapter VIII, Of interrogative pronouns •. 185

Chaptkr IX. Of the different sorts of interrogation 180

Chjipter X. Of^the different sorts of ^«e .. 188

Chapter XI, Of indeterminate pronouns .. 19O Of todo, and its various constructions ... • . I94

Chapter XII. Several modes of negation .. 198

SYNTAX OF VERBS 201

Chapter XIII. Of the government of verbs .. ib.

Chapter XIV. Of the infinitive mood .. .. 207

Of the infnitive present 203

Observations on the prepositions para and por , . 212

Of the gerund .. 213,

Of the participle ,. .. ». .. .. .. 214

CONTENTS. XI

PAGE.

Concord of the v&rh with its nomi7iative .. .. 2l6 X)hservations ..217

Chapter XV. Of the indicative mood .. .. 218

Chapter XVI. Of the subjunctive mood .. .. 221

JVords which govern the subjunctive 222

Words which govern sometimes the subjunctive and

sometimes the indicative , . 224

Which tense of the subjunctive must be used • . 225

Chapter XVII. Of irregular verbs 227

Chapter XVIil. Of impersonal verbs 229

Chapter XIX. Syntax of adverbs , 233

Chapter XX. Syntax of prepositions ,. .. 234

Of conjunctiojts and interjections 236

Chapter XXI. Of Spanish idioms 237

Chapter XXII. Of the different significations of

andar 240-

DiJJhent significations of the verb dar . . . . 242

DifJWent signif cations of the verb estar . . . , 246

DijU'trent significations of the verb H\Bi.hK ,. 247

Difj'erent significations of the verb hacer . . 248

Different significations of the verb IR . . . . 251

Dijfer-ent signif cations of the verb venir . . , . 252

PJRT IF.

A vocabulary of words necessary to be known , . 254

Familiar dialogues . . , . 287

Commercial letters ..311

Bill of lading 331

Invoice ji 333

xu

CONTENTS.

PAGE.

Bills of exchange 335

Extracts . . . . 336

Some recreative falles in verse 34/

Don Quixote's testament .. .. 352

The Lord's Prayer 356

The Creed ib.

SPANISH ABBREVIATIONS.

A. C.

j4no de Crisio

In the year of Christ

a. a«.

arroba o arrohas

25 pounds weight

A. A.

autdres

authors

Adai°'-.

adrninistraddr

administrator

Agt-.

j^gosto

August -

Ant«».

Antonio

Anthony

Ap^o. sp*^*.

apostolico, "ca

apostolical

Art.

articulo

article

Vrzhp*^.

arzolispo

archbishop

B.

ledto

blessed

b. {in quoting)

vuelta

turn over

B. L. M.

leso las manos 6 hesal kiss the hands

B.L.P.

Icso los pies

I kiss the feet

J^mo pe

leatisimo Padre

most blessed Father

C. M. B.

cuyas manos leso

whose hand I kiss

C. P. B.

cuyos pits heso

whose feet I kiss

Cam^.

cdmara

chamber

Cap.

capitulo

chapter

Cap".

capitdn

captain

Capp°.

capelldn

chaplain

Col.

columna

column

Comis°.

cojuiiorio

commissary

Comp'^. c"i^.

CO nip nil ia

company

i:ons<>.

consejo

council

Cor^^

corriente

current, instant

D". 0 D^

don or dona

don, donna

D.D.

doctor es

doctors

D^ D°^

doctor

doctor

D».

Dios

God

Dho. dha.

dicho, dicha

said

Dro.

dcrecho

duty or right

b

' -

XIV

ABBREVIATIONS.

En«.

En^ro

January

Ex'"^. ex'"^.

excelentUimo , -ma

most excellent

Exc^.

excel encia

excellency-

Fha. fho.

fecha, fecho

date

Feb°.

Fehrero

February

Fol.

folio

folio

Fr.

fray

brother

Franco.

Francisco

Francis

Frnz.

Fernandex

Fernandez

Gue. gde.

guarde

save

Gra.

gracia

grace

Geni.

generdl

general

Igla.

iglesia

church

Ills

ilustre

illustrious

Ill=»°. ill"^a.

ilustrisimo, 'tna

most illustrious

Inq«'.

inquisiddr

inquisitor

Jhs.

Jesus

Jesus

Jph.

Josef

Joseph

J'.

Juan

John

Lib.

libro

book

Lib«».

libras

pounds

Lin.

linea

line

M. P. S.

mid poderoso senor

most powerful lord

M«.

madre

mother

M'-.

monsiur

master

M«. A«.

muchos anas

many years

Mag<*.

m fig est ad

majesty

Migi.

Miguel

Michael

Mnro.

ministro

minister

Mrd.

me'rced

favour

Mrn.

, Martin

Martin

Mrnz.

Martinez

Martinez

^^'ro.

maestro

master

Mrs.

maravedis

maravedis

M, S.

manuscrito

manuscript

M. S. S.

manuscritos

manuscripts

ABBKEVIATIONS.

XV

s.

nuestro Senor

our Lord

s^

nuestra Senora

our Lady

. n".

nuestro, nuestra

our

-•.9-

N'lviembre

November

.po.

obispo

bishop

:L'^ S""'.

Octubre

October

on^

onza u onxas

ounce, onnces

; \ ordV orns.

, orden, or denes

order, orders

D.

posdata

postscript

^

para

for

,

padre

father .

>.

Pedro

Peter

r^

por

for or by

pits

feet

.

plain

raoney, silver, plate

parte

part

puerto

port

J,-.

patina

page

PubK

publico

public

^^Vr'.

real, redles

royal, royals

.

reverendisimo

most reverend

l'"'.

recili

I received

).q^

que

that

(juando

when

,

auhn?

who ?

f/ nan to

how much

san 0 sanlo

saint

-. M.

su wages tad

his majesty

S^ S°'-. S"^.

sehor, senora

sir, lady

Septe. 7bre,

Septieth bre

September

Ser'"°. Ser™».

serenisinio, -ma

most serene

SS"°.

escrJbano

notary

Sup<^».

suplica

entreats

Sup*^^

suplicanie

petitioner

Ten^«.

ieniente

lieutenant

'i om.

tovio

volume

XVI

ABBREVIATIONS.

Tpo.

tiempo

time

V. V«.

venerable

venerable

V. A.

vuestra alteza

your highness

V. E.

vuecelencia

your excellency

V. G.

verbi gratia

for exaniple

V. M.

vuestra m erced. or usled you

V. P.

vuestra paterniddd

your paternity

V. S.

vuestra sehoria, usiayour lordship

V. S. I.

vuesenoria ilustri- sima

your grace

V«n.

vellun

bullion

Vol.

voLumen

volume

XmO^

diezmo

tenth

Xp^«.

Chrlsto

Christ

Xpf^^.

Christidno

Christian.

PART I,

OF

PRONUNCIATION and ORTHOGRAPHY.

Chapter I. PRONUNCIATION.

X KONUNCiATioN is the right expression of the sounds of the words of a language.

Words are composed of syllables, and syllables of let- ters. The letters of the Spanish language are as follow j

Pron.

A B

c

CH D

E V

ah lay

thay

cliuy day

a ayft

G H

I

J h

LL M

hfiny achey

ee

hhota ayle

ellyc erne

N N

o

V a

R S

me eiiye

o

pay coo

ay re aysst

T U

V X Y Z.

Iny 00

t

;«y equis eegnega thata.

As the English vowels differ in sound from those of all other nations, the first care of a learner ought to be to ap- ply himself to the true pronunciation of the Spanish vowels, A E I O U

Pron. nh a €e o oo.

A is pronovinced as the English pronounce a in the words thaty ask, are } as a?7;a a nurse, amaca a hammock.

E is pronounced like e in the following words, benefactor, henejicial,

I is pronounced like ee in the word steel, sleep, steep; as bigamo, a bigamist.

O is pronounced as in English, except in the following

-£, PiJONUNClATlON.

cases. 1st, in all monosyllables when not followed by another vowel, as /o, no, it is close. 2d, it is brogd when there is over it an acute accent, as amo he loved, (to distinguish it from«wo 1 love,) temio be feared, suhio he went up. 3d, it is long in doy I give, hoy to-day ; in all other cases it is pronounced as in English. U is pronounced like oo in the words goody cooky cool. Y has no other sound but that of ee. See I.

When two vowels meet together in Spanish words, they must be pronounced distinctly, as acaecer to happen, cacr to fall, amais you love, cantdis you sing, &c. The same rule ought to be observed wlien ee meet together in the same word, as creer to believe, her to read. This must be considered as a general rule.

Of Diphthongs. A diphthong is the meeting of two or more vowels In the same syllable. They are found in Spanish as follow :

1. ia, as dia A day, didcono a Aq^cow, diamante a dia-

mond.

2. iavi, as carnejiawhre cold meat.

3. iaut as ^a«:5a security, jfacJor he who gives security

for another.

4. iar, as Liar to tie, estudiar to study.

5. ie, as liebre a hare, rniel honey.

6. ien, as hien well, lienzo cloth.

7. ioj as navio a large ship, piorno Spanish broom.

8. ion, as porcion a portion, sion water parsnip.

Observe, that all diphthongs cease to be so every time tlie i is thus accented (z), as aviarla I should love, daria I would give, filosojia. philosophy, &c, p. iia, as ([uarertta forty, ^uadro a frame.

10. uan, as tjuando when ? quanta how much ?

11. ucy as Z>z^ewo good, fweya a den,

12. uen, as cwe/2/a a reckoning, cincucnta fi{ly. Observe, that u after c or q takes the sound of a w.

VROMUNClATiON. *

and when thus accented (ii) it sounds like ©o> and

makes a syllable by itseli'. 13. u«s, as pues but j u sounds like oa. J 4. ui, asguitarra a gaitar, guisado a ragmU > here the

u is lost in })ronunciation. 15. uin, as ^uindas cherries, guindar to lift up.

Of Consonants.

B is pronounced in Spanish, as in English in the word benefice beneficio.

C before e and i sounds like s, as Cecilia Cecily a wo- man's name 3 bat be fore, a, hr, I, 0, r, and u, it sounds like kf as Carolina Caroline, cahallo a horse» Christ^ Christ, Claudina Claudia, creacion the creation, criado a man servant, cronologia chronology, crucifero a cross- bearer, Cuba a cask for wine.

C followed by h in the middle or at the end of words of two or three syllables, sounds as if there was a / before it, as in the words mucho much, muchachada a boyish trick, muchacha a little girl, muchacho sl boy.

D is pronounced as in English.

F is pronounced as in English. The Spaniards never double that letter in their writing.

Observations. G, J, LL, N, X, being peculiar to the Spanish language, ' I will endeavour to give a true definition of their sounds and uses J but this must not hinder the pupil from pro- viding himself with a good master, in order to acquire their true pnjnnnciation. G is only gaitural before e and i, as in generacion genera- tion, gigantico gigantic. G before a, o, u, is not aspirated or guttural, but is pro- nounced as in other languages ; as oaban a great coat, gordo fat, gusano a worm ; in which instances it is easy t<» pRrceive that trie sounds ga, go, gu, answer t^ the English pronunciation. B2

4 FKvlNUNCIATiON.

H is so lightly aspirated, that in many words it can hard- ly be perceived 3 as in ha' lar to speak, Aam /-re hun- ger, &c.

L and LL. — The single L is pronounced as in English ; the LL, like the French liquid in the v^ordsJUle a daughter, famille a family j or like the gUo of the Ita- lian, mjiglio a son ; or the Ih of the Portuguese in the word Jilho a son,. yZ/Aa a daughter; &c. : 3S llamar to call, llaneza equality. Have a key, llegar. to arrive, llcvar to carry away. Hover to rain, lluvia rain: — read llamar^ lianexa, liavej liegar, Uevar, Hover, liuvia, &c. LL is never found at the end of words.

M and N ?.re pronounced as in English.

N. This letter is quite peculiar to the Spanish language, and has been adopted by them for the French gne, and they call it n conlilde : its greatest use is found in the words seiior sir, mafia dexterity, manana tomorrow., — read segnor, magna, magnana, &c.

The pronunciation of this letter should be heard from a master's mouth.

P, Q, R, are pronounced as in English.

5 is pronounced in Spanish words as if there w^ere ss, even between two vowels, as in the verb poder lo be able, preterite subjunctive que pudiese he might be able, (jue pudiescn they might be able.

T is pronounced as in English. ' ^

X is guttural, and sounds almost like J.- these two letters are so much alike in pronunciation, that the one is often used for the other, except when x is directly at the end of words, as relax a clock or watch ; but in the middle, as lejos or lexos afar ofl', they are indiffe- rently written by the Spaniards : nevertheless, to write correctly one must be attentive to the etymology.

Z is pronounced as in English.

When the scholar has read attentively these rules, he

may take every consonant separately and join it to each

PRONUNCIATION. f

vowel, in order to make syllables, and thus learn how to read.

Bahud^jt, labear, leler, bigarro, hoho, luhilla, hralanfe, Iraceage, Iragillas, Irear, Bretana, hrillo, brnchado.

Caballo, cebolla, cibcra, coartar, cubazo, chachara, cha- ckarero, chema, chichkveo, chocado, chufeta, daustro, clemente, cliente, clocar, clueco, crasitud, crecido, criador, cronografo, cruceras.

Dable, dehaxo, dignidad, dobladillo, duena, duhura.

Fabrica, Fehrero,forrage,fuerte, Jlagicio, Jlechar , fli- bote, fiacadura, fiuctuadoTiy fracasary fregacion, frlgS" rativo, Jrialdad, Jrogar, Jroniero, fructuosamente.

Gabela, generadon, girasol^ golpe, gorgear, gladiator, gleba, globo, glutinoso, gnomomca, goberjiador, gobernalle, gracejar, graduadon, grajado, greguesquilLos , gricta, gru tador, groseza, grua, grueras, grueso, grumille, grunidor, gruta, guacamayoy guedeja, guedcjudo, guia, guitio, gur- rumina.

Hadenda, hechizo, hidalgo, hofuela, huesped.

Jabalif Jesu Christo, jocQ^amente, Jordan, Juegos.

Labor, lecdon, librar, libro, lobariillo, lucema.

Llamamiento, llevadUy lloradera, iloraduebsj lluvia,

Macarron, mecha, mljero, moeeton, muneco.

Nausea, negrear, niebla, nodvo, nutridon.

Palellon, pecadilio, piadoso, pobladan, piibertad, pla- ceme, plegador, pliego, plomero, plumaxo, praticaj pre* ambulo, primado, probar, prueba.

Quadema, quedar, (juemar, quipos, f/nocienU. ' Rabear, rejilla, riguroso, rogador, ruginow.

Sabandija. secadillQS, siervo, sohnno, subdupio.

Tablillas, iemeraso, tibieza, Uxston,, iwnuUo, iralajo, trebejo, trigesimo, irofeo, trujumoM.

Vadeable, velador, viduno, uolvible, vulpeja.

Xabalconar, xefe, xeque, aibion, xorgolin, xugoso.

Yacija, T/ema, ycrro, yoguir, yugo, yusion.

Zaborda, %eloso, zilorgano, zompo, zurrador, b3

» dRtHOGRAPHY.

Of Accents. The Spanish language has but two accentSj the acute (') and the circumflex (*). The acute serves for the pro- longation of a svllable, as vdya I may go, veo I see, veia I did see, v6y 1 go, d6y I give, junto together. This accent is likewise put upon the live vowels a, e, i, 6, u. The circumflex serves to denote that the preceding letter^ if it is ch, sounds like k ; or if it is x it sounds like kc; as ch^mia chemistry, exdminar to try.

Chapter 1L ORTHOGRAPHY.

Of Punctuation.

Punctuation is used in writing ^nd printing to de- note the place where the readier ought to stop to take breath j or to distinguisli more easily the diflferent parts of a sentence.

The stops are of six sorts, of which the names and shapes are as follow :

( , ) Virgula u Coma A Comma.

( J ) Pun to y coma .A Semicolon;

(- : ) Dos puntos^ A Colon.

( . ) Punto A Full Stop.

( ? ) Nota de ^nterrogacion. . A Note of Interrogation.

( ! ) Nota de Admiracion ... A Note of Admiration. These stops are necessary to avoid obscurity, to pre- vent misconstruction, and for the better understanding of what we read or write. Here follows the Use which- good authors make of them, and which is grounded upon reason: A comma is used, 1st, in an enuneration to di- stinguish the fhings enumerated, as Las partes de La ora' don son el suhtantiuo, el adjectivOj el pronomlre, elverho^

ORTHOGKAPHY. 7

elpartidpio, el adverhio, ^c : — 2d, to distinguish the dif- ferent parts of a sentence, and to give the reader a proper time for breathing, as Hermana viia, gran consueLo meliA preparado Dios c/uarjdo lien lo necesitaha, en dos cartas luyas, una de 18 y otra de 20 de Mayo que recihi a un mUnio iiempo, ksfc. We do not use a comma between the different parts of a short sentence which can be express- ed at one breath, as Tengo negocios urgentes, 1 have earnest business.

A semicolon is used to distinguish the two parts of a sentence of some length, when the first has a complete sense of itself, as Muckos repulan como rudeza i imper- feccion la sencilltz de la nntigua viuska ; pero nasoiros sentimos que esta viisma ddle la acredita.

A colon is used after a sentence wliich could subsist alone, because it makes a complete sense of itself, but which, however, is followed by another, which explains or extends it, as La virtud y el vicio producen difeientes efectos : esta causa la miseria de los homLrtrs, y esa haceles /dices.

N. B. A semicolon or a colon can be, and often is, indifferently used for each other.

A full stop is. used when the sentence is complete, ay La caridad e^^ la prim era de las virludes Christianas, Cha- rity is the first of all christian virtues.

A note of interrogation in used at the beginning and at the end of a sentence which expresses a question, a» ^Esid su paare en casaP Is his father at home ?

A note of adraiiation is put at the beginning and at the end of a sentence which expresses admiration and surprise, as i Que sohreiimana Juerza es esta! j Que palacio f I Que quartos ! / Que gaierins !

Of Capital Letters. Capital or great letters are used, 1st, la the beginning of every sentence in prose* They

8

VOCABULARY.

are besides used at the beginning of every line in poetry, as La virtud es amablc, Virtue is amiable. El vicio es^ ttlominablef Vice is odious.

Fabruava un palacio el pcnsarnienio,

Encima de la pr&funda memoria ;

Pensando hacer la camera de gloria.

Ha hecho sala de un grave tormento. 2d, All christian and proper names of persons, king- doms, provinces, towns, places, rivers, ships, mountains, dignities, and professions ; also the names of heathen gods and goddesses, are all written with a capital letter. 3d, The nann^^ of arts and sciences begin with a ca- pital letter, as La Musica y la P'mtura son agradables. Music and Painting are agreeable.

.^n tnsy fn^thod of learning many Spanish feminine Words

ending in ad, and in English in ty ory, in an alphale-

deal order.

City Civility Community Concavity . Credulity Perversity Cruelty Curiosity

D Debility Divinity Dignity Disparity

E Efficacy Iniirmity Equity

{Capacfty Extension Sterility Eternity Extremity

Spaniih.

English.

Cittdad

A

A

Gvihdad

Actividad

Activity

Comunidad

Anttrioridad

Aiateriority

Coiuamdad

Ajiligimlad

Antiquity '

Credulidad

Aulenlicidud

Autlif-nticiry

Crintinalidad

Autondad

Autho'ity

Or Lie! dad

B

B'

Curiostd.ad

Bddad

Beauty

D

Beni;:/iia'ad

Benignity

Simn'icity

Delilidad

tiobedad

Dt'idad

Brevedad

Brevity

Disnidad

Brut alidad

Brutality

Disp alidad

C

C

' E

Calamidad

Calar-nty

Eficaddad

Calidad

Quality

Efifermedad

Canlidad

Qunntity

Etjuidad

Capacidad Caridad

Capacity Charity

Espaciosidad

Carnosidad

Carnosity

Eslerilidad

Casualidad

Casualty

Ettrnidad

Cerlinidad

Certainty

Extretnidad

V6CABULAUY.

F Facility Faculty Faiiihility Familiarity Fatality Fecundity Felicity Ferocity Fertility Festivity Fidelity Debility Formality Fragility' FVugality

G Gentility Gravitv li Ability Honesty Hospitality Hostility Humatiity Humility

Identity

Equality

Illegality

Imbecility

Impartiality

Impossibility

Impr< priety

Impunity

Impurity

Incapacity

Uncerainty

— Incommodity

Incompuli'-tlicladlnrompsiiibmtY hicrediHlidad Incredibility hicrediilidad Ir. credulity indcmnuhd Indemnity ihdiKiiulud liidignity

Indivuinalidad Individuality Indorilidad Indocility Jnejabilidad Ineir^bility hu'>timaHL:d'td Inestimabiiity hifeniTidi<-nd Infecundity h{fdicidad Inlclicitv

I Iiiferii,ridad I l>-jldrlidad I It'Jiitidud \ hifx)Ytnulttd i hipcniutirtnd i luhdiilidad ' Inhospitnlidad j hihumuiudud

Jnmnisidad I Jnvtobilidad '\ iHViurtalzdad : Itimuta/ilidad i Insensililidad ! Jnlegiidad

Jnterivi idad

Intinvdtid

Jnuibanidnd

Inulilidud

Irreeularidad

Irrevocahilidad J

Jovialid.id L

Lafividad ) Lealdf!d

Legfiltdad

Leu idad

Liheralidad

Li viand ad

Localidad

Lofiganimidad

M Ma^eslad Map! a mm idad Mnhpiidnd Matisedad MateriuLulad Malmudad Mfdiwridnd .yendicidad M or alidad Mofiulidud Movilidnd Mulhplicidad Mutahlidad

N Nat.ividiitl Xaturnlidad S<icendad

Inferiority

li;fidelity

Iniinity

laformi^ty

Subtility

Ii);ibility

Iiihospitality^

Inhumanity

Immensity

Iiimiobility

Immortality

Immutability

Insensibility

Integrity

Inferiority

Intimacy

Incivility

Inutility

Irregularity

Irrevocability

J

Joviality I. Latiniry Loyalty Legality Lenity Liberality Levity Locality Longanimity

M Majesty Magnanimity Malignity Benignity Materiality Maternity Mediocrity Mendicity Morality Mortali y Mob'lity Multiplicity Mutability

N Nativity Naturaiity Necessity'

10

Neutialidad Navcdud

O Ohliqkidud Obscuridad Opdcidud

P Parcialidud Pariiadaridad Pafcrnidad Penalidad Perennidad Perplexid&d Persona UdaU Ptrversidad Piedud Piuraiidad Pi^bredad Pofjuedad Porosidad Posteridad Prodigalidad ProUxidad Proaimidad Pubertod PubLicidad Pusilaidmidad

^ Q

Qiianiidad Quietud R Rapacidr.d Raridad Pealidad Rtishiidad

S Sagacidad Salvhridad Se^nridad Sensivilidad SeniuuHdnd Strenidad Seriedad

VOCABULAiiY.

Neutrality

Scvriidad

Severity

Novelty

Siinpiicfdad

Simplicity

b

S6bried„d

Sobriety

0])liciuity

Sociedad

Society

Obscurity

Suoiidad

Suavity

Opacity

SuHimidad

Sublimity

P

Stuicdad

Fjlthiness

Partiality

Sumidad

Summiiy

Particularity

Supei/lindad

Superfluity

Paternity

Sutiiidad

Subtilitv

Penalty

T

T

Perpeniiiy

Temnidad

Temerity

Perplexity

Teniudad

Tenuity

Personali y

Ttrribilidad

Severity

Perversity

Tortedad

Obliquity

Piety

TolaUdad

Totality

Plurality

TraiKjuilidad

Tranquillity

Poverty

Trinidad ■

Trinity Trivia ity

Paucity

Triviuiidad

Porosity

U

U

Posterity Prodigality

UUimidad

Extremity

Unanimidad

Unanimity

Prolixity

Unidad

Unity

Proximity

UnifoTmidad

Uniformity

Puberty

(//lirersolidad

Universality

Publicity

Univrrxidud

University

Pusillanimity

Urbanidad

Urbanity

Q

Uiiii'Jad

Utility

Quantity-

V

V

Tranquillity

Faded ad

Vacuity

R

Faguedad

Variety

Rapacity

Vamdad

Vanity

Rarity

Fariedad

Diversity

Reality

Felocidad

Velocity

Rusticity

Fcriibiiidad

Vcrsali'litT

S

Firiiidad

Virility '

Sagacity

Firtualidad

Virtuality

Salubrity

Fisio^:dad

Viscosity

Security

Fitalulad

Vitality

Sensibility

I ivaadad

Vivacity

Sensualify

Falnlilvlad

VclatilitT

Serenity

FoiuHhdad

Volubility

Gravity

Fnrncidad

Voracity

Falgaridad

Vulgarity.

N.B. The perfect knowledge of the alove jwuns wait spars a great deal, of time and trouble to the begir.ner, y he will take upon him to learn them by heart.

11

PART n.

OP

THE PARTS OF SPEECH,

J HERE are in Spanish, as in other languages, ten parts of speech j viz. the article, the substantive, the adjective, the pronoun, the verb, the participle, the adverb, the preposition, the conjunction, and the interjection. The six first are declinable, and the four others indeclinable.

Chapter I.

OF THE ARTICLE.

The article is a little word placed before a substantive to specify the extent of the signification in which it is taken : the Spanish language has three articles, the defi- nite, the indefinite, and the partitive.

1. Def. el ra. la f. lo n. [ los m. pi. las f. ph. ..the. 2 ]ndt?f, a cJe ( yvo una .a, an.

3. Part, unos or algunns m. p). unas or a/gunasf. pi. .some?

The article has great advantages in languages in which it is used j it gives to the speech much softness and pre- cision : it lias its proper use and rules, as we shall see in ths Syntax.

12^ OF SUBSTANTIVES.

Qh AFTER ir.

OF SUBSTANTIVES.

This Chapter is divided into four sections j the first explains the nature and different species of substantives ; the second speaks of their case and declension j the third treats of their gender, and shows how to distinguish the masculine fnmi the feminine : and the fourth has for its object the plural of nouns and its formation from the singular number.

Of the nalure and speciea of Sulstantives.

A substantive is a word which expresses the name of a person or thing, material, spiritual, or ideal ; as hmilre a man, muger a woman, caballo a horse, casa a house, virtud virtue.

There are ♦•hree sorts of substantives j which are called proper, common, and collective.

The substantive proper expresses some individual per- son or thing which cannot be divided into species : such are Pedro Peter, Londres London, Fernando Ferdinand, Adorfo Adorf, &c.

The substantive common can be said of all objects of the same kind : such are reyno kingdom, rio river, sol- dado soldier.

The substantive collective is a word singular which pre- sents to the mind several persons or things : the collective nouns are general or partitive.

A collective general represents the whole object : such are la nacion the nation, el extrcito the army, lajlota the fleet, el parlamento the parliament.

OF SUB&TANTlVJiS. 13

'• A noun collective partitive represents only a part of the ' whole object j such are una cantidad a quantity, una CU' ierva a crowd, el mayor numero the most part.

N.B. 8ee the use of substantives, rule Ip and follow- ing, in the Syntax.

r SECTION II.

Of the declension of nouns, — cases , Is^c.

Although the Spanish nouns do not change their termi- nation in the same number, they have, however, cases as L^ well as the Latin, as the following declensions will show.

F Declensions.

i Declension of a noun masculine with the definite

V- article ei.

Sing. Nom. el rey, the king.

Gren. del rey, of the king.

Dat. al rey, to the king.

Dat. para el rey, for the king.

Ace. el rey, the king.

Voc. 0 rey, o king.

Abl. del rey, from the king.

Plur. Nom. los reyes, the kings.

tyen. de los reyes, of the kings.

Dat, a los reyes, to the kings.

Dat. para los reyes, for the kings.

Ace. los reyes, the kings.

Voc. 0 reyes, o kings.

Abl. de los reyes, from the kings.

Declension of a noun feminine with the article la.

Sing, Nora, la muger, the woman.

Gen. de la muger, of the woman. c

14 or iUBSTANTIVLS.

Dat. a La mvger, to the woman.

I)at. para la mugcr, for the woman.

Ace. la muger, the woman,

Voc. 0 muger, o woman.

Abl. de la muger, from the woman.

Plur. Norn, las muger es, the women.

Gen. de las mugeres, of the women.

Dat. d las mugeres, to the women.

Dat. para las mugeres, for the women.

Ace. las mugeres, the women.

Voc. 0 mugeres, o women.

Abl, de las mugeres, from the women.

Declension of a noun feminine with the article c\.

Sing. Nom. el alma, the soul.

Gen. del alma, of the soul.

Dat. a el alma, to the soul.

Dat. para el alma, for the souU

Ace. el alma, the soul. Voc. (caret.)

Abl. par el alma, by the soul.

Plur. Nom. las almas, the souls.

Gen. de las almas, of the souls.

Dat. d las almas, to the souls.

Dat. para las ahnas, for the souls.

Ace. las alma':, the souls. Voc. (caret.)

Abl. par las almas, by the souls.

Observe, that all nouns which begin with a vowel or h mute do not admit of any elision as other languages 5 but the article or preposition is written at large, as you may see in the above and following example. This is a general rule.

OF SUBSTANTIVES. 16

Declension of a noun feminine beginning with an h.

Sing. Norn, la hermaridad, the fraternity.

Gen. de la Iwrmandady of the fraternity.

Dat. a la hermandad, to the fraternity.

Pat. para la hermandad, for the fraternity.

Ace. la hermandad, the fraternity. Voc. (caret.)

Abl. par la hermandad, by the fraternity.

(It has no plural.)

Declension of an adjective used sulstantivelyj ly putting the article lo lefore it,

S, Nom. lo hermo'^o, that which is handsome.

Gen. de lo hermoso, of that which is handsome.

Dat. para lo hermoso, for that which is handsome.

Dat. a lf> hermoso, to that which is handsome.

Ace. lo hermoso, that which is handsome, Voc. (caret)

Abl. por lo hermoso, by that which is handsome.

(It has no plural )

Observe, that all adjectives in the Spanish language become substantives by adding to them the article lo. This is also a general rule.

Observe, again, that all proper names of men and wo- me» are never declined with the foregoing articles.

SECTION III.

How to distinguish wiien a noun is masculine or feminine.

The d'stinction of substantives into two genders comis from the distinction of fcexes: by Imitation the masculine or feminine gender has been given to all substantives, c 2

l6 OF SUBSTANTIVES.

though they have no reference to any sex : thus for iii* stance pa?i bread, cuchillo knife, grano grain, &c., are masculine : cucharaa. spoon, mesa a table, vela a candle, &C.J are feminine.

General rule.

The nouns u'hich haVe reference to males are of the masculine gender ; and those which have reference to fe- males are feminine. Thus hombrea man, cahallo a horse, are masculine ; muger a woman, yegua a mare, are fe- minine.

All nouns ending in e, o, n, or r, are masculine : as lum- Ire fire, larcote a kind of boat, llanquero a tanner, lode- gon a cook's shop, lordador an embroiderer, lahrador a la- bourer J except la madre the rrvother, la fnano the hand, which are feminine,

Oheruation.

We have observed, page 8, that all nouns endiog in ad, and in English in /j/ or y, are of the fenainine gendet* J we must further observe, that all nouns ending in a are feminine, except dia a day, diadema a diadem, diafragmu diaphragm, and some others coming from the Greek, .which are masculine.

All nouns ending in cion, and in English in tion or cHo?i, are feminine, as diccioii diction, edicwii edition, partici' pacien participation, &c.

All nouns ending in ud and e% are feminine, though they end in English in ve, de, or ness, as virtud virtue, prontilud promptness, pulidez neatness. Sec.

All nouns ending in a form their plural by the addition of an 5 : those ending in cion or ud, by adding es to the singular 3 as virlud virtue, virludes virtues : those ending in e% make their plural by changing % into cfs asfem ha^py, /dices happy, &c.

OF SOBSTANTlVfiS, 17

These rules extend themselves to the adjectives as well as to the substantives.

Of Augmentatu'es.

Augmentatives are very few in the Spanish language. They are used to express something extraordinary in the size as well as the extent of things spoken of, and add to the positive the signification of hig, large, tally and stout>, and are formed by adding to the nouns the syllables on or ozo for the masculine^ and ona or uxa for the feminine. Example: homhre a man, kombron a tall big man, muger a woman, mugcrona a tall and stout woman 3 perro a flog, perrazo a large dog.

Of DlminiUive^,

There are two sorts of diminutives. 1st, One to express tenderness, or the genteel carriage of any object whatever} but little or short, and their terminations, are ito, ico, masc. iia, icdy fern, added to the nouns either substantives or .jdjectives without any alleration, when terminating by a consonant, and suppressing the vowel if there is one at the enrl of the word. Example; pdxaroa. bird', paxarito a pretty little bird} casa 2i house, cas'da a pretty little house. "We must excepi from this rule hueno, luena, whose di- minutive is lonito, honita, which very often has no other meaning than pretty.

2d'. The other denotes either contempt or pity, with- out giving the idea of pretty, and terminates in i//o, ac- cording to the above rules: as perro a dog, perrillon little ugly do<< J rnuger a woman, mugercilla a little ugly wo- man 3 homhre a man^ homlrecillo a little ugly man.

g3

18 ^ OF ADJECTIVES,

Chapter III. OF ADJECTIVES.

As the substantive is the name of a person or thing, the adjective, on the contrary, expresses the qualities of a per- son or things as La virtud esamahle, el vicio es odioso ; Virtue is amiable, vice is abominable j virtud and vicio are both substantives, mnahle and odioso are adjectives.

The word which makes good sense with the words per- son or thing is an adjective : the word which cannot make any sense with them is a substantive.

This is an infallible rule to distinguish them from one another : for instance, the word good is an adjective, be- cause we may say, a good person, a good thing, un buen sujetOy vna buena cosa; but the word man is a sub- stantive, because we cannot say, a man person, a man thing.

As there are two sorts of substantives, masculine and feminine, there must be of course two sorts of adjectives to qualify both genders j as, a good horse w« buen caballo, a M'icktd girl u?ia mala Jiiuchachu. You see plainly by these examples, that buen qualifies the goodness of the horse, cn\<\mala the wickedness of the girl.

Many beginners are at a loss how to turn a masculine adjective into a feminine one, because when they look for it in a dictionary they find it terminated in o ; therefore they must observe, that if they change the o into a chey make it feminine ; as, bucno masc. buena fern. good. If the substantive is in the plural, they must add an s to it : Los homlres son buenos, Men are good -, Las mugeres son luenas. Women are good.

They must also observe, that several substantives end- ing in er or ey make their plural by the addition of es j

OF ADJECTIVES. 19

Others ending with a consonant want only an s to (ovva,

their [)lural.

Ohewation.

The following adjectives,

Uno one, yilguno some^

Primero first, Ninguno no,

Tercero. third, Bueno good,

Posirero last, Mnlo. wicked,

lose the last letter when they precede a substantive mas- culine. Sxampie : un hombre & w.c\n, el primer humhre the first man, algun homhre some man, ningun homlre no man, &c.

Tercero does not always lose the last letter j for the third day may be expressed by el terccr dia, or el tercero dia, both which expressions are sanctioned by the Spa- nish Academy.

Cienta, when immediately preceding a substantive, loses tb.e last syllable. Example : den hoinbres a hundred raen, cien almas a hundred souls j but if a copulative divides it, the said syllable is retained. Exanople: cienlo y diex one hundred and ten, Sec.

Grande, when conveying an idea of greatness, in refe- rence, to merits, useful qualities, &:c., and preceding a substantive beginning by a consonant, loses Its last syl- lable. Example ; un gran cahallo a great or famous horse, una gran casa a fine house. But if it merely de- note an idea of size, extent. &c., it retains the said syl- lable. Example : un grande calalio a large horse, una. grande casa a vast house.

Santo loses the last syllable before prq>er names. Ex- ample: san Pedro saint Peter, san Juan saint John, &c. Except santo Domingo, santo Torilio, santo Tomas if santo Tome.

20 OF ADJFXTIVE5.

We must further observe, that the Spanish adjectives ending in the singular in al, el, il, form their plural by the addition of es, as cow/ w^gZ conjugal, plur. conjugales y ^fiel faithful, feles faithful j geniil genteel, gentiles gen- teel.

Those ending in e, as amalle amiable, prudente prudent, make their pki.al by the addition of an s j and are of both genders.

Those ending in a are feminine, and make their plural by the addition of an s j as corva crooked, corvas crooked.

Those ending in o are generally masculine -, they make their feminine by changing o into a, and m.Vri:e in both genders their plural by the addition of an s\ as malicioso masc. malicmsn fem, malicious 3 '^\v\x. mal'mosos, mali^ ciosas, malicious.

Those ending in z, as feliz hnppy, make their plural by taking away the a, and putting cei, and- are of botifc genders.

SECTioir r.

Of comparatives and superlatives^

A comparative is nothing else than a comparison of lwo> or more objects, in order to know what proportion they bear to one another. Now as two objects can either be equal, superior, or inferior, to one another, there are three sorts of comparatives, called'^ — of equality, superi- ority, and inferiority.

The comparative of equality is formed by prefixing- one of these words, como, tavibien, tan; as El es tan fuerte corno us ted, He is as strong as you.

The comparative of superiority is formed by prefixing the word mas to the adjective, as Soy mas alio que mi herma?io, I am taller than my brother.

OP ADJECTIVES.

21

The comparative of inferiority is fortned by putting a negative before the verb and tan before the adjective, or by prefixing only the word menos to an adjective ; No es tan rico como usted, he is not so rich as you 3 No soy ta?i dic/ioso como v. m., 1 am not so fortunate as you.

The superlatives increase or diminish to the utmost degree the signification of adjectives. They are of two sorts ; the one relative, and the otlier absolute.

The first is formed by prefixing the article la or el to the word mas, as He visto la mas hermosa seuora de In* glaterra, I have seen the handsomest lady in England ; La calumnim es la culpa mas alominable, Calumny is the most abominable crime.

The second is formed by prefixing the adverb muy to the adjective, as Soy muy poire, I am very \>qox.

Comparatives and superlatives irregularly formed.

These three adjectives, lueno, rnalu, per^ueno, deviate frpiii Others in the fornjatioii of their comi-uratives and superlatives, which are as follow :

Positive. Comparative. Superlative.

lueno good, 777 e/or better, /o tw^/id r, ^owwi/wo the best. malo bad, peor worse, pesimo the worst.

pequeno little, menor less, lo minimo the least. h'len well, mejor better, lo mejor the best.

poco little, menos less, lo menos the least.

SECTION ir.

Of the cardinal numlers.

The cardinal numbers denote the quantity of persons pr things, apd ariswer to the question. How much? How

22

OF ADJECTIVES.

many ? They are called cardinal because they are tht;

root of all the other 1 2 3

uno m. una f. df>s

4

5 ' 6

7 8

9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

17 18

19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26

V 28

29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38

ires

quatro

cinco

self

siete

ocho

nueve

diex

once

doce

irece

catorce

{juince

diez y sSif

diez y siete

diez y ocho

diez y nueve

veinte

veints y uno

veinte y dos

veinte y tres

veinte y quatro

veinte y cinco

veinte y seis

veinte y siete

veinte y ocho

veinte y nueve

treinta

trevita y uno

treinta y dos

treinta y tres

treinta y quatro

treinta y cinco

treinta y seis

treinta y siete

treinta y ocho

treinta y nueve

they are as ioiiow

one

two

three

four

five

six

seven

eight

nine

ten

eleven

twelve

thirteen

fourteen

fifteen

sixteen

seventeen

eighteen

nineteen

twenty

twenty-one

twenty- two

twenty- three

twenty-four

twenty- five

twenty, six

twenty -seven

twenty-eight

twenty-nine

thirty

lhirty-o!)e

thirty- two

thirty. three

thirty- four

thii^y-fuc

thirty- six

thirty-seven

thirty-eight

tUir^-nihe

I

II

III

IV V

TI

vri

VIII

IX

X

XI

XII

XIII

XIV

XV

XVI

XVII

xvm

XTX XX

XXI

XXII

XXIII

XXIV

XXV

XXVI

XXVIl

XXVllI

XXIX

XXX

XXXI

XXXII

XXXIIl

XXXIV

XXXV

xxxvr

xxxvii

xxxvrii

XXX.I>w

OP ADJECTIVE;

23

quarcnta fortjr

(juart'Titay U7fo forty-one (juarenta y dos forty-two quarenta y tres forty- three quarenta y quatro forty-four quarenta y cinco forty-live quarenta y ieis forty-six quarenta y siete forty -seven quarenta y ocho forty-eight quarenta y nueve forty-nine dncuenta lifiy

cincuenta y uno fifty one cincuenta y dos fifty-two cincuenta y tres fiftv-three cincuenta y quatro fifty-four cincuenta y cinco fifty -fi\ie cinciienta y seis elm iienta y siete dncilenla y ocho cimiientny nueve sesenta sescnta y uno sesenta y dos sesenta y tres sesenta y quatro sesenta y cinco

sesenta y scis sesenta y siete sesi nla y. ocho sesenla y nueve setenta setenta y uno setenta y dos setenta y tres setenta y quatro setenta y cinco setenta y seis seienta y siete setenta y ocho setenta y nueve ochenta

fifty-six

fifty-seven

fifty-eight

fifty-nine

sixty

sixty-one

Mxty-two

sixty three

sixty- four

sixty-five

sixty-six /

sixty- seven

sixty eight

sixty-nine

seventy

seventy-one

seventy- two

seventy-three

seventy-four

seventy-five

seventy-six

seventy-seven

seventy-eight

seventy-nine

eighty

XL

XLI

XLII

XLIII

XLIV

XLV

XLVI

XLVII

XLVIII

XLIX

L LI

LII

LIII

LIV

LV

LVI

LVH

LVIIC

LIX

LX

LXI

LXII

LXIII

LXIV

LXV

LXVII

LXVIH

LXIX

I^XX

LXXI

LXXll

LXXI II

LXXIV

LXXV

LXXVI

LXXVII

LXXVIII

LXXIX

LXXX

!4

or ADJECTIVES.

81

ochenta y uno

eighty-one

LXXXI

82

ochenta y dos

eighty- two

LXXXII

83

ochentu y ires

eiffhty-three

LXXXIII

84

ochenta y (juatro eighty-four

LXXXIV

85

ochenta y cinco

eighty-live

LXXXV

86

ochenta y seis

eighty-six

LXhxvr

87

ochenta y slete

eighty-seven

LXXXVII

88

ocheucay ucho

eighty-eight

LXXXVIIi

89

ochenta y nueve

eighty- nine

LXXXIX

90

novenla

ninety

xc

91

noventa y uno .

ninety-one

XCI

9^

noventa y dos

ninety-two

xcir

93

noventa y tres

ninety- three

XCIII

94

noventa y quatn

9 ninety-four

XCIV

95

noventa y cinco

ninety-iive

xcv

90

noventa y sfis

ninety-six

XCVI

97

noventa y siete

ninety-seven

XCVII

98

noventa y ocho

ninety -eight

XCVI 1 1

99

novenla y nueve

ninety-nine

XCIX

100

ciento

one hundred

c

101

cientQ y uno

one hundred &

one CI

102

ciento y dos

one hundred &

two cu

200

dodenws m. <75f. two hundred

cc

300

tr crier, 'os

three hundred

ccc

400

//'m^ccientos

four hundred

cccc

500

quinicntos

five hundred

D

600

seisclenttts

six hundred

DC

700

setecicntos

seven hundred

DCC

800

cfchocientos

eight hundred

DCCC

900

novecientos

nine hundred

DCCCC

[000

mil

a thousand

M.

Ohservaiions uppn the cardinal numbers.

Although the above examples would suffice withoui further illustrations, yet you are to observe, that wher two or more numbers are joined together, the greates goes first in the Spanish language : thus they say, veinti y cinco J veinte y ocho, twenty-five, twenty-eight ; putting the copulative conjunction y immediately after the great-

OF ADJECTIVES.

25

est, and act In that respect quite contrary to some English people who say, Five and twenty, eight and twenty, &c, N. B. This must be considered as a general rule.

SECTION

III.

Of the ordinal

numbers.

Ordinal numbers denote the

order and disp

things ', they are

as follow:

primero

first

segundo

second

ttrcero

third

(fiarto

fourth

qulnio

fifth

sexto

sixth

feptif/io

seventh

octavo

eighth

710710 or novcno*

ninth

dccimo or dcceno

tenth

\ undecimo or unceno

eleventh

duodecimo or docd.io

twelfth

dtcimo itrcio or treceno

thirteenth

decirno quarto or catorct'no

fourteenth

dtcimo fj'uinto or quinceno

fifteenth

decirno sexto

sixteenth

decimo septimo

seventeenth

dtcimo octavo

eighteenth

decimo nono

nineteenth

vigesimo or venteno

twentieth

trigesimo or treinteno

thirtieth

quadragtsimo or quarenteno

fortieth

quinquagesimo or cincUenleno

fiftieth

sexagemno or sesenteno

sixtieth

septuagesimo or setenteno

seventieth

octogesimo or ochenteno

eightieth

nonagesimo or noventeno

ninetieth

D

2&

or PRONOUNS.

centesimo or ceJileno hundredth

docentesimo or docentho two hnndredili

treceniesimo or trace?itino three hundredth

quadra^ntesimo QY qualrocenteno four hundredth quingenledmo or quinlenttno five hundredth irjlcsimo thousandth.

There are agahi two other sorts of numbers, called. Collective and Distributive : the Collective denotes acer-' taiUj quantity of things joined together, as una docena a: dozen, una cincuentena fifty. The Distributive expresses a part of the wholes as la mitad the half, ei Lercio tlie third part, el decimo the tenth part 3 &c.

Chapter iV.

OF PRONOUNS.

Pronouns are words used instead of nouns, to avoid the repetition of a substantive, which would be \Gry tedious without their bd{).

There are six sorts of pronouns j called personal, posses- sive, demonstrative, relative, interrogative, and indefinite.

Of personal pronouns.

The personal pronouns denote the persons ; there are three persons j the frst is that who speaks, the second is that to whom one speaks, and the third is the person of whom one speaks. The pronouns of the first person are yo I, mi me, nosotros we ; and those of the second are tu thou, vos or vosotros you, said only of persons or per- sonified objects J but those of the third el he, ellos they, ella she, ellos they, are said of persons, animals, and things.

OF PRONOUNS. 27

As the same pronoun is expressed one way when it is <:oj)junctive, that is to say, joined to a verb, ^nd another when disjunctive, a strict attention must be given to the following declension, in which they are carefully distin- guished.

Declension of coujunciiue personal pronouns. First person— Masculine and feminine.

Sing. Nom. yo, I.

Gen. de mi, of me.

Dat. para mi, for me.

Dat. a mi, me, to me.

Ace. d mi, me, me.

Abl. por mi, by me.

Abl, conmigo, with me.

Plur. Nom. nos, we.

Gen. de nos, of us. Dat. para nos, for us. Dat. d nos, nos, to us. Ace. a nos, nos, us. Abl. por nos, by us. Abl. (caret)

First person plural.

Masc. Nom. nosolros, we.

Gen. de nosotros, of us.

Dat. para nosotros, for us.

Dat. a nosotros, to us.

Ace. a nosotros, us.

Abl. por nosotros, by us.

Fem. Nom. nosolras, we.

Gen. de nosotros, of us.

Dat. para nosotros, for us.

Daf. a nosotros, to us.

Ace. d nosotros, us.

Abl. por nosotros, by us. l>2

28 OF PilONOUNS,

Second person — Masculine and feminine. Sing.

Plur.

Nora.

tu, thou.

Gen.

de li, of thee.

Dat.

para ti, for thee.

Dat.

te, a ti, to thee.

Ace.

d ti, thee.

Abl.

por ti, by thee.

Abl.

contigo, with thee.

Nom.

vos, you.

Gen.

de vosy of you.

Dat.

para vos, for you.

Dat.

a vos, OS, to you, you,

Ace.

duos, OS, -you.

Abl.

por vos, by you.

Abl.

con vos, with you.

Second person plurak Masc. Nom. vosotros, you.

Gen. de vosotros, of you. Dat. para vosotros, for you. Dat. d vosotros, to you. Ace. d vosotros, you. Abl. por vosotros, by you. Abl. con vosotros, with you.

Fern. Nom. vosotras, you.

Gen. de vosotras, of you,

Dat. pa?a vosolras, for you.

Dat. a vosotras, to you.

Ace. d vosotras, you.

Abl. pox: vosotras, by you.

Abl. con vosotras, with you.

Third person singular,

Masc. Nom. eL he or it.

Gen. de cL of him or it.

OF FRONOUWS. 2$

Dat. para M, for him or it. Dat. ' d d, Icy to him or it. Ace. a el, le, him or it. Abl. por el, by him or it. Abl. cow elf with him or iV

Fern. Nom. ella, she or it.

Gen. de ella, of her or it,

Dat. para ella, for her or it,

Dat. a ella, to her or it.

Ace. d ella, le, la, her or it.

Abl. por ella, by her or it.

Abl. con ella, with her or it.

Neuter. '

Sing. Nom. e//o, /o, it.

Gen. de tllo, de la, of it,

Dat. para ello, para lo, for it.

Dat. a ello, d lo, it.

Ace. fl' tf//o, lo, d lo, it.

Abl. por ello, por lo, by it. (The neuter has no plural.)

Plural

Ma«c. Nom, ellos, they.

Gen. de tl/os, of them.

Dat. para ellos, for them.

Dat. a ellos, to them.

Ace. d ellos, les, los, them.

Abl, por ellos, by them.

Abl. con ellos, with them.

Fem. Nom. ellos, they.

Gen. de ellos, of them.

Dat para ellos, for them*

Dat. a ellos, totl^em.

D3

28 OF PHONO UN'S.

Second person — Masculine and feminine. Sing.

Plur.

Nora.

tUy thou.

Gen.

de ti, of thee.

Dat.

para ti, for thee.

Dat.

tCy d ii, to thee.

Ace.

a ti, thee.

Abl.

por ti, by thee.

Abl.

contigo, with thee.

Nom.

vos, you.

Gen.

de vos, of you.

Dat.

para vos, for you.

Dat.

d vos, OS, to you, you,

Ace.

duos, OS, you.

Abl.

por VOS, by you.

Abl.

con vos, with you.

Second person plural-, Masc. Nom. vosotros, you.

Gen. de vosotros, of you. Dat. para vosotros, for yoa. Dat. d vosotros, to you. Ace. d vosotros, you. Abl. por vosotros, by you. Abl. con vosotros, with you.

Fern. Nom. vosotras, you.

Gen. de vosotras, of you.

Dat. para vosotras, for you.

Dat. a vosotras, to yoa.

Ace. d vosotras, you.

Abl. por vosotras, by you,

Abl. co7i vosotras, with you.

Third person singular,

Masc. Nom. ^/, he or it.

Gen. gV t'/, of him or it.

OF PRONOUNS. 2$

Dat. para 61, for him or it.

Dat. d el, le, to him or it.

Ace. a el, le, him or it.

AbL por el, by him or it.

Abl. con el, with him or iV

Fem. Nom. ella, she or it.

Gen. de ella, of her or it.

Dat. para ella, for her or it.

Dat. o tf/Za, to her or it.

Ace. a f//a, Ze, /a, her or it.

Abl. por c//a, by her or it.

Abl. con ella, with her or it.

Neuter. '

Sing. Nom. ello, lo, it.

Gen. </e tllo, de lo, of it.

Dat. para ello, para lo, for it.

Dat. a ello, d lo, it.

Ace. d ello, lo, d lo, it.

Abl. por ello, por lo, by it. (The neuter has no plural.)

Plural,

Mate. Nom. ellos, they.

Gen. de tllos, of them.

Dat. para ellos, for them.

Dat. d ellos, to them.

Ace. d ellos, les, los, them.

Abl. por ellos, by them.

Abl. con ellos, with them.

Fem. Nom. ellos, they.

Gen. de ellos, of them. Dat. para ellos, for them. • Dat. deltas, totjjem. d3

so 6F PJl6NOt/N3.

Acc. d ellas, las, them. Abl. por ellas, by them. Abl. coti ellas, with them.

The reciprocal pronoun of the third person of all genders and numbers.

Gen. de si, of him, her, it, them. Dat. para si, for him, her, it, them. Dat. a si, se, to him, her, it, them. Acc. a si, se, him, her, it, them. Abl. por si, by him, her, it, them. Abl. conslgo, with him, her, it, them.

The compound pronouns, Yo misvio myself, tu inismo thyself, el mismo himself, ella misma herself, nosotros mismos, nosotras jnismas our- selves, vosotros mismos, vosrtras jnismas yourselves, ellos mismos, ellas mismas themselves, take the preposition £^p in the genitive and a in the dative.

Of possessive pronouns.

The possessive pronouns denote possesion : they are called conjunctive when they are joined to a noun, and disjunctive when they are used with reference to a noun antecedent. They are thus arranged.

Decleimon of conjunctive possessive pronouns. Sing. — Masculine and feminine.

Nom. Acc. mi, my.

Gen. de mi, of my. Dat. d mi, to my.

Plur. — Masculine and feminine.

Nom. Acc. mis, my.

Gen. de mis, of my. Dat. dmis, to my.

OP ?RONOUHf. 31

Sing. — Masculine and feminine, Nom. Ace. tu, thy.

Gen. de tit, of thy. Dat. a tu, to thy.

Pliir. — Masculine and feminine, Nom. Ace. tusj thy.

Gen. de tus, of thy. Dat. d tus, to thy.

Sing. — Masculine and feminine. Nom. Ace. su, his, her.

Gen. de su, of his, of her. Dat. d su, to his, to her.

Plur. — Alasculine and feminine. Nom. Ace. sus, his, her.

Gen. desus, of his, of her. Dat. d sus, to his, to her.

Sing. — Masculine and feminine. Nom. Ace. nuestro, nuestra, our.

Gen. de naestro, de nuestra, of our. Dat. d nuestro, a nuestra, to our.

Plur. — Masculine and feminine. Nom. Ace. neustros, nucstras, our.

Gen. de nuesiros, de nuestras, of our. Dat. d neustros, a nuestras, to our.

Sing. — MtLiCuline and feminine. Nora. Ace. vuestro, vuestra, your.

Gen. de vuestro, de vuestra, of your. Dat. a vuestro, a vuestra, to your.

Vlur.-^ Masculine and feminine. Nom. Ace. vuesiros, vuestras, your.

Gen. de vuestros, de vuestras, of your. Dat. d vuesiros, a vuestras, to youi.

34 OP PRONOUNS.

Pronouns used before a sulstfiniive.

(lIB&T.)

Sing. — Masculine, femininey and neuter. Nora. este> esla, esio, this or that. Gen. de esie, de esta, de esto, of this or that. Dat, d esie, a esta, a esto, to this or that. -Ace. este, esta, esto, this or that. Abl. de este, de esta, de esto, from this or that.

N. B. These pronouns, as well as their plural, show the person or thing present or near at hand.

Plur. — Masculine arid feminine, (No neuter.)

Nom. estos, estas, these.

Gen. de estos, de estas, of these.

pat. a estos, a estas, to these.

Ace. estos, esias, these.

Abl. da estos, de estas, from these.

(second.)

^ing.-^ Masculine, feminine, and neuter,

Nom, ese, esa, eso, that.

Gen, de ese, de esa, deeso, of that.

Dat. a ese, d esa, d eso, to that.

Ace. ese, esa, eso, that,

Abl, de ese, de esa, de eso, from that.

Plur. — Masculine and feminine. (No neuter.)

Nom, esos, csas, those.

Gea. de esos, de esas, of those.

pat. a esos, a esas, to those.

Ace. esos, esas, those.

Abl. de esos, de esas, from those.

This second sort of pronouns expresses an object distant

OF PR0N0UX3. . 35

roll) the person who speaks, and near to the person to .vhoni one speaks.

(third.) Sing. — Masculine, femtJiine, and neuter. Koni. Qf/ue/, aquella, aguelio, that. Gen, de aquel, de aquella, de aquello, of that. Dat. a Qfjuel, a aquelh, a aquello, to that. Ace. aquel, aquella, aquello, that. Abl. de aquel, de aquella, de aquello, from that.

Phir. — Masculine and feminine. (No neuter.)

Nom. aqvellos, aquellas, those.

Gen. de aqvellos, de aquellas, of those.

Dat. daquellus, d aquellas, toihose.

Ace. aqucllos, aque/las, those.

Abl. dd aquellos, de aquellas, from those.

This third sort of pronouns expresses an object very. kiistant from the person wlio speaks, as well as from the })crson to wliom the speech is directed.

The adjective ctro, otra another, is often joined with

esle and ese, taking away the e, as esiotro, estotra -, csotro,

sotra, other. Example : Estotra hombre this other man,

tstotra njuger this other woman, esolro hombre that other

man, esotra muger that other woman.

Relative and interrogative pronouns. Of cuyo, cuya; cuyos, cuyas, whose.

This pronoun cuyo whose, of whom, of which, is re- lative and interrogative 5 observing that it ought to agree with the thing possessed, and not with the possessor, as in English. Example : Cuyo es este libro? Whose book is this ? Es elmio. It is mine. Cuyas son estas plumas 9 Whose pens are these ? Son suyas, They are his. Es una 'Senora cuyas prendas son cortocvdns, She is a lady whose ijualities are known.

33 _ ..

36 OF PRONOUNS.

Pro7ioufis relative and interrogative. •

Qwewhat, is interrogative^ has no plural, and is com- mon to both genders.

(^uien who, is also interrogative, and makes quienes in the plural.

Example : — Es a Dios a quien es preciso acudir, It is to God to whom we must have recour-,e. De nos otros mis- mos es de quienes se ha de tener miedo. It is of ourselvc that we ought to be afraid.

The following pronouns are declined with the definite ariicle.

Sing. — Masculine, feminine, and neuter. Nom. elr/ual, la qual, lo qunl, which or who. Gen. de el qtjal, de la qnal, de lo qual, of which. Dat. d el qual, d la qual, d lo qual, to which. Ace. el qual la qual, lo qual, which. Abl. de el qual, de la qual, de lo qual, from which.

Plur. — Masculine and feminine (No neater.)

Nom. los quales, las quales, which.

Gen. de los quales, de las quales, of which.

Dat. ^ los quales, d las qualts, to which.

Ace. los quales, las quales, which. ■ j

Abl. de los quales, de las quales, from which. I

Indefinite pronouns. ^

These pronouns are so called, because they express r vague and indeterminate object. They are as lollov< without plural.

Nddie, ninguno, none, no man,

Ninguno, ninguna, not one.

Ni uno, ni una, not one.

Nluhoniotro, ni una ni otra, *» ..

Jfi UTios ni otros, ni unas ni otros, J

OF PKONOUNS. jy

Uno y otro, una y otra, \ k f h

Unos y otros, unas y otras, S

Cada, each.

Cada uno, cada una, every one, every body.

Un olro, una otra, } ,,

' one another.

J

Unos otros, unas otras

e 0 ro, e oras \ ^f ^^j^g^g^ ^^ others, or other people. A olro, a otras , J

But when this word others is governed by a substan- tive, then it is rendered in Spanish by ageno,agena,agenos, ogenas, nccording to the gcnd<;r and number ot the iioun to which it refers.

Example.— Porque nadie puede disponer de lo ageno, Because nobody can dispose of another's property.

Alguno, alguna ; algunos, algunas, some, somebody.

Mucho, mucha-j muchos, muckas, many.

The following govern the subjunctive.

QuaIquier/2, plur. qualesquiera, whatever.

Quien, el que, aquel que, whoever, whosoever.

Qualquiera ; que, por mas que, whatever it be, whatever may be done.

Qualquiera cosa que, por mas que, whatever thing it may be, whatever thing may be done.

Cada, algo, nadie, fulanu, fulana, such a man or wo- man J and zutano, such and such a one — have no plural ; but the others naake their plural by the addition of aa s or es.

"S$ OF VERBS.

V Chapter V,

OF VERBS

This chapter i-j divided into eight sections : — The Jirst speaks of the nature and species of verbs ; the second treats of their different moods, tenses, numbers, and persons ; the third gives the conjugations of the auxi- liaries, hahr and tener to have, ser and estar to be, and contains a list of those conjugated with to have in Enghsh, and vviih ser or estar in Spanish j the fourth comprehends the three regular conjugations j the Jijth explains how to conjugate the reflected verbs ; the sixth gives a method of conjugating verbs with negations and interrogations, with and without pronouns j the seventh has for its object the irregular conjugations j and the eighth treats of the impersonal verbs in the three con- jugalions.

SECTION I.

Dtjifiition of verts.

A verb, according to the Latin etymology verrum, signifies word, to denote tliat the verb is the word by excellence, and the principal part of speech.

A verb expresses an action done or received, and de- notes only the state of its nominative case : from thence arise three distinct sorts of verbs, which are called

1. Jctivo, Active. 2. Pasivo, Passive. Z.NeutrOt Neuter.

The active verb expresses the action of its nominative upon some person or thing j as, Dios castigara d los malos, God will punish the wicked.

OF VERJS. S9-

The pas3ive verb expresses the action received by the nominanvecase ; as Los huenos serdn recompen^ados, Thfi just will be rewarded.

The neuter verb expresses merely the state of its no- minative J a^, me duermo, I am quite sleepy : descaexco, ] languish, or, I urn languishing : it also expresses an action, which remains in the subject which provinces it ; as cay<^Oy 1 fall ; paseo, I walk j hago, I do or act, &c.

Veibsare again subdivided into six classes, viz.

1. JuxUinr^ Auxiliary. 4. Impersonal, Impersonal.

2. Befleiiuo, Reflective. 5. Regular, llcgnlar.

3. Personal, Personal. (5. Irregular, Irregular.

1. TlieauxiVary verbs are of two sorts in the Spanish langunge, viz. h(,ber, to have 3 and ser, to be. Tliey are called Auxiliaries because \.\\cy help to conjugate all other Verbs in iheir compound teni^rs.

2. The reflective verbs arc those which have for sub- ject and oi;iect the same person or thing j as yo me levantOt I riee } .v^ wearrepunto, ^ repent, 5:c»

3. The personal verbs are those which are conjugated wiih three persons in tlie s-ngulrr number and three in the plural, in all tenses of the indicative and subjai.c- tive moo.d ; as lidblo, luiblas, hdbla y hcilldmos, habldls, Jidl'Ian, I speak, thou speakest, S:c.

4. The impersonal verbs are all those which are used only in the th.rd person lingular of each tense ; as llueie, it rains; hi'ele, it smells; gusta, it pleases.

5. The regular verbs are those which are conjugated in all their tenses and persons, as the verb of the same final in the intinitive, which Is given for example in re- gular copjuga:ions ; thus for instance tantar to sing, c.yii'htr to help, are regular of ilie tirst conjugat on, because they r.re coi.j (gated like huLlar to speak, in all their tenses and persons.

E 2

40 Ot VEHBS.

6. The irregular verbs are those which deviate in some tenses and persons from the regu^ar verbs of the same conjugation which is given for example; thus dar to give, is irregular, because it is not conjugated like hahlar, though it has the same final in the innnitive mood.

SECTION 11.

Of mood'!, tenses, numherSf a?id persons of verbs.

Verbs are necessarily subject — 1st. To moods, whereby they express in what manner a thing comes to pass: 2d. lb tenses, by the help of which they represent the thing spoken of, as present, past, and future : 3d.To numler and persons, that they may agree u ith their nominative case. This assemblage U termed conjugation, and is tiothing else than tlie art of varying the diifi^rent moods, tenses, and persons o/a verb,

3. Of moods, ^

Moods are the difiVrent manners of using a verb. There are four moods in a verb ', the Infinitive, the In- ticatlve, the Subjunctive, and the Imperative.

The infinitive mood, which is the root of a verb, and by which the conjugations are distinguished from each other, expresses an action, but in an indetermined sense, without specifying any particular agent, as hablar to speak, caw^ar to sing, /zacertodo, &:c.

The indicative mood shows directly and positively the different tenses of a verb: it forms a sense of itself inde- pendently of what precedes or follows j as quiero I am v-il i g, veo I see, hablo I speak.

The subjunctive mood denotes also different tenses, but dependently on the verb or conjunction antecedent; as Quaiquier mirito que tengamos es menester que seamos mcdestos. Whatever merit we may have we must be mo-

OF vr:EEs. 41

dest. If yon take oxxt ts memster que, die rest, seavios ■luodcsioSy has not a complete sense.

The imperative mood expresses the action of drisiring, c'-mmanding, exhorting, &c. as reffjondaine answer me, Larese las marws, la Loca, y la carOj Waah your liands, your mouth, your face, kc.

2. Of tenses,

Ten«es are different terminations, which show if what is expressed by a verb has any reference to the present, past, or future time. Their names are fc und in the fol- lowing conjugations, and their use is fully explained iu; the Syntax, chap. 15, l6, and 17.

3 . Ofnumlerss a nd persons.

There are two numbers in a verb, which are the singu- lar and the plural. The singular is used when we speak of one J as Su licrmano murid, His broiher is dead 3 and the plural when we speak of more than one j as .Sus hrvianas son jriuy hermosas. His sisters are very hand- some.

There are three persons in each number: the fiist when we speak of ourselves ; as hadlo i speak, hab/a* vius we speak : the second when we speak to another ; as huilas thou speakest ; and the third in speaking of another y as hub la he si^eaks.

SECTION III.

Conjugation of the auxiliary verb haber to have.

Infinitive mood.

Present tense> haher, to hn\-e. Gerund, haliendo, having.

Participle,- habidoy had..

E 3

42 OF VERBS.

Comp. of the present, haler halido, to have had. Corap. of the gerund, hahiendo habido, having had.

Indicative mood. Present tense.

Sing. I, yoke, I have,

2. tu has, thou hast.

3. el hd, he has.

Plur. 1. nosotroshemos, or halemos J we have.

2. vosotros habeis, you have.

3. ellos hdn, they have.

Imperfect tense.

Sing. 1 . yo habia, I had.

2. tu habias, thon hadst.

3. el habia f he had.

PJur. 1. nosotros habiamos, we had.

2. vosotros habiaiSy you had.

3. e//oi' habian, they had.

Preterite tense.

Sing.' 1. yo hube, I had.

2. /M hubiste, thou hadst.

3. eZ /iM^o, he had.

Plur. 1. nosotros hubim OS, we had.

2. vosotros hubisteis, you had.

3. e//o5 hubieron, they had.

Future tense.

Sing. 1. yo habr^, I shall have.

2. tu halrds, thou shalt have.

3. elhahrd, be shall have.

OF YESBS. 43

Plur. 1 . nosolros habremos, we shall have.

2. vosotros haMis. you shall have.

3. ellos hahrdiiy they shall have.

Compound of the present.

Sing. I. he habiJo, I have had.

2. has hn'ido, thou hast had.

3. hd habi io, he has had.

Plur. 1. hem OS hah tdo J we have had.

2. haheis habilo, yon have had.

3. hdn habido, they have had.

Compound of the imperfect.

Sing. 1. habia habido, I had had.

2. ho bias habido, thou hadst had.

3. halia habido, he had had.

Plur. 1. habiamos habido, we had had.

2. hal'ia'is habido, you had had.

3. hid'ian habido, they had had.

Compound of the preterite.

Sing. 1 . hube habido, I had had.

2. hubiste habido, thou hadst had.

3. Aa^o habido, he had had.

Plur, 1. huMmos habido, we had had. 2- hubisteis habido, you had had. 3. hubihon habido, they had had.

Compound of the future.

Sing. 1 . habre habido, I shall have had.

2. halrds habido, thou shalt have had.

3. Aa^ra habido , he shall have had.

44 OF VERBS.

PiUr. 1. hnhr4mos hapidoy we shall have hnd,

2. h^hdls halidoy you shall have had.

3. ha Iran habidoy they shall have had.

Suljtmdtive mood,,

Present ieme.

f^ing. ] . q7ie hdyoy I may have.

2. que hdijasy thou nwyst have*

3. que hdija, he may have.

Plur. 1. que haydmosy we may have..

2. que hnydis, you may have,

3. que hdyan, they may have*

Imperfeci tense.

Sing. I'^yo hahriay I should have.

2. tu halrlasy thou shouldst have.

3 . el hakria, he should have.

Plur. 1. nosotros hahriamos, we should have;

2. vosolros hahrlaisy you should have.

3. ellos halriauy they should have.

Preterite suljunctivet

Sing. 1. hubi&se or huMera, I might have.

2. huhieses or hubieraSy thou mightst have.

3. hubiise or hubie'ray he might have,

Plur. 1:. kubUs(;mos or hulieramos^ we might have.

2. kuliies.eis or hubierais,^ you might have.

3. hubihen or hubieran, they might havxj.

Future subjunctive.

Sing. 1 . qiiando hiibi^rCy when L shall have.

2. quando hubieres, when thou shalt have.

3. quando kubUrc, when he shsU have,.

OF V£BBS. 45

.r. 1. quando huhUremos, when we shall have,

2. quando hubicrei^, when you shall have.

3. quando huhitretif when diey shall have.

Compound of the present*

Sing. I . hnya halido, I may have had.

2. hayas hahido, thou mayst have had.

3. haya habidOf he may have had. .

riur. 1. hayamos halido^ we may have had.

2. hdyais halido, you may have had.

3. hdyan habido, they may have had.

Compound of the imperfect.

Sing. J . Juihrla halido, I should have had.

2. hahias halulo^ thou jihouldst, &c,

3. liabria habido, he should, &cc.

?h\r. I, kabriamos habido, wo should have had, 3. habriais habido, you should have had, 3, habrian habido, they should have had.

Compound of the preterite.

Sing. 1. huhi4se or hubi^a habido, I might have had.

2. huhieses or hul-ieras. habidoj thou mightsi, &c.

3. hubiese or hubiera habido, he might, &c.

Plur. 1 . hubicsemos or hubieramos habido, we might have

had.

2. hubie'ieis or hubiin is hahido, you might, &c.

3. hubiesen or kulietan habido, they might, &c.

Compound of the future.

Sing. 1. quando hubiere habido, when I shall have had.

2. quando hubwres halido, when thou shalt, &c.

3. quando hubiere habido, when he shall, &c.

4(5 OF VERBS.

Plur. 1. quando hubieremos habido, when v/Gshail], kc,

2. quando hub'iereis habido, when you, ike.

3. quando hubitren habido, when they, &o.

Observation upon the future subjunctive.

The learner must be very attentive not to use the fu- ture indicative for the future subjunctive, and vice versa, as some people pretend ; for tho"»e who write or speak grammatically will never say quando habre for quando kubiere : — Let this be considered as a general rule for all 'the other verbs. We must further observe, that this verb has no imperative belonging to it, and serves only in the compound tenses of other verbs.

Conjugation of the irregular verb tener^ to have or to hold,

I^ifinU'ivs fftmd»

Present tenie, hner, to bav^^ w to bold, Gerund, teniendo^ hfiving t-'f holding,

Participle, tenido, had or helci. Comp. of the present, haber ttnido, to hr.ve had or held, Comp. of the gerund, ha biendo tenido j\\3i\i\'\Q^hzdLQr\'\^\<\,

Indicative mood.

Present tense.

Sing. 1 . yo tem^o, I have or hold.

2. /// tieneSf thon hast, ^c.

3. el tiine, he has, &c,

Plur. 1 . tenemos, we h:ive or hold,

2. tenes, yo have, he.

3. tier, en, they hav.", tvc.

OP VERBS. 47

Imperfect tense.

. Sing. 1. tenia, J had.

2. teidcL', thou hadst. 3 tehia, he had,

Plur. 1. teniamoSj we had.

2. teniais, you had.

3. tmiaUi they had.

Preterite tense.

Sing. 1. ^i/z-e, I had,

2. tuviste, thou hadst. 3 /zii-o, he had.

Plur. 1. tuvinws, we had.

2. tuvisteis, you had.

3. tuvieron, they had.

Future tense.

Sing. 1. tendrc, I shall have.

2. tendras, thou shalt have.

3. /t'?2G?m', he shall have,

Plur, \. tendremosy we shall have.

2. tendrcisy you shall have.

3. tend) dr., they shall have.

Compound of the present.

Sing. 1 . he tenido, I have had.

2. /i(/5 tenido, thou hast had.

3. hd tenido, he has had. Plur. 1 . hemos tenido, we have had.

2. AaZ'ei^ /e«i<fo, you have had.

3. hdn tenido, they have had.

48 or VERBS.

Compound of the hnperfect.

Sing. I. halia tenido, I had had.

2. halias tenido, thou hadst had*

3. halia tenido, he had had.

Plur. 1. habiamos tenidoj we had had.

2. haliais tenido, you had had.

3. huiian ttnido, they had had.

Compound of the preteiite.

Sing. 1 . hule tenido, I had had.

2. hiihiste tenido, thou hadst had.

3. hubottmido, he had had.

Plur. 1. hulimos tenido, we had had.

2. hubisteis tenido, you h^d had.

3. hubieron tenido, they had had.

Compound of the future.

Sing. 1. halrc tenido, I shall have had.

2. habrds tenido, thou shalt have had.

3. habrd tenido, he shall have had.

Plur. 1 . habrSmos tenido, we shall have had.

2. habrcis tenido, you shall have had.

3. habrdn ttnido, they shall have had.

Subjunctive mood.

Sing. 1. que ten gn, I may have.

2. que teiigas, thou mayst have.

3. que ienga, he may have.

Plur. 1. que tengamos, we may have.

2. que tengaiSf you may have.

3. que tengan, they may have.

OF VERBS.

Imperfect tense.

Sing. 1. tendria, I should have.

2. tendrias, thou shouldst have.

3. tendria, he should have.

Plur. 1 . tendriamos, we should have.

2. tendriais, you should have.

3. tendrian, they should have.

Preterite tense.

Sing, 1 . tuviese or tuviera, I might have.

2. tuvieses or tuvieras, thou mightst have.

3. tuviese or tuviera, he might have,

Plur. 1 . tuviesemos or tuviiramoSy we might have.

2. tuvieseis or tuvierais, you might have.

3. tuviesen or tuviiran, they might have.

Future tense.

Sing. 1 . quando tuviere, when I shall have.

2. quando tuvieres, when thou shalt have.

3. quando tuviire, when he shall have.

Plur. 1. quando tuvieremos, when we shall have,

2. quando tuviereis, when you shall have.

3. quando tuvi^en, when they shall have.

Compound of the present.

Sing. 1. haya tenido, I may have had.

2. Aa^oj tenido, thou mayst have had.

3. haya tenido, he may have had.

Plur. 1 . haydmos tenido, we may have had. 2 haydis tenido, you may have had. 3. Ac/yan tenido, they may have had.

50 OF VERBS.

Compound of the imperfect.

Sing. 1. Jiahria tenido, I should have had.

2. habrias tenido, thou shoialdst, &:c.

3. hahria tenido , he should have had.

Plur. 1, habriamos tenido, we should have had.

2. habriais tenido, you should have had.

3. habrian tenido, they should have had.

Compound of the preterite.

Sing. 1. huhicse or hubiera tenido, I should have had.

2. hublese-9 or hubieras tenido, thou shouldst, &c.

3. hubiese or hubiera tenido, he should, &c.

Plur. 1. hubiesemosox hubieramos tenido, we should, &c.

2. hubieseis or hubierais tenido, you should, &c.

3. hubiisen or hubieran tenido, they should, &c.

Compound of the future.

Sing. 1 . quando hubiere tenido, when I shall have had.

2. quando hubieres tenido, when thou shalt, &c.

3. quando hubiere tenido, when he shall, &c.

Plur. 1. quando hubieremos tenido, when we shall, &c.

2. quando hubiereis tenido, when you shall, Sec.

3. quando hubieren tenido, when they shall, &c.

Imperative mood.

Sing. (no first person.)

2. ^en ^M, have thon.

3. ^en^rn e/, let hira have.

Plur. 1 . tehgamos, let us have.

2. tened, have you.

3. tengan, let them have.

OF YBRBS. 51

Conjugation of the auxiliary verbs ser and estar to he.

Infinitive mood.

Present tense, ser or estar, to be.

Gerund, siendo or estando, being.

Participle, side or esiado, been.

Comp. of the present, hater sido or estado, to have been,

Comp, of the gerund^ habiendo sido or estado, having, &c.

Indicative mood.

Present tense.

Sing. 1. yo soy or esfoy, I am.

2. tu eres or eslds, thou art.

3. e/ ff or estd, he is.

Plur, I. nosotros somos or estamos, we are.

2. vosotros sois or «/f/w, you are.

3. e//oj s6n or «/^7?, they are.

Imperfect tense.

Sing. 1, yo /ra or «/(iZo, I was.

2. /M ^rai or estdbas, thou wast.

3. e/ rra or estuba, he was.

Plur. I, nosotros ham OS OY esldbamos, we were.

2. vosotros ^rais or est/dais, you were.

3. e//o5 eVa/i or estdban, they were.

Preterite tense.

Sing. 1 . yo /mi or estuve, 1 was.

2, <w Jww^e or estuviste, thou wast.

3. el fu^ or estuuo, he was.

v2

52 OF VERBS.

Plur. 1 , nosotros fuimos or estuvimos, we were.

2, vosotros fuisteis or esiuvisteis, you were.

3, ellos fue'ron or estuvieron, they were.

Future tense.

Sing. 1 . yo seri or estare^ I shall be.

2. /m *era'5 or estards, thou shalt be.

3. £'/ .sfT^t or estardf he shall be.

Plur. 1 , nosotros seremos or estaremos, we shall be.

2. vosotros sereis or estareis, you shall be.

3 . c//o^ 5erow or estardn, they shall be.

Compound of the present.

Sing. 1. Ae y/t;?o or estado, I have been.

2. Aas s'ldo or estado, thou hast been.

3. Afl Mf/o or estado, he has been.

Plur. 1. hemos sido or estado, we have been.

2. AaZ'ijii sido or estado, you have been.

3. kalian sido or estado, they have been.

Compound of the imperfect.

Sing. 1. haliasido or estado, I had been.

2. halias sido or estado, thou hadst been.

3. Aa^/a j'iWo or estado, he had been.

Plur. 1. hahiamos sido or estado, we had been.

2. habiais sido or estado, you had been.

3 . kalian sido or estado, they had been.

Compound of the preterite*

Sing. 1 . ^M^-e iiofo or estado, I had been.

2. huhiste sido or estado, thou hadst been.

3. M^'o .yif/o or estado, he had been.

* The preterite tense, as well as its compound, is seldom used in the Spanish language.

OF VERBS. 53

Plur. 1. hulimos sido or estado, we had been.

2. hul'isteis sido or estado, you had- been.

3. huhieron sido or estado, they had been.

Compound of the future.

Sing. 1. halre sido ox estado J I shall have been.

2. hahras sido or estado, thou shalt have been.

3. habru sido or estado, he shall have been.

Plur. 1. hair huos sido or estado, we shall have been.

2. hahras sido or estado, you shall have been.

3. halrun sido or estado^ they shall have been.

Subjunctive mood.

Present tense.

Sing. ] . que st'a or est', that I may be.

2. (/we 5t'a5 or es/eV, that thou mayst be.

3. que sea or este, that he may be.

Plur. 1 . que siamos or estcmos, that we may be.

2. que s^ais or este'is, that you may be.

3. yi/e 5t'a/z or esten, that they may be.

^ Imperfect tense.

Sing. 1. serla or cstaria, I should be.

2. 5ma5 or estarlas, thou shouldst be.

3. seria or estaria, he should be.

Plur. 1 . serlamos or estariantos, we should be.

2. seriais or estariais, you should be.

3. serian or- estan'an, they should be^.

Preterite tense.

Sing, l.fuiseoxfucra, ? j j^ight be

estuvLse or estuvicra, 5 "^'^"^ ^' f3

54

OF VERBS.

2. fueses or fueras, } ^, • w * u \..*,. ; ' y / • ' > thou mientst be.

estuvieses or estuvieras, } ^

3. fuSse or fuera, ^ ^le micrht be

estuviese or estuviera, 5 *^

Plur. I, fuesemosox fueramos, > • wu^

'^ . ;' . •' > we might be.

estumesemos or estuvieramos,^ *

2. fueseis or fuerais, > • 1 1 h

estuvieseis or estuvUrais^ 5 ^°^ "^'^ ^ ^'

estuviesm or estuvieran, S ^ ^

Future tense.

Sing. 1. quando fuere or estuviere, when I «hall be.

2. quando fueres or estuvieres, when thou, &c.

3. quando fuere or estuviere, when he, &c.

Plur. 1 . quando fueremos or estuvieremos, when we, &c.

2. quando fuereis or estuviereis, when you, &:c.

3. quando fuer en, or estuvieren, when they, &c.

Compound of the present.

Sing. 1 . Ac(ya 5zVo or estado, I may have been.

2. Aa^/a^ 5zafo or estado, thou mayst, &c.

3. Aa3/a ^iflfo or estado, he may, &c.

Plur. 1. haydmos sido or estado, we may have been.

2. haydis sido or estado, you may, &c.

3. ^a2/a72 5ic?o or estado, they may, &c.

Compound of the iinperfect.

Sing. 1. hahria sido or estado, I should have been.

2. hahrias sido or estado, thou shouldst have been.

3. halria sido or estado, he should have been.

Plur. 1. hahriaviossido or estado, we should have been.

2. halriau sido or estado, you should have been.

3. hahrian sido or estado, they should have been.

OF VERBS. 35

Compound of the preterite.

Sing. I. huliera, or hiil'iese,) t • u. i. u

side or estado, ' ^ I might have been.

2. huhuras, ox hulieses, > ^, • u. .u i

sido or estado. \ th«"ra'ghtsthavebeen.

3. hubiera, or hubiese,) , • i ^ i ,

«rfoor««,rfo, |f'ei»>ghthavebeen.

Plur. 1. hubieramos, or hubiesemos.) . ,, „

sido or estado, ' ^ we might, &c.

2. hubierais, or hubieseis, ) • i «

.i^oore.Wo, 'J you might, &c.

3. hubieran, or fill bitsen.) ,, • i „

ii^o or «/ac/o, J ^^^y '"'S^t' ^^^

Compound of the future.

Sing. 1. quando hubiere } , r i „,

5irfo or .5/arfo, \ ^^^" ^ ^^^11 ^^^^ been.

2. (jiiando hubieres } , , , , ,

5zWo or e5/aio, \ ^^^^ ^^°" ^^^^^ ^^^e been.

3. quando hubiere } , . , „ ,

sido or e-^Wo, ^ ^^'^" ^^ ^^^^ ^^^e been.

Plur. 1. quando hubieremos ) ,

sido or w^a^o, J ^b^" ^'^ ^^^ll have been.

2. quando hubiereis) , , „,

^f^o or e^^arfo, \ ^^®° >'«" ^^^^ ^^ve been.

3. quando hubihen) , ., , „,

.frfo or estado, \ ^^^'^ ^^^X ^^^^ ^^ve been.

Imperative mood. Sing. (no first person.)

2. se or e^/a /«, be thou.

3. sea or e^/e el, let him be.

Plur. 1 . seamos or estemos, let us be.

2. 5erf or estdd, be you.

3. sean or w/t«, let them be.

5^. OF VERBS.

Observations upon the verbs ser and estar (in English) to be.

The difference between these two verbs is so consider- able that the beginner cannot be too well acquainted with them, in order to make a right use of them either in composition or in speaking, since both have only one single signification in English, which is— ^o he. The verb ser in Spanish is used for the natural qualities of men, women, or things, either good or bad j as ser hombre to be a man, ser alto to be tall, ser pequeao to be little or short, ser mdlo to be naturally wicked, ser bueno to be good or honest ; as Este homhre es caritativo. This man i.s charitable ; Esta mvger es piadosa, This woman is de- vout. Whereas estar serves only for accidental things, or denoting some place, or other adjunct quality ; as esidr en Paris, to be in Paris ; estoy lejos de Madrid, I am far from Madrid : — should I say, Soij lejos de Madiid, I should give to understand that I am myself the space of ground from Madrid to this place, which would be com- plete nonsense : Mi casa es butnay pero esta mal distri- buida, My house is good, yet it is ill contrived. By these examples you see the essential being of the house exprefised by the verb ser, and the accidental by the verb estar.

SECTION IV.

Of the regular conjugations.

The respective conjugations are formed by the differ- ent terminations of verbs, in their tenses and persons, and particularly in the infinitive mood. Now the infini- tive mood of all the Spanish verbs ends in one of the three follov/ing terminations, viz. —

1. ar; as habldr, to speak.

OP VERBS. 57

2. er; as lehir, to drink.

3. irj assufrir, to suffer.

First conjugation — Hablar to speak.

Irifinitive mood.

Present tense, hablar, to speak.

Gerund, haOlando, speaking.

Participle, hahlddo, spoken. Comp. of the present, haber hablddo, to have spoken, Comp. of the gerund, liabimdo hablddo, having spoken.

Indicative mood.

Present tense.

Sing, 1. hdblo, I speak.

2. /idblas, thou speakest.

3. hdbla, he speaks.

Plur. 1 . habldmos, we speak. "*

2. hab/dis, yor. speak.

3. hdblan, they speak.

N. B. I have omitted tlie personal pronouns, because the Spaniards make use of them in interrogative sen- tences only, each person being sufficiently distinguished from one another.

Imperfect tense.

Sing. 1. habldba, I did speak.

2. habldbas, thou didst speak.

3. habldba, he did speak.

Plur. 1. habldbamosy we did speak.

2. habldbais, you did speak.

3, halldban, they did speak. j

58

OF VERBS.

Preterite tense. Sing. 1. hahle, I spoke.

2. habldste, thou spokest.

3. hallo, bespoke.

Plur. 1 , habldmosy we spoke.

2. habldsteisy you spoke.

3. habidron, they spoke.

Future tense.

Sing, \. hahlari, I shall speak.

2. haliards, thou shalt speak.

3, hablard, he will speak.

Plur. 1, hablar^mos, we shall speak.

2. hablar^is, you will speak.

3. hablardn, they will speak.

Compound tenses,

Comp. of the pres. Ae kablddo, I have spoken. Comp.of the imperf. Aa/;^a hablddo, I had spoken. Comp. of the pret, hube hahlddot I had spoken, Comp. of the fut. hab r 4 hablddo 1 1 shall have spoken,

N.B. Though I have only put the first person of ever> compound tetise, the scholar must not neglect to learn the remaining persons, and the whole by heart, as he did in the auxiliary verbs.

Subjunctive mood.

Present tense.

Sing, 1. que hable, I may speak.

2. que hdbles, thou mayst speak,

3. que hdbkj he may speak.

OF VERBS. 5g

lur. I. que hallJmos, we may speak.

2. que kableiSf you may speak.

3. que hablen, they may speak.

Imperfect tense.

Sing. 1. hallaria, I should speak.

2. habJariaSy thou shouldst speak.

3. hah I aria y he should speak.

nr. 1. hablarimnos, we should speak.

2. hallariaisy you should speak. ,

3. hahlarian, tliey should speak.

Preterite tense.

. 1 . hahldse or habldra, I might speak,

2. hahldses or habhiras, thou mightst speak.

3. ha blase or hablura, he might speak.

, 1. hahlasemos or habluramos, we might speak.

2. hahldseis or habldrais, you might speak.

3. habldsen or habldran, they might speak.

Future tense.

. 1. quaiido Iiablare, when I shall speak.

2. quando habldres, when thou shalt speak.

3. quando habldre, when he shall speak.

. 1 . quando habldremos, when we shall speak,

2. quando hablureis, when you shall speak.

3. quando habldren, when they shall speak.

Compound tenses.

p. of the pres. hdi/a hablddo, I may have spoken. p. of the imperf. habria hablddo, I would have, &c. tp. of thepret. hub eis e or hub i*! , . , ^ , .

erahahUdo. > I m.ght have. &c.

ip. of the fut. hubiire hablddo, I shall have, &o.

60

OF VERBS.

Imperative mood.

Sing. (no first person.)

2, hdhla tu, speak thou.

3. hahle el, let him speak.

Piur. 1 . hallemos, let us speak.

2. hah Lad, speak you.

3. hdhlen, let them speafc.

An Alphaletical List of regular verbs in ar conjugated like hablar.

Spanish.

English.

A

Ahorddr

to board

^celdr

to iinish

Acomoddr

to adjust

Acusdr

to a( cuse

Adelantdr

to forward

^frentdr

to affront

ALabdr

to praise

Alejdr

< to set at a di- l stance

Allandr

to smooth

Alquildr

to let on hire

Alwnhrdr

to light

Ahdr

to take up

Amansdr

to tame

Amdr

to love

uirnedranidr

to put in fear

Ammazdr

to threaten

Ampardr

to protect

Animdr

to encourage

Aparejdr

to make ready-

Apedr

to alight

Aprovechdr

to make progress

Arrancdr

to tear up

Arrehatdr

to snatch

Atdr

to tie

Aventurdr

to venture

Aynddr

to help

Azotdr

to whip

B

Bamloledr

to totter

Burajdr

to shuflie cards

Buvldr

to fiance

Besdr

to kiss

Borrdr

to blot out

c

Caldr

to dig

Calldr ^

to be silent

Camindr

to walk

Cansdr

to tire

Canldr

to sing

Casdr

to marry

Cazdf

to hunt

Cendr

to sup

Comprdr

to buy-

Condendr

to condemn

Covformdr

to conform

Contestdr ■''■

' tb contest

Cortdr

to cut

Cridr

to breed

Curdr

to cure

D

Danzdr

to dance

Desafidr

to challenge

Desarraigdr

to root up

Desampardr

to forsake

Desprecidr

to despise

De.muddr

to strip

DesengaJidr

to undeceive

OF VEEB3.

Ot

Despavildr la

1 fto snuff the J \ caudle

Gastdr

to spend

vela

Gloriurxe

to praise one's self

Despavilur

S. to awake

Goberndr

to govern

los 6jos

Guarddr

to keep

Despojdr

to strip

H

Dexdr

to leave

Halldr

to find

Disfamdr

to defame

Hartdr

to satiate

Dispardr

to discharge

Hereddr

to inherit

Dumdr E

to tame

Herrdr

fto garnish \ with iron

Eckdr

to put out

Hincdr

to trust in

Empendr Envidr

to engage to send

Holgdr

< to rest from \ labour

Eucantdr

to enchant

Honrdr

to honour

Enojdr

to anger

Hurtdr

to steal

Ensanchur

to widen

I

Entrdr

to come ill

Tgnordr

to be ignorant

Escaramuzdr

to skirmish

Igualdr

to equalize

Espantdr

to frighten

Importundr

to importune

Estemuddr

to sneeze

lynprimdr

to prime

Estimdr

to esteem

Impiobdr

to disapprove

F

Incitdr

to incite

Fahricdr

to manufacture

Injuridr

to revile

Facilitdr

to facilitate

Incli/utr

to bend

FaUifimr

to falsify

Ificrepdr

to reprehend

Fechdr

to date a letter

Inciilcdr

to inculcate

Fecundiir

to make fertile |

Indagdr

to search

FfHtiidr

to congratulate i

Indicdr

to indicate

Fidr

to trii8t '

hidigndr

to irritate

Fillrdr

to filter ,

InduUdr

to forgive

FLanqup.dr

to flank or fortify

Infmttdr

to defame

Plechdr

to dart !

hgeiiidr

to contrive

Fletdr

to freight a ship ;

In molar

to sacrifice

Floredr

^ r to adora with ' [ flowers

Inoculdr

to inoculate

Insinuur

to insinuata

Flotdr

to rub gently

Ifispndr

to inspire

Fomidr

to form 1

Inlentdt

to try

Fracasdr

to break to pieces

InvenUir

to invent

Fraiiquedr

to free

Irritdr

to irritate

Frendr

to restrain

hdr

to hoi&t

Frisdr

to frizzle

L

Frogdr

to make a wall

Labrdr

to labour

Fructificdr

to fructify

Lacerdr

to tear to pieces

Fumdr

to smoke tobacco

Lacfdr

to injure

Fu7iddr

/to found, to "1^ establish

Logrimdr

to shed tears

Lamentdr

to lament

G

Lanzdr

to dart

Gafdr

to hook

Largdr

to loosen

Galanledr Ganir

to court to gain

Lastdr

5 to pay for aa- } other

m

OF VERBS.

Lastrdr

to ballast a ship i

Mejvrdr

to recover

Latinizdr

to latinize j

Me.ntdr

to mention

Lavdr

to wash j

Menosprecidr

to undervalue

Legal izdr

to make lawful

Mirdr

to look

Leirdr

to depute

Mihgdr

to mitigate

Legiiimdr

to leg;itimate

Modcrnr

to moderate

I evanldr

to lift up

Mnfdr

to mock

Lrvdr

to carry

Mnjdr

to wet

Lilrdr

to free

MuUficdr

to mollify

Li,e:dr

to tie

Mostidr

to show

Limdr

to file

Muddr

[ to move, to \ change

Limit ur

to linut

Limpidr

to clean

. ^

Liquidnr

to melt

Nadur

to swim

Litigdr

to litigate

Narrdr

to relate

Lixdr

to polish

Naturalizdr

to naturalize

Lifigdr

to hurt

Naregdr

to navigate

LI a mar

to call

Negocidr

to negotiate

Llcgdr

to arrive

Nomhrdr

to name

Lit/idr

to iill up

Noticidr

to notice

Llevdr

< to carry< to ( transport

Numerdv

to number

O

Llorar

to weep

Ohservdr

to observe

Lodr Lpgrar

to praise

Ocultdr

to conceal

to gain

0< updr

to cccupy

Lt'gredr

{ to borrow ( upon interest

Ojedr Oividdr

to ogle to forget

Luchdr

to struggle

Opitdr

to obstruct

Lucuhrr.r

to study by night

Opindr

to argue

M

Ofjidr

to elect

JMachacdr

to poundor break

Opugndr

j to attack, to ( resist

Macizdr

ta stop a hv.le

M.'Kuldr

to spot, to slain

Oidendr

to put in order

Magnijicdr

to extol

Orxir

tolufF

MaLalaratdr

to lavish

Ostentdr

to demonstrate

Maleficidx

to adulterate

Obirgdr

to condescend

Malicidr

^ til give a bad I meaning

P

Pa^dr

to pay

Malogrdr

to disappoint

Palpdr

to feel, to touch

Mtthindr

to inform Against

Paramentdr

to adorn

MallraUlr

to use ill

Puragnndr

to compare

jManddr

to command

Partdr

to chatter

Mar car

t|) mark

Participdr

to share

Margindr

to annote

Pasenr

to walk

Marindr

to man a ship

Pdedr

to fight

Martiltdr

to hammer

Penetrdr

to penetrate

Mascdr

to chew

Perdondr

to forgive

Matdr

t<. kill

Perturtdr

to interrupt

Mec idr

to meditate

Pinidr

to paint

Medrdr

to improve

Porfdr

to contend

OF VERDi.

Pnrtcdr

to carry-

S

\ PuKirUitdr

to make easy

Sacdr

to remove

Pustdr

to bet

S'lcidr

to SHtisfy

Precidr

to value

Sacri/icdr

to sacrifice

Piedomindr

J to predomi- ( naie

Saltcdr Sahuldr

to assault to salute

Preginitdr

to question

Snlvdr

to save

■ Premidr

to reward i

' Sa/idr

to cure

Prestdr

to lend

SegdT

to reap

Prwdr

to deprive ' i

6'ein.edr

to plunder

Prnhdr

to try

Siiidr

to besiejrc

Prnlov^dr

to prolong

Sf)b exalldr

to surprise

Promnlg'lr

t'> publish

Sut/dr

to sweat

Provocdr

to provoke

Sujeldr

to subdue

PuL'licdr

to publish

Sustenidr

to sustain

Q

T

Quelrantdr

to break

Tafldr

to cut

Qiii'ddr

to stay

Tapdr

to cover

Quemdr

to burn

Ttirtamudedr

to stammer

Quitdr

to take away

Ttntdr

to try

R

1 Te>tldr

to bequeath

Rijdr

to split

Tmir

to dart

Roledr

to make thin

Tocdr

to touch

Rfilldr

to grra'e

Trubajdr

to work

Rert'/dr

to draw back

Trincdr

to chop

Jichu.dr

to refuse

Trompdr

to deceive

Rftirdr

to retire

1 U V

Reyudr

to reign

I Ihdr

to use

Robdr

J to rob, to '; plunder

1 Usurpdr \ Vacidr

fo usurp to empty

• Rvindr

to ruin

1 Vncildr

to sta.c:j[jer

Rumidr

to ruminate

1 rexdr

to molest.

m

The second regular conjugation in er.

Injinitlve mood.

Present tense, Gerund, Participle, Comp. of the present, Comp. of the gerund,

lel^r, to drink. heliendo, drinking. leido, drunk. ha her helidoy to have drunk. hahiendo belido, having drunk, g2

64

«P VERBS.

Indicative mood.

Present tense.

Sing. 1. lebo, I drink.

2. bUes, thou drinkest,

3. bebe, he drinks.

Plur, 1. bebemos, we drink.

2. hebeis, you drink.

3. b^ben, they drink.

Imperfect tense,

Sin^. 1, bebla, I did drink.

2. bebiasy then didst drink.

3. bebia, he did drink,

Plur. 1. bebinmos, we did drink.

2. bebiais, you did drink.

3. lebian, they did drink.

Preterite tense,

Sing. 1. ^;^^7, I drank.

2. leliste, thou drnnkest.

3. i-eiid, he drank.

Plur. 1. beliinos, we drank.""

2. bebisteis, you drank.

3. bebieroji, they drank.

Future tense.

Sing, 1. belere, 1 shall drink.

2. beh era's, thou shalt drink.

3. beberd, he shall drink.

OF VERBS.

60

plur. 1. lelerimos, we will drink,

2. l-eberfis, you will drink.

3. leberdn, they will drink.

• • Cowponnd tenses.

Comp. of the present, he hebidoy I have drunk. Comp. of the imperf. habia bebido, I had drunk. Conap. of the pret. kube bebido, I had drunk. Comp. of the fut. habre i-ebido, 1 shall have drunk.

Subjunctive mood, .

Present tense.

Sing. 1. quebtba, that I may drink.

2. que bebas, that thou mayst drink.

3. que beba, that he may drink.

Plur. 1 . que bebdmos, that we may drink.

2. que bebdisy that you may drink.

3. que beban^ that they may drink.

Imperfect tense.

Sing. I. bt'beriay I should drink.

% beberiaSy thou shouldst drink. 3. beberitty he should drink.

Plar. 1 . beberiamosy we should drink.

2. beberioisy you should drink.

3. beberlan, they should drink.

Preterite tense.

Siog.. 1. que bebiese or bebUra, that I might drink.

2- que bfbieses or bebieraSy that thou mightst

drink. 3, que bebiese or bebidra^ that he- might driuk«- g3

66 OF VERBS.

Plur. I. que lehUsemos or behieramos, that we might

drink.

2. que lehiese'is ox lelierais, that ye might, &c«

3. que hebiesen or bebieran, that they, &c.

Future tense. Sing. 1. quando bebiere, when I shall drink.

2. quando bebLres, when ihoii shall drink.

3. quando bebiere, when he shall drink. Plur. 1 . quando bebieremos, when we shall drink.

2. quando bebiereis, when you shall drink.

3. quando bebiereUj when they -shall drink.

Compound tenses.

Comp. of thepres. hay a bdido, I may have drunk. Comp. of the imperf. habria bebido, I should have drunk. Comp. of the pret. hubiese or hubiera bebido, I might

have drunk. Comp. of the fut. kuli&re bebido, I shall have drunk.

Imperative mood.

Sing. (no first person.)

2. bebe lu, drink thou.

3. beba tl, let him drink.

Plur. \. hebdmoSi let us drink.

2. behed, drink you.

3. beban, Jet them drink.

An alphabetical list vf regular verbs in er, conjugated like beber.

Spanish. Engliih.

A

Accgir to protect

jicometcT to attack

Aatectdtr to precede

ApreheiidcT to apprehend

Arrcmettr to assail suddenly

B Barn'r to sweep

I Comer I' Conceder

to eat Conceder to grant

OF VERBS.

67

Cometer . to commit

Correspondtr to correspond

Correr to run .

E

Emprender to undertake

Ksconder to hide

M

Meter to put

O

Ofender to offend

P

Prometcr to promise

R Reprekendtr to reprove Respavder to answer

T Tem/r to fear

V render to sfiU.

rAir^f conjugation. — Of the regular verb subir, ^o go up.

Injimtwe mooi.

Present tense, sulir, to go np.

Gerund, suLiendo, gouig up.

Participle, sui-ido, gone up,

Conip. of the present, hder subidoj to have gone up.

Conop. of the gerund, hdliendo sulidoy liaving gone up.

Indicative mood.

Present tense.

Sing. 1. sulo, I go up.

2. siihesy thou goest up.

3. suhe, he goes up.

Plur. 1. subimos, we go up.

2. suhis, you go up.

3. suten, they go up.

Imperfect tense.

Sing. 1. sulia, I did go up.

2. subias, thou didst go up.

3. itt^ia, he did go up.

6s OF VERBS.

Plur. 1 . suMavws, we did go up.

2. suUais, you did go up.

3. sulian, they did go up.

Preterite tense.

Sing. 1 . suU, I did go up.

2. suhiste, thou didst go up.

3. siili6, he did go up,

Plur. ] . siibimos, we did go up. 2 suhisteisy you did go np; 3. suhieron, they did go up.

Future tense.

Sing. 1. suHre, I shall go up.

2. suhirds, thou shalt go up,

3. subirct, he shall go up.

Plur. I. snbiremos, we shall go up. 2. subirdsy you shall go up. 3- subirdn, they shall go up.

Compound tenses.

Comp. of the pres. he subido, I have gone up. Comp. otihe iinperf habia suhidoy I had gone up. Comp of the pret. hube subido, I had gone up. Comp. of the fat. habr4 subido, I shall have gone up.

* Subjunctive mood'.

Present tense.

Sing. I . que sicba, that I may go up.

2. c/Ne subas, that thou mayst go up=K

3. que siiba, that he may go up..

OF VEABS. ^

Plur. 1. que suhumos, that we may go up.

2. quesuhuis, that you may go up.

3. que suban, that they may go up.

Imperfect tense.

Sing. 1. suliria, I shoulJgo up.

2. suliHasy thou shcjuldst go up.

3. suiiria, he should go up.

Plur. 1. suliriamos, we should go up.

2. subiriaist you should go up.

3. subiriaii, they should go up.

Preterite tense.

Sing. 1. que sulitse or sulk'ra, that I might go up.

2. que suhiises or subliras, that thou ui p ) tst, &c.

3. que subl4se or subUra, that he might go up.

Plur. 1. que subiesemos or subi^ramos, that we might

go up.

2. que suhiiseis or subi'rais, that you might, &c.

3. ywe subiisen or subieran, that they might, &c.

Future tense.

Sing. 1. quando subicre, when I shall go up.

2. quando subidres, when thou shalt go up.

3. quando subi^re, when he shall go up.

Plur. 1 . quando subieremos, when we shall go up.

2. quando subureis, when you shall go up.

3. quando subiiren^ when they shall g« up.

Compound tenses,

Comp. of the pres, haya subido, I may have gone up, Comp, of the imperf. habria subido, I should have, 6cc.

70

OF VEHBS.

Comp. of the pret. huliese or huhiira suHdo, I migh

have gone up. Comp. of the fut. hubiere subido, I shall have gone up

5ing.

Plur.

Imperative mood. (no first person.)

2. sule, go thou up.

3. suba, let him go up.

1. subumos, let us go up.

2. sub id y go you up.

3. suban, let them go up.

J list of regular verbs of the third conjugation.

Spanish. A Alatir

AhiniiT /tTmdir AtuTiLir

B Battr BuUir

C Corrhotir Coinpiimir Cotirurrir Coiifiniiir Ciwfutidir ConatriiW Cutihiir Cuhi tr

D

De^trvir JJisnirrtr J)ii,miniiir E

Flidir y.hidir

Emtr Escah'llir y.sml'tr Escurrir

English,.

Eyctriwif

to fence

hxhtbtr

to exhibit

to abate

Exist tr

to exist

to open

Exprinur

to express

to molest

Extingutr

to extinguish

to add

• F

to stua

to beat to boil

Fingtr Fro/Ktr

to fei^ to wrmkle

hund'tr

to melt

G

to fight

Gun'ir

to yelp

to compress

H

to concur

Uiiir

to fly

to consume

IJuvdir

to sink

to confound

I

to construe

Imprim'r

luclii'ir

Infvndh

to contribute to cover

to print to include to pour in

,

Instriitr

to instruct

to rum

to discourse

M

to dimmish

Mcdir

N

to measure

to weaken

Xuliir

to nourish

to elude

O

to impose on

Ohtrurr

to obstruct

to erect

P

to slip away

Parir

to bring forth

to wtite

Part'rr

to depart

to drip

Permit'tr

to permit

OP VERBS.

71

Prohibir PuUt

R

nhir

S cril'iT istir

to prohibit to smootli

to check to restrain

to subscribe to subsist

S.frir ^ Supiimir

T Tuiidir

U Unir Urdir

Z Zurcir

to suffer to suppress

to shear cloth

to unite to warp

to darn.

I

Conjugation of a regular and reflective verb in ar. Levantarse, to rise. — Lat. surgere,

Injinitive mood.

Present tense, levantarse, to rise. Gerund, Itvantandose, rising.

Participle, levantddo, risen.

Indicative mood.

Present tense.

Sing. 1. me levSnto, I rise.

2. te ievantas, thou rises.t.

3. se lei'dnta, he rises.

Plur. 1 . 7205 levantdmos, we rise.

2. OS levantdis, you rise.

3. se levdntan, they rise.

Imperfect tense.

Sing. 1 . me levantdla, I did rise.

2. te levantdbas, thou didst rise,

3. se levantdba, he did rise.

7^ OF VESB8.

Plur. I. nos levantalamosy we did rise.

2. OS levaitdbaiSy you did rise.

3. se levantdban, they did rise.

Preterite tense.

Sing. I. me levavte, I rose.

2. te levantaste, thou rosest.

3, se Levanto, he rose.

Plur. 1. 7205 levantdmoSf we rose.

2. OS levantasteiSf you rose.

3. se levantdron, ^ they rose.

Future tense.

Sing. 1 . me levantare, I will rise.

2. te le van tar as, thou wilt rise.

3. se levantard, he will rise.

Plur. 1. nos levantarimosy we will rise.

2. OS levari tar eis, you will rise.

3. se levantardn, they will rise.

Compound tenses.

Comp. of the pres. me he levantddo, I have risen. Comp. of the imperf.me habia levantddo, I had risen. Comp. of the pret. me hube levantddo, I had risen. Corap. of the fut. me hahre levantddo, I shall have. Sec.

Subjunctive mood. Present tense.

Sing. 1 . me levdnte, I niay rise.

2. te levdnies, thou rw-yst rise.

3. se lev ante, he may rise.

OF VERBS. 75

Piur.. 1 . nos levanthnos, we m?y rise.

2. OS levaiiteis, you may rise.

3. S€ levdnten, they may rise.

Imperfect tense.

Sing. I, we levantarla, I should rise.

2. <e levantarlaSj thou shouldsl rise.

3. se levaniaria, he should rise.

Plur. 1 . nos levantariamos, we should rise,

2. 05 levanlariais y you should rise.

3. $e leuanlariarij they should ris?.

Preterite tense.

Sing. 1. vie levanicise, ot levantara, I might rise^

2. /e levantdstSj or levantdras, thou mightst rise.

3. se levantdse, or levantar a, he might rise.

Plur. I. 110s levant dsevios J or lev'antdramnsy we might

rise.

2. OS levantdseis, or levantdrtis, you might rise.

3. se Itvantdsen, or levantdraUj they might rise.

Future tense.

Sing. 1 . quando me levantdre, when I shall rise.

2. quando le levantdres, when thou shall rise.

3. quando se levantdre, when he shall rise.

Plur. 1 . quando nos levantdremos, when we shall rise.

2. quando os levantareis, when you shall rise.

3. quando se levanidren, when they shall rise.

Compoufid tenses.

Comp. of the pres. me hay a levantddo, I may have ris«n. Comp. of the imperf.we habria levantudoy 1 should have

risen.

• 1 OV^'FIRms.

Comp. of the pret. me hub'wse or hul'wra lawntddo, I

might have risen. Comp. of the fut. me hulitreJcv(intddo, 1 shall, &c.

Impaative mood.

Sing. (no first person.)

2, levantate, rise thou,

3. Icvanteseel, let him ris'e.

Plar. 1 . levnntemonos, let ns rise.

2. levantdos, rise you.

3. levante)ise elJos, let them rise.

Co?}j ligation of a reflective verb of the second covjugatio^ in er.

JRecogerse, -to slieltea- oqe's self.

Infinitive mood.

Present tense, rero^fersc, to shelter one's self. Gernnd, rerog/endo^e, sheltering one's self.

Pariiciple^ reco^ido, sheltered.

Indicative mood. Present ten'ie.

Sing. 1. me rectjo, 1 shelter myself.

2. te recoges, thou shelterest thyse]/.

3. se recoge, he shelters him5e>f.

Plnr. 1. nos rccogemos, we shelter ourselves.

2. OS recogeis, you shelter yourselves.

3. se recdoeUf they shelter themselves.

VER8S. 75

imperfect tense,

Sfiftg. 1 . ^Td reco^ia, I ckd shelter myself,

2. t(^ fico^ias, thou didst shelter th3'self.

3. se recQota, he did sli«lter himself. •

Plur. 1 . no.^ re'cogfafiiof, we did shtjlter ourselves.

2, osrec(Tgi(iis, you did shelter yourselves.

3. se recoofti/if thej« did sftelter themselves.

Preterite tense.

Sing. 1. me recogt, I sheltered myself.

2. te recogiste, thou shelteredst thyself.

3. se recogld, he sheltered himself. '

Plur, ]. nos reiogimos, we sheltered ourselves.

2. 0/ feeogtsteis, you sheltered yourselvesv

3. se recogit'ro?i, they sheltered themselves.

Future terfse.

Sing. 1. me recngere, I will shelter myself.

2. te reccgerus, thou wilt shelter thyself.

3. sereiogeray he will shelter himself.

Plur. J. TIGS recogeremos, we will shelter ourselves.

2. OS recogereis, yon will shelter yourselves.

3. serecvgcrday they will shelter themselves..

Compound lenses.

Comp. of thepres. me he recogido, I have sheltered

myself. Comp. of the impe-rf. ?nc halm recogido, I had, &c. Comp. of the pret. vie huh- tecogidn, J Had, &c. Comp. of the fut. me hahre recngid&, I* shall have, &:c., H 2

Subjunciioe mood.

Present tense. Sing. 1. me recoja, I may shelter myself.

2. te recojas, thou mayst slielter thyself. • 3. ^e recoja, he may shelter himself. Plur* 1. nosrecnjdmos, we may^shelterourselvc-5.

2. OS recojais, you may shcher yourselves.

3. se reajjan^ they may shelter themselves.

Imperfect tense. Sing. \. merecogcria, I should shelter myself.

2. te reCugcrittSt thou shouldst shelter thyself.

3. se reco^eriai he should ilielter himsuli'. Flur. 1. nos ncogeriamos, we should shelter ourselves.

2. OS recogeriais, you should shelter yourselves.

3. se r^coger{a}i, they should shelter themaelves.

Pretmte tense. Sing. 1, merecogi^se, or recogi^ra, I might shelter

myself,

2. ierecogi^seSf or recogi^ras, thou mightst shel-

ter thyself.

3. se recoglese, or recogiera, he might shelter

hmiself. Plur, t. nos recogie'semos, or recogk'ramos, we might

shelter ourselves,

2. 05 recogieseis, or recogiirais, you might shelter

yourselves.

3. ie recogieseriy or reco^eran, they might shel'

ter themselves. Future tense. Sing. 1. merecog'ere, I sball shelter myself.

2. /e recngieres, thou shalt shelter thyself.

3. ^e recoglerCf he shall shelter himself.

OF VERBS. 7/

Plur. 1, nos recog'teremos, we shall shelter ourselves. '2. OS recogicreisy ycu shall shelter yourselves. 3. se recogit-ren, they shall shelter themselves.

Compound tenses. *

Gomp. of the pres. me hay a recogtdo, I may have shel- tered myself. Comp. of the imperf. me halrta recogido, 1 should have

sheltered myself.

Gomp. of the preter. me huhiese or huliera recogido, I

might have sheltered myself.

Comp, of the future, 7ne hubiere recogilo, I shall have

sheltered mysdf.

Imperative moad..

iSiiig. (no first person.)'

2. recogete tu, shelter (h) self.

3. recojdseel, let him .theher himself.

Flur. 1. reiQJdvtonos, le^ us shelter ourselves.

2. recojdos, ^lelter yourselves.

3, recojan^e vlhs, let tlieiu, shelter themselves.

Cqnjugalion of a nJleeliveiKrh of the third, conjugation, in u.

Irse, to go away. — Lat. abire.

hifinitrve mood.

Present tense, irse, to go away. Gerund, yendose, going away.,

Paiticiple, ido, gone away. h3

78 OF VERBS.

Indicative mood. PreserU tense.

Sing. 1. me v6if, I go away.

2. te vciSy thou goest away.

3. se vd, he goes away.

Plur. 1 . nos vdmos, we go away.

2. OS vdis, you go away.

3. se vdn, they go away.

Imperfect tense.

Sing. 1 . 77?e iba, I did go away.

2. /e zYflj, thou didst go away.

3. sc iba, he did go away.

Plur. I. Tios ibamos, we did go away.

2. OS ibais, you did go away.

3. se iban, they did go away.

Preterite tense.

Sing. 1 . mefui, I went away.

2. tefuiste, thou wentest away.

3. 5t?/«^, he went away.

Plur. 1, nosfulmos, we went away.

2. osfuisteis, you went away.

3. sefti^on, they went away.

Future tense.

Sing. 1 . TMe ire, I shall go away.

2. t€ iids, thou shalt go away.

3. se ird, he shall go away>

Plur. 1 . nos iremos, we shall go away<

2. OS ireiSf you shall go away.

3. se irdri, they shall go away.

OP VERBS. 79

Compound tenses.

Comp. of the present, 7«e lie Uo, I have gone away. - Comp. of the imperf. me halia ido, I had gone away. Comp. of the preter. me huleido, I had gone away. Comp. of the future^ me halre ido, I shall have, &Ci

Suljunctive mood.

Present tense.

Sing. 1. mevdya, I may go away.

2. te vayast thou mayst go away.

3. se vdya, he may go away.

Plur. I . vos vaydmos, we may go away. 3. osvaydis, you may go away. 3. se vuyan, they may go away.

Imperfect tense.

Sing. 1. meiria, I should go away,

2. te irias, thou shouldst go away.

3. se iria, he should go away.

Plur. 1 . nos iriamos, we should go away.

2. OS iriais, you should go away.

3. 4e irian, they should go away.

^ ^ Preterite tense.

Sing, l.mefueseoxfuera, I might go away.

2. tefutses oxfueras, thou mighist go away,

3. sefuese or fuer a i he might go away.

Plur. 1. nos fu4semos or fuiramos, we might go away. 2. osfueseis or fuerais, yon might go away. 3 sefuesenorfuera?!, they might go away.

80 OF VERBS.

Future tense.

Sing. 1. quandomefuere, when I sbnll go away.

2. (juando tefutres, when thou shait go away.

3 (juando sefiiere, when he shall go away.

Plur. 1. quando nosfueremos, when' we shall, &:c.

2. (juando osfaeieis, when you shall go, &c.

3. quando sej'ueien, when they shall go away.

Compound tenses. Crtmp. of the pres. me kni/a ido, I nisy have gone away. Comp.of the imperf. me habria ido, I should liave, &g* Conip. ol the pretcr. mc fiubitse or huliera ido, I might

have, &c. Comp.of the fat. mehdiere Ido, I shall have, &:c.-

Imperat'we mood. Smg. (no- first person.)

2. vetCy go thou away.

3. vaydse el, let him go away. Plur. 1. vaydvionoSy let us go away.

2 ido , go you away.

3. vayanse ellos, let them go away.

gECTION. V.

Of passive verbs. The passive verbs are formed by adding to the auxiliary $er, the participle pagsive of the «erb we iiUt3;id t4 con- jugate J as, ser amado, to be loved.

Indicative mood. Present tense Sing. 1. soy amddo, I am loved.

2. cres amxidoj thou art loved. ,3. ^s g^rjidilQi Jhe is lovetl*

OF VEKBS,

Piur. 1. somos amddos, we are loved. ^

2. sois amddos y you are loved,

3. son amddos, they are loved, &c. and so on, for all the Aioods> tenses, and persons.

Reciprocal verbs.

Reciprocal verbs are ofter^ confounded with the re- flective ones. There is, however, a greai difference be- tween themr the latter can be conjugated in the singular number, as you may see, page 7 1 j whereas the former have no singular, and can be only conjugated in the plural, as you will see in the following examples.

h^inU'we wioo^,— Amarie ^o Iovq pne anothrr,

Nos awdmos unos d oiros tier nam en te. We love one another tenderly,

Irifinitive woorf.— Pelearse tojtght.

Imperfect tense,

Se peUalan valientemente, they diil fight one another

valiantly,

SECTION VI.

Conjugation of a series of irregular verbs in an alpha* betical order,

A infinitive present. Ahorreccr, to hate. Gerund. aborreciendo, hating.

Participle. aborrendo, hated

Indicat. pres. abor-rezco, -reces, "rece,

alor-recemos, -receis, -recen. Imperfect. abor-rena, -reciaSy -reda,

abor-reciamos, -reciais, recloTi,

82

OF VERBS.

VreterptH. alor-reci, -reciste, -redo,

alor-rcclmos, ieti<fteis, -recieron. Future, ubor-rccerc, -recerds, -recerd,

alor-recer^moi, -rtcuriis, -recerdn. Subjunctive. al'or-rex(a, -tt%(as, -retci,

alo^-reicambs, -rezfais, -rexcan. Imperfect. abor-receria, -recerias, -rci:eiia,

abor-receriaMoS, -recetiuis, -recertan. Preterite. abcr-redtse -redcues -redt'se

or or or

alor-redt^a, -tediras, -fedcra.

ubor-redtsemos -redeseis 'redcsen ot or or

ahor-rcdiramos, -redhais, -rcddan^ Future, aiur redere, rrederes, -redde,

abor- rederemos, -redereist 'redtreit. Imperative. alorrece, hate thou.

cborrezca, l^tt Llm hate.

ahorrexcdmoS J let us hate,

aborrccd, hate you.

aborrezcan, let him hate.

Observation.

The irregularity of this verb, and of all others ending; in acer^, ecer^ and ocer, consists in having a x placed before the c in the first person singular of the present in- dicative; in ail the persons of the present subjunctive j and in the third person singular, and first and third per- sons plural of tiie imperative.

The verbs hacer and veneer are the only exceptions from this rule, being conjugated like the regular ones.

The compound tenses of the verb abr'ir to open, are irregular only in the participle,, which makes ahurlQy opened.

* Tke only exception to ihis rule is the verb hacer-, whose ir- regularity will be noticed in its place.

01" VEnas.

33

fnfin. present. Gerund. Participle Indicat. pres.

Imperfect.

Preterite.

Future.

Subjunctive.

Imperfect.

Preterite.

Future. Imperative.

^hsoJvur, to absolve. ahsolviendo, absolving. absuelto, absolved. ah-suelvo, -suelves, -suelve, ab-soIvemoSt rSolieis, -suchjcn, ah-solvia, -soluiq.^, -soluia, ah-soltriamoSy -^oluiais, SQUiun. ah-solvi, -soividCt -solvid, ah sofvimoSy -sohUleis, -solv'thron. ah-solvere, -solverds, -^olverd, ah-solverhnos, -soluereir, soluerdn. ab-suelva, -suelvasy -suelva, ah-snlvdmoSy --olvdis, -sue/ran. al-sol- ■ na, -solverias, 'Solveria., ab sulveriamos, -solveriais, -soljerian, ah-solvitse 'Solvi^ses -soh iese

or or ; r

ab-snlvifra, -solvieras, -soli/iera, ab-solvmemos -solvieseis -solvitsert

or or ur

ab-solvitramos, -solvitrais, -sn/vicran. ab-soiviere, -solv'iLres, -soLviere, ab-so!v:eremos, -so/vitreis, -solviSfen, ab-s iAve, absolve tliou. absue/va, let him absolve. absolvamo&f let us absolve. absolved, abs( Ive you. absuelvan, let him absolve.

Jhstrohcr, to abstract. See (in the letter T) Traher, Aca^er, to hiippen, is impersonal. See Abf.r.ecsr.

Inf.n. present. Jcertdr, to hit the aim. Gerund. acertando^ hiit.ng the aim.

Participle. acertddo, hit the aim. Indicat. pres, acifrto, aciertas^ acierta,

aceridmos, accrtdi, aciertan.

84

OP VEJIBS.

Imperfect. acertdba, aceridbas, acertdha,

acertdhamos, acertdbais, acertdbaii. - Preterite. acerie, acertdste, acerto,

acertdmoSy ucertasteis, acertdron. Future. acertare. acertards, acertard,

acerlaremos, acertarfis, acertardn. Subjunctive, acierte, aciertes, acierte,

ucertemos, acerteis, acierten. Imperfect. acertaria, acertarias, acertaria,

acertariamos, acertariais, acertarian. Preterite. acertdse acertdses acertdse

or or or

acertdra, acertdras, acertdra,

acertasemos acertdseis acertdsen or or or

acertdramos, acertdrais, acertdran. Future. acertdre, aceridres, acertdrv,

acertdremos , acerldreis, acertdren. Imperative, acieria, hit ihou the aim.

acierte, let him hit the aim.

acert'Jmos, let us hit the aim.

acertady hit you the aim.

acierten, let them hit the aim.

Infinitive. Acordar, to agree. Gerund. acordando, agreeing.

Participle. acordado, agreed. Indicat. pres. acuerdo, acuerdas, acuerda,.

acorddmos, acordais, acuerdan. Imperfect. acorddba, acorddbas, acorddba,

acorddbamos, acorddbais, acorddbcm. Preterite. acordi, acordaste, acordo,

acorddmos, acorddsteis, acorddron. Future. acordar^, acordards, acordard,

acordarimos, acordariis, acordardn. Subjunctive, acuerde, acuerdes, acuerde,

acordemos, aeordeis, acuerden.

Ot VEKES.

Sii

hiiperfect. ' ncordarii, acordarias, crcordana,

ncordariamosy acordariais, acouiartg.n.

Preterite. acorddse acorddses acorddse

oi» or or

acorddra, acorddras, acorddra, acorddsemos acorddstis acorda^en

or or or

atcorddramos y acorddrais, acorddran. Future, acorddre, acorddreSf acorddre,

acorddremos, acorddreis, acordaren. Imperative. acuerday agree thou.

acuerde, let him agree.

acerdemos, let us agree.

acorddd, agree you.

acuerden, let them agree.

Jcorddrse, to remember, is conjugated with the con- junctive pronouns /wc, ICy se ; nos, o?, se.

j4c7-ecentdr, to grow, or increase, see acertdr.

■Acostdrse, to go to bed. — This verb is conjugated wlih the conjunctive pronouns me, te, se ; Jios, os, se.

Mestrdr, to make oneself lit for any thing, see acertdr.

Ilifinit. pres. Jdherir, to adhere t(>. Gerund. adh'mendo, • adhering to.

Participle. adhhido, adhered to. . • liidicat. prcs. adhiero, adhiaes, adhit're,

adkeri'mosy adheris, adhl^tn. imperfect. adhcria, adherias, adheria,

adkeriamos, adheriaisy adherirni. Preterite. adhcri, adherlste, adhirio,

adherimos, adherhftis, adhiriaron. Future. adherire, adherira^', adherird,

adherir^mos, adkerireis, adherirdn. Subjunc. pres. ad/iiera, adkieras, adhiera,

adhirdmos, adhirdis, adhieran. Imperfect. adherirlay adkeririas, adherirlay

adherirlamos, M,dherirlais, adhiurian. I

-86

OF yEKBS.

Preterite.

Future. Imperative.

adhiriese adhiriescs

or or

adhiriSray adJihidras,

adhiricsernos adhirit-seis or or

adhiriese

or adhiriera.

adhiricseu

or

adhiericramos , adhirierais, adhirieran. adhiriere, adiiirieres, adhirilre, adhiricrenios J adhiricreis, adhiriereri. ad hi ere, adhere thou. adhicra, let him adhere. adherdmos, let us adhere. adheridi adhere you. adlueran, let them adliere.

jhlolecer, to grow sick, see ahorrect-r.

•udormecer, to fall asleep, see aborreccr*

adveriir, to warn, see adherlr.

agradech'j to acknowledge, see alorrecer.

alcntur, to encourage, see acertdr.

aleniarse, to take courage, see acertdr.

-abnorzarj to breakfast, see acnrddr,

•amenecer, to begin to be daylight [iriipcrson.). seealo7

recer. amoldr, to wet. see acorddr. amorteccrse, to lose courage, see alorrecer,

Infinit. pres. .. Atiddr, to go. Gerund. avdando, going.

Participle. andado, gone.

Indicat, pres. ando, andas, anda,

anddmoSy anddisy aiidan. Imperfect. anduha, anddbas, anddba,

andubamos, anddbais, aiiddlan. Preterite. and/we, anduv/stey anduvo,

ariduvimos, anduvUteis, anduvieron. Future. andare, andmds, andard,

andxircmos, andareis, andardn.

OF VERB*?.

67

iS'ubjune. pres. ande, andes, ande,

ande/nos, andeis, dndeii. Ini perfect. andarla, andarias, andaria,

ando.riamoSf andartais, andarian* Preterite. anduvitse anduvihes anduviese

or or or

anduvwra, andiailraSi and/ivi^ra,

anduviese mos anduvieseis andiivieserii

or or or

anduvieramos, amluvieraU, anduvicran. Future. anduviercy anduvitrcs, anduvivre,

anduviiremos, anduviereis, anduvicreri. Imperative. atida, go thou.

amle, let hi ra go*

andemos, let us go.^

at/ dad, go you.

anden, let tiiem go.

u^nocheceTy to grow dark, see ahorrecer,. ojitepensdr, to meditate, see acertdr. mdepontTy to prefer, see pon^r. anteviTy to foresee, see ver. apacentdr, to lead sheep to grass, see aceridr, aparecSr, to appear, see aborrecer. apercibir, to perceive, seepedir. apetecer, to wish, to long for. see ahorr.ecer, apos(dr, to lay a wager, see acorddr. aprotdr, to approve, see acorddr, arrenddr, to let ta»a tenant, see acertdr arrepentirse, to repent, see adherir. asentdr, to register, see acertdr. aserrdr, to saw. see acertdr. to consent, see lierijr.

to aim <7r point at. sceacertar, to pull down, to destroy. se& acorddr*

to tijrnisih one with money, see acordai\

to consider, ^qq entendcr, 12.

asenlii , as star, asoldr, asolddr, alcndcr.

8S

OF Vii£B5.

atener, to walk even with another, see fene'r.

atcTiturj to feel with the hand, see acertcir.

atereccrse, to be benumlK-d with cold, see alorrertr.

atcrrdr, to throw down, see acertdr.

atestdr, to till up. see acertdr.

atraer, to draw in. see It a fir.

atravesdr, to pierce, or bore, see acertdr.

QVi^nir, to arrive, see venir.

averdrse, to agree together, see vejiir.

aventdr, to fan, see acertdr.

avergoTizdr, to make one ashamed, see acordur^

avcT"on%drse. to be ashamed, see acorddr.

Infinitive. Gerund. Participle. Judicat. pres.

Imperfect.

Preterite.

Future.

B.

Bendeclr, to bless. lendiciendo, blessing. ienditOj blessed. lendigo, hendices, lendlce, lendecimos, lejideciSf lendicen, hendecia, lendecias, bendccia, lendeciamos, bendeciais, bendecian. hendixe, hendixiste, hendixo, bendiximos, hendixisteis, bendixeron. bendeeire, bendecirds, bendecird, bendeciremoSy bendecireis, bendecirdn.

Subjunc. pres. bendiga, beiidigas, iendlga',

lendrguinos, bendigdls, hendigan»

Imperfect. bendeciria, hmdecirins, bendeciria,

bendeclriamos, brndecirlais, bcndccirian.

Preterit^ bendixese bendixeses bendixcse

or or or

bendixera, bendixcraSy lendixera,

bendixesemos bendixcseis bendix^sen

or or or

bendixeramos, bendixcrais, bendixcran. bejidixcrc, bendixereS: lendixcre, lendixercmoyy lendixcreis, bendixercr^

Futi^re.

OF VERBS.

rroperative. I'endice, bless tliou.

IcTidiga, let him bless,

lehd'igamos, let us bless^

lendecid, bless you.

lendigan, let them bless. C. Innnit. pres. Caler, to be contained. Gerund. cobhndo, being contained^-

Participle. cahido, contained.

Indicat. pres. f/ucpe, cubes , cdle,

calt-mos, cabeis, cab en. Imperfect. cabia,cabias, cabla,

cabiaviosy cabiais, cabian. Preterite. cupe, cupiste, cupo,

cupimos, cupisleisy cupUron. Future. cabri, cabrds^ cabni,

cabremos, cabrcis, cahrdn, Subjunc. pres. qttcpa,- quepas, f/ucpa,

ijuepdmo^, (fuepdis, quepan, In>perfect. cabria, cabrias, cabria^

cabrianwSy cabrlcis, cabrian.

Preterite. cupiese cupieses cupitse

or or or

cupitra, cupieras, cup'ulray.

cupiesemos cupitseis cupicsen or or or

cupieramos, cufAtrais, cupuran. Future. cupicre, cupieres, cupiere,

cupieremos, citpitreis, aipiererii Imperative. cdbe^ be thoU contained.

quepa, let him be contained.

quepmnos, let us be contained.

cabt'd, be you contained.

quepan, let them be cootaincd,

Tniinit. pres. Caer, to fall. Gerund. cayendo, fallings

i3

90

OP VERBS.

Participle. caido, fallen. Indicat. pres. caygo, ccies, cue,

caemos, caeis, cden. Imperfect. caia, caias/ caia,

caiamos, caiais, caian. Preterite, cai, cauie, cayo,

cabnoSj caisteis, cayeron. - Future. caere, caerds, eaerd,

caeremos, caereis, cacran. Subjunc.pres. cdyga, cdygas, cdyga,

caygdmos, caygdis, cdygan. Imperfect. caeria, caerias, caeria,

caeriamos, caeriais, caerian. Preterite. cay6se caytses cayt'se

or ( r or

cay6my cayvras, taycra, ■ cayesemus eayeseis cayisen or or or

cayiramosy cayerais, caydran. Future^ cayercy caycres, cayere,

enydremos, eayereis, cayeren.. Imperative. cde, fall thou.

cayga, Jet him fall.

caygdmos, let us fall.

caed, fall you. \

cdygan, let them fall.

Calentdr, to warm, see acertdr. canecer, to grow gray, see aborrecer. carecer, to have need, see aborrecer, cegdr,, to become bhud. see acertdr, cenir, to girdle, see pedir. cenirse, to girdle oneself, see pedir, cerner, to bolt or sift, see entender^. cimentdr, . to cement, see acertdr.

Irifinit. pres. Coc^r, to bake. Geruud. cociendo, baking.

OF VERBS.

91

Participle. Qocido, baked. Indicat. pres. cuezo^ cu^ces, aiSce,

cocemoSj coceisj cuecen. Imperfect. coda, cocias, cocia,

cociamos, cociais, cocian. Preterite. coci, cocisie, cocio,

cocimos, cocisteis, cocieron. Future. cocerc, cocerds, cocerd,

cocertnios, cocert-is, cocerun. Subjunc. pres. cueza, cuezas, cut-za,

cozdrnos, cozdis, cuezan. Imperfect. coceria, cocerias, coceria,-

coceriamos, coceriais, cocerian. Preterite. cociese cocieses cocicse

or or or

cocicray cocit'ras, cocicra, cocicsemos cocicseis cocicsen

or or or

coc'uramos, cocicrals, cocieran. Future. cociere, cocicres, cock're,

coder emos, coder eis^ coder en ^

f mperative. cueze, bake thou.

cuexa, let him bake.

cozdmos, let us bake.

coced, bake you.

cuezan^ let them bake.

N. B. This verb lias the same iiTegularities as atf»

solver ; and if it has been entirely conjugated, it is on

account of the %, which is put instead of the c before a

and o'j anil in order to refer to it for similar conjugations.

Coldr, to strain a liquor, see acorddr.

colegir, to gather see pedir. — iSl.Ji. This verb ex-

Ciiar.ges g mioj before a and o. colgdr, to hang up. see acorddr, comedir. to reflect or think, see pedir. comedirse, to become polite, see pedlx.

92

a? VERBS*

eomenzctr, to begin, see acertdr. eompadecerse, to have pity, see ahorrecer,. LompareceTt to appear, see ahorrecer. compelir, to come in. see pedir. eomplacer, to please one. see alorrecer. compuner, to compose, see poncr. comproldr, to prove, to confirm, see acorddn conebivy to conceive, st^e pedir. conccrner, to concern, see en fender, concertdr, to concert, see acertdr. covcor/ldTy to conciliate, see acorddr. condescender, to condescend, see entender:. condoler, to sympathize, see ahsolvir^

In6nit. pres. conduciry to lead. Gerund. conducundo, leading.

Participle. conducido, led. Indicat. pres. conduzco, conduces, conduce,

cvndudmos, conducis, conducen. Imperfect. conducia, conducias, conducia,

conduciamos, conduciais, conducian^ Preterite. conduxe, conduxiste, conduxo,

condhximos, conduxisteis, cenduxerom Bui are. conducire, conducirds, tonducird,

conduciremos, conducirtis.. conducirdni Subjunct. pres. co?2rfi^;xca, conduzcas, co?iduzca,

eonduxchnos, condiixcdis, conduzcan. Imperfecta conduciria, conduciriasy conduciria,

conduciriamos, conduciriaisi conducirian. Preterite. eonduxcse conduxeses conduxese

or or or

conduxera, cor^duxertts, conduxira, cojiduxesemos conduxeseis conduxisen

or or or

conduxdramos, conduxerais, conduxdrarh. Suture* ^ conduxke, conduxeres, conduxere,

conduxb'eniosj conduxereis, conduxerm.

OV VERBS. 9^

Imperative. conduce, lead thou.

cojiduzca, let him lead. conduzcamos, let us lead. I conducid, lead you.

conduzcan^ let them lead.

Confer iTy to confer, see adherir.

confesdr, to confess, see acertdr.

conmovir, to disturb, see entefidcr.

conocer, to know, see alorrectr.

conseguirj to obtain, see pedlr.

coiisentiTf to consent, see adhcrlr.

consoldVf to comfort, see acorddr^

consondr, to be in good intelligence, see acorddr.

constrenir, to constrain, see pedir.

contdr, to cast up, to reckon, see acorddr,

contencr, to contain, see tericr,

contender, to contest, see cntcndcr.

contradeclr, to contradict, see decir. — N.B. Thiti last verb differs from decir only in the second person singular of the imperative, making contradice instead of contradi^

contrahacer, to counterfeit, see haccr,

co?itraer, to contract, see trOi^r.

C07itravenir, to act contrary. secve«/r.

coiitrovertir, to argue, see adherir,

convalecer, to recover from illness, see alorrecir^

convenir, ' to agree, see venir.

converilr, to convert, see adherir.

corregir, to correct, see pedir,

costar, to cost, see acorddr,

creccTy to grow, see aborreccr,

culrir, to cover. — The irregularity of this verb is ia tBe participle passive, which makes cu bier to,

D.

Infinit.pres. Ddr, to give. Gerund. dando, giving.

Participle. dddo, given.

94

or VERBS.

Indicat. pres.

Imperfect.

Ereterite.

Future.

Subjuuc. pres

Imperfect.

Preterite.

Future. Imperative.

Infinit. pres.

Gerund.

Participle.

Indicat. pres. Impeiifect. Preterite. Future.

doy, das, da, ddmos, dais, dun. ddba, ddlas, ddba, ddbamos, ddlais, ddban.. di, distc, did, dimos, disteis, dicron. dare, dards, dard, daremos; dariis, dardn. . dt', des, de, dvmos, dels, den. daria, darlas, daria, dar tamos, darlais, darian. d'u'se dii'ses diese

or or or

diera, duras, dicra,. dicsemos dlcsels ditsen

or or or

dL'ramos, d'u'rais, dL'ran.. dicrc, dlcrcs, dicre, dieremos, diireis, dk'reiZh.

dd, give thou.

de, let him give. d^mos, let us give, dad, give ye. dtn, let them give.

declr, to say. diciendo, saying. d'lcho, said.

digo, dices, dice, decimos, decis, dicen. decia, dedas, decia, deciamos, deciais, decian. dijce, dixiste, dixo, dlximos, dixisteis, dixeron, dire, dirds, dird, dire flips ., dire is, ddnlv.^

Ot VERT3S. 9-5

^ubjunc. pres. dlga, digas, dlga,

digdmos, dignis, digan. )erfect. diria, dirias, diria,

dir tamos, diriais, dirian, ierite. dixhe dixeses dixhe

or or or

dixira, d'ui'ras, dixtra,

d'lxesemos diieseis dixt'sai

or or or

dixeramos, dixt'rais, dixtran. Lure. dixcre, dixeres, dixere,

direremos, dixcreis, dixtren. T'-Tperative. d'l, say thou.

digOf let him say. digujnos, let us say.

dec Id, say you. ■

digan, let them say. ^ender, to defend, see en tender, 'rir, to condescend, see adherir, >icir, to deduct, see conduclr. ■illdr, to behead, see acordiir. o/c'r, to demolish, see ahsolver. — Its part, is regular. ostrdr, to demonstrate, see acorddr, )m'r, to depose or remove, see poncr, "gar, to deny, see acertdr. >sidr, to use any one ill. see acorddr, d^rengdr, to sprain the hip. see accrtdr, denelir, to melt, see pedir. dei'icertdr, to err or mistake, see acertdr, cordur, to be discordant, see acorddr, donnecilr, , to a\vai\e. see ahorrecer. Icntdr, to discourage, see acertdr, 'pareccr, to disappear, see ahorrecer, pretdr, to make loose, see acertdr, probdr, to disappiove. see acorddr. wsegar, to disquiet or vex. see acertdr, tender, not to pay attention, see en tender.

^6 OF VLUBS. *

desatr'avesdr , to disentangle, see acerldr.

-desaventr, to be of a contrary opinion, see vcnir

dcscaecer, to lose one's strength, see ahorreccr.

descender, .to come down, see enlemler.

deceuir, to ungirdle. see pedir.

decimentdr, to undermine tire, foundations, see acertar.

desco/gdr, to take down, see acorddr.

descoUdr, to surpass, to be taller, see acorddr.

dcsGomedirse, to grow unpolite. see pedir.

-descompojwr^ to disorder, see po?icr,

dcscoTisenlir, not to consent, see adherir.

desconcertdr, to confound, see acertar.

descmwccr, to disown, see alorrecer.

descoTisoldr , to afflict, see acordar. -

descontdr, to discount, see acorddr.

descuhrir, to discover. — Its irregularity is in the parti- ciple passive, which makes descu'lierto , discovered.

desdecir, to give the lie. see c/€6zr.— The second person singular of tlie imperative mood of this verb makes dcsdkc, liest thou.

deseinpedrdr y to unpave. see acertar.

desencerrdr, to set at liberty, see acertar.

desengrosdr, to extenuate, see acorddr.

desentcTiderj not to be willing to hear, see evtender.

desenterrdr, to unbufy. see acertar.

desenvolver, to unwrap, see alsolver.

deservir, to hurt, see pedir.

desfalleccr, to faint away, see alorrecer.

desflaqvecer, to languish, see ahorrecer.

desflocdr, to ravel, see acorddr.

desguarnecer, to unfurnish. see abofrectr.

desheldr, to thaw, see aceridr.

deshacer, to undo, see hacer.

desherrdr, to take away the fetters, see acert<ir.

desleir, to dilute, see pedir.

deslucir. to darken, see sulir.

OP VERM. 9?

Infinit. pres Deslucir, to tarnish.

Gerund . desluciendo, taruiahbg.

Participle. deslucido, tarnished.

Indicar. pres. desluzco, desluces, desluce,

dc'slucimos d-'slucU^ desiucen.

S\xhiunc. ^res. des/uzcdf dfs.\r<j'a6, dtsluzca,

dt's/uzra>i.os, dtduzcais, desluzcan.

Imperative, deslucc, tarnish thou.

dtsluzca, let him tarnish. desluzcdmos, let us tarnish. deslucidy tarnish you. desluzcan, let them tarnish. The other tenses are regular, and conjugated like suhir, Desmeinbrdr, to dismember, see acertdr, desmentir, to contradict, see adherir, desohcdecer, to disobey, see alorrecer. desollar, to skin, see acorddr.

despedir, to send away, see pedir.

despedirse, to take leave, see pcdir,

despedrdr, to take away the stones, see acertdr.

desperndr, to cut off the legs, see acertdr,

despertdr, to awake, see acertdr,

dcsplaccT, to displease, see placer,

desplegdr. to display. * see acertdr.

despoblar, to unpeople. neeMcsrtlit,

destefdr, to discolour, see f^dir.

desttrrdry to banish, see acertdr.

destorcer, to untwist, see coc^r.

des trocar, to undo an exclnnge. see acorddr.

desvanecerse, to fall in a swoon, see abc.rrecer.

desverggnzdrse, to lose one's shame, see acordar,

detener, to detain, see ten^r.

detraer, to detract, soe iraer.

devolver, to return or send back, see alsolver,

dezmdr, to decimate or tithe, see acertdr,

diferir, to delay, see adherir.

K

OF VERBS.

digerir, to digest. disentir, to dissent.

disolveVy disponeVf dutraefy divertir,

to dissolve. to dispose, to distract, to divert.

doler, to feel pain.

see adherir, see adherir. see ahsolver, see poner. see traer. see adherir. see a I solver, dolerse, tofefel for people's pain, sec alsolver.

Their participles are regular. Infin. present. Dormir, to sleep. Gerund. durviiendo, sleeping.

Participle. dormido, slept. Indicat. pres. duermo, duermes, duerme^

dormimos, dormis, duermen. dormia, dorm las, dornda, dormiamos, dormiais, dormian. dormi, dormiste, durmid, donrdmos, dorinlsteis, durmieron^ dorimr6y dormirds, dormird, dormiremos, dormireis, dormir an. duerma, duernws, duerma, durmdvws, durmdis, duerman. dormiria, dormirias, dorniirla, dormiriamos , dormiriais, dorm Irian, durmicie durmitses durmiese

or ^ or ^ or

durmiera, durmieras, durmih-a, durmiesemos durmieseis durmiesen

or or or

durmieramo^y durmierais, durmiernn. dwrmiere, durmieres, durmiere, durmi6remos, durmiereis , durmieren, duerme, sleep thou. duerma, let hira sleep. durmdmos, let us sleep. dormid, sleep ye. duerman, let them sleep.

Imperfect.

Preterite.

Future.

Subjunctive.

Imperfect.

Preterite.

Future.

Imperative.

OF VERBS. 99

E.

Elcgir, to elect or choose, see pedlr. This verb changes g into j before a and o, in order to preserve the pronunciation of the infinitive.

embrauectrse, to become furious, see abort ecir.

emhrutecerse, to become brutish, see aborrecer,

emenddr, to rectify, see aceitar,

empedrdVf • to pave, see acertdr.

empezdr, to begin, see acertdr.

emplumecer, to begin to have feathers, see aborrectr*

empobrecer, to grow poor, see aborrecer»

emporcdr, to dirt, see acorddr.

encabelleccrse, to begin to be hairy, see aborreecr,

encalvecer, to become bald, see aborrecer.

tncaneccr, to be gray haired by old age. see aborrech,

encarectr, to raise the price, see aborrecir,

encender, to light a fire, see entcnd^r.

enceiisdi-y to cense, see acertdr,

encerrdr, to shut in. see acertdr.

encomenddr, to recommend, see acertdr,

enconlrdr, to meet, see acorddr.

encorddr, to put cords to an instrument, see acorddr,

tncrudec6rse, to become cruel, see aborrecir,

encruelecir, to irritate, see aborrecer,

enmbertdrj to cover with a blanket, see acertdr,

endenttc^ry to breed teeth, see aborrecir,

endiirec^, to grow hard, see aborrecir,

enjiaquecery to grow lean, see aborrec4r.

enfurecerse, to become furious, see aborrecir,

engrandecky to grow or enlarge, see aborrtcir,

engreirse, to adorn oneself, see pedir,

engrosdr, to grow big. see acorddr,

enloqueceTy to become mad. see aborrecir.

enluciry to whiten with plaster, see desludr,

enmocec6ry to grov young again, ste aborrecir.

enmohecirse, to grow mouldy, see ahvrrKsr^ &.2

H)6

OF VERBh,

enmudecSr, to grow dumb or be silent, see ahorrecer. ennegrecer, to grow black or brown, see ahorrecer. ennoblecer, to ennoble, see ahorrecer. enrarecer, to become rare, see ahorrecer. emic/uecer, to grow rich, see ahorrecer. enroddr, to break upon the wheel, see ocorddr. ensangrentdr. to make bloody, see aceridr. etisoherhecerse, to grow proud, see ahorrecer.

Infinit. pres. Entender, to comprehend. Gerund. enlendiendo, comprehending.

Participle. entendido, comprehended. Indicat. pres. enliendo, entiendes, eniiende,

entendemoSj entendc'is, entiendcn. Imperfect. cniendia, entendias, tntendia,

enteiidiamos, entendiais, entendlan. Preterite. entendi, entendiste, entendid,

entendimos, entendlsteis, entendierorit Future. entendt^re, cntenderds, entenderd,

entenderhnos, entendereis , entenderdn. Subjunctive, entienda, entiendas, entienda,

entenddmos, enienddis, entiendan. Imperfect. eniendeda, enienderias, entenderiay ,

entenderiamos, enlenderiais, enlenderian,

Preterite. entendieae entejidieses enienditse

cr or or

entend'i^ra, entendieras, entendiera, entendiesemos entendieseis eniendiesen

or or or

entendieramosy entendierais, entendieran. Future. entendUre, entendiereSy entendie're,

entcnduremos, entendiereis, entendieren. Imperative. eniiende, comprehend thou.

entienda, let him comprehend.

entenddmos, let us comprehend,

ent ended, comprehend you.

mtieiidan, let them comprehend.

OP VERBS. l<Ji.

Enternecer, to move to pity, see ahorrecvr, enterrdr, to bury, see acertdr, entumecer, to swell, see alorrecer. entoiitectr, to grow stupid, see alorrecer. entorpecerse, to become lazy, see ahorrecir, entreoir, to hear imperfectly, see o/r. enfretener, to entertain, see tener. to vex. see ahorrecir. to lose the use of one's limbs, see alorrech, to grow old. see abort ecer. to paint in green, see alorrecer. envestir, to invest, see pedir. envoher, to wrap up. seevaWr, equwalcr. to be of equal value, see valtr, Infin. present. Erguir, to raise. Gerund. erguiendo, raising.

Participle,. erguido, raised. Indicat. pres. hiergo, hiergues, kiergue.

entristeceTf entuliecer, envejectr, enverdectr.

Imperfect.

Preterite.

Future..

Subjunctive.

Imperfect..

Preterite,

Future.

ergmmos, erguis,

hieviruen.

ergma, erguiaSj erguia, erguiamos, erguiais, erguian, erguiy erguiste, kguio, erguimos, erguisteis, irguUron. erguire, erguir as, erguird, erguirtmoSi erguircisy erguirdn,. 'hierga, hiergas, hierga, hirgdmos, hirgdis, hiergan, ergu'iria, erguirias, erguiriOi erguiriamos, erguiriais, erguir/an.

hirguicse hirguieses hirguicse,

or or or

hirguUra, hirguieras, hirguie'ra, hirguiesemos hirguiese

or or or

hirguieramoSj hirguierais, hirguieran hirguure, hirguieres, kirguiere, hirgiiUremos, hirguUreis, hirguiiren, k3

hirguiesen

10^ OP VERB3.

Imperative. ^ hiergue, raise thou. hierga, let him raisei hirgamos, let us raise. erguid, raise you. hirgaiiy let them raise.

Errdr, to err or mistake, see acert&r.

escalentaTy to warm, see acertdr.

escarmentdr, to give a warning, see acertdr,

escarnecer, to mock one. see alorrecer.

esclarecer, to clear up. see alorrecer »

escocery t(3 itch painfully, see coceV.

escriHr, to write. — Part, escrito, is its only irregularity.

esforxdry to animate or encourage, see acorddr.

espavorecer, to affright, see ahorrccer,

estal'leccr, to establish, see alorrectr.

estercoldr, to dung, see acertdr.

estregdr, to scour, see acertdr.

estremecerccy to tremble, see ahorrecdr,

estreriir, to lie close, seepedir.

expedir, to dispatch, see pedir.

expo?ier, to expose, see poner.

extender, to spread, see entender,

extraer, to extract, see irair,

F.

Fallecer, to die. see alorrecer, favorecer, to favour, see alorrecir. fenecer, to termipate, see aborrecir. jortalecer, to fortify, see alorrecer^ Jorzdr, to force, see acorddr.

Jregdr., to rub one thing against another, see acertdr. Jreir, to fry. — Favt.frita: the rest like pe^/r.

G.

Gemir, to groan or lament, see pedir, golerndr, to govern^ see acertdr. guarnec^r, to furnish, see aborrecer.

OF VERBS.

103

H

Haler, to have.— This verb serves only in the compound tenses of otherverbs. See its conjugation in theauxi* liary verb Hacer, to do ; haciendoj doing ; hccho, done^ Indicat. pres. hdgo, hdces, hdce,

hacemos, haceis, hdcen. Imperfect. hacia, hadas, hada,

haclamos, hadais^ hadizn. Preterite. Mce, Jddstf, hixn,

hidmos, /udsteis, hideron. Future. har^, hards, hard,

haremoSy hareis, hardn. Subjunctive, haga, hagas, hdga,

hagdmos, hngdisy hdgan. Imperfect. haria^ haricis, han'a,

hariaJiios, hariau, harian. Preterite. hidtse h'uihes hide.se

or ot or

hidera, hideras, hidera,

hid^semos hideseis hidcsen or or or

hideramosy hidirais, hideran. Future. hidere, hidtres, hidtre,

hideremos, hidereis, hkUren. Imperative. hazy do thou.

hdga, let him do.

hagdmosy let us do.

hacid, do ye.

hdgan, let them do. Hed^fy to stink, see entendtr. heUr, to freeze, {neut. act. impers.) see acertdn hender, to cleave or split, see entender. herir, to wound, see adherir. kerrdr, to bind about with iron work, see actrtdr,. herviTy to boil, see adherir. holgdr, to be quiet, to do nothing, see acorddr. holldry to trample unc'er feet, see acerddr. humedecir, to moisten. teQ alorredr.

104

01' VERBSv

ImpediTf to hinder, see pedlr. imponer, to impose, saepontr. inadvcritr, to be inattentive, see adherir, indisponer, to indispose or vex. see poner» inducir,. to induce, see conductr. intervenir, to intervene, see venir. introduckf to introduce, see conducir, invcrnJr, to winter, see acertdr. invertir, to transpose, see adherir, investir, to invest, see pedir*.

Infinit. pres. /r, to go. Gerund. yendo, goings

Participle. ido, gone. Indicat. pres. v6y, vas^ vd,.

vdmoSf vdisy van-.. Imperfect. iba, ibas, iba,

ihamos, ibais, ib'an.. Preterite. fui, fuistej/ud,

fuimos, fuisteiSf fuiron, . Future. ire, irdsy ira, ,

iremos, ireis, irdn, Subjunctive, vdya, vdyas, vdya,

vaydmos, vaydis, vayan.. Imperfect, iria, irias, iria,

iriamos, iriais, irian. Preterite* fu^se fusses Juke

or or or

fuera, futras, fuera,

fu4semos fueseis fu4sen or or or

fuiramoSy fueraisj fii4ran>. Future. f^^re, fueres, fuire,

fueremos, fueriis, fniren. Imperative, ve, go thou.

vdya, let him go.

OF V'ERUS. 105

rdmos^ let us go.

id^ go ye.

vdyan, let them go. L. Lucir, to sliine. see deslucir. LL. Llov^Vy to rain, see the impersonal verb,

M. Magrescer, to grow lean, see alorrecer ■maldeclr, to curse, see hendecir. manifestdr, to manifest, see acertdr, viantenJr, to maintain, see tener. rnedir^ to measure in general, see pedlr^ meiitart to name, see acertdr, mentir, to lie. see adlwrir. meredrt to deserve, see ahorrecir, merendar, to eat between dinner and supper, see acertatt molC-r to grind, see absoluer. — Its part, is regular, mollesdr, to grow soft, see alorrecer. mordtr, to bite, see ahsolvir, — Its part, is regular. morir, to die. — Part, muirto. see dormir, mostrdr, to show, see acorddr. mover, to move, see absolvdr. — Its part, is regular.

N. JSiactr^ to be born, see aborrec^. negdr, to deny or refuse, see acertar. nevdr, to snow, see the impersonal verbs in their pro- per place.

O. Obedecer, to obey, see aborrecer. obscurecer, to darken, see aborrecer. obtener, to obtain, see tencr, ofrecer, to offer, see aborrec&.

Infin. pres. Oir, to hear. Gerund. oijendo, hearing.

Participle. otWa, heard.

166

OF VEKBS..

Preterite.

Futun

Future.

Indicat. pres. oi/go, oyes, 6ye, oimoSy oiSf 6yen,

Imperfect. ola, oias, oia,

oiamos, dais, oian. oi, oistCf oyOf olmos, Oisteh, oyer on. oird, oirds, oird, oirdinos, oirm, oirdn.

Subjunctive, criga, oigas, otga,

oigdmos, oigdis, oigan.

Imperfect. oiria, oiriaSf oiria,

oiriamosj oiriais, oirlan,.

Preterite. oycse oycses oyese

or or or

oyeray oyeras, oyera, oyesemos oyeseis oyisen,

or 5r or

oytramos, oyerais, oyhan.

oytre, oyires, oyere,

oyiremos, oyereis, oyeren^ Imperative. 6yet hear tliou.

oiga, let him hear.

oigdmos, let us hear.

oid, hear you.

oigaiij let them hear. opmir, to oppose, see pon^.

P. Pacer, to graze, see dborrech, padecir, to languish, see ahorrecir, parecdr, to appear, see ahorreccr. parecerse^ to be like, see alorreedr. Infin. pres, Pedtr, to ask. Gerund. pidimdo, asking.

Participle. pedido, asked. Indicat. pres. pido, pldes, pide^

pedimos, pedis, pider^. Imperfect. pedia, pedias, pedia,

pediamoSf pediais, pedian^

OF TERBS.

107

IVeterite.

"Future.

Subjunctive.

Imperfect.

Preterite.

pedi, pediste, pidw, pedi'mos, pedistcis^ piduron, pedire, pedirds, pcdird, pediicmts, pedireis. pedirdn, pida, pidas, pida, piddmos, piddis, pidan. pediria, pediriaSj pedirhy pediriamos, pedirlais, pedirhn. pidiese pidieses pidihe

or or or

pidiera, pidieras, pidiira, pidiesevios pidieseis pidi^sen

pidieramos, pidicrais, pidieran. Future. pi/iitre, pididres, pidiire,

pllitremos, pidie/eis, piditren. Imperative. pide, ask thou.

pida, let him ask, /. piddmos, let us ask.

pcdid, ask ye. pidan, let them ask. vensdr, to think, see acertdr. perJer, to lose, see en tender, pereccr, to perish, see alorrecer. perni(/uthrdr, to break the legs, see acertdr. persequir, to persecute, see pedtr. pertenerer, to belong to. see aborrecer pervertir, to pervert or corrupt, see adherir. placer, to please, has no other tenses or persons than

what follow : — Indie, pres. third pers. sing, pldce^ he or it pleases imperfect. third pers. sing, placia, he or it did please. Preterite. third pers. sing, plugo, he or it pleased. Future. third pers. sing, plaierd, he or it will please.

Subjunctive, third pers. sing, plegue, may it please, — ^is used only in that expression, plague d Dios, m^y God be pleased.

108 Preterite,

OF VERBS.

third pers. sing, pluguiese, or plugtdera, it might please. Future, third pers. sing, pluguiere, when itshall, &c.

plegdr, to plait or fold, see acertdr. pobldr, to people, see acorddr, poder, to be able, see absolver, — Its part, is regular. Infinit. pres. Podrir, to rot,

pudriendo, rotting,

podrido, rotten. IndiCat. pres. pudro, pi^res, pudre,

podrlmos, podris, p/idren. Imperfect. podiia, podiias, podria,

podriamos, podriais, podrian,. Preterite. pudii, pudriste, piidrio,

pudrhnos, pudristeis, pu drier on. Future. podrire, pcdrirds, podrird,

podriremos, podrireisy pcdrirdn. Subjunctive, puura, pudras, pudra,

pudrdmos, pudrdis, pudran. Imperfect. podriria, podririas, podriria,

podririamos, fodrhiais, podririan. Preterite. pudriese pudrieses pudriesej

or or or

pudritra, piidricras, pudridra, pudrUsemcs pudrieseis pudriesen.

Future.

Imperative.

Infinit. pres.

Gerund.

Participle.

pudrieramos, pudrierais, pudrieran.

pudriere, pudrieres, pudriere,

pudrieremoSy pudriereisj pudrUrcn,

pudre, rot thou.

pudra, let him rot.

pudrdmos, let us rot.

podrid, rot you.

pudrarij let them rot.

Pontr, to put.

poniendOj putting.

puestOf put.

OP VERBS. log

Indicat. pres. pongo, pones, p6ne,

ponemos, poneis, ponen. Imperfect. ponia, ponlas, ponia

poniamos, ponlais, ponia n. Preterite. pilse, pusiste, ptUo,

pusimosy pusisteis, pusieron. Future. pondre, pondrds, pondra,

pondremos, pondreis, p)ndrdn. Subjunctive, p&nga, p6ngas, pSnga,

pongdmoSy pongdis, pSngan. Imperfect. pondria, pondrias, pondria,

pondri'amoSf pondriais, pondrian.

Preterite. pusiese pusiises pusu-se or or or

pusieray pusieras, pusiera,

pusiesemos pusii'seis pusiesen or Qt or

pusieramoSy pus'urais^ pusUran. Future. pusiere, pusitres, pusiere,

pusie'remos, pusiereis, pusieren. Imperative, pan, put thou.

ponga, let him put.

pongurnos, let us put.

poned, put you.

pongan, let tbem put. Pndichy to foretell, see dedr. preferirj to prefer, see adherir. prepontTy to prepose. see poner, prescriMr, to prescribe. — Part. prescril9^is the only ir- regularity. presentir^ to foresee, see adherfr. presiipontr, to presuppose, see ponlr. prevalecer, to prevail, see aborrecer. prevenir, to anticipate, see venir. previr, to foresee, see ver. producir, to produce, see conducir. proferir, to utter, ste adherir.

L

110

OF VERBS.

promover, to promote, see alsolver. — Its part is regular. propGner, to propose, see pontr. proscrihir, to banish. — Part, proscrito is the only irre- gularity. proseguir, to continue, seepedtr. probdr, to try. see acorddr. provenir, to issue, see venir.

Q

see acertdr.

Gerund. Participle. Indicat. pres.

Imperfect.

Preterite.

Future.

Quehrar, to fail, to be a bankrupt.

Infinit. pres Querer, to love. f/uericndo, loving. c/ueridOj loved. quicro, qincrt'Sy quLre, querimos, quereisy quieren. queria, queriaSy queria, queriamos, queriais, querian. quise, quisiste, quiso, quisimos, quisisteis, quisk'ron, querre, querrds, querrd, querremos, querreis, querrdn.

Subjunc. pres. quiera, quieras, quiera,

qucramos, querdis, quuran.

Imperfect. querriay querrias, querria,

querriawos, querriais, querrian.

Preterite. quisiese quisUses quisiese -

or or or

qmslera, quisitras, quisiera, quisiisemos quisles cis quismen

or or or

quisieramos, quisierais, quisieran. Future. quisitre, quisitres, quisure,

quisuremos, quislereis, quisieren. Imperative. quiere, love thou.

qidero, let him love.

querdmos, let us love,

quered, love you.

quiiran, let them love.

OF VERBS. Jll

R

Recaer, to fall again, see cacr.

recoccr, to bake again, see cocer.

recomenddr, to recommend, see acerUlr.

recompontr, to set again in order, see poncr,

recojwcer, to acknoukdge. see aborrectr.

reconvalecer, to recover from an illness, see alorrecer.

recorddr, to remember, to call to mind, see acordar,

recostdrse, to lie on one side, see acordar,

recreccKf to grow again, see alorrecer,

reducir, to reduce, see conducir.

referir, to refer, see adherir.

reflorecer, to blossom again, see alorrecer,

rejojxdr, to strengthen, nee acordar.

regdr, to water, sec acertdr.

regi.r, to govern, see pedir,

regofddr, to belch, see acorddr,

rehaci'r, to dq again, see /iace'r.

reir, or rehse, to laugh or jest at one. see pedir,

reluchTy to shine, see deslucir,

remanecer, to appear suddenly, see alorrecer,

remenddrj to mend, to patch, see acertdr.

remorder, to bite repealt dly. see aholvtr. i „i. . ^

remordtrse, to repent, to grieve, seeaholu^r.f "^ir pa .

remover t to remove, to exchange place, seet ^\

aholoer. ^ ^ > ^^S"'«-

renacer, to be born again, see alorreclr. revdir, to enslave, see pedir. rendirse, to surrender oneself, see pcdir^ renegdr, to deny or disown, see acertdr. renovjr, to renew, see acorddr. reTdr, to scold, quarrel, or fight, see pedir, reparecer, to apj^ear again, see alorreclr, repctir, to repeat, see pedir. reporter , to put again, see poner. reprobdr, to reprove, see acorddr, l3

112 OF VERBS.

requebrdr, to cajole or wheedle, see acertdr.

requerir, to require, see adherir.

resentirse, to resent, to be sensible of. see adherir.

rescontrur, to compensate, see acorddr,

resolver, to resolve, see ahsolvcr.

resollar, to breathe, see acorddr.

reiondrf to resound, see acorddr,

restalleccr, to repair or restore, see alorrec^.

retemlldr, to tremble continually, see acertdr.

retener, to detain, see tener.

retentar, to be threatened with a relapse, see acertdr,

ret entry to dye again, see pedlr.

retorceTi to twist again, see coccr.

retraerse, to take refuge, see tratr.

retrairt to withdraw, see iraer.

retrotraer, to antedate, see traer.

reventdr, to burst, see acertdr.

reuer, to see again, see ver.

reverdecer, to paint green again, see alorrecir,

reverter, to overflow, see entendtr.

revestir, to invest, see pedk.

revoldr, to fly again, see acorddr.

revolcdrse, to wallow, see acorddr^

revolver, to overturn every thing, see ahsolvir.

roddr, to roll, see acorddr.

rogdr, to pray, see acorddr.

S Jnfinit. pres. Saltr, to know. ^Gerund. saliendo, knowing.

Participle. sahido, known. Indicat. pres. sS, sdh^s, sdbe,

sahemoSy sabt'is, sdhen. Imperfect. satia, sahtas, sahiat

saliamos, sahiais, saltan. Preterite, supe, supiste, supo,

supinm^ svpUlelSi supiaon.

OF VERBS. 113

Future. salre, salrds, s&hrd,

salrcmost salreis, sahrdn, Subjunc. pres. sepa, sepas, sepa,

sepdmos, sepdis, sepan. Imperfect. sabria, salrias, salri'a,

salrlamos, sabriais, sabrian. Preterite. supiese svpieses supiese

or or or

supiera, supieras, supitra, supiesemos supiiseis supiesen

or or or

supiSramos, supUrais, supieran. Future. supilre, supieres, supUre,

supii'remos, supiereis, supieren. Imperative. sdbe, know thou.

sepa, let him know.

sepdmoSf let us know.

sabed, know you.

sepan, let them know. saber bien, to relish, (in speaking of meat), see saldr. Tniinit. pres. salir, to go out. Gerund saliendo, going out.

Participle. salido, gone out. Indicat. pres. salgo, sales, sdle,

sallmos, salts, sdlen. Imperfect. salia, sulias, salia,

sallamos, saliais, saltan. Preterite. sail, saliste, saliu,

salinios, salisteis, salieron. Future. saldre, saldrns, saldrd,

saldn-mos, saldras, saldrdn. Subjunc, pres. sdlga, sulgas, sdlga,

salgdmos, sa/gdis, sdlgan. Imperfect. saldrla, saldrias, satdHa,

saldriamos, saldrlais, saldrian.

Preterite. ' saliese salieses salihe or or ((r

saliera, salieras, saliera, L 3

114 OIC VERBS.

Saliesemos salk'seis saliesen or or or

salieravwSy salierais, salieran. Fulur*. saliere, salUres, salitre,

saUeremos, saliereisj salleren. Imperative. ' sal, go thou out.

saiga, let him go out.

salgdmos, let us go out.

salidj go you out.

sdlgarij let them go out. SegdVy to reap, see acertdr.

segulr, to follow, see perf/r.—N.B. This verb and its compounds lose u before a and o ,• consequently we say sigo, siga, in lieu of siguo, sigua, &c. sembrdr, to sow. see acertdr. sen tar se, to sit down, see acertdr. sentiry to hear, see adherir, serrar, to saw. see acertdr, serviry to serve, see pedlr, solreponer, to put above, see poncr. sobresalir, to excel or surpass, see salir. sohrevcnir, to come in unlooked-for. see vcnir, soldar, to solder, see acorddr.

soler, to be wont, see absolucr. Its part, is regular. soltdr, to untie, see acorddr. sondr, to resound, see acorddr. sondrse {las narices), to blow one's nose, see acorddr. sonar, to dream, see acorddr. sonreir, to smile, see pedir. sosegdr, to repose or rest, see acertdr, sosegdrse, to allay one's passion, see acertdr, soterrdr, to bury, see acertdr. suhstraer, to abridge, see truer, supcner, to suppose, see poner.

T

Temlddr, to tremble, seeaccr/an

11.

tender, to spread cr stretch, see enlendtr.

tentTy to have, or tq^hold. see the auxiliary verhs»

tenir, to dye. see pedir.

tentdrj to tempt, see aceridr»

torccr, to twist, see cocer,

iraduvlr, to translate, see cnnducir.

Infinit. pres. Tracr, to brir.g.

Gerund: trayendo, bringing.

Participle. iraidOf brought.

Indicat. pres. trai/go, trdes, trde,

troernos, tracis, trden. Imperfect. imia, traiaSj iraia^

traiamoSf traiais, tralan. Preterite. trdxey traxiste, trdxo,

traximos, traxisteis, traxcrorL. Future. traerc, traerds, iraerd,

traercmos, traer^is, tracrdn. Subjunc. pres. traiga, trkigas, traiga,

traigdmos, traigtiis, traigan. Imperfect. traeria, traerias, traeria,

iracria?noSy iraeriais, traerian.

Preterite. traxise traxeses traxtse,

or or or

iraxera, traxera^, traxcra,

traxesemos traxeseis traxi'sen or or or

tvaxh'amos, iraxerais, traxeran. Future. traxt're, traxcres, traxtre,

iraxeremos, traxtreis, traxiren, Imperaiive. trde, bring thou.

trayga, let him bring.

traygd/nos, let us bring.

tra^dj bring you.

traygan, let tliem bring. Transcender, to pass, see entendcr, iran$poner, to transpose, see pondr.

116

OF VEKBS.

trascender, to penetrate or discover, see entendcr, trascoLur, to strain, see acorddr. trascorddrse, to forget, see acorddr. trasegdr, to put topsy-turvy, see acertdr. trasGudr, to be out of one's mind, see acorddr. traspoTitr, to transpose from one place to another, see

poner. trocar, to exchange, see acorddr. — This verb changes c

into qu before e. trondr, to thunder, see the impersonal verbs, tropezdr, to trip in walking, see acertdr.

Infinit pres. FaUr, to be worth. Gerund. valiendo, being worth.

Participle. valido, been worth. Indicat. pres. valgo, vales, vale,

vaUmos, valcis, vdlen. Imperfect. valia, valias, valia,

valiamos, valiais, vaUan. Preterite. vali, valiste, valid,

valimos, valisteis, valieron. Future. valdre, valdrds, valdrd,

valdremos, valdreis, valdrdn, Subjunc, pres. vdlga, vdlgas, vdlga,

valgdmos, valgdis, vdlgan. Imperfect. valdria, valdrias, valdria,

valdriamos, valdriais, valdrian. Preterite. valiese valieses valiese

or or or

valiera, valieras, valiera, valiese mos vaUeseis valiesen

or or or

valieramos, valiarais, valieran. Future. valicre, valieres, valitre,

valieremos, valiereis, valieren.

OF VEKBS,

Imperative. vale, t>e thoti worth.

vdlgQf let him be worth.

valgdmos, let us be worth.

valedj be yon worth ,

vdlgan. Jet them be worth. Infinit. pres. Fentr, to come. Gerund. viniendo, coming.

Participle. ventdo, come. Indicat. pres. vengo, vienes, vitne,

venimos, venis, vit'nen. Imperfect. venta, venias, venia,

veniamos, veniais, vei:ian. Preterite. vine, vintste, vino,

v'uiimos, vinisteisj vmieron. Future. vendre, vendrds, vendrd,

vendremos, vendr^is, vendrdn. Subjunc. pres. vcnga, vengas, venga,

vengdmos, vengdis, vengan. Imperfect. vendria, vendrlas, vendrla,

vendriamoSy vendriais, vendrian,

Prelerite, vimese vinihes vinihe or or or

vinii'ra, vinichaSf vinJha,

vinitsemos viuieseis viniese or or or

vimhamos, vinUrais, vinieran* Future, vinitre, vlnt^res, viniere,

vini&remos, viniereis, vini^en. Imperative, verij come thou.

vevga, let him come.

vengdmos, let us come.

venid, come you.

vengan, let them come. Fenirse, to come, see venir. ^

vermejecer, or hermejecer, to become red. vertcr, to pour, see entendcr.

see alorrecer^

118

OP VERBS.

vestir, to dress, see pedir.

vesiirse, to dress oneself, see pedir»

volar, to fly. see atorddr.

volcdr, to turn all things upside down, see acorddr.

volvcr, to come back or send back, see alsolv'r.

volvtrse, to become either good or bad. see alsolvtr.

A collection of verls whose injinitlves end in cer, making the indicaiive in zoo, and the preterite in ci.

Infinitive.

Indicative.

Preterite.

Adukccr, to grow sick

auo'.tito

udoLeci

jigra(te(6; to th:ink

agradtzco

as^radeci

Apefeca-t to desire

apdezco

apetec:

Compadecer, to pity

ompadezco

compadeci

Cmtuter^ to know

conozco

conuti

Crercr^ to grow

creico

crai

DesffiUecei't to faint away

desfallezro

desfuLleci

Desvanect'ft to vanish

desvauczio

desvaneii

J'Utcarev^r-f to grow dettfer

mtareset}

tnrafHl

I^s(fiblet4rt to eitublifsh

isiabhttQ

fstabkd

^flH(U{vec&t to grow lean

mJiat(mzcQ

tnjiaffueci

EmpobreciTf to grow poor

empohretco

empehreci

Bnnquech\ to grow rich

enriquezco

enriqueci

£7idurecer, to grow hard

endurezco

endured

EngrandeccTy to aggrandize

mgrandezco

engrandni

Entristecer, to grow sad

entristt'zco

entristeci

Emiotlecer, to ennoble

ennoblezco

ennobled

Ensoherbecir, to grow proud

ensoberbezco

ensoberbed

Eiimudectry to grow dumb

enmvdezco

eyimuded

fenecer^ to finish

fhiezco

fened

Ea'ieceTy to fail or die

fallezce

failed

Florecer, to flourish

Jiorezco

Jlored

Fortnlecery to strengthen

fortalezro

Jortaled

Favor eccTy to favour

Juvorezco

favored

^/erereV, to deserve

merexco

mered

A'actfV, to be born

vazco

nad

Obedeciry to obey

obedezco

vbeded

Paf/r, to feed

pazcu

pad

PadeccTy to suffer

padezro

paded

Parecer, to appear

parezco

parcel

Pereccr, to perish

perezco

jtered

OF VERBS. 119

SECTION VII.

Several ways of conjugating a verb with a negation,

ifinit. pres. No habldr, not to speak, idicat. pres. no hcHIo, I do not speak.

no hdblas, thou dost not speak.

no hdbla, he does not speak.

no habldmos, we do not speak, &c.

Compound tenses, na he hablddo, I have not spoken, &c. 3 — and so on for every tense and person.

With an interrogation.

Imperfect of the indicative, third person singular. Cantdba el en el concierlo ? Did he sing at the concert ?

Compound tenses. f^Ha recibido vm. una carta de su padre 9 Have you received a letter from your father ? " ^Habian el/ as comprddo la cdsa P Had they bought the house ?

fFith a negation and interrogation.

Indicative present. Vo me enliende vm ? Do you not understand me ? Vo 7105 conocemos 9 Do we not know one another?

Compound tense. Vo 7205 hemos conocido 9 Have we not known one another ? No se ha vm. olvidddo de mi nombre 9 Have you not forgotten my name ?

With an interrogation and a pronoun relative.

Indicative future tense. ■Podra' vm. vender los con venidja para nuestra utilidadP Can you sell them to our advantage ?

120 OF VERBS.

^ Querrd vm. acompanarnos manana al campo ? Will you come to-morrow with us into the country ?

SECTION VIII.

Of impersonal verls. Impersonal verbs are thus conjugated :

Indicative mood.

Pres Hav v no hav i ^^^^^ ^^* ^"^ ^^^^^^ '^ "°^*

J> y Vi \ there are, and there are not.

T«,« u^i '„ „ <,« i,«i.u ("there was, and there was not. Imp. Havia. y no navia. < ^, r u

^ •' L there were, a?zd there were not.

t>^^f zj'i i,n f there was, awfl? there was not.

Fret. Hubo, y no huoo, < ^, u\

^ (.there were, awa there were not.

r?,t. Tj J I L J ' ( there shall be, and there shail/

' •' L not be.

Subjunctive mood.

D.-^- tr ' I, ' r there may be, and there may

Pres. Haya y no huya, | ^^^ ^^^^-^^ -^

Imperf. Hahria, y wo j there would be, and there

halria, I would not be.

Pret. Hubiese or hub ic- r , • i,*. u j ♦!

; , • / 1 there might be, and there ra, y no hubic'se< - \ 4. 4. u

u T' I might not be.

or no nubwra, K, ^

Fut. Hubiere, y no c there shall be, anc? there shall

hubicre, \ not be.

The compound tenses are formed by adding habido to

each tense, as ha habido, there has been 3 — and so on for

the rest.

The impersonal verb ser, to be. Indicat. pres. Es, y no eSy it is, and it is not. Imperfect. jEra, y no era, it was, and it was not. Preterite, Fue, y nofue^ it was, and it was not.

Future. S^ra, y no sera, it shall be, and it shall

not be.

-OV VEEB8.

1-21

Subjunc. pres. Sea, y no sta, it may be, and it may not be. Imperfect. Serla, y no seria, it would, and it ^^ould

^ not be.

Preterite. Ike&e ibf fitera, j no fuese or no fuSra, it might be, arid it might not be.

The impersonal menester, it musL

Indicat pres. Es wenester, y no es menester, it must, and it mui^t not. Era menester, y tk) era menester, it was necessary,' and it was not necessary. Fue menester, y nofiie menester, it was necessary, and\t was not, &c. Scrd menester, y no sera menester, it xvill, ayid it will not be necessary.

Subjunc. pres. S4a menester, y nosci menester,

it may, and it may myt be necessary. Seria, y no serla mejwster, it would, and it would not be necessary. Fuese or Jurra, y no Jutsc or no fuera,

menfster, it might, and it might not be necessary.

"'■^\ ••■' The other imp^qnals have infinitive, gerund, and

participle J v/Lich -shall be set down here for the further

instruction of the pupil.

Imperfect.

■Preterite.

Future.

Tmperfect. Preterite.

Indicative.

Iti^::.iLivr.

Gerund.

•Partyriple.

Ltiii- e, it rains

from liun'r

lioiiendo

Uovido

Hicia, it freezes

^Ulr

HeliDndo

hem,

•<^rm}ha, it hails

- graiiizdr

granizarulo

granizddo

Ki/ca, it snows

— — rteviir

nevando

nevddo

True.'Hi, it thunders

-i trondr

tronandn

tronddo

. ' >- It h"-htcns

rdampx-

Tclamp.i'^

refcmpa-

guedr

gueando

gucudo

Hdce {it is) is used with an adjective, and some nouns xle-noting th.e disposition of the weatlier, as hdce calur, it •is -hot 3 hdcejrio, it is cold; hdce viento, it is \yindy, &c.

122

OF ADVERBS.

Indicative. /Icaccp, it happens Convienef it becomes Importa, it matters Parece. it seems

Infinitive, ^from acaect'r

• coimenir

imporfur

— — puree tr

•Gerund. Participle.

ac.aedendo ac.aerUh>

covviniencJo convenUlo

import ando imporfddo

pareciendo parecido.

CnAPTKR VI.

OF ADVERBS.

An adverb is that part of speech which is joined to a verb, adjective, or participle, to express some circum- stance, quality, degree, or manner of its signification.

Exawple.

Dios es . infimmente justo : castlgard rigorosamentc a los impios. God is infinitely just : he will rigorously punish the impious.

N. B. Most Spanish adjectives may be changed into adverbs by adding ?ncnle to the feminine termination of such adjectives as have two terminations ; or to the com- mon termination of such adjectives as have oiily -one termination.

Example.

Masc,

hifimto,

Fem. injimta,

vi/iriiia'meDte,

Bueno,

buena,

buenn-mente.

Feii%,

feliz,

fi'liz-mente.

Fid,

M.

Jiel-menie

Different sorts of adverbs.

Besides the number of adverbs formed from adjectives, there are many others^ which can be divided into fourteen

OF Adverbs.

123^

classesj, according to their signification j they are as fol- low : ' « ,V

Adverls of time.

Al presente

at present

hasta aqui

hitherto'

presfnlemenle.

/ presently

hasta ah6ra

till now

luck'o

ejiidnces

then

ahdra

now

temfirdno

early

hoy

to-day

muclio hd

long since

ences

before

poco hd

lately

ai'tri

yet, even

luego

directly

a menudo

often

mientras

whilst

Xfimediatammte directly |

tarde

late

de priesa

quickly |

d la tarde

in the evening.

Ayer

yesterday

antigunmenfe

formerly

auUayer

<the day before i yesterday

retientemcnte

recently

nuevamente

newly.

Mandna to-morrow.

pasd de mor > the day after to-

iidna y niorrow

^r«ia 8oon

''''?"'^/''^'' J now and then quando >

de a<fui en ode- ) v^^f„,»v

Primeramevte rarnmente de r^pente rtpentiiiamente preslisimo pruntamenle, Uicgo que ?iu7ica, jamas siempre para siempre de corU'tHUo entretanUt las mas veres u.tt(u!.mentt: ordina ianienle comiirrhf !e Jreq-ie- Xi e ite east i'Cwyj, t casi nutt^u

first

seldom

on a suddea

suddenly

the soonest

quickly

as soon as.

never

alw lys

fo: ever and ever

continually

meanwhile

most times

usually

ordinarily

commonly

frt.^i!ently

almost always

never hardly

presto $ooa

tarde late

dernasiddo prestotoo soon demasiddo tarde too late ^lot yet

au7i no

desfues

oirO'Vez

de nueco

dtspacio

quando

de dia

Je niiche

dia y hoc he

de una vez

mas que nunca

mas y vias

opoytunamente

diartamente

smce

again

anew

leisurely

when

by day

by night

day and night

at once

more than ever

more and more

seasonably

daily.

M2

r2^

OF AD VERsrs:

Adverbs of place.

^d^ndcf donde

de dimde

de aqni

de alii

aqut

S.ILI, 0 aki

finna

dilras

aculld

deiavie^

dejilio

Prima'o }

^■imeramenie ^ e/ijfg^undo lugar iercerame-nie uUimamente^ > en cwiclusion 5

despuct de seguido juntamente

•<\'here

from, whence feom hence from thence in this place there ahoxs- behind yonder before aside within

abaxo cerca. junta- enfrenic iejos encima debdxo •■ fucra ^ porjuera indircdo a la nidno mas Itjfjs-'

belcnv

near

adjoining^

facing

far

upon

utiderneath

(nit

without

roimd about

hard by'

further.

Jiherh' of order. £rst, or firstly-

second ly thirdly

lastly

before after one afier

other togsther

f despucs afterwards

al rededor round about

■altertialivarnenie SLhernatively: Jinalmente finally

ordenadamenle orderly en confusion confusedly atropelladamentem a jumble tntaimeiUe utterly

ul reves '^ topsy-turvy

Quanta-

p&co

un p6co

mucho

no mucho

laatantemmte^

snjicienttmente.

poco a poco

casi

cerca

tanto

mas

m.enns

ademds

d lo mas

a lo menns

Adverbs of quantity and number.

i dearly

( how much \ how many

little

a little, some

much

not much

* > enough

little by little

pretty near

about

so much

more

less

moreover

at most

at least

aL'undaiitemente plentifully

caramente tieryiam mte

hardtn cheap

muy iardlo Very cheap

iotalmente entirely

pur midio by half

iiifinitamente infinitely completammte quite extrahameate strangely admirablemente admirably maravillosa- ? ^^^aerfully

menle absolutamente viedianumoite qiiantfis veces una vez dos veces Ires veces diez veces

absolutely

tolerably

how many timea

once

twice

thrice

ten tin??*

OF A'DVEIlBSi

125

dmdiins llenas plentifully

copiosamenle largely

caru dear

leinte veces twenty times

cinciieyita veces^ fifty times

aen veces a hundred times

mil veces athousand times.

Adverts of quality and inanner.

Bien well, right

mal bad, wrong

mity Men very well

muy mal very bad

adnurablemenle admirably well medianamcnte | neither well nor

sahiameiite ' wisely ■jtistamente justly

Undamentet ) .,

b.r.ttamenle ^ P^^ttily prudentemente prudently invariallemente constantly vigorosarncnte briskly ^Jhcilniente easily

cun neglisencia carelessly anticipadamente previously primer amentc first of all

stum asm mas, directamente enteramcnte derechamente filsamente de buena gana de mala gana con intencion

point blank,

bluntly

thoroughly

straight

ialf^ely

heartily

grudgingly

on purpose

Voluntariame7ite wilfully

fuertemente strongly

ahie'tamente openly

a tientas at random

mnecidamcnte deservedly

injustamente wrongfully

seriamf.nte seriously desi indadamente giddily

locamente sillily

lemermiaineule rashly

a toda priesa headlong i7/o«i (°>7/rfcme7iifinadvertently

accidmtulmenle accidentally

ei.trechamente narrowly

mortalmenle mortally

liberal mente largelv

ami/*ablement€ amicably

en paz in peace

tranqytilamente peaceably

e:c(t<tamente exactly

TudameiUe rudely

vigorosamenfe stoutly

aceleradamente d pa a caballo

in haste on foot on horseback

,, r, - , ? after the Spanish dlaE.pauola ^ ^^^j^-^J

Adverh of affirmation.

Si yes

verdaieramente yes, indeed ciertatnente sure, to be sure ssguramente assuredly induHtablemenfecerv,' -ily en verdad in truth.

realmente tx&rta mente proHta- icnle VifaiibtetHf.ite

indeed' truly readily infallibly

indubitabltmentc undoubtedly.

Jduerh of negation and doubt.

No, ni no, not

de yiingunmodo ...t at all tampoco neither

d <(iso. 7 ,

prr Centura \V^^^V^ probablemente probably muy probai/U v«ry liJ^ely. M3

n6

OF ADVERBS.

Adverbs of comparison , i^e.

Asi

del viismo modo que

diestemodo

en parte

ianto

enterameute

separadaviente

de ladd

vias

menos

peor

Qaando < porqiie f quanto?

thus

in the same man- ner, as ; after that man- l ner partly as much altogether separately aside mere less

mejnr

de mrior eii mejo

ni vias m me- ^

de una y otra) parte \

UJiivenalmente goieralmenle cortesmentc de otra mani-ra particvlarmenle al contrdrio

better

betterandbetter neither more nor less

on both sides

universally

generally

genteelly

othej-wlse

particularly

on the coutraryi

Aduerhs of inier rogation.

why ? how much ?

quantas veces ? how often ? CO mo? how?

donde f where ?

OF PREPOSITIONS;

Prepositions, so called from the Latin pr^epono, (I place before,) are indeclinable words, which, in- the Spanish, language, always precede the nonn, pronoun, or adverb which they govern.

Example,

Los, que perseverardn en el amor de Dios hasta Id muerte, vozaran de la gloria del cielo. They, who will. persevere in the love of God until death, will enjoy the glory of heaven*

The following list contains somo words alphabetically arranged, governing certain prepositions.

Abalanz-rse <{ ios pelJgros abandonarse a la suerte aboc;irse fo7i los eu'-os abocborjftirse dt algo

to rush to dangers to abandon oneself to chance to confer Tri^AoneVrelaacns to.be vexed mth any thing

OF PREposrTioisrs.

127

abogar por algano abordar una nave, a, or cnn, otra aborrecible d !a ^ente aborrecido de tcdos ab^as^.^se en deseos abrirsea,or con, sus coafidenies

abstenerse de comer abundar de, or en, riquezas aburrido de su mala fortui^a abusar de la amistad acabar de Venir aciiectT (;ilgo) a alguno acaecer (algo) en tal tiempo acalorarse en la disputa acceder a la opinion de otro

accesible a los pretendientes acerca de este as unto acertar co)i la casa acoger^e « alguno acumodarse o,'?i alguno acomodarse aL dictainen de otro

acompail'irse cnn otros aconsej;.rse (/r, or co/i, sabios accntecer d los incautos acorddrse de alguna cosa acordarse con ios contraries acostumbrarse d los trabajos acreditarse de necio acreedor d, or dc, la eonfianza actuarse en los negocios acusar d alguno acusarse de sus culpas adelantarse d otros adem s de eso adheiirse d la opinic n de otro

adolccer de enfcrmedad

aferrarse en lu opinion

aficionarse a leer afirmarse en su dicho ageno de verdad agradecido d los beneficios . agraviarse d« alguno agregarse a otros agrio a/ gusto agudo dc ing^o

to plead for any one

to approach one ship to another

hateful to the people

detested ly all

to be intlatned wiih desires

to unbosom oneself to one's

conf:*jnt3 to abstain y;v>7n eating to abound icilhy or in^ riches weary icilh one's ill fortune to abase friendship to be just COCXXQ

something happening to anyone To happen ai such a time to gr.w warm in a dispute to accede ia the opinion of an- other accessible tn pretender* about thib bw^!i>iis to find the hor.sc to have recourse In any one to settle one^elt witkzny one to conform oneself to another's

opinion to keep company with others to be advisee! by vi'ise men to happen to the u-iwary to remember any thing to agree iviih ones opponents toaccustom oneself /o misfortune to prove his foMy worthy of confidence to be active in business to accuse any one to accuse oneself of one's faults to advance before others besides that

to adhere to the opinidn of an- other to complain of one's own in- firmity to be obstinate in one*sown opi- nion to be fond of reading to affirm what has been said foreign to the truth grateful /or beneilts to be affronted with any one to unite oneself to others sour to the taste witty, or of a sharp genius

128

OFPR^-

:''ov!Jv

uhitarse de man] '; res ahorcaiarse c las e^paldas ahorrar aV raz nes air'irse con alguno ajustarse c n alg no aju'^itarse d la razor* alabarse de valionte alaT2;r.rse a h ciudiid a!e<Tn:rse de algo alinrntr.se am p; co alimontf TEC 4e esptranzas- allndar con otra heredad

allan rse d lo justo alt I' de cuerpo amable tf la gente a:'anci'b;irse ron los libros am.aite de algo amanarse d escribir ai«.^roso con los suyos amparurse de alguna cosa ancho de boca andiit con el tiempo

andar en pleytos

and ir por tierra

auhelar a, or por, mayor fortuna

antes de ahora

antic iparse d alguno

aovar eri cl