THE
NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE,
AND
JOURNAL OF THE NUMISMATIC SOCIETY.
(THE )
NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE,
'"
(JOU
RN AL
NUMISMATIC SOCIETY.^)
EDITED BT
W. S. W. VAUX, M.A., F.R.S , F.S.A., JOHN EVANS, F.E.S., F.S.A., F.G.S.,
AND
BARCLAY V. HEAD.
NEW SERIES.— VOL. IX.
Factum abiit — monuments manent. — Ov. fo»t.
LONDON : JOHN RUSSELL SMITH, 36, SOHO SCUJATIE.
PARIS: MM. ROLLIX ET FEUARDENT, RUE VIVIENNE, No. 12.
1869.
n.s. v.9
641187
LOMDON :
PRINTED BY VIRTUE AND CO., CITY ROAD.
CONTENTS.
ANCIENT NUMISMATICS.
Page On some Unpublished Coins of Lysimachus. By E. H. Buuburv,
Esq., M.A, F.G.S 1
On the Coins of Nicocreon, one of the Kings of Cyprus. By D.
Pierides, Esq 19
On a Coin of Glauconnesus. By General C. R. Fox ... 25
Coins of Alexander's Successors in the East. {Continued from
£. 283, vol. viii., N.S.) By Major-General A. Cunning- am 28, 121, 217, 293
Roman Coins found on Salisbury Plain. By C. Roach Smith, Esq. 47
On the Coins of Tomi, Callatia, &c., collected by W. H. Cullen, - M.D. By W. S. W. Vaux, M.A., F.R.S., F.S.A. . . 154
Roman Medallions and Coins recently acquired by the British
Museum. By S. F. Corkran, Esq 163
Roman Coins found in Surface Soil, Ironstone Pits, Dust on, near
Northampton. By S. Shaip, Esq., F.S.A., F.G.S. . . 167
Note on a Hoard of Ancient Briti&h Coins found at Santon- Downham, Suffolk. By John Evans, Esq., F.R.S., F.S.A., F.G.S. 319
MEDIEVAL AND MODERN NUMISMATICS.
Remarks on the Coins of the Anglo-Saxon and Danish Kings of
Northumberland, By J. Rasuleigh, Esq. .... 54
,
vi CONTENTS.
Page
On English and Foreign Waterloo Medals. By W. S. W. Vaux,
Esq., M.A., F.R.S., F.S.A 108
Miscellaneous Notes on the Old English Coinage. By the Rev.
D. 11. Haigh 171
Groats of Henry IV., V., and Vf. In answer to the Rev. Mr. Pownall's Paper 011 "The Mullet-Groat." By J. Fred. Istck, Esq 197
The Royal Bust on Early Groats. By the Rev. Assheton Powuall,
M.A., F.S.A 203
On a Hoard of Coins found on Tower Hill. By John Evans,
Esq., F.R.S., F.S.A., F.G.S 247
On the Distinctions between the Silver Coins of Henry IV., V., '
and VI. By VV. Hylton Dyer Longstaffe, Esq., F.S.A. . 257
The Stamford Mint. By S. Sharp, Esq., F.S.A , F.G.S. . . 327
NOTICES OF RECENT NUMISMATIC PUBLICATIONS.
Revue Numismatique Franfaise .... 118, 213, 281, 369 Revue Numismatique Beige .... 120, 213, 28J, 369
A List of Medals, Jetons, Tokens, &c., in connection with Printers
and the Art of Printing. By William Blades . . .214
Recherches sur les Empereurs qui ont regn£ dans les Gaules au
IIIme Siecle de 1'Ere Chretieune. Par J. de Witte, &c. . 214
llecherches sur la Monnaie Romaine, depuis son Origine jusqu'a
la Mort d'Auguste. Par le Baron d'Ailly .... 215
Berliner Blatter fur Miiuz- Siegel- und Wappenkuude . . 282, 370
A Guide to the Study and Arrangement of English Coins, &c.
By Henry William Heufrey . . ... . . 282
iEgvpte Ancienne. — Premiere Partie. Mommies des Rois. Par
M. Feuardent . 370
MISCELLANEA.
Interesting Discovery in Scotch Numismatics .... 215 Coins of St. Peter 215
CONTEXTS. Vll
Page
Fiud of Coins at Poole 283
Cleaning Silver Coins 286
Sales of Coins and Medals . 288
Find of Coins near Southampton 372
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NUMISMATIC SOCIETY.
SESSION 1868—1869.
OCTOBER 15, 1868. W. S. W. VAUX, ESQ., President, in the Chair.
Henry Fred. William Holt, Esq., was elected a member of the Society.
The following presents were announced and laid upon the table : —
1. Early Sassanian Coins, by Edward Thomas, Esq., from the Author.
2. Bulletins de la Societe des Antiquaires de 1'Ouest. Tri- mestres I. et II. de 1868. From the Society.
3. Memoires de la Societe des Antiquaires de Normandie. 3rd Series, vol. vi. From the Society.
4. Revue de la Numismatique Beige, 4th series. Tom. vi. 4rae livraison. From the Society.
5. Abhandlungen fiir die Kunde des Morgenlandes. Band v., No. 1. From the Deutsche Morgenlandische Gesellschaft.
6. Periodico di Numismatica e Sfragistica per la storia d'ltalia. Anno 1, Fasc. 1. From the Editor.
7. Memorial Numismatico Espafiol. A o ii., Cuad 2, 2° Trirnestre. From the Society.
8. Proceedings of the Kilkenny and South-East of Ireland Archasological Society, N.S., vol. v., January, 1867. From the Society.
2 PROCEEDINGS OF THE
The Rev. R. V. Whitby exhibited a gold coin of Faustina, found in the churchyard of Shenton, in Leicestershire.
The Rev. J. H. Pollexfen communicated a paper " On Two New Scottish Pennies of James VI. and Charles I.," with some remarks on the half-groats of those reigns. See Num. Chron., vol. viii. p. 237.
Dr. W. Flight communicated some notes " On the Chemical Composition of a Bactrian Coin of Euthydemos of the Second Century B.C.," wherein he showed that it was composed of an alloy of copper and nickel almost identical with that of which the Belgian five and ten centime pieces are now composed. See Num. Chron., vol. viii. p. 305.
Mr. Evans read a paper, by himself, " On some Rare and Unpublished Roman Gold Coins. Printed in Num. Chron., vol. viii. p. 223.
NOVEMBER 19, 1868. W. S. W. VAUX, ESQ., President, in the Chair.
Marmaduke C. F. Morris, Esq., Henry William Henfrey, Esq., Arthur Briggs, Esq., Rudolph Frentzel, Esq., and Humphrey Wood, Esq., were elected members of the Society.
The following presents were announced and laid upon the table : —
1. Aarboger for Nordisk Oldkyndighed og Historic, edited by the Society of Northern Antiquaries. Part IV., 1867. Sup- plement to ditto, year 1867. Ditto, ditto, Parts. I. and II., 1868. From the Society.
2. Belohnungs-Medaillen Peters des Grossen, by the Baron von Kohne. From the Author.
Mr. S. Sharp exhibited a Gold Coin of Addedomaros (Ev. xiv. 5) found at Houghton, near Northampton ; and a Gold Coin of Focas, showing the earliest form of the crozier.
Mr. Webster exhibited a unique quarter-noble of Henry IV.,
NUMISMATIC SOCIETY. 3
struck after his thirteenth year, with a coronet mint-mark on the reverse.
The Rev. Assheton Pownall exhibited a light groat of Henry IV., having the trefoil after the legend on the obverse instead of after POSVI.
The Rev. Assheton Pownall read a paper " On the Mullet- marked Groats." See Num. Chron., vol. viii. p. 339.
Mr. Barclay V. Head read a paper, by himself, " On Two Greek Imperial Coins of Ilion in the Troad." Printed in Num. Chron., vol. viii. p. 821.
DECEMBER 17, 1868. W. S. W. VAUX, ESQ., President, in the Chair.
The following presents were announced and laid upon the table :—
1. Liebe's Gotha Numaria. From John Williams, Esq.
2. Zeitschrift des Vereins zur Erforschung der Rheinischen Geschichte und Alterthiimer in Main/. Band iii., Heft 1, 1868. From the Society.
3. Over de oudere munten van Lycie, by J. P. Six. From the Author.
4. A second supplement to the Coinage of Scotland, with lists, descriptions, &c., by John Lindsay, Esq. From the Author.
Mr. Evans exhibited nobles of the first and second coinage of Henry IV., and a half-noble of his second coinage, unpub- lished, the two latter having a small trefoil close to the head of one of the lions on the reverse.
Mr. James Wingate exhibited a drawing of a new variety of the Lion of Mary Queen of Scots, with cinquefoils on either side of the national arms instead of the letters i and G, and the legend MARIA D. G. SCOTORVM. REGINA.
4 PROCEEDINGS OF THE
Mr. Wilson exhibited a barbarous tetradracb.ni of Euthyde- mus of Bactria.
Mr. Thomas Jones exhibited a large brass coin of Hadrian with the reverse DISCIPLINA AVG. and with COS IHI on the obverse ; it was probably an altered coin. Mr. Jones also exhibited various other coins, among which was a tetradrachm of Antiochus in. (?) of Syria.
Major Hay exhibited a number of Oriental gems which he had collected in the Panjab.
Mr. Yaux read a paper, by himself, from notes communicated to him by Captain Tupper, " On the "Waterloo Medals," which will be found in Num. Chron., vol. ix., p. 108.
JANUARY 21, 1869. \V. S. W. VAUX, Esq., President, in the Chair,
Laurence Trent Cave, Esq., and Major-General A. Cunning- ham were elected members of the Society.
The following presents were announced and laid upon the table : —
1. A bronze medal, struck in commemoration of the silver wedding of John Gough Nichols and Lucy Lewis. From J. G. Nichols, Esq.
2. Annuaire de la Societe Fran^aise de Numismatique et d'Archeologie. 2me Annee, 1867. From the Society.
8. Revue de la Numismatique Beige. 5me Serie, torn, i., lre liv. From the Society.
4. Bulletins de la Societe des Antiquaires de 1'Ouest. 8me trimestre de 1868.
5. The Journal of the Historical and Archaeological Associa- tion of Ireland. 3rd Series, vol. i., July, 1868. From the Society.
6. The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. New Series, vol. iii., Part II. From the Society.
NUMISMATIC SOCIETY. 0
7. Curiosites Numisrnatiques. Monnaies rares ou inedites. llme art. By Renier Chalon. From the Author.
8. Tresor de Tarse. By Adrien de Longperier. From the Author.
9. Deniers de Charlemagne, trouves pres de Sarzana. By Adrien de Longperier. From the Author.
10. Monnaies de Charles VI. et Charles VII., Rois de France, frappees a Genes. By Adrien de Longperier. From the Author.
11. Eurykleides und Mikion die Kephisier. By C. L. Grote- fend. From the Author.
12. Briiholt fundet, Mynter fra 10de og llde Aarhundrcde. By C. A. Holmboe. From the Author.
13. Om det aeldre Russiske VaBgtsystem. By C. A. Holmboe. From the Author.
14. Illustrations of the Coinage of Scotland. By J. Wingate. From the Author.
15. Batty's Catalogue of the Coinage of Great Britain, Ire- land, &c. Part II. Penny Tokens, &c. From the Author.
Mr. Sharp exhibited a groat of Edward V., struck at London, having on the obverse a boar's head, M.M., and on the reverse a fleur-de-lys, found at Towcester ; also a penny of Coenwulf, King of Mercia : reverse SIGEBERHT MOXETA ; found at Crow- land Abbey. See Num. Chron., vol. ix. p. 25.
Dr. Freudenthal exhibited specimens of the new Russian and Hungarian copper coinages.
Mr. Webster exhibited a second-brass coin of Philip Junior, with his head to the left : reverse PEINCIPI IWENTVTIS ; a figure standing to the left, holding a standard in his right and a spear in his left hand. He also exhibited a copper coin of King George of Trebizond (1266—1280), of whom Pfaffenhoffen says no coins are known.
M. Pierides, of Cyprus, communicated a paper printed in Num. Chron., vol. ix. p. 19, " On the Coins of the Kings of Cyprus."
fi PROCEEDINGS OF THE
General Fox communicated a paper " On a Coin of Glaucon- nesus." (Num. Chron., N.S., vol. ix. p. 25. )'
Mr. Rashleigh communicated a paper (see Num. Chron., vol. ix. p. 54) " On the History and the Coins of the Kingdom of Northumberland."
FEBRUARY 18, 1869. W. S. W. VAUX, Esq., President, in the Chair.
The following presents were announced and laid upon the table : —
1. Collectanea Antiqua, vol. vi., Parts III. and IV. By Charles Roach Smith, Esq. From the Author.
2. Remarks on Shakespeare. By C. R. Smith, Esq. From the Author.
3. Proceedings and Papers of the Kilkenny and South-east of Ireland Archaeological Society, N.S., vol. vi., April, 1667, No. 56. From the Society.
4. Recherches sur les insignes de la Questure et sur les Recipients Monetaires. By Henri de Longperier. From the Author.
5. Batty's Catalogue of the Copper Coinage of Great Britain, Ireland, and the British Isles, Part III., 1867.
The Rev. T. Cornthwaite exhibited a thaler struck by John of Ley den, at Munster, commonly called an " Anabaptist Thaler."
Mr. G. Sim exhibited a counterfeit sterling bearing the head and title of Edward II., struck by the Dukes of Lorraine and the Bishops of Toul.
Mr. S. Smith, jun., exhibited a sketch of a short-cross penny of Henry III., with the cross botonee m.m.
Mr. T. Jones exhibited a drachma of one of the Ptolemies, probably Philopator, bearing the date PE (105).
Mr. Evans exhibited a contorniate of the latter half of the
NUMISMATIC SOCIETY. 7
fourth century, having on the obverse a charioteer standing in front of a horse, with the legend PORFVRI, and the name of the horse BOTRICALES, and on the reverse a charioteer, in a quadriga, and a legend which may possibly be LYDI SPERO BONETFSA-E, probably meaning "Ludi spero bonuni et faustum eventum." The name BOTRICALES is repeated on the exergue of the reverse. The designs, both on the obverse and reverse, are engraved in intaglio instead of being, as is usual, cast or struck in relief.
General Cunningham communicated a paper " On the Greeks of Bactriana, Ariana, and India, and on the date of the Bactrian Independence."
MAKCH 18th, 1869. W. S. W. VAUX, Esq., President, in the chair.
John Middleton, Esq., was elected a member of the Society. The following presents were announced, and laid upon the table : —
1. Monnoyage. Nineteen Plates of the Machinery used in Mints. From John Davidson, Esq.
2. Haym's Tesoro Britannico, 1719. From John Wil- liams, Esq.
8. Bulletins de la Societe des Antiquaires de 1'Ouest. 4me trimestre de 1868. From the Society.
4. Jetons de Mariage. By Renier Chalon. From the Author.
5. One hundred and twenty copies of the Catalogue of the Northumberland Cabinet of Roman Coins. Compiled by Admiral Smyth. From His Grace the Duke of Northumber- land, for distribution among the members of the Society.
The Rev. T. Cornthwaite exhibited a dinar of Haroun Al Raschid.
Mr. Sharp exhibited some Roman coins and a bronze bust of an emperor, probably Lucius Verus, found in surface-soil,
8 PROCEEDINGS OF THE
Ironstone Pits, Duston, near Northampton, and communicated a paper on the find above-mentioned, which is printed in the Num. Chron., ix., p. 167.
Mr. J. F. Neck communicated a paper, entitled " The Mullet- Marked Groat," by the Rev. Assheton Pownall; and Mr. E. Bunbury one " On some Unpublished Coins of Lysimachus," both of which are printed in the Num. Chron., vol. ix.
Mr. Evans made some remarks concerning the dies used by the ancients, which he supposed to have been cast of bronze in nietal moulds and afterwards tooled, the metal mould having the effect of chilling the bronze, and rendering it almost as hard as steel.
APRIL, 15th, 1869. W. FREUDENTHAL, Esq., M.D., Treasurer, in the chair.
The Rev. William Allan, M.A. ; the Rev. G. Sidney Streat- field and Miss Mary Deedes were elected members of the Society.
The following presents were announced and laid upon the table.
1. Compte-Rendu de la Commission Imperiale Archeologique for the years 1863-4-5-6, with Atlas of Plates for each year. From the Commission.
2. Revue de la Numismatique Beige. 5me Serie, torn. i. 2me liv. From the Society.
8. Abhandlungen fur die Kunde des Morgenlandes heraus- gegeben von der Deutschen Morgenlandischen Gesellschaft. Band v., No. 2. From the Society.
4. Bulletins de 1'Academie Royale des Sciences, des Lettres, et des Beaux- Arts de Belgique. 37me Annee, 2me Serie, t. xxv. and xxvi., 1868.
5. Annuaire de 1'Academie Royale des Sciences, des Lettres, et des Beaux- Arts de Belgique, 1869. From the Academy.
NUMISMATIC SOCIETY. 9
6. Archaeologia Cantiana, vol. vii., 1868. From the Kent Archasological Society.
7. Curiosites Numismatiques, Monnaies rares ou inedites. 12me article. By Kenier Chalon. From the Author.
8. Constitution and Bye-Laws of the Rhode Island Numis- matic Association. From the Society.
Mr. Evans exhibited one of the small tokens in common us 3 in the German alehouses, and representing EIN SCHOPPEN BIER.
Mr. Evans read a paper, " On a Hoard of Silver Coins found at Tower Hill." See Num. Chron., vol. ix., p. 247.
W. H. D. Longstaffe, Esq., communicated a paper " On the Distinction between the Silver Coins of Henry IV., V., VI." See Num. Chron., vol. ix., p. 257.
The Rev. A. Pownall read a paper " On the Royal Bust on Early Groats," printed in the Num. Chrou., vol. ix. p. 203.
MAY 20th, 1869. W. S. W. VAUX, Esq., President, in the chair.
William Henry Whinfield, Esq., was elected a member of the Society.
The following presents were announced and laid upon the table : —
1. The History of India as told by its own Historians. Edited from the posthumous papers of the late Sir H. M. Elliot, K.C.B., by Professor J. Dowson. 2 vols. 1867—9.
2. Printers' Medals and Jetons. 1 vol., with Plates. From W. Blades, Esq.
3. Records of Roman History from Cnaeus Pompeius to Tiberius Constantinus, as exhibited on the Roman Coins, col- lected by Francis Hobler, Esq. 2 vols. From J. Williams, Esq.
4. Journal of the Historical and Archfeological Association of Ireland, vol. i., 3rd Series, October, 1868, No. 4. From the Society.
10 PROCEEDINGS OF THE
5. A bronze medal of Taylor Combe, formerly Keeper of the Coins and Antiquities in the British Museum. From Dr. Gray, F.R.S.
6. A bronze medal commemorating the inauguration of the Oastler Monument at Bradford. From Arthur Briggs, Esq.
The Rev. J. H. Pollexfen exhibited a copper coin of Carausius, found at Colchester, having on the reverse SALVS AVG. and a figure of .ZEsculapius.
Dr. Freudenthal exhibited specimens of the new nickel penny and halfpenny struck for Jamaica ; also three denominations of copper tokens, struck by the Ceylon Company (Limited), for the payment of workmen at the St. Sebastian Mills.
Mr. Smallfield exhibited a small M.S. book of the middle of the last century, containing pen-and-ink sketches of coins and tokens. Under the name of King John are sketches of short-cross pennies, having on the obverse HENBICVS REX, some of which have since been proved to have been struck in the reign of John.
Mr. S. F. Corkran exhibited casts of some remarkable silver medallions of Severus Alexander and Elagabalus, of a copper medallion of Severus Alexander and Julia Mamaea, and of a rare gold coin of Olybrius.
Mr. Evans read a letter from J. Wingate, Esq., on a pattern of a groat in copper of Queen Anne, struck at the Edinburgh Mint of the year 1711, a date which is two years later than that of any known coins of that mint.
Rev. C. W. King, M.A., communicated a paper " On the True Nature of the Contorniate Medals," which he considered to have been used as TTCCTCTOI, ifsrjffroi, or draughtsmen, and not to have been struck as historical medals.
Mr. S. F. Corkran communicated a paper " On some Remark- able Roman Medallions recently acquired by the British Museum." Printed in Num. Chron., vol. ix. p. 263.
NUMISMATIC SOCIETY. 11
JUNE 17, 1869.
ANNIVERSARY MEETING, W. S. W. VAUX, Esq., President, in the Chair.
The minutes of the last Anniversary Meeting were read and confirmed. The Report of the Council was then read to the Meeting : —
GENTLEMEN, — In accordance with the usual custom of this Society, the Council have the honour to lay before you their Annual Report as to the state of the Numismatic Society at this, another Anniversary Meeting.
The Council regret to have to announce their loss by death of William Henry Barton, Esq., of the Royal Mint ; of Richard Whitbourn, Esq., F.S.A., and of J. H. Hartwright, Esq. ; of our honorary members, M. Jacques Boucher de Crevecoeur de Perthes, Officer of the Legion of Honour, and President of the Imperial Society of Emulation of Abbeville ; and of Dr. A. Namur, of Luxembourg.
The Council also have to announce the resignation of —
Stanley C. Bagg, Esq. William Boyne, Esq., F.S.A. James Cameron, Esq. Hyde Clarke, Esq., LL.D. George Baynton Davy, Esq. W. Binley Dickinson, Esq. W. Forster, Esq. Harold Tinson, Esq. Hon. J. Leicester Warren, M.A.
On the other hand the Council have much pleasure in record- ing the election of the thirteen following members : —
Rev. William Allan, M.A.
12 PROCEEDINGS OF THE
Arthur Briggs, Esq. Laurence Trent Cave, Esq. Major-General A. Cunningham. Miss Mary Deedes. Eudolph Frentzel, Esq. Henry William Henfrey, Esq. Henry Frederic William Holt, Esq. John Middleton, Esq. Marmaduke C. F. Morris, Esq. Rev. George Sidney Streatfield. William Henry Whinfield, Esq. Humphrey Wood, Esq.
According to our Secretary's Report, our numbers are there- fore as follows : —
Original. Elected. Honorary. Total.
Members, June, 1868 . . 6 123 41 170
Since elected . . — 18 — 13
|
Deceased . |
6 |
136 3 |
41 2 |
183 5 |
|
Resigned . . |
. . . 1 |
8 |
9 |
|
|
Erased .... |
||||
Members, June, 1869 . 6 125 89 169
The Council regret that they have not been able to procure any satisfactory biographical notices of some of our deceased friends, though two at least of them, M. Boucher de Perthes and Dr. A. Namur, enjoyed during their lifetime no inconsider- able reputation on the Continent.
M. Jacques Boucher de Crevecoeur de Perthes died on the 2nd of August, 1868, at the age of 79 years. He was no doubt better known as a geologist than as an antiquary or a numis-
NUMISMATIC SOCIKTY. 13
matist. He was among the first to recognise the importance of the " Flint Implements " found in the Drift, and his loss will be felt by all who take an interest in the great question of the antiquity of the human race, to the elucidation of which he contributed so much. He was an officer of the Legion of Honour, President of the Imperial Society of Emulation of Abbeville, and a member of numerous learned societies, among which may be mentioned our own, of which he was an honorary member.
Dr. A. Namur, who died on the 81st of March, 1869, was a Professor of the Royal Grand- ducal Athenaeum of Luxembourg, Secretary and Keeper of the Historical Section of the Luxem- bourg Institute, one of the most active and energetic members of the Belgian Numismatic Society, and an honorary member of the Numismatic Society of London.
The late Richard Whitbourn, Esq., F.S.A., had for many years been a member of this Society. Though actively engaged in business as holding an important post in a bank at Godal- ming, he devoted much time to numismatic and antiquarian pursuits, and was a constant attendant at our meetings, at which he was always ready to exhibit the various rarities which he from time to time added to his collection, and many of which have been described in the pages of the Numismatic Chronicle. His cabinet comprised the early British, Anglo- Saxon, and English series, and included many specimens of great rarity and interest. His sudden and untimely death took place on the 17th of July, 1868, at the age of 57 years.
The Council, in drawing this report to a conclusion, while themselves feeling the satisfaction which each individual member must feel, in the fact that the numbers on this anniversary are no less than those at our last anniversary, beg at the same time to impress most strongly on every
14 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NUMISMATIC SOCIETY.
member of the Society the necessity of using the utmost personal efforts to obtain a much larger number of new members than we have of late years been able to elect.
Without being in any way disheartened, they cannot but think that the loss by resignation of so many as nine members is a serious matter to a body numbering so few as we unfortunately do ; and, further, that among those we have thus lost there are two or three, at least, whom we might reasonably have hoped would have stood by the Society to the last. It is the hope of the Council — and their well-assured belief — that every member will do his utmost to keep up to the full the existing numbers of the Society — at least, never to allow it to fall below that number which it has at present — nay more, they trust with much confidence in those they see around them that they will do everything in their power with this end in view, remembering always that the practical utility of the Society, as noticed in the Council's Report of the last year, consists mainly in its being able to keep up its valuable journal, and in preserving the regular and punctual issue of its four parts.
The Report of the Treasurer is as follows : —
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16 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NUMISMATIC SOCIETY.
The Meeting then proceeded to ballot for the officers of the ensuing year, when the following gentlemen were elected : —
President. W. S. W. VAUX, ESQ., M.A., F.R.S., F.S.A., F.R.A.S.
Vice - Presiden ts . J. B. BERGNE, ESQ., F.S.A.
RT. HON. THE EARL OF ENNISKILLEN, Hon. D.C.L., F.R.S., F.G.S.
Treasurer. "W. FREUDKNTHAL, ESQ., M.D.
Secretaries.
JOHN EVANS, ESQ., F.R.S., F.S.A , F.G.S. BARCLAY VINCENT HEAD, ESQ.
Foreign Secretary. JOHN YONGE AKERMAN, ESQ., F.S.A.
Librarian. SUTION FRASER CORKRAN, ESQ.
Members of the Council.
THOMAS JAMES ARNOLD, ESQ., F.S.A. S. BIKCH, ESQ., LL.D., F.S.A. RET. TULLIE CORNTHWAITE, 3J.A. MAJOR-GENERAL A. CTJXXINGHAM. THOMAS JONES, ESQ., M.R.S.L. FREDERIC W. MADDEN, ESQ. REV. J. H. POLLKXFEN, M.A. S. SHARP, ESQ., F.S.A., F.G.S. J. S. SMALLFIELD, ESQ. JOHN WILLIAMS, ESQ., F.S.A.
The Society then adjourned until October 21st, 1869.
LIST OF MEMBERS
OP THE
NUMISMATIC SOCIETY
OF LONDON, DECEMBER, 1869.
LIST OF MEMBERS
OF THE
NUMISMATIC SOCIETY
OF LONDON, DECEMBER, 18C9.
An Asterisk prefixed to a name indicates that the Member has compounded for his annual contribution. (O.M.) = Original Member.
ABBOTT, CAPTAIN CHARLES COMPTON, Maryborough, Ireland. ALLAN, REV. WILLIAM, M.A., St. Asaph Yilla, Leamington. ALLEN WILLIAM, ESQ., North Villa, Winchmore Hill, Southgate. ANDERSON, COLONEL WILLIAM, C.B., 19, Gloucester Square. ARNOLD, THOMAS JAMES, ESQ., F.S.A., 1, Greville Place, N.W.
*BABINGTON, REV. PROF. CHURCHILL, B.D., M.R.S.L., Cockfield
Rectory, Sudbury, Suffolk. BAYLEY, E. CLIVE, ESQ., H.E.I.C.S., India, (o. M.) BERGNE, JOHN B., ESQ., F.S.A., Foreign Office, Downing Street,
Fice-President.
BIRCH, SAMUEL, ESQ., LL.D., F.S.A., British Museum. BLADES, WILLIAM, ESQ., 11, Abchurch Lane.
BRENT, CECIL, ESQ., 1, Denmark Villas, Widmore Road, Bromley. *BHIGGS, ARTHUR, ESQ., Cragg Royd, Rawden, Leeds. BUNBUKY, EDWARD H., ESQ., M.A., F.G.S., 35, St. James's Street. BURNS, EDWARD, ESQ, 13, Bank Street, Edinburgh. BUSH, COLONEL TOBIX, 14, St. James's Square.
CANE, HENRY, ESQ., Capland Spa, Hatch Beauchamp, Taunton. CAVE, LAURENCE TRENT, ESQ., 75, Chester Square. CHAMBERS, MONTAGUE, ESQ., Q.C., Child's Place, Temple Bar. COOMBS, ARTHUR, ESQ., M.A., High West Street, Dorchester. COOTE, HENRY CHARLES, ESQ., Doctors' Commons. CORKRAN, SUTTON FfiASKR, ESQ., British Museum, Librarian. *COKNTHWAITE, REV. TuLLiE, M.A., Forest, Walthamsio\v. CRUMP, ARTHUR, ESQ., Stockholm Bank, Stockholm. CUNNINGHAM, MAJOR-GENERAL A., 1, Clarendon Road, Kensington.
4 LIST OF MEMBERS.
DAVIDSON, JOHN, ESQ., 11, St. George's Place, Hyde Park Corner. DAVIES, WILLIAM RUSHER, ESQ., Market Place, Wallingford. *DEEDES, Miss MARY, Branifield Rectory, Hertford. DOUGLAS, CAPTAIN R. J. H., Junior United Service Club. DRYDKN, SIR HENRY, BART., Canon's Ashby, Daventry.
EADES, GEORGE, ESQ., Evesham, Worcestershire.
ENNISKILLEN, RIGHT HON. THE EAKL OP, HON. D.C.L., F.R.S., F.G.S.,
M.R.I.A., Florence Court, Enniskillen, Ireland, Vice-President. EVANS, JOHN, ESQ., F.R.S., F.S.A., Nash Mills, Hemel Hempstead.
and 65, Old Bailey, Secretary. EVANS, SEBASTIAN, ESQ., LL.D., 115, Highgate, Birmingham.
FARROW, MORLEY, Esq., M.R.S.L., 23, Clifton Gardens, Maida Hill,
and Bridgewick Hall, Chapel, near Halstead, Essex. FEUARDENT, GASXON, ESQ., 27, Haymarket. Fox, GENERAL, Addison Road, Kensington.
FRANKS, AUGUSTUS WOLLASTON, ESQ., M.A., F.S.A., British Museum. FKENTZEL, RUDOLPH, ESQ., 28, New Broad Street. FREUDENTHAL, W., ESQ., M.D., 71, Kennington Park Road, Treasurer.
GOLDING, CHARLES, ESQ., 16, Blomfield Terrace. GREENWELL, REV. WILLIAM, M.A., F.S.A., Durham. *GUEST, EDWIN, ESQ., LL.D., D.C.L., Master of Caius College, Cam- bridge.
GUNSTON, T. D. E., ESQ., 80, Upper Street, Islington. GUTHRIE, COL. CHARLES SETON, 107, Great Russell Street.
HARDY, WILLIAM, ESQ., F.S.A., Record Office, Fetter Lane. HARFORD, REV. F. K., M.A., F.S.A., Dean's Yard, Westminster. HAY, MAJOR, H.E.I.C.S., Stanford House, Upper Norwood. HEAD, BARCLAY VINCENT, ESQ., British Museum, Secretary. HENFREY, HENRY WILLIAM, ESQ., Markham House, College Road
Brighton.
HEPPEL, W. G., ESQ., 76, Cambridge Street, Pimlico. HEWARD, PETER, ESQ., Baidon Lodge, Markfield, Leicester. HOLT, HENRY FREDERIC, ESQ., 6, King's Road, Clapham Park. HOLT, HENRY FRED. WILLIAM, ESQ., H.B.M. Vice-Consul, Tamsay,
Formosa. HUNT, JOHN, Esq., 40, Upper Hyde Park Gardens.
LIST OF MEM 13 KltS. O
HUM, J. MORTIMER, ESQ., 150, New Bond Street.
J ENNINGS, ROBERT, ESQ., 23, East Park Terrace, Southampton. JOHNSTON, W. H., Esq., 40, Nottingham Place, Regent's Park. JONES, JAMES COVE, ESQ., F.S.A., Loxley, Wellesbourne, Warwick. JONES, W. STAVENHAGEN, ESQ., 2, Yerulam Buildings, Gray's Inn. JONES, THOMAS, ESQ., Llauerchrugog Hall, Wales, and 2, Plowden's
Buildings, Temple. * JUDD, CHARLES, ESQ., Stoneleigh Villas, Chestnut Road, Tottenham.
*LAMBERT, GEORGE, ESQ., 10, Coventry Street. LEATHER, C. J., ESQ., North Grounds Villa, Portsea, Portsmouth. LINCOLN, FREDERICK W., ESQ., 462, New Oxford Street. LOEWE, DR. L., M.R.A.S., 1 and 2, Oscar Villas, Broadstairs, Kent. LOSGSTAFFE, W. HYLTON DYER, ESQ., F.S.A., 4, Catherine Terrace,
Gateshead. LUCAS, JOHN CLAY, ESQ., F.S.A., Lewes, Sussex.
MACLACHLAN, R. W., 20, Victoria Street, Montreal.
MADDEN, FREDERIC WILLIAM, ESQ., Bentley, Hants.
MARSDEN, REV. J. H., B.D., Great Oakley Rectory, Harwich, Essex.
MAYER, Jos., ESQ., F.S.A., 68, Lord Street, Liverpool.
MIDDLETON, SIR GEORGE N. BROKE, BART., C.B., Shrubland Park,
and Broke Hall, Suffolk.
MIDDLETON, JOHN, ESQ., Westholme, Cheltenham. MILLS, A. DICKSON, ESQ., Brook House, Godalming. MOORE, GENERAL, Junior U.S. Club. MORRIS, REV. MARMADUKE C. F., St. Michael's College, Tenbury
Worcestershire.
MOTT, HENRY, ESQ., 594, St. Catherine Street, Montreal. [Box 943] MURCHISON, CAPTAIN, R.M., Junior United Service Club, (o. M.) MUSGRAVE, SIR GEORGE, BART., F.S.A., Edenhall, Penrith.
NECK, J. F., ESQ., Hereford Chambers, 12, Hereford Street, Park Laue. (o. M.) NICHOLS, J. GOUGH, ESQ., F.S.A., 25, Parliament Street. NORRIS, EDWIN, ESQ., F.S.A., 6, St. Michael's Grove, Brompton. *NUNN, JOHN JOSEPH, ESQ., Downham Market.
OLDFIELD, EDMUND, ESQ., M.A., F.S.A., 61, Pall Mall.
PEARSON, WILLIAM CHARLES, ESQ., 7, Prince's Street, and 33A, Fore Street, E.G.
6 IIST OF MEMBERS.
*PERRY, MARTEN, ESQ., Ml)., £c., &c., Evesbam, Worcestershire.
(o. M.) PITSTER, JOHN GEORGE, ESQ., British Museum.
PHILLIPS, Moss EDMUND COULDERY, Esq., Mount Granville House
Lewisham.
POLLEXFEN, REV. J. EL, M.A., St. Mary's Terrace, Colchester. POOLE, REGINALD STUART, ESQ., British Museum. POWNALL, REV. ASSHETON, M.A., F.S.A., South Kil worth, Rugby. PRICE, W. LAKE, ESQ., 2, Cambridge Terrace, Iljde Park. PULLAN, RICHARD, ESQ., M.R.I.B.A., 15, Clifford's Inn.
RASHLEIGH, JONATHAN, ESQ., 3, Cumberland Terrace, Regent's Park. RAWLINSON, MAJOR-GENERAL SIR HENRY C., K.C.B., HON. D.C.L.
F.R.S., 1, Hill Street, Berkeley Square. READ, GEORGE SYDNEY, ESQ., Queen's College, Cork. *READE, REV. J. B., F.R.S., Bishopsbourne Rectory, Canterbury. ROBINSON, T. W. U., ESQ., Houghton-le-Spring, Durham. ROLFE, H. W., ESQ., 3, Puuderson Place, Bethnal Green Road. ROSTRON, SIMPSON, ESQ., 11, King's Bench Walk, Temple. ROUGHTON, J. W., ESQ., 9, Bedford Place, Russell Square.
SALIS, J. P. W. DE, ESQ., Hillingdon Place, Uxbridge.
SHARP, SAMUEL, ESQ., F.S.A., F.G.S., Dallington Hall, Northampton.
SIM, GEORGE, ESQ., F.S.A.E., 9, Lauriston Lane, Edinburgh.
SMALLFIELD, J. S., ESQ., 10, Little Queen Street.
SMITH, SAMUEL, ESQ., Wrisbeach, Cambridgeshire.
SMITH, SAMUEL, ESQ., JUN., 14, Croxteth Road, Prince's Park,
Liverpool. SOTHEBY, MRS. LEIGH, care of Edw. Hodge, Esq., 13, Wellington
Street, Strand.
SPENCE, ROBERT, ESQ., 4, Rosella Place, North Shields. SPICER, FREDERICK, ESQ., Godalming, Surrey. *STREATFIELD, REV. GEORGE SIDNEY, Botley, Southampton. STRICKLAND, MRS. WALTER, 217, Strada San Paolo, Valetla, Malta. STUBBS, CAPTAIN, R.H.A., Dromiskin, Castle Bellingham,Louth, Ireland. SWITHENBANK, GEORGE EDWIN, ESQ., Newcastle-on-Tyne.
TAYLOR, CHARLES R., ESQ., 2, Montague Street, Russell Square. *THOMAS, EDWARD, ESQ., H.E.I. C.S., 47, Victoria Road, Kensington. TURNER, CAPTAIN FREDERIC K. C. POLHILL, Howbury Hall, Bedfordshire.
X, W. SANDYS WRIGHT, ESQ., M.A., F.R.S., F.S.A., M.R.A.S., British Museum, President.
LIST OF MEMBERS. 7
VKITCII, GEOUGE SKTON, ESQ., 13, Castle Terrace, Edinburgh. VIRTUE, JAMES SPREXT, Esq., 294, City Road.
WADDINGTON, W. H., ESQ., 14, Rue Fortin, Faubourg St. Honon', Paris.
WEATHEKLEY, REV. C., North Bradley, Wilts.
WEBSTER, W., ESQ., 6, Henrietta Street, Covent Garden.
WHINFIELD, WILLIAM UENRT, ESQ., Royal Mint.
*WHITE, JAMES, ESQ., M.P., 14, Chichester Terrace, Brighton.
WIGAN, EDWARD, ESQ., 17, Highbury Terrace.
WILKINSON, JOHN, ESQ., F.S.A., 3, Wellington Street, Strand.
WILLIAMS, CHARLES, ESQ., Greenfield, Kingswinford.
(o. M.) WILLIAMS, JOHN, ESQ., F.S.A., Royal Astronomical Society Somerset House.
* WILSON, FREDERIC, ESQ., Marlborough Street, Faringdon, Berks.
WINGATE, JAMES, ESQ, 4, Royal Exchange Buildings, Glasgow.
*WINGROVE, DRTJMMOND BOND, ESQ, 30, Wood Street, Cheapside.
WINSER, THOMAS B., ESQ, Royal Exchange Assurance, Royal Ex- change.
WOOD, HUMPHREY, ESQ., Chatham.
*WooD, SAMUEL, ESQ., F.S.A., The Abbey, Shrewsbury.
WORMS, GEORGE, ESQ., 27, Park Crescent, Regent's Park.
WYON, ALFRED BENJAMIN, ESQ., 2, Langham Chambers, Pot-Hand Place.
Wrox, J. SHEPHERD, ESQ., 2, Langham Chambers.
HONORARY MEMBERS.
ADRIAN, DR. J. D., Giessen.
AKERMAN, J. YONGE, ESQ., F.S.A., Abingdon, Berkshire.
BARTH^LEMY, M. A. DE, 39, Rue d'Amsterdam, Paris. BERGMANN, DR. JOSEPH RITTER VON, Director of the K.K. Miinz-nml- Antiken Cabinet, Vienna.
CASTEI/LANOS, SENOR DON BASILIO SEBASTIAN, 80, Rue S. Benin nio
Madrid.
CHALON, M. RENIER, 24, Rue de la Senne, Brussels. CLERCQ, M. J. LE, Brussels. COCHET, M. L'ABBE", 128, Rue d'Ecosse, Dieppe. COHEN, M. HENRI, 46, Rue de la Tour d'Auvergne, Paris. COLSON, DR. ALEXANDRE, Noyon (Oise), France.
8 LIST OF .MK.MBKKS.
DELGADO, DON ANTONIO.
DORN, DK. BERNHARD, Actuel Conseiller d'fctat, St. Petersburg.
GONZALES, CAV. CARLO, Palazzo Ricasoli, Via delle Terme, Florence.
GROTE, DR. H., Hanover.
GROTEFEND, DR. C. L., Hanover.
Guioxn, M. LEON, Li6ge.
HART, A. WELLINGTON, ESQ., 16, Ex Place, New York. HILDBBRAND, M. EniL BfiOR, Direct, du Musee d'Antiquiles et Ju
Cab. des Medailles, Stockholm. HOLMBOE, PrtOF., Direct, du Cab. des Medailles, Christiania.
KIEHNE, M. LE BARON DE, Actuel Conseiller d'etat et Conseiller du Musee de I'Ermitage Imperiale, St. Petersburg.
LAPLANE, M. EDOUARD, St. Omer.
LEEIIA.NS, Du. CONRAD, Direct, du Musee d'Antiquites, Leydeu. LEITZMAXX, HERR PASTOR J., Weissensee, Tliiiringeu, Saxony. Lis Y RIVES, SE^OR DON V. BERTRAN DE, Madrid. LOXGP^RIER, M. ADRIEN DE, Musee du Louvre, Paris.
MEYER, DR. HEINRICH, im Berg, Zurich.
MINERVINI, CAV. GIULIO, Rome.
MULLER, DR. L., Insp. du Cab. des Medailles, Copenhagen.
OSTEN, THE BARON PROKESCH r>', Constantinople. RICCIO, M. GENNARO, Naples.
SABATIER, M. J., 6, Rue Couchois, Montmartre, Paris.
SAULCT, M. F. DE, 5, Rue du Cirque, Paris.
SATJSSAYE, M. DE LA, 34, Rue de 1'Universite, Paris.
Six, M. J. P., Amsterdam.
SMITH, DK. AQUILLA, M.R.I.A., 121, Baggot Street, Dublin.
SMITH, C. Il-xvcii, ESQ., F.S.a., Temple Place, Strood, Kent.
VALLERSANI, IL PROF., Florence. VBRACIITER, M. FREDERICK, Antwerp.
WITTE, M. LE BARON DE, 5, Rue Fortin, Faubourg St. Honore. Pari.«.
NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
i.
ON SOME UNPUBLISHED COINS OF LYSIMACHUS.
[Read before the Numismatic Society, March 18th, 1869.]
IN a recent paper I ventured to lay before the Society some unpublished tetradrachms of Alexander the Great, in my collection, which appeared to me worthy of notice. I now propose, in like manner, to direct attention to some coins of Lysimachus, which are also, I believe, unpub- lished ; at least they are not found in the valuable work of M. Miiller on. the coinage 'of that monarch,1 iu which he has collected, with most praiseworthy diligence, all the varieties that he was able to meet with. One of the coins in question is interesting, as indicating (if my interpreta- tion be correct) a new city in addition to those at which Lysimachus was previously known to have struck coins. They are all, with the exception of the last, silver tetra- drachms.
1. Obi'. — Head of Alexander, with the ram's horn, as the son of Arnmon, to the right.
Rev. — Pallas seated, as usual, holding a Victory, with a shield behind the throne, but no spear. The
1 Miinzen des Lysimachus, 4to., Copenhagen, 1858.
VOL. IX. N.S. B
2 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
legend, as usual, in two lines AYSIMAXOY.2 In the exergue, an owl standing, and the monogram IAB-
This coin, which I procured at Constantinople in 1863 from an intelligent Armenian dealer, is in excellent pre- servation, and from its very broad and spread character, as well as from the style of the fabric (especially that of the obverse), may be at once assigned to a Thracian origin. The style of execution of the head, indeed — though in some degree peculiar — more resembles that of the earliest coins struck at Byzantium than any others in my possession.
It can scarcely be doubted that in this instance the owl, which figures in the exergue, was intended as a symbol to indicate the place of mintage. But, unfortu- nately, the owl, as M. Miiller justly remarks, is a type of such frequent occurrence on autonomous Greek coins, as to afford in itself but little clue to its determination. It is found also as an accessory symbol on coins of Alexander the Great, which, however, M. Miiller has hesitated to assign to any particular city. (See his " Numismatique d'Alexandre," p. 200, Nos. 651—653.) On those of Lysimachus only two instances of its occurrence are cited by M. Miiller — the one on a gold stater, on which, as usual on the gold coins, it occurs alone ; in the other case it is found in the exergue of a tetradrachm, combiner with the monogram K. Among the cities conjecturally suggested by M. Miiller,3 those of Imbros and Sigeum are perhaps the most plausible, and I was at one time disposed to attribute the coin in my possession to the island of
2 This being the same on all the coins described, it has not been thought necessary to repeat it.
3 Num. a" Alexandre, p. 200. Miinzen des Lysimachus, p. 88.
0\ SOME UNPUBLISHED COINS OF LYSIMACHUS. 3
Imbros. But the monogram affords no support to this conjecture.
On the other hand, there exist equally coins with an owl on the reverse, struck at Bisanthe, a city of Thrace, situated on the shores of the Propontis, between Perinthus and the Hellespont;4 and it will be found that the mono- gram on my coin resolves itself without difficulty into the letters BlSAN, the 2 being inverted, as is not unfrequently found in monograms. To this place, therefore, I should be disposed to assign the coin in question ; and, conjec- turally at least, the other coins of Lysimachus and Alexander with the owl as an accessory symbol. Bisanthe was by no means an unimportant town : it is mentioned both by Herodotus (vii. 137), and Xenophon (Anabasis, vii. 2, § 38), and the latter author speaks of it as occupy- ing a highly advantageous maritime position. In his time it belonged to the Thracian king, Seuthes, but there is no doubt that it had passed under the rule of the Macedonian kings at a time when these possessed Perin- thus and Selymbria, and, indeed, the whole of both shores of the Propontis. The autonomous coins of Bisanthe are rare, but the same may be said of several other cities which are supposed, with apparently good reason, to have struck coins with the names and types of Alexander or Lysimachus.
In describing the coin in question, I have noticed the omission of the spear, usually seen on all the tetradrachms of Lysimachus, leaning against the shoulder of the seated Pallas. Though I look upon this omission as purely accidental, the spear being often so slightly marked that
* A coin of Bisanthe with this type was first figured by Eckhel (Nwnmi Vcteres Anecdoti, tab. iv. fig. 18). See also Mionnet, Suppl. torn. ii. p. 232.
4 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
it may be readily overlooked, it is the only instance that I have met with where it is altogether wanting. Another peculiarity is that the ornamentation of the shield is quite different from that usually found. Instead of a plain shield, having the boss ornamented with a lion's head or that of a Gorgon — the general mode of decoration — in this case the centre or boss is plain, and the rest of the shield ridged or furrowed with lines radiating from it. These trifling peculiarities are ^only worthy of notice as appearing to confirm the supposition that the coin in question was minted at a different city from any of those previously published.
2. Obv. — Same head, very sharply and distinctly executed, but of slightly barbarous character.
Rev. — Pallas seated, with spear and shield, as usual ; beneath her outstretched right hand the mono- gram RJ (PAN or NAP ?) ; in the field, beyond the legend, a thyrsus ; in the exergue the letter E.
The thyrsus is found as an accessory symbol on several coins of Lysimachus, published by M. Miiller (Nos. 360 — 364), but with different monograms from those on the present coin. He hesitates to assign these to any particular city, though observing that they probably belong to Macedonia, or to the adjoining coast of Thrace. Nor have I any more plausible suggestion to offer. The fabric of my coin is peculiar, the execution being remark- ably sharp and clear, though slightly hard, but with something in the design that betrays at once the unskilful imitator, instead of the accomplished Greek artist. This defect is, as usual, most apparent on the head side, the features of the portrait being decidedly slightly barbarous, while the sitting figure of Pallas might pass without
ON SOME UNPUBLISHED COINS OF LYSIMACHUS. 5
remark among the ordinary tetradrachms of Lysimaclius. It is remarkable that the peculiarities of fabric are pre- cisely the opposite of those which characterize the slightly barbarous coins of Byzantium and the neighbouring parts of Thrace. 3. Obv. — Same head, of bold fine work.
Rev. — Pallas seated, as usual ; in the field, beneath her arm, a caduceus ; behind her, a cornucopia?.
This coin is interesting as combining two symbols, which are assigned by M. Miiller to two different cities. The caduceus he regards as the symbol of ./Enos in Thrace — a highly plausible attribution, as the caduceus is represented precisely of the same form and character as is found on the coins of ^Enos. The cornucopise, on the other hand, he assigns to Ccela in the Thraciaii Chersonese — a suggestion which appears to me open to the gravest doubts, as there are no autonomous coins of Ccela at all, and it is only on the Imperial coins of the town, when it had become a Roman Municipium, that the cornucopise is found; while, on the contrary, the cornucopise appears on autonomous coins of Sestos, and is a frequent type on those of Byzantium. But the difficulty of deter- mining the city to which the coin in question belongs is considerably increased when we consider it in connection with two other tetradrachms of Lysimachus, of very similar style and fabric. The one of those (No. 112 of M. Miiller's catalogue, and assigned by him also to ^Enos) has a caduceus in the field, identical both in form and position with that on the coin now under considera- tion, but behind the figure, a bee, the well-known symbol of Ephesus.5 The other (No. 445« of Miiller) has in the
5 There is, indeed, a considerable number of coins of
6 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
field, in the place of the cadueeus, a torch similar to that of Amphipolis, with a bee, in like manner, behind the figure. In all other respects both the style and execution of the reverses of these two coins (I speak now of the specimens in my own cabinet) are as precisely similar — even in minute details of the form and disposition of the letters of the legend — as it is possible for coins to be, which are not from the same die. But when we come to look at the obverses, we find that the heads are actually from the same die. It appears to me, therefore, as certain as any conclusion can be, in a subject where we are necessarily left to mere inference, that the two coins in question, as well as the one I am here describing — which presents almost precisely the same style of work, as well as the same peculiarities of lettering — belong to the same part of the country, and can only be referred to neighbouring cities. Yet M. Miiller has transferred that with the torch and the bee to Caria in Asia Minor, and assigned it to Chrysaoris, the city much better known in after times as Stratonicea.
Alexander the Great, with the bee as a symbol, the fabric of which will not allow us to refer them to Ephesus, and these are assigned by M. Miiller, with great appearance of reason, to Melitsea in Thessaly, the autonomous coins of which bear a bee as their type, obviously in reference to the name (See Prokesch- Osten Inedita, pi. i. fig. 30 — 34). But it is. doubtful whether this can be applied to coins of Lysimachus, as no coins of that monarch are found bearing signs of their being struck in Thessaly. It is indeed doubtful whether Melitaea was ever included within the dominions of Lysimachus.
At the same time I must remark that neither of the coins in question has the smallest resemblance in point of fabric to those of Asia Minor. Least of all have they anything in common with the undoubted coins of Ephesus, the gold staters and drachms with the bee associated with the letters E4>. Unfortunately there are no tetradrachms thus distinctly characterized with which to compare them.
ON SOME UNPUBLISHED COINS OF LYSIMACHUS. 7
The three coins which I have thus brought into con- nexion with one another appear to me to afford a striking illustration of the uncertainty that must always attend the classification of these regal tetradrachms, wherever they present more than one symbol as an accessory. In the particular case before us the difficulty may indeed be readily solved by supposing that the symbols behind the figure, and beyond the legend (which occur only on few of the coins of Lysimachus), are not to be regarded as city symbols at all ;6 we might then give the two coins with the caduceus simply to ,ZEnos, and assign that with the torch to Amphipolis, of which it is the well-known symbol.
But, after all, this is to cut the knot, rather than to untie it. Were it not for the fact that the caduceus is found on two of the coins in question, associated at one time with the cornucopias, at another with the bee, it would have appeared most natural to regard the bee as the principal symbol, and the caduceus and torch as the additional or subordinate ones. This would explain also most readily the fact that the obverses of the two coins which have the bee in common are from the same die, — a circumstance very difficult to account for, if we suppose the one to have been struck at Amphipolis and the other at ^Enos. But this difficulty is enormously increased if we follow the classification proposed by M. Miiller, and transfer the one coin to a remote region of Asia Minor, with which it is impossible to suppose that jEnos had
6 I am aware that this suggestion is at variance with the principle laid down by M. Miiller, who considers these accessory emblems, or symbols, on the regal coins to be, in all cases, symbols of cities. But it appears to me that the question is one which will require a great deal of further discussion before we can regard this conclusion as established.
S NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
any connection either administrative or artistic. It is not indeed evident why M. M tiller should have refused to assign the coin in question (No. 445a) to Araphipolis, to which the racing-torch, or " torch with a saucer/' as it is called by Colonel Leake, would, primd facie, appear to belong. It is well known that such a torch is one of the commonest accessories on the tetradrachms of Alexander the Great, no less than nine varieties with this symbol being enumerated by M. Muller ; but there is an obvious reason why it should be comparatively rare on those of Lysimachus, as it was not till B.C. 286 (only five years before his death) that Amphipolis was included within his dominions.7 Still this is no reason why we should not accept it where it does appear, and it certainly seems most natural to give it the same signification on the coins of Lysimachus as on those of Alexander.
M. Miilier has apparently been led to wander away to Caria by the circumstance that a racing-torch is found in the field of certain tetradrachms of Lysimachus, which have a Maander in the exergue — an addition that may fairly be taken as indicating that they were struck in some city in the neighbourhood of that river. But there is one important difference which M. Muller has omitted to notice ; the torch, in all these cases, as appears from his own tables, is bound with strings or fillets, which give it quite a different appearance from the ordinary and well-known torch of Amphipolis. The same form of torch is found, indeed, on some other tetradrachms on
7 The torch of Amphipolis is found as an accessory symbol on the coins both of Cassander, and of his son, Alexander, whose reigns in Macedonia were contemporaneous with that of Lysimachus in Thrace. See Leake's Numismata Hellenica.
ON SOME UNPUBLISHED COINS OF LYSIMACHUS. 9
which the Mseander is wanting (see Nos. 443, 443« of M. Miiller's list), and there is no reason why these should not be assigned to the same city, especially as the style of work is very similar, while this is wholly different in the coin having the simple torch. I should therefore be disposed to leave those coins with the filleted torch (Nos. 443, 443«, and 444) provisionally, at least, in the place to which M. Miiller has assigned them,8 while I should have little hesitation in referring those with the ordinary or simple racing-torch (440 — 442, 445, 445«) to the well-known city of Amphipolis, where we know that this symbol had continued to be used as an adjunct on the coins of the Macedonian kings down to the time of Lysimachus.
The occurrence of coins from the same die, though struck apparently at different cities, is undoubtedly a circumstance difficult to explain. It is well known that it is not unusual to find autonomous Greek coins where the same die has been used for the obverse, though coupled with different reverses ; in one case, two tetra- drachms of Catana, in my possession, with the full-faced head of Apollo, have the obverses from the same die, though the reverses are not only from different dies, but of a very different style of work, both in design and execution; so that any numismatist would have pro-
8 At the same time I must confess that this attribution seems to me a very uncertain one, Stratonicea being so distant from the Maeander that it is not at all obvious why it should have been introduced on the coins of tbat city. Moreover, there are no coins in existence of Chrysaoris, or Idrias, as it was also called ; nor do any coins of Alexander appear to nave been struck there. In fact, tbe existence of any such city rests only on the authority of Stephanas Byzantius, and the evidence of its connexion with Stratonicea is by no means conclusive.
VOL. IX. N.S. C
10 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
nounced the one to be of considerably later date than the other.9 But it could hardly happen that two independent cities would use the same die for their autonomous coins. In the case of the regal coins, however, it appears certain that this was not very unfrequently done. Mr. Poole has informed me that he has found numerous instances among the coins of the Ptolemies where the portrait on the obverse is unquestionably from the same die, though the reverses bear the mint-marks of different cities of Phoenicia. But in these cases, at least, the coins belong to places not far removed from one another, and which formed, in some sort, apart of the same political system. No such reason can be assigned for the common employ- ment of the same die by such cities as Amphipolis and ^Enos; still less if the one coin were struck in Thrace, the other in Caria.
The classification of the coins at present under discus- sion is rendered still more perplexing by the circum- stance that, while the coin in my possession with the caduceus and bee combined is, as already observed, almost identical in style and work with the other two with which I have been comparing it, another tetra- drachm of Lysimaclms, which was sold at Sotheby's, in February, 1868, with the same two symbols, in the same relative position, was of quite a different character, being
9 The reverse of one of these coins is the same as figured in the Mus. Hunter, PI. xv. fig. 22 ; while that of the other is the same as fig. 21 of the same plate, where it is associated with an obverse of wholly different style, and the work of a different artist. This latter coin is evidently the same with the splendid tetradrachm (from the Thomas collection) figured by General Fox in his Unedited Coins, PL iii. fig. 80, whose careful figure shows at a glance the total difference of style from the ordinary tetradrachms of Catana with the full-faced head.
ON SOME UNPUBLISHED COINS OF LYSIMACHUS. 11
of much more fine and delicate workmanship, the types both on the obverse and reverse being smaller and more highly finished. On account of its remarkable preserva- tion this coin fetched the extraordinary price (for a Lysirnaclms) of £15 15s., on which account I was unable to add it to my collection, and compare it directly with the one I already possessed ; but the different style of work was obvious on tlie first glance.
4. Gold Stater. Head of Alexander, with ram's horn, as
usual ; of a bold and fine style of work. Rev. — Pallas seated, as usual ; in the field, in front of her, the monogram (KAAX ?)
The monogram on this coin is not among those given in M. Miiller's work, as found either on the gold or silver coins of Lysiruachus. It is interesting, because the most natural solution of it would be that above suggested, leading us to attribute the mintage to Chalcedon. Chal- cidice in Macedonia might be suggested; but, besides that the monogram resolves itself much more readily into KAAX than XAAK, there is no probability that any coins bearing that appellation were struck during the regal period. There was, as Colonel Leake has pointed out, no city of Chalcis in Macedonia (though it usually figures in numismatic works), and the splendid coins with the legend XAAKIAEiiN, were struck by the Chalcidenses, or people of Chalcidice, in common. But any such league was necessarily broken up after the time of Philip, and accordingly we find no coins bearing the name or symbol of the Chalcidians struck under Alexander or his suc- cessors. Chalcis in Euboea is out of the question, as it certainly at no time was included in the dominions of Lysimachus. A confirmation of the proposed attribution would also be found in the style of work, which certainly
12 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
reminds one more of that of the splendid tetradrachms with the torch in the field, attributed by M. Miiller (with- out doubt correctly) to Cyzicus,10 than any other coins of the series with which T have had the opportunity of com- paring it.
On the other hand, it may be objected that the only silver coins of Lysimachus that can be attributed with any plausibility to Chalcedon, and which are assigned to that city by M. Miiller, as well as by Eckhel and earlier numismatists, are of a totally different style, and belong to that class of coins which have a semi-barbarous character, and for this, as well as for other reasons, are regarded by M. Miiller as belonging to a later period, and as struck long after the death of the monarch whose name and inscription they bear. These coins, in fact, belong to the same class, and resemble in style and fabric the numerous series of coins (both in gold and silver) struck in the neighbouring city of Byzantium, with the name and titles of Lysimachus, the greater part of which (as is well known to all numismatists) are of a semi-barbarous style of work, passing by degrees into one completely barbarous. To the same class belong also the coins of Lysimachus which bear the initials or attributes of the cities of Tomi, Callatia, and Istrus, all of which struck gold coins of more or less barbarous fabric.11 The coin at present under consideration has nothing at all in common with this class of staters. The work is bold, and in high
10 Miinzen des Lysimachus, No. 381. See the Thomas Catalogue, No. 866.
11 See the Catalogue of the Northwick Collection, lot 533 — 535, where the one with the initials KAA is erroneously ascribed to Chalcedon ; it clearly belongs to the same series with those given by Miiller, Nos. 258 and foil.
ON SOME UNPUBLISHED COINS OF LYSIMACHUS. 13
relief, and the character of the portrait, tkough not free from exaggeration, has the same stamp of grandeur and energy that is so striking on the best of the coins struck at Cyzicus.
At the same time I cannot admit this argument to be conclusive against the proposed attribution. While fully agreeing with M. Miiller that the greater part of the coins of Lysimachus struck at Byzantium belong to a period after the death of that monarch, I am far from disposed to believe that they all were so. The extant tetradrachms, with the initials B Y and the trident, form indeed a complete series, in which we may trace the gradual decline of art from specimens that are little (if at all) inferior to the average coins of Lysimachus, down to such as are almost as barbarous as the rude Pannonian imitations of the coins of Philip of Macedon. That such a series, originating in the lifetime of the monarch, might be continued for an indefinite period after his death, seems natural enough ; but 1 confess myself at a loss to under- stand from what motives such a coinage should have been adopted in the first instance after his decease.
But, M. Miiller objects (p. 27 — 30), it is impossible to suppose that coins with the name and title of Lysimachus should have been struck during his lifetime at Byzantium, because that city continued throughout his reign, and until long afterwards, to be a free and independent republic ; nor, so far as we learn from history, did either Byzantium or Chalcedon ever pass under the dominion of Lysimachus. It is certain that we find Byzantium still maintaining an independent position as late as the year 313 B.C., when its alliance was in vain courted by Anti- gonus on the one hand, and by Lysimachus on the other ; but the Byzantines adhered to their former position of
14 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
a friendly neutrality with botli sides.12 It is certain also that Byzantium is again mentioned in B.C. 280, as con- cluding a treaty of alliance with Heraclea, for mutual protection against Seleucus;13 but this was after the death of Lysimachus. What had been the relations between the city and that monarch during the long period of more than thirty years that intervened between the peace of 311, which established Lysimachus in the undisturbed possession of Thrace, and his death in 281, we have no information. But admitting, as maintained by M. Miiller, that the conquest of so powerful a city as Byzantium, which had defied the arms of Philip, and does not appear to have ever acknowledged the sovereignty of Alexander, would be an event of too much importance not to have been recorded, and that Byzantium probably continued throughout this period to be virtually inde- pendent, it may still be asked whether it was not likely that a free city, surrounded on all sides by the dominions of a powerful prince (for Lysimachus ruled in Bithynia as well as in Thrace) may not have purchased his favour and protection by entering into such relations with him as involved the acknowledgment of his nominal sovereignty. It must also be borne in mind that the great extension of the regal coinage, first of Alexander, afterwards of Lysimachus, on all sides of them, made it a matter of advantage to a great commercial city like Byzantium to adopt the Attic standard, which had been followed by those monarchs, instead of the one they had previously employed. In order to do this, three ways were open to them : — first, to issue a new coinage of their own — this,
12 Diodor., xix. 77.
13 Memnon, c. xi., ed. Orelli.
ON SOME UNPUBLISHED COINS OF LYS1MACHUS. 15
\ve know, they did not do;14 secondly, to strike coins, as was done by many neighbouring cities, with the name and types of Alexander — this also they did not do, for it is a remarkable fact that no coins of that monarch are extant which can with any plausibility be assigned to Byzantium; thirdly, to adopt the coinage of their immediate neighbour, •which was already in extensive circulation around them. This, we know, was the course actually adopted by them ; the only question is as to the time at which it was com- menced. And when we consider the complicated and fluctuating character of the relations that subsisted at this period between the different princes that were tearing in pieces the mighty empire of Alexander, and between them and the free cities which sided at one time with one, at another time with another, of the rival potentates, we may well hesitate to admit M. Miiller's position, that they could not have done so in the lifetime of Lysimachus.
The case of Chalcedon is to a great extent analogous to that of Byzantium. It did not strike coins with the name of Alexander the Great, and there is no evidence that it was ever subject to that monarch. In B.C. 315 it appears in a state of at least virtual independence ; 15 and again, in B.C. 280, it joined the Byzantines and Hera- cleans in an alliance against Seleucus.16 At this time, therefore, it must have been in a condition to act as an autonomous city. But if we are called on to infer from this that it had always continued so, we may urge as a
14 The tetradrachms of Byzantium with the seated figure of Neptune, which are doubtless the latest of the autonomous coins of that city, do not follow the Attic standard. From their great rarity, however, it is evident that they never formed the principal coinage of a great commercial city like Byzantium.
15 See Diodorus, xix. 60. 16 Memnon, c. xii.
16 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
warning that Heraclea, the very city with which the treaty of alliance was concluded, had only just emerged into a state of freedom, after having been subject to Lysimachus throughout the latter part of his reign. Now, we happen to know something of the history of Heraclea. A singular chance — almost unique in the history of Greek literature — has preserved to us an abstract of certain portions of a local history of that city — one of those histories which we know to have existed in profusion, of all the principal Greek colonies;17 and while this important historical document throws much light upon the period we are now considering — that of the successors of Alexander — it serves, at the same time, to show more clearly by contrast the darkness in which other portions of the same history are still involved. If we have but partial information as to the history of Heraclea, that of Byzantium and Chalcedon are almost a blank. To appeal to negative evidence under such circumstances' is certainly a most hazardous mode of argument.
In making these remarks, I wish not to be understood as attaching any undue importance to the attribution of my particular coin to Chalcedon. This I fully admit to
17 The history of Heraclea, by Memnon, a native of that city, was a voluminous work, in not less than sixteen books. Extracts from, or rather abstracts of, some only of these have been preserved to us among the excerpta of the patriarch Photius. But there was an older history of Heraclea, written by Nymphis, about tbe middle of the second century B.C., who also wrote a history of Alexander and his successors in twenty-four books. What a mine of historic wealth would have opened to us had we possessed such works as these in their entirety ; and" bow many valuable details would tbe numismatist bave been able to glean from them, to throw light upon his special subjects of research !
OTX SOME UNPUBLISHED COINS OF LYSIMACHUS. 17
be a mere conjecture. The interpretation of monograms is generally more or less doubtful; and it is by no means certain that the monogram in question is that of a city at all. Moreover, it must be admitted that, if that attribu- tion be correct, it stands alone as a numismatic monument of Chalcedon, with no continuous series to connect it, as in the case of Byzantium, with the semi-barbarous coins of a later period. A somewhat similar instance is, how- ever, found in the case of Cyzicus, of which we have a few coins of very fine style ; indeed, among the finest of the whole series ; and others (in which the torch is placed horizontally) of a decidedly later period and inferior work.18 But I have been desirous to take the opportunity of inquiring into the doctrine laid down by M. Miiller as a "principle," which, if admitted, would exclude the possibility of such an attribution. I find myself, after full consideration of his views, still disposed to hold with the sagacious but judicious Eckhel,19 as well as with the more recent authority of M. Rathgeber,20 that the frag- mentary and imperfect state of our historical knowledge renders it wholly unsafe to pronounce any negative opinion upon such grounds.
At the same time, I beg distinctly to disclaim the slightest intention of detracting from the merit of M. Miiller's valuable work, which I regard, in common with his previous treatise on the coins of Alexander the Great, as one of the most important contributions to numismatic
18 See Miiller, " Miinzen des Lysimachus," pp. 74, 75.
iB Nummi Veteres Anecdoti, pp. 62, 63. The remarks of Eckhel indeed refer specifically to a coin, which I agree with M. Miiller in referring to a later date ; but the argument is one of much more general application.
20 I am acquainted with the remarks of M. Rathgeber only through the medium of M. Miiller, who cites them, p. 62.
VOL. IX. N.S. D
18 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
science that has appeared of late years. But every such work necessarily involves much that is vague and conjec- tural ; and the difficulties in the case of Lysimachus are even greater than in that of Alexander, precisely because our historical information concerning his reign is far more scanty and imperfect. Much, undoubtedly, remains to be done, and many questions to be solved, before our numis- matic knowledge of either the one subject or the other can even approach to completeness. It is only by a repeated and searching examination of the principles and conclusions already established, or sought to be established, as well as by a diligent accumulation of facts, however minute and apparently insignificant, that we can hope ultimately to attain to systematic and trustworthy results. It is with the hope of contributing something to this end that I have submitted these few remarks to the Society.
E. H. BUNBURY.
IL
ON THE COINS OF NICOCREON, ONE OF THE KINGS OF CYPRUS.
[Letter addressed to W. 8. "W". Vaux, Esq., President of the Numismatic Society, by D. Pierides.]
MANY thanks, my dear sir, for the description of the stater attributed to Nicocles, which you kindly copied for me from the sale catalogue of the Thomas collection of coins.1 I wanted to compare that description with a stater lately found in Cyprus, and now in my possession. As I conjectured, the two pieces are alike, with the sole exception that there is on mine the monogram N(, whereas the coin of the Thomas collection had, I see, two separate letters, N I. I will speak of this difference in the sequel ; but I wish to draw your immediate atten- tion to the fact that, except in the initials of the name,
1 " Obv, — BA. Bust of a female divinity (Venus?) to the left, the hair bound with a double band, the upper one surmounted by leaves ; the hair falling down behind, and very unusually disposed ; the earring of circular shape, and the necklace of remarkable form. Rev. — NI. Female bust of a town (Paphos ?) personified, to the left, with earring and necklace, and head crowned with crenated walls and towers ; the hair falling down behind, and in front upon the shoulders." — Burgon, Catalogue of Thomas's Sale. London, 1844, p. 338.
20 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
these staters are exact copies of those of Pnytagoras published by the late Mr. Borrell 2 and by Mr. W. H. Waddington.3
For this reason I am inclined to believe that they were minted for Nicocreon, son of Pnytagoras, and not for Nicocles, who reigned about half a century earlier, and whose other published coins bear on one side the bust of Apollo.
Ancient authors speak of Protagoras, Pythagoras, and Pnytagoras ; which confusion in the names must surely be attributed to the blunders of copyists. Borrell, who was the first to draw attention, in his own masterly way, to the numismatics and history of the Salaminian dynasty, mentions two kings, a Protagoras, or Pytha- goras, and a Pnytagoras; the last having been at the outset, according to him, a mere officer sent by Alexander the Great to govern (Cyprus on its submission to his rule, but who usurped the regal authority after Alexander's death.4
There is, I think, scarcely any doubt that all the three names refer to one and the same individual, Pnytagoras ; and this opinion is borne out by Theopompus,6 by a late edition of Diodorus Siculus,6 by Arrian, by an inscrip- tion given in another part of this letter, and by other collateral evidence.
* Notice sur quelques Medailles grecques des Rois de Chypre. Paris, 1836, p. 65.
3 Revue Numismatique. Paris, 1865, p. 12.
4 Notice, &c., pp. 55, 56. I have not been able to find out upon what authority Borrell states that an officer named Pnyta- goras was sent to Cyprus by Alexander : the statement is evidently erroneous.
8 Apud Photium.
* Bibliotheca Triibneriana. Leipsic, 1858.
ON THE COINS OF NICOCREON. 21
Pnytagoras was a son of Evagoras I., and he seized the reins of government, in Salaruis, on the expulsion of Evagoras II,, son of his (Pnytagoras's) brother Nicocles. On the revolt of the Cyprians against the Persian rule, Salamis was attacked by the forces of Ochus, of which the dethroned Evagoras was one of the leaders. Pnyta- goras held out for some time, and coming finally to terms with Persia, was allowed to remain in power (B.C. 351).7
Nineteen years later, in conjunction with the other kings of Cyprus, he offered his submission to Alexander the Great, then about to besiege Tyre, and with Krateros commanded the left division of Alexander's fleet. His quinquereme was sunk by the Tyrians,8 and we hear nothing further respecting him. If he survived the destruction of his vessel, he probably died soon after, for he must have been already far advanced in years ; and, on Alexander's return to Pho3nicia from Egypt (B.C. 331), we find Nicocreon, son of Pnytagoras, as King of Salamis, at the court of the great conqueror, taking a prominent part in its festivities with Pasicrates, King of Soli.'
7 Borrell,— Diodor. Siculus, XVI. 46.
8 Arrian, De Expedit. Alexandri, II. 20 and 22.
9 Plutarch, Life of Alex, the Great. The silver coin with initials IJY, published by Borrell (Notice, p. 48, Fig. 6 of plate), no doubt strengthened his belief that a King Pytha- goras, of Salamis, had existed. The error in the reading origi- nated with Mionnet, and was not set right even by the help of another similar piece, which Borrell mentions as belonging to an amateur, and which was probably in a poor condition. I am happy to say that a good exemplar has quite recently fallen into the hands of General L. Palma di Cesnola, United States consul in this island, who has kindly permitted me to examine it. Instead of IIY, the letters are unquestionably IIN (Pnyta- goras).
22 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
The reign of Nicocreon may be briefly sketched as follows, from the scanty materials we possess : —
Cyprus was for a time the theatre of the conflicts between Ptolemy Soter and Antigonus, some of its petty kings siding with the one, and some with the other. Foremost amongst the partisans of Ptolemy was Nicocreon. Menelaus, brother of Ptolemy, was sent to Cyprus with ships and troops, and was soon after joined by Seleucus (B.C. 315). The faction of Antigonus having been put down, the galleys of Seleucus sailed for the Peloponnesus, a part of the forces which had come with Alexander was despatched to the succour of Caria, and Menelaus himself remained in Cyprus with Nicocreon and their other allies.
During this time Ptolemy was in Gyrene, in Africa; but as soon as he was able to leave, he repaired to Cyprus with fresh armaments (B.C. 312), punished the Cyprian princes who had espoused the cause of Anti- gonus; and, pleased with the fidelity and ability of Nicocreon, appointed him governor of the whole island. Ptolemy then left ; but what became of Nicocreon after this, we are at a loss to say ; and Borreli's assertion that he went to Cilicia appears very doubtful indeed.
Cyprus did not remain tranquil long; Demetrius Poliorcetes, son of Antigonus, after a land encounter near Salamis, with Menelaus, and a naval engagement with Ptolemy (who had hastened to his brother's assist- ance) subdued the island (B.C. 307) ; but he only kept possession of it about ten years.10
The following metrical inscription, found in Argos on
10 Borrell, Lacroix, lies de la Grece.
ON THE COINS OF NICOCREON. 23
a pedestal in 1840, refers to Nicocreon ; it is a charming morceau : —
Mar/JOTToXis fwi \0<i)v II«Ao7ros TO IleXacry'/cov'Apyoc, Hwrayopac Se Trar^p, AiaKov ex yeveas.
v Optyev 8e /xe ya 7repucAuo"ros
8* vApy€tbi //.€, "Hpct, ov eis eponv 7re///7rov ae0Aa veots.
According to its own statement the statue was that of Nicocreon, whose mother was a native of Argos, — who was a king descended from divine ancestors, — born and bred in the Island of Cyprus, son of Pnytagoras of the line of jEacus. We are further told that the statue was erected by the people of Argos as a token of grati- tude to Nicocreon for the prizes he was wont to send for the victors in the games which took place during the festival of Hera (Juno).
The silver coin published by Borrell (No. 12 of his plate) belongs also, in my opinion, to Nicocreon. It is in every respect similar to his staters, and I have no doubt that if it could be examined anew, instead of the K, the monogram N< would be easily made out.11
Borrell also published a small gold piece of Menelaus (Fig. 11 of his plate), the type of which is exactly that of the staters of Pnytagoras and Nicocreon. It has the letters MEN, but of course without the regal title. It was probably struck before Nicocreon was invested with the general government of Cyprus.
I mentioned, in the beginning of my letter, that
II The coins attributed by Borrell to Alexander the Great (Notice, p. 51, Plate, Fig. 7) should, I think, be restored to Nicocles. Borrell never saw any of these coins, and he copied their description from Combe and others, who may have taken for a K the monogram N<. The A behind the head of Pallas is probably the second letter of the syllable BA.
24 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
•whereas on my stater we see the monogram N<, the letters N I appear on that of the Thomas collection. I think it possible that, from some defect in the latter coin, a mistake may have arisen in the description given of it in the catalogue. The coins of Nicoclea all bear the monogram, and the first five letters of both names are alike : NIKOK — A^s — NIKOK — ptwv.
Numismatists are not agreed respecting the busts re- presented on the coins which occupy our attention ; and first with regard to the one crowned with crenated walls and towers which figures on most of the coins of the kings of Salamis. Borrell, Waddington, and others, consider it to be the bust of Aphrodite ; Burgon, that of a town personified. Then we have the protome common to the gold coinage of Pnytagoras, Nicocreon, and Menelaus, and to the silver piece which I propose restoring to Nicocreon, " the hair bound with a double band, falling down behind, and very unusually disposed ; the earrings of circular shape," &c. Borrell suggests Ariadne ; Bur- gon, Aphrodite ; I. B. A. A. Barthe*lemy,12 Bacchus ; and Waddington, Myrrha or Adonis.
I have tried to form an opinion on these points myself; but I am obliged to confess that I have not been able to arrive at any satisfactory conclusion.
. D. PIEKIDES.
Larnaca, Cyprua, January, 1869.
12 Manuel de Numismatique Ancienne. Paris, Roret, 1851, p. 404.
III.
ON A COIN OF GLAUCONNESUS.
LAST year, when Mr. Merlin, our Vice-Consul at Athens, was in England, I bought of him a silver coin.
Obv. — Head of Jove, laureate, to right.
Rev. — FAAY — a bee (as on the coins of lulis) on left ; a dog's head with radii (as on those of Car- thaea).
Mr. Merlin, myself, and others supposed this to be a coin of Carthaea and lulis in alliance, and that the " Glau " indicated the first syllable of a magistrate's name, — a very natural supposition. However, on my showing it to my friend Mr. Gaston Feuardent, he at once thought this " Glau " referred to the name of a place, and not of a magistrate. It is unusual to find the name of a magistrate without that of a town.
This idea induced me to search the " Books " for the name of a place commencing with TAAY for " Glau." I first consulted Dr. Smith's Classical Geography, under
VOL. ix. x.s. E
26 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
the word " Glauconnesus," which refers to the article ' ' Euboea." Here I found the following : —
" South of the Euripus are several islands along the shore which afford good anchorage; of these the most important are Glauconnesus, .^Egilise, and the Islands Petalia;."— Pliny IV. 12, s. 21.
In Bostock and Riley's translation of Pliny — " Cy- clades," vol. i. p. 217, 218, I find as follows :—
" Beyond Eubcea, and out in the Myrtoan sea, are numerous other islands, but those specially famous are Glauconnesus and the .ZEgila."
I then consulted that most excellent and useful " The- saurus Geographicus," by Abraham Ortelius, Ed. Han- over, 4to, no date, and there I found : —
tf Glauci yXav/cs Insula in qua Glaucum histrionem, seu gesticulatorem insignem sepultum ferunt Carystii Pausanias in Eliacis, Glauconnesus Plinii."
Pausanias mentions the island thus in his " Eliacse." 1
t( Besides the statues which we have already mentioned, you will also see Glaucus the Carystian, who, according to report, was born in Anthedon, a Bo3otian city, and derived his original from Glaucus, a daemon of the sea. His father was the Carystian Demylus, and they report, that at first he used to till the ground; but that the ploughshare happening to fall from the .plough, he restored it to its proper place with his hand instead of a mallet ; and that his father, perceiving what he had done, brought him to Olympia as a pugilist. Here Glaucus, as being unskilled in this mode of fighting, was wounded by his antagonists, and when he came to fight with his last
1 I quote from the translation of Pausanias (London, 1716) ; the- French translation by M. Clavier, 1820, is better than any English one.
ON A COIN OF GLAUCONNESUS. 27
adversary, it was thought he would have yielded the victory through the multitude of his wounds. However, they say, his father called out to him, 'O, boy ! remember the blow of the ploughshare ; ' and this roused his sink- ing courage to that degree, that he struck his antagonist with a violence which procured him the victory. He is also said to have obtained other crowns, — two in the Pythian, eight in the Nemean, and eight in the Isthmian games."
There is more about this wrestler, which, though in- teresting, it is useless to extract.
These authorities seem to me to be conclusive as to the attribution of my coin, but I leave to those more learned than myself to investigate further. I can find no other mention of this small island " Glauconnesus."
C. R. Fox.
IY.
COINS OF ALEXANDER'S SUCCESSORS IN THE EAST.
BY MAJOR-GENERAL A. CUNNINGHAM.
(Continued from Vol. VIII. p. 283.)
IN 1834, the learned French Academician, Raoul Rochette, first broached the opinion that Agathokles was the real founder of the Bactrian monarchy in B.C. 262, and that, on his murder by the brothers Arsakes and Tiridates in B.C. 256, he was succeeded by his son Diodotus I.1 This opinion he continued to uphold in spite of the criticism of Lassen, Grotefend, and Wilson, who referred to the Indian inscriptions on the copper coins of Agathokles as offering a sure indication that he could not have reigned in Bactriana. The opinion of Raoul Kochette was adopted by Mionnet, but it has found no other supporters.
In 1843, M. de Bartholomaei published a most impor- tant and interesting tetradrachm, bearing the joint names of Diodotus and Agathokles, the former with the title of Soter only, and the latter with the titles of Dikaios and Basileuon.2 He ascribed its issue to Agathokles as a post-
1 Journal des Savants, Juin, 1884, p. 839. — See also 1885, p. 593, and 1836, p. 75.
2 Idem, 1844, pp. 118, 119. — " Or il eet maintenant avere qu'Agathocle regna dans la Bactriane meme, et qu'il appartint a la premiere dynastie de ce royaume Grec, a celle de Diodotus."
COINS OF ALEXANDER'S SUCCESSORS. 29
humous honour to Diodotus, the founder of the Bactrian monarchy. This assignment was adopted by R. Rochette, who republished the coin in 1844, and triumphantly pointed to it as " a proof that Agathokles must have reigned in Bactriana itself, and that he belonged to the first Greek dynasty of that kingdom, (namely), to that of Diodotus." But he afterwards modified this opinion, and made Agathokles the immediate successor of Diodotus in Bactria. He still, however, maintained that Agathokles belonged to the family of Diodotus ; and, although he does not expressly say so, it follows, as a natural consequence of his argument, that Agathokles must have been the son of Diodotus I., and was therefore identical with Diodotus II. of Justin.
The relation between Diodotus and Agathokles pro- posed by M. de Bartholomsei was first contested by Droyseu, in 1843, who argued that the title of BA2.1- AEYfiN denoted the subordinate position of Agathokles to his contemporary suzerain, Diodotus. I formed the same opinion when I first read R. Rochette's description of the coin in 1844 ; and the subsequent discoveries of other coins, which show that Agathokles held exactly the same relation to Euthydemus Theos and to Antiochus Nikator, prove that this is the only true deduction which the coins afford. This also is the opinion of Mr. Thomas, who has examined the question at length in all its bearings.3
The argument of M. de Bartholomsei is based chiefly on the value of the term BA2IAEYON, which he takes to be a title superior to BASIAEY2- The term is used on a single coin of Arsakes XII. of Parthia, as BA2IAEYONTOS
3 Numismatic Chronicle, New Series, II., 186.
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BASIAEON, where it takes the place of the usual AEO2- It is used in the same way on a single coin of the Arian Arsakes ; but in this instance we have the advantage of an Indian translation in Arian characters on the reverse, as Maharajasa rajarajasa, which is the usual rendering of BASIAEQS BASIAEQN. In the case of the Parthian king, who is known to have been associated with his father, I suppose that the coin with the title of BA2IAEYONTOS may have been struck during his father's lifetime, and, consequently, that it must of necessity be an inferior title to BA2IAEQS. The term is also found in two of the Ptolemaic inscriptions. First, on the well- known Rosetta stone,4 where it is the opening word; and, secondly, in the Tanaitic inscription,6 in both of which cases it would appear to mean simply " during the reign." A similar form of a new title is found on the coins of the Scythian king, Miaus, who calls himself TYPANNOYNTO2; and a similar form of expression is now in common use in the French word, lieu-tenant. In none of these instances is there any evidence to support the view of M. de Bartholomsei ; on the contrary, the evidence on the coin of Arsakes XII. of Parthia is decidedly opposed to it. But the evidence of the new coins of Antimachus and Agathokles which have been since discovered is conclusive, as it is .quite impossible that Diodotus could have been tributary to both Aga- thokles and Antimachus, or that Agathokles could have been the paramount sovereign of Diodotus of Bactria, of Euthydemus of Ariana, and of Antiochus Nikator of Syria.
4 The opening words are BacriXevovros TOV ve'ov, KCU TTJV /3atnX.€iav irapa TOV -rrarpos, which the French translator renders by " Sous le regne du Jeune, et successeur immediat de son pere."
6 Revue Archseologique, Janvier, 1868, p. 9.
COINS OF ALEXANDER'S SUCCESSORS. 31
The discovery of a coin bearing the joint names of Antimachus Theos and Diodotus Soter shows that the former prince must also have been subject to Diodotus. From these remarkable coins we have thus obtained the names of two other princes who were contemporary with the founder of Bactrian independence. But Agathokles would appear to have been preceded by Pantaleon, whose unique tetradrachm, both in fabric and in type, is of earlier date than the silver coins of Agathokles. The tigure of the seated Zeus is like that on the coins of Alexander; while the head of Pantaleon is in much higher relief and of much finer execution than any of the portraits of Agathokles. His features also are much older than those of Agathokles ; and I am therefore quite satisfied that the independent Pantaleon must be placed before the tributary Agathokles. We have thus the names of three princes, Antimachus, Pantaleon, and Agathokles, all of whom were contemporary with Diodotus, These, then, must be the Eastern satraps referred to by Justin,6 who followed the example of Diodotus in revolting against the authority of the Seleukidse. The original revolters, according to my view, were Diodotus, Antimachus Theos, and Pantaleon. The last prince dying early, was succeeded by Agathokles, who was either his younger brother or his son. Diodotus I. was succeeded by his son Diodotus II., to whom I attribute the coins with the title of Soter, minted by Antimachus and Agathokles, who thus acknow- ledged the supremacy of the Bactrian king. The unique coin bearing the joint names of Euthydemus and Aga- thokles shows that the latter had been subjected by the
6 xli. 4. — "Quod exemplum secuti totius (Mentis populi a Macedonibus defecere."
32 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
former; and to him and to Diodotus II. I would apply the words of Euthydemus in his exculpatory address to Antiochus the Great, that he himself was not a revolter against the power of the Seleukidse, but, on the contrary, the destroyer of the " descendants of the original rebels."
DIODOTUS I.
The history of Diodotus and his son is derived from the brief statements of Trogus, Justin, and Strabo. Accord- ing to these accounts, Diodotus, the Satrap of Bactriaua, took advantage of the disturbances which followed the death of Antiochus II. Theos, to make himself independent. The date of his revolt has already been fixed in 246 B.C. The notice of Trogus is limited to the fact that the Bactrian kingdom was founded by Diodotus.7 Justin's account is brief, but important.8 " At the same time, also, Theodotus, satrap of the thousand cities of Bactria, re- volted, and assumed the title of king ; following which example, all the people of the East rebelled against the Macedonians. At that time there was one, Arsakes, a man of uncertain origin, but of tried courage, who, accus- tomed to live by plunder and rapine, having heard a report that Seleukus had been overthrown by the Gauls in Asia, and being thus freed from his fear of the king, invaded Parthia with a band of marauders,' defeated their satrap, Andragoras, and, having put him to death, seized the government of the country. Shortly after he also took possession of Hyrkania, and thus, holding rule
7 Prolegom, xli. — " In Bactrianis autem rebus ut a Diodoto regnum constitution est."
8 xli. 4. — "Eodem tempore etiam Theodotus mille urbium Bactrianarum prasfectus defecit, regemque ee appellari jussit, quod exemplum secuti," &c.
COINS OF ALEXANDER'S SUCCESSORS. 33
over two nations, he raised a large army through fear of Seleukus and Theodotus, King of the Bactrians. But being soon freed from his fears by the death of Theo- dotus, he made peace and an alliance with his son, who •was also named Theodotus ; and not long after he over- came Seleukus, who had advanced to punish the revolters, .which day the Parthians have solemnly observed ever since as the beginning of their liberty."
The principal passage of Strabo, which has already been quoted in the disquisition on the date of Bactrian independence, mentions that those " who were entrusted with the government of it first caused the revolt of Baclriana."9 The name of Diodotus is given in another section of the same chapter,10 when speaking of Arsakes, who, " withdrawing himself from the growing power of Diodotus, caused the revolt of Parthia." A third pas- sage merely mentions the fact that " Arsakes fled from (Seleukus) Kallinikus, and sought refuge amongst the Aspasiakse." u
The Arsakes referred to in these passages of Justin and Strabo is Tiridates, or Arsakes II. His elder brother was killed in B.C. 248, but the circumstances attending his death are not known. To the year immediately fol- lowing, or B.C. 247, I would refer the appointment of Andragoras as satrap of Parthia, on the part of An- tiochus II. Theos ; and to B.C. 246 the flight of Tiridates, or Arsakes II. from Seleukus Kallinikus to the Aspasiakse,
9 Geograph, xi. 9, 2. rove lx°VTas Ka' Taura, TrpuTOv fiev rrjv BaKTpiav^v aTrearrja-av ol TrcTricrreu/xevoi.
10 Geograph, xi. 9, 3. <f>evyovTa 8f rrfv avfycnv TWV irtpl AioSorov aTrocrnJcrcu rr/v Tla.pBva.iav.
11 Geograph, xi. 8, 8. Apo-a/o/c TOV KaAAtvi/cov <£eirywv ets TCV$ Ao-TraonctKas e^wpr^cre.
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as mentioned by Strabo. With these Scythians he would appear to have remained until after the battle of Ankyra, in B.C. 240, where Seleukus was defeated by the Gauls. Tiridates then returned, and, having slain the satrap, Andragoras, took immediate possession of Parthia, and shortly afterwards conquered the neighbouring province of Hyrkania. But after the conclusion of a ten years' peace with Ptolemy, and the subsequent defeat of Antiochus Hierax in B.C. 239, Seleukus Avas able to direct the whole power of his kingdom for the recovery of the revolted provinces. Accordingly, in 238 B.C., or the fol- lowing year, Parthia was invaded by Seleukus in person. Tiridates prepared to resist, and raised a large army, partly through fear of Diodotus, King of Bactria. From this statement it may be inferred, either that Seleukus had made overtures to Diodotus, or that Diodotus hoped to obtain the recognition of his independence in return for his assistance. But the death of Diodotus saved the independence of Parthia, as his son and successor, Diodotus II., entered into an alliance with Arsakes against the Syrian king. Seleukus was defeated, and, either at this time or in a subsequent expedition, was taken prisoner ;12 and the day of victory was ever after-
13 Posidonius, in Athenaeus, iv. 88. — " Speaking of Seleukus the king, and relating how he came against Media, and warred against Arsakes, and was taken prisoner by the barbarian, and how he remained a long time in captivity to Arsakes, being treated like a king by him." The writer of the life of Seleukus in Smith's "Dictionary of Biography" disputes the captivity of Kallinikus, and identifies the captive prince as Seleukus, the son of Antiochus Sidetes. But the writer must have over- looked two facts : 1st, that Posidonius calls him King Seleukus, rov /3a<nA«os ; and 2nd, that Justin expressly states that he had lost his kingdom, amisso regno (xxvii. 3). The captivity of Kallinikus is further corroborated by bis title of Pogon,
COINS OP ALEXANDER'S SUCCESSORS. 35
wards solemnly observed as the beginning of Parthian liberty. The dates of these events cannot be fixed exactly; but as Seleukus was engaged in his wars with Ptolemy and Antiochus Hierax until about B.C. 239, the prepara- tions for the Parthian expedition cannot have been begun before B.C. 238, or the following year, and the death of Diodotus, and the subsequent campaign against Arsakes, must therefore be placed in the years 237 and 236 respec- tively.
Vaillant originally proposed the year 236 for the death of Diodotus ; 13 but he afterwards hesitated, and suggested 234. Bayer adopted the year 243 ; u which Wilson thought too early, and proposed the intermediate date of 240. 15 Lassen assigned B.C. 237,16 which is the date that I have adopted. This latter date is corroborated by a tetradrachm of Diodotus I. (see PI. i., fig. 2), which, in addition to the monogram, bears the letter x, equivalent to the year 7 ; and which, if referred to the Bactrian era of B.C. 246, gives B.C. 240 as the date of the coin.
DIODOTUS II. SOTER.
According to Strabo and Justin, Diodotus I. was King of Bactriana, or of the thousand cities of Bactria, that is, of all the districts to the north of the Indian Caucasus, or
or "bearded" (Polyb. ii. 6), as the wearing of a beard was not a Syrian but a Parthian custom, which he must have adopted during his captivity. This is rendered almost certain by the fact that Demetrius II., the only other Syrian king who wore a beard, was also a prisoner amongst the Parthians.
13 Hist. Reg. Syr., p. 60 ; and Hist. Arsac., i. 4.
14 Hist. Keg. Bactr., p. 89.
15 Ariana Antiqua, 217.
16 Indische Alterthumskunde. II. xxiv.
36 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Bactria, Margiana, and Sagdiana. This is confirmed by the find-spots of his coins, as well as by the mint cities of his monograms, all of which are in ancient Bactriana. Strabo records that, "when the Greeks got possession of the country (of Bactriana) they divided it into satrapies, of which that of Aspionus and Turiva was taken from Eukratides by the Parthians. They possessed Sogdiana also." 17 The satrapy taken by the Parthians must have been in Margiana, which bordered on Parthia, as we know that Eukratides kept possession of Bactria, in which he founded the city of Eukratidia.
The provinces to the south of the Indian Caucasus, or Ariana and the Paropamisadse, I would assign to Panta- leon and Antimachus, and to them I would refer the statement of Justin that all the other people of the East followed the example of Diodotus.
During the reign of Diodotus I. the small kingdoms of Ariana and the Paropamisadse retained their indepen- dence ; but on the accession of his son, Diodotus II., they would appear to have become tributary to Bactria, as shown by the rare coins of Agathokles and Antimachus, with the head of Diodotus Soter on the obverse.18 On each of these coins Diodotus is the acknowledged suzerain, while the other is only the BASIAEYON, or " Lieu-tenant" of the king. But from the extreme rarity of these coins I conclude either that the supremacy of Diodotus was of brief duration, or that its acknowledgment was little more than nominal.
Of the history of Diodotus II. nothing has been handed down to us but the bare facts that his reign began by an
17 Geograph., xi. 11, 2.
»8 See PI. ii. fig. 5, and PL ii. fig. 2.
COINS OF ALEXANDER'S SUCCESSORS. 37
alliance with Tiridates, King of Parthia, and was ended by the successful invasion of Euthydemus. As the reign of this last prince was a long one, I conclude that his first attacks on Bactria must have been made about B.C. 230, and that he finally succeeded in dispossessing Diodotus about B.C. 225. To this interval I would assign the coins of Agathokles and Antimachus with the head of Diodotus, as an acknowledgment of supremacy, in return for his assistance against the attacks of Euthy- demus. The title of Soter, or Preserver, which is applied to Diodotus on these coins only, might thus be naturally referred to the actual succour given by him on this par- ticular occasion.
About B.C. 225 I suppose that both Diodotus and Antimachus were either killed in battle, or otherwise dis- posed of, while Agathokles was reduced to acknowledge the supremacy of Euthydemus, by placing his head on the obverse of his coins, and by taking himself the inferior title of BASIAEYON. This supposition agrees with the exculpatory statement of Euthydemus to Antiochus the Great, "that it was not just to deprive him of his king- dom, as he had not rebelled against the king, but had acquired possession of Bactriana by dethroning the de- scendants of those who had first revolted." Taking the words of Polybius in their simple literal meaning, the expression erepuv aTrooravTwv e/ccivwv e/cyovovs19 cannot possibly refer to the son of Diodotus only, but must also include the descendants of the other revolters, Pantaleon and
19 Polybius, X., extract 8. Kai yap dvros r)V 6 MdyvJjs. IIpos ov aTreAoyt^ero <£a<TKajv, <I>s ov 8i/cat<os aurov ' CK 7-775 /ScKTiAci'as eK/JaAeiv (TTrouSa^ei. Teyovevai yap OVK auros aTT/s TOV jSacriAccos dXX' fTepwv a7TOO"Tc£vTa)»' €7raveXd/xevos TOVS tKyovoucri ovru) Kpar^crai TTys BaKTptavtov
38 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Antiraachus. On the authority of the coins, we can now point out three kings who must have been dispossessed by Euthyderaus — namely, Diodotus II., Soter, the son of Diodotus I. ; Agathokles, the son of Pantaleon ; and the son or daughter of Antimachus I., Theos. At present we know of no children of Antimachus j but it is not improbable that Laodike, the wife of Heliokles, and mother of Eukratides, was his daughter, as it is almost certain that she was of royal descent, otherwise her por- trait would not have been placed upon her son's coins. I have already hazarded a conjecture that she may have been the daughter of Agathokles ; but I overlooked the important fact that her portrait bears no resemblance whatever to those of Agathokles and Pantaleon, with their very peculiarly-shaped noses ; and I am now of opinion that she must have been the daughter of Diodotus II. or of Antimachus. In either case she would have been the descendant of one of the first revolters.
The only mint monogram on the coins of Diodotus II. is No. 2, which I read as Zariaspa, the well-known capital of Bactria.
ANTIMACHUS I., THEOS.
The position of the kingdom of Antimachus is difficult to fix, as his coins are extremely rare, arid their find-spots are not certainly known. So far as I have been able to trace them, they have been found in about equal numbers in the Kabul valley and to the north of the Caucasus, while two specimens have been obtained in the Panjab. But as two of his monograms, Nos. 14 and 16, are also found on the coins of many later princes, who certainly did not possess any territory to the north of the Caucasus, it seems most probable that the dominions of Antimachus
COINS OF ALEXANDER'S SUCCESSORS. 39
were confined to the Kabul valley, with Nagara or Diony- sopolis as his capital, as represented by the monograms Nos. 14 and 18, which are found on seventeen of the twenty specimens of his coinage known to me.
The only type on the silver coins of Antimachus is Poseidon with a palm branch. This points to a naval victory, which could only have taken place on one of the larger rivers, such as the Oxus or the Indus. On his unique copper coin the figure of Victory, standing on the prow of a vessel, also points to a successful naval engage- ment, which the obverse type of the elephant refers directly to India. I conclude, therefore, that Antimachus must have forced the passage of the Indus. In illustration of this view I may cite a passage from Diodorus,20 describing the assemblage of a fleet of 2,000 boats on the Indus to oppose the passage of Semiramis. This alone would not be of much value ; but when we find that in A.D. 1025 a fleet of 4,000 boats was actually collected by the Jats on the same river to oppose the passage of Mahmud of Ghazni,21 with a fleet of 1,400 vessels, we may be satisfied that a naval action on a large scale might easily have taken place in the time of Antimachus.
I should perhaps have been inclined to place Anti- machus in Margiana, and to fix the scene of his naval victory on the Oxus, were it not that his monograms Nos. 16 and 18 point most unequivocally to the Kabul valley as the true position of his kingdom. Out of twenty specimens of his coinage known to me, there are twelve which bear the monogram of Nagara, and five that of
20 Hist. ii. 74. The Indian commander was named Stauro- tes.
21 Briggs's Ferishta, i. 81.
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Dionysopolis, while two are of Kartana and only one of Kapissa. Taking the readings of the monograms in con- junction with the indication of the elephant as a type of India, it seems to me impossible to withstand the conclu- sion that Antimachus must have reigned over the lower half of the Kabul valley, with Nagara or Dionysopolis as his capital. The monograms of Kapissa and Kartana (Nos. 15 and 16) show that for a short time he must have extended his authority to the upper end of the Kabul valley, which is confirmed by the entire absence of these two monograms on the coins of Agathokles. It may also be inferred that after his naval victory on the Indus his dominion was extended eastward as far as Taxila.
The French savant, Raoul Rochette, has suggested that the naval victory of Antimachus may perhaps refer to some assistance given by him to the King of Syria in a naval engagement with the King of Egypt.22 But as the dominions of Antimachus were one thousand miles from the ocean, and as the only naval armament of Seleukus Kallinikus against the King of Egypt was destroyed by a storm, it seems to me quite impossible that the naval victory typified on the coins of Antimachus can have any reference to Syria.
The only objection that occurs to me against the position in the Kabul valley, which I have proposed for the king- dom of Antimachus, is the fact that about one half of his coins have been procured to the north of the Caucasus. But the number of his coins at present known is too few to afford a safe guide for fixing the locality of his kingdom. The position of Margiana accords best with the actual find-spots of his coins; but as they are all of silver,
22 Journal des Savants, Fevrier, 1663, p. 82.
COINS OF ALEXANDER'S SUCCESSORS. 41
excepting only the unique copper coin procured in Sistan, their testimony is not sure, as every one of them may have been carried from its original country by some merchant, either of ancient or of modern times. I must confess, therefore, that I am not disposed to accord much weight to their single evidence, while their number is so small.
No argument can be founded on the absence of Indian legends on the coins of Antimachus, as these legends are uniformly confined to the square copper money of the earlier kings. The round copper coins of his contem- poraries, Pantaleon and Agathokles, and of his immediate successors, Euthydemus and Demetrius, as well as of the later king, Eukratides, bear Greek legends only ; and as the single copper coin of Antimachus Theos is a round one, we must await the discovery of some specimen of his square copper money for decisive evidence on this point.
PANTALEON.
The coins of Pantaleon are found chiefly about Ghazni and Kabul, but a few have been obtained about Peshawar and in the Western Panjab. As Masson procured seven copper specimens at Begram, it is certain that the king- dom of Pantaleon must have extended to the north of Kabul ; but his coins are still too rare to afford sufficient evidence of the actual extent of his territory. Those of his successor, Agathokles, are, however, much more com- mon ; and as single copper specimens have been found as far to the south as Kandahar and Sistan, while they are common about Kabul and Begram, I infer that he must have ruled over Arachosia and the Western Paropamisadse. This view is corroborated by the monograms (Nos. 3 and 10) on the coins of both princes, which I read as Ophiane
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42 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
and Arachotus. The legends of their copper coins, which are in the Indian character and language, also show that the province over which they ruled must have been either in India itself, or closely bordering upon it. This con- dition is fulfilled by the territory which I have already assigned to them on the joint evidence of the find-spots and monograms of their coins. The Kabul valley, or country of the Paropamisadse, was essentially an Indian province, which had been ceded by Seleukus Nikator to Sandrokottus, or Chandra-Gupta. The religion of the country also was Indian Buddhism, which had lately been introduced by the missionaries of Asoka ; and the money was purely Indian, of the same indigenous types as those on the coinage of the neighbouring district of Taxila. Even the Buddhist Chaitya and Sacred Tree are found on one of the coins of Agathokles (see PL ii., fig. 7). The head of Bacchus, which is found on the curious nickel coins of Pantaleon and Agathokles, may also be supposed to refer to India, as Bacchus was the mythical conqueror of India.
As the silver, nickel, and round copper coins of Pan- taleou are at present unique, while his square copper coins are still rare, his reign must certainly have been short. We may therefore, for the sake of convenience, fix its termination in B.C. 237, in the same year as the death of Diodotus I.
AGATHOKLES DIKAIOS.
The position of the kingdom of Agathokles has already been discussed, as well as his relationship to Pantaleon, whose older portrait shows that he must have been either the father or the elder brother of Agathokles. To this I may now add the evidence afforded by one of his extremely
COINS OF ALEXANDER'S SUCCESSORS. 43
rare copper coins (PI. ii., fig. 7, of which only three specimens are known) which bears the curious legend of Akathukreyasa Hinduja Same, or " Agathokles, King of the Indians/' in Indian Pali characters. His other coins, in silver, nickel, and copper, which bear his own name only, are similar in all respects to those of Pantaleon. But there are three highly interesting and important silver coins which offer the name of Agathokles on the reverse, but on the obverse give the portraits and names of three other kings, namely, Diodotus Soter, Euthydemus Theos, and Antiochus Nikator (see PI. ii., figs. 1, 2, and 3), each of whom in turn must have been acknowledged by Agathokles as his suzerain, or lord paramount. His career, therefore, must have been a chequered one ; and as his coins are common, his reign was most probably a long one. But unfortunately history does not afford us even a single hint on which we might base a probable account of his career ; so that we have conjecture only to guide us in connecting together the few facts derived from his coins.
1 have already discussed the bearings of the coin with the joint names of Agathokles and Diodotus Soter, which I have conjectured to have been struck towards the end of the reign of Diodotus, or after B.C. 232, when Aga- thokles and Antimachus being pressed by Euthydemus, applied to Diodotus for aid against the common enemy, and in return acknowledged the supremacy of the Bac- trian king. In this struggle Euthydemus prevailed, and Diodotus and Antimachus were destroyed (tTravfXd/xevos), while Agathokles alone escaped by becoming tributary to Euthydemus, as shown by the unique coin in PI. ii., fig. 2. This event most probably did not take place until after the death of Diodotus, as I presume that the
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first efforts of Euthydemus were directed against the powerful kingdom of Bactria, which was readily accessible from Aria and Margiana, the early kingdom of Euthy- demus. The subjection of Agathokles I would therefore fix about B.C. 228. But it is perhaps equally probable that Agathokles may have saved his kingdom by making a timely submission to Euthydemus before the death of Diodotus, in which case the coin bearing the joint names of Agathokles and Euthydemus may have been struck as early as B.C. 230.
The date of the third coin with the joint names of Agathokles and Antiochus Nikator, is even more difficult to fix, as the title of Nikator is not known to have been assumed by any prince bearing the name of Antiochus. I infer, however, that this must have been the youthful title of Antiochus III., before his eastern expedi- tion obtained for him the loftier title of Megas, or "the Great." This inference is based on a passage of Joannes Malalas,23 which has been quoted by Clinton for the purpose of noting that Malalas has confounded Seleukus Keraunos with his brother Antiochus III. The words are, 'AXlgavSpos 6 NiKtmiy), try Xs'. Now, Alexander is known to have been the original name of Seleukus Keraunos, as Clinton has pointed out,24 but he has taken no notice of the new title of Nikator. From the coin now under review, we learn that some king of the name of Antiochus actually did bear the title of Nikator ; and as this title is applied by Malalas to the successor of Seleukus Kallinikos,
23 Fasti Hellenic!, ii. 313, and iii. 315.
24 Fasti Hellenic!, ii. 313, quoting Eusebius : " Huic successit filius Alexander, qui maluit dici Seleucus, ab exercitu autem Ceraunus vocitatus est. Is habuit etiam fratrem nomine Antio- chum.'"
COINS OF ALEXANDER'S SUCCESSORS. 45
to whom he assigns a reign of thirty-six years, the king intended by him must be Antiochus the Great, as his elder brother Seleukus bore the title of Keraunos, and reigned only three years, while thirty-six years was the exact duration of the reign of Antiochus, to whom also no title is assigned by history during the first eighteen years of his sovereignty. Antiochus began to reign in B.C. 223, when he was only in his fifteenth year. Taking advantage of his youth, the two brothers Molon and Alexander, satraps of Media and Persia, revolted, and made themselves masters of all the eastern provinces of the kingdom beyond the Tigris. But in B.C. 220 the rebellion was suppressed by Antiochus in person, who, following up his success, reduced the province of Media Atropatene, which had previously formed an independent kingdom. In consequence of this success, I presume that he was saluted by his troops with the title of Nikator, like as his elder brother Seleukus had been saluted with the title of Keraunos by his army. To this period, therefore, I would refer the coin of Agathokles with the portrait of Antiochus Nikator, as I conclude that Agathokles would naturally have taken advantage of the presence of Antiochus in Media to make an attempt to free himself from the hated yoke of Euthydemus. To secure this end, I suppose him to have proffered his sub- mission to Antiochus, and to have invited him to the easy conquest of the provinces of Bactriana and Ariana, which had revolted from his father Seleukus Kallinikos. But the success of the youthful king had excited his ambition, and he gave up the almost certain prospect of recovering the eastern provinces of his kingdom for the more dazzling but doubtful chance of a war with Ptolemy Philopator, in which he was signally defeated at Kaphia, near Gaza. The return of Antiochus to Syria in the following year
46 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
left Agathokles entirely at the mercy of Euthydemus, and I conclude, therefore, that in the same year, or B.C. 220, he was deprived of his dominions, from which time!!! Euthy- demus became the sole master of all the eastern provinces of Alexander's empire, or Bactriana, Ariana, and Jndia.
In illustration of my conjecture that Agathokles wished to free himself from the yoke of Euthydemus, I may point to the monograms of the three coins, on which he suc- cessively acknowledges the supremacy of Diodotus, Euthy- demus, and Antiochus. On the first I read the mono- gram (No. 11) as Diodoteia, which I take to be the city of Alexandreia Opiane, re-named by Agathokles in honour of Diodotus. On the second coin the new name is dropped as uncomplimentary to Euthydemus, the antago- nist of Diodotus, and the old monogram (No. 3), of Ophiane itself is again brought forward. But on the third coin, on which he hails Antiochus as Nikator, or the " Conqueror " of the East, he resumes the use of the previous monogram of Diodoteia, which he had been obliged to give up during the supremacy of Euthydemus.
This scheme for the career of Agathokles will require to be slightly modified, should the date of the fall of Diodotus and the rise of Euthydemus be brought down lower, or to B.C. 220. The first coin with the name of Diodotus would then date about B.C. 222, and that with the name of Antiochus in B.C. 220, while that with the name of Euthydemus would be the latest of the three, and would date about B.C. 218. But as the coins of Euthy- demus are very common, and as his portraits exhibit both extreme youth and old age, I am satisfied that the date of B.C. 225, which I have already assigned for his acces- sion, is not too early.
(To be continued,)
Y.
ROMAN COINS FOUND ON SALISBURY PLAIN.
MR. THOMAS D. E. GUNSTON, having kindly placed in my hands for examination a large number of small brass Roman coins (about 1850), discovered a few years since, I forward a condensed account of them to the subscribers and readers of The Numismatic Chronicle.
They were dug up at the depth of about two feet, by some labourers while working on Salisbury Plain. They had been buried in a coarse earthen jar, the fragments of which were found with the coins, the vessel itself being broken, most probably, by the excavators. Mr. Gunston also states that a much smaller earthen vessel was also found, containing about twenty similar coins, which passed into the hands of some gentleman in the county.
As the coins belong to a class very common and well- known, I have refrained, in order to avoid needless expense in printing, from noting the numerous minute varieties always observable in so great a number of coins, especially of this class. But I have carefully noted the exergual lettering, which is of considerable interest. It will be seen that by far the larger quantity is contributed by the mints of Treviris, Londinium, Lugdunum, and Arelatum.
Mr. Madden, in his excellent " Handbook of Roman
48 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Numismatics/' which may be referred to generally for abbreviations of the places of mintage, makes some re- marks on Arelatum taking the name of Constantina when Constantino restored and enlarged it by building on the opposite side of the Rhone. In this collection we have, on coins of the younger Constantino and Constan- tius Junior, both ARL. and CONS., the latter being so identical in design with the former as to leave no doubt whatever that the two names indicate one and the same place.
It has been proposed to assign coins with PLC. and PLN. to Londinium instead of Lugdunum (Lyons) ; but here comparison determines that they cannot claim the same parentage as those with P.LON. These two divisions are as unlike as they possibly can be in design and general character ; and they point to two different towns. I was struck with the same conviction when examining, several years ago, some hundreds of coins of the Constan- tino family found in France; and, as asserted, in the neighbourhood of Lyons. Mr. Gunston's collection gives forty of the altar type, with PLC in the exergue; and twenty-six with PLON. On the former, the legend is always at full length, BEATA TRANQVILLITAS, and unbroken. The latter uniformly exhibits the second word broken by the altar, and spelt TRANQLITAS. The obverse of the PLC, with three exceptions, has the laureated head to the right ; that of the P.LON. bears the head, sometimes laureated, sometimes helmeted, both to the right and to the left : the letters in the field of the latter are B. P. ; in those of the former, C. R.
Of Crispus, thirty-six of the altar type bear PLC. Of these thirty-four, with one exception, have the head, laureated, to the right. The remaining two bear the
ROMAN COINS FOUND ON SALISBURY PLAIN. 49
helmeted head to the left. Of P.LON. there are sixty- seven ; all, save two, bear the head to the left. The word Tranquillitas is, as in the P.LON. coins of his father, spelt TRANQLITAS. The same remarks apply to these coins of Constantius Junior.
LICINIUS.
Number.
SOLI INVICTO COMITI. The sun standing (Very badly preserved) ......... 1
IOVI CONSEBVATOBI AVGG. : in exergue SMK. Jupiter standing ......... 2
Idem. Jupiter upon an eagle. In exergue STB . . 3
BOMAE AETEBNAE : in the field P.B., in the exergue
Y B.Q. Borne seated, holding a shield, upon which is y . 1
VICTOBIA AVGG. NN. : in exergue TSA. Victory marching ......... 1
VICTOBIAE LAET PBINC PEBP: in the exergue two captives . . . . . . . . 1
VOT. XX in a wreath, round which is DOMINI N. LICINI AVG. : in exergue AQS.— TT.— ST 9
VOT. XX in a wreath, and around it DN LICINI AVGVSTI : in the exergue S.A 18
Although all of these 13 are from the same place of mintage, yet they present several variations as regards details.
VOT XX in a labarum, under which are two captives seated; around, VIBTVS EXEBCIT. : in exergue, AQS. — GSIS— S.B 3
LICINIUS THE YOUNGER.
VOT. V in a wreath: around, CAESABVM NOSTBOBVM: in exergue Q.A. ....... 3
VOT XX in a labarum between two seated captives: in
the exergue STB « 5
Idem. A trophy and captives, STB .... 1
VOL. IX. N.S. H
50 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Number.
VOT V, in a wreath ; around, DOMINORVM NOSTRORVM CAESS. Obv. LICINIVS IYN. NOB. C : laureated head to the right ......... 1
This is not in Banduri or Tanini ; but it is given by Cohen as in the Danish collection.
FAVSTA.
SALVS KEIPVBLICAE. A woman with two children in her arms.— ST and P.TB 13
Idem, with P.LON. in the exergue 2
HELENA.
SEOVBITAS REIPVBLICAE. A woman holding a branch. In the exergues, ST.— STB. — STRE.— P.TR.— P.TRE. . .... 18
CONSTANTINUS.
BEATA TRANQVILLITAS ; an altar on which is VOTIS XX ; in the field, C.R ; in the exergue PLC . . 40
Idem, with PTR and STR in the exergue . . .293
BEATA TRANQLITAS (sic) in the field, B.F. : in the
exergue P.LON 26
One of these, with head radiated to the left, and sceptre with eagle, seems a new variety.
PROYIDENTIAE CA....Gate of a castrum ... 1 PROVIDENTIAE AVGG.— Idem 1
ARLP.— ARLS.— P.AR.— P.ARL. Q.AR.— S. ARL (14) — SMN6 (1)— SMANTA (1)— ASIS (3)— R.P. (2V— PLC. (5), P.LON (1)— PTR and STR (62) ... 89
ROMAE AETERNAE. Rome seated, R.T. ... 1
SARMATIA DEVICTA— Victory, etc. S.AR. (7) from seven different dies ; PLC. (7)— PLON (5)— SIRM (1) —PTR and STR (113)— Illegible (6) . . . . 139
VOT V in a wreath; around, CAESARVM NOSTRORVM. Obv. CONSTANTINVS AVG. ; laureated head to the right . .... 1
This does not appear to be in Banduri or Tanini, nor is it in Cohen with this obverse.
ROMAN COINS FOUND ON SALISBURY PLAIN. 51
Number.
VOT X. As the foregoing: ARL.— Q.AR.— Q.R.— P.TR.— ST.— rSIS 11
VICTORIAE LAETAE PRINC PERP. Two winged figures holding a shield inscribed PR VOT upon a cippus— P.ARL.— PLC., PLN.— ASIS, BSIS.— STR. PPR 45
VOT. XX in wreath ; around, DN CONSTANTINI MAX AVG.— ARL.P.— P.A. P.AR.— S.AR. (80)— AQ.P. (8) — A.SIS., B.SIS., rSIS (8)— PR and RP (20)— P.T., Q.T., R.T., S.T., TT. (78)— TSAVI and TSTVI. (18) —Illegible (28)— P.LON. (5) 180
VIRTVS AVGG. Gate of a castrum. ARLS., SARL (4) RK and RT (2) 6
VIRTVS EXERCIT. Trophy and captives. PTR. . 6
VIRTVS EXERCIT. Captives under a standard in- scribed VOT. XX.— P.ARL. (1)— AQ.P. (1)— PLC (4) PLN (4)— P.LON (1)— A.SIS and 6 SIS (3)— TS6 (1) — T.T. (4)— PTR and STR (80) . . . .49
CRISPUS.
BEATA TRANQVILLITAS. Altar inscribed VOTIS XX : in exergue, P.LON. (67)— PLC (36)— PTR and STR (82) 185
Idem; in field, C.R. ; in exergue, PLC. Obv., CRISPVS N.C. COS II. Laureated head to the left ; sceptre sur- mounted by an eagle ....... 1
D N CONSTANTINVS MAX AVG. ; around, VOT X in a wreath ; in the exergue, AQ.P. Obv. CRISPVS NOB CAES. Naked head to the right . . . 1
I do not find this in Banduri or in Tanini.
VICT. LAETAE PRINC PERP. Two winged figures
VOT
holding a shield, inscribed pR over a cippus, in which
is S. ; in the exergue, 8SIS 2
PROVIDENTIAE CAESS. Gate of a castrum. T.ARL. R.Q.— PLC.— PLON. (3)— TR., PTR, STR, STRE. . 30
Idem, with shield on altar, PLN. .' . • - 1
52 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Somber
VIRTYS EXERCIT. Captives and trophy, STR
Idem, captives under a standard, inscribed VOT X, or VOT XX— PLN— TSA.— PSIS 14
VOT V within a wreath; around, CAESARVM NOS- TRORUM; exergual marks, Q.AR.— AQ.S.— RT, QR.— ASIS, 6SIS.— TR. P.TR.— PLCC. TSAVL— Some illegible 28
VOT X, as the preceding— ARL.Q., Q.AR.— T.AR., ARL.T. AQ.S.— S.AVL.—RT.—T.A.— ASIS, GSIS, PSIS.— RT.— TT.— T.A.— TAL.— PLC.— P.LON. (14)— PTR. and STR . 184
Of these, RT, of which there is only one, is the best work.
Idem; around, DOMINOR. (or DOMINORVM), NOS- TRORVM CAESS :— P.T.— TT— S.T.— Q.T. . . 6
CONSTANTINUS JUNIOR.
BEATA TRANQVILLITAS around an altar, inscribed VOTIS XX. Exergual letters, PLON (87)— PLC (31)— PTR and STR (63) 171
PROVIDENTIAE CAESS. Gate of a castrum. AR. (1)— Q.CONS. (1)— PLC (1)— PLON. (9)— SMTSA. (2)— Q.R., R6. (13)— PTR, PTRE, STR, STRE (45) . . 72
ROMAE AETERNAE. Rome seated, holding a shield, on
X which is y ; in exergue, RGQCS ; another with RT. . 2
VIRTVS CAESS. Gate of castrum. ARLT, TARL ; in the field of some, S.F. (10)— T.CONST. ; in the field, S.F. (1). The last is identical in design with the others . . 11
VIRTVS EXERCIT. Two captives seated; between them a standard, inscribed VOT XX. — STR PLN. — TS.—TSP.— P.LON.— r.SIS 18
VOT. V, in a wreath; around, CAESARVM NOSTRORVM AQT (1)— QA (5)— RS (2)— SIS (2)— Doubtful (3) . 13
Idem, DOMINORVM NOSTRORVM CAESS— SIS (1)— PT (2)— Q.T. (1)— Doubtful (2) . . . . . 6
ROMAN COINS FOUND ON SALISBURY PLAIN. 53
Number.
VOT. X, in a wreath; CAESARVM NOSTRORVM— Q.AR. (16)— AQ.T (4)— P.LCC (8)— P.LON. (7)— R.T. (2)— STR and PTR (63)— A, or B, or 6, SIS (14) — TSBVI (5)— TT. (1)— Illegible (34) . . .148
VOT. XX, in a wreath ; DN.CONSTANTINI MAX AVG. ; in exergue, TT. ........ 1
VICTORIAE LAETAE PRINC PERP. Two winged
VOT
figures holding a shield, inscribed p-n upon an altar —
PLN. 3
CONSTANTIUS JUNIOR.
PROVIDENTIAE CAESS. Gate of a castrum. ARLQ, QARL.—Q. CONST.— MNS (?)— SMNA.— S.T, S.TR., S.TRE., P.TR.— ASII(?)— P.LON (1) ... 42 The S.T. may not belong to Treves ; it is of some- what different work, and but few occur with this mark. Mr. De Salis thinks it is of Tarraco.
VIRTVS CAES. Camp gate.— ARL.Q. and Q.ARL. . 1
VIRTVS EXERCIT. A trophy between two seated cap- tives ; in the exergue, PTR . . . .1
VOT. XX, in a wreath ; DN.CONSTANTINI MAX AVG ; in exergue, TT. 1
I do not find this type, in brass, mentioned inBanduri or in Tanini.
FEL. TEMP. REPARATIO. A soldier transfixing with his spear an overthrown horseman. (Badly preserved) . 1
Illegible 48
C. ROACH SMITH.
VI.
REMARKS ON THE COINS OF THE ANGLO-SAXON AND DANISH KINGS OF NORTHUMBERLAND.
APTEH a careful study of the coins of Northumbria, I venture to invite attention to them, and to suggest a re- arrangement of some of them. It will be necessary to introduce into their proper places those coins which have not hitherto been sufficiently recognised as Northumbrian ; but, also, I wish to attempt a separation and rearrange- ment of the coins of the Ethelreds, Sitrics, Regnalds, and Anlafs. These have hitherto been confounded, and have been classed as though they had each been issued by but one of the kings who bore those names.
I hope not to be thought tedious if I briefly mention each king in the series, beginning with the kings to whom coins may with certainty be assigned. . Although the kingdom of Northumberland was founded by Ida, A.D. 547, we cannot trace any coins, specially issued for its use, during the first 123 years of its existence.
ECGFRITH, A.D. 670 — 685,
the sixth king of Northumberland, still takes the lead in the recognised coins of Northumbria. The one type, with its irradiated cross, and its declaration legend of
COINS OP NORTHUMBRIA. 55
<f Lux," remains as rare as ever ; the four or five coins found at Heworth are the only specimens known. (Rud. App. pi. 28. Hawk. 99.) The word " Lux " may have reference to Ecgfrith's zealous support of religion, and to his liberal patronage of the churches of York and Durham.
ALDFRITH, A.D. 685 — 705,
called by Eddius "most wise/' is still represented by only two coins, both of the type with a rude Quadruped ; one of them, a copper styca (Hawk. 100.), formerly in Mr. Cuff's collection, is now in the British Museum. The other, a silver sceatta (Hawk. 101.), formerly Lin Mr. Loscombe's collection, is now in my possession.
After this king we have to regret a break in the series for thirty-three years, and, perhaps, no coins were issued by some of the following kings. We have none of —
EADWULF, A.D. 705, who reigned only two months; of
OSRED, A.D. 705—716, a son of Aldfrith; of COENRED, (or Cenred) A.D. 716—718, a lineal descen- dant of Ida ; of
OSRIC, A.D. 718—731, another son of Aldfrith ; nor of CEOLWULF, A.D. 731 — 737, known as the friend of Bede, and who afterwards retired as a monk ; and made way for
EADBERHT, A.D. 738 — 759,
the son of Eata, of whom we have several coins ; some of these have the Quadruped type; but some (without the Quadruped) have the name and figure of his brother, Ecgberht, Archbishop of York. (See Rud. and Hawk.) On these coins the king's name is spelt some-
56 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
times " Eadberhtus," with the Quadruped to the right, and sometimes " Eotberehtus," with the Quadruped to the left. The last type is the most common. He retired to a cloister ; and
OSULF, or OSWULF, A.D. 759, succeeded for a few months, of whom no coins are known.
ETHILWALD (Moll Ethilwald), A.D. 759—765.
It is said that two coins exist of this reign, but only one has been seen by me ; both of them, from different dies, have also the name of Archbishop Ecgberht on one side. (See plate Nos. 1, IA, and Num. Chron., vol. iii. p. 154.) The silver sceatta, No. 1, is in my collection, having formerly belonged to Mr. Dymock. A bad drawing of the other coin is given in the Gentleman's Magazine for 1832 ; but is apparently more correctly drawn in Arch, vol. xxvi. 3. I have therefore copied it in our plate No. IA. Where the coin itself is, I do not know. Ecgberht continued Archbishop during the seven years of Ethilwald' s reign, and there can be no doubt that these coins were issued by the Archbishop's authority — an authority which had been granted by his royal brother, Eadberht, and was renewed, as it appears, during the reign of Ethilwald. On the ecclesiastical coins of Eadberht's reign, and on those of Ethilwald's, the usual Quadruped is wanting.
ALCHBED, A.D. 765 — 774.
On these coins we again have the Quadruped, looking to the right. Only four specimens of this king's mintage are known ; of which three are in the British Museum ; the fourth (plate No. 2.) is in my cabinet, and was purchased at the Dymock sale. All are from different dies.
COINS OF NOIITHTJMBKIA. 57
ETHELRED (I.), A.D. 774 — 778,
son of Moll Ethilwald, reigned for four years, and was then deposed ; but, after twelve years of exile, he was restored, A.D. 790, for four years more. I have examined many hundred coins of the Ethelreds, and compared their money ers and the workmanship with coins of pre- ceding and succeeding kings, in the hope of distinguishing the coins of Ethelred, the son of Ethilwald, from those of the king with a similar name (Ethilred), who reigned forty-six years afterwards. Each of these kings reigned an equal term of only eight years ; and it seems unreasonable to conclude that all the coins which exist, and which amount to many thousands, and are very different in type and workmanship, were issued by only one of them. The unrecorded presence amidst large hoards of Ethelred's coins of any coin of Elfwald, who reigned for nearly nine years, between the deposition and the restoration of the son of Ethilwald, has hitherto led to the supposition that all the known coins of Ethelred and Ethilred must belong to the son of Eanred. But it is probable that the only three coins of Elfwald which are known, were found in company with stycas of Ethelred, although the fact was never recorded.
It seems natural to suppose that the coins with the name of Ethilred, with the Quadruped, and which are by Leofdegn, the money er, and are nearly as scarce as the coins of Elfwald, must belong to the first Ethelred son of Ethilwald, and were struck during the first four years of his reign, and previous to his restoration. This probably was the case ; and this coin would thus continue the Northumbrian Quadruped type unto the end of the reign of Elfwald. The same trefoil ornament found on the coins
VOL. IX. N.S. I
58 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
of Eadberht, is found also on these coins, and seems to connect them with the previous reigns, and to place them next in succession to the coins of Alchred. This is the first and only instance of a moneyer's name appearing on coins of the Quadruped type ; and as it seems to have been a rule after the restoration of Ethelred that every coin should bear the moneyer's name and title, the Quadruped would manifestly be an inconvenient type for an inscription, on so small a coin. Hence, after Ethelred's restoration, other types were adopted. The invariable form of spelling the king's name with an I on these rare coins, is the chief fact which appears to tell against my own theory, in the following attempt to separate the coinage of the Ethelreds; but there may have been some reason, unknown to us, for the alteration of the name, when the type was changed after the restoration.
I may at once say that I consider all the coins, with the above exception, which have the second syllable of the king's name spelt with an E, to be the oldest ; and to belong to Ethelred, the son of Ethilwald, after his restora- tion. And, all those coins with the second syllable spelt with an I, to belong to Ethilred, the son of Eanred, who reigned, with a short interruption, from A.D. 840 to A.D. 848. Now there is more systematic uniformity in the mode of spelling and of engraving the names of these two kings than at first appears. I observe, that generally speaking, they may all be arranged into two forms — either Ethelred, ^Ethelred ; or Ethilred, ^Ethilred. Occasionally, but comparatively not often, blunders occur in these names ; such as Elred for Ethelred, or Aeilred for Ethilred ; but such blundered legends can generally be traced to one or other of the above forms.
The evidence which seems to justify the suggestion of
COINS OF NORTHUMBRIA. 59
the arrangement is this : The coins having Ethelred with an E are much less numerous than those with an I, and most of them appear to be much worn by circulation; thus suggesting that they belong to an earlier reign. Amongst the large hoards found at Hexham, Kirk- Oswald, and York, the coins with an I were by far the most numerous ; and all these hoards contained coins of Redulf, and of Osbercht, who reigned after the second Ethilred. I am therefore inclined to give the later date to the coins with an I, which are the most numerous ; of the thirty-one moneyers which are known, only nine have the king's name spelt Ethelred ; while twenty- two have Ethilred, almost without exception. Again, some confirmation of this arrangement may be derived from the names of the moneyers which appear on the coins of other kings. Out of the eleven names which are found as moneyers on the coins of Redulf (who usurped Ethilred's throne during a few months of the year 844), no less than eight appear upon coins with Ethzlred ; and five out of the eight are found upon the coins of no other king. Again, three of the moneyers' names which are found in connection with Redulf and Ethilred, are also found on coins of Archbishop Vigmund, who held the see of York during the latter part of the reign of the last Ethilred; and none of these names appear on the numerous coins of Eanred, his father. The identity of type, letters, and moneyers, and the peculiarity of the workmanship on coins of Ethilred and Redulf is to be noticed — such, e.g., as the coins of the moneyers ALGHERE and VENDEL- BE ARHT ; and on all these coins the name is invariably spelt Etlw'lred. Again, there are a few moneyers whose names are common to coins only of Ethelred and Eanred; and I suppose that as these moneyers are not found on
60 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
the coins with an I (some of which coins undoubtedly belong to Eedulfs period), those on which they appear belong to the king who reigned before Eanred.
There are a few names of moneyers which appear on coins of both Ethelred, and Ethilred : such, e.g., as " Leofdegn," " Monne," and " Fordred :" and it may be urged against my arrangement, that this fact points to an absence of any fixed rule of spelling the name, even by the same moneyer. But I deny that they are the same moneyers. It will be evident from a careful examination of the coins that there is considerable difference in the workmanship, and in the character of the letters of these moueyers ; and the conclusion is, that though the names of the moneyers are similar, yet the persons that engraved them are dif- ferent. It is manifest, for example, that there must have been two, or three " Leofdegn "s, and two " Monue "s ; the workmanship of the coins is manifestly so different. The letter Gr in the moneyer's name Leofdegn is found in two or three different forms on different coins. On the Quadruped type the form of the letter differs entirely from that upon the others ; which, again, have a form pecu- liarly their own. After the restoration of Ethelred, Leofdegn's coins have the letters smaller and neater, than on the coins of Ethilred with the same moneyer's name, which are comparatively of very coarse workmanship. It is curious that there should be no coins of King Eanred with the moneyer's name Leofdegn — at least, I have seen none. Redulf 's usurpation was of so short a duration, that probably there was no distinction between the coins before and after the restoration of Ethilred.
Thus much for the evidence from the coins themselves. If we turn to documentary evidence for the spelling of the "names, we can get little help. Few notices, if any, of
COINS OF NOHTHTJMBR1A. 61
these kings exist which are contemporary with the coins ; and each writer seems to have followed his own fancy in spelling names, and things. I have endeavoured to bring together a few facts with the hope of clearing up this diffi- cult matter, and of laying down some rule by which col- lectors may at least separate these coins. We must now pass on to the reign of
ELFWALD, A.D. 779—788.
I believe only three coins of this king are known to exist : one is in the British Museum (Hawk. 108), on which the reading of the king's name is very doubtful ; and two are in my collection (Hawk. 106 and 107). He was " slain by his patrician Sigan," and was succeeded by his nephew,
OSRED, A.D. 789—790, of whom no coins are known. He was expelled, and
ETHELRED, A.D. 790 — 794, was again restored.
I have already said enough about his coins, and will now only refer to a few typical specimens of this por- tion of his reign, as drawn in Adamson's plates, e.g., Bud. 153 to 160, and 181 to 201; also 241 and 255 to 272. Ethelred was murdered by his subjects, and was succeeded for a few days by OSBALD ; after whom was
HEARDULF, A.D. 794 — 806.
Several coins are assigned to this king ; but it is doubted by some whether they were issued by him. The name, which is never followed by the title R, or BEX (and in this respect is like most of his predecessors), is found
62 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
apparently as a moneyer in conjunction with the obverse of Eanred rex. The following combinations are found : —
|
Heardulf — |
Herreth. |
|
Heardulf |
Eadvini. |
|
Heardulf — |
Eanred rex. |
|
Eanred rex — |
Herreth. |
|
Eanred rex — |
Eadvini. |
|
Herreth — |
Herreth. |
|
Herreth — |
Edeund. |
|
Herreth — |
Enu rex. |
Herreth — Daegbert.
Thus the name Heardulf on these coins is probably that of a king, and he and Eanred may have had the same moneyers, Herreth and Eadvini. Herreth indeed seems to have been a bl underer, and his mistakes have suggested the idea that Heardulf's name is that of a fellow moneyer. However, the real moneyer on Eanred's and Ethelred's coins is generally spelt Earduulf. It is pleasant to main- tain that Heardulf is represented in the series of coins of Northumbria, and as there is good reason to believe that he is truly so, I propose to keep these coins where Mr. Hawkins has placed them.
ALFWOLD, A.D. 806—808,
has no coins existing. I should have been inclined to suspect that the coin given to Elfwald (Hawk. 107) and reading ALEFVALD, might have been issued by this king, but the obverses of the two coins, Hawk. 106 and 107, are from the same die, although the king's names on the reverses are spelt differently ; and there can be no doubt that Hawk. 106, is a coin of Elfwald.
EANRED, A.D. 808 — 840.
His copper stycas are very numerous, and several silver sceattas were coined by him. But this reign is remarkable
COINS OF NOHTHUMBRIA. 63
for the first appearance of a silver penny among the coins of Northumberland. In a paper read before the Numis- matic Society in March, 1868, I have stated, and still maintain my belief, that this penny (at present unique, see plate No. 3) bears testimony to an attempt having been made during Eanred's reign to introduce into Northumbria a silver coinage similar to that which was used in other parts of England. Collectors are familiar with silver coins of the size of the sceat issued by this king, and inscribed with his name; and on these coins the moneyers' names are the same as those found on the stycas. But the name of the moneyer DES, which appear on the silver penny, is found on no other known coin, and is apparently a French name. There was con- siderable intercourse between France and England at this time, as is proved by the French coins that are almost always found with Anglo-Saxon coins of the ninth century. It is therefore probable that a Frenchman was selected to make a die for the penny coinage for Eanred, but that such a coinage was not at this time acceptable to the Northum- brians. It is possible that the silver sceat began to be used about the time of this attempt, but it does not appear to have been much in favour, for they are not very com- mon. In the succeeding reign Ethilred. seems to have made another attempt to introduce the silver sceat, but without success, for only one or two specimens are known to exist. It was not till thirty or forty years after the death of Eanred that the stycas altogether disappear, and a silver coinage of pennies and half-pennies took their place. The silver penny of Eanred — which is re- markable as being the only Northumbrian coin (except the few Danish Northumbrian coins of Regnald's) which has a head upon it — was amongst the hoard of Anglo-
64 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Saxon coins found at Trewhiddle in Cornwall in 1774, on an estate which belonged to my relation, Mr. John Rash- leigh, from whom it passed at once into the collection which has come to me. (A minute description of this hoard is given in vol. viii., N.S., page 137, of the Nu- mismatic Chronicle.) After a reign of 32 years, Eanred was succeeded by his son
ETHILRED (II.), A.D. 840—844.
So much has been said already about the coins of this reign, I will only add, that of the specimens of the coins of Ethelred and Ethilred, which are engraved in Ruding's plates, 120 have the name spelt Ethelred, and 264 Ethilred; and the same kind of proportion is observable in all the public and private collections that I have examined. I may mention the private collections of JMr. Boyne, and of Mr. Fairless of Hexham, as containing a considerable number of these stycas.
REDULPH, A.D. 844,
usurped the throne, and held the power for a few months only. But he was busy with his mints during that time ; for his coins are by no means scarce, and we have the names of at least ten or eleven of his moneyers. He was killed in battle against the pagans at Alvetheleie, and
ETHILRED, A.D. 844 — 848,
was again restored ; but in less than four years he was also slain, and was succeeded by
OSBERCHT, A.D. 848—862.
His coins are not scarce, but they are generally very rudely executed, and are struck in copper and brass. There are some stycas of this reign which, from the pecu-
COINS OF NORTHUMBRIA. 65
liarity of the crosses in the legend, have been supposed to bear an ecclesiastical appearance, and to have been con- nected with Archbishop Wulsius (see plate, 4, 5, 6) ; but that Archbishop held the see during the reign of Eanred, and therefore the name must refer to another Wulsius. In the year 862, Osbercht was expelled from Bernicia, and jElla was chosen king of that part of Northumbria. When the Danes seized York these kings united their forces to expel the invaders, but they were defeated, and both kings were slain, A.D. 867.
, A.D. 862—867.
Of his coins but four are said to exist ; one is in my own collection (No. 7), and was found at Hexham, but it is different from the coin that is engraved in the Arch., vol. xxv. 25 (No. 8), which has a cross in the centre of the obverse, instead of an annulet inclosing a pellet. The others I have never seen, nor do I know where they are; but if the engraving of that in Ruding, pi. E., No. 1, is correct, I should say the coin is one of Ethilred and ^Eilred, and decidedly not of JSlla. As to the coin mentioned in the Proceedings of the Numismatic Society of November, 1843, page 6, and described by Professor Holmboe, of Christiana, it is im- possible to form any correct opinion without seeing it ; and there is no account given of the place where, or of the company in which it was found. Indeed it is doubt- ful, from the way in which it is mentioned, whether it is a penny or a sceat. I should be very glad to welcome it as a Northumbrian, if I could. It is thus described.
Olv. — ELA MI NOET (?), with a head in the centre.
Rev. — EDEED ON VSILT, "one greater and two smaller
crosses." VOL IX. N.S. K
66 NUMISMATIC CHROMCLB.
I mention this coin with the hope that some day I may be favoured with a drawing or a cast of the coin itself.
BEORN, or BEOM, A.D. 868.
This is the person of whom tradition says he was the instigator of the Danish invasion of Northumberland. Matthew of Westminster, Gaimar, and others, relate that the Dane, Ragnar Lodbrog, having been shipwrecked on the coast of East Anglia, was murdered by Beorn, a dependant of Eadmund, King of East Anglia, for which crime he was punished by his master by being sent adrift in an open boat which found its way to Denmark ; and Beorn then falsely accused his master of the murder of Ragnar, and invited Ragnar's sons to avenge their father's death. Whether this be true or not, it is certain that the Danes landed in East Anglia in the year 866, and having wintered there, went northwards and took possession of York, A.D. 867.
Asser tells us that Osbercht and ^Ella, who before were at enmity, made peace, and (as has been mentioned) with their united forces attacked the invaders at York, where both Osbercht and .^Ella were slain. The Danes left Northumberland in 868, having placed Ecbert as their deputy in charge of Bernicia ; and it -would appear that Beorn was rewarded for his treachery by ruling over Deira. There are four stycas in my possession which I attribute to this Beorn, upon two of which (Nos. 9, 10) he is styled " Beom Rex" (see also Num. Chron., vol. xv., 96,97). The reverses of the other two coins which I have are from the same dies as the reverses of the above two coins. These are the only coins that I have seen of this king.
COINS OF NORTHUMBR1A. 67
With King Beorn the copper styca ceased, after it had existed as the only coin in general use by the Northum- brians for about two hundred years. It is extraordinary that with a silver currency all around it, which was being used by neighbours speaking the same language, and having in the main the same laws, and only separated by a boundary ill-defined, the copper coinage should have remained for so long a time limited to this one kingdom, and that, without becoming mixed with the silver currency of its neighbours. This must have been caused, no doubt, by the fact that the very smallness of the value of the copper styca, compared with that of the silver penny, had been found by the Northumbrians practically to be more convenient for ordinary purposes of exchange; and yet, if this was so, it seems strange that the coin with a smaller and more convenient value should not have been adopted by the neighbouring kingdoms, and have been found current together with the silver penny. However, we never find them mixed. The fact speaks much for the jealousies and isolation of this northern kingdom. It was the last of all the Heptarchy that was absorbed into the sole monarchy ; and its complete amalgamation was not effected until the reign of Eadred, or even Eadgar, about A.D. 955. The fact that the currency had been kept dis- tinct for so long a period, illustrates the characteristic unwillingness of the Anglo-Saxon race hastily to adopt customs different from those of their fathers. At last, when the change from the copper styca to the silver penny did take place, it was effected in troublous times, and by the hand of strangers who had seized the reins of power for short periods, and who brought with them their own moneyers (probably Frenchmen) to manufacture the new coinage.
68 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
EGBERT, A.D. 868— (873 ?). No coins have been found of this King of Bernicia.
RICSIUS or RICSIDGE, 873 — 876,
was converted to Christianity, and then he reinstated Archbishop Uulf here (who had fled after the death of Osbercht and ^lla) into the See of York, and added to it the See of Worcester to repay him for his losses. No coins of this king have been found. -
HALFDEN, A.D. 875— (878?).
There are two coins which have been attributed by the Rev. D. H. Haigh to this Danish king, a silver penny (No. 11), and half-penny (No. 12); and if his attribution be right, these coins ought to take the lead in the series of silver pennies introduced by the Danish kings of Northum- berland. One of these coins (No. 11) is evidently of a more southern origin — having been issued from the London mint — and probably at first was never intended to be current in Northumberland. The half-penny ap- pears to have come from the York mint. Halfden occupied London in A.D. 872, when this penny was pro- bably issued ; and it was not until A.D. 875 that he held power in Northumbria. These two coins were amongst the hoard found at Cuerdale, where so many purely Dano- Northumbrian coins appeared ; they are therefore inserted in this place.
CNUT (or GUTHRED, or GUTHFRITH), A.D. 883 — 894,
appears to have been the first of the Danish kings of Northumberland who without doubt issued silver pennies and half-pennies in large numbers from the York if not from
COINS OF NORTHUMBR1A. 69
other Northumbrian mints. There can be no question, that coins with this name upon them formed the actual cur- rency of the country at this time. But as the name of Cnut does not appear in any known historical record as reigning in Northumbria, it is necessary to state my reasons for placing him in this series. I believe Cnut to be identical with Guthred, or Guthfrith, the son of Ivar, who is frequently mentioned in the chronicles of this period, but under the latter names only. The credit of this identification is due to the Rev. D. H. Haigh, from whose work on the coins of the Danish kings of Northumberland I shall venture presently to quote on this subject. I think every numismatist of the present day unhesitatingly accepts as a fact that the Cuerdale Coins with " Cnut Rex, Rev. Ebracie," " Cnut Rex, Rev. Cunnetti/' "Cnut. Rex, Rev. Mirabilia," "Cnut Rex, Rev. Dns. Deus Rex/' and " Cnut Rex, Rev. Siefredus," are purely Northumbrian coins, issued for circulation in Northumbria alone (or amongst its Anglian dependants), from the mints, and with the sanction, of the ecclesiastical authorities of York, and probably of Lin- disfarne, or its successor Cuneca-ceastre.
Simeon of Durham speaks of " Guthred, the son of Hardecnut," who from a slave was made a king by the Northumbrians. He re-established the Bishopric and the Monastery of Lindisfarne which had been dis- persed eight years before, not indeed in their ancient home, but at Cuneca-ceastre (Chester le Street). Adam of Bremen calls him " Gudred," while Ethelwerd calls him " Guthfrid ; " and Henry of Huntingdon, " Gudfert." Simeon of Durham, who speaks of him as "the son of Hardecnut," is the only author who seems to connect him with the name of " Cant." But this curious mistake
70 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
(for he was the sou of Ivar, and not of Hardecnut) I shall have occasion to notice hereafter. It is clear that Guthfrith occupied the throne of Northumberland soon after the death of Halfden, until the reign of Siefred, i.e., from A.D. 883 to 894. It is also manifest, from the evidence of the coins found at Cuerdale, that a person upon whose coins the name of " Cnut " appears, occupied the throne of Northumberland, and issued coins in great numbers from Northumbrian mints during the period mentioned above. It is also clear that this person was a contemporary and in alliance with King Alfred ; and that towards the close of his reign he was associated in autho- rity with Siefred (see Num. Chron., vol. v., pi. 8, No. 104), who immediately succeeded him on the throne of Northumbria. " Then," says Mr. Haigh, (iCnut can be no other than Guthfrith. The number of his coins, and the variety of their types, show that he must have reigned for some years ; he could not therefore have intervened between Guthfrith and Siefred." " We have a right to expect the money of Guthfrith in the Cuerdale hoard, but we have it not, unless these coins be his. We have many of Siefred, Sievert, or Sigeferth, but many more of a king who was his immediate predecessor, and yet none with the name of Guthfrith, although he reigned for eleven years in peace. The Cnut, whose name these coins bear, evidently occupied Guthfrith's place in his- tory, and he was in alliance with Alfred, as Guthfrith was- Under all these circumstances, I cannot hesitate in avowing my conviction that Cnut is Guthfrith, and I have no difficulty in accounting for the difference of name." Mr. Haigh then refers to the well-known instance of Alfred's godson Guthrum, or Godrum, King of the East Angles, whose name is given in the history
COINS OF NORTHUMBRIA. 71
and records of the period as Guthrum, but who in bap- tism received another name, " Ethelstan," and upon his coins this latter name invariably appears ; for not a single specimen exists with the name of " Guthrum." Mr. Haigh then adds, " So I believe that Guthfrith, known only by this name to the chroniclers, may also have taken the name of " Cnut " when he became a Christian, and coined money under this name ; and I think that Simeon's statement that he was the son of Hardecnut may have originated either with him, or before his time, in the misapprehension of a scribe translating from dictation some such words as these : ' he suna hate Cnut/ he was forthwith named Cnut." Simeon has made similar mis- takes elsewhere, e.g., "Hunbeanna," for Benna or Beonna. In this case Mr. Thorpe suggests the reading to have been, "after him Beanna," &c., and a scribe has carelessly joined the pronoun "him" to "Beanna," making " Himbeanna," " Hunbeanna." This is very ingenious ; and as I think it is just possible that the mistake may have arisen thus, I have ventured to endorse the idea.
I agree with Mr. Haigh thus far ; but I cannot agree with him in his explanation of the word " Cunnetti" which appeared on the reverses of about 2,000 coins at Cuerdale. I am convinced that the word " Cunnetti " represents a mint, and not a person, for it occupies a similar place on the coins of . Cnut, that the word " Eboraci " (York) does on so many other coins of this king. With our present information we can only con- jecture as to its meaning. But considering the circum- stances of Cnut's re-establishment of the once powerful bishopric and monastery of Lindisfarne at Cuneca, or Cuneta-ceastre (Cunkecestra), and that the Cunnetti coins from the cruciform arrangement of their legend have an
72 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
ecclesiastical appearance, I am inclined to believe that they must have issued from a mint at this place, and the name " Cunnetti " may be some local form of Cuneta-ceastre. I confess it is a difficulty. The coins with Cunnetti upon them are more numerous than those even from the York mint, and therefore I feel sure they must have come from a place which, being under the special patronage of Cnut Guthfrith, must have had a power little short, if not equal in authority to York. Certainly the mint, wherever it was, must have been situated more northerly, and in a place more important than the " Cuneet " of Domesday, in Shropshire, or than " Cunetio " (Marlborough). Mr. Haigh suggests that it may be a form of the Welsh surname " Cunedda," or of the Irish " Cinneitigh," or of the modern "Kennedy;" but Mons. C. A. Serrure of Paris thinks it may be the same as " Quentovic," the mint which occurs on so many of the French coins found at Cuerdale. I think these last suggestions only need to be mentioned in order to be rejected.
For drawings of the coins of Cnut I must refer the reader to the plates of the Cuerdale coins in vol. v. of the Numismatic Chronicle. These coins invariably have a cruciform arrangement of the letters of his name and title on the obverse. But the reverses may be divided into four classes (see Num. Chron., vol. y. 80 to 85)
1st, those with " Ebraice civitas," and its variations.
2nd, „ „ "Cunnetti."
3rd, „ „ " Mirabilia fecit."
4th, „ „ " Dns Ds Rex."
Some pennies of Cnut have the name of " Siefredus " on the reverse (see below, and Num. Chron., vol. v., pi. 8, 104), and a few have "Alfred Rex" on the reverse (Num. Chron., vol. v., pi. 1—10).
COItfS OF NOKTHUMimiA. 73
It may be well to notice in this place the monogram of " Carlos/' which appears for the first time on some of the pennies and half-pennies of Cnut, both from the York and the Cunnetti mints. This monogram is also found at a later period on some York pennies of Raienalt, or Reg- nald I., and on coins of St. Peter (or of Sitric?). With- out doubt the monogram is that of Carlos, and is evi- dently a copy of the monogram of Charles the Bald of France, many of whose coins were found at Cuerdale with this device upon them. But how comes this monogram on Dane-Northumbrian coins ? The Annals of the Four Masters contain several passages where " the sword of Carlos " is mentioned : a sword which appears to have been treasured with superstitious regard by the Danish kings of Dublin. From the same annals we learn that there was intercourse both hostile and friendly between the Northmen tinder Ragnar, and the men of Paris in the time of Charles the Bald. It is probable that this sword was given by Charles to the chieftain of the Northmen, or it may have been won from him in battle, and became an heir-loom in Ragnar's family, and afterwards have been kept among the treasures of the Danish kings of Northumberland and of Dublin. Hence we find both the monogram of " Carlos," and " the sword," as devices upon the coins of Ragnar' s descendants and successors. The monogram is on coins of Cnut, of St. Peter during Sitric' s reign, and Regnald ; and the sword is found on coins of Sitric and Eric, and on the contemporary corns of St. Peter and St. Martin.
Half-pennies of Cnut were also found at Cuerdale with " Ebraice," and with " Cunnetti " on the reverses (see Num. Chron., vol. v. pi. 9, 113, 114, 121), and with the monogram of " Carlos/'
VOL. IX. N.S. L
74 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
EARL SITRIC, A.D. 891 — 895.
This is the proper place to insert a notice of the rare coins of the Earl Sitric, who was brother of King Crmt (Guthfrith), and son of Ivar, or Inguar. It is recorded in the Annals of Ulster that Siefred, or Sigeferth, was a rival of this Sitric, and that in 892 there was " great dissension among the foreigners;" and the Annals of " The Four Masters " record A.D. 895 : " Sitriuc mac lomair slain by other Norsemen." It is supposed that he was slain by Siefred, who succeeded Cnut, the brother of Earl Sitric, on the throne of Northumbria. During the reign of Cnut it appears that Earl Sitric had con- siderable power, for two coins with the inscription " Sitric comes'' were found at Cuerdale amongst the coins of his brother Cnut. As the probable date of the deposit of the Cuerdale hoard is not later than A.D. 903 — 4, it is certain that these coins with " Sitric comes " must belong to the brother of King Cnut, the son of Ivar, and not (as I liad supposed in a former paper, Num. Chron., vol. viii., N.S.) to the Sitric, son of this Earl, who actually succeeded to the throne of Northumbria nineteen years afterwards.1 The specimen of the Earl's coin which is in the British Museum is drawn among the Cuerdale coins in the Num. Chron., vol. v., pi. 4, No. 56; and the other specimen, in my collection, is herewith engraved (No. 13).
SlEFRED, Or SlGEFERTH, SlEVERT, A.D. 894 — 901.
This name is mentioned by Ethelwerd as being that of a pirate from the land of the Northumbrians, who in 893 — 4 came with a great fleet and ravaged along the
1 In the list of hoards of coins, given in the eighth vol. of the Num. Chron., I have erroneously given A.D. 914 as the date of
COINS OF NORTHUMHRIA. 75
coast of Devonshire, and afterwards sailed to his own home. This Sigeferth is mentioned in the annals of Ulster as being the rival of a son of Ivar (viz., Sitric, a brother of Cnut-Guthfrith), whom he probably killed the year of Cnut's death ; for, from the evidence of coins found at Cuerdale, it is certain that he succeeded Cnuton the throne of Northumberland. Some of Cnut's coins have Siefred's name 011 the reverse, and other coins have this same reverse " Siefredus," from the same die, used as an obverse, with the title " rex " alone on the reverse (Num. Chron., vol. v., pi. 7, 97, 98). It is evident that these latter coins were issued after the death of Cnut, and when Siefred had succeeded to the sole power.
The types of Siefredus (or " Sievert," as the name sometimes appears) are various (see Num. Chron., vol. v., pi. 8, 99—109). The reverses have "Ebraice civi," with variations : " Mirabilia fecit : " " Dns Ds Rex." None have been found with " Cunnetti " upon them. And if " Cunnetti " means " Cuneca-ceastre," it is probable that after the death of Cnut (who had re-established it, and patronised this bishopric and monastery) its glory declined ; and the mint at Cuneca-ceastre was suppressed, and York assumed its ancient supremacy.
Half-pennies of Siefred exist of the types Num. Chron. vol. v., 101, 106, 108.
There are some pennies and half-pennies which were found at Cuerdale, and which are evidently contemporary with the above coins, having a general resemblance to them, but which have a more purely ecclesiastical character. These have not the name of any king upon them, but
the deposit of the Cuerdale hoard. That date was given from the supposition that these coins of Earl Sitric belonged to Sitric his son.
76 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
have the following inscriptions, which have been men- tioned as being also on the reverses of Cnut and Siefred: —
Obv. — " Mirabilia fecit."
Rev. — " Eborace civi" (131, 132).
Obv. — " Dns Deus Rex."
Rev. — " Ebraice civi " (110).
Olv. — " Dns Deus 0 Eex." Rev. — " Mirabilia fecit " (133, 134). All these must have come from the York mints.
ATHELWALD, or ALWALD, A.D. 901 — 905,
was brother of Edward the Elder, with whom he quarrelled A.D. 901, and then went northwards. After the death of Siefred, he was invited to the vacant throne by the people of York, who seem to have been tired of their Danish rulers. Thus he appears in Northumbria as an Anglo-Saxon stranger, and for nearly three years in- terrupts the succession of the Dano-Northumbrian kings. Although he issued money with his name, he does not appear to have ventured to call himself " Rex ; " although, in the Chronicle of Mailros, it is said that in the year 901 Alwald retired to Northumberland, and there " Rex et Princeps Regum eorum factus est." This expression, "Princeps Regum," and a remark of Henry of Huntingdon that " multi reguli" existed, seem to prove that there were several aspirants to power at this time in the North ; but it seems that Alwald held the chief rule amongst them, and was upheld by the ecclesiastics of York, who controlled the mint.
Only two of his coins are known to exist ; one was found at Cuerdale, and is now in the British Museum ; the other (No. 14) is in my collection. Both appear to have been from the same dies. My specimen was found at York a few years ago, while excavations were being
COINS OF NOKTHUMBRIA. 77
made for drainage ; and near it was found a mass of copper stycas, which were corroded into such a solid block that the coins were hardly distinguishable, and no account has been preserved of them. This is the only instance that I know of a silver penny having being found in the company of copper stycas. The workmanship of these pennies is much coarser than that of the coins of Cnut or Siefred; and probably was not that of the French moneyers, who had been introduced by the Danes, but of some Saxon, who had accompanied Alwald from the South. The inscription, " Dns Da Rex," which is also on the coins of his predecessors, seems to connect these pennies with the ecclesiastical mints of York. Alwald was slain in 905, at the same time with Eric, King of the Danes, and was succeeded by
EOWILS, 905—910. No coins known.
NEIL, A.D. 910—914.
Neil was probably a grandson of Inguar, or Ivar, and a great-grandson of Ragnar Logbrok. It is uncertain whether he was a sou of Earl Sitric, or not. It is also uncertain when he commenced his reign, but probably very soon after the death of Alwald. The rare coins which bear evidence to his rule require an introduction into the Dano-Northumbrian series. Only two of them are known (No. 15), which were found at Chester in the year 1862, in company with coins of Sitric, (?) and of Edward the Elder, and of St. Peter, from the York mint. I have not seen these coins, but drawings have been published in the Transactions of the Chester Archaeological Society, 1864 ; and the discovery has been noticed in the Num. Chron. vol. ii. N.S., where the coins
78 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
are described as St. Peter's. The fact of their having been found with coins of Edward the Elder and of St. Peter, seems to confirm the attribution to this Northum- brian king, and enables us to place them confidently amongst the Northern series. Sitric, the brother of Neil, married an illegitimate daughter of Edward the Elder. The title " Rex " is absent from these coins, as it was from the coins of his predecessor; and it is difficult to give any meaning to the letters which follow his name ; but the similarity of their workmanship and type to the coins called St. Peter's, from the York mint, seem to connect them with the ecclesiastical mints of that city. Neil was murdered by his brother (or by a brother of Sitric), and Sitric at once seized the throne.
SITRIC, A.D. 914 — 926,
another grandson of Inguar, or Ivar, was born a Pagan, but professed himself a Christian when he succeeded to the kingdom of Northumbria. In A.D. 925 he married Orgiva, an illegitimate daughter of Edward the Elder, from whom he was divorced soon after, and then returned to Paganism ; and died A.D. 926.
His coins, one of which bears the title " Cununc," the others " Rex," are extremely rare. Only four specimens are known, each of which is unique in its variety. The coin which has the title " Cununc," was probably issued after he had seized the throne of Dublin, while his relative, Neil, was ruling in York. This coin was found, it is believed, in Ireland, and was formerly in the Pem- broke collection, but is now in the British Museum. It is unique, but is remarkable as being of the same type, and having the same moneyer (" Ascolu "), as a coin of his son Anlaf II., who did not reign until after three
COINS OF NORTHUMBRIA. ~9
successors to las throne, in A.D. 943. The three coins which have the title " Rex" were issued, probably, after he had married Edward's daughter, when Neil had been slain, and he had seized the throne of Northumbria. These coins are either the prototypes or copies of the coins which are called St. Peter's, which have the sword between the legend. One is in my collection, and was sold at Sotheby's as a coin of St. Peter (No. 16).
The device of the sword, which has been alluded to under the reign of Cnut, as " the sword of Carlos," has been considered, as a matter of course, to represent the well-known symbol of St. Peter. But this sword is found in the same position on coins of St. Martin, and on coins of the kings Sitric and Eric, none of whom have any particular connexion with St. Peter. There is no doubt that this is meant for " the sword of Carlos," and not of St. Peter. This question has been ably and fully discussed by the Rev. D. H. Haigh, who gives some interesting extracts from the Irish annals, where the sword of Carlos is mentioned in connexion with the family of Ragnar. When we consider that this sword appears on coins closely allied by dynasty to those on which the monogram " Carlos " occurs, I think we may take it as conclusive that this device represents " the sword of Carlos," and not of St. Peter.
In this place I may as well explain the device which appears on some of the coins of Sitric, Regnald, St. Peter, and St. Martin, and which has been called, sometimes a " Tau," and sometimes a " hammer." I believe that it represents the hammer of the god " Thor," the chief god of the old Teutonic race. Now this god was said to be the ancestor as well as the patron of the dynasty of the race of Ivar, of whom Sitric was one; and the dynasty of
80 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Ivar is spoken of in the Annals of the Four Masters, A.D. 942, as being "the descendants of Thomair," or Thor. Now the " hammer of Thor," said to be the work of the dwai'fs Brokkur and Sindri, was supposed to possess extraordinary virtues. It was incapable of injury ; it had qualities similar to the Australian Boomerang, so that it might be thrown to any distance, but would always come back to the hand of the projector ; and it could be diminished in size at will, so as to be easily carried in the pouch; but it was used with most effect when grasped with the "iron glove," which the dwarfs also made for Thor. This glove appears as a device on coins of Sitric's successor, Raienalt, as I shall have to point out presently. Small hammers of Thor have been found at different times — one was found at Cuerdale, and is engraved in the Arch. Journ., vol. iv., page 129 ; and there are a few (which had been worn as amulets) in the National Museum at Copenhagen. The presence, then, of the hammer of Thor, and the sword of Carlos, on the coins of Sitric and his successors, is not to be wondered at. But their presence on coins of St. Peter must be accounted for from these coins having been issued from the Dano- Northumbrian mints of York, during the reigns of " Thor's descendants," Sitric, Regnald, and Eric. The following are the legends on Sitric's coins : —
1. Obv.— +&ITKIO EVNVNE-A. The Triquetra.
Rev.— +-7T-SCOLY HOHETR-fi- The Banner. See Pembr. coins, pi. 4, 81.
2. Obv.— .-. SITRIC BEX*:- In two lines, a sword between.
(No. 16.)
Rev. — +C7VST D7TEGRT. A cross within the inner circle, in the first and fourth angle of which is a pellet, and a crescent in the second and third angles.
COINS OF NORTHUMliRlA. 81
3. Obv.— ITE C RE- (The coin is broken.) A sword, with
blade ornamented, dividing the legend. Rev. — 7CRE MO. A hammer and three crescents. (No. 17.)
4. Obv. — v+ITE fl BL v A sword, with a pellet on the blade,
dividing the legend. Rev.— +ZNEI7VI IOIN. A hammer, with a nail (?) on each
side.
5. Obv. LVDO SITEO. A eword, with a hammer beneath.
Rev. — +EEIO M'.-OTI. A cross, having a crescent in two
angles, and a pellet in two angles.
During this reign the city of York and the reins of power were for a time seized by a Pagan, named Raienalt or Regnald. I shall hereafter call him Regnald L, to distinguish him from the brother of Anlaf I., who was the son of Guthferth, and who reigned eighteen years later.
REGNALD I. (RAIENALT) A.D. 919 (923 ?)•.
This Pagan usurper issued a few coins from the York mint, which are remarkable among the Northumbrian series, as being the only coins of that group, except the penny of Eanred, which have on the obverse of some a very rude head ; some of these heads are in profile to the right, and some to the left. One is in the British Museum, and one is in my collection (No. 22) ; see also Hawk. 136 ; Rud., App., pi. 30—4; and Sup., pi. E, 2. But there are other coins which belong to this Regnald which have the " iron glove of Thor" instead of the head, which glove has usually been described as an open hand. Each variety of this type is also rare. In the British Museum there is an unique coin with a bow and arrow on the obverse, and the hammer of Thor on the reverse. All the coins of this king are from the York mint; and all of them, except the unique variety with the bow and arrow, have the monogram of " Carlos " on the reverses.
VOL. IX. N.S. M
82 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Upon the contemporary coins of Edward the Elder there appears as a type a hand in three varieties of form — one open, as a symbol of friendship ; one with two fingers straight, as is usual in the act of blessing ; and one having a shield as the symbol of protection. It may be thought that the coins of Regnald I. may have some reference to these. But it is evident that while the hands on all the coins of Edward have a wrist attached to them, and all appear to be issuing from a cloud, those on Reguald's coins have no wrist at all, but simply represent a five- fingered glove — the iron glove of Thor.
The legends on Regnald's coins are as follows : —
1. Obv.— + ETUENfiET. A rude head to the right. Rev.— + EITtEICECT. Monogram of Carlos (No. 22).
2. Obv.— + ETttENTTLT. Head to the left.
Rev. — E7TEICECT. Monogram of Carlos. (End., ap. pi. 30—34; Hawk., 136.)
3. Obv.— + ETttEHTtLT. Head to the left.
Rev. — ETCEICECT. Monogram of Carlos. (Eud., Sup. pi. E. 2.)
4. Obv.— + E7YCHOIT. A glove (No. 24).
Rev. — + EIOEvTVCII. Monogram of Carlos. (Eud., Sup. pi. E. 3; Hawk., 135.)
5. Obv.— + E7VOIITII. A glove.
Jtev. — + EIOETVCn. Monogram of Carlos. (No. 23, Eud., Sup. pi. E. 3; Hawk., 135.)
6. Obv. h E?vHOCLT. A glove, with a pellet in the centre.
Rev. — EIOftCECTL Monogram of Carlos. (Eud., Ap. pi. 30, 31.)
7. Olv. — E7THOCLT. A glove, with a pellet in the centre, and
three pellets over it.
Rev.— EIOfiCECfi.
8. Olv. — ETTC/^IIOLT. Glove with four pellets over it, and a
crescent to its left.
Rev.— +TICIDSDX>7. Monogram.
COINS OF NORTHUMBRIA. 83
9. Olv.— + BTON-0-rT. Glove, with a fringe of three loops. Eev.— + EAIOIECT. Monogram. Obv.— + B7VBIOCIT. Bow and arrow.
Rev. — OIIOITABvTV. The hammer. (Bud., Ap. pi. 30-32; Hawk., 137.)
GUTHFERTH, A.D. 926 — 927,
was son of Sitric, whom he succeeded. He reigned for only one year. No coins of his have been discovered, and probably none were ever struck. He was expelled by -^Ethelstan in A.D. 927, who placed in Northumbria Eric, to rule as his deputy.
ERIC, A.D. 927—941,
was son of Harald. He was probably a Pagan when he was elected as the deputy of ^thelstan. However, he was baptized soon after, and took up his abode at York. He seems to have lived there with kingly power, but in subjection to, and under the protection of, JEthelstan. In A.D. 927 we find ^Ethelstan defending him against an attempt which was then made by the brother of Guthferth (who afterwards became Anlaf II.) to regain the kingdom for his family. The joint forces of ^Ethelstan and Eric defeated Anlaf (II.) at Brunnenburgh, and Anlaf then fled to Ireland. Eric continued in power until A.D. 941. The death of JEthelstan in October, 940, and the recent accession of young Eadmund, then only eighteen, suggested an opportunity to the Northumbrians to cast off the Western yoke. Accordingly Eric was expelled, and Anlaf I., the son of Guthferth, was elected king in 941. However, Eric was restored by Eadmund in 944, until 948, the year of Eadmund' s death, when he was again banished by the Northumbrians. But he was restored again by the Northumbrians themselves in 952, who at last got tired of him A.D. 954, when they expelled and slew him.
84 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
His coins are scarce, although several varieties exist. They maybe classed into two kinds : those with the sword of Carlos, and those without. Those with the sword were certainly issued during his first reign, from 927 to 941. (See the coins of Sitric, and St. Peter with the sword.) Those without the sword, but with three crosses between the two lines of the legend, were issued during the first restoration, from 944 to 948. This issue exactly re- sembles the type of his patron, Eadmund. Probably no fresh issue was made during the second restoration, from 952 to 954.
The varieties of the first issue are as follows : —
Olv. — .'. D ERIEr ]) REX *.• Sword with crescent at point. Rev.— + LEOFIE- HONE. Cross with four pellets. J. R.
Obv.—.'. 0 ERIE 0 REX. v Sword, two pellets at point. Eev.—+ 7VEY-L-F HO-N. Cross, without pellets. M.B.
Obv. — .-. ERIE- + REX+ v Sword, three pellets at point. Eev. — + R-S-DYLFHEOI. Cross, with three pellets. J.R. Obv. — .'. • ERIE • REH: v Sword, with two pellets at point. E&V.—+ INEELESR HI. Cross, with four pellets.
Obv. — .-. 3>ERIE C-REX- Sword, with two pellets at point fiev.—+ INE • IE . LESRI Cross, with four pellets.
Obv. — .-. ERIE v REX+ v Sword, three pellets at point. • GSR : DEI. Cross, with four pellets. J.R.
ANLAF I., A.D. 941—943,
the son of Guthferth, was elected by the Northumbrians at the time when they rebelled, and attempted to cast off the yoke of Eadmund. This Anlaf was nephew to Anlaf (II.), the son of Sitric, who in 937 had failed to dethrone Eric, and was the brother of Regnald II. These two (Anlaf II. and Regnald II.) reigned conjointly after the death of the present king.
COINS OF NORTHUMBRIA. 85
There has been much confusion with the histories of the three Anlafs whose coins have come down to us, who in the short space of eleven years held rule in Northumbria ; and it is not easy to distinguish them clearly. After con- siderable care I think I may with confidence give the following order of succession as the correct one : and the coins which I have assigned to each will, I believe, be found to be correct, taking partly as my guide the types, the moneyers, the form and size of the letters, as com- pared with contemporary kings.
Anlaf I. was son of Guthferth, and brother of Reg- nald II., and reigned from A.D. 941 to A.D. 943.
Anlaf II. was son of Sitric, and brother of Guthferth, and therefore uncle of the last-mentioned king Anlaf I. He reigned from A.D. 943 to A.D. 944, and jointly with his nephew Regnald II.
Anlaf III. (or rather " Onlaf "— " Olaf Cwirran ") reigned from A.D. 949 to A.D. 952. It does not appear clearly whose son he was, but he seems to have come to Northumberland from Ireland, where he had received the name " Cwirran," or " The Crooked."
These kings, their pedigree, the order in which, they succeeded, and the coins attributed to each, will appear more clearly in the table which is annexed at the end.
The coins of Anlaf I. are very rare. He seems to have used the moneyers whom he found at the mints of the pre- ceeding King Eric, whom he supplanted, viz., the moneyers " Radulf," and " Ingelgar " and " Wadter ;" and the only type which has survived to our times is that with the flower (Lindsay, pi. 2, 41 ; Rud., plate 11, 3), similar to the flower type of Edward the Elder (Rud., pi. 6, 8, 9).
Of the few coins which exist, one specimen is in the British Museum (late Devonshire), one is in the Hun-
86 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
terian Museum, one is in Mr. Wigan's possession (late Pembroke), and one is in my collection. All show signs of considerable wear from circulation, and the legends are as follows. His title is always given as "Rex:" —
1. Olv.— + TVNLftF EEX- TO D- A small cross.
Eev. — EXDVLF. Above which is a floral ornament, and a rose below. (M.B. and J.E.) Lind. Hept. pi. 2, 41.
2. Olv.— + 7TNL7VF- KEX- EBE. A small cross in the centre.
Eev. — INEELIrlSE. Above which is a floral ornament, and a rose below. Pemb. coins, Hept. pi. 1. (Wigan.)
3. Obv. — + SN • L • 7E • E EEX • fi • A small cross.
Eev. — A7TDTEE. Above which is a floral ornament, and a rose below. (Hunter.) (Eud., pi. 11, 3.)
ANLAF II., A.D. 943—944,
was the son of Sitric. In consequence of the death of his nephew Anlaf I., he was brought from Ireland, where he had fled in 938 after his defeat at the battle of Brunnen- burgh, and was placed in Northumberland by Eadmund, to rule jointly with the late king's brother Regnald II. They had scarcely held the power two years when Ead- mund expelled them both in 944, and restored Eric.
Anlaf's coins are much more numerous than those of Regnald II., but both appear to have used for a time the same types, though engraved by different moneyers. (See Rud., pi. 11, 1 and 4 ; Hawk., 126 and 128.) It would appear that Anlaf brought with him from Ireland at least one of his father's moneyers, " Ascolu," and imitated one of his father's types, viz., that with the Tri- quetra and standard, which his father had used eighteen or nineteen years before. (See Pemb., Hept., pi. 1.) There can be no doubt that both those Hiberno-Danish types known as the Raven, and the Triquetra type above mentioned, belong to Anlaf II. These coins are generally
COINS OF WORTHUMBRIA.
87
found iu Ireland, and I have no doubt they had their origin there. I attribute to this king all the coins which have the title " Cununc." This arrangement is borne out by the evidence of types, of workmanship, and letters (which differ materially from the other Anlafs), and by collateral evidence from the moneyers of contemporary kings ; and there can be no doubt about the identity of some of these types with those of Regnald II.
It is not easy to say what was the meaning of the Tri- quetra, nor what was its connection with Northumbria and Ireland. It appears first on the Quadruped types of Eadberht and of Ethelred I. of Northumberland. Then upon the coins of Sitric, Anlaf II., and Regnald II. Again it is found on some coins of the later Irish kings, as well as of the later Danish kings.
The following are the types and legends of Anlaf II.
1. 0. +ANL::'.X:F CVNVNE.
A cross moline, similar to Eegnald's coin.
2. 0. +AHL:::H*F CVNVNE.
A cross incline, similar to Eegnald's coin.
3. 0. +ANL . SF CYNYHEI.
Small cross, an annulet in one angle.
4. 0. +ANrfir CVNVNE O.
Small cross, an annulet in one angle.
5. 0. H-S-NLAftF CVNVHEir
Eaven. The next five coins same type.
6. 0. H-A-HL7V-F CVNVNLir
7. 0. *A-NL«7Y-F CVNVNEI.
8. 0. •+ 7V-HL-AF CVNVHC G'
9. 0, V+SNL7VF CVNVNEv 10. 0. + •£ -NL-AF CVNVNE Jl.
£. + E • £DVL • F MONETE. Small cross, and three pellets at one side.
JR. +ESDVLFMONETT. Small cross, without the pellets.
B. + ESD Y LF MONETE. Small cross.
R. -t-^IETVEE-r MOT. Small cross, M in the field.
S. +-£-DEL'FEED MTNETEF.
Small cross.
X. +-ADELFEED MINETE. R. +ADELFEED MINETI. R. + - MINETEI. R. -HS-DELFEED MTNETEEr. R. + -S-DEL-FEED- MINETE.
88
NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
11. 0. + AN-L-TVF CVHVHE7V.
Triquetra. The next five coins same type.
12. 0. + -AN-L-V-F CVHVNEH. 13. 0.+-A-NL-TV-F CYNVNEw tv .
14. 0. + -ANL-A-F CVNVNE i
15. 0. + ANLTVF CVNVHEr.
16. 0. + -A-NL-A-F CVNYNEZ.
B. +ASEOLV Banner.
MONETETV.
B. +F-TV-EH-TV-N MONET-TV.
B. + F-A-EH-7V-N MONET-A-.
B. + FA-EN-TV -N MONET-TV-
B. + F-A-HL-S-H MONET-TV-.
B. +FAEH-AN MONETTV'.
REGNALD II., A.D. 943—944,
was the son of Guthferth, and therefore brother of Anlaf L, and nephew of Anlaf II., who reigned jointly with him. Eadmund, who had placed them both on the throne in 943, expelled them both in 944, when he restored Eric.
Regnald II.'s coins are more rare than those of Anlaf II. One is in the Hunterian Museum at Glasgow, which is of the same type as that in Rev. E. J. Shepherd's col- lection (late Lindsay, Rud., pi. 11, 1); two are in Mr. Wigan's collection (Rud., pi. 11, 1, and Hawk., 126). There is also a small fragment of Hawk., 126, in the British Museum. The legends are as follows : —
0. +EEE(NTVLD) EVNVNE0.
The Triquetra.
0. +EEEN-AL-DEVNVL. Cross
moline.
B. +B-TV(EDEI)0 HOTE-AT. The Danish banner.
B. + -AVE-A- MON-ITEE. Small cross.
ERIC (restored), A.D. 944—948.
This king was restored by Eadmund to rule as his deputy. The coins which were issued during this period of his reign, are those which have a small cross in the centre of the obverse, and on the reverse the legend in two lines across the coin, with three small crosses between.
COINS OF NOKTHUMBRIA.
89
The following interesting additions to the title of the king appear in the legends of this period of his reign, some of which are not easy to explain. Only two of the moneyers who had worked for him before were employed at this time, viz., " Radulf," and " Ingelgar."
1. 0. + EEIE EEX EBoE.
Cross with one pellet.
2. 0. +E-EIE-EE-XIO- Cross,
without pellet.
3. 0. +EEIE EEX N. Ditto.
4. 0. + E-E-I-E E-EX- TV. Ditto.
5. 0. +EEIE-EEXE-N-. Cross,
with, four pellets.
6. 0. +-EEIE- EE+-HO
without pellet.
7. 0. EEIE- EE-+ T-O- Ditto.
8.0. EEIE • E X- E L v Cross, with, crescent.
9. 0. +EEIE EEX TtL
R. vETtDVrh HO . R. .-.ESDV LF HO-.-
R. EAD-YLF HO.
R. vINEEL E7VE HO-
R. vINEEL-ETVE HO •.
Cross, R. .-. INEEL EKE H v
R. •• INEEL- E£E HO R. .-.NEEL -ESE- Hv
R. INEEL E7SE.
Eadmund died in 948, and the Northumbrians soon after expelled his deputy Eric, and chose as king
ONLAF (or ANLAF III.) A.D. 949—952, who had lately come from Ireland to Northumberland. He was known in Ireland as " Olaf Cwirran," or Onlaf "the Crooked," and had apparently at one time been king of Dublin. In 952 the Northumbrians expelled Onlaf, and received back for the third time Eric their former king.
I assign to this king all the coins that have the name and title " Onlaf Rex." The workmanship of these coins is very different from that of the other Anlaf s ; the letters are larger, and not so close together. The name is
VOL. IX. N.S. N
90 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
invariably spelt " Onlaf," and the title is " Rex," not " Cununc." The types may be divided into two sorts — first, those with a small cross in the centre of both obverse and reverse, and having the legend around it ; second, those with a similar obverse type, but with the legend on the reverse in two lines across the coin. (Rud., pi. 11, 6, 7 ; Hawk., 129, 130; and compare Eadmund's coins Rud., pi. 18, 12, 13.) These last coins are extremely rare, the only three specimens that I know are the two coins in the British Museum, which were formerly Tyssen's, and the third, also with the moneyer BACHArEE, is I believe, in Mr. Wigan's collection. Onlaf s moneyers were for the first type ' ' Farmon " and " Ingelgar," and for the second type " Ingelgar " and " Bachaler."
0. +OH-L7VF- E-E O. Small E. +E(7V)DVLF MO(N)E- Small cross. cross.
0. +ONLEE. BE+TV Ditto. B. *FAB-MON MONE. Ditto.
O. +ONT7VFEE+« Ditto. K +FAEMON ANE. Ditto.
0. +ONTSP BE+'v Ditto. £. +EAEMON MONE. Ditto.
0. -fcONEXF E-E-+y Ditto. R. '+ F-TV'EM-ON- MON-E. Ditto.
0. +OHrSF EE+ % Cross, B. +FAEMON MONE. Ditto, three pellets in one angle.
0. +ONLAF- EEX- O- Cross. R. +INEEL-E-AE-0- Ditto.
0. +ONTX-FE-E-X: Ditto. B. .-. INEELEAE HO •.• In two
lines, three crosses between.
0. +ON-LOF EEh I •.• Ditto. R. .-. BTVC^'ATEE -.- In two
lines, three crosses between.
ERIC (restored the second time), A.D. 952 — 954.
The Northumbrians, however, soon got tired of him, and after two years, expelled him again ; when Eadred finally conquered Northumberland, and added it to his own dominions ; and it was ever afterwards absorbed into the
COINS OF NORTHUMBRIA. 91
sole monarchy of England. From this^time the Northum- brian mints ceased to issue a distinct coinage, a privilege which they had enjoyed for at least 284 years — from about A.D. 670 to A.D. 954.
ECCLESIASTICAL COINS OF NORTHUMBRIA.
Any account of the coinage of Northumbria would be incomplete without some notice of the coins which were issued under the authority of the Archbishops of York, and of the ecclesiastical authorities there. At first these coins appeared with the name and title of the archbishop who had the privilege of issuing them, and in conjunction with the name of the king during whose reign they were circulated. But after the reign of Ethilwald they always occur without the name of the reigning king. From the time that the Danes had established their authority in Northumbria, and the copper styca had ceased to be current, the mint at York was kept actively at work, both for regal and archiepiscopal purposes, but it seems to have been in the hands of the ecclesiastics, who were the chief possessors both of learning and art in those times. Most of these men probably had been educated in France, and from thence they introduced the engravers for the coinage of the new money, the silver penny. It is to this eccle- siastical influence that we can trace the religious sentiment in the legends which are on some of the coins of Cnut Guthfrith, Siefred, and Alwald, and as the same legends occur on both the obverses and reverses of those coins which are without the name of either king or archbishop (see p. 75), I presume these coins were issued under the privilege given to the ecclesiastical power, and from
92 . NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
which the archbishop derived perhaps some pecuniary profit.
There can be little question that the coins known as St. Edmunds also came from the Danish mints at York, under ecclesiastical direction, and possibly the issue brought some profit to the ecclesiastical power. The coins probably were intended for circulation in those parts of the late East Anglian Kingdom which were under the Dano-Northumbrian rule, and they were therefore inscribed with the name of the saint, at that time so popular in East Anglia, in order to gain for them an easy circulation. Those rare coins which have the name of Alfred in con- junction with St. Edmund, were issued, I believe, by Alfred for circulation in that part of East Anglia which owned his rule ; and these coins are inscribed with DORO (Canterbury), to distinguish them from those issued from the York mints, under the authority of the Danes. Coins of both descriptions were found together at Cuerdale ; but while those at Cuerdale, from the northern or Danish mints, amounted to thousands, those from Alfred's mints did not exceed five or six. I suppose the coins of St. Edmund were issued about A.D. 890 — 900, after the death of Ethelstan, the last king of East Anglia, but while Plegmund was still Archbishop of Canterbury, and during the latter part of the life of Uulfhere, Archbishop of York, though long after the copper stycas with his name on them had ceased to be issued. These two archbishops were the last who were permitted to issue coins inscribed with their names and titles, although the privilege of a mint was continued to the archbishops, with some inter- ruptions, until after the Norman Conquest. Although the place of mintage of the coins of St. Edmund is not inscribed on them, yet there can be no doubt about their
COINS OF NORTHUMBRIA. 93
Dano-Northumbrian origin. But as regards the coins of St. Peter, they generally have the name of York upon them. I place the date of St. Peter's money from A.D. 910—950 (or 954 ?), and the date of St. Martin's money about 920—930.
The first archbishops of York did not apparently possess the privilege of coining. Their names are : 1, Paulinus, 625 — 644 (the see after this remained empty for twenty- two years) ; 2, Cedda, 666—672 ; 3, Wilfrid, 672—676 ; 4, Bosa, 677 — 687 (during Ecgfrith's reign he was the first archbishop buried in York Cathedral) ; 5, Johannes, or St. John of Beverley, also during Ecgfrith's reign; 6, Wilfrid II., archbishop for eleven or fifteen years.
7. ECGBERHT, 731—766.
He was consecrated in 731, and was brother to the reigning king, Eadberht. He held the see for thirty-six years, and during the reigns of Eadberht and Ethilwald. There are coins of both these kings, with the archbishop's name upon them. During Ecgberht's tenure of the see he procured the restoration of the archiepiscopal pall to the Church of York, which had been withheld from it ever since the death of Paulinus, its first archbishop, by the jealousy of the Archbishops of Canterbury. In the year 750 he regulated the foundation of parish churches.
The coins which bear his name in conjunction with his brother's name, Eadberht, are rare. On the obverse is the king's name, but always without the title ("Rex"), and having a small cross in the centre of the coin. On the reverse is the archbishop's name, placed over a human figure standing (or sitting?), and holding, sometimes a
94 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
cross in his right hand and a crozier in his left ; and some- times a cross in each hand, with his head to the right (see End., " Kings of Kent/' pi. 3., No. 112. Hawk., 102). Only two coins are known which have the name of this archbishop in conjunction with King Ethilwald (plate, Nos. 1, and la, and Num. Chron., vol. iii. 145, and Arch., vol. xxvi.). They have the name of Ethilwald on the obverses, with a small cross in the centre, and the name " Egberht A(rep) " on the reverse, with»a cross, as on the obverse. No. 1 is in my collection, and was formerly the property of Mr. Dymock ; but at the sale of his collection it passed unnoticed, and was sold as a coin of Eadberht. I do not know where the other coin is, but about 1830 it belonged to Mr. Clarkson, of Richmond, in Yorkshire.
8. ETHTLBERHT, 767 — 780.
No coins of his have been discovered, although he held the see for thirteen years, and during the reigns of Alchred, Ethelred I., and Elfwald. He died at York.
9. EANBALD I., 780—797,
was a disciple of Alcuin, and held the se"e for seventeen years, during the reigns of Elfwald, Ethelred I. (restora- tion), and Heardulf. His coins are not uncommon, about one hundred having been found at Hexham, and his moneyers' names are five or six in number. His name appears on the coins sometimes with his title, " Eanbald Arep," and sometimes without, (see Rud., pi. 14, App. pi. 28, and D.d. pi. 2, K and O. Hawk. 153).
COINS OF NORTHUMBRIA. 95
10. EANBALD II., 797,
was consecrated 19th Nov., 797. It is uncertain how long he held the see ; and if he struck any coins it is impos- sible now to distinguish them from those of his prede- cessor, though I think those coins with the moneyer ' ' Eoduulf " have the best claim to belong to this arch- bishop, from their verp sharp and fresh appearance.
11. WULSIUS, 812—831.
Although he held the see for nineteen years, the whole of which was during the reign of Eanred, no coins which can be associated with his name have been found. It has been suggested that the coins of plate, Nos. 4, 5, 6 were issued under the influence of Wulsius, an ecclesiastic; but it could not have been this one, for he died before Ethilred's reign, and was succeeded by
12. VIGMUND, 831—854.
He held the see for twenty-three years, during the reigns of Eanred, Ethilred II., Redulf, and part of Osbercht. His coins are numerous, with about nine or ten moneyers. He is styled " Vigmund Arep./' or "Irep./' or sometimes without any title (Rud., pi. 2, L. M. N., and pi. 14). There is a remarkable gold solidus, with the head and title of this archbishop (" Vigmund Arep."), which was formerly in the Pembroke collection, but is now in the British Museum. It resembles the gold solidus of Louis le Debonaire, and has the same reverse legend, ' ' munus divinum." There is no record of the place where it was found. It is at present unique, and weighs 67T9ff grains (see Pemb., pi. 4, t. 23). The archbishop died 854.
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13. UULFHERE, 854—895 (900?).
He held the see for about forty-six years, during the Danish invasions. But when Osbercht and JElla were slain in 867, the archbishop escaped, and fled to Addyng- ham, where Burgred, King of Mercia, received him. He was afterwards recalled by the Danish king Ricsig to Northumbria, when, in order to recoup the see of York for the loss from Danish plunder, the see of Worcester was added to it. Uulfhere's coins are not scarce, and as they are all stycas, they must have been struck between 854 and 867, before the archbishop fled to Mercia. He is styled "Uulfhere Arep.," or "Rep.," "Abep.," "Abp." None were found in the Hexham hoard, but a few appeared in the Kirk Oswald discovery in 1818. Although the archbishop held the see for some years after the Danes had established the silver penny as the currency of the country, no penny has been found with his name upon it. He died about 900; and was the last of the arch- bishops of York who was permitted to issue coins inscribed with his own name.
I must now briefly notice the other ecclesiastical coins of Northumbria, which are known as coins of " St. Ed- mund/' " St. Peter/' and " St. Martin."
ST. EADMUND, 890—900.
I have already said I believe this money to have been coined in the Danish mints at York, and was intended for the use of that part of the East Anglian territory, which was under Danish rule ; and they were inscribed with the name of the popular martyr, and sainted king, St. Eadmund, to make them acceptable to the East Anglians,
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who had lately been deprived of their power as a separate kingdom. About 2,000 of these coins were found at Cuerdale, nearly all of one type ; but the variations in the form of the central A (which is probably intended to represent " Anglia ") are many; and annulets, or pellets, are occasionally inserted on both obverse and reverse. The reverses generally contain the moneyers' names, which are numerous ; but on two or three varieties the mint, and not a moneyer, appears to be indicated, e.g., " Eriace civ " for York ; or " Doro " for Canterbury. The last-named legend appears only on the rare coins with Alfred's name on one side, which have been already alluded to. With these exceptions, no place of mintage appears on the St. Eadmund money. Their average weight is 20 to 23| grains (Num. Chron., vol. v.)
There were several halfpennies of St. Eadmund found at Cuerdale.
ST. PETER, 910—950 (or 954 ?).
These coins are by no means scarce, but are not so numerous as those of St. Edmund ; and yet the varieties of type of St. Peter are many and distinct, and bear evidence of their having been coined at different times, and of their having continued in circulation for many years. The similarity of type to the contemporary kings, who held the power at York, suggest the fact that they must have been coined at York from time to time during the different reigns, from Eowils, or Neil, to Eric's second reign; or probably to the time when Northuinbria ceased to be an independent kingdom, in 954.
No coins of St. Peter were found at Cuerdale ; and it is evident they were not struck till after the latest coins of
VOL. IX. N.S. O
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that hoard. The only records of which I am aware of hoards of coins where St. Peter's money have appeared in more than one or two specimens, are those of the Har- kirk and Chester hoards, and a parcel of thirty coins which the British Museum possesses. The Harkirk hoard is described and drawn in the Harleian MSS., 1437. The coins are also figured in Dingley's History from Marble, pi. cccxvii. (Camden Soc.). See also Spelman's " Vita ^Elfredi Magni," Tab. iii. It is stated in the Har- leian MSS. that the coins were found in the year 1611 at Harkirk, near Sefton, Lancashire, in a spot which had been given for the purpose of a Roman Catholic burial ground by the family of Blundell. Soon after the dis- covery the coins were sold by the Blundell family to defray the expenses of the burial-ground wall. The hoard consisted of thirty-four coins altogether, of which eleven were of the earliest type of St. Peter's money (Rud., pi. 12 — 6, 7, 8, 9, 14). It is mainly from the testi- mony which this hoard gives that we can without doubt assign the types found in it to the earliest period when this money circulated, viz., from 910 to 920. The Chester hoard has been described in the Num. Chron., N.S., vol. ii., p. 305, and consisted of about seventeen coins altogether, of which about seven were of St. Peter ; but many coins were stolen from the hoard., of which no description could be obtained. As to the parcel of St. Peter's money, to the number of thirty, which passed many years ago into the British Museum collection, no record has been preserved, either of the place or time of their discovery, or of the other coins found with them ; but they were all of the earliest type, and similar to the Harkirk coins.
To the types with the sword and hammer I give the
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second position in point of time, from 920 to 911, as being contemporaries of the kings from Sitric, to Eric's first period of rule, whose coins they much resemble. These have been found in numbers of not more than two or three at a time, both in Ireland and England, but I believe more commonly in Ireland, and once, at least, in company with coins of King Sitric and Regnald I. The coins (plate, Nos. 20 and 28) were found together, I believe, in Derbyshire, and the similarity of type of Nos. 16 and 20 is worthy of notice. One of this type of St. Peter's money was also found with a coin of Anlaf II.
To the coins of St. Peter with the monogram of "Carlos " on the reverse I have assigned the third position in point of time, from 920 to 925, and I place them as contem- poraries with Regnald I. ; whose coins not only have the monogram on the reverse, but they show a similarity of workmanship which seems to justify this arrange- ment. These coins are perhaps the rarest of all the series, and had their origin in troublous times.
Besides the above-mentioned three classes of this money there is, I believe, a fourth class, which is not so well defined as the others in point of type, for they much resemble in that respect the earliest, or Harkirk type; but the workmanship is greatly superior, and the name of the saint is ever distinctly legible, and the reverse legend, " Eborace civi," is always free from those blunders which are an invariable characteristic of the earliest type. Besides, while the earlier type averages in weight from 14 to 15 grains, the better executed coins of the latest type average from 20 to 21 grains ; the same weight as those with the sword and hammer types.
It appears that halfpennies were coined of the St.
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Peter money, but I believe only one is at present known to exist (plate, No. 21), which is apparently of the latest type ; but as we have only one specimen, and that has a portion of the edge broken off, it is difficult to say, from the weight, whether it should belong to the latest or to the earliest period. The weight of the coin, as it is, weighs only 4^ grains; therefore, by the weight, it seems probable that it should belong to the earliest period, when the penny often weighed only 15 grains. This unique coin has been lately purchased by the British Museum.
On looking through the list of the earliest period of St. Peter's money, the legends are so systematically blun- dered, that one is tempted to suspect that the ecclesiastics at York were, at first perhaps, distrustful of their power, and attempted a sort of pious fraud to make their money circulate : for the legends seem to be capable of a double reading, and may represent either the