ROYAL ONTARIO MUSEUM
QpSfc^X^lW
ARCHAEOLOGY^
ROY-
THE
NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE,
JOURNAL OF THE NUMISMATIC SOCIETY.
THE
NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE,
AND
JOURNAL
OF THE
NUMISMATIC SOCIETY.
EDITED ItY
W. S. W. VAUX, M.A., F.R.S.,
JOHN EVANS, F.R.S., F.S.A., F.G.S ,
AND
BARCLAY V. HEAD.
NEW SERIES.— VOL. XI.
Factum abiit— inonumciita manent.— Ov. Fuxt.
LONDON : JOHN RUSSELL SMITH, 36, SOHO SQUARE.
PARIS: MM. ROLLIN ET FEUARDEXT, RUE VIVIENNE, No. 12.
1871.
1964
904051
CONTENTS.
ANCIENT NUMISMATICS.
Page
On Coins discovered during Recent Excavations in the
Island of Cyprus. By R. H. Lang, Esq. ... 1
On an Inedited Tetradrachm of Orophernes II., King of
Cappadocia. By C. T. Newton, Esq., M. A. . . .19
Earthen Coin .Moulds found at Duston, near Northampton. By Samuel Sharp, Esq., F.S.A., F.G.S. .
Sur les Monnaies des Antiocheens frappees hors d'Antioche. Lettre a Mr. Barclay Head, Conservateur- Adjoint duCabi- netdes Medailles au British Museum. By M. F. deSaulcy. 69
Monnaies des Zamarides. Dynastes Juifs de Bathyra. By
M. F. de Saulcy 157
On some Coins with the Inscription " TPIH." By Percy
Gardner, Esq 162
On some rare Greek Coins recently acquired by the British
Museum. By Barclay V. Head, Esq 166
Account of a Find of Roman Coins at Lutterworth ; with some Remarks on the present practice of the Treasury with regard to Treasure-trove. By the Rev. Assheton Pownall, M.A., F.S.A 169
Unpublished Roman Imperial Coins. By T. Jones, Esq. . 182
Treasure- trove in Cyprus, of Gold Staters. By R. H. Lang,
Esq. 229
Catalogue Raisonne de Monnaies Judai'ques recueillies a Jeru- salem, en Novembre, 1869. By M. F. de Saulcy . . 235
VI CONTENTS.
MEDIEVAL AND MODERN NUMISMATICS.
Page
Some Account of the Weight of English and Northern Coins in the Tenth and Eleventh Centuries, and an attempt at comparison between these Weights and the Weight Sys- tem for Coins which apparently belong to the same Period. By Herr C. J. Schive. Translated from the Danish by John Evans, Esq., F.R.S. . . : . 42
The Silver Coinage of Henry IV., V., and VI. By J. Fred.
Neck, Esq. ... 93
Did the Kings between Edward III. and Henry IV. coin Money at York on their own Account ? By W. Hylton Dyer Longstaffe, Esq., F.S.A 193
On a Hoard of Coins found at Oxford, with some Remarks on the Coinage of the first three Edwards. By Arthur John Evans, Esq. . 264
Notice of some Unpublished Varieties of Scottish Coins. By
R. W. Cochran Patrick, Esq., B.A., LL.B., F.S.A., Scot. 283
ORIENTAL NUMISMATICS.
Early Armenian Coins (continued from vol. viii., p. 304) By
Edward Thomas, Esq., H.E.LC.S 202
Early Dirhem of the Ommeyade Dynasty. By E. T. Rogers,
Esq 256
A Dinar of Bedr, son of Husnawiyeh. By E. T. Rogers,
Esq . . 258
NOTICES OF RECENT NUMISMATIC PUBLICATIONS.
Revue de la Numismatique Beige 153,288
Annuaire de la Societe Fran£aise de la Numismatique et
d'Archeologie for 1868 154
Berliner Blatter fiir Miinz- Siegel-und-Wappenkunde . . 289
Numismatische Zeitschrift for 1870 289
The Chronicles of the Pathan Kings of Delhi, illustrated by
Coins, Inscriptions, &c. By Edward Thomas, F.R.S. . 67 Die Miinzsammlung des Stiftes St. Florian in Ober-Oester- reich, in einer Auswahl ihrer wichtigsten Stiicke be- schrieben und erklart von Friedrich Kenner, nebst einer
CONTENTS. Vll
Page
die Gebchichte der Sammlung" betreffenden Eiiileitung von Joseph Gaisberger 291
Le Monete delle Antiche Citta di Sicilia descritte e illustrate da Antonio Salinas, Professore di Archeologia nell' Uni- versita di Palermo. 291
Description Generale des Monnaies Antiques de 1'Espagne.
By Aloiss Heiss. . 292
MISCELLANEA.
Coins found near Ross. . . . . . . . .155
Liverpool Numismatic Society . , . . . .156
Coins and Medals of Oliver Cromwell 156
Find of Coins, in Bedfordshire 227
LIST OF MEMBERS
OP THE
NUMISMATIC SOCIETY
OF LONDON,
DECEMBER, 1871.
LIST OF MEMBERS
OF THE
NUMISMATIC SOCIETY
OP LONDON, DECEMBER, 1871.
An Asterisk prefixed to a name indicates that the Member has compounded 'or his annual contribution. (o.u.) = Original Member.
ALLAN, REV. WILLIAM, M.A., St. Asapli Villa, Leamington. ALLEN, WILLIAM, ESQ., North Villa, Winchraore Hill, Southgate. ARNOLD, THOMAS JAMES, ESQ., F.S.A., 1, Greville Place, N.W.
*BABINGTON, REV. PROF. CHURCHILL, B.D., M.R.S.L., CockQeld
Rectory, Sudbury, Suffolk. BAYLEY, E. CLIVB, ESQ., H.E.I.C.S., India.
(o. M.) BERGNE, JOHN B., Esq., F.S.A., Foreign Office, Downing Street. BIRCH, SAMUEL, ESQ., LL.D., F.S.A., British Museum. BLADES, WILLIAM, ESQ., ] 1, Abchurch Lane, Librarian. *BRIGGS, ARTHUR, ESQ., Cragg Royd, Rawden, Leeds. BROWN, P. BERNEY, ESQ., St. Albau's.
BUNBUHY, EDWARD H., ESQ., M.A., F.G.S., 35, St. James's Street. BURNS, EDWARD, ESQ., 25, Charlotte Street, Edinburgh. BUSH, COLONEL TOBIN, 14, St. James's Square.
CAMERINO, CARLOS, ESQ., 6, Pall Mall East. CANE, HENRY, ESQ., Precentor's Court, Minster Yard, York. CAVE, LAURENCE TRENT, ESQ., 75, Chester Square. CHAMBERS, MONTAGUE, ESQ., Q.C., Child's Place, Temple Bar. CLAY, CHARLES, ESQ., M.D., 101, Piccadilly, Manchester. COOMBS, ARTHUR, ESQ., M.A., High West Street, Dorchester. *CORNTHWAITE, REV. TULLIE, M.A., Forest, Walthamstow. CUNNINGHAM, MAJOR-GENERAL A., 18, Clarendon Road, Kensington.
4 LIST OF MEMBERS.
DAVIDSON, JOHN, ESQ., 14, St. George's Place, Hyde Park Corner. DAVIES, WILLIAM RUSHER, ESQ., Market Place, Wallingford. *DEEDES, Miss MART, Bramfield Rectory, Hertford. DOUGLAS, CAPTAIN R. J. H., Junior United Service Club. DRYDEN, SIR HENRY, BART., Canon's Ashby, Daventry.
EADES, GEORGE, ESQ., Evesham, Worcestershire.
ENNISKILLEN, RIGHT HON. THE EARL OF, HON. D.C.L., P.R.S., F.G.S.,
M.R.I.A., Florence Court, Enniskillen, Ireland, Vice-President. EVANS, JOHN, ESQ., F.R.S., F.S.A., Nash Mills, Hemel Hempstead,
and 65, Old Bailey, Secretary. EVANS, SEBASTIAN, ESQ., LL.D., 145, Highgate, Birmingham.
FARROW, MORLEY, ESQ., M.R.S.L., 23, Clifton Gardens, Maida Hill,
and Bridgewick Hall, Chapel, near Halstead, Essex. FERGUSON, JAMES, ESQ., 5, Fingal Place, Edinburgh. FEUARDENT, GASTON, ESQ., 61, Great Russell Street. Fox, GENERAL, Addison Road, Kensington.
FRANKS, AUGUSTUS WOLLASTON, ESQ., M.A., F.S.A., 103, Victoria St. FRENTZEL, RUDOLPH, ESQ., 28, New Broad Street. FREUDENTHAL, W., ESQ., M.D., 71, Kennington Park Road.
GARDNER, PERCY, ESQ., British Museum. GOLDING, CHARLES, ESQ., 16, Blomfield Terrace. GREENWELL, REV. WILLIAM, M.A., F.S.A., Durham. GRUEBER, HERBERT A., ESQ., British Museum. *GUEST, EDWIN, ESQ., LL.D., D.C.L., Master of Caius College, Cam- bridge. GUTHRIE, COL. CHARLES SETON, 107, Great Russell Street.
HARDY, WILLIAM, ESQ., F.S.A., Record Office, Fetter Lane.
HAY, MAJOR, H.E.I.C.S., 7, Westminster Chambers, Victoria Street.
HEAD, BARCLAY VINCENT, ESQ., British Museum, Secretary.
HENFREY, HENRY WILLIAM, ESQ., 15, Eaton Place, Brighton.
HEWARD, PETER, ESQ., Baidon Lodge, Markfield, Leicester.
HOLT, HENRY FRED. WILLIAM, ESQ., H.B.M. Vice-Consul, Tamsay,
Formosa.
HUNT, JOHN, ESQ., 22, Lancaster Gate. HUNT, J. MORTIMER, ESQ., 156, New Bond Street.
JENNINGS, ROBERT, ESQ., 23, East Park Terrace, Southampton.
LIST OF MEMBERS. 5
JOHNSTON, W. H., ESQ., 407, Strand.
JONES, JAMES COVE, ESQ., F.S.A., Loxley, Wellesbourne, Warwick. JONES, W. STAVENHAGEN, ESQ., 2, Verulam Buildings, Gray's Inn. JONES, THOMAS, ESQ., Llanerchrugog Hall, Wales, and 2, Plowden's
Buildings, Temple. JUDD, CHARLES, ESQ., Stoneleigh Villas, Chestnut Road, Tottenham.
*LAMBERT, GEORGE, ESQ., 10, Coventry Street. LANG, ROBERT HAMILTON, ESQ., H.B.M. Consul, Cyprus. LAWSON, ALFRED J., ESQ., Imperial Ottoman Bank, Smyrna. LEATHER, C. J., ESQ., North Grounds Villa, Portsea, Portsmouth. *LEWIS, SAMUEL SAVAGE, ESQ., Fellow of Corpus Christ! College,
Cambridge.
LINCOLN, FREDERICK W., ESQ., 462, New Oxford Street. LOEWE, DR. L., M.R.A.S., 1 and 2, Oscar Villas, Broadstairs, Kent. LONGSTAFFE, W. HYLTON DYER, ESQ., F.S.A., 4, Catherine Terrace,
Gateshead. LUCAS, JOHN CLAY, ESQ., F.S.A., Lewes, Sussex.
MACLACHLAN, R. W., 20, Victoria Street, Montreal.
MADDEN, FREDERIC WILLIAM, ESQ., 9, The Terrace, Kilburn.
MARSDEN, REV. J. H., B.D., Great Oakley Rectory, Harwich, Essex.
MAYER, Jos., ESQ., F.S.A., 68, Lord Street, Liverpool.
MIDDLETON, SIR GEORGE N. BROKE, BART., C.B., Shrubland Park, and Broke Hall, Suffolk.
MIDDLETON, JOHN, ESQ., West holme, Cheltenham.
MILLS, A. DICKSON, ESQ., Brook House, Godalming.
MOORE, GENERAL, Junior U.S. Club.
MORRIS, REV. MARMADUKE C. F., B.C.L., St. Michael's College, Ten- bury, Worcestershire.
MOTT, HENRY, ESQ., 594, St. Catherine Street, Montreal. [Box 943]
MURCHISON, CAPTAIN, R.M., Junior United Service Club.
(o. M.) MUSGRAVE, SIR GEORGE, BART., F.S.A., Edenhall, Penrith.
NECK, J. F., ESQ., Hereford Chambers, 12, Hereford Gardens, Park Lane, (o. M.) NICHOLS, J. GOUGH, ESQ., F.S.A., 25, Parliament Street. NICHOLSON, K. M., ESQ., Oude Commission. NORRIS, EDWIN, ESQ., F.S.A., 6, St. Michael's Grove, Brompton. *NUNN, JOHN JOSEPH, ESQ., Downham Market.
OLDFIELD, EDMUND, ESQ., M.A., F.S.A., 61, Pall Mall.
6 LIST OF MEMBERS.
*PATRICK, ROBERT W. COCHRAN, ESQ., F.S.A. Scot., Beith, Ayrshire.
PEARCE, SAMUEL SALTER, ESQ., Bingham's Melcombe, Dorchester.
PEARSON, WILLIAM CHARLES, Esq., 7, Prince's Street, and 33A, Fore Street, E.G.
*PERRY, MARTEN, ESQ., M.D., &c., &c., Spalding, Worcestershire.
(o. M.) PFISTER, JOHN GEORGE, ESQ., British Museum.
POLLEXFEN, REV. J. H., M.A., East Witton Vicarage, Bedale, York- shire.
POOLE, REGINALD STUART, ESQ., British Museum.
POWNALL, REV. ASSHETON, M.A., F.S.A., South Kilworth, Rugby.
PRICE, W. LAKE, ESQ., 5, Sion Hill, Ramsgate.
PULLAN, RICHARD, ESQ., M.R.I.B.A., 15, Clifford's Inn.
RASHLEIGH, JONATHAN, ESQ., 3, Cumberland Terrace, Regent's Park. RAWLINSON, MAJOR-GENERAL SIR HENRY C., K.G.B., HON. D.C.L.,
F.R.S., 21, Charles Street, Berkeley Square. READ, GEORGE SYDNEY, ESQ., Queen's College, Cork. RIPLEY, JOSEPH B., ESQ., Savannah, U.S. ROBINSON, T. W. U., ESQ., Houghton-le-Spring, Durham. ROSTRON, SIMPSON, ESQ., 11, King's Bench Walk, Temple.
SHARP, SAMUEL, ESQ., F.S.A., F.G.S., Dallington Hall, Northampton.
SIM, GEORGE, ESQ., F.S.A.E., 9, Lauriston Lane, Edinburgh.
SMALLFIELD, J. S., ESQ., 10, Little Queen Street.
SMITH, JOHN MAXFIELD, ESQ., Lewes.
SMITH, SAMUEL, ESQ., Wisbeach, Cambridgeshire.
SMITH, SAMUEL, ESQ., JUN., 14, Croxteth Road, Prince's Park,
Liverpool. SOTHEBY, MRS. LEIGH, care of Edw. Hodge, Esq., 13, Wellington
Street, Strand.
SPENCE, ROBERT, ESQ., 4, Rosella Place, North Shields. SPICER, FREDERICK, ESQ., Godalming, Surrey. *STREATFIELD, REV. GEORGE SIDNEY, Botley, Southampton. STRICKLAND, MRS. WALTER, 217, Strada San Paolo, Valetta, Malta. SUGDEN, JOHN, ESQ., Dockroyd, near Keighley. SWITHENBANK, GEORGE EDWIN, ESQ., Newcastle- on-Tyne.
TAYLOR, CHARLES R., ESQ., 2, Montague Street, Russell Square. *THOMAS, EDWARD, ESQ., H.E.I.C.S., 47, Victoria Road, Kensington.
VAUX, W. SANDYS WRIGHT, ESQ., M.A., F.R.S., F.S.A., M.R.A.S., Athenaeum Club, President.
LIST OF MEMBERS. 7
VEITCH, GEORGE SETON, ESQ., 2, Oswald Road, Edinburgh. VIRTUE, JAMES SPRENT, ESQ., 294, City Road.
WADDINGTON, W. H., ESQ., 14, Rue Fortin, Faubourg St. Honore", Paris.
WEATHERLEY, REV. C., North Bradley, Wilts.
WEBSTER, W., ESQ., 6, Henrietta Street, Covent Garden.
WHINFIELD, WILLIAM HENRY, ESQ., Cantelowe's Road, Camden Square, Kentish Town.
*WHITE, JAMES, ESQ., M.P., 14, Chichester Terrace, Brighton.
WILKINSON, JOHN, ESQ., F.S.A., 13, Wellington Street, Strand.
WILLIAMS, CHARLES, ESQ., Greenfield, Kingswinford.
(o. M.) WILLIAMS, JOHN, ESQ., F.S.A., Royal Astronomical Society, Somerset House.
*WILSON, FREDERIC, ESQ., Marlborough Street, Faringdon, Berks.
WINGATE, JAMES, ESQ, 4, Royal Exchange Buildings, Glasgow.
*WINGROVE, DRUMMOND BOND, ESQ., 30, Wood Street, Cheapside.
WINSER, THOMAS B., ESQ., Royal Exchange Assurance, Royal Ex- change.
WOOD, HUMPHREY, ESQ., Chatham.
*WooD, SAMUEL, ESQ., F.S.A., The Abbey, Shrewsbury.
WORMS, BARON, 27, Park Crescent, Regent's Park.
WYON, ALFRED BENJAMIN, ESQ., 2, Langham Chambers, Portland Place.
WYON, J. SHEPHERD, ESQ., 2, Langham Chambers.
HONORARY MEMBERS.
ADRIAN, DR. J. D., Giessen.
AKERMAN, J. YONGE, ESQ., F.S.A., Abingdon, Berkshire.
BARTH^LEMY, M. A. DE, 39, Rue d' Amsterdam, Paris. BERGMANN, DR. JOSEPH RITTER VON, Director of the K.K. Miinz-und- Antiken Cabinet, Vienna.
CASTELLANOS, SENOR DON BASILIO SEBASTIAN, 80, Rue S. Bernardo,
Madrid.
CHALON, M. RENIER, 24, Rue de la Senne, Brussels. CLEHCQ, M. J. LE, Brussels. COCHET, M. L'ABBE", 128, Rue d'Ecosse, Dieppe.
8 LIST OF MEMBERS.
COHEN, M. HENRI, 46, Rue de la Tour d'Auvergne, Paris. COLSON, DR. ALEXANDRE, Noyon (Oise), France.
DELGADO, DON ANTONIO.
DORN, DR. BERNHARD, Actuel Conseiller d'etat, St. Petersburg.
GONZALES, CAV. CARLO, Palazzo Ricasoli, Via delle Terme, Florence. GROTE, DR. H., Hanover. GROTEFEND, DR. C. L., Hanover. GUIOTH, M. LfioN, Liege.
HART, A. WELLINGTON, ESQ., 16, Ex Place, New York. HILDEBRAND, M. EMIL BfiOR, Direct, du Musee d'Antiquites et du
Cab. des Medailles., Stockholm. HOLMBOE, PROP., Direct, du Cab. des Medailles, Christiania.
KCBHNE, M. LE BARON DE, Actuel Conseiller d'fitat et Conseiller du Muse"e de 1'Ermitage Imperiale, St. Petersburg.
LAPLANE, M. EDOUARD, St. Omer.
LEEMANS, DR. CONRAD, Direct, du Musee d'Antiquites, Leyden. LEITZMANN, HERR PASTOR J., Weissensee, Thiiringen, Saxony. Lis Y RIVES, SE^GR DON V. BERTRAN DE, Madrid. LONGPERIER, M. ADRIEN DE, Muse*e du Louvre, Paris.
MEYER, DR. HEINRICH, im Berg, Zurich.
MINERVINI, CAV. GIULIO, Rome.
MULLER, DR. L., Insp. du Cab. des Medailles, Copenhagen.
OSTEN, THE BARON PROKESCH D', Constantinople. RICCIO, M. GENNARO, Naples.
SAULCY, M. F. DE, Membre de 1'Institut., 54, Faubourg St. Honore,
Paris.
SAUSSAYE, M. DE LA, 34, Rue de PUniversite", Paris. Six, M. J. P., Amsterdam.
SMITH, DR. AQUILLA, M.R.I.A., 121, Baggot Street, Dublin. SMITH, C. ROACH, ESQ., F.S.A., Temple Place, Strood, Kent.
VALLERSANI, IL PROF., Florence. >
VERACHTER, M. FREDERICK, Antwerp.
WITTE, M. LE BARON DE, 5, Rue Fortin, Faubourg St. Honore", Paris.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NUMISMATIC SOCIETY.
SESSION 1870—1871.
OCTOBER 20, 1870. W. S. W. VAUX, Esq., F.B.S., President, in the Chair.
Carlos Camerino, Esq., of Xeres, was duly elected a member of the Society.
The following presents were announced and laid upon the table :—
1. Bulletins de 1' Academic Royale des Sciences, des Lettres, et des Beaux Arts de Belgique. 38me Annee, 2me Serie. t. xxviii., 1869. From the Society.
2. Smithsonian Report, 1868. From the Smithsonian Insti- tution.
3. Memoires de la Societe Royale des Antiquaires du Nord. Nouvelle Serie, 1869.
4. Aarboger for Nordisk Oldkyndighed og Historic, 1869 Parts HI. and IV. ; 1870 Part I. and Tillseg til Aarboger for Nordisk Oldkyndighed og Historic, 1869. From the Society of Northern Antiquaries.
5. Revue de la Numismatique Beige. 5me Serie, tome ii., 4me livraison. From the Society.
6. Journal of the Royal Historical and Archaeological Associa- tion of Ireland. Vol. i., 4th Series, No. 3. From the Society.
7. Les Anglo-Saxons et leurs Petits Deniers dits Sceattas : Essai historique et numismatique. Par M. J. Dirks. From the Author.
8. Recherches sur les Monnaies des Comtes de Namur. Par M. R. Chalon. From the Author.
9. Curiosites numismatiques ; Pieces rares ou inedites. 16me article. Par M. R. Chalon. From the Author.
10. Don Juan Peres. Par M. R. Chalon. From the Author.
11. Mason's Monthly Coin and Stamp Collector's Magazine. Vol. iv., Feb. 1870, No. 2.
12. The Gliddon Mummy-case in the Museum of the Smith- sonian Institution. By C.Pickering, Esq., M.D. From the Author.
13. Bulletins de la Societe des Antiquaires de 1'Ouest. lre trimestre de 1870. From the Society.
14. On Current German Thalers. By G. Smith, Esq., Jun. From the Author.
15. A List of Corporation Medals ; with an Appendix of other Medals struck privately or for sale, having reference to the same corporate body or its members. By W. Blades, Esq. From the Author.
16. Compte rendu de la Commission Imperiale Archeologique pour 1'annee 1868, avec Atlas. From the Commission.
Mr. Evans exhibited a British gold coin of the class inscribed VOCORIO, lately found near Portsmouth.
Mr. C. T. Newton read a paper by himself " On a Remark- able Stater of River-Gold, or Electrum, in the collection of the Bank of England, now deposited in the British Museum." This interesting stater is probably the only one in existence of so early a date bearing an inscription. Mr. Newton's paper is printed in the Num. Chron., N.S., vol. x., p. 237.
Dr. Aquilla Smith contributed a paper " On Money of Necessity, issued in Ireland in the Reign of King James II.," commonly called in England " Gun-money," and in Ireland "Brass-money." Printed in vol. x., p. 244.
NOVEMBER 17, 1870. JOHN EVANS, Esq., F.R.S., Secretary, in the Chair.
The following presents were announced and laid upon the table :—
1. Batty's Catalogue of the Copper Coinage of Great Britain,
NUMISMATIC SOCIETY. <3
Ireland, British Isles, and Colonies, &c. Part VI. Halfpenny tokens, &c. From the Author.
2. Selden, "De Numaris." From George Eyre Brook, Esq.
Mr. Frazer sent for exhibition impressions of a gold coin of Charles I., struck from the die of a sixpence, and of a British crown of James I., without the letters I.E. on the reverse. Mr. Frazer also communicated a note and drawings of some Chinese coins of the Tae-Ping dynasty,
Mr. Coombs exhibited a large brass coin of Plautilla, found at Rome, of a new and unpublished type, having on the obverse PLAVTILLA AVGVSTA, and on the reverse DIANA LVCIFERA.
Mr. Wyon exhibited a medal of Louis XIII. of France, having on the obv. LVDOVIC xui. D.G. FRANCOS. ET NAVABRAE REX, and on the rev. ANNA AVGVS. GALLIAE ET NAVARRAE REGINA.
Mr. Williams exhibited a new method of mounting electro- types of coins upon cardboard.
Mr. Evans exhibited a silver coin of Carausius : obverse, IMP. CARAVSIVS. P.F. AVG. ; reverse, [CON]CORDIA AVG., two hands joined ; in the exergue, (R.S) R. Owing to the position of the die in striking, a part of the legend of the reverse is want- ing. Mr. Akerman, in his " Roman Coins relating to Britain " (p. 121), quotes a coin with this legend from Haym ; it is not, however, to be found in the " Tesoro Britannico," though a coin with CONCORDIA MILIT is there given, this being the usual legend with the type of the joined hands. No similar coin is described by Stukely or Cohen, nor is the type given in the " Monumenta Historica Britannica," so that it may be regarded as unpublished.
General Lefroy, F.R.S., communicated a paper on a hoard of gold coins discovered in 1828 in the parish of Crondal, Hants. This is printed in vol. x., p. 164.
DECEMBER 15, 1870.
W. S. W. VAUX, Esq., F.R.S., President, in the Chair. The following presents were announced and laid upon the table : —
4 PROCEEDINGS OF THE
1. Der Tempel des Capitolinischen Jupiter. By the Baron von Koehne. From the Author.
2. Medaillen Peter's des Grossen. By the Baron von Koehne. From the Author.
8. A Bronze Medal commemorating the visit of the Sultan of Turkey, Abdul Azis, to the City of London. From the Corporation of the City.
Mr. Golding exhibited a copper coin attributed to Calagurris (Florez, Tab. 58, No. 1), having on the obverse the letters L. Q. v. F. Q. i. s. o. F., with a head, nude, to the left ; and on the reverse, M. c. F., with the type of Europa riding on the bull ; also a small medal by Simon, commemorating the mar- riage of Claypole with the daughter of Oliver Cromwell.
Mr. Lincoln exhibited, on behalf of M. Henzenroeder, a rubbing of an Irish groat of Henry VI. ; a large brass coin of Sextilia, mother of Aulus Vitellius, probably false ; and an altered coin of Annia Faustina, with the reverse Pudicitia.
Mr. Evans exhibited a forgery of a penny of Edward the Confessor. Obverse, EADWEARD REX ; bust, left, with sceptre ; reverse, AKONE : ON : EOFEB.
Mr. Barclay Head exhibited an electrotype of a new and unpublished tetradrachm of Orophernes, King of Cappadocia, eirc. B.C. 158, of whom no coins were previously known. (Num. Chron., N.S., vol. xi., p. 19).
JANUARY 19, 1871. W. S. W. VAUX, Esq., F.R.S., President, in the Chair.
The following presents were announced and laid upon the table :- —
1. Journal of the Royal Historical and Archaeological Asso- ciation of Ireland. Vol. i., 4th Series, October, 1870, No. 4. From the Society.
NUMISMATIC SOCIETY. 0
2. Transactions of the Historic Society of Lancashire and Cheshire, N. s., vol. x., session 1869 — 70. From the Society.
8. Publications de la Section Historique de 1'Institut. Annee 1869 — 70, vol. xxv. (m.) From the Society.
4. Kevue de la Numismatique Beige. 6me Serie, torn, iii., lre livraison. From the Society.
Mr. Sim, of Edinburgh, exhibited a coin of Hakon the Fifth, King of Norway, struck at Osloe, near the present Christiania (Schive, PL xi., No. 5).
Mr. E. Burns exhibited a gold quarter-noble of Henry the Sixth, which, from some accidental circumstance, was some grains heavier than the usual weight.
Mr. S. Sharp communicated a paper " On some Earthen Coin-Moulds lately discovered at the Ironstone Quarries, Duston, near Northampton, on the site of a Roman Cemetery." This paper is printed in the Num. Chron., N.S., vol. xi., p. 28.
Mr. B. V. Head read a letter from Mr. N. 0. Clarke, of Sokoe, in Asia Minor, giving an account of the discovery of five tetradrachms of Orophernes, King of Cappadocia. This letter is appended to Mr. Newton's paper in the Num. Chron., N.S., vol. xi., p. 25.
FEBRUARY 16, 1871. W. S. W. VAUX, Esq., F.E.S., President, in the Chair.
James Ferguson, Esq., was elected a Member of the Society. The following presents were announced, and laid upon the table : —
1. Discoveries made during Excavations at Canterbury in 1868. By James Pilbrow, Esq., F.S.A. From the Author.
2. Jetons muets des Receveurs de Bruxelles. 5me Article, par M. R. Chalon. From the Author.
6 PROCEEDINGS OF THE
3. The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, N.S., vol. v., Part I. From the Society.
4. The Journal of the London Institution, vol. i., Nos. 1 and 2. From the Institution.
Major Hay exhibited a specimen of Sycee silver boat-money and various other coins.
Mr. Blades exhibited a five-franc piece of the French Re- public of 1870, also a cast of a medal of Sigisrnund Feierabend, a printer of Frankfurt, dated 1585.
Mr. Frentzel exhibited specimens of the iron crosses given to the soldiers of the Prussian army in 1813 and 1870, the former of which bears the letters " F. W.," and in the centre of the cross three oak-leaves ; the latter has simply " W. 1870."
The Rev. A. Pownall exhibited specimens of the new sove- reigns of 1871, the reverse of which is from Pistrucci's old die of 1821, the figure 2 having apparently been altered to a 7. Mr. Pownall also exhibited an impression of a forged com of King John, purporting to have been struck at Durham: he thought that these forgeries were now being fabricated in con- siderable numbers, and sold, to unwary collectors throughout the country. The coin in question was offered to Mr. Pownall by a Mr. Dormer, of Stretton-on-Dunsmore, near Rugby.
Mr. A. H. Pechell exhibited two ancient British coins in gold, found on the foreshore of South Ferriby, near Barton-on- Humber. One of them is of the type Evans, XVI., 10, and weighs 67| grams ; it appears to be an ancient forgery plated with gold. The other is of an unpublished type, and is of interest as offering a sort of connecting link between the Norfolk and Yorkshire coins. The obverse is much like Evans, PI. B. 2, and the reverse is of the same character as PI. XVII. 5, but has above it a long lozenge containing four pellets, below it, part of a tribrach with curved arms, and in front a wheel ; the weight is 85£ grains.
The Rev. Assheton Pownall read a paper " On some Roman Coins of the Third Century, found at Lutterworth, in Leicester-
NUMISMATIC SOCIETY. 7
shire, in 18G9," in the course of which he stated his opinion, in the interest of numismatic and historical research, that the operation of the revived assertion of the Crown's right to treasure-trove did not work beneficially.
Mr. Pownall's paper will be found in the Num. Chron., N.S., vol. xi., p. 169.
MARCH 16, 1871. W. S. W. VAUX, Esq., F.B.S., President, in the Chair.
Herbert A. Grueber, Esq., of the British Museum, was elected a Member of the Society.
The following presents were announced, and laid upon the table : —
1. History of India, by Sir H. Elliot, vol. iii. From Lady Elliot.
2. Medals of Canada, Pt. I. Prince of Wales' Medals, by Alfred Sandham, Esq. From the Author.
8. Roman Remains found at Duston, Northamptonshire. By S. Sharp, Esq. From the Author.
4. Journal of the London Institution, vol. i., No. 8. From the Institution.
Mr. Evans exhibited a gold coin of the Emperor Postumus, found many years ago at Gillingham, Kent. On the reverse is vie • GERM • P • M • TB • P • v • cos • in • p ' p, with the device of Victory crowning the Emperor, both figures standing to the left. The type is rare, but has been published by M. de Witte, and in Cohen, Supplement, No. 82. He also exhibited another coin of the same Emperor, but of finer workmanship, and with the reverse of ROMAE AETERNAE, Cohen, No. 152.
Mr. C. R. Taylor exhibited a double penny of William I. or II., reading on the obverse PILLELM REX, and on the reverse
8 PROCEEDINGS OF THE
IEGLPINE ON PIN. The type is the same as Hawkins, PI. xviii., No. 241. This curious and hitherto unknown piece is larger as well as thicker than the penny ; its weight is 39 '5 grs. : it is in good condition, but owing to the cross on the reverse being traceable on the obverse, the latter has a slightly blurred appearance. Money ers of the name of IEGLPINE are given in Hawkins's account of the Beaworth Find to pennies of the "Pax" type of the Chester, Ipswich, Hereford, and Walling- ford mints, but to none of Winchester.
Mr. Neck communicated a paper "On the Silver Coinage of Henry IV., V., VI. See Num. Chron., N.S., vol. xi., p. 93.
APKIL 20, 1871. W. S. W. VAUX, ESQ., F.R.S., President, in the Chair.
The following presents were announced and laid upon the table :—
1. Journal of the London Institution, vol. i. Nos. IV. and V. From the Institution.
2. Imitations des monnaies au type Esterlin frappees en Europe pendant le xiiime et le xivme, siecle, par J. Chautard. From the Author.
3. The Chronicles of the Pathan Kings of Delhi. By Edward Thomas, Esq. From the Author.
4. Der Grabfund von Wald-Algesheim, erlautert von Ernst Aus'm Werth. From the Society of the Alterthumsfreunden im Rheinlande.
5. Jahrbiicher des Vereins von Alterthumsfreunden im Rheinlande. Heft xlix. From the Society.
6. Revue de la Numismatique Beige, 5me Serie, tome iii., 2me livraison. From the Society.
7. Catalogue de la Collection du feu Christian Jiirgensen Thomson, 3me partie, les Monnaies du Temps moderne. Tome i.
NUMISMATIC SOCIETY. 9
Mr. Evans exhibited a sceatta, bearing a Runic inscription, and formerly assigned to Ethilberht I., of Kent (Ruding, PI. iii.), but probably of .ZEthelrfed L, King of Mercia, A.D. 675 — 704 ; also twelve coins of William I. or II. and Henry I., forming part of a hoard lately found in Bedfordshire. They are pennies of the types engraved in Hawkins's " English Silver Coinage," Nos. 244, 246, 247, 250, and 252.
Mr. Barclay V. Head read a paper, communicated by M. F. de Saulcy, " On the Coins bearing the Legends, ANTIOXEON TON IIPOS AA$NHI, ANTIOXEflN TON EN HTOAEMAIAI, ANTIOXEON TON EIII KAAAIPOHI, and having on the reverse the figure of the Olympian Zeus." This paper is printed in the Num. Chron., N.S., vol. xi., p. 69.
MAY 18, 1871. W. S. W. VAUX, Esq., F.R.S., President, in the Chair.
The following presents were announced, and laid upon the table : —
1. Journal of the Royal Historical and Archaeological Asso- ciation of Ireland, vol. L, 4th Series, No. 5. From the Society.
2. Abhandlungen fur die Kunde des Morgenlandes. Band V., No. 3. From the Society.
3. Egypte Ancienne, lre partie, Monnaies des Rois, par M. F. Feuardent. From the Author.
4. Bulletins de la Societe des Antiquaires de 1'Ouest, xiim' Serie, 2me, 3rae, et 4rae trimestres de 1870. From the Society.
5. No/KoyAaro, TJJJS Nrjo-ov 'Afj-opyov KOI T£>V rpiwv dvrrjf ir6\fwi> AtyiaAr/s, Mivwas, KCU, Apxccr/nys.
6. Batty's Catalogue of the Copper Coinage of Great Britain, Ireland, and the British Isles and Colonies. Part VII. Half- penny tokens. From the Author.
Mr. Golding exhibited a quarter noble of Edward III., struck after his twenty-seventh year, with a cross above the shield on the obverse ; also one of Edward IV., with a star and a rose on either side of the shield.
c
10 PROCEEDINGS OF THE
Mr. Evans read a paper, translated by himself from the Danish of Herr C. J. Schive, giving an account of the weight of English and Northern coins in the tenth and eleventh cen- turies. This paper is published in the Num. Chron., N.S., vol. xi., p. 42.
JUNE 15, 1871.
ANNIVERSARY MEETING. W. S. W. VAUX, Esq., F.R.S., President, in the Chair.
The minutes of the last Anniversary Meeting were read and confirmed. The Report of the Council was then read to the Meeting, as follows : —
G-ENTLEMEN, — In accordance with the usual custom of this Society, the Council have the honour to lay before you their Annual Report as to the state of the Numismatic Society at this, another Anniversary Meeting.
The Council have to announce the resignations of —
Captain Charles Compton Abbott. James Edwin Cureton, Esq.
T. D. E. Gunston, Esq. M. E. C. Phillips, Esq.
On the other hand they have much pleasure in recording the election of the four following Members : —
Carlos Carnerino, Esq. James Ferguson, Esq.
Herbert A. Grueber, Esq. R. H. Lang, Esq.
According to our Secretary's Report, our numbers are there- fore as follows : —
Original. Elected. Honorary. Total.
Members, June, 1870 . . 5 136 38 179
Since elected ... . — 4 — 4
5 140 3.8 183
Deceased — — —
Resigned — 4 4
Erased —
5 136 38 179
NUMISMATIC SOCIETY. 11
The Council have much pleasure in doing this on the present occasion, although their Report must necessarily be of unusual brevity — as they have to record no changes whatever since our meeting in June last year. They have the satisfaction of informing the Society that they have lost no one by death,1 and they are not able, therefore, to give additional length to their Report by any obituaries. They have, however, much satisfaction in informing the Society that another ten volumes of the Chronicle have been com- pleted— and that an index of subjects and authors has been prepared by the diligent care of your Secretary, Mr. Head. For this additional service the Council considers Mr. Head deserves the best thanks of the Society.
The Council takes this opportunity of impressing upon the members of the Society in general the great necessity of sustaining the literary importance of the Chronicle. This, it wiJ at once be seen, can only be done by the united efforts of all those members who are in any way qualified, by their acquaintance with special branches of the science, to con- tribute articles and to make known to the numismatic world the results which they have arrived at during their study of private and public collections. The best thanks of the Society are due to those gentlemen who have hitherto given up a con- siderable amount of their time to this object, especially to Major- Gen. Cunningham, who for some years past has favoured us with so large an amount of matter in his important series of articles on the coins of Alexander's successors in the East.
1 Since this was written we have had the misfortune to lose by death the throe following members: — Henry Frederie Holt, Esq., J. F. W. de Salis, Esq., and Edward Wigan, Esq. ; and, by resignat.Lm, the four following: — Suttoii Fraser Corkran, Esq., H. W. Rolfe, Esq., Captain Stubbs, Captain F. C. P. Turner.
Memoirs of our deceased members will be given in the next Annual Report.
12 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NUMISMATIC SOCIETY.
These articles, owing to the General's departure for India, have necessarily come to an end ; and had it not been for the temporary cessation of the publication of the Revue Fran<;aise, during the war between France and Germany, and to the fact that the celebrated numismatist, M. de Saulcy, has been kind enough to furnish us with more than one essay of considerable length, which he would otherwise have published in France, the editors would not have known where to turn for matter to fill the four quarterly parts of this year's Chronicle. Now this is not as it should be. When we look across the Channel to the societies of France, Belgium, and Germany, which are labour- ing in the same field as ourselves, we see at a glance that for one contributor to our Review, each of these flourishing societies has at least a dozen, and that we are distanced both in the number of our articles and in the importance of the subject-matter.
The Council looks forward with no small anxiety to the year upon which we are now about to enter. The editors are sadly in want of contributions to fill the accustomed number of pages in each part, and should these fail, the Society must not be surprised if there is a corresponding falling off in the bulk of the Chronicle. They cannot make bricks without straw. The Society is financially in a more flourishing condition than it has been at any previous time. This would naturally lead us to infer that there are more who take an interest in the furtherance of the science of numismatics. The facts, however, do not bear out the inference : articles are not forthcoming. The Council, therefore, earnestly entreats all those who have the welfare of the Chronicle and the very existence of the Society at heart, to do their utmost both to contribute papers themselves, and to induce their friends and fellow-members to do the same.
The Report of our Treasurer is as follows : —
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14 PROCEEDINGS OF THE
The Council, feeling that the operations of the law of Treasure-Trove tends to the dispersion or absolute destruction of hoards of coins, and thus to annihilate their scientific value, has presented a memorial to the Treasury to the following effect : —
To THE LOBDS COMMISSIONERS OF HER MAJESTY'S TREASURY.
The Memorial of the President and Council of the Numismatic Society of London, Sheweth,
1. That the Law of Treasure-Trove, which vests either in the Crown, or in some instances in the lord of the manor, the property in coins and antiquities formed of the precious metals, and found beneath the soil or otherwise concealed, tends to the destruction of numerous objects of antiquity and to the concealment of the circumstances of their discovery, which are frequently of great scientific value.
2. That it also tends to the discouragement of the study of antiquities by private individuals ; while many objects not legally treasure-trove are often supposed to be, and are even claimed as such.
3. That practically it is undesirable to have one law for objects found a few inches below the surface of the soil, and another for those found upon it, which latter, when no owner who has lost them is forthcoming, belong to the finder.
4. That the practice of the Treasury in giving to the finder the intrinsic value of the objects found, virtually concedes the principle of their being his property, but, at the same time, does not prevent the constant concealment and destruction of coins and other antiquities ; for the mere fact of a claim to them being advanced, accompanied though this may be by the promise of payment for them of an unknown sum at a period always indefinite and often remote, suffices in many cases to deter finders from openly producing the results of their dis- coveries, and drives them to dispose of such relics clandestinely.
NUMISMATIC SOCIETY. 15
5. That your Memorialists believe that were it once con- ceded that all objects, the loss of which no owner could prove, were at once vested indisputably in the finder (except where express stipulations to the contrary had been made between employers and employed), the temptation to the concealment or destruction of antiquities would be removed.
6. That they further believe that with such a system, and with efficient local agencies, the national collections of anti- quities would be much enriched, and great accessions gained for archaeological science.
7. They therefore pray that the Lords Commissioners of her Majesty's Treasury will take such steps with regard to the claims of the Crown, and, if practicable, with those of the other claimants to treasure -trove, as may remove all temptation to concealment, and tend to the preservation and- scientific exami- nation of such antiquities as may hereafter be discovered.
To this Memorial they have received the following reply : —
" Treasury Chambers,
"19th May, 1871. " SIR,
" The Lords Commissioners of her Majesty's Treasury have had before them the Memorial of the Numismatic Society of London, which you forwarded on the 3rd inst. ; and I am directed to state that my Lords are not prepared to introduce any change in the law of Treasure-Trove, nor in their own practice under it; but that they will endeavour through the agency of the police or otherwise to give greater publicity to the rules which they have laid down about paying the full bullion value of antiquities coming under the description of Treasure-Trove to the finders.
" I am, Sir,
" Your obedient servant,
" WILLIAM LAW.
" W. S. VAUX, Esq., "13, Gate Street,
" Lincoln's Inn Fields."
16 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NUMISMATIC SOCIETY.
The Meeting then proceeded to ballot for the officers of the ensuing year, when the following gentlemen were elected : —
President. W. S. W. VAUX, ESQ., M.A., F.R.S., F.S.A., F.R.A.S.
Vice - Presidents.
J. B. BERGNE, ESQ., F.S.A.
RT. HON. THE EARL OF ENNISKILLEN, Hon. D.C.L., F.R.S., F.G.S.
Treasurer. J. F. NECK, ESQ.
Secretaries.
JOHN EVANS, ESQ., F.R.S., F.S.A., F.G.S. BARCLAY VINCENT HEAD, ESQ.
Foreign Secretary. JOHN YONGE AKERMAN, ESQ., F.S.A.
Librarian. W. BLADES, ESQ.
Members of the Council.
THOMAS JAMES ARNOLD, ESQ., F.S.A.
S. BIRCH, ESQ., LL.D., F.S.A.
JCHN DAVIDSON, ESQ.
MAJOR HAY, H.E.I.C.S.
THOMAS JONES, ESQ., M.R.S.L.
CAPTAIN R. M. MURCHISON.
R. STUART POOLE, ESQ.
REV. ASSHETON POWNALL, M.A., F.S.A.
J. S. SMALLFIELD, ESQ.
J. WILLIAMS, ESQ., F.S.A.
NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE,
i.
ON COINS DISCOVERED DURING RECENT EXCAVA- TIONS IN THE ISLAND OF CYPRUS.
LAST year, in excavating an ancient temple near Daly, in this island, my workmen uncovered two treasures of silver coins, concealed under the pavements of different chambers. The first was contained in two little earthenware jars, closed with lead at the top, one of which was found in pieces, the other was broken by the pickaxe of the work- man, and its contents are in admirable preservation. The second treasure was found about ten days later. Its coins were firmly adhering to one another, and the appearance of the whole gave me the idea of their having been origi- nally confined in a bag, of which time had left us no traces. The condition of the coins seemed at first sight hopeless, and they appeared to the workmen who extracted them as simply pieces of lead. By dint of no small labour I have, however, succeeded in imparting to them a more attractive aspect.
An examination of the contents of the two treasures will clearly show that they were deposited at different periods ; nor is it difficult to identify which of the two is the earlier. In one of them — the larger — we have coins
VOL. XI. N.S. B
2 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
of the most ancient style, having the punch-mark only for reverse ; while m the other all, with the exception of two diminutive pieces, have as perfect reverses as obverses. In the former we have six different types of coins, whose Cypriote origin is attested by legends in Cypriote cha- racters ; and a seventh, which, although bearing no legend, would seem also to be Cypriote. It contains, besides, three different types of coins with Phoenician legends; and seven specimens of the early Athenian tetradrachm. In all, I have been able to distinguish forty-eight varieties of coins, varying, with four exceptions, from size six to eight of Mionnet. A striking difference is observable in the general appearance of the coins contained in the small jars; but an analysis will easily determine whether this is the result of their different preservation, or indicates a higher degree of purity in their alloy. With one exception, they are all of diminutive sizes ; and it is also worthy of notice that none of the many varieties of Cypriote coins found in the earlier treasure exist in the later. Indeed, only one Cypriote type of coin is found in the later treasure ; while of the three Phoenician coins contained in the earlier, two are found in the later. From these facts the following conclusions may naturally be drawn : —
1. That of the two treasures, the one which was origi- nally contained in the presumed bag is the earlier deposit.
2. That that treasure represents a large Cypriote cur- rency, probably of seven, certainly of six, different king- doms, extending in an unbroken series from the time of the punch-mark for reverse till such a proficiency in the art had been attained as is demonstrated by a well- executed and ornamented reverse.
3. That from some cause or other, when the later
COINS DISCOVERED IN CYPEUS. 3
treasure was deposited, the Cypriote coinage of the earlier period was no longer in circulation, while the Phoenician coins of the first period continued to be current, and had new varieties added to them in the second.
4. That from the repetition in the second treasure of the Phoenician coins contained in the first, there is pro- bably no gap, or period unrepresented, between them.
To the coinage which has for the reverse a punch-mark, as in the earliest coins of Athens, Numismatists, I believe, generally give a date anterior to B.C. 600, and as Cyprus was at that period in no way behind her neighbours in knowledge of the arts, we may safely assume a similar date for the Cypriote coinage of that class. It will further be readily conceded, on examination of the eight varieties of the coin having for obverse a sphinx, that a period of at least sixty years is represented in the gradual rise from the punch- mark to an elaborate reverse, and in the issue of so many different varieties. We may then conclude that this first treasure gives us a Cypriote currency, begin- ning from the close, or possibly the middle, of the seventh century B.C., and extending down through at least sixty years.
It was probably during some great political convulsion in the island that this deposit of coins was made in the ground — a convulsion which we must suppose to have led to the withdrawal from circulation in the island of the large Cypriote coinage which had previously been current. In the history of the island we find that the first convul- sion of the kind occurred about B.C. 560, when it was subjugated by Amasis, King of Egypt. Till then, although rendering a nominal submission to Assyria and Babylon, its internal self- government remained undis- turbed. Under Amasis, however, the change was much
4 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
more important. Herodotus says, " He was the first who conquered Cyprus, and subjected it to the payment of tribute," clearly implying that his conquest resulted in a complete subjugation. It became, in effect, a pro- vince of Egypt, and probably had an Egyptian garrison and a united government, administrating its affairs in the interests of Amasis. We can, therefore, easily suppose that during such a possession of the island by Egypt its various little kings lost all or most of their indepen- dence ; or, at least, could no longer coin their distinc- tive monies. On this supposition we have an explanation of the remarkable coincidence, that in the second treasure we find none of the Cypriote coins contained in the first. One Cypriote type of coin alone exists in the second treasure, which is consistent with the assumption that during the possession of the island by Amasis, all its cities were subjected to one united government. The Athenian tetradrachm will serve to confirm or refute the date which I have thus ventured to give to the deposit of the earliest treasure. The weight of our most perfect specimen of that coin is 265 grains, exactly conformable to the new standard of the Athenian coinage instituted by Solon about B.C. 583. In the article entitled " Nummus," in " Smith's Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities," we read that " in the Solonian system the chief coin was the tetradrachm stamped with the head of Athena and the owl" — a description which correctly represents the coin we find in our treasure. If then, in B.C. 583, the art of coining had attained in Greece to a perfect reverse, we may confidently contend for a similar proficiency at that time in Cyprus. Further, a careful examination of the different coins in this earliest treasure will, I think, clearly lead to the conclusion that
COINS DISCOVERED IN CYPRUS. 5
it contains no coin far removed from the date, whatever it may be, of its Athenian tetradrachmas.
The possession of the island by Amasis continued till about B.C. 528, when it was wrested from him by Cam- byses, and made tributary to Persia. Darius, the son of Hystaspes, ascended the Persian throne in B.C. 521, and a few years after his accession, developed his admirable system of provincial administration. Cyprus was in- cluded, along with Phoenicia, in the fifth division of the empire. Darius was an extensive coiner of money, and apparently also jealous of the coinage of his satraps, as Ariandes, Prefect of Egypt, was put to death about B.C. 510, for having issued in his own name a silver currency for his province. Is it probable, therefore, that Darius would allow the issue of a currency in Cyprus bearing the names of its kings, and without any allusion to the supreme authority ? Later on, when the Persian hold of her provinces got weaker, such an assumption as that of coining was overlooked, and it was then, I conjecture, that the Phoenician coins in gold, known to Numismatists, were issued.
The coins in our earliest treasure which bear Phoeni- cian legends already exist in European collections. They are those of Azbaal1 and Baal-Melek ; which are attri- buted by the Count de Vogue* to Citium (see " Journal Asiatique," August, 1867). The fact of our treasure being found at Idalium, in Cyprus, certainly seems to favour this attribution ; but I cannot free myself of the impression that we have, in this class of coins, the cur- rency of Tyre — a currency which naturally largely circu- lated in the Phoenician colonies of Cyprus, and generally throughout the island. The extensive number and variety
1 Azbaal was King of Gebal (Gabala).
6 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
of the coins, both in silver and gold, which have for reverse a lion devouring a stag, seems to me to indicate a currency far greater than the little colony of Citium could pretend to. This is also the only class of ancient coins which can with any likelihood be attributed to Phoenicia ; so that, in giving it to Citium, we remain with- out any known currency for Tyre, then the chief emporium of commerce, and naturally needing most largely a circu- lating medium. In assigning to the coins of Azbaal and Baal-Melek so early a date as B.C. 560, I am opposed to the views of the Duke de Luynes ; but the learned Duke himself expressed some doubt upon the subject. In his Memoir on the Sarcophagus of Esmunazar he says, " Parmi les mSdailles des rois Pheniciens d'epoques incer- taines, celles qui portent pour legende Asbaal et Baal- Melek ont uue evidente analogic avec Finscription d'Esmunazar. En faudrait-il conclure qu'elles remoutent k une date aussi reculee ? II ne semble pas possible de le croire, et les considerations qui se rattachent au style, a la fabrication et aux poids de ces medailles, ne permettent pas d'admettre une semblable supposition." The testi- mony of the evident analogy between these coins and the inscription of Esmunazar is, however, much in favour of their early date, and in regard to their weight, it will be observed that it differs in no important degree from the very earliest coins which have no reverse.
Supposing that this coinage with a lion devouring a stag for reverse belongs to Tyre, let us examine her history contemporaneously with that of Cyprus during the sixth century.
B.C. 585. Tyre fell to Nebuchadnezzar during the reign of its king called by Josephus " Ithobaal."
B.C. 583. Solon was instituting the new standard for
COINS DISCOVERED IN CYPRUS. 7
the coinage of Greece (art of coining attained to a perfect reverse ?).
B.C. 569. Amasis ascended the throne of Egypt, and a few years after reduced Cyprus to subjection.
B.C. 525. Cambyses took Egypt, having before wrested Cyprus from Amasis, say B.C. 528.
In regard to the rulers of Tyre during these events we ascertain from Josephus that
Ithobaal, King, reigned till B.C. 575
Baal, King, ,, ,, B.C. 565, and was succeeded
by a long succes- sion of judges.
Cenabalus, Judge, ,, 2 months
Chilbes, Judge, ,, 10 ,,
Abhera, Judge, ,, 3 ,, till B.C. 563
Mitgonus &|Jud tm B>c. 557
Gerastratus,)
Balatorus, Judge, ,, ,, B.C. 556
Merbalus, Judge, ,, ,, B.C. 552
Hiram, Judge, ,, ,, B.C. 532
The first of the two kings in the above list bears the same name as the father of Jezebel, wife of Ahab, King of Israel, and is called in Hebrew, Ethbaal. I am not aware that any Phoenician inscription exists by which we are made positively acquainted with the manner in which the name of Ethbaal was written in Phoenician. May the ' e z " in the daughter's name not also have entered into that of her father, making it Ezbaal instead of Ethbaal? This may be a more ingenious than correct supposition ; but, if possible, it would give us the name of the first of the Phoenician kings whose coins we have in our earliest treasure ; and it will be noticed that he was yearly contemporaneous with Esmunazar, supposed by the Duke de Luynes to have reigned from B.C. 574 to 572. In the reign of Ethbaal, we are told that the
8 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
inhabitants of Citium refused to pay their tribute to Tyre, whereupon he made an expedition against them, and reduced them to submission.
Succeeding Ethbaal, in the above list, we have Baal, who reigned till B.C. 565 — four years after Amasis had ascended the throne of Egypt. He may not improbably be the king whose coins bear the legend Baal-Melek. It will be observed that of him we have a second type of coin in the first treasure, having for reverse a lion sitting on his haunches, with before him the head of a ram. The ram seems to be a type especially Cypriote, and I should be disposed to conjecture that this last coin was struck by the colony of Citium. At a later time we find the two cities, Citium and Idalium, under Phoenician rule, and as history does not inform us when the union took place, it may possibly have been anterior to the capture of the island by Amasis. If so, two co- incidences would be explained : —
1. That a coin bearing the Sphinx for obverse (possibly a coin of Idalium) was restamped by Baal-Melek, -as is found to be the case in coins No. 42 and No. 47.
2. That this type of coin of Baal-Melek is not found in the later treasure, seeing that the Phoenician colony of Citium shared the fate of the other kingdoms in the island, and became subject to Amasis.
The early date of this last type of coin, and of the reign of Baal-Melek, is attested by the treatment which the coins received at the hands of those among whom they circulated. A large proportion of them have been pur- posely clipped, and, in some cases, to such an extent as to reduce them to nearly half their original size.
"After Baal," says Josephus, "judges were appointed in Tyre ; " so that, after him, there was a long interval,
COINS FOUND IN CYPRUS. 9
during which the rulers of Tyre neither possessed nor assumed the regal dignity. Singularly consistent with this, none of the Phoenician coins in our later treasure, except those of Azbaal and Baal-Melek, have legends. After Baal-Melek a change seems to have come over the Phoenician coinage. The reverse of a lion devouring a stag remains the same, but there is no longer, as we have remarked, any legend ; and we have for obverse, instead of Hercules armed with a bow and club, only the head of Hercules covered with a lion's skin. The absence of a legend would be the natural result of the abolition of an independent government and of the regal dignity.
Although conscious that in the views precedingly ex- pressed I am at variance with the opinions of some of the most learned French Numismatists who have made Cypriote antiquities their especial study, I have not hesi- tated to express freely my impressions, in the hope that they may lead to such a discussion as will assist to a satisfactory solution of the questions at issue.
I shall not at present attempt to make any attribution of the various Cypriote coins contained in the earlier treasure, but confine myself to the remark that their number appears to be seven, which was also the number of the Cyprian monarchs to whom Sargon gave audience at Babylon in the year B.C. 707, and also the number of the Cyprian kings who contributed to the embellishment of the palace of Ezarhaddon, at Nineveh, about B.C. 670. In the list of the latter we find them described as ^Egisthus, King of Idalium ; Pythagoras, King of Citium ; Itho- dagon, King of Paphos ; Eurylus, King of Soli ; Da- mastes, King of Curium ; the King of Salamis ; and the King of Tamissus. It may also be remarked that the Sphinx was a common emblem of Assyria, and its use on
VOL. XT. N.S. C
10 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
a Cypriote coinage may reasonably point to the time when the island yielded submission to that power.
From the weights of the coins now catalogued, it will be observed that the standard of the Phoenician and Cypriote coinage was probably the same, as the highest weight of a Cypriote coin is found to be 174 grains. That standard can evidently not have been the same as the Solonian standard of Athens, but it more nearly approxi- mates to the Euboic or old Attic. A specimen of the very early coinage of Bceotia (Obv,, Boaotian buckler; Rev., punch-mark) in my collection weighs close upon 89 grains, exactly the half of the highest weight of our Cypriote coins. It is also interesting to remark the rela- tive proportions of the different coins in the annexed catalogue. They will be found to be as follows : —
The largest coin weighing 178 grains. l-3rd of the same 58
l-6th l-12th l-24th l-48th
28 15
7
This would indicate a duodecimal computation, which is confirmatory of a statement in Smith's Dictionary upon " Pondera," where it is said, " The division of the day into twelve hours, which Herodotus expressly ascribes to the Babylonians, is not only a striking example of this " (the duodecimal computation) "but a fact peculiarly important in connection with the idea that the measure- ment of time by water led to the Babylonian system of weights/' which the writer before had said " passed from Assyria to Phoenicia/' We may now safely add that the same system passed from Phoenicia to Cyprus.
COINS FOUND IN CYPRUS.
11
CATALOGUE OF COINS FOUND IN EXCAVATING A TEMPLE AT THE ANCIENT IDALIUM, CYPRUS, 1869.
TREASURE ORIGINALLY CONTAINED IN A BAG.
No.
Size.
7-!
Description.
Obv. Sphinx seated to right ; at left side, © ; no legend. Rev. Punch-mark.
Obv. Sphinx seated to right, before breast, -ft behind wing, VI. between -wing and head, + field ornamented with wreaths.
Rev. Punch-mark.
Obv. Sphinx seated to right ; trace of legend, beforfface
4-- , on centre of wing, X j field ornamented. Rev. Lotus flower.
Obv. Sphinx seated to right ; legend, ^~jf behind wing, between wing and bead a dot, thus • field ornamented.
Rev. Lotus flower within border.
Obv . Sphinx seated to right ; legend as No. 4 ; wing
with plumage ; before face, trace of legend 4= Rev. Lotus flower within border.
Obv. Sphinx seated to left ; before face, st behind wing,
it Rev. Lotus flower ; to right, "osselet" ; to left, leaf.
w£
Grs. 167
171
168
171
171
174
Due de Luynes, pi. 12, No. 3.
Two types.
Due de Luynes, pi. 12, No. 4.
NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
No.
Siie
Obv . Head of lion, mouth, wide open. . Rev. Forepart of bull to right ; at left corner, e|=
10
11
Description.
Obv. Sphinx seated to left ; no legend ; before breast, ">y Rev. Same as No. 6.
Obv. Defaced, or without form.
Rev. Forepart of bull to right ; before it
., -H-
Obv. Head of lion, mouth -wide open.
Rev. Croix ansee ; circle with pearls ; to right and left.
ornamentation resembling tree ; above, on right
side, t-^t below, same side ^j£
Obv. Bull bounding to right, with head turned backward
(as on coins of Sybaris). Rev. Osselet, with, to right, "4= to left, indistinct, &
SB'S
Hi*
Grs.
58
159
171
173
53
Small size of coin Due deLuynes, pi. 6, No. 2. which coin hae legend on obv.; below bull [^J^
COINS FOUND IN CYPRUS.
13
Size.
Description.
Grs.
Obv. Ram sitting to left; legend above ram, indistinct. Rev . Eam's head to right ; in right corner, \&
Obv. Defaced, or without form. Rev. Ram's head to left; before it, leaf ; below, letters, thus,
Obv Ram sitting to left.
Rev. Ram's head to left, with, in left corner, a device re- sembling head of horse harnessed.
Obv. Ram to left, within pearled border. Rev. Croix ansee, without ornament.
Obv. Defaced.
Rev. Croix ans6e, with triple border ; in corner, trace of letters.
Obv. Ram sitting to left.
Rev. Croix ans6e, with pearls, in centre of circle.
Obv. Ram sitting to left ; traces of legend below ram. Rev. Croix ansee, with letter 5fc in pearled circle.
Obv. Ram to left.
Rev. Croix ansee, with pearls, and corners of field orna- mented.
Ob v. Ram sitting to left, with legend ; above, X A\ %
below, rTT^
Rev. Croix ansee, corners of field ornamented ; no legend. Small size of above.
159
167
170 171
168 171 102
170 170
Device in left corner exactly resembles ar- chaic repre- sentations of horses harness- ed, found in the island.
Resembles Due de Luynes, pi. 1, No. 5, which has legend on obverse.
Due de Luynes. pi. 1, No. 2.
14
NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
No. Size.
22 5
23
24
25
26 ! 5 27
28
29
Description.
Oiv. Ram and legend as in No. 20.
Rev. Croix ansee, with letter ^^ an(i iQ centre of circle, corners of field ornamented.
Obv. Ram sitting to right ; over back of ram, T* above, legend, indistinct ; below, £J~\ ~~\ \^
Eev. Croix ansee ; in pearled circle, 5lt , corners of field ornamented ; right side of field J\ left side, -j^"
Obv. Same as No. 23.
Eev . Ditto, but letters in field reversed, thus : right, -j^ left, J\
Plated Coins. — Obv. Ram; legend, [£*>•• above
^F PR below. Mev. None.
Obv. Animal to left, looking round. Rev. None. Obv. Bull to left.
Rev. Head of griffin to left ; in left corner of field an ornament.
Obv. Bull to left
Rev. Head of griffin to left ; field under head ornamented, as well as left corner.
6 Obv. Bull to left, with, above bull, Rev. Same as No. 28.
Grs.
172
178
169
179
168 171
167
COINS FOUND IN CYPRUS.
15
Description.
Obv. Bull to left, with, above bull, two letters, Rev. Same as No. 28, but corner ornament differs
Obv. Bull to left, with " mihir " above ; below, between
feet, £ ))( before bull, croix ansee, JjL Rev. Dove or eagle flying to left.
Obv. Male figure to left, right arm outstretched ; from
chest to shoulders protrudes an instrument, thus
}£ left arm akimbo ; from both arms fall drapery,
in front of which, on left side, is legend =f= V jt
Rev. Male head to left, horned, bearded, and mustached, within a pearled square (Jupiter Ammon P)
Obv. Female head, with circular ear-rings, to right.
Rev. Pallas-head to right ; casque without crest.
Obv. Same as No. 33.
Rev. Pallas to left.
Obv. Same as No. 33.
Rev. Pallas to right, as in No. 33, but larger.
Obv. Head diademed, very indistinct.
Rev. Same as No. 35.
•8-g
<of>
•? SP
Si
Grs. 170
169
170
175 161 165 169
Better type of Due de Luynes, pi. 3, No. 7.
16
NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Size.
Description.
Obv. Indistinct (probably same as No. 33). Rev. Pallas head to right ; casque with crest ;jn right corner of field, ^
Obv. Defaced.
Rev. Pallas head as in No. 37, better formed, with corner ornament.
Obv. Hercules, right hand holding bow, left holding
club. Eev . Lion, motith open, sitting on haunches ; on field
before it, small head of ram ; in right comer,
Same coin, different type. 1 very fine.
Olv. Hercules, as above.
Rev. Lion devouring a stag ; above legend
Obv. Hercules, as above.
Rev. Lion sitting, as in No. 39 ; before him, °
corner,
Obv . Hercules, as above.
Rev. Lion devouring stag ; above legend L,
Grs. 1G3
166
172
168
169 170
171
Majority of coins clipped.
This coin is a re- stamp of No. 3, in the same way as No. 47.
,Three different types of same coin.
COINS FOUND IN CYPRUS.
17
Description.
60-53
3-4
Obv. and Jtev. Hercules as above, &c., small type of No. 41.
Obv. and Rev. As in No 41; smallest type of No. 41. Obv. and Rev. As above ; small type of No. 43. Obv. and Rev. " Surfrapp6 ' ' ; No. 39 upon No. 3, on obverse can be seen "
Grs.
57
28
57
155
Obv. Head of Athena.
Rev. Owl, with, in front, A© E , tetradrachm ; in corner,
twig of olive branch.
TREASURE CONTAINED IN Two SMALL JABS.
Obv. Hercules clothed with a lion's skin, holding club
and bow ; underneath bow, croix ansee ~fa Rev. Lion devoxiring stag; above legend ^LfO^Lf Obv. and Rev. As above, without croix ansee ; small size.
Obv. and Rev. As above, but legend L,^3z.Q^-i Small size.
26.1
Obv. and Rev. As above, but legend Obv. and Rev. As above ; no legend.
Obv. As above.
Rev. Supposed to represent lion devouring stag.
170
57 57
28
27|
28
Obv. Head of Hercules with lion's skin. Rev. Lion devouring stag ; no legend.
Obv. and Rev. As above ; smaller. Obv. and Rcr. As above ; smaller.
VOL. XI. X.S. D
!5
Finely executed coin.
Different types.
Five or six dif- ferent types.
18
NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
|
No. |
Size. |
Description. |
•8-8 ""Si |
• |
|
@ o |
Qrs. |
|||
|
10 |
1 |
Oiv. Lion's head. |
||
|
Rev . Lion devouring stag ; no legend. |
15 |
|||
|
11 |
4 |
Obv. Lion crouching ; star over back. Rev. Forepart of lion with fore-paws, in pearled square. |
14 |
Small size of Due de Luynes, |
|
12 |
1 |
Obv. and Rev. As above, No. 11. |
7 |
pi. 2, No. 9. |
|
/j||§\ |
||||
|
vaCw |
||||
|
13 |
2 |
Obv. Bull walking to left ; above (Mihir ?) Rev. Eagle erect to left ; in right corner of field a leaf, |
26 |
|
|
in left a vase. |
||||
|
14 |
1 |
Obv. and Rev, As above. |
13 |
|
|
15 |
1 |
Obv. and Rev. As above. |
6* |
|
|
16 |
I |
Obv. Ram's head in high relief. |
31 |
|
|
Rev. None. |
||||
|
17 |
3 4 |
Coin which I have not been able to make out. |
R. H. LANG.
LARNACA, CYPRUS, April, 1870.
II.
ON AN INEDITED TETRADRACHM OF OROPHERNES II. , KING OF CAPPADOCIA.
BY 0. T. NEWTON, M.A.
I BEG to submit to the Numismatic Society the enclosed letter from Mr. Clarke, of Sokoi, in Asia Minor, giving an account of a remarkable discovery of silver coins, which took place in April, 1870, in the Temple of Athene Polias at Priene. This temple, after having been par- tially explored by the Dilettanti Society in the last century,1 was completely excavated by Mr. Pullan last year under their auspices, when some very interesting sculptures and inscriptions, since presented to the British Museum, were found in the mass of ruins lying on the site. After the excavation had been completed, and a selection of marbles made for the British Museum, the ruins in situ were left in a state in which, if no further disturbance had taken place, they would have
1 Antiquities of Ionia. London, 1821, Pt. 1, pp. 11-28.
20 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
been of great interest to all future travellers. The marble pavement of the temple, which was nearly perfect, was cleared of all the ruins, and upon it yet remained the lower courses of the pedestal of a colossal statue, doubt- less that of Athene herself, which is mentioned by Pausanias as a celebrated work of art.2 In front of this statue a semicircular groove in the pavement marked the position of the metallic gates which protected the figure from near approach. From Mr. Clarke's letter we learn that the pavement and the pedestal upon it have been torn up and ruthlessly destroyed, and that it was under the lowest course of the pedestal that the silver coins were found, one of which is engraved in the accompanying cut. Six of these coins in all were discovered, three of which were actually picked up by Mr. Clarke on the site as narrated in his letter ; a fourth was obtained by him subsequently from one of the men working on the spot ; a fifth fell into the hands of Mr. Forbes, of Sokoi, who has been so obliging as to send me an impression ; and a sixth was purchased by me at Priene, and has since been unfortunately lost. These six coins are all silver tetra- drachms, which may be thus described : —
Obv. — Male head to right, beardless, and bound with a diadem.
Rev.— BA2IAEfi2 OPO<£EPNOY NIKH3>OPOY. Victory moving to left, clad in a talaric chiton, and diploidion, holding in right hand a wreath, in left palm -branch ; in front of her an owl on an altar ; below, the monogram.
There is no doubt that the Orophernes who struck
2 Pausan. vii., 5. 'Ho-flefys 8'av KO.I TO> ev "Epvflpais ' KCU 'A&yvac TU> tv Tlpirivrj vau>, TOUTW p.tv TOV d-yaA/iaros ' 8e K.T.A..
TETRADRACHM OF OROPHERNES II. 21
these coins is Orophernes II., King of Cappadocia. Their discovery illustrates in a remarkable manner the scanty particulars which ancient historians have recorded respecting this prince. He was one of two supposititious sons imposed by Antiochis on her husband Ariarathes IV. in default of legitimate issue. She sub- sequently, however, gave birth to a real son, who reigned after his father's death as Ariarathes V. After the birth of this son, the young Orophemes was sent away to be bred up in Ionia, in order that he might not set up pre- tensions to the throne.3 Ariarathes V. succeeded his father, B.C. 162, and having offended Demetrius Soter, by refusing to marry his sister, was driven from his kingdom by that prince, who placed Orophernes on the throne of Cappa- docia, B.C. 158. After his expulsion, Ariarathes took refuge with the Romans, and was restored by them to his kingdom with the assistance of Attalus II. B.C. 157.4
According to Appian,5 the Romans appointed Ariarathes and Orophernes as joint kings of Cappadocia. This joint sovereignty, however, did not last long, as Polybius, about B.C. 154, describes Ariarathes as sole king.6
On his accession, Orophernes had deposited 400 talents with the people of Priene as a resource in time of need, which sum was claimed from them by Ariarathes, after being reinstated in his kingdom. The Prienians having refused to give up this deposit, were in consequence involved in a war with Ariarathes and his ally, Attalus,
3 Diodor. xxxi. (Eclog. iii., p. 517), ed. Bipont. x. p. 24.
4 Diodor. xxxi. (Excerpt, de Virt., p. 588) ; ed. Bipont. x. p. 41; Athen. x., p. 440; Polyb. xxxii. 23; Zonaras, Annal. ix. 24, p. 460, d.
5 Appian Syr. 47 ; Zonaras, loc. cit.
6 Polyb. iii. 5 ; Livy, Epit. xlvii. ; Clinton, Fast. Hell, iii., p. 434.
22 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
from which they suffered greatly ; and they ultimately had to give back the treasure to Orophernes, without any compensation for the loss incurred in its custody.7
It was probably after his dethronement that Orophernes conspired with the people of Antioch against his bene- factor, Demetrius, and tried to expel him from his king- dom. His conspiracy having been detected, he was thrown into prison ; but his life was spared, because it suited the policy of Demetrius to maintain his pretensions to the throne of Cappadocia as a standing menace against Ariarathes.8
It is evident from the foregoing narrative, that the tetradrachms here published must have been struck by Orophernes on assuming the title of king, B.C. 158, and before any such association of Ariarathes in the sovereignty, as seems to have taken place after B.C. 157. The first act of Ariarathes on being reinstated as sole sovereign would naturally have been the suppression of the coinage of Orophernes. Hence we may explain the fact that up to the present time no coins of this usurper have been known to numismatists.
The discovery of these coins in the principal temple of Priene tallies in a most remarkable manner with the fact of the deposit of 400 talents in the same city. As the three coins picked up by Mr. Clarke were found actually under the foundation course of the pedestal, it is impossible to resist the conclusion that they, as well as the gold ornaments described by Mr. Clarke, were deposited under the foundations of the pedestal when the statue was set up. It seems probable, therefore, that the dedi- cator was no other than Orophernes himself. It appears
7 Polyb. xxxiii. 12. 8 Justin, xxxv. 1.
TETRADRACHM OF OROPHERNES II. 23
from the passage in Pausanias, already referred to, that there was in this temple a celebrated colossal statue of Athene Polias, and in the course of Mr. Pullan's excava- tion two marble feet were found, belonging to a statue about 12 feet high, and part of a marble hand belong- ing to a still more colossal figure, the height of which has been estimated at 24 feet — dimensions which seem to suit the scale of the pedestal, though ou this question I would refrain from pronouncing a positive opinion till the results of Mr. Pullan's researches have been pub- lished. As the citizens of Priene suffered such heavy loss in the cause of Orophemes, he may have dedicated the statue in gratitude for their fidelity in refusing to give up the deposit committed to their charge.9 Whether the coins and other objects found with them were deposited under the pedestal in commemoration of the dedicator or as part of a deposit of treasure is a question into which I will not enter at present. As unfortunately the pedestal had been nearly all removed before Mr. Clarke's arrival, it is impossible now to ascertain whether any other coins were found concealed between the upper courses. It would appear from Mr. Clarke's statement that those which he saw under the stones of the lowest course were lying in small hollows prepared for them in the bed of the stones. I would here remark that among the inscriptions from the temple at Priene recently pre-
9 Meier (Pergamenisches Reich) (extract from the Allgemeine Encyklop. d. Wissensch. u. Kiinste, p. 59), remarks " ob sie (the Prienians) dadurch zu eincin Ersatz, fur den ihnen angethanen Schaden gekommen sind, wird uns ebenso wenig berichtet, als ob und welche Belohnung ihnen Orophernes fur ihre seltene Ehrlichkeit ertbeilt habe." It seems implied, by the language of Polybius, that the Prienians got no material compensation for their losses in defending the money entrusted to them.
24 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
sented to the British Museum by the Dilettanti Society is one in which the name of Ariarathes occurs, and which may be part of a letter from some king to the people of Priene ; and on my recent visit to Priene (January, 1871) I succeeded, with the aid of Mr. A. S. Murray, in deciphering on a nearly illegible marble the words, OPO^EPNHS EN TOI lEPiil THS A, and two lines below the words, BA2IAEOS ATTAAOY KAI BAZIAEQS APIA... This inscription evidently had reference to the events narrated above. It should be noted that, both on the coins and in this inscription, the name is written Orophernes, not Olophernes, which latter is the reading preferred in the printed texts of the authors cited in this memoir.
Mr. Clarke, with great liberality, has presented the two finest of his four coins to the British Museum and the Dilettanti Society respectively.
The weight of the six tetradrachms is as follows : —
1. Still in Mr. Clarke's possession .... 257*9 grs.
2. Purchased by me at Priene, and since lost . 256
3. Mr. Forbes's coin 255
4. Presented to Dilettanti Society .... 254'7
5. In British Museum 253
6. Acquired by General Fox 249
The diminished weight of No. 6 is due to its corroded state.
All these coins are well preserved, and very fine examples of the art of the period. The Victory on the reverse has a manifest reference to the epithet, NIKH<K)POY, assumed by Orophernes in the legend. A pair of bronze wings, which have been gilt, and which probably belonged to a small statue of Victory, were found in the ruins of the temple. So far as I know, neither the type of Victory nor the epithet, NJKH^POY,
TETRADRACHM OF OROPHERNES II. 25
occur on the coins of any of the other kings of Cappadocia, with whom the usual type on the reverse is Pallas Nike- phoros. The head of the king is finely modelled, and the portrait one full of character. In general treatment these regal coins remind us of the contemporary autono- mous tetradrachms of Ionia and ^Eolis, and their weight is adjusted to the same later Attic standard, as the silver money of many cities and kings in Asia Minor of the same period. (See " Brandis, Das Munz, Mass-und Gewichtswesen in Vorderasien," p. 272.) On the other hand, they do not resemble the coins of other Cappadocian kings, which are usually drachms of a different fabric and of a coarser character of art. As Orophernes was bred up in Ionia, and adopted the Ionian manners and way of life, he probably imitated their style of coinage — possibly these tetradrachms were struck for him in the mint of Priene. In that case the owl on the altar on the reverse may be the mint-mark of Priene. It appears from Mr. Clarke's letter, that the objects found with the coins were two olive leaves in beaten gold, probably part of a wreath dedicated to Athene Polias as the goddess to whom the olive-tree is sacred.10 Also a portion of a ring containing a garnet, some small frag- ments of gold, and a terra-cotta seal, the device on which seems to be a figure, possibly that of Herakles.
" Marshall's Hotel, Cavendish Square, W. 9th December, 1870.
" MY DEAR SIR,
" I have received your note of 7th inst., and willingly supply you with the particulars of how I found the
10 In the list of treasure stored up in the Parthenon (Bocckh, C. I., 153), we find detached leaves from gold wreaths — TreVaXa — entered as a separate item. These were probably from wreaths that had been broken up.
VOL. XI. N.S. E
26 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Oropherues coins, olive leaves, ring, and terra-cotta seal. They are as under.
" My wife, niece, and self paid a visit of inspection to Priene, just one year since we dined there with Messrs. Newton and Pullan. These gentlemen there kindly gave me all particulars about the temple, and showed me the pedestal where the statue of Minerva was supposed to have stood. This consisted of a large base, composed of many large stones of about six hundredweight each. It was then in proper order. On the occasion of my last visit (in April, 1870), I found all these stones disturbed from their places, excepting four in the centre of the pedestal. This destruction was apparent to me immedi- ately on my entry to the Cella ; and while standing in the midst of these turned-up stones, lamenting the mischief done, by chance I found at my feet a coin covered with dirt. I washed it, and found it to be silver, and read the name Orophernes.
"I then went in search of my wife and niece, who were in the treasury, to inform them of my good luck, and again returned to the base of Minerva's pedestal, when the idea struck me that something more might be found under the four intact stones already referred to, so I employed two Greek masons who were working amongst the ruins, trimming stones for graveyards. With the aid of three crowbars, we moved the first stone, and found under it a silver coin similar to the one previously picked up ; under the second stone we found another coin similar to the previous two. I then called my wife and niece to assist me in my discovery. On their coming up, we removed the third stone, and found a part of a ring — say a garnet set in gold, and some crumbs of gold ; under the fourth stone we found a gold olive leaf, a terra-cotta seal, and
TETRADEACHM OF OKOPHERNES II. 27
some crumbs of gold. We searched amongst the rubbish for more, but without success, so went to lunch in the treasury.
" During lunch the two Greek masons, with two or three other Greeks from Kelebesh (who came to Priene, hearing I was there, to pay me a visit), as well as Yuruks from the hillside, who, seeing Franks excited at having found something, came down to the spot to join in the kismet, All commenced scratching in the most perfect harmony, wondering at my good kismet at having found so' much in so short a time, and their bad kismet at not being able to find anything. This was on a Saturday, so on Sunday the inhabitants of Kitibesh, having heard of the well-read Frank's discovery, turned out, bound to Priene, in search of treasure, two Jews accompanying them with a fair supply of money to purchase any bargain that might turn up. A grand turning over of stones took place by this mob of men, women, and children, but nothing was found. However, on the Monday afterwards, the Greek masons found amongst the earth of Minerva's pedestal a gold olive-leaf, and two coins similar to those found by me. I purchased the broken coin (now in your possession), and the olive-leaf of the masons. The other coin was sold to Mr. John Forbes, making in all five coins. I presented one to the British Museum, one to the Dilettanti Society, gave one to my wife, and one to my niece. My wife has the olive-leaves and seal, and my niece the ring. " I remain, dear sir,
" Yours very truly,
"A. O. CLARKE.
'•To GEXERAL Fox."
III.
EARTHEN COIN MOULDS, FOUND AT DUSTON, NEAR NORTHAMPTON.
ON the 18th of March, 1869, a short paper by me was read before the Numismatic Society, and published in the Chronicle for that year ; in which paper were described sundry Roman coins (denarii and quinarii, first, second, and third brass, and folles), ranging from Claudius Caesar to Honorius, found from time to time in " baring " land for the digging of ironstone, upon the estate then of Lady Palmerston, now of the Earl Cowper, K.G., at Duston, near Northampton. In March of last year, I read before the Society of Antiquaries a more lengthy and detailed account of other Roman and post-Roman antiquities dis- covered at the same place ; which account, with an en- graved illustration, has been published in the Archceo- logia, vol. xl..
The only coins worthy of notice which have since come into my hands are —
Commodus. 1st. brass. Rev. Rome seated on arms. Victorinus. 3rd. brass. Rev. " Salus Aug."
Theodora, second wife of Constantius Chlorus. Small 3rd. brass. Rev. "Pietas Romana." A female figure, standing, holding a child. In the exergue " TRP."
I
a
EARTHEN COIN MOULDS. 29
The paucity in the yield of coins, however, has been more than compensated by the discovery of the objects of numismatic interest briefly to be described in this paper, and which I now have the pleasure of exhibiting to the Numismatic Society.
The place whence these antiquities have been obtained, and in which antiquities continue to be discovered, is upon the site of a Roman cemetery. An area of more than sixteen acres has been excavated in the process of obtaining the iron ore ; and throughout at least nine acres of this space, the natural surface soil, by ancient artificial disturbance, has been more or less mixed up with the upper and soft bed of the ferruginous rock beneath. This mixed material varies in depth from four to six feet, and (as does the mere soil where no such disturbance has taken place) constitutes the " baring," so called by the quarrymen, which has to be dug out and barrowed away before the ironstone fit for smelting pur- poses can be obtained.
This " baring," within the area of the ancient cemetery, abounds with Roman antiquities ; and evidence has been disclosed of many burials (perhaps to be numbered by hundreds) of bodies disposed of by both modes — by burning, and by burying entire.
Among the more curious of the remains thus discovered, were a series of wells (already exceeding twenty in number) sunk through the ironstone rock down to the surface of the upper lias clay — to a depth, that is, of from thirty to thirty-five feet. These wells have a very small diameter, and having been roughly and thickly walled on the inside, were rendered too narrow to allow of a man's descending to clear or to cleanse them. Thus, when a well became choked or foul, it was the practice to dig another
30 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
well near, and the former well was converted into a receptacle for all kinds of refuse — bones of the horse, ox, pig, and dog, fragments of earthen vessels, and other waste matters, having been found therein.
In one of the wells, opened and cleared away by the quarrymen last November, were discovered, in one group, at about ten feet from the bottom, these earthen coin moulds and the associated objects.
The first intimation that I received of the circumstance was that " about a pint of coin moulds" had been found ; and this turned out to be no great exaggeration. With a few exceptions, however, the moulds are in fragments ; but I have been able to ascertain pretty accurately, I think, the emperors whose " image and superscription " they bear, the types of the reverses, and the size of the coins in the manufacture of which they had been used.
The emperors are: — Diocletianus, Maximianus Hercules, Constantius Chlorus, and Galerius Maximianus.
The reverses are of only two and very common types — "GENIO POPVLI ROM AN I," the genius standing, with the modius on his head, a patera in his right hand, and a cornucopise on his left arm ; and " MONETA S AVGG ET CAESS NN," Moneta standing, holding scales in her right hand and a cornucopias on her left arm.1
The kind of coin of which these were moulds is tliefollis.
The exergual letters indicate one mint only, that of Treves.
I need not tell Numismatists that earthen moulds for the casting of Roman money have been well known for many years. Mr. Akerman, in Plate 14 of his " Descriptive Catalogue of Roman Coins," has figured ten
1 See Plate I., figs. 2 and 3.
EARTHEN COIN MOULDS. 31
of such moulds, and in his !e Coins of the Romans relating to Britain," he has devoted 84 pages (69 to 103) to their consideration.
Gathering my information from Mr. Akerman's volumes, it appears that many finds of such moulds have occurred both in this country and in France. As early as 1697 coin moulds were discovered at Lingwell Gate, near Wakefield, and again at the same place in the years 1706, 1820, and 1830. Papers upon these finds, by the late Rev. J.B. Reade, F.R.S., are in the Numismatic Journal, vol. ii., and in the Numismatic Chronicle, vol. i. In the latter paper is an interesting account how that, by the micro- scopic detection of fossil infusoria of the genus Namcula, both in the material of the moulds and in the sand of the field in which they had been found, he had succeeded in demonstrating the fact that the moulds had been fabri- cated upon that very spot, and of the material there obtained.
In Gough's " Camden's Britannia/* it is stated that in the beginning of the last century coin moulds were found at Edington, in Somersetshire ; and again in the be- ginning of the present century, at the same place, to the number of " several hundreds."
In the ArclKRologia, vol. xxiv. p. 349, is an account of coin moulds, discovered between Leeds and Wakefield, at Thorpe-on-the-Hill. Moulds have also been found at Castor, in Northamptonshire, — the Durobrivee of Anto- ninus,— and are described and figured by Mr. Artis in his well-known work upon the Roman antiquities there dis- covered; and in small quantities at Ryton, Salop, de- scribed in the " Philosophical Transactions," vol. xliv. p. 557.
All these moulds were for coins of the denarius size,
32 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
and respectively of Septimius Severus, Julia Domna, Caracalla, Geta, Macrinus, Alexander Severus, Maximinus, Maximus, Plautilla, Julia Paula, and Julia Mamaea.
I have had in my possession for nearly thirty years a mould of the same size, bearing a usual head and legend of Caracalla, one of a group found near Lincoln.
Lastly, Mr. Akerman states that there are in the British Museum several moulds bearing impressions from coins of very common types of the Constantine family, but of which the place of discovery is unknown.
Of coin moulds discovered in great numbers in France, those turned up from time to time at Lyons appear to have been the most numerous, but represent coins only of Septimius Severus, Julia Domna, and Caracalla; while others found at Fourvieres, near Lyons, were of coins of Septimius Severus, Julia Domna, Caracalla, Geta, Julia Soemias, Julia Maesa, and Alexander Severus.
The most interesting French find was that of 1830, at Damery, in the Department of the Marne, a town built on the ruins of Bibe, an ancient military station. Here were discovered several vases full of coins ; one contained at least 2,000 of base silver, more than 1,500 of which were of Postumus, and the remainder of the series from Philip the Elder down to that emperor. Another vase contained a silver coin of "Antoninus" (Caracalla?), five of the small brass of Treves with the types of " VRBS ROMA" and " CONSTANTINOPOLIS," 100 small brass of various mints of Constans and Constantius, and about 3,900 small brass "of the fourth size," all in perfect preservation, and all also of Constans and Constantius, chiefly with the exergual letters of the Treves, but some with those of the Lyons mint.
Associated with these coins were found ll iron instru-
EARTHEN COIN MOULDS. 33
ments suitable for the making of money ;" but with them also were several groups " of moulds of baked earth, still containing the pieces which had been cast in them." Some of these bore the head of Caracalla, some that of the elder Philip ; but the majority that of Postumus.
The perfect moulds represented only about one-tenth of the moulds found in dispersed fragments, and it has been suggested that in these had been cast the 2,000 base silver money of Postumus and the other emperors.
M. Hiver, whose able dissertation upon the find at Damery is given at length by Mr. Akerman, concludes with all reason that here was a manufactory of money, in which, during the joint reign of Constans and Constantius, not only were the quantities of small brass coins of those emperors there found legitimately produced iu the usual way, but that there also was cast, by imperial authority and for imperial use, the spurious money of former reigns discovered at the same spot.
It has been suggested that the use of earthen coin moulds first originated with forgers, although ultimately they came to be used by the official money ers themselves for the reproduction in base metal of earlier money. Thus Mr. Reade, in his second paper, considered it as almost certain that the coin moulds found at Lingwell Gate were the work of forgers, whilst those found at Bibe were used by the Triumviri Monetales, " for the purpose of filling the exhausted coffers of the State with the debased coinage of the earlier Caesars."
The several papers cited by Mr. Akerman give minute descriptions of the supposed processes of manufacturing the moulds and of casting the coins. Between circular tablets of fine soft clay were placed coins, which, upon pressure being applied, produced upon the tablet above
VOL. XI. N.S. F
34 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
and below each coin an impression of its obverse and reverse respectively, the combined impressions equalling in depth the thickness of the coin itself. It is evident from the moulds themselves that the tablets, while under- going this process, were enclosed within a collar or tube. A notch was cut through the rim of each mould to the edge of the impression,2 and they were then hardened by fire. The tablets thus prepared were arranged in triple piles, with the notches exactly over each other, and turned towards the centre, thus forming a downward channel with lateral openings, through which the fused metal might flow into the moulds. They were then enclosed in an outer covering of clay, shaped at the top into a funnel-like mouth, communicating with the down- ward channel, and the whole was again baked.
After the casting, the outer shell was broken up, and the coins extracted ; such of the moulds as were unbroken being available for further use.
Mr. Akerman's engraving shows the moulds arranged in a triple pile. A double pile, found at Lingwell Gate, is also figured, as are a crucible found at the same place, and a piece of metal, which is a perfect casting of the funnel-like mouth and downward channel.
It is worthy of note that with the moulds at Duston were found fragments of an earthen vessel, which, from the partial vitreous glazing of the outer surface by expo- sure to great heat, from the indications on the inner surface of its having contained fused metal, and from films of metal having been found with the pieces, I think we may fairly conclude was a crucible : a cone-shaped piece of metal, a casting apparently of the funnel mouth,3 and a piece of baked clay, which from its shape and
2 See Plate I., fig. 1, a. 3 See Plate I., fig. 6.
EARTHEN COIN MOULDS. 35
colouring is probably a fragment of the mouth itself,4 were also included in the find.
The surface of the moulds, by contact with the fused metal, was blackened or stained of a dull lead colour. A mould which, having been impressed only on one face, was evidently at the top or bottom of a pile, exhibits no such discolouration. It bears a large-sized head of Constantius Chlorus, is beautifully sharp and perfect, and must have been impressed from an unworn coin.5 The newness of the coins from which the moulds have been formed is observable throughout. I find also that many moulds have been impressed from the same coin, or from coins struck from the same dies.
It does not appear that the casting was always perfect. One mould exhibits partial discolouration, a glazed edging to the stained portion having been produced by the vapour of the heated metal. Two small pieces of metal, of irregular flattened form, of the thickness of a coin, and bearing part of the designs of obverse and reverse, are evidence of the partial cooling of the fused metal, so as to render it incapable of flowing freely into the moulds.6
In the following lists I have given the results of a careful examination of the moulds and fragments. It is a curious fact that, although I have endeavoured to fit together fragments, even in the cases of top and bottom moulds and of types of which few fragments occur, and in which consequently corresponding fragments might easily be found, I have only succeeded in matchingtwo small pieces, and these probably were parts of one fragment broken since discovery. It is evident that these fragments con- stitute a part only of the whole number of moulds ; and
4 See Plate I., fig. 5. 5 See Plate I., fig. 1.
6 See Plate I., figs. 7 and 8.
36 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
it would appear as if they had been designedly divided, one portion having been hidden away in the well in which they were found (which well had already been converted into a rubbish hole), whilst the remainder were otherwise bestowed.
I think, therefore, that generally each fragment repre- sents a whole mould, and I have attached the numbers to the various types of obverses and reverses, in accordance with that impression. It is not improbable, however, that these numbers are somewhat in excess, as it is likely that in some instances two or more fragments are portions of the same mould, although I have not succeeded in bringing them together.
Obverses upon Whole Moulds and Fragments.
Diocletianus : —
IMP DIOCLETIANVS P AVG .... 10
Maximianus Hercules : —
MAXIMIANVS NOB CAES? 84
IMP C MAXIMIANVS P F AVG ... 64
Constantius Chlorus : —
CONSTANTIVS NOB CAES8 .... 40
Galerius Maximianus : —
GAL VAL MAXIMIANVS P AVG ... 14 GAL VAL MAXIMIANVS N C . . . . 6 MAXIMIANVS NOBIL C 8
Undeterminable 81
Total number of obverses . . . . . — 197
Reverses upon Whole Moulds and Fragments.
GENIO POPVLI ROMANI. The genius standing, with the modius on his head, a patera in his right hand, and a cor- nucopiae on his left arm.9
7 See Plate I., fig. 3. 8 See Plate I., fig. 1.
9 See Plate I., fig. 2.
EARTHEN COIN MOULDS.
37
1. No letters or object in the field, no exergual letters 7
|
8. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. SFin 11. 12. 13. |
PT in the ex PTR TR ST 8T« 'the field, TR in t ITR IITR exereue bi |
ero'ue • . . |
. . 14 |
|
. . . 5 |
|||
|
. . . 2 |
|||
|
. . . 1 |
|||
|
. . . 15 |
|||
|
. . . 15 |
|||
|
. . . 1 |
|||
|
e exergue |
. . . 4 |
||
|
. . . 2 |
|||
|
. . . 11 |
|||
|
oken awav . |
6 |
14. Fragments showing neither field nor exergue
79
MONETA S AVGG ET CAESS NN. Moneta standing, holding scales in her right hand, and a cornucopias on her left arm.10
1. S F in the field, ITR in the exergue 8
2. „ the exergue broken away ... 8 8. Fragments showing neither field nor exergue . . 4
Total of the GENIO type ... 171 Total of the MONETA type . . 15
The following is a descriptive list of the few more perfect moulds and fragments. It must be remembered, although I have described the obverse and reverse pre- sented on each tablet, that these are necessarily not those of one coin : the upper side of each tablet would corre- spond with the under side of the coin above it, and the under side of each tablet with the upper side of the coin below it.
Moulds and Fragments more perfect than the bulk of those found.
DlOCLETIANUS.
1. Obv.— IMP DIOCLETIANVS P AVG. Rev.— GENIO POPVLI ROMANI. The genius standing as before described ; ^ in the field, PTR in the exergue.
10 See Plate I., fig. 4.
38 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
2. Obv. — Same as last ; apparently impressed from the same
coin. Rev. — GENIO, &c., as last ; # in the field, ST^ in the exergue.
MAXIMIANUS HERCULES.
3. Obv.— IMP C MAXIMIANVS P F AVG. Rather small
head. .Rev.— GENIO, &c. ; S F in the field, IITR in exergue.
4. Obv. — Same legend ; rather larger head. Rev. — GENIO,
&c. ; # in the field, TR in the exergue.
5. Oii;.— Same as last. Rev.— MONETA S AVGG ET
CAESS NN. Moneta standing as before described; S F in the field, ITR in the exergue.
6. Obv.— MAXIMIANVS NOB CAES. Same head as last.11
Rev. — Same as No. 2.
7. Obv. — The same. Rev. as No. 1, the exergue broken away.
CONSTANTIUS CHLORUS.
8. Obv.— CONSTANTIVS NOB CAES. Rather large head.
No reverse. Bottom mould of pile. Quite perfect and unstained.12
9. Obv. — Same legend and head. Rev. — MONETA, as No. 5.
10. Obv. — The same. Rev. — The same.
[The last three obverses have apparently been impressed from the same coin.]
11. Obv. — Same as the last. Rev. — GENIO, &c., as No. 2.
12. Obv. — Same legend ; rather smaller head. Rev. — GENIO,
&c. ; S F in field, TR in exergue.
18. Obv.— Same legend and head. Rev.— GENIO, &c. ; $ in the field, PT0 in the exergue.
GALERIUS MAXIMIANUS.
14. Obv.— MAXIMIANVS NOBIL C. Rather small head. Rev.— GENIO, &c. ; * in the field, ST in exergue.
11 See Plate I., fig. 3. 12 See Plate I., fig. 1.
EARTHEN COIN MOULDS. 39
16. Obv.— Same legend and head. Rev. — MONETA, &c., as No. 5.
16. Obv. and Rev. same as last.
Bottom Mould.
17. Rev. only. — GENIO, &c.; nothing in the field, no exergual
inscription.13
Moulds and Fragments of Moulds having an Impression on One Side only, and therefore the Top or Bottom Moulds of the Piles.
Obverses. — Diocletianus, 2 ; Maximianus Hercules, 12 ; Con- stantius Chlorus, 3 ; Galerius Maximianus, 1 ; Undeterminable, 3 ; total, 21.
Reverses.— GENIO, &c. only, 12. Total of obverses and reverses, 33.
Upon the under or plain face of several of these moulds the impression of the grain or roughly-planed surface of wood is perceptible.
It is a significant fact with regard to these coin moulds, that they were intended for casting the money of emperors, and a kind of money — the follis, for the production of which, as far as I can ascertain, moulds have not previously been found.
The question arises as to who were the persons who made and used these moulds, and what was the character of the money which they produced ? I do not think that we can entertain the supposition that they were the work of official fabricators of spurious money, as is supposed to have been the case with regard to the moulds found at Damery, in France, already referred to. There the moulds were for casting denarii of reigns long passed, and in a very debased metal. The Duston moulds, on the contrary,
is See Plate I., fig. 2.
40 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
were impressed from current coins probably of living emperors, and the coins were cast in a metal of the same intrinsic value as that of the money in circulation. Moreover, the coins from which the moulds were taken were new and sharp, and those reproduced would there- fore have all the appearance of newness, a peculiarity which makers of spurious money would surely endeavour to avoid. For the same reasons, I should be indisposed to consider that these moulds were used by private forgers, notwithstanding they were employed for manufacturing at Duston money of the distant foreign mint of Treves, and were apparently broken up and hidden away as described. I should rather conclude that at that place money was produced under the authority of the imperial government, by the use of the readiest means at hand, for the remedying of a deficiency in the circulation which might temporarily have occurred in that locality and at that time; and I think that all the circumstances dis- closed with regard to these moulds tend to such a conclusion.
Cast coins have occasionally been found in this country, commonly associated with coins struck from dies. They are often of various sizes, of a succession of reigns spread- ing over a wide space of time, and are generally considered to be ancient forgeries. In vol. x. N.S. p. 195 of the Numis- matic Chronicle is an interesting account by John Evans, Esq., F.R.S., &c., of a hoard of Roman coins found in the spring of 1870 on Pitstone Common, near Tring, curiously enough, within a few hundred yards of a spot bearing the significant name of Moneybury Hill. These coins were 116 in number, ranging from Claudius to Tetricus inclusive, and consisting of 1st, 2nd, and 3rd brass. Of these, 28 (all of the 2nd brass size) had been
KARTHEN COIN MOULDS. 41
cast, " all probably about the same time," although the moulds ranged "from Vespasian to Otacilia Severa, or over a period of 180 years." Some of them had been moulded from well-preserved, and others from much- worn coins. Mr. Evans pronounces these coins to be ancient forgeries, and, I think, truly. The coins cast in the Duston moulds may possibly have been also ancient for- geries, but the characteristics of the Pitstone find of cast coins (the number of reigns and their range in time, the varying condition of the original models, and the associa- tion with a mixed group of genuine coins) are so different from those which pertain to the Duston moulds, that the line of reasoning which \vould apply to the former would not, I think, bear upon the latter.
Lastly, as to the date of their manufacture. I have already suggested that the sharpness of the impressions indicated that the coins from which they were taken were of contemporaneous reigns. Of the four emperors whose money was thus fabricated, who were living at the same time, and associated together in the empire, Galerius Maximianus was the junior. He was made Csesar A.D. 292, and Augustus A.D. 305 : Constantius died A.D. 306. Tliese dates mark the limits of the joint reign of the four emperors ; and it is likely, therefore, that the moulds were made between A.D. 292 and A.D. 306, probably towards the close of that period, or perhaps a little later.
SAMUEL SHARP.
VOL. XI. N.S.
IV.
SOME ACCOUNT OF THE WEIGHT OF ENGLISH AND
NORTHERN COINS IN THE TENTH AND
ELEVENTH CENTURIES,
AND AN ATTEMPT AT COMPARISON BETWEEN THESE WEIGHTS AND
THE WEIGHT SYSTEM FOB COINS WHICH APPARENTLY
BELONG TO THE SAME PERIOD.
TRANSLATED FROM THE DANISH, BY JOHN EVANS, F.E.S.
PRELIMINARY AND NECESSARY PARTICULARS OF WEIGHTS. One ounce, Cologne-weight — 451-38 Troy grains1 = 29-231 French
grammes t= 512 Norse aes. One mark, Cologne-weight = 3611-04 Troy grains = 233-85489* French
grammes == 4096 Norse sea.
From these data the following results are obtained : —
|
1 Troy grain |
Troy grains. |
Tower grains. |
French grammes. 0-064761091 = |
A* 1-13429926 |
|
1 Norse sen. = 0-8816016525 |
0-0570934790 |
|||
|
1 Ib. Troy weight = |
5760 |
= |
373-02388408871 = |
6533-56373787 |
|
1 ounce |
480 |
= |
31-085323674 = |
544-46364482 |
|
1 dwt. |
24 |
= |
1-554264 = |
27-2231842 |
|
1 French gramme = |
15-44137 |
= |
= |
17-515135133586 |
|
1 oz. Tower weight = |
450 = |
480 = |
29-14249 |
510-434667 |
|
1 Ib. Tower weight = |
5400 = |
5760 = |
349-70989 |
6125-21600425 |
|
1 mark |
3600 = |
3840 = |
233-13993 |
4083-477336 |
|
1 grain |
0-9375 |
= |
0-0607135 = |
1-063405555 |
|
1 gramme |
= |
16-470795 |
||
|
1 see. |
= |
0-940375 |
||
|
1 penny Tower weight = |
22-5 = |
24-0 = |
1-4570245 = |
25-52173335 |
|
1 ounce Cologne weight |
= |
481-472 |
1 Ruding, vol. I., p. 7. See also Luxdorpb, vol. ix. of Procs. Copenhagen Soc., p. 618 ; or p. 6 of the separate copies.
2 From information supplied by Professor Holmboe.
3 Hawkins, p. 59. He says that Alfred's later coins, weigh- ing 24 grains, are of good silver ; the earlier are, on the con- trary, of inferior metal, and lighter in weight.
WEIGHT OF ENGLISH AND NORTHERN COINS.
I. — WEIGHT OF ENGLISH COINS.
43
|
Number of pieces. |
GroBS weigal in Troy grains. |
Average weight of each. 1 |
French grammes |
Nor- wegian MS |
|
|
Of a, Egbert (802—837) Rud- |
|||||
|
ing gives |
8 |
159-10 |
19-837 |
1-288 |
22-558 |
|
b, ^thelwulf (837—858) „ |
7 |
138-6 |
19-80 |
1-282 |
22-459 |
|
c, Mthelberi (860—866) „ |
3 |
54-75 |
18-25 |
1-182 |
20-70 |
|
d, JEthelred I. (866—871) „ |
6 |
107-15 |
17-86 |
1-156 |
20-26 |
|
e, Alfred (871— 901), later and |
|||||
|
earlier types |
14 |
289-275 |
20-66 |
1-338 |
23-437 |
|
Ditto, later, and in good pre- |
|||||
|
servation, Hawkinss . . |
1 |
24-00 |
1-554 |
27-233 |
|
|
/, Edward the Elder (901— |
|||||
|
925) Ruding |
27 |
643-C5 |
23-817 |
1-542 |
27-015 |
|
gr, -^Ethelstan (925—941) Rud- |
|||||
|
ing . . |
43 |
969-60 |
22-55 |
1-460 |
25-57 |
|
Ditto Hawkins |
1 |
23-0 |
1-490 |
26-088 |
|
|
h, Edmund (941—946) „ |
1 |
24-0 |
1-554 |
27-233 |
|
|
t, Eadred (946—955) Ruding |
2.5 |
527-60 |
21-104 |
1-367 |
23-938 |
|
k, Eadwig (955— 959) „ |
8 |
169-10 |
21-137 |
1-369 |
23-976 |
|
1, Eadgar (959—975) Ruding |
|||||
|
gives 22, Hildebrand4 21 |
43 |
942-86 |
21-927 |
1-420 |
24-87 |
|
m, JSthelred II. (978—1016) |
|||||
|
Ruding gives 15, Hilde- |
|||||
|
brand 329, Holmboe 33,- |
|||||
|
Schive 56 8 |
43.3 |
9517-048 |
21-979 |
1-723 |
24-93 |
|
n, Knut the Great (1016— |
|||||
|
1035). In the Roy. Danish, |
|||||
|
Norwegian University, |
|||||
|
Stockholm and Bergen |
|||||
|
Museum Cabinets, all of |
|||||
|
the oldest types and |
|||||
|
standard |
2/3 |
561-715 |
22-47 |
1-455 |
25-486 |
|
The same king, of the later |
|||||
|
standard, and of the types |
|||||
|
E. G. H. I. K. of Hildebrand, |
|||||
|
all in good preservation . . |
174 |
2936-045 |
16-87 |
1-093 |
19-14 |
|
o, Harold Barefoot, Knut's |
|||||
|
son (1035—1040). In the |
|||||
|
Royal Swedish Coin Cabi- |
|||||
|
net |
100 |
1659-93 |
16-6 |
1-075 |
18-83 |
|
p, Hardeknut (1040—1042). |
|||||
|
At Stockholm, Copenhagen, |
|||||
|
and Christiania |
45 |
771-38 |
17-14 |
I'll |
19-44 |
|
q, Edward the Confessor |
|||||
|
(1042—1066) |
127 |
2126-4 |
16-74 |
1-08 |
18-99 |
|
Of the coins which may be |
|||||
|
considered to belong to the latter part of his reign |
17 |
363-64 |
21-39 |
1-385 |
24-26 |
4 Hildebrand, Anglosachsiska Mynt i Svenska Kongl. Myntka- binettet. Stockholm, 1846.
5 Holmboe, Mynter fra Middelalderen fundne ved Egersund. Christiania, 1836.
6 Schive. Account of coins found in Haaland Parish in 1866. Procs. Scientific Society of Christiania for 1869.
44
NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
2. — WEIGHT OF DANISH COINS.
|
Number of pieces. |
Gross weight in Troy grains. |
Average weight of each. |
French grammes. |
Nor- wegian MS. |
|
|
a, Sven Tjugeskegg (986 — |
|||||
|
1014), two coins, the one j |
|||||
|
at Stockholm, the other at i |
|||||
|
St. Petersburg — both of |
|||||
|
type C. of Hildebrand, to- |
|||||
|
gether weighing |
2 |
48-91 |
24-455 |
1-583 j 27-74 |
|
|
The weight nearly corre- |
|||||
|
sponds with JEthelred's type ; |
|||||
|
D. of Hildebrand, but two |
|||||
|
pieces are not alone sufficient |
|||||
|
to give any safe result. |
|||||
|
b, Knut the Great (1014— |
|||||
|
1035). Of the earlier coins |
|||||
|
of this king there are in |
|||||
|
Denmark, Sweden, and |
|||||
|
Norway 23 |
517-10 '] 22-48 |
1-456 |
25-50 |
||
|
These coins, like those of |
|||||
|
2Ethelred II., are struck of the |
|||||
|
weight of the Tower penny. |
|||||
|
The same king. Of his |
|||||
|
later standard 7 |
119-46 |
17-067 |
1-05 |
19-36 |
|
|
These also seem struck in |
|||||
|
accordance with Knut's later ' |
|||||
|
English standard. |
|||||
|
c, Hardeknut (1035—1042). |
|||||
|
From Eastern Denmark . . 56 |
871-13 |
15-555 |
1-007 |
17-645 |
|
|
,, Western „ |
17 |
194-96 |
11-468 |
0-743 |
13-008 |
|
d, Magnus the Good (1042— |
|||||
|
1047). From Eastern Den- |
|||||
|
mark |
138 |
2120-27 |
15-36 |
0-995 |
17-427 |
|
From Western Denmark |
13 |
143-52 |
11-04 |
0-715 |
12-52 |
|
e, Sven Estrithsson (1047 — |
|||||
|
1076). From Eastern Den- |
|||||
|
mark |
50 |
756-05 |
l.;-12 |
0-979 |
17-1-5 |
|
From Western Denmark |
5 |
60-36 |
12-07 |
0-782 |
13-69 |
|
This number is too small |
|||||
|
to give a probable result. |
|||||
|
1 i |
The above-mentioned coins are all of silver, 14 to 15 lods fine, until the time of Magnus the Good, whose coins are 13 to 15 lods, and Sven Estrithsson's 12 to 14 lods fine. Hardeknut' s, Magnus the Good's, and Sven Estrithsson's East Danish coins, on an average, approximate to the 5^5 of the English Tower mark ; the West Danish to the T*7> of the half Troy mark.
WRIGHT OF ENGLISH AND NORTHERN COINS. 3. — WEIGHT OF SWEDISH COINS.
45
|
Number of pieces. |
Gross weight in Troy grains. |
Average weight of each. |
French grammes. |
Nor- wegian Sm> |
|
|
a, Olaf Scotkonung (995 — |
|||||
|
1021). In the Museums in |
|||||
|
Sweden and Denmark are |
|||||
|
to be found |
50 |
1648-77 |
32-97 |
2-135 |
37-40 |
|
This king has not, like |
|||||
|
other contemporary northern |
|||||
|
kings, borrowed !/Ethelred's |
|||||
|
penny of -gio of the Tower |
|||||
|
pound; but his coins, on an |
|||||
|
average, nearly answer to |
|||||
|
the 96th part of the mark |
|||||
|
of Gotland, and are nearly |
|||||
|
twice as heavy as the 'later |
|||||
|
English coins of Knut, of |
|||||
|
Harold Harefoot, and Harde- |
|||||
|
knut. |
|||||
|
b, Anund Jacob (1021—1050) |
9 |
148-11 |
16-45 |
1-065 |
15-66 |
|
Average about the same as |
|||||
|
the English coins of Harold |
|||||
|
Harefoot and Hardeknut. |
|||||
|
Until the middle of the |
|||||
|
twelfth century there is, after '; |
|||||
|
the death of Anund Jacob, no j |
|||||
|
record of the weight of Swed- |
|||||
|
ish coins. |
4. — WEIGHT OF NORWEGIAN COINS.
|
Number of pieces. |
Gross weight in Troy grains. |
Average weight of each. |
French grammes. |
Nor- wegian Ma. |
|
|
«, Olaf Tryggvesson. At an |
|||||
|
earlier period (in 1770) a |
|||||
|
single coin of this king was |
|||||
|
known, the size and type of |
|||||
|
which corresponded with |
|||||
|
^Ethelred II., type C. Hilde- |
|||||
|
brand. It is now lost. |
|||||
|
b, Erik Jarl (1000—1015) . . |
1 |
21,57 |
1,397 |
24,47 |
|
|
c, Haakon Eriksson Jarl |
|||||
|
(1015) |
6 |
199,33 |
33,22 |
2,151 |
37,68 |
|
The average weight of |
|||||
|
these coins corresponds most |
|||||
|
closely with that of the con- |
|||||
|
temporary coins of Olaf |
|||||
|
Scotkonung. |
46
NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE. WEIGHT OF NORWEGIAN COINS — continued.
|
Number of pieces. |
Gross weight Average in Troy weight Grains. of each. |
French grammes. |
Nor- wegian MS. |
|
|
d,0la.f the Holy (1015 -1030). |
||||
|
Of this king there are coins, |
||||
|
in part doubtful |
4 |
87-94 21-987 |
1-424 |
24-94. |
|
Besides these there is an |
||||
|
undoubted coin on a square |
||||
|
pieceof metal weighing 47,016 |
||||
|
grains Troy, probably struck |
||||
|
as a piece of two pennies. |
||||
|
The foregoing coins, in classes |
||||
|
3 and 4, are all 14 to 15 |
||||
|
lods fine. |
||||
|
e, Of Magnus the Good (1035 |
||||
|
— 1047) there are no |
||||
|
coins struck in Norway ; |
||||
|
butof him and his co-regent, |
||||
|
Harold Haarderaade, two |
||||
|
pieces struck in Denmark, |
||||
|
apparently of the West |
||||
|
Danish standard and 14 lods |
||||
|
fine, weigh on an average . . |
, t |
11-205 |
0-726 |
12-71 ; |
|
f, Of Harold Haaderaade as |
||||
|
sole monarch (1047—1066) |
||||
|
Coins of good silver. These |
||||
|
are 14 lods fine. |
8 |
104-514 13-065 0-840 |
14-82 |
|
|
Coins of base silver |
52 |
13-488 701-358 |
0-873 |
15-30 |
|
These are from 10 to 5 lods |
||||
|
fine, but mostly 8 lods. |
i |
THE COINAGE-WEIGHT IN ENGLAND AND THE NORTH. 1. THE ENGLISH COINAGE-WEIGHT.
The profit to he gained by a royalty on coinage was sought to be retained for themselves by the princes of the Middle Ages. It arose, in part, on account of uncoined silver being much cheaper than coined ; and in part because the coins, though at first this was not the case, were eventually of less weight than they should have been ; so that a pound of pennies, which for a great length of time were in fact the only coins of the Middle Ages, soon became less than a pound in weight. Already,
WEIGHT OF ENGLISH AND NORTHERN COINS. 47
from the middle of the tenth century, this may be traced in many countries;7 but the result of this was that those, who had no business to do so, encroached on the princes' right, and sought to share it with them, which they in their turn tried to prevent by severe and in part barbarous laws.8 In England, however, they kept much longer to the greater and lesser normal weights, which were much more faithfully adhered to than in other countries ;9 but notwithstanding, the coins were, on the whole, a little less in weight than they should have been. This, how- ever, could hardly have been observed at first in daily business, or in small payments ; while, on the contrary, when the question concerned large sums, which were always weighed, it appears, judging from many Northern finds of coins, that the short weight was made good with uncoined silver, or with broken ornaments, rings, bars, &c.
It is altogether improbable that any prince struck coins
7 Baron von Koehne Uber die im Russischen Keiche gefun- denen Abendlandischen Miinzeii des x., xi., and xii., Jahrhun- dert's, p. 6.
8 Suhm, Danmarks Historie, III., pp. 347—348. ^Ethelred II.'s Law for Englishmen and the Danes in England ; and yEthelstan's ordinance concerning coins. Hildebrand's Ang. Sax. Coins, p. Ixxxviii.
9 In England they went more honestly to work than else- where, and the coins kept their proper weight, except, perhaps, a period of about forty years under Knut the Great, Harold Harefoot, Hardeknut, and the greater part of the reign of Edward the Confessor. As an example, may be adduced tbe 5,127 pennies found at Tealby, in Lincolnshire, in 1807, which were probably deposited in the ground after the middle of the twelfth century, and weighed 19 Ib. 6 oz. 5 dwts. Troy. This gives an average of 21-931 grs. Troy, = 1-420 French grammes, = 24-876 aes. And as the normal penny was 22'5 grs., = 1-457 grs. = 25*52 ses; the difference, which may in part be due to the coins having lain so long in the earth, is only 0-5C9 grs. = 0-037 grammes, = 0-644 aes.
48 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
heavier on an average than the normal weight, for by that means a part of the profit would have been lost, which the right of coinage gave to the prince, and which he sometimes handed over to others, in return for a fixed payment ; but the instruments which were used in coming were imper- fect, and there was also some difference in the striking of each separate piece, some being either heavier or lighter than the standard, as is the case with the smaller sorts of coins even to the present day, and this may occasion erroneous results from the weighing of ancient coins.
This may also arise from the fact that, with the good uninjured pieces, there were others current which were clipped ; and this practice, according to Ruding,10 went to such lengths in the reign of the English king Eadwig (955 — 959), that the penny was scarcely equal to the half- penny in weight. The circumstance also that coins found in the earth have suffered by oxidization, may contribute to their weight being less than it should be.
As the division into 240 pennies to the libra, or pound, was the same among the Anglo-Saxons in the tenth cen- tury as among the Franks under Charlemagne,11 it appears not unlikely that at that earlier period this same pound was accepted for the purposes of coinage. In the mean- time it is generally believed that from the earliest period the weight used by the Anglo-Saxons for their coinage was the so-called Tower pound, which is found to have contained 5,400 Troy grains12 (equal 34970989 French
10 Ruding, vol. I., p. 130.
11 Nordstrom, Bidrag till Penning-viisendets Historia i Sverige intill K. Gustav. lstes Tid. pag 244. Histoire de la Legislation des anciens Germains, par Garabed Davoud Oghlou. Berlin, 1845, tome II., p. 288.
12 Ruding, vol. I., p. 7.
WEIGHT OF ENGLISH AND NORTHERN COINS. 49
grammes — 6125 '21600425 Norwegian aes) ; but the later coins of King Alfred, as well as those of his successors, Edward the Elder, ^Ethelstan, and Edmund, contain more than the ^-ihr of the Tower pound, which is the normal weight for the Tower penny = 22'5' Troy grains (= 1,457 grammes = 25-52173335 ses). The coins of the English kings after Edmund weigh somewhat less than this penny. That use was made in England of a great pound as well as of the Tower pound is shown by a charter granted by ^Ethelred II. to the monastery at Ely, in which it is related that the abbot bought certain property of the king for nine pounds of gold after the Norman great weight (presumably the common Franldsh weight), and also be- cause, as already observed, it is improbable that the before- mentioned kings, from Alfred to Edmund (871 — 946), should have struck pennies above the normal weight ; so that it would appear, as far as these kings are concerned, that there was another and greater penny than that of the Tower. The diminution below this, which seems to have taken place under Eadred, Eadwig, andEadgar (946 — 975), may be well ascribed to deficiency of money, to a desire for greater profit from the coinage, or most probably to the before-mentioned causes. It may, however, be accepted that the English standard, or normal weight, is, after the middle or towards the end of the tenth century, based on the Tower pound ; for this may, it appears, be deduced from jEthelred's laws on the relation between the Danish Ore and that pound. But inasmuch as certain of that king's coins are heavier than the ^^ of the Tower pound, it is in the highest degree probable that the coinage of the great sums which, under him, were paid to the Danes, may have taken place in such great haste, that they were never so accurate as to the weight or number of the
VOL.' XI. N.S. H
50 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
single pennies as to the weight in pounds of the whole great sum, which each time had to be prepared. It is also reasonable to suppose that the covetous Vikings chose the heaviest coins ; where, as with small amounts, it was a question, not of weight, but of tale. All this is corro- borated by the fact that a certain kind of ^Ethelred's coins (type D. of Hildebrand), which could not have been struck earlier than some years after A.D. 1000, are the heaviest; and it was doubtless principally of this sort that the 48,000 Ibs. 13 of gold, or 384,000 Ibs. of silver, consisted, which had to be paid to Thorkell the Tall in 1010. The coins of type D. weigh, on an average, 25 '30 Troy grains = 1*64 grammes = 28'7 ses ; or 1'3 grain more than the 240th part of the French Ib. (see below) ; while the coins which are of type E., and were probably struck between 1010 and 1014, only contain 21*158 grains = 1'37 grammes = 24*0 SDS, or 1*34 grain under the Tower penny. In the later coinage under ^Ethelred, or from 1014 to 1016, the weight of the coin was still less, as was clearly shown by a northern find in 1866.
According to Ruding, the pennies of Edward the Elder, and, according to Hawkins, the later pennies of Alfred, Eadmund, and jEthelstan contain more than 22*5 grains, and even as much as 23'8 grains on an average. If these pennies were struck in relation to a normal weight, they would be about the 240th part of the present Troy pound = 5760 grains, which was received from France/4
13 P. A. Munch. Det Norske Folks Historie, 1-2, p. 471.
14 Von Koehne (p. 7) says that the French Carlovingian and the English pound were originally alike ; but they, like other weights, have been reduced in the course of time, and become rather lighter than formerly ; and this leads to the conclusion that the older weights may likewise be the heaviest.
WEIGHT OF ENGLISH AND NORTHERN COINS. 51
and is still used in the English coinage. The same may have been the case under these kings, and Alfred may have been the first who adopted it as the normal weight for his later coinage. One two hundred and fortieth part of the French or Troy pound, or 1 dvvt., contains 24 grains = 1,554 French grammes = 27'22318224 s&s ; and the later coins of Alfred — those of Edward the Elder and Edmund — are, on an average, 23'942 grains = 1*550 grammes = 27*158 sds. The somewhat less average weight of the coins of the kings after Eadmund's time was, if indeed these kings retained the French pound, probably not at first of great importance, so that the difference was not imme- diately observed, but might eventually lead to the establish- ment of a proportion15 to the previously used normal weight ; so that the lighter Tower pound, which perhaps was older and earlier used in England than the French pound, was again adopted as the coining weight even before the time of ^thelred II.16
In Anglo-Saxon documents it is stated that the Danish mark was, in the tenth century, the same as 100 English pennies.17 If each of these equalled the 240th of the French pound, the mark would be = 2400 grains = 155'426 grammes = 2722'3 aes. And as this contained 8 ore, 1 ore would equal 300 grains = 19*428 grammes = 340'3 ses. But in ^Ethelred's " Instituta Lundonise,"18 it is said that
15 Nordstrom, p. 212.
16 It is not impossible that the reduction to the Tower pound first took place when the great contributions to the Norsemen began in the year 991.
17 Ruding, vol. L, p. 112.
18 Davoud Oghlou, ii., p. 291. This document is the safest guide to probable results. Nordstrom says, p. 248, by an error as it seems, that 1 ore = 15 pennies, but it cannot, after the Tower pound, which contained 15 ore and 240 pennies, have
52 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
a pound (libra) was 15 ore ; and as in that king's time we may reckon by the Tower pound of 5400 grains, so an ore of a 15th part of this, or 16 English pennies, is equal to 360 grains =23-314 grammes = 408-3477336 ses; and 8 ore = 1 Danish mark = 2880 grains = 186-512 grammes = 3266-7818688 ses, which does not answer to the first result for the mark. The discrepancy between 100 pennies in the mark = 2400 grains Troy, and its second value of 2880 grains, after the " Instituta Lundonise" and the Tower pound, corresponds, in the meantime, with the old Northern mode of reckoning, according to which the hundred was often represented by the great or long hundred of 120 pennies ; for 120 x 24 19 = 2880 grains = 186-512 grammes =3266-7818688 ses, and $ of which, or 1 ore = 360 grains = 23'314 grammes = 408-3477336 aes as before. In like manner, 2880 grains X 2 = 5760 grains = 373'02388 grammes = 6533-563.7 xs—i.e., the Danish mark was in the first half of the tenth century the half of the English, which at that time was the same as the French pound.20
been otherwise than 16 pennies. Ruding also, vol. I., p. 115 makes 15 pennies = 1 ore, according to Bircherod ; this statement, however, does not refer to the period under consideration, but to the Danish coin system of the sixteenth century. See Holberg's Danmarks og Norges geistlige og verdslige Stat, p. 603 and A. Berntsen Danmarks og Norges frugtbare Herlighed 4, 1, 556.
19 That there is ground for receiving this mode of reckoning by tbe great or long hundred of 120 to the 100, is proved by many Northern documents 6f an early date, and is besides corroborated by tbe marriage contract between King Eric II., Magnusson (1280 — 1299), and Margaret of Scotland, in 1281 (P. A. Munch, Det Norske Folks Historie, iv. 2, 25), wbere it is expressly said tbat the dowry shall be paid in sterling new and current coins, of wbicb there shall be reckoned five score to tbe 100 mark. Had there not also been occasionally six score to the 100, such a stipulation would have been needless.
20 Von Koebne (p. 7) cites tbe mark weight as having been originally the balf of the pound.
WEIGHT OF ENGLISH AND NORTHERN COINS. 53
In the treaty between Edward the Eider and the Danish Guthrum, in the year 907, 3 half-marks and 30 shillings seem to be the same thing.21 If this interpre- tation be correct, it would appear from the following computation that the mark had the same value as has just been assigned to the Danish mark. In the Saxon provinces in England they reckoned 5 pennies to the shilling, so that there were 48 shillings to the pound. In Mercia there were 4 pennies to the shilling, or 60 shillings to the pound. In Kent, where pennies were not in use, there were 12 \ shillings, each of 250 sceattas, to the pound. In Northumberland, it appears they did not reckon by shillings, but by thrymsas, which were there current. At the same time, 80 thrymsas went to the pound, or 3 pennies to the thrymsa. That 3 half-marks = 12 ore, was the same as 30 shillings, is alleged by Davoud Oghlou from the treaty of peace between Edward and Guthrum (chapters 3 and 7), and he reckons what a half-mark amounted to in Saxon shillings. But those 30 shillings may, as it appears, have been Mercian, for the treaty took place with the Danes in East Anglia and Northumberland, which lay near Mercia, and was con- cluded in Mercia itself.22 This took place at a time when in England the French pound was employed as the coin weight, and if Mercian shillings of 4 pennies are also meant, then 30 shillings = i pound = 2880 grains ( = 186-512 grammes =3266- 781 8688 ses), 1 shilling=96grains=6-217 grammes = 108 '892728964 ses),l mark = i of a pound, or 2 half-marks = f x 2880 grains Troy ( = f x 186-512
21 Davoud Oghlou, ii. p. 290, Suhm, Danmarks Historie, II. p. 477.
22 Suhm, vol. II., 475, 477. Yettingaford, which is also written Thitingaford, Ichyngaford, now perhaps Ickford in Buckinghamshire, which district lay in Mercia.
54 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
grammes = f x 326678 1 8688 JES)= 1920 grains (= 124-34 grammes=2 177'854 ses), and 1 ore — i mark — 240 grains (= 15-54 grammes = 272*231 8 ses). But as Ruding ob- serves, vol. II., p. 115, that the ore in weight was ^ more than the ore in coin, the weight ore would be = 360 grains = 23*314 grammes= 408-3477 ses, and the treaty or con- vention was concluded in accordance with what was then reckoned for a mark among the Danes, but which was not a mark in weight. Besides the ^j0 of the weight mark thus discovered ( .//0 ), or 12 grains ( = 0-777 grammes — - 13'6 ses), agrees fairly well with the weight of the pennies struck in Western Denmark, principally under Hardeknut, but also at a later date, when it is likewise considered that the coins have lain many centuries in the earth. By taking the Saxon shilling at 5 pennies in the above account, the results cannot be made to agree.
At the time of the Norman invasion of England, and even earlier in the eleventh century, or under ^Ethel- red, the Tower pound seems to have been the normal weight for coinage, for the pennies of the later years of the reign of Edward the Confessor approximate closely to the 240th part of the Tower pound, the latest weighing on an average 2T39 grains = 1-385 grammes = 24'26 ses, that is, something less than the weight of the Tower penny. At the time of the invasion, and also probably before, as well as shortly after, the ore was again 16 pennies in weight23 — 16 x 22'5 = 360 grains — 23*314 grammes = 408-3477336 ses. In the same manner 20 ore = 2 marks silver English ;24 so that 10 ore == 1 mark = 3600 grains (= 233-14 grammes) = 4083-477336 EES = f 5400 grains = | of the Tower pound.
23 Liixdorph, pp. 637, 638 ; Nordstrom, p. 248.
24 Liixdorph, pp. 637, 638.
WEIGHT OF ENGLISH AND NORTHERN COINS. 55
Consequently, there was already in use at that time the later so-called sterling mark after the Tower weight. In the same manner, in France, it was, between A.D. 1060 and 1108, ordained that | of the libra weight,25 or the poids de marc, should be applied for the weighing of the gold and silver. At that time, also, 15 ore were still reckoned to the pound in England,26 which is right, for 15 x 360 = 5400 grains, or the Tower pound. But already in Domesday Book, or in the register of the royal domains under William the Conqueror, an ore is rated at 20 pennies.27 This is also right, for while the Anglo-Saxon or Tower pound was retained under the new rule, the Norman method of dividing the same into 12 ounces of 20 pennies was adopted. In reckoning money, the pound was divided into 20 solidi of 12 denarii, the mark being then f of a pound, that is, 8 ounces or ore = 1 60 pennies, or 13 solidi (shillings) and 4 pence = 3600 grains ; and each ore = 20 x. 22'5 = 450 grains = 21'142 grammes = 510-434667 ses.28 From this it follows that at the com- mencement, after the Conquest, they reckoned in England by two sorts of ore — namely, by the lesser or older of 16 pennies, and by the newer and greater of 20 pennies, as is also observed in Sumner's Glossarium.29
25 Nordstrom, p. 255.
26 Luxdorph, p. 637, 638.
27 Nordstrom, p. 248. Ruding, vol. I. p. 112, also observes that the mark was divided into 160 pennies after the Conquest, but it is probable that it had already at an earlier period been used in England as two-thirds of the pound.
28 Davoud Oghlou, vol. II. p. 291, agrees with this, as he observes that, according to the laws of Edward the Confessor (Cap. 12) and William the Conqueror's " Lois et Coutumes," three marks — to 40s. according to the Norman reckoning, for * XHQ-SL = 270 grains = -£$ of the Tower pound = 1 shilling and 1 ore or ounce = Af £& = 450 grains.
29 Lnxdorph, Ibid.
56 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
From what has been already stated, we arrive at the following results : — That the English weight for coinage may be accepted as having been at the beginning and later on in the tenth century the French pound. Still later on, towards its close, the Tower pound may have been adopted. Secondly, that the Danish mark-weight mentioned in English documents, or 8 Danish ore, con- tained about 2880 grains Troy, and that on its introduc- tion from Denmark in the same century, or earlier, it was fixed at or taken for the half of the French pound then in use in England. Thirdly, that the ore weight had, in the tenth and a great part of the eleventh century, an invariable value in England, but was eventually, after the Norman Conquest, enhanced to the tjth of the Tower mark, or the 12th of the Tower pound. Davoud Oghlou (in his 2nd part, p. 290) makes the following observations as to ore and marks : — " In the English laws there are frequent questions about these denominations which belong to the Danish currency ; but it is difficult accurately to determine their value. In the meantime, 8 ore made a mark." The results arrived at in the fore- going account, either experimentally or by calculation, seem to be reasonable, but they first acquire great certainty from the data of ^Ethelred's time, on the presumption that the Tower pound has not undergone any particular altera- tion. Davoud Oghlou remarks farther,30 that it appears as if the Danish mark also had 12 ore. In the treaty between Edward and Guthrum it is stated, as already observed, that three half-marks, or 12 ore = 30 shillings. If now, as Ruding says, the ore of account was two-thirds
80 Page 291. See also Rosenringe's Grundrids, 875; and Thorpe's edition of the English Laws — Note on King Ina's fourteenth law.
WEIGHT OF ENGLISH AND NORTHERN COINS. 57
of the ore of weight, and the mark of account two-thirds of the weight mark, then 12 ore = 3 half-marks of the former, or 8 ore of the latter ; and thus the reckoning of 12 ore to the mark would be perfectly right.
Knut the Great, jEthelred's successor in England, struck coins, both in that country and in Denmark, at a heavier standard in the earlier years of his reign, and at a lighter in his later years. His earlier English pennies^ presumably struck between 1016 — 1020, are, so far as they have been weighed, found to be, on an average, 22*468 grains = 25-486 ses, and the Danish, 22'470 grains = 25-50 ses. Both sorts may therefore be taken as having been struck of the weight of the penny of the Tower pound, which was, as already shown, 22"5 grains = 25'52 17335 ses. But pro- bably soon after the last named of those years he departed from his earlier standard, for on comparing the average weights given by Hildebrand31 for Knut's own later Eng- lish and Danish pennies with those of Harold Harefoot, the English coins of Hardeknut and the older coins of Edward the Confessor, we arrive on the whole at the conclusion that all these kings coined according to a standard which was three-quarters of the Tower pound = 4050 grains = 262-28 French grammes = 4593'912 ses; the 240th of this is 16-875 grains=l'093 French grammes=19'14 aes for the penny. True it is, that 924 pieces of Knut's pennies only weigh 15p566 grains = 1*008 grammes =17'657ses on an average, so that it may be presumed that the English mark, of which the 240th equals 15 grains = 0'97 grammes = 17'014 ses, was taken as the basis of the coinage ; but as 750 of this number belong, with few exceptions, to the Eger- sund find of the year 1836, and have suffered much through lying in the earth, and as the remaining 174 pennies
31 Hildebrand, pp. 145, 149, 222, 223, 248, 249, 272, 276.
VOL. XI. N.S. I
58 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
partly of the same types as those, and partly of Knut's latest types, but all good, had, on an average, a higher weight, which nearly answered to the average weight of the coins of Harold Harefoot, Hardeknut, and the oldest of Edward the Confessor, it seems safest to rely on the average of these 174 pieces as arrived at from Hilde- hrand's data.32 Knut's son and successor in England, Harold Harefoot, struck coins apparently of the same standard as his father's later coins; 100 are found to weigh on an average 16*6 grains = 1*075 grammes = 18'83 aes. The English coins of Harold's successor, Hardeknut, give on an average of 44 pieces, 17*14 grains =• I'll grammes = 19*44 ses, while 127 of the earliest pennies of Edward the Confessor give 16*741 grains = 1*084 grammes = 18*99 ses. The average weight of his later coins was, as already observed, 21*39 grains = 1*385 grammes = 24*26 ses, or not far from the value of the Tower penny.
2. THE DANISH COINAGE-WEIGHT.
It has already been stated in an earlier page, that the two coins which are known of Sven Tjugeskegg are struck like ^Ethelred's type C in Hildebraud, and that their average weight, 24*455 grains, about corresponds with that of JEthelred's type D. It has also been remarked that the Danish coins of the earlier years of the reign of Knut the Great are struck of the same weight as those of his English predecessors, so that an average of 23 pieces gives 22*48 grains =1*456 grammes — 25*50 ses, or very nearly the ^-0 of the Tower pound. These coins appear
32 Hildebrand, p. 149 ; the types E, G, H, I, K.
WEIGHT OF ENGLISH AND NORTHERN COINS. 59
to have been struck before his return to England from Denmark in 1020. After that time, both in Denmark and England, a lighter standard was adopted, and it has been found that 7 pieces of his later coinage weigh on an average about the same as those struck in England, or 17*068 grains = 1*105 grammes = 19-36 aes.
Hardeknut's Danish coins weigh less than his father's, or only 15'555 grains = 1*007 grammes = 17*645 aes, on an average, which is arrived at from 56 pieces struck at Lund, in Scania. Seventeen other pieces, struck in Western Denmark, do not, on an average, weigh more than 11*468 grains = 0' 743 grammes = 1 3 '008 aes. Hence it would appear that the normal or mark weight corresponded with that which has already been pointed out for the Danish mark employed at an earlier period in England of 2880 grains, for the 2^ of this is 12 grains. The average of Harde- knut's heavier coins approaches, on the contrary, the ^i 0 of the Tower mark. There is nothing singular in another mark weight having been in use in Western from that in Eastern Denmark. Something of the same kind has taken place elsewhere in different other countries nearly down to our own times.
The average of the coins of Magnus the Good, so far as they were struck in Eastern Denmark, approaches that of the coins of Hardeknut, for they contain 15*36 grains = 0*995 grammes = 17*427 aes. • Those which belong to Western Denmark are found to weigh 11*04 grains=0'7l5 grammes = 12*52 ses.
The average weight of the pennies of Sven Estrithsson is 15*12 grains = 0*979 grammes = 17'15 ass — that is to say, those from Eastern Denmark. Those of the Western portion of the country contain 12*07 grains = 0 782 grammes = 1 3*69 res.
60 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
It appears that under the two last-named kings the normal weight for the coinage was about the same as under Hardeknut ; but the weight of the pennies, parti- cularly those struck in Eastern Denmark, as well as their purity, began to diminish, and under the succeeding Danish kings this was carried to a still greater extent.
3. THE SWEDISH COINAGE WEIGHT.
Whilst the pennies of the Danish and Norwegian kings contemporary with ^Ethelred II., like his own, about corre- spond with the weight of the Tower penny, the coins of the Swedish Olaf Scotkonung differ from them, as they contain, on an average 32*97 grains = 2*135 grammes = 37*140 aes. They seem, therefore, struck on another standard, or such as would be about one-half heavier than the Tower pound, provided that in like manner 240 of these pennies were struck from the heavier pound. In Sweden, however, they reckoned already at an early date, not as in Norway and Denmark, 240, but only 192 pennies to the mark, and were this the Stockholm mark, and of the same weight as at a later period (in the fourteenth century) — 3221*25 grains = 208*6 grammes = 3563*8666 ses— then its 192nd part would be 16*777 grains = 1*086 grammes =19'03 ses. The double of this would be 33*551 grains = 2*172 grammes = 38'06 aes, or nearly the average weight of fifty pieces of Olaf Scotkonung' s coinage; but as the weight of individual pieces varies between 22*8 grains = 1*480 grammes = 25*92 aes and 50*85 grains = 3*254 grammes = 56*99 ses, it is not impossible that their weight was judged of by the eye alone, and without any fixed standard. The coins of Olaf Scotkonung are also larger in diameter than those of JSthelred II. Thev are for the
WEIGHT OF ENGLISH AND NORTHERN COINS. 61
most part struck like that king's type C, but others like his type D, in Hildebrand.
Olaf s son and successor, Anund Jacob, like Kimt the Great in the later years of his reign, and following his example, issued pennies which only weigh about half those of Olaf. The pieces which are extant of Anund Jacob thus weigh only 16'45 grains = J/065 grammes = 18P66 aes on an average, which is much the same as the weight of Kuut's later coins and those of his immediate English successors. The types of Anund Jacob's coins are like JEthelred's types A and D.
At a later date in Sweden there appear to have been numerous kinds of weight. Thus there are mentioned : pondus Suecanum, pondus regni nostri, pondus legale regis nostri, pondus Gotenense sive Gotlandite, pondus Stockholmeuse, pondus Lydosieuse, and pondus de Scaris.33 The Gottland or Wisby mark held, according to Kruse, in his " Necrolivonica," 207'16 grammes = 3,198'8 Troy grains = 3,628'4 ses. The Skara mark contained 214-747 grammes = 3,316 grains =3,761-33 as.34
4. THE NORWEGIAN COINAGE WEIGHT.
Of Olaf Tryggvesson, the first who struck coins in Norway, there existed in the last century in Sweden a penny, now lost, the size of which, to judge from drawings, was like that of the common coins of .ZEthelred, Hilde- brand's type C. The weight may also be considered to have
33 Nordstrom, p. 213, with Job., de Serone and B. de Ortolis Eegnskaber over Indtsegter til Pavestolen in 1327 and 1328. According to these accounts, the Stockholm and Upsala weights were alike.
34 Schive Norges Mynter i Middelalderen, with introduction by Holrnboe, p. Ixxiii. Lit. K.
62 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
been about the same as that of an English penny of that king ; for Olaf had on his Viking expedition an excellent opportunity for such an imitation, and besides, his moneyer was an Englishman. Both the coins, which may with probability be assigned to Erik Haakonsson Jarl, and of which the one weighs 21*57 grains = 1*397 grammes = 24*47 ees, may likewise be considered to have- been struck after ^thelred's standard, or at ^-ff of the Tower pound. The pennies, on the contrary, which may be ascribed to Erik's son, Haakon Jarl the Younger, differ both in size and weight from the English, but closely resemble those of Olaf Scotkonung in both respects ;35 for an average of six pieces gives 33*22 grains = 2*151 grammes = 37*68 aes, and it may be considered that they were struck by a Swedish moneyer in Norway or in Sweden on Haakon's account.36
The average of six pennies which may be assigned to Olaf the Holy is 21*987 grains =1*424 grammes = 24'94 80s, or nearly ^ of the Tower pound. It is true that the weight of the most certain of these pennies, the reverse of which is like ^Ethelred's type D, is only 19*07 grains = 12*35 grammes = 21*63 ses; but then such a deviation from the Tower penny occurs frequently in the coins of the English kings, and may be ascribed to the imperfec- tion of the preparation of the blanks. The pennies of Olaf the Holy are like JEthelred's type D, as has already been remarked, and besides like A and E of Knut the Great. A few are in imitation of ^Ethelred's type G. From Olaf's death, in 1030, and until the reign in common
35 They are also principally found in Sweden. See Norges Mynter, pp. 12 and 13.
36 These coins — both Olaf Tryggvesson's and Erik Jarl's — are all of JEthelred's type C.
AVEIGHT OF ENGLISH AND SOUTHERN COINS.
63
of his son, Magnus the Good, and the uncle of the latter, Harold Haarderaade, in 1046, there was no Norwegian coinage. The few pieces of the two together which have •been discovered have been already cited, and their weight described. Their type is different from the English. As sole monarch from 1047, Harold Haarderaade at first struck good coins, like his predecessors ; but this was soon changed, and his pennies coined of bad alloy, as has been already shown where their weight is stated. The average of the coins that are known, good and bad, 60 pieces, is found to be 13*431 grains = 0*869 grammes = 15*235 aes. Harold's pennies are, therefore, as a whole, heavier than the West Danish, and lighter than the East Danish and contemporary English coins, from which also they differ in type. Their weight corresponds nearest to -sl-o part of what is discovered to be the value of the Norwegian weight" mark in the Middle Ages, and con- cerning which we have the following data : —
1. Two of the so-called payment rings (Betalings ringe) of gold found in Norway in the year 1860, and on each of which there are stamped at the one end three small circles, which in all probability betokened the value of 3 ore, which also agrees with other and foreign weights. Of these
|
Grains. |
Grammes. |
Ma. |
||
|
the one ring weighed . so that the ore is . . |
= 1251-874 = = 417-274 = |
81-086 = 27-022 = |
1420 473-333 |
|
|
and one mark 3? . . |
= 3338-328 = |
416-131 = |
3786-6666 |
|
|
the other ring weighed so that the ore is . . |
=• 1247-47 = = 415-823 = |
80-78 = 26-93 = |
1-415 471-6666 |
|
|
And the mark |
= 3326-584 = |
215-430 = |
3773-3333 |
|
|
2. According to the Papal collectc Huguitios' reckoning, delivere to the Court in 1286, a Nors mark s8 |
r d e - 3333-333 - |
215-857 = |
3780-9975 |
|
37 Forhandlinger i Videnskabs Selskabet i Christiania, Aar, 1864, pp. 103 — 106. These rings are supposed to have been deposited in the earth in the last century of heathendom.
38 Introduction to Norges Mynter i Middelalderen, p. 72.
64 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Grains. Grammes. MB.
3. According to the account of the
collectors, Johannes de Serone and Bernard de Ortolis, ren- dered to the Papal chair in 1327- 28 the same mark 39 = 3334-946 = 215-961 = 3782-8266
4. According to the Ny Danske
Magasin, 6th vol., p. 329, an old
Norse mark = 14 f Cologne lod, or = 3328-927 = 215-572 = 3776-0000
Together .. .. = 16662-118 = 1079-001 = 18899-8241
Average = 3332-424 = 215-80 = 3780«
1 ore = 416-553 — 26-975 = 472-5
1 ortug = | -ore = 138-851 = 8*992 = 157'5
1 penny = -^ ortug .. . . = 13-885 = 0'8992= 15'75
To the last of the above-mentioned values, or that of the penny, the coins of Harold Haarderaade very nearly correspond, and he may have adopted the Norwegian weight mark for purposes of coining. The weights assigned for the mark and ore are corroborated by some weights found in Ringerige in Norway,41 which, however, by com- parison with the foregoing results, seem to have lost by lying in the earth so much, that the ore is 3'964 grains, and the mark 31 '708 grains less than these results, being 412*589 grains = 26'718 grammes = 468 aes, and 3300716 grains •= 213-745 grammes = 3744 ees, respec- tively.
Of all the denominations of weight, the ounce, which may have been introduced among us earlier than Chris- tianity, and here in the North was called the ore, is that which has been most widely disseminated among different nations.42 On this was founded the higher
39 Introduction to Norges Mynter i Middelalderen, p. 72.
40 With perfect accuracy 3779-96483181 BBS., so that the mark is so near to the divisible number 3780 that I have adopted it for this purpose.
41 See Nordisk Tidsskrift for Oldkyndighed, vol. i., p. 401, and Holmboe Das Alteste Miinzwesen Norwegens, in Kohnes Zeitschrift fur Miinz. Siegel und Wappenkunde, vi. Jahrgang. Berlin, 1846.
42 Holmboe, On the Origin of the Scandinavian Weight System
WEIGHT OF ENGLISH AND NORTHERN COINS. 65
denomination of the mark, which was 8 ore, while in Southern and Western Europe 12 ore were called a pound. The ore, or ounce, was somewhat different ; not only in different countries, but also in provinces belonging to one and the same country, they might be unlike, and this may likewise partially have been the case in Norway. Still the correspondence between the above given data is in the highest degree remarkable. As the oldest (No. 1) gives, on an average of the two rings, 416'557 grains = 26'975 grammes = 472-5 aes for the ore. Another instance, perhaps as old, but less, in consequence of the weights having lain so many centuries in the earth, 412*589 grains = 26718 grammes = 468 ass. The latest (No. 4) gives 416-116 grains = 26-948 grammes =472 aes ; and the two (Nos. 2 and 3) which, so far as age goes, stand between the earliest and the latest, show so trifling an amount more for the ore than these, being respectively 416'66 and 416*868 grains, that the difference may be regarded as a vanishing quantity. It seems impossible that the corre- spondence between so many indications can have been accidental ; but it may rather be accepted that the ore has, if not universally, yet still in many parts of the country, remained almost absolutely unaltered through many centuries.43 Another remarkable circumstance in connection with the old Norwegian ore thus discovered is its striking correspondence with the Byzantine or Graeco- Roman ounce, which, according to Sabatier, contained44
in the Middle Ages ; in Christiania Videuskabs Selskabets For- handlinger for the year 1861, p. 105.
43 An analogous example is cited by Ruding, vol. I. p. 102. According to him, the Cologne ounce of the present day is of the same, weight as a standard stamped at Strasburg in the year 1238. Hohnboe, 1. c., p. 3 (note).
44 Revue Numismatique, 1869, p. 20.
VOL. XI. N.S. K
66 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
27 grammes = 416*917 grains = 472*9 ses. The Grseco- Eoman pound of 12 ounces would thus contain 324 grammes = 5003 grains = 5674-86 aes, and 8 ounces = 216 grammes = 3335-336 grains -= 3783'24 ses. These values of the pound and ounce are deduced by Sabatier from four Byzantine weights of the early Middle Ages, preserved in the Museums of London45 and Paris.
There is, therefore, ground to believe that commercial or other relations at an earlier period than the reception of Christianity in the North led to the introduction of the Byzantine ounce into our country, and it is, more- over, probable that Harold Haarderaade also brought with him from Greece the previously known weight for the ore, that he used it in dividing his treasures with Magnus the Good, and established it as a legal standard for a long period, during which it may have undergone small local changes, but has still been preserved in such a manner, in various parts of the country, that it has been possible for its right value to be again ascertained.
C. J. SCHIVE.
45 Holmboe, in the Videnskabs-Selskabets Forhandlinger for 1864. The author of the present paper has had occasion to ascertain the weight of thirty-four Byzantine gold solidi, of which six should go to the ounce. On an average each weighed 67-218 grains Troy = 4*353 grammes = 76*248 ses. As the £ ounce contained 69'486 grains — 4*5 grammes = 78*88 ses, each solidus appears to be 2-268 grains lighter than it should be, which is probable enough, as many of them have lost by wear, or perhaps they were struck a little under weight.
NOTICE OF. RECENT NUMISMATIC PUBLICATIONS.
" The Chronicles of the Pa than Kings of Dehli, illustrated by Coins, Inscriptions," &c. By Edward Thomas, F.R.S. Triibner and Co., 8vo. 1871.
THE handsome volume before us is the completion for one great branch of Oriental Numismatics of a course of research commenced a quarter of a century ago by its author, and is one of the most important volumes for the illustration of a brilliant portion of Indian history which has ever been published. As such, it will assuredly be hailed by many to whom the mere study of the coinage of Eastern nations has little interest, afford- ing as it does a sound historical basis for many dates and events about which there has hitherto been wanting sure and satisfactory evidence. The period of time treated of is, for the Pathan Sultans of Dehli, about 360 years, from A.D. 1193 to A.D. 1554, and for the minor dynasty of the rulers or kings of Bengal, something less that 150 years, viz., from A.D. 1203 to A.D. 1350. For the history of the Second Dynasty, Mr. Thomas's work is invaluable, resting as it does in a great degree on the decipherment of a vast and recent trouvaille at Kooch Bahar of some 13,000 pieces of money, which has enabled him to bring together a body of numismatic evidence which was not available for any previous writer. We may, indeed, say that for an exhaustive account of the Bengal currency, we are wholly indebted to Mr. Thomas, the notices of it in Marsden and elsewhere being very scanty, and not seldom inaccurate. Mr. Thomas's work is embellished by the reproduction of engravings from Mr. Fergusson's " Handbook of Architecture," of many celebrated Indian structures, most, if not all of them, referring to monarchs whose coins are described, and by a large number of woodcuts of the coins themselves, which, in clear- ness of outline and beauty of execution, leave nothing to be desired. We think no drawings of Oriental coins comparable with these except the plates in Marsden's " Numismata Orientalia," which are still of unsurpassed excellence. Mr. Thomas has also been fortunate in being able to examine at his leisure several extensive collections of Indian coins, in private as well as in public hands, and thus, to have had materials for the prosecution of his researches such as it is safe to say no other Oriental scholar, not even Major- General Cunningham, has had at his disposal. We need hardly add that his work has been admirably accomplished ; we could have expected no less from the accomplished editor of " James Prinsep's Essays" — a work which, apart from the interest every true scholar must have in
68 NOTICE OF RECENT NUMISMATIC PUBLICATIONS.
the record of anything that James Prinsep thought or wrote, derives almost its whole practical value from the" numerous essays by Mr. Thomas himself, which he has incorporated into different parts of those two most useful volumes. We rejoice, therefore, that Mr. Thomas has found time to recast his original memoir of 1847, and we trust that its appreciation by the public may be such as to induce him, in a subsequent volume, to bring together his other essays and papers on Eastern Numismatics, which are at present chiefly known only to students of the Transactions of the Asiatic and of other Societies. There is a good deal now to be added to each of these memoirs, and, though collectors of Oriental coins may in England be few in number, the interest in all that concerns the antiquities of the East, daily increases as the natives of India itself are becoming more alive to the value of European researches into the early and mediaeval history of their own country. As we have said, the chief subject of Mr. Thomas's book is ex- pressed in its title. Eeaders, however, would be greatly mistaken if they were to suppose its contents were restricted to a description, however full, of the actual coins of the sixty or more princes to whose history it is devoted. Inter alia, students will find in it the reign of Muhammad bin Tughlak, a veiy careful and elaborate treatise on the metrical and monetary systems of the Dehli sovereigns, a subject which has been repeatedly treated of by other writers, but nowhere, so far as we know, with so much care and accuracy. It would be well, if some of our English advocates of a purely decimal system would study the ancient metrical arrangements of a people who have, in other ways, no little native ability for mathematical studies. Mr. Thomas has also added descriptions of the coins from two or three minor mints, such as those of Jaunpur, Gujurat, Malwah, and of the Bahmani rulers of the Deccan, which have, with one or two exceptions, been scarcely noticed before in numismatic works. Nor is this all. The curious in such things will find abundance of matters other than such as might have been expected in a history of coins, as, for instance, a very clear account of Indian revenues at five different periods, prices of corn at three other periods, details of the State revenues under several of the more eminent rulers — as Muhammad bin Tughlak, Akbar, and Aurangzeb — an account from the autobiography of Tirnur of the state of India when he invaded it, with many curious extracts from the statements of early European voyagers or travellers to different parts of India. In fine, we commend Mr. Thomas's work to all students of Eastern history as replete with accurate details on a great variety of subjects beyond these which are purely numismatic,
V.
SUE LES MONNAIES DES ANTIOCHEENS FRAPPEES HORS D'ANTIOCHE.
LETTRE A MR. BARCLAY HBAD, CONSBRVATEUR-ADJOINT DU CABINET DES MEDAILLES, AU BRITISH MUSEUM.
MON CHER M03S7SIEUR HEAD,
Permettez-moi de vous offrir la primeur d'une nouvelle attribution de quelques monnaies antiques de la Terre-Sainte. J'ai d'autant plus de confiance dans la valeur de cette attribution que vous avez bien voulu la croire juste. Je la mets done avec] une entiere confiance sous votre patronage, qui sera, je n'en doute pas, une excellente recommandation aupres des savants Numis- matistes de 1'Angleterre.
Veuillez agreer 1'expression de ma Hen-sincere amitie1,
F. DE SAULCY.
CHISLEHURST, 13 Juiit, 1871.
Tous les Numismatistes connaissent de longue date la serie des monnaies frappees par les gens d'Antioche, mais hors d'Antioche ; elles sont assez extraordinaires quant a leurs legendes et Ton est assez peu d'accord sur leur origine. L'existence de ces monnaies presente done un veritable probleme dont la solution est encore a trouver,
VOL. XI. N.S. L
70 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
et que je vais essayer d'aborder a mon tour, sans me flatter pourtant de faire naitre dans tons les esprits la conviction qui s'est emparee du mien. Comine^ons par bien definir le groupe des monuments numismatiques dont il va etre question. Ce sont des pieces de cuivre dont les plus anciennes font leur apparition sous le regne et avec 1'emgie du roi Seleucide Antiochus IY., surnomme Dieu Epiphane ; plus tard elles se retrouvent encore sous Antiochus VIII., Grypus, dont elles presentent I'effigie accolee a celle de sa mere Cleopatre.
Ces monnaies ont ete frappees dans trois localites dis- tinctes a en juger par leur legendes —
ANTIOXEQN TON IIPO2 AA$NHI. ANTIOXEON TON EN HTOAEMAIAI. ANTIOXEON TON EHI KAAAlPOHI.
Au revers de presque toutes ces pieces, quelque soit le lieu de leur emission, on voit le Jupiter Olympien debout, elevant de la main droite une couronne et de la gauche retenant la chlamyde dont il est revetu ; le haut du corps est nu ; quelquefbis, comme sur les pieces de Callirhoe, le Jupiter porte 1'aigle sur la main droite, et s'appuie de la gauche sur une haste.
Sur les monnaies des Antiocheens de Ptolemais frappees pour Antiochus Grypus et sa mere, le revers presente une corne d'abondance remplie de fruits. Souvent des mono- grammes dont il serait snperflu de chercher a trouver le sens, se trouvent inscrits dans le champ du revers.
Cette description sommaire nous suffit quant a present, et nous pouvons proceder a la recherche de 1'origine de ces monnaies, sauf a en donner plus tard le catalogue le plus complet possible.
Commen9ons done par interroger 1'histoire en ce qui
SUR LES MONXAIES DBS AXTIOCHEENS. 71
touche Antioclius IV., le Dieu Epiphane, puisque c'est incontestablement sous son regne que ces curieuses mon- naies ont fait leur premiere apparition.
Les deux livres des Macchabees nous sont ici d'uu grand secours. Voici ce que nous y lisons :
I. MACCHABEES.— I.
v. 12. In diebus illis exierunt in Israel filii iniqui, et suase- runt multis dicentes. " Eamus et disponamus testanientum cum geutibus quae circa nos sunt, quia ex quo recessimus ab eis invenerunt multa mala."
13. Et bonus visus est sermo in oculis eorum.
14. Et destinaverunt aliqui de populo, et abierunt ad regem: et dedit illis potestatem ut facerent justitiam gentium.
15. Et- ffidificaverunt gymnasium in lerosolyinis secundum leges nationum.
16. Et fecerunt sibi praeputia et recesserunt a testamento sancto, et juncti sunt nationibus, et venundati sunt ut facerent malum.
II. MACCHABEES.— IV.
7. Sed post Seleuci vita? excessum, cum suscepisset regnum Antiocbus qui Nobilis appellabatur, ambiebat Jason frater Oniae summum sacerdotium ;
8. adito rege proinittens ei argenti talenta trecenta sexaginta, et ex reditibus aliis talenta octoginta.
9. Super haec promittebat et alia centum quinquaginta, si potestati ejus concederetur gymnasium et epbebiain sibi con- stituere, et eos qui in lerosolymis erant Antiocbeuos scribere.
10. Quod cum rex annuisset et obtinuisset principatum, statiin ad gentilem ritum contribules suos transferre ccepit.
11. Et amotis his quae humanitatis causa Judseis a regibus fuerant constituta, et per Jobannem patrem Eupolenii, qui apud Romanos de amicitia et societate functus est legatione legitima, civium jura destituens, prava instituta sanciebat.
12. Etenim ausus est sub ipsa arce gymnasium constituere, et optimos quosque epheborum in lupanaribus ponere.
13. Erat autem boc non initium sed incrementum quoddam et profectus gentilis et alienigense conversationis propter inipii et non sacerdotis Jasonis nefarium et inauditum scelus,
14. ita ut sacerdotes jam non circa altaris officia dediti essent, sed contempto templo, et sacrificiis neglectis festinarent participes fieri palaestra?, et praebitionis ejus mjustae, et in exercitiis disci.
72 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
15. Et patrios quideni honores nihil habentes, grsecas glorias optimas arbitrabantur :
16. quarum gratia periculosa eos contemtio habebat, et eorum instituta semulabantur ac per omnia his consimiles esse cupie- bant, quos hostes et peremptores habuerant.
II. MACCHABEES.— VI.
1. Sed non post multum temporis, misit rex senem quemdam Antiocbenum qui compelleret Judasos ut se transferrent a patriis et Dei legibus
2. contaminare etiam quod in lerosolynris erat templum, et cognominare Jovis Olympii et in Garizim, pro-ut erant hi qui locum inhabitabant, Jovis Hospitalis.
*****
8. Decretum auteni exiit in proximas gentium civitates, suggerentibus Ptolemseis, ut pari modo et ipsi adversus Juda?os agerent, ut sacrificarent.
9. Eos auteni qui nollent transire ad instituta gentilium, interficerent, &c.
Passons maintenant a Phistoire profane, c'est a dire aux Merits de Flavius Josephe.
Nous lisons au livre xii. des Antiques Judaiques (iii. 1) que dej'a pour les Juifs le Roi Seleucus Nicator s'etait montre" fort bienveillant et qu'il leur avait accorde droit de cite. Voici la traduction litterale de ce passage important : " Les Juifs ont e*te genereusement traites par les rois d'Asie, en recompense de leur services militaires ; en effet, Seleucus Nicator avait honore les Juifs du droit de cite dans les villes qu'il fondait en Asie et dans la Basse Syrie, aussi bien que dans Antioche, metropole de ses etats. A tous les Juifs qui residaient dans ces villes il avait accorde des droits 4gaux a ceux des Mac^- doniens et des Grecs, et ces droits, ajoute Josephe, ils les ont conserves intacts jusqu'a notre epoque." :
(XII. v. 1 a 6.) — " Vers I'epoque'ou Antiochus Epiphane monta sur le trone (176 avant J.C., 137 des Seleucides),
1 C'est en 291 avant J.C. (22 de 1'ere des Seleucides) que
SUR LES MOXNAIES DES ANTIOCHEENS. l
Onias mourut (le vrai est qu'il fut destitue), laissant un fils en bas age et du meme noin que lui. Le roi de Syrie confera alors la grande pretrise a Jesus, frere du pontife defunt. Jesus avait change son nom centre celui de Jason. II ne resta pas longtemps revetu du Pontificat, qu'Antiochus lui enleva pour le transmettre a son jeune frere, qui s'appelait aussi Onias, mais qui avait adopte le nom grec Menelas. La discorde et 1'envie etaient hereditaires dans cette famille sacerdotale. Menelas, malgre 1'appui de nombreux adherents, ne se sentit pas de force a tenir tete a son frere, le precedent grand pretre, que la majorite de la nation soutenait. II quitta done Jerusalem et se rendit avec ses amis aupres d'Antiochus. Us lui declarerent que leur intention formelle etait de deserter le culte dc leurs ayeux et d'adopter celui des Grecs. II va sans dire que toute protection leur fut promise, et a partir de ce moment, le culte judaique fut ouvertement abandonne par un grand nombre de Juifs, le grand pretre Menelas leur donnant 1'exemple de 1'apostasie."
Enl'annee 145 de Fere des Seleucides (166 avant J.C.), le 25 du mois hebraique de Chasleu (Apellscus des Mace- doniens), Apollonius, general d'Antiochus Epiphanes, en- vahit Jerusalem affectant les intentions les plus bienveil- lautes. A peine entre* dans la Place il jeta le masque. Comme il n'etait venu que pour piller les tresors du temple ; il fit mettre a mort tous ceux qui firent mine de s'opposer a F execution de ses desseins iniques. Les
le droit de cite fut accorde par Seleucus Nicator a un grand nombre de Juifs, tant a Antioche que dans les nombreuses villes qu'il venait de fonder.
Simon le Juste, fils d'Onias I., etait alors grand pretre et reparait le temple de Jerusalem. Eleazar son frere lui succeda dans le Pontificat en 288 avant J.C. (25 des Seleucides), le fils du grand pretre defunt, nomme Onias, etant encore trop jeune pour remplacer son pere. Eleazar mourut en 255 avant J.C. (58 des Seleucides), et eut pour successeur Mauasses, fils de Jaddous. .Onias II. devint grand pretre en 246 avant J.C. (67 des Seleucides), et eut pour successeur, en 236 avant J.C. (77 des Seleucides), son fils Simon III. Onias III. lui succeda vers 208 (105 des Seleucides). Jesus son frere, surnomme Jason, lui succeda en 175 avant J.C. (138 des Seleucides) ; il fut sup- plante a son tour par son frere Menelas en 172 avant J.C. (141 des Seleucides).
74 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLK.
sacrifices quotidiens furent supprimes ; le ville fut mise a sac et incendiee ; beaucoup d'habitans furent egorges et dix mille captifs environ furent enleves. La citadelle d'Akra fut batie, et confiee a la garde d'une garnison Mace- donienne renforcee de tous les renegats qui voulurent s'y installer. Un autel fut construit sur 1'autel des holocaustes, et on y sacrifia des pores. Enfin le culte de Jehovah fut aboli et remplace, par ordre souverain, par celui des dieux qu'Antiochus adorait. Ce fut cette persecution furibonde qui fit eclore Finsurrection des Macchabees.
A ce meme moment les Samaritains reclamerent d'Antiochus Epiphane le droit de substituer le Zeus Hellenius au dieu innome qu'ils avaient adore j usque la dans le temple du mont Garizim.
On le voit, si les deux livres des Macchabees ne nous fournissaient pas des renseignements plus precis que ceux que nous trouvous dans les ecrits de Josephe, nous serions fort embarrasses pour etablir que ce fut Jason qui, lorsqu'il fut parvenu a supplanter son frere Onias dans le Ponti- ficat obtenu a prix d'or, fut autorise par Antiochus Epi- phane a " Antiochenos scribere " tous ceux des habitans de Jerusalem qui embrasseraient a son exemple le culte des Grecs et adopteraient les mceurs grecques.
Menelas, apres avoir supplante a son tour son frere Jason, n'eut rien de plus presse que de voler les vases sacres du temple pour les vendre a son profit a Tyr, ou pour en faire cadeau a Andronic, regent qu'Antiochus en partant pour la haute Asie avait laisse a la tete de 1'etat.
Le grand pretre depossede, Onias, crut le moment favorable pour revendiquer ses droits, et denon9a au roi le mefait scandaleux de Menelas. Celui-ci accourut a Antioche, et, grace a des largesses, reussit a persuader au
SUR LES MONNAIES DES ANTIOCHEENS. 75
regent de le debarrasser d'Onias son frere par un assas- sinat (II. Macchabees iv. 35). Quod cum certissirae cognovisset, Onias arguebat cum, ipse in loco tecto se continens Antiochse, secus Daphnen.
Daphne etait en effet un asile declare" inviolable.2 An- dronic en fit sortir Onias, apres s'etre engage sous la foi du serment a le traiter en ami, et le fit egorger. A son retour a Antioche le roi, indigne" de cet acte abominable, fit mettre a mort Andronic au point meme ou Onias avait etc massacre" (ceci se passa en 171 avant J. C., 142 des Seleucides).
Nous sommes des maintenant en possession des faits suivants : —
1°. Les Juifs apostats avaient regu le droit de cite dans Antioche et prenaient le titre d'Antiocheens.
2°. Le Dieu qu'ils adopterent etait Jupiter Olympien.
3°. Lors de la promulgation du decret par lequel Antiochus Epiphane pretendit abolir en Jud6e le culte judai'que, ce fut a 1' instigation des habitans de Ptolemai's; et par ceux-ci il faut certainement entendre les Juifs r^iiegats fixes a Ptolemais, car il n'y a pas de plus ardents persecuteurs de leurs anciens coreligionnaires que les apostats.
Que voyons-nous sur les monnaies qui font le sujet de cette notice ? des Antioche'ens etablis EN HTOAEMAIAI, HP02 AA$NHI, et EHI KAAAlPOHT, qui adorent Jupiter Olympien, dont-ils ont soin de placer Tefiigie au revers de celle du roi Antiochus Epiphane. Des lors pourquoi hesiterions-nous a reconnaitre dans ces pretendus Antio-
2 Ce fut Seleucus Nicator qui consacra le bois sacre de Daphne1 a Apollon et a Diane, en 1'an 300 avant J.C. (an 13 de 1'ere des Seleucides).
76 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
cheens, les Juifs renegats qui apr£s 1'apostasie de Jason allerent s'etablir hors de Jerusalem, pour n'avoir plus de contact journalier avec ceux dont ils avaient deserte les moeurs et le culte? Pour ma part, apres y avoir inurement reflechi, je crois que les faits que je viens de rappeler nous fournissent la seule solution satisfaisante du probleme historique que presentait ^existence de ces etranges monnaies.
Avant de proceder a la description de celles qui me sont connues, il ne paraitra sans doute pas hors de propos de faire connaitre les explications qui ont ete proposees jusqu'ici.
Le savant Eckhel (Doct. Num. Yet. torn. iii. p. 305, et suivantes) a resume, avec son talent et son erudition, ordinaires, les opinions de ses devanciers. Pour lui les monnaies des Antiocheens IIPOS AA<3>NHI ne peuvent laisser de doute ; le fameux sanctuaire de Daphne, si voisin d'Antioche, est ici indique, et il en resulte qu'une corporation de marchands d'Antioche s'etaient etablis en ce point et avaient emis une monnaie a eux, pour les besoins de leur commerce. Vaillant adniet qu'une An- tioche, inconnue parmi les e*crivains de 1'antiquite, a du exister pres de Ptolemai's, et que c'est a cette ville ima- ginaire que reviennent de droit les monnaies des Antio- cheens EN ETOAEMAlAI. Restent enfin les monnaies des Antiocheens EHI KAAAIPOHI. A leur sujet Eckhel con- state que la plupart des Numismatistes y ont vu des mon- naies d'Edesse, parce que Pline (1. v. § 21) cite — " Edessam, quaB quondam Antiochia dicebatur, Callirhoen a fonte nominatam;" et qu'Etienne de Byzance parait mentionner la meme ville, lorsqu'en faisant 1'enumeration des diverses Antioches a lui connues, il cite — oySo-rj f/ enl T^C D'autres cependant, ajoute Eckhel, ont
SUR LES MONNAIES DBS ANT1OCHEENS. 77
pense a une Antioche situee peut-etre sur le fleuve Cal- lii-hoe qui arrose Damas. II y a ici evidemment un lapsus calami, car le fleuve de Damas s'appelait Chry- sorrhoas et non Callirhoe.
Est venu alors Pellerin, qui n'a pu admettre que des monnaies semblables de forme, de fabrique et de types, et qui portaient presque toujours 1'effigie d'Antiochus IY., pussent ne pas appartenir a la meme contree. Pour lui les monnaies certaines d'Edesse n'avaient jamais porte le nom d' Antioche. Qui done, ajoute-t-il, a jamais cite une ville d' Antioche placee pres de Ptolema'is ? Pellerin conclut de tout cela que ces monnaies ont ete frappees par des Antiocheens formant, dans 1'interet de leur commerce, des corporations etablies a Daphne, a Ptolemai's et a Callirhoe ; que quant a cette derniere il ne faut pas y voir Edesse, raais bien les celebres eaux thermales situees de 1'autre cote du Jourdain, auxquelles Herode sur la fin de sa vie vint demander un soulagernent qu'il n'en obtint pas. L'affluence des baigneurs devait en effet rendre cette localite tres favorable au commerce.3 Eckhel declare pencher pour Favis de Pellerin ; et d'abord, a propos de Ptolemais, il fait observer que la formule EN IITOAG M A I AT, qui signifie nettement, dans Ptolemai's ; ne saurait s'ap- pliquer a une ville voisine de Ptolemais, puisque ce sont les prepositions IIPO2, EUI, AIIO, qui servent a carac- teriser le voisinage, tandis que la preposition EN, indique une situation & 1'interieur meme de la localite men- tionnee.4
3 Voyez Pellerin. Recueil, torn ii., pour les Antiocheens etablis a Daphne, p. 187 et 188 ; pour ceux de Ptolemais, p. 234 et 285 ; enfin, pour ceux de Callirhoe, p. 25 a 253.
4 Pellerin, t. ii., du Recueil, p. 234, s'exprhne ainsi. Le P. Hardouin les avait d'abord attributes a des negociants d'Antioche
VOL. XI. N.S. M
78 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
La presence presque constante cle 1'effigie d'Antio- chus IY. sur ces curieuses moimaies suggere a la sagacite d'Eckhel 1'hypothese suivante, qui est juste de tout point : — •
"In his numis saepe proponitur caput Antiochi IV. diadematum radiatum, quo forte regnante p.eregrinis his Antiochenis jura quaedam fuere constituta."
Certes Eckhel a ete bien pres de trouver la solution qui a raon avis est la veritable — n'a-t-il fait que 1'entrevoir, ou n'a-t-il pas ose la proposer ? C'est ce que nous ne pour- rons jaraais savoir.
Je ne mentionnerai plus que le passage suivant, em- prunte a Pellerin (Recueil, tom. ii. p. 135). On comprend aisement que des compagnies de negociants qui avaient obtenu des rois de Syrie le privilege de former des etablissements en differentes villes de leur royaume, ont pu faire fabriquer des monnaies, soit pour leur payer des tributs, soit pour leur propre commerce. Mais on ne voit pas pourquoi ni a quelle fin il en aurait ete frappe une aussi grande quantite en differents temps par des habitans de Ptolema'is, pour avoir obtenu le droit de citoyens d'Antioche.
J'avoue que je ne suis nullement touch e delajustesse de ce raisonnement, et que le P. Hardouin, dont 1'avis a ete partage par Liebe et par le P. Froelich, me semble avoir ete beaucoup plus pres de la verite.
Je puis maintenant proceder a 1'enumeration des mon- naies qui forment le groupe nurnismatique dont je viensde m'occuper.
etablis a Ptolema'is, et Spanheim, ainsi que Beger, ont adhere a cet avis. Depuis, il a juge qu'il fallait plutot les referer a des habitans de Ptolema'is, qui avaient obtenu le droit de citoyens a Antioche, ce qui leur avait fait prendre le nom d'Antiochcens.
SUR LES MONNA1KS DES ANTIOCHKKNS. 79
ANTIOXEfiN TON IIPO2 AA*NHI.
Obf. — Tt-te royale, jeune, radiee.
Her.— ANTIOXEON TON IIPO2 AA&NHI. Dans le champ H gauche un trepied surinontant les deux lettres AA. Jupiter Olympien regardant a gauche, le haut du corps nu ; de la main droite levee il tient une couronne, et de la gauche il rassemble ses voteruents. J2. 16 mill. Pellerin, Recueil, t. ii., PI. Ixxvi., No. 16., p. 187.
Pellerin fait observer que les lettres AA sont rera- placees sur d'autres exemplaires par les lettres AB, ou par des monogrammes, et que par consequent le groupe A A ne peut contenir une date. Si nous en jugeons par la figure publiee par Pellerin, il semble que cette raonnaie appartiendrait plutot a Antiochus V. Eupator, qu'a Antio- chus IV. Epiphane. Mais il ne me parait pas possible de decider une pareille question sans avoir vu la piece en nature.
Le P. Froehlich attribue la meme monnaie a Antio- chus IV. (p. 51, No. 20, PI. vii., No. 20). Celle qu'il a fait graver ne porte pas de lettres dans le champ. II se con- tente pour le module de faire suivre sa description de 1'indication M. 3.
Le No. 21 de meme recueil differe du precedent en ce qu'il porte dans le champ des lettres AI, et un mono- gramme mal determine.
Sous le No. 22 sont groupes d'autres exemplaires offrant les uns dans le champ les lettres FA, BA, et un autre un trepied ; d'autres, des monogrammes diiferents ainsi repre- sentes sous le No. 22, de la PI. vii. A W >P \K *B A£ . Froelich a n6glige d'ailleurs de nous dire si ces signes sont isoles ou repartis par groupes.
Le meme auteur attribue a Antiochus VIII. une piece du meme module ^E. 3, otfrant 1'effigie radiee d'Antio-
80 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
clius IV. Epiphane qu'il est impossible de ne pas recon- naitre, et le meme type du revers avec les deux mono- grammes $ et -^- places a droite et a gauche dans le champ (p. 93, No. 9, PI. xiii., No. 9). II lit a tort dans la legende le mot AA<KSTHN, au lieu de AA$NHI.
Je possede un exemplaire de cette monnaie, sans lettres ni monogramme places dans le champ, et qui offre indu- bitablement 1'effigie d'Antiochus IV. Son diametre est de 21 millimetres. C'est bien le No. 20 de la PI. vii. de Froelich.
Tine second exemplaire de ma collection, du diametre de 20 sur 18 millimetres, porte a gauche dans le champ un monogramme peu visible, dans lequel neanmoins je crois reconnaitre la forme Cf_|. L'effigie est toujours celle d'Antiochus IV. Enfin un troisieme exemplaire a 1'effigie d'Antiochus IV., et du diametre de 17 millimetres, present e a gauche dans le champ le monogramme [^ place au des- sus d'une espece de cippe arrondi au sommet, et qui pourrait etre pris, soit pour un casque, soit pour 1'omphalos, siege sur lequel Apollon est toujours represente assis, sur les tetradrachmes des premiers rois Seleucides.
Eckhel (Dock, torn, iii., p. 305) cite lesmonnaies decrites par Pellerin et par Froelich, en mentionnant le Cabinet de Vienne comrne contenant des specimens de ces mon- naies.
Mionnet, dans son Supplement (torn, viii., p. 29), decrit sous le No. 156 une variete des monnaies a 1'effigie d'Antio- chus IV. frappee par les Antiocheens etablis pres de Daphne, et elle diflere des precedentes par le presence d'un monogramme form6 des lettres TA. Son module est JR. 5. Ne serait-il pas possible que ce monogramme soi-disant nouveau ne flit que le monogramme [^ deja decrit, et que le mediocre etat de la .piece aurait empeche
SUR LliS MONNAIES DES ANTIOCHEKNS. 81
de reconnaitre ? Ce serait a verifier au cabinet des medailles ou la piece doit se trouver.
A la page 149 du metne torn, viii., Mionnet, apres avoir renvoye aux monnaies grecques de bronze frappees pour Antiochus 1 Y. Epiphane, a Daphne, et decrites dans , son volume v. p. 215 et suivantes, dit ceci : " On y rencontre quelquefois la date AMP, de 1'ere des Seleucides."
AMP c'est 144, c'est a dire Pannee qui a immediate- ment suivi la profanation du Temple de Jerusalem. II y aurait la, ce me semble, un singulier indice de plus de la haine que les Juifs renegats nourrissaient centre leurs anciens coreligionnaires.
Sous le No. 131 (meme page) Mionnet emprunte a Sestini la description d'une monnaie analogue, du module JE. 5, sans lettre ni monogramme dans le champ du revers. La legende y serait aussi abregee, ANTIOXEON TON IIP02 AA$N (Musee de Hedervar. iii. p. 52, No. 226. C. M. H., No. 5926). J'avoue n'avoir pas une grand e confiance dans 1'exactitude de cette description, par la raison seule qu'elle est empruntee a Sestini.
Sous le No. 132, je lis : " Autre, ANTIOXEflN TON IIPO2 AA«I>NHI meme type ; dans le champ, d'un cote, TA, de 1'autre A — J&. 4," d'apres Sestini, Mus. He- derv. iii., p. 52, No. 227. Enfin, sous le No. 133 on trouve : " Autre avec FA et le monogramme (Y). — JE. 4. Sestini I.e. No. 228.— C. M. H. No. 5927."
Je terminerai cette enumeration par celle des varietes que je trouve mentionnees dans le catalogue Rollin et Feuardent (1864) sous les Nos. suivants : —
7090. Types habituels ; dans le champ TA et ANB. — M. 6.
7091. Dans le champ. II An en monogramme. — M. 5.
7092. Dans le champ. EA et un trepied. — M. 8. 7092bis. Autre. Sans lettre ni symbole. 2 exemplaires. —
m. 3.
82 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
De tout ce qui precede nous pouvons hardiment conclure que les varietes de ces monnaies sont extremement multi- pliees.
Voyons maintenant s'il n'est pas possible de trouver une autre attribution tout aussi vraisemblable pour la Daphne dont il est question dans la legende.
Et d'abord le sanctuaire place a une lieue environ d'Antioche, n'etait pour ainsi dire qu'un faubourg de cette ville magnifique et rien ne justifierait 1'emploi de la for- raule ANTIOXEOX IIPO2 AAfcNHI pour designer les An- tiocheens eux-memes, habitans d'un quartier particulier de leur ville ; nous connaissons des centaines de pieces frappees a Antiocbe qui ne prend jamais que son titre de metropole. Par quelle singuliere circon stance, d'ailleurs inexplicable, cette population aurait-elle imaging de se distinguer de celles de toutes les autres Antioches, par la particularity qu'elle etait pres de Daphne ? C'est bien evidemment a des citoyens d'Antioche etablis hors de la metropole qu'appartient la legende en question. Les Juifs apostats qui avaiant rec,u d'Antiochus IY. le droit de cite et le nom d'Antiocheens, avaient-ils ete se grouper dans le voisinage de 1'asyle de Daphne, par precaution pour 1'avenir? C'est fort possible. Remarquons toutefois qu'il a existe dans la Judee meme une Daphne dont j'ai jadis revoque Texistence en doute, suivant en cela le jugement presque toujours infaillible de Reland. Mais comme 1'emplacement de cette Daphne a ete determine avec une entiere certitude par Robinson, je suis oblige au- jourd'hui de reconnaitre que cette ville a existe, et que le texte de Josephe, ou cette ville est mentionne, doit-etre respecte. II n'y a plus d'apparence de raison pour y changer en AAXHS le mot AA4>XH2.
SUR LES MONNAIES DES ANTIOCHEEXS. 83
Voici le texte (B. J. IY. ii. 1) dans lequel il est question du lac Sumakhonite qui s'etendait en maruis : —
ai rpeovcrai TOV Ka.Xovn.tvov 'loaoavyv VTTO TO rijs xpvo-fj<s /3ooe veov irpoa"7refjiTrov<ri TO)
Robinson, apres avoir explore le Tell-el-kadhi, — em- placement presque probable de Dan et du Temple du Yeau d'Or — eut 1'idee de visiter le pays situe au sud de ce Tell. Yoici comment il s'exprime au sujet de cette course. (Tom. iii., p. 393. Ed. de Londres, 1856.)
" Mounting at 12.35, and descending along the south side of Tell-el-Kady, we were surprised to find ourselves again upon a limestone formation, and also upon firm dry ground, instead of a marsh. At 1 o'clock we came to a low mound of rubbish, with cut stones, evidently the remains of a former town, now covered thickly with thistles. It is called Diflheh, and probably marks the site of an ancient Daphne, mentioned by Josephus as near the source of the lower Jordan, and the Temple of the Golden Calf. Here are three or four old orange trees, several stumps of palm trees, and also pomegranates and fig trees, looking very old. The tract for some distance south is called Ar Diffneh/' &c.
L'existence de cette Daphne une fois bien etablie, je ne voispas trop pourquoi Ton n'admettrait pas queles monnaies des Antiocheens IIP02 AA4»NHI, ont pu etre frappees dans cette localite qui etait beaucoup plus rapprochee de la mere patrie, par les Juifs renegats qui avaient quittc Jerusalem. Je me demande en effet si les veritables habitans d'Antioche auraient tolere facilement a leur porte Pautonomie de gens prenant leur nom, tout en faisant tout ce qu'il fallait pour bien tracer une ligne de demarcation entre eux et leurs opulents voisins. Tout bien considere, je propose cette nouvelle attribution avec une certaine confiance.
84 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
ANTIOXEON TON EN HTOAEMAIAI.
Le P. Froelich (P. 51, No. 24) cite d'apres Yaillant sans en donner la figure, la piece suivante :
Obv. — Tete d'Antiochus IV., radiee.
Ret-.— ANTIOXEON TON EN HTOAEMATAI. Jupiter Olyinpien debout, elevant une couronne de la main droite et rainassant son vetement de la main gauche. M. 2. ou 3.
C'est tres-probablement la meme monnaie qu'il decrit plus loin au regne d'Antiochus VIII. d'apres Beger, et sous le No. 11 de la page 93 ; il luj attribue le module _2£. 3, et n'en donne pas la figure. C'est encore la meme monnaie qui est citee dans le catalogue Rollin et Feuardent sous le No. 7093. — -ZE. 6.
Pellerin n'en fait pas figurer non plus dans la PI. Ixxxiv. (Recueil, torn, ii.)
Eckhel (torn, iii., p. 305) cite cette meme monnaie decrite par Beger (Th. Br., torn, iii., p. 25), avec le module JE. 3, comme se trouvant au cabinet de Vienne, avec le module M. 2.
JMiounet (Suppl., torn, viii., p. 30, No. 159) decrit la meme piece, du module -33. 6, offrant dans le champ a gauche un astre, et a droite les lettres MY. Cette piece est liree de Combe (Vet. pop. et Eeg. num., p. 205, No. 21, tab. xii., No. 3.)
Je possede un exemplaire de cette momiaie provenant de Nazareth et offrant les types suivantes : —
Obv. — Tete radiee d'Antiochus IV.
Her, — Le Jupiter Olympien du type ordinaire. ANTIO- XEON TON EN IITOAEMAIA : dans le champ a gauche le monogramme ^ ; a droite M. (II serait possible que cette lettre M indubitable fit partie d'un monogramme altere.) ^E. 24 mill.
Les monnaies que nous allons maintenant passer en
SL'R LES MONNAIES DBS ANT1OCHEENS. 85
revue n'appartiennent plus au regne d'Antiochus IV., ou du moins elles n'offrent plus 1'efBgie de ce prince.
Obi\ — Tete de femme tourrelee, tournee a droite.
liec.— ANTIOXEQN TON EN IITOAEMAIAI. Victoire debout, tenant de la main droite une haste bifurquee a sa partie superieure, et dans laquelle Eckhel voit une palme, a gauche dans le champ le mouogi'amme ^. 2E. 2. Pellerin (t. ii., p. 234, PL Ixxxiv., fig. 3). Eckhel (D. N. V., t. iii., p. 305).
On remarque 1'analogie qui existe entre ce mono- gramme Q et celui de la piece precedente fa qui appar- tient certainement au regne d'Antiochus IV. Cela pourrait nous conduire a penser que ces deux monnaies de types distincts, ont ete cependant emises a des epoques tres rapprochees, sinon a la meme.
Obr. — Tete de femme tourelee, tournee a droite.
Rer.— ANTIOXE.— EN. HTOA. (En legende circulaire)— Jupiter Olympien debout, regardant a gauche : de la main droite il tient une patere et s'appuie de la main gauche sur une haste. Dans le champ, en haut, a gauche L.®. (1'an IX.) ; une contre- marque indeterminee est dans un cercle impriine sur la partie inferieure de 1'image de Jupiter. Sur cette contremarque empiete un Z qui fait partie du type primitif. M. 2. Pellerin, 1. c., PL Ixxxiv., fig. 4). Eckhel (1. c., p. 305).
Obr. — Tete de Jupiter tournee a droite.
Her.— ANTJOXEON TON— EN nTOAEMAIAI— IEPA2 A^YA. Femme denii-nue, debout, regardant a • gauche ; de la main droite elle tient deux flam- beaux, et de la gauche s'appuie sur une haste. JE. 2. Pellerin (I.e. fig. 5). Eckhel (1. c. p. 305).
Oln-. — Tete lauree d'Apollon tournee a droite.
JiVr.— ANTIOXEQN- EN ETOAEMA. Une lyre. Au dessous on deux li^nes AS — K.A. (ASYAOY KA1 AYTONOMOY). ^E. 3. Pellerin (1. c. lig. 6). Eckhel (I.e. p. 305).
VOL. XI. N.S. X
80 MMISMATIC CHKOX1CLK.
Mionnet (Suppl., torn, viii., p. 150) enumere ainsi qu'il suit les pieces de cette classe, decrites dans son ouvrage : — " Voyez dans la description (torn, v., p. 216) les medailles autonomes grecques, en bronze, quelquefois avec ces epoques : 0 — © H ; celles qui ont ete frappees pour Antio- chus IV. saris epoque, et pour Antiochus VIII. et Cle"o- patre, tantot sans epoque ou avec cette epoque, ©IIP." II d6crit ensuite la piece suivante : — 134. Obv. — Tete imberbe, diademe.
Her. — ANTIO .... HTO'AEMA .... Corne d'abon- dance. JE. 3. Combe., Vet. pop. et Reg. Num., p. 222, No. 2, PI. xii., No. 19.
La double date, 0 et ® *-f , rapportee par Mionnet, me parait, je 1'avoue, difficile a admettre ; si 1'une des deux est bonne, 1'autre ne peut plus guere 1'etre — il semble bien impos- sible en effet que la meme type ait ete employe ainsi a 90 ans de distance.
L'an © pourrait a la rigueur etre pris pour Tan 9 de 1'autonomie accordee aux Antiocheens de Ptolemais. Si cette autonomie leur a ete accordee a la demaude du grand pretre Jason versl'an 174 avant J.C. (139 des Seleucides), Fan IX coinciderait avec 1'an 1G5 avaut J.C. (143 des Seleucides), annee dans laquelle Judas Maccabee purifia le Temple, et restaura le culte judaique a Jerusalem; cette meme annee etant celle de la mort d'Antiochus IV. ce dernier fait rendrait tres bien compte du ehangement de type adopte par les Antiocheens de Ptolemais. Quant a la date 99 (®H), en la comptant de la meme ere elle nous amenerait a 1'an 75 avant J.C. (238 des Seleucides), annee dans laquelle Antiochus X., Eusebe, mari de Cleopatre Selene, mourut en Comniagene. Rien done ne peut nous rendre un compte satisfaisaiit de cette date, a laquelle, je le repete, je ne crois guere.
sru IKS MONX.UKS n;-:s ANTUVIIKKVS. 87
ANTIOOHUS VIII. i-rr CLKOPYTKK, SA MERE.
Nous avons vu tout f\ Pheure, que Mionnet (torn, v., p. 216) cite des monnaies de cette espece, tantot sans epoque, tantot avec Pepoque ©HP (189).
Le P. Froelich (p. 9 J) decrit les pieces suivantes : — No. 5. Oit\ — Tetes accolees de Cleopatro et d'Antiochus.
Rev.— ANTIOXEON TON EN DTOAEMAIAT. Come d'ahondance, de laquelle sort une grappe de raisin, dans le champ AN. M.3 (PI. xiii., No. 5).
No. 6. Obi'. — Merne legende que sur le precedente, inais avec le date ©IIP (189). Les types du droit et du revers de cette piece ne sont pas decrits par le P. Hardouin, a qui Froelich a emprunte la piece en question. M. 3.
Nous resterions dans une grande incertitude sur Pex- istence de cette piece, grace au vague absolu de la descrip- tion qui precede, si nous n'avions Pindication donnee par Mionnet, qui certainement ii'aurait pas parle d'une mon- naie des Antiocheens de Ptolema'is frappee pour Antio- chus VIII. et Cleopatre, avec la date ©IIP, s'il ne Pavait connue que par la mention ecourtee de Froelich et de Hardouin. L'an ©OP, 189 des Seleucides, convient par- faitement d'ailleurs au regne d'Antiochus VIII., Grypus, puisque c'est dans Pannee precedente que sa mere Cleo- patre lui a donne la couronne apres avoir fait mettre a mort son fils aine, Seleucus V.
Mionnet dans son Supplement (torn. viii. p. 150) decrifc la piece suivante de cette serie : —
135. Obv. — Tetes accolees d'Antiochus VIII. et de Cleopatre, diademees et surmontees du lotus.
.ft^.—ANTIOXEfiN TON EN HTOAEMAIAI. Corno d'abondance ; dans le charnp a droite, le mono- gramme A/- M. 4. D'apres Sestini. Mus. Hederv. iii., p. 52, No. 229, C. M. H., No. 5929).
CO NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Je possede un tres bel exemplaire de la monnaie d'Antio- chus VIII.. et de sa mere Cleopatre ; en voici la descrip- tion : —
Obv. — Tetes accolees d'Antiochus et de Cleopatre, tournees a droite ; celle d'Antiochus est lauree.
Rev.— ANTIOXEON TON EN HTOAEMAI (sic). Come d'abondance, de laquelle pend une grappe de raisin ; dans le champ a gauche le monogramme J<p£. M. 16 mill.
Eckhel, de son cote, mentionne les deux pieces suivantes : Obv. — Deux tetes laurees accouplees.
Rev,— ANTIOXEON TON EN HTOAEMAIAI IEPA2 A^YAOY. Corne d'abondance ; dans le champ L. IP (110). M. 3. (Doct. Num. Vet., t. iii. p. 305), d'apres Liebe (Goth. Num., p. 160).
La date IP, qui nous reporte au regne d'Antiochus III., avertit tout d'abord que la piece a ete tres mal lue. Nous n'en tiendrons done pas compte : —
Obv. — Meme type au droit.
Rev.— ANTIOXEON TON EN HTOAEMAIAI IEPA2 AYTON. Corne d'abondance ; dans le champ AI. ou AN. et la date ©IIP, qui cependant manque sur d'au tres exemplaires. ,33. 3. Cabinet de Vienne et Pellerin (Rois, p. 102, PI. xii.).
La figure publiee par Pellerin justifie pleinement et le P. Froelich et Mionnet, qui avaient parfaitement le droit de mentionner la monnaie avec la date ©IIP.
Enfin, dans le catalogue Rollin et Feuardent (No. 7094), je trouve inscrit un exemplaire de cette monnaie, sans lettre ni symbole dans le champ.
ANTIOXEON TON EHI KAAAIPOHI.
Les monnaies des Antiocheens de Callirhoe sont connues de tout le monde.
L. P. Froelich (p. 51) decrit deux varietes de cette monnaie, 2E. III. No. 25, d'apres Vaillant : —
SUR LKS MQXNAIES DES AXTIOCHKKNS. 89
Obc.— Tete d'Antiochus IV. radiee. ANTIOXEJ1N TON HPO2 KAAAIPOHN. Jupiter debout, tenant de la main droite une couronne ou une patere ; et de la gauche une haste (PI. vii., No. 25). M. 3, No. 26. Sur un exemplaire etudie en nature et decrit egalement dans le Musee Theupoli.
Obv. — Memo tete d'Antiochus IV., radiee.
Rev.— ANTIOXEON TON EHI KAAAIPOHN. Jupiter debout, tenant sur la main droite un aigle, et s'appuyant de la gauche sur une haste.
De ces deux descriptions qui soiit toutes deux defec- tueuses, la derniere est la moins mauvaise. Quant a la legende, elle contient toujours le mot KAAAIPOHI au datif, tout autre lecon est done a rejeter. Parmi les monnaies d'Antiochus VIII. (p. 93) le P. Froelich reproduit encore la description suivante — d'apres Beger : —
Oil?.— Tete radiee du roi. M. 3, No. 10 (PI. xiii., No. 10).
Hev.— ANTIOXEON TON UP. KAAAIPOHN. Jupiter debout, portant un aigle sur la main droite et s'appuyant de la gauche sur la haste ; dans le champ le monogramme ft , au dessus d'un I.
Cette description, on le voit, n'est pas meilleure que les deux premieres ; la piece d'ailleurs appartient & Anti- ochus IV.
Pellerin (torn, ii., pp. 250 a 253) avait deja corrige les mauvaises lemons que je viens de reprodm're d'apres Froelich.
Voici ce qu'il en dit : — " Au reste les medailles que Vaillant avait vues etaient apparemment mal conservees, y ayant lu HPOS KAAAIPOHN. II y a sur celles-ci et sur toutes celles que 1'on commit, EHI, an lieu de TIP02, et un iota a la fin du mot KAAAIPOHI, comme il y en a un
90 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
a la fin du mot AA4>NHI ; cequi est encore une conformity qui fait connaitre que les unes et les autres sont du me:ne pays" (p. 253).
La figure que donne Pellerin (PL Ixxxv., No. 27) nous off're une tete radiee extremement jeune et qui convien- drait mieux a Antiochus V.,Eupator, qfi'a son pere Antio- chus IV., Epiphaue. Au revers, le Jupiter Olympien porte un aigle sur la main droite, et s'appuie de la gauche sur une haste ; a gauche dans le champ sont placees les lettres COD. — ^E. 20 mill. Je ferai remarquer en. passant qu'il semble singulier que les deux formes fi et GO de 1'omega paraissent en meme temps, cela me donne a penser que la piece a ete mal lue.
Eckhel (D. N. V., torn, iii., p. 305) decrit exactemeiit la monnaie en question d'apres le Musee de Vienne et d'apres Pellerin ; il ne parle pas de lettres, ui de mono- grammes places dans le champ.
Mionnet (Suppl. torn viii., p. 30) decrit sous le No. 157 une piece de module .zE. 5 ofi'rant exactement les rnemes types et en plus dans le champ le monogramme N.
A la page 148 du meme torn. viii. du Supplement, Mionuet renvoie au torn. v. de la description generale page 215, ou sont decrites les monnaies de cette serie frappees par Antiochus IV., Epiphane. Puis, sous le No. 130, il reproduit la description d'une piece du Musee Hedervar publiee par Sestini (torn, iii., p. 52, No. 230 ; C. M. H. No. 59bO). Ce soiit toujours les memes types ; mais il n'est pas question de lettres, iii de monogramme places dans le chump du revers ; le module indique est
SUR LKS MONNA1?;S DKS AXTIOCHEEXS. 91
Dans le catalogue Rollin et Feuardent sont inscrites les varietes suivantes : —
7087. Types accoutuines ; dans le champ 2H en mono- gramme. 2B. 5. Deux exemplaires.
7088. Memes types; 2 dans le champ. M. 4.
7089. Memes types. Dans le champ AN en inonogramme. M. 3. Deux exemplaires.
Ce No. 7089 est sans doute le No. 157 de Mionnet decrit ci-dessus.
Voici pour terminer la description de Texemplaire qne je possede : —
Ohr. — Tete jeune radiee, tout a fait semblable a celle d'Antiochus V., Eupator.
///•*•.— ANTTOXEON TON EHI KAAAIPOHI. Jupiter Olympien, demi-nu, tourne a gauche, portant un aigle sur la main droite,et de la gauche s'appuyant sur la haste ; dans le champ a gauche le mono- gramme AN. (Serait-ce encore le No. 157 de Mionnet, 7089 du Catalogue Rollin et Feuar- dent ?) JE. 19 sur 15 mill.
II ne me reste plus qu'a citer ici pour memoire une piece qui pourrait fort bien rentrer dans le groupe interes- sant que je viens d'etudier. Elle est ainsi decrite par Mionnet (Suppl., torn viii., p. 30).
158. Obr. — Antiochia ad Mygdoniam, postea Nisibis Mesopota- mia. Tete radiee d'Antiochus IV., a droite ; derriere, BX.
Jit-r.— ANTIOXEflN TfiN H MYFAfiNIA. Victoire marchant a gauche, tenant une couronne de la main droite et une palme de la gauche ; a droite MC^, a gauche AP ; a 1'exergue . . O (ut videtur) cabinet de M. Millingen. JE. 4.
II peut se fa ire, ainsi que je 1'ai dit tout a 1'heure, que I'origine de cette rare mounaie soit encore la meme que cellcs des pieces de Daphne, de Ptolemais, et de Callirhoe ; niais je me garderais bien de 1'affirraer.
92 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Nisibi de la Mesopotomie etait une ville situee sur le Tigre, et portait chez les Grecs le nom d'Antiochia Myg- donia, d'apres le temoignage de Theodoret. (Hist., 1. i. c. 7). La legende de la monnaie en question peut done parfaiteraent ne pas concerner des Juifs 6tablis a Nisibi, et ay ant fecu les droits de cite et le nom d'Antiocheens.
Quoiqu'il en soit, je n'ai pas cru pouvoir me dispenser de mentionner la piece en question, a la suite de toutes