HARVARD UNIVERSITY

LIBRARY

OF THE

MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY

L r

s-G't-Gt

C I cr\x

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

COTTESWOLD NATURALISTS’

FIELD CLUB

1915 - 1917

I

VOLUME XIX.

Part I., 1915. Part II., 1917. Part III., 1918.

GLOUCESTEK : JOHN BELLOWS

s

%

VO/il.CIJ

.v;injidorAr,',{)a.i iM,-,

1

i'^

.1

CONTENTS OF VOLUME XIX.

PART I. page

List of Members, Financial Statement, Rules, etc. . . iii.

Proceedings at the Annual Meeting, January 19th, 1915 i

Proceedings at the Ordinary Winter Meetings . . . . 8

Excursions, 1915 (Plates I. to III.) 9

On the Control of River Channels, T. S. Ellis . .. 29

A Deep Boring at Shipton Moyne, near Tetbury, Glouces- tershire, by L. Richardson, F.R.S.E., F.G.S. . . 49

A Deep Boring at the Waterworks, Tetbury, Gloucester- shire, by L. Richardson, F.R.S.E., F.G.S. (Plate IV ) 57

The Flora of the Tetbury District, by E. M. Day , 67

Notes on the Codling Moth, by C. Granville Clutterbuck,

F.E.S 71

Obituary : John Sawyer (Plate V.) . . . . . . . . 77

PART II.

Officers of the Club . . . . . . . . . . . . [xiv.]

Proceedings at the Annual Meeting, January i8th, 1916 79

Proceedings at the Ordinary Winter Meetings . . . . 83

Excursions, 1916 (Plate VI.) . .. .. . .. 87

Report (No. 6) on the Progress made in connection with the Flora of Gloucestershire, by the Rev. H. J. Riddelsdell, M.A. . . . . . . . . . . loi

Leonard Stanley, Stanley Monachorum, or Stanley St.

Leonard, by W. St. Clair Baddeley, President. (Ulus.) 103

Notes on Chirodota-S^ic.Vi\G.?> from the Lias and Inferior

Oolite, by Charles Upton . . . . . . . . 115

Some Notes on the Flora of the Gloucester Docks, by

J. W. Haines . . . . . . . • . . . . 119

Ophiolepis Damesii, by George Embrey . . . . . . 125

The Silurian Inlier of Usk, by C. I. Gardiner, M..V., F.G.S., with a Palaeontological Appendix, by F. R. Cowper Reed, M.A., D.Sc., F.G.S. (Plates VIL, VIII.) .. 129

PART III.

PAGE

List of Council and Members . . . . . . . . • •

Financial Statements, 1916 and 1917 . . . . . . • •

Proceedings at the x\nniial Meeting, January i6th, 1917 • • ^73

Proceedings at the Ordinary Winter Meetings (Plate IX.) . . 175

Excursions, 1917 . . . . . . . . . . • •

Salt : its Origin, Uses and Folk-Lore, by the President . . 205

Rubus in Gloucestershire, by the Rev. H. J. Riddelsdell, M. A. 213

Additional Notes on the Land and Fresh-water Mollusca

of Gloucestershire, by Charles Upton . . . . • • 229

Local Notes (Plate X.) . . . . . . • • ■ • 233

Obituary : Rev. Walter Butt, M./\. . . . . . • • • 239

Index to Volume XIX. . . . . ••• . • • • • • 241

Erratum, Part II .

Page ii. should be numbered xiv.

PART I.

PROCEEDINGS

OK THK

Cottesutolb Uiiturrtlists’

K I K L D C L U B

Edited by THE HONORARY SECRETARY [With Plates illustrating Reports of Field Meetings]

GLOUCESTER :

JOHN BELLOWS, Eastgate

LONDON :

JOHN WHELDON & CO., 38 Great Queen St., Lincoln’s Inn Fields, W.C. Obtainable also from the .\cting HON. SECRETARY

FOR

19 15

[Published December, 1915]

PRICE FIVE SHILLINGS AND THREEPENC1£

The Library of the Club is at the Public Library, Gloucester, and is open daily.

Books, Pamphlets, etc., presented to the Club should be addressed to the Librarian, the Cotteswold Club, Public Library, Gloucester.

Correspondence should, for the present, be addressed to the Acting

Honorary Secretary, Roland Austin, Public Library, Gloucester.

Subscriptions (15/-, due ist January, each year) should be sent to the Honorary Treasurer, J. H. Jones, Eldon Chambers, Gloucester.

The undermentioned publications of the Club can

be su

pplied

at

the following prices ; —

To

To

Members

the Public

i

s

d

1

s

d

Vol. I.

(not

in parts) .

. 1847-1853

0

10

6

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15

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11.

} ) •

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15

9

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(with 4to plates)

. 1861-1865

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I

0

I

II

6

IV.

(3 parts)

1866-1868

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10

()

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15

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(3

„ )

1869-1871

0

10

6

0

15

9

VI.

(4

)

. 1872-1877

0

14

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I

I

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VH.

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-A)

. 1878-1880

0

7

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10

6

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(3

)

. 1881-1885

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10

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9

IX.

(5

,, with Supplem’t*) 1886-1889

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17

6

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3

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(3

. )

1890-1892

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10

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(3

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6

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(3

„ )

. 1895-1898

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10

6

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XIII.

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- )

1899-1901

0

14

0

I

I

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XIV.

(4 -

with Supplem’t I) 1901-1903

0

13

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19

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(3

.. )

. 1904-1906

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(3

)

1907-1909

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10

6

0

15

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XVH.

(3

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’t:|;) 1910-1912

0

13

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XVHl. (3

)

1912-1914

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10

()

0

15

9

> >

XIX,

(i part)

1915

3

6

5

3

Cost'of

Set to date

/lO

18

6

£16

()

3

* The Supplement to Vol. IX., is ‘ The Origin of the Cottes- wold Field Club, and an Epitome of the Proceedings from its formation to May, 1887,’ by W. C. Lucy, F.G.S.

t The Supplement to Vol. XIV., is the ‘ Contents of Proceed- ings,’ Vols. I.-XIV. 1847-1903. To Members, 2/6 ; to the Public, 3/6.

t The Supplement to Vol. XVII., is the ‘ Index to the Pro- ceeding^,’ Vols. I.-XVII. 1847-1912, by Roland Austin.

Vols. IV. and onwards are sold in separate parts, if required, at the price for each part — to Members, 3/6 ; to the Public, 5/3.

Vol. II. lacks the plate of Cirencester High Cross.

Copies of Vol. III., imperfect as regards plates of Crosses, will be sold at one-third reduction.

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

COTTESWOLD NATURALISTS’

FIELD CLUB

Communications for the Club should, for the present, be sent to the Acting Hon. Secretary,

ROLAND AUSTIN

Public Library,

Gloucester

L. RICHARDSON, F.R.S.E., F.G.S.

VoL. XIX. Part I.

1915

The Library of the Club is at the Public Library, Gloucester, and is open daily.

Books, Pamphlets, etc., presented to the Club should be addressed to the Librarian, the Cotteswold Club, Public Library, Gloucester.

Correspondence should, for the present, be addressed to the Acting

Honorary Secretary, Roland Austin, Public Library, Gloucester.

Subscriptions (15/-, due ist January, each year) should be sent to the Honorary Treasurer, J. H. Jones, Eldon Chambers, Gloucester.

The undermentioned publications of the Club can at the following prices : —

To

Members

Vol.

I.

11.

HI.

IV.

V.

VI.

VH.

VHI

IX.

X.

XL

XII.

XII]

XIV

> /

XV.

f t

XVI

} y

XVI

1 )

xviii

„ XIX,

(not in parts) .

> y •

(with 4to plates)

lj5 I

(i part)

/ s d 1847-1853 o 10 b 1854-1860 o 10 6

1861-1865 I I o

r

1915 3 d

be supplied

To

the Public

£ s d o 15 9

0 15 9

1 II 6

^0 V

3 3

Cost'of Set to date . . £10 18 6 £16 6 3

* The Supplement to Vol. IX., is ‘ The Origin of the Cottes- wold Field Club, and an Epitome of the Proceedings from its formation to May, 1887,’ by W. C. Lucy, F.G.S.

t The Supplement to Vol. XIV., is the ‘ Contents of Proceed- ings,’ Vols. I.-XIV. 1847-1903. To Members, 2/6 ; to the Public, 3/6.

I The Supplement to Vol. XVII., is the ‘Index to the Pro- ceeding^,’ Vols. I.-XVII. 1847-1912, by Roland Austin.

Vols. IV. and onwards are sold in separate parts, if required, at the price for each part — to Members, 3/6 ; to the Public, 5/3.

Vol. II. lacks the plate of Cirencester High Cross.

Copies of Vol. III., imperfect as regards plates of Crosses, will be sold at one-third reduction.

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

COTTESWOLD NATURALISTS’

FIELD CLUB

PRESIDENT

Prof. J. R. AINSWORTH DAVIS, M.A., F.C.P.

HONORARY SECRETARY

L. RICHARDSON, F.R.S.E., F.G.S.

VoL. XIX. Part I.

1915

PRINTED BY JOHN BELEOWS GLOUCESTER

5935

OFFICERS OF THE CLUB

Elected January \c^th, 1915

^prc0tbiut :

Prof. J. K. Ainsworth Davis, M.A., F.C.P.

'^tce-^Preeibeute

Rev. H. H Winwood, M.A., F.G.S.

Christopher Bowly, J.P., F.R.A.I.

M. W. Colchester-VVemyss, J.P.

^jou. "'^Treasurer :

J. H. Jones,

Eldon Chambers, Gloucester

Rev. Walter Butt, M.A., J.P. W. R. Carles, C.M.G., F.L.S., F.R.G.S.

Charles Upton W. Crooke, B.i\., F.R.A.I.

^ou. ^ibvanau :

Roland Austin Public Library, Gloucester

(Slcrtet) JEcmbei*0 :

J. M. Dixon, B.A., LL.B. Major J. G. Wenden, V.D.

^on. (Semtarj) :

L. Richardson, F.R.S.E., F.G.S.

THE ABOVE CONSTITUTE THE COUNCIL

W. Thompson G. M. Currie

publication orommittec :

Prof. J. R. Ainsworth-Davis, M.A., President L. Richardson, Hon. Secretary J. H. Jones, Hon. Treasurer H. H. Knight, M.A. | Charles Upton E. T. Paris, B.Sc., F.C.S.

IV.

PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB

1915

PRESIDENTS OF THE COTTESWOLD CLUB

[The names of those deceased are printed in italics?^

1846 — 1859 i860 — 1888 I 888 — 1894 1894 — 1900 1900 — 1902 1902 — 1904 1904 — 1906 1906 — 1908 1908 — 1910 1910 — 1912 1912 — 1914 1914 — 1916

r. B. Lloyd Baker

Sir W. V. Guise, Bart., F.G.S.

W. C. Lucy, F.G.S. , F.A.S.L.

M. W. Colchester-Wemyss, J.P., D.L.

E. B. Wethered, F.G.S., F.R.M.S.

C. Callaway, M.A., D.Sc.^ F.G.S.

Rev. Walter Butt, M.A., J.P.

W. R. Carles, C.M.G., F.L.S., F.R.G.S Rev. Walter Butt, M.A., J.P.

William Crooke, B.A., F.R.A.I.

Rev. Walter Butt, M.A., J.P.

Prof. J. R. Ainsworth-Davis, M.A., F.C.P.

HON. SECRETARIES OF THE COTTESWOLD CLUB

[The names of those deceased are printed in italics.']

Sir Thomas Tancred, Bart.

Prof. J ames Buckman, F.S.A., F.L.S., F.G.S. John Jones W. C. Lucy, F.G.S.

IV. H. Paine, M.D., F.G.S.

E. B. Wethered, J.P., F.G.S., F.C.S., F.R.M.S. 1894 [died 19th Dec.] Prof. A. Marker, F.L.S.

1895 — 1897 The Rev. Canon E. Cornford, M.A.

1897 — 1898 A. S. Helps

1898 — 1904 S. S. Buckman, F.G.S.

1904-— L. Richardson, F.R.S.E., F.G.S.

1846 — 1854 1854 — i860 i860 — 1862 1862 — 1865 1865 — 1887 1887 — 1894

LIST OF MEMBERS

gjonorar)) JRembctB:

Year Elected , t-. j /^i i.

1880 G. Embrey, F.I.C., F.C.S., Hill-close, 47 Park Road, Gloucester >{<1902 C. Lloyd Morgan, LL.D., F.R.S., F.G.S., The University, Bristol Rev. Canon W. Bazeley, M.A., Matson Rectory, Gloucester ^1913 Rev. H. J. Riddelsdell, M.A., The Rectory, Wigginton, Banbury

J^tembcv0 :

1911 Affleck, R. C., M.B., Ch. B. >{<1913 Austin, Roland

1913 Baddeley, W. St. Clair, J.P. 1910 Bailey, Charles, M.Sc., F.L.S 1893 Baker, G .E. LI., J.P.

Glendale House, Cheltenham 5 Midland Road, Gloucester Castle Hale, Painswick, Stroud Haymesgarth, Cleeve Hill, Glos. Hardwicke Court, near Gloucester

VOL. XIX, (l)

LIST OF MEMBERS

V.

1887

191T

1913

1900

>{<1902

1900

1859

1908

1915

1912

1910

1896

iS93

•^1898

1913

►^•1904

►^<1888

►{<1912

^1893

1906

1905

1904

1915

19^3

>^<1904

*{<1909

*{<1903

1893

1909

'915

1906

1914 1876

►^•1899

►{<1.883

1906

1882 1914 1914 1912

►{<1891

^1903

1895

1883

1910

1914

1894

Ball, A. J. Morton . .

Bathurst, Right lion. Earl, C.M.G. . Bathurst, Charles, M.P., M..V. Baxter, Wynne IL, J.P., n.L., F.G.S. Bellows, William Birchall, J. 1)., J.F.

Bowly, Christoplu r, F.R..\.L, j.P Brethorton, F. 11.

Brewis, R. A., M.D.

Brown, O.

Bruton, Henry Tew Bruton, H. W.

Bubb, Henry, J.P. . .

Butt, Rev. Walter, M..\., J.P.

Butt, Walter

Carles, W. R., C.M.G., F.I..S. Chance, H. G., M..\.

Clutterbuck, C. G., F.E.S. . . Colchester- Wemyss, IM.W., J.P., D.L. Cole, R. M., M.R.C.S.

Coley, S. J

Collett, J. M., F.C.S.

Cooke, The Rev. J. J. D. . .

Crewdson, J. D., J.P.

Crooke, W., B.A., F.R.A.l.

Cullis, A. J.

Cullis, F. J.

Currie, G. M.

Daniels, J. S.

Darwin, Sir Francis, M.A., M.B., h Dixon, J. M., B.A., LL.B. . . Duart-Smith, H. F. W., F.G.S. Ducie, The Earl of, F.R.S., F.G.S Duke, Lieut.-Col. J. C.

Ellis, T. S., M.R.C.S.

Finlay, D. E., M.B., B.S., F.Z.S. Foster, R. G., J.P. . .

Frith, John Fyffe, E. W.

Gardiner, C.I., M.A., F.G.S. Garrett, J. H., M.D., F.L.S., D.P.H

Gray, J. W.. F.G.S

Grosvenor, W. W., B.A., M.D. Guise, Sir \\\ F. G., Bart., J.P., D. Haigh, Herbert Haines, J. W.

Hannam-Clark, F. . .

R

L.

The Green, Stroud Cirencester House, Cirencester Lydney Park, Lydney Granville Cottage, Stroud Tuffley Lawn, Tuffley, Gloucester Bowden Hall, Gloucester Siddington House, Cirencester Belgrave House, Gloucester The West Gate, Dursley Shiel, Sandy Lane Road, nr.

Cheltenham

Newlyn, Gloucester Bewick House, Gloucester Ullen Wood, near Cheltenham Oak wood, Chepstow The Hyde, Newnham-on-Severn, Silwood, The Park, Cheltehnam [Glos. Bainwood Court, Gloucester 16 Clarence Street, Gloucester The Bell House, Newnham Northgatc House, Gloucester King Street, Stroud Wynstone Place, Brook thorpe The Vicarage, Churchdown,

near Gloucester Syde House, Syde, near Cheltenham Langton House, Charlton Kings,

Cheltenham

21 Park Road, Gloucester 18 Alexandra Road, Gloucester 26 Lansdown Place, Cheltenham Lightpill, Stroud ,S. Brookthorpe, near Gloucester Mickleton, Campden Duart, Cheltenham Road, Gloucester Tortworth Court, Falfield, R.S.O. Gwynfa, Cheltenham 10 Alexandra Road, Gloucester Wells Dene, Park Road, Gloucester Lennox House, Gloueester Sunnyside, Painswick, Glos.

Trullwell, Box, Minchinhampton,

5 Grafton Terrace, Cheltenham [Glos. Municipal Offices, Cheltenham

6 Richmond Pk. Cres., Bournemouth Granville House, The Spa, Gloucester Elmore Court, near Gloucester

Coed Ithel, Llandogo, Mon.

St Helier, Hucclecote, Gloucester 12 Queen Street, Gloucester

VI,

PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB

1915

>{<1913 Hanson, C. O.

1878 Hartland, Ernest, M.A., F.S.A.

1903 Hedley, G. W„ M.A., F.C.S.

1905 Hobbs, J. N.

1907 Hooker, C. Paget, L.R.C.P., L.R.C.S.

1910 Hume-Rothery, J. H., M.A., B.Sc. .

1913 Hurry, A. E. . . . . . .

1915 Johnstone, The Rev. P. M. C,, M.A.

1877 Jones, John H.

>Ja909 Knight, H. H., M.A.

1896 Knowles, H,

1912 Lawrence, E.

1913 Leach, R. E., M.A. .

1909 Little, E. P. . .

1891 Margetson, W.

1913 Martin, J, Middleton, B.A., M.D.,

B.C., D.P.H.

1867 Marling, Sir William H., Bart., J.P. D.L.

1888 Marling, W. J. Paley, J.P. . .

1887 Marling, S. S., J.P. , .

1901 Mitchinson, Right Rev. J., D.C.L.,

D.D.

1911 Montgomrey, A. S., J.P.

1912 Mylius, F. J.

1878 Moreton, Lord

1902 Newton, Surgeon-Major Isaac, I.M.S 1899 Norris, H. E.

»j4i89i Paine, Alfred E. W. . .

1913 Palin, P. Nevine, J.P.

►{<1906 Paris, E. Talbot, B.Sc., F.C.S.

1909 Pearce, F. T. . .

»{<I905 Prevost, E. W., M.A,, Ph.D.,

F R.S.E.

1908 Price, M. P., J.P.

1909 Price, W. R., B. A., F.L.S.

►Jmgoo Richardson, L., F.R.S.E., F.G.S.

1908 Rixon, W. A.., J.P., C.C.

1915 Rogers, E. . .

^1883 Scobell, Ven. Archdeacon E. C., M.A. 1878 Sewell, E. C.

1910 Sinclair, The Ven. Archdeacon

1903 Skinner, J. W.

3 Malvern Place, Cheltenham Hardwick Court, Chepstow I East Lawn, Old Bath Road,

Cheltenham

Concord, Moorend Grove, Cheltenham Dollar Ward House, Cirencester The Pines, Tivoli Road, Cheltenham Hempsted Court, Gloucester All Saints’ Vicarage, Cheltenham Barrow Hill, Churchdown, near

Gloucester

The Lodge, All Saints’ Villas,

Cheltenham

Egerton House, Spa Road, Gloucester Southlands, Queen’s Road, Chelten- Fairview, Painswick [ham

Amberley Court, near Stroud Bright Side, Stroud The Chestnuts, Stroud

Stanley Park, Stroud

Stanley Park, Stroud Stanley Park, Stroud College Gardens, Gloucester

19 Royal Parade, Cheltenham Winchcombe, Gloucester Sarsden, Chipping Norton, Oxon.

, Broadlands, The Park, Cheltenham Cirencester

The Poplars,' Welford-on-Av'on Aylesmere Court, St. Briavels, Glos.

15 Montpellier Villas, Cheltenham Lorraine House, Gloucester Weston, Ross

Tibberton Court, Gloucester Pen Moel, Chepstow 10 Oxford Parade, Cheltenham Turkdean Manor, Northleach, Glos. Glendronach, Christ Church Road,

Cheltenham

7 College Green, Gloucester The Beeches, Cirencester The Greenway, near Cheltenham The Edge, Stroud

VOL. XIX. (l)

LIST OF MEMBERS

Vll.

1905 Slater, A,, J.P.

1882 Smith, A. E.

1913 Smith, G. H. Pavey

1909 Smithin, James A.

1908 Stanton, A. W.

1906 Stephens, A. J.

1887 Taynton, H. J,

1914 Thomas, J. H.

►{<1896 Thompson, W.

►I<i889 Upton, Charles 1889 Waller, F. W.

1894 Washboum, William

1910 Weaver, Henry J,, M.I.C.E.I.

M.I.M.E., F.G.S.

1905 Wenden, Major J. G., V.D.

►i^i88o Wethered, E. B., J.P., F.G.S.

1914 Wilkin, L., M.A., B.C

1912 Wilson, E. T., M.B., F.R.C.P.

►J<i884 Winnington-Ingram, Rev. A. R. . . ►{<1876 Winwood, Rev. H. H., M.A., F.G.S, >{<1896 Witchell, E. Northam

1885 Wood, Walter B

Garron Dene, Gloucester The Hollies, Nailsworth High Beeches, Nailsworth Lloyds Bank, Gloucester Field Place, Stroud Clovelly, Denmark Road, Gloucester 8 Clarence Street, Gloucester 2 Wedderburn House, Wedderburn Road, Hampstead, London, N.W. Lansdown, Stroud

Rooksmoor, TuffleyAvenue, Glouces- Horton Road, Gloucester [ter

Blackfriars, Gloucester

Churchdown, nr. Gloucester The Chantry, Dursley The Uplands, Cheltenham 46 London Road, Gloucester Westal, Cheltenham Lassington Rectory, Gloucester 1 1 Cavendish Crescent, Bath Lansdown, Stroud Barn wood, Gloucester

cross signifies those who have contributed papers printed in the “ Proceedings” of the Club.

{Any corrections in this List should be notified to the Hon. Secretary)

PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB

1915

Vlll.

LIST OF SOCIETIES, INSTITUTIONS, &c..

To whom Copies of the Club’s Publications are presented.

Ah asterisk denotes those from whom publications are received in exchange.

All publications sent in exchange should be addressed to the Librarian, CoUeswold

Club, Public Library, Gloucester.

♦ The American Museum of Natural History, Central Park, 77th Street

and 8th Avenue, New York City, U.S. America, c/o Messrs Wesley & Son,

28 Essex Street, Strand, London, W.C. tBiRMiNGHAM Nat. Hist. & Phil. SOCIETY, c/'o The librarian, .\vebury House, 55 Newhall Street, Birmingham.

The Bodleian Library, Bodley’s Librarian, Oxford.

5fs tBouRNEMOUTH NATURAL SCIENCE SOCIETY, C/O Hoii. Secretary, “San Remo,” Boscombe, Bournemouth.

♦ tl'HE Bristol and Gloucestershire ARCiiAiOLOoicAL Society, The

Librarian, Public Library, Gloucester.

IThe Bristol Naturalists’ Society, c/o Librarian, 20 Berkeley Sq., Clifton The British Museum (Natural History), The Librarian, Cromwell Road, London, W.

The British Museum (Copyright Ofhce), London, W.C.

The British Association, The Secretary, Burlington House, London, W. The Cambridge University Library, c/o The Librarian, Cambridge.

*t lhe Cardiff N.aturalists’ Society, c/o The Hon. Librarian, 98 Bute Street, Cardiff.

The Derbyshire Archeological and Natural History Society, c/o P. H. Currey, Market Place, Derby.

The Geological Magazine, The Editor of, 13 .\rundel Gardens, Notting Hill, W.

The Geological Society, c/o The Librarian, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.

♦ The Geological Survey, c/o The Librarian, Jermyn Street, London, S.W.

♦ fTHE Geologists’ Association, c/o The Librarian, University College, Gower

Street, London, W.C.

The Glasgow Geological Society, c/o The Librarian, 207 Bath Street, Glasgow.

The Gloucester Municipal Library, Brunswick Road, Gloucester.

The Library, County Education Office, Shire Hall, Gloucester.

The National Library of Wales, c/o The Librarian, Aberystwyth. Nature, The Editor of, c/o Messrs Macmillan & Co., St. Martin’s Street, London, W.C.

5}! f THE North Staffordshire Field Club, do W. Wells-Bladen, Stone, Staffordshire

The Royal Society, c/o The Librarian, Burlington House, Piccadilly, W.

The Smithsonian Institution (Washington, D.C.,U.S. America), c/o Messrs Wesley & Son, 28 Essex Street, Strand, London, W.C.

♦ The U.S. Geological Survey (Washington, D.C., U.S. America), c/o Messrs

Wesley <Sc Son, 28 Essex Street, Strand, London, W.C.

♦ fTHE Warwickshire Naturalists’ and Archeologists’ Field Club,

The Museum, Warwick.

♦ fTHE Wiltshire Archeological and Natural History Society, The

Museum, Devizes.

Hi |The Woolhope Naturalists’ Field Club, c/o Hon. Librarian, Woolhope Club, Free Library, Hereford.

tThe Presidents and Secretaries of these Societies are considered as Ex-officio Members of th Club, and are cordially invited to the Meetings; Programmes of Meetings to be sent to them as invitations.

INCOME AND EXPENDITURE FOR THE YEAR ENDING 31st DECEMBER, 1915

VOL, XIX, (l)

FINANCIAL STATEMENT

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X.

PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB

1915

RULES OF THE CLUB

1. — The Objects of the Club are to study the Natural History and Anti- quities of the County and the adjacent districts.

2. — The Club shall use its influence to obtain the record of all details of geological interest, to promote the preservation of all antiquities, and to prevent, as far as possible, the removal of scarce plants and the extermination of rare species of the flora or fauna.

3. — The Club shall consist of a President, Vice-Presidents (not exceeding seven in number), an Honorary Secretary, Honorary Assistant Secretary (when required), an Honorary Treasurer, an Honorary Librarian, and Honor- ary, Ordinary and Ex-officio Members.

4. — Before anyone can be elected a Memoer, he must be duly proposed and seconded on a printed form provided for that purpose, and supplied by the Honorary Secretary upon application. His name will be placed on the circular and will come up for election at the next meeting of the Club ; one dissentient in ten to disqualify.

5. — The Entrance Fee shall be ;^i. The Annual Subscription of Ordinary Members shall be Fifteen Shillings, due in advance on the first day of January. For Members elected after September, the Subscription for that year shall be Ten Shillings.

6. — Any Member in arrear with his Subscription for the year is liable to removal from the list of Members.

7. — No Member shall be entitled to a copy of the Proceedings whose Subscription is one year in arrear.

8. — The Club may admit a limited number of Honorary Members (See Rule 3), whose scientific work entitles them to the distinction, and who must be elected at the Annual Meeting.

9. — The Executive Council for the Management of the Club shall consist of the Officers of the Club, namely, the President, Vice-Presidents, the Honor- ary Secretary, the Honorary Treasurer and Honorary Librarian, and four Members, all of whom shall retire at the Annual Meeting, but are eligible for re-election (by ballot) ; but the President shall not hold his office for more than two consecutive years.

10. — The Annual Meeting shall be held in January, at which Meeting the President’s Address shall be read, the Financial Statement of the Honorary Treasurer shall be presented, and the Officers and other Members forming the Council shall be elected, and the dates and places of the Field Meetings be fixed : but the arrangements for the Winter Meetings shall be left to the Council.

11. — The Club shall usually hold yearly four Field Meetings, and also four Winter Meetings for the reading and discussion of Papers. At the Field Meetings any Member may introduce one Visitor, and at the Winter Meetings more than one ; and at the Winter Meetings the term “ Visitor ” may include ladies. Members must give due notice to the Honorary Sec- retary of their intention to be present at any Field Meeting, and should any Member, having given such notice, fail to attend, he will be liable for^his share of the expenses.

12. — All papers communicated to the Club shall be submitted to a Publication Committee, which shall consist of the President, Honorary Treasurer, Honorary Secretary, and two other Members appointed at the Annual Meeting. The decision of the Publication Committee shall be final. Any gentleman who favours the Club with Lectures on any subject shall be invited to furnish an abstract of the lecture for publication in the Pro- ceedings of the Club.

13. — The Council may at any time call a Special General Meeting of the Members. Upon the requisition of any eight Members being sent to the Honorary Secretary, a Special General Meeting shall be convened ; and any proposition to be submitted shall be stated in the Notice. Not less than seven days’ notice of any such General Meeting shall be given.

VOL. XIX. (l)

CLUB LIBRARY

XI.

COTTESWOLD NATURALISTS’ FIELD CLUB

Transactions and Proceedings of the following Societies are in the Club’s Library : —

Anthropological Institute. Journal, 1871-1900.

Bath Natural History and Antiquarian Field Club. Proceedings, 1890- 1909. (Club dissolved.)

Birmingham Natural History and Philosophical Society. Annual Reports, from 1909. In progress.

Bournemouth Natural Science Society. Proceedings, from vol. i., 1908-9. In progress.

Bristol and Gloucestershire Archaeological Society. Transactions, from vol. I. In progress.

Bristol Naturalists’ Society. Proceedings, from 1874. In progress.

Cardiff Naturalists’ Society. Transactions, from 1911. In progress.

Derbyshire Archaeological and Natural History Society. Journal, from 1909. In progress.

Geologists’ Association. Proceedings, from vol. i, 1859. In progress.

Glasgow Geological Society. Transactions, from 1863. In progress.

Northamptonshire Natural History Society and Field Club. Journal, from 1884. In progress.

Staffordshire (North) Naturalists’ Field Club and Archaeological Society. Annual Reports, from 1878. In progress.

Warwickshire Naturalists’ and Archaeologists’ Field Club. Proceedings, from 1867. In progress.

Wiltshire Archaeological and Natural History Society. Magazine, from 1904. In progress.

Woolhope Naturalists’ Field Club. Transactions, 1856-1864, and from 1869. In progress.

Worcestershire Naturalists’ Club. Transactions, from 1847. In pro gress.

XU.

PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB

1915

BRISTOL AND GLOUCESTERSHIRE ARCH/EOLOGICAL SOCIETY

The Bristol and Gloucestershire Archaeological Society has agreed to permit members of the Cotteswold Naturalists’ Field Club to borrow Transactions and Proceedings which it receives in exchange from the following Societies : —

Society of Antiquaries of London.

Society of Antiquaries of Scotland.

Royal Society of Antiquaries (Ireland).

Royal Archaeological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland.

British Archaeological Association.

British School at Rome.

Birmingham and Midland Institute.

Bureau of Ethnology, Smithsonian Institute.

Cambrian Archaeological Society.

Cambridge Antiquarian Society.

Chester and North Wales Archaeological Society.

Royal Institution of Cornwall.

Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian Society.

Derbyshire Archaeological and Natural History Society.

Dorset Natural History and Antiquarian Field Club.

Essex Archaeological Society.

Exeter Diocesan Architectural and Archaeological Society.

Kent Archaeological Society.

Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle-upon-Tyne.

London and Middlesex Archaeological Society.

Norfolk and Norwich Archaeological Society.

Powys Land Club : Montgomeryshire Records.

William Salt Archaeological Society.

Somerset Archaeological and Natural History Society.

Shropshire Archaeological and Natural History Society.

Suffolk Institute of Archaeology and Natural History.

Surrey Archaeological Society.

Sussex Archaeological Society.

Thoresby Society of Leeds.

Thoroton Society of Nottingham.

Wiltshire Archaeological and Natural History Society.

Worcestershire Architectural Society.

Yorkshire Archaeological and Topographical Association.

I

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

COTTESWOLD NATURALISTS’ FIELD CLUB

AT THE

ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING JANUARY 19TH, 1915

Prof. J. R. AINSWORTH-DAVIS, M.A., F.C.P.

IN THE CHAIR.

The Minutes of the last Annual Meeting were read and confirmed. The President then delivered his ,

ANNUAL ADDRESS.

This, our 67th Annual Meeting, takes place while a war of unparalleled extent and intensity is being waged by land and sea, though we have met before during times of national stress, such as those occasioned by the Crimean War, the Indian Mutiny, and the South African campaign. We now hope and believe that final victory is definitely inclining to the side championing right and justice, but so critical were the days of last September that we deemed it necessary and fitting to cancel our last summer excursion of the year 1914. Since then we have adapted ourselves to an abnormal environ- ment, and, most of us being unable to take up arms, we have considered it no ignoble task to pursue with unruffled minds our peaceful investigations into the secrets of Nature. It therefore gives me great pleasure to announce that our Club still prospers.

During the year that has now elapsed we have lost by death our old and esteemed friend Dr. Oliver Fowler. Though making no pretence to be a scientific expert, his cheerful and inspiring personality added materially to the pleasure of many B

2

PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB

1915

excursions, and we shall miss him greatly. He was a favourable example of the rapidly disappearing type of the old-fashioned country doctor, ripe in medical wisdom and experience, whose buoyant and inspiring presence inspired desponding patients with new life, and soothed the pillows of those whose days were numbered.

It gave me much pleasure to accept your flattering invita- tion to fill the presidential chair of the premier provincial Field Club, especially because this has brought it once more into touch with the Royal Agricultural College, which had much to do with its inception so many years ago. Unusual pressure of both civil and military duties has precluded me from attending all the meetings, but my friend and predecessor, Rev. W. Butt, has more than made up for my shortcomings. W^hen able to be present I greatly appreciated the honour, and have been much impressed by the enthusiasm and devotion shown by Members to the old-established association that serves as a link of genuine brotherhood.

The Club is much indebted to Mr C. 0. Hanson, of the Crown School of Forestry, for his able guidance on the oc- casion of our visit to the Forest of Dean ; to Sir George Holford for the facilities he so readily afforded us at Westonbirt, when Mr David Lindsay acted as a courteous intermediary ; to Earl Bathurst, Mr Robert Anderson, Captain Gordon Dugdale, and Mr Edward C. vSewell, who made our day at Cirencester rich in interest ; and to Mr A. J. Morton Ball, whose hospitalit}" at Stroud was much appreciated.

Full details of the Excursions made during 1914 will be published in the “ Proceedings,” which will appear in the course of the next few weeks. It may be permitted me to pay a personal tribute on your behalf to all those who have co-operated to make the publications of the Club of general interest and permanent scientific value. We are particularly indebted to the strenuous and successful labours of Mr Richard- son, aided by Mr E. T. Paris, to whom we have a competent and valued successor in Mr Walter Butt.

THE FUNCTIONS OF A NATURALISTS’ FIELD CLUB.

Many years ago my revered teacher and master, the late Professor Huxley, chose this subject as the theme of an address

VOL. XIX. (I) THE PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS 3

to the Quekett Club, and it is one deserving special attention in these days of specialization, when no man can aspire to be an authority in more than a small part of one subject. Even now some are inclined to dismiss the held naturalist with the old jibing question “ Cui bono ? ” to which many eminently satisfactory answers can be given, especially as the question no longer disputes the place of pride now occupied by “ Natural Knowledge,” to quote old Gilbert White’s vivid phrase.

The Field Naturalist, in the hrst place, is a magician of no mean order, who carries the neophyte into a “ high place,” and shows him “ all the kingdoms of the world and the glory thereof.” Such a magician, long years ago, gave me some glimpses of an inhnite horizon, and the “ trailing clouds of glory ” — supposed by Wordsworth to be the privilege of child- hood only — have not yet departed entirely from my sight, nor will they ever. To impart some knowledge of the world in which we live to impressionable youth, to awake imagination, and to create a lasting interest in the beautiful environment of mankind, is one of the high offices of the Field Naturalist. And were there no more this would amply justify his existence. But there is much more. Some of us no longer in our first youth, are perhaps apt to think our activities compare but ill to those of the professional naturalist, whose business it is to produce the learned memoirs and monographs that make their appearance in ever-increasing number. A comparison is un- just, for the role of the Field Naturalist is quite different, though hardly less important. He is usually a professional or business man whose material prospects are unaffected by his scientific hobby, which is his delight and relaxation. Above all things he is not in a hurry, not unduly desirous of academic distinctions, while the professional man of science not unseldom works with feverish haste at high pressure, knowing that recognition of his work spells promotion, often necessary to secure a position free from financial anxiety.

One of the primary duties of the Field Naturalist is to verify and make additions to the facts relating to the Natural History — using the word in its widest sense — of his particular domain. The kind of professional naturalist whose province it is to construct far reaching generalizations must have these

4

PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB

1915

facts, unless he be content to essay brick-making without the necessary straw. Darwin and Wallace, as we well know, were first of all Field Naturalists, laboriously collecting their own materials, and afterwards theorists, erecting astonishing super- structures with the results of their earlier toil. That our Members have done their duty by rendering available much accurate scientific information regarding Gloucestershire and its borders, will be obvious to anyone glancing through our “ Proceedings,” which have far more than a local status. Nor does it appear that any decline in enthusiasm or standard is taking place. The “ County Flora,” for which Mr Riddelsdell and his helpers are responsible, is continuing to make good progress, while Mr Knight is continuing his valuable work on the Bryophyta. Investigations on our Fungi and Algae are greatly needed. In the department of Zoology, Mr Charles Upton stands for the land and freshwater Mollusca, and Mr Clutterbuck for the Lepidoptera Rhopalocera, while we are expecting much from Mr Walter Butt in the latter domain. It is greatly to be desired that one or more of our members may feel moved to continue Mr W. L. Mellersh’s work on the Birds of Gloucestershire, and there are many other animal groups that could be studied with advantage. Insects other than butterflies. Arachnids, Myriapods, Rotifers, Protozoa and Mammals are cases in point.

The Club has always been particularly strong in Geology, and it is gratifying to notice that Mr Richardson and Mr Paris have been building effectively on the sound foundations laid by Buckman, Wright, Lycett and others. Dr. Ellis has de- voted himself to the study of later geological phases in so far as they concern the evolution of local topography ; while Dr. Wilson continues to extend his knowledge as an unrivalled specialist on our prehistoric implements. Archaeology, merging into history in the more limited sense, always finds a warm place in our regard, and Mr John Sawyer’s fascinating book on Gloucestershire suggests many county lines of study. The perennial activities of Mr Roland Austin have fortunately relieved the Club from anxieties with reference to local biblio- graphy, leaving it free to pursue branches of work more peculiarly belonging to its province. Many other names might be mentioned, but enough has been said to prove our vitality.

VOL. XIX. (l)

THE PRESIDENT’S ADDRESS

5

The constant progress of natural knowledge has opened fresh lines of work to the Field Naturalist since the early days of the Cotteswold Club. The geographical distribution of plants and animals is one, and to this many Members have already contributed, especially as regards our flora. But much more remains to be done, and Wallace, the great ex- ponent of the subject, placed high value on the local naturalist. He says, in a note to the first chapter of “ Island Life : ” “ The employment in each of our possessions, and those of other European powers, of a resident naturalist at a very small annual expense, would have done more for the advancement of knowledge in this direction than all the expensive expeditions that have again and again circumnavigated the globe.”

Related to and springing from the subject of Geographical Distribution we find the new science of Ecology, dealing with organisms at home, and studying in detail their relations to one another and the physical environment. Here we have the opportunity, with pleasure and profit, of giving fresh values to familiar facts, a case of “ new lamps for old.” Plants have so far received most attention in this way, working on lines laid down by Schimper and Warming, and elaborately developed by the American School. We might with advantage, as a Club, make a beginning by preparing a map of the county, as has been done in Yorkshire and elsewhere, indicating the main boundaries of the plant geography, and distinguishing between woodland, swamp, pasture, and so forth. Within each area so delimited, endless problems concerning plant “ associations ” await solution. We shall find, for example, that the woodland flora has certain characteristic features, differing with the kind of wood, whether deciduous or coniferous, and with many other factors. We firstly determine the actual facts of the case, and then endeavour to adequately explain them. More fascinating but more difficult problems are presented by Animal Ecology, where particularly abundant material is afforded by birds and insects. And that the complex lives of plants and animals are interwoven in a complex living network needs no demonstration.

The Field Naturalist can also study and add to the theories of Variation and Heredity, which are the foundations of

6

PROCEEDLN’GS COTTESWOLD CLUB

1915

evolutionary theory. He can investigate the variations in single recent or fossil species : he can repeat and amplify the classical work of Mendel, who was essentially a Field Naturalist, though his duties were those falling to the abbot of a Moravian monastery. Nevertheless, his observations and de- ductions, rediscovered less than two decades since, startled the biological world, and have led to the foundation of an im- portant biological school, by which new and useful varieties of plants have been produced in no haphazard fashion. ,

Lastly, in my opinion, our Members can, and ought, to hnd scope for their efforts, as some of them do, in helping on the development of our county educational system in so far as natural knowledge is concerned. It has been my good fortune to come into close contact with many of the primary, secondary, and technical teachers of this area with reference, more par- ticularly, to nature study, and my views thereon are set forth for the guidance of teachers in a little book named “ The Pursuit of Natural Knowledge,” which my friend Mr John Sawyer has recently published. The vast majority of these teachers keenly appreciate the value and importance of nature study as an educational instrument of high order, but many of them lack precisely the knowledge that we possess, and which I am sure we are all willing and anxious to impart.

Permit me, in concluding my address, to express very hearty good wishes for the continued and increased prosperity of this good old Club, founded so many years ago in the old grey town on the Cotteswold Hills, and now finding its appro- priate home in the county centre. And to the everlasting benefit of human happiness and human progress, may over- whelming and final victory crown the arms of the Allies long before the time comes for another presidential address.

At the close of the address the President vacated the chair to enable the Rev. H. H. Winwood, the senior Vice-President, to nominate him for another year of office, and at the same time to congratulate him on his able effort. The address, said Mr Winwood, was admirable in every way.

The Rev. Walter Butt seconded the nomination, and said that in the past they had listened to many addresses — some learned, and some (speaking for himself) foolish (laughter) ; but he questioned whether a more helpful address had ever been given than the one to which they had just listened (hear, hear). It was calculated to help every one of them in endeavouring to cultivate a greater love for Nature and for all such a study could help them to.

VOL. XIX. (l)

THE PRESIDENT’S ADDRESS

7

In responding to the complimentary things said about his address the re-elected President said he did not try to prepare a learned address, and he was quite content if he had made a successful appeal to men eager to develop their taste for nature study in the open-air.

The other officers of the Club were re-elected and thanked for their untiring services, and the following fixtures were made for the next summer meetings : — Tuesday, May i8th, the Western part of the Forest of Dean ; Thursday, June 3rd (half-day), Deerhurst and Tewkesbury ; Tuesday, June 15th, Stanton Drew and Dundry Hill ; Saturday, June 26th (half-day). May Hill; Tuesday, July 6th, Avebury; Wednesday, June i6th, Stanway and Hayles Abbey.

The Hon. Treasurer’s Financial Statement was read and approved.

8

PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB

1915

ORDINARY WINTER MEETINGS, 1915

Tuesday, February 23rd, 1915.

Prof. J. R. Ainsworth-Davis, M.A. F.C.P., President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read, confirmed, and signed by the Chairman.

Mr Herbert Haigh, of Llandogo, near Tintern, exhibited two excellent stone arrow-heads, found at Conygar, south of Llandogo Station, by Mr W. Rooke. Opposite here, on the Gloucestershire side of the Wye, on Gumber’s Farm, just below St. Briavels, Mr Haigh stated that it was pos- sible to pick up hundreds of flint flakes and occasional arrow-heads.

Mr J. W. Skinner exhibited the skull of an animal picked up near Pains' wick Edge, and suggested it might be that of a badger. He was confirmed in this opinion first by an examination of a stuffed badger in the adjoining Museum, and next by the emphatic testimony of the President, who pointed out the characteristic features, and said it was undoubtedly the skull of a badger. It was something like a dog’s skull, but there were striking features of dissimilarity. The front teeth were like those of a dog, but the back ones were flattened for grinding an omnivorous diet. Also the lower jaw was locked to the upper one and could not be detached.

The following papers were then read : —

1. — “White’s Thrush on the Lassington Estate,’’ by the Rev. A. R. Winnington-Ingram.

2. — “ The Control of River Channels,’’ by T. S. Ellis, M.R.C.S.

It was considered that there was considerable doubt as to whether the bird seen by Mr Winnington-Ingram was White’s Thrush.

Tuesday, November 23rd, 1915.

The Rev. Walter Butt, M.A., Vice-President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read, confirmed, and signed by the Chairman,

Sir Francis Darwin, F.R.S., and Mr E. Rogers were elected Members of the Club.

Specimens were exhibited by the Rev. H. H. Winwood, the Rev, Walter Butt, Lieut. -Col. J, C. Duke, and by Mr Richardson on behalf of Mr E. C. Sewell. The last exhibit consisted of five bronze celts from Ireland, six large Roman beads from Cirencester, two from Wilderspool, Warrington, one from Colchester, a number of small ones from Gloucester, and a large bead said to have been obtained from a Saxon grave near Cheltenham. Also, a number of barbed flint arrow-heads collected in 1914 at Rodmarton. They were of late Neolithic age.

The following papers were read : —

1. — “ The Codling Moth {Carpocapsa pomonella Linn.)’’ by C. Granville Clutterbuck, F.E.S.

2. — “A Deep Boring at Shipton Moyne, near Tetbury,’’ by L. Richardson.

3. — “Some Chirodota~sp\cVi\es from the Lias and Inferior Oolite,’’ by Charles Upton.

1

PROC. COTTESWOLD CLUB

\^OL. XIX., Platj; I

Fig. 1. — The Wye and Coppet Hill (from “The Rock”), Symond's Yat. {Photograph reproduced by kind permission of Valentine & Sons, Dundee.)

A . J. Lumbeii, pholo.

Fig. 2. — The Wye at Symond’s Yat.

{Block kindly lent by the publishcis of “.4 Week’s Holiday in the Forest of Dean.”)

VOL. XIX. (l)

EXCURSION— FOREST OF DEAN

9

EXCURSIONS

1915

EXCURSION TO THE FOREST OF DEAN.

Tuesday, May i8th, 1915.

Directors : Frank Smith and L. Richardson. [Report by L. Richardson and W. Thompson.)

So pleased were Members of the Club with their visit in May, 1914, to study forestry in the Forest of Dean^ and the evidence disclosed of a bold attempt to deal with the important question of afforestation on scientific lines, that it was considered advisable to commence the summer excursions of 1915 with another visit to the arboreal nurseries and plantations under Govern- ment control. No doubt the war has materially quickened interest in this important question, for with the great demand for timber has also come the thought that there must be no further delay in approaching the question of afforestation in a less perfunctory way than has obtained up to the present. That is to say, the nation must do something more than utter pious opinions respecting what is necessary. An impetus was given to the feeling on Tuesday in the Forest of Dean, when the Members inspected thousands of seedlings and other trees of young growth and listened to the explanatory remarks of Mr Frank Smith, Head Crown Woodman, who deputised in place of Mr. Osmaston, Deputy-Surveyor of the Forest of Dean, and Mr C. O. Hanson, Assistant Deputy-Surveyor, who, owing to pressure of work due to the war, were unable to be present. Last year Mr Hanson acted as cicerone, and previously he had lectured to the Members at Gloucester. He had also kindly welcomed three Members of the Club to the nurseries situated not far from the School of Forestry, and provided one of them with facilities for writing par- ticulars, which were afterwards incorporated in the “ Proceedings ” of the Club,^ so it may be claimed that a good deal of attention has been paid to one of the most important enterprises being carried on in the County. [W.T.]

The Members motored from Gloucester direct to “ The Rock ” at Symond’s Yat. Here the Hon. Secretary made some remarks on the geology of the district.

Arising out of the Secretary’s remarks on the geology of this district, Mr F. H. Bretherton said that he understood that the main reason why no serious attempts were made to work the iron ore in the Forest now was be- cause of the uncertainty as to the extent of the deposits or “ churns.”®

Mr Richardson added that until the introduction of machinery for the purpose, nail-making was an important petty industry. He had obtained information that nails used to be made in sheds adjoining cottages in New- land Street, Coleford ; at Little Dean, where there is ample evidence of the

1 Proc. Cotteswold Nat. F.C., vol. xviii., pt. 3 (1914), pp. 197-204.

2 W. Thompson, id., vol. xviii., pt. i (1913). PP- 63-65.

3 An excellent account of the iron-making in the Forest of Dean up to 1866 is contained in the Rev. H. G. Nicholls’ book—" Iron Making in the Olden Times, etc.,’’ which is still obtainable at Coleford.

lO

PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB

1915

industry in the soil of the cottage gardens, and where the last nail-maker died early in 1915 ; at Clearwcll, where they were made in a shed at the back of the present Nailers’ Arms, and in sheds adjoining certain of the cottages; and probably at Ellwood.

Mr Richardson then made some remarks on certain river features as exemplified in the part of the Wye Valley between Goodrich and Redbrook. lie referred to Mr S. S. Buckman’s observations on the meanders of the Wye as recorded in the “Proceedings ’’ of the Club,^ and said that it appeared to him (Mr Richardson) that at Redbrook they had an example of a large meander whose neck had been cut through, and that the Wye had there straightened and shortened its course. If they referred to maps of the neighbourhoods of Goodrich and Redbrook they would sec that at the former locality the Wye from the cast side of Goodrich went round a six-mile course to near Rocklands, where it was distant only three-quarters of a mile from its portion to the cast of Goodrich. It was obvious that the neck was once narrower, but the river had ceased impinging near Rocklands. If it had gone on im- pinging the neck would eventually have been severed, the river would have straightened its course, the stream at Lydbrook and that from the neigh- bourhood of English Bicknor would have passed along the line of the present deep valley at Coldwell Rocks to the straightened Wye, and probably in the valley between Kerne Bridge and Lower Lydbrook there would have been one stream flowing towards Kerne Bridge and another towards LoAver Lydbrook with a low divide between them.

In the neighbourhood of Redbrook it looks very much as if the Wye had, when at a level of about 430 to 450 feet, followed a course very similar to that which it now does in the neighbourhood of Goodrich, only the meander- neck has been severed at Redbrook. The road from Upper Redbrook to Newland passes up a valley, which would correspond with that between Kerne Bridge and Lower Lydbrook. At Newland a stream, fed by brooks from Clearwell and the neighbourhood of Whitecliff (Coleford) proceeds south to Valley House, bends round and goes first northwards and then north-west- wards to the Wye at Lower Redbrook — a course that corresponds very well with that of the valley between Lower Lydbrook and Rocklands.

At the conclusion of the Secretary’s observations. Dr. T. S. Ellis also made some remarks. Maps were examined and the prominent points of interest in the landscape, such as The Buckstone and the Great Doward close at hand, were indicated by Members familiar with the locality, after which al fresco luncheon was taken on a spot much frequented by excursionists, but which on this occasion had been left nearly entirely to the use and enjoy- ment of the Club. Far below the winding river, discoloured by the red soil disturbed by rain and flood, flowed rapidly towards its junction with the Severn at Chepstow, but time did not permit of a descent to its banks, nor even of a visit to the neighbouring Coldwell Rocks, which, like the Seven Sisters and other sections of the limestone gorge through which the river meanders, add so much to the picturesque features of the scenery. [L.R.]

After a short motor ride the Members reached Mailscot Lodge, where a walk was taken in the wood under the guidance of Mr Frank Smith. Here was to be seen a windbreak of spruce planted along the eastern side of the wood to protect it from cold winds. The oak which formerly grew here was felled in 1898, and the spruce was planted the following year. The INIailscot Forest Nursery is one of the best in the Forest, and Mr Richardson mentioned that Mr Flanson had informed him that 450 lbs. weight of seed of spruce, larch, and silver fir had been obtained and sown in the Forest nurseries. This is an emergency sowing and will be used probably in planting

I Loc. cit., vol. xiii., pt. i (ib99), pp. 25-32-

VOL. XIX. (l)

EXCURSION— FOREST OF DEAN

1 1

up some of the waste areas iii Wales. It was considered advisable to have plants in readiness in case planting of waste lands is undertaken to reduce unemployment after the war. This is in addition to the 50 lbs. of seed sown for ordinary planting in Dean Forest. 'I'lie beds of seedlings — larch, spruce, ash, beech, etc. — arc in e.xcellent condition, and give, evidence of the best possible treatment. Manure has been recently used for the hrst time, but not animal mamue. Samples of soil are sent to London to l>e analysed, and suitable artificial manures are selected for use. Curious sports from beech seed were noticed, but these are very rare— about one in 500,000 seeds — and Mr Skinner said two of these trees, known as the “ fern beech,” ai'c to be seen at llorsepools, near Painswick. Reference was made to the hornbeam, which Mr Smith said was a good resister of frost, and is planted c.xtensively in 1' ranee. One pound of spruce seed has produced a line bed of seedlings, it being estimated that a thousand seedlings go to the yard. Passing from the nursery to the wood, attention was drawn to a clump of well-grown larch, about 50 to 60 years old, now in need of thinning. Members wei'e also in- terested in some felled oak timber v/hich grew among a crop of young larch. Ihe operation, although a dillicult one, has been successfully performed, and now in the opening it is proposed to plant Douglas firs and beech. Mr Smith said that the next awkward job would be to remove the felled oaks, but the purchasers are under agreement to make good any damage they may cause ! With regard to the larch disease, Mr Smith said the opinion now held was that it started from the branch and worked back to the tree. In proof of this it was a fact that no disease could be found on trees that had been pruned back. If branches were diseased the only remedy was to cut them off.

The felling and regeneration of woods by the method of groups was noticed. Fellings were made in 1906-07 in groups, and the groups were then planted up in the following years. As the young trees now require more light, the groups are being enlarged by cutting strips round them. This method is a useful one on estates when large clear cuttings are undesirable. The natural beauty of the woods remains unspoilt.

The next move was to Woodcastle Hill, a charming spot of the Forest, where the Members saw a large area which had been cleared and replanted. In the distance were groups of oaks and a windbreak. The Braceland Larch is a famous tree, the tallest and best of its kind in the Forest. Its dimensions, when last measured, were as follow : — Height to top, g8 ft. ; girth at 5 ft., 10 ft. 3 in. ; estimated volume, about 200 cubic feet. The age is believed to be about 90 years. When examining some fine oak at Cope’s Wood varying from 100 to 160 years old, Mr Smith was asked when he thought the trees would be ready for felling. He humorously replied that if the timber belonged to him he would have no hesitation in naming the present moment as the right one, but the cutting of the oak really depended on the size of the beech undergrowth. When the beech trees were large enough to be used as pit-props, and therefore, were of commercial value, they might take it for granted that the oak would also be ready for felling. Mr H. W. Bruton capped Mr Smith’s humorous sally by recalling the remark of a landowner that ” trees are a natural excrescence provided by Providence for the pay- ment of debts.”

Whilst in this part of the Forest the botanists made good use of their opportunity. Flowers, ferns, grasses, rushes, etc., were sampled and an- nexed, and those of the party who did not collect admired the line patches of blue hyacinths and woodspurge, the mingling of blue and pale yellow in the cheerful sunshine producing a striking effect.

As on a former occasion, *' the Long Stone ” by the side of the Staunton Road was vi.sited. There was another stone at St. Briavels, but this suffered

12

PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB

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from vandalism, and Mr G. Pavey Smith produced two fragments of what was once a conspicuous landmark. When the Club last inspected the stone a photographic illustration appeared in the “ Proceedings.”^

Mr Richardson said that at the time the Rev. H. G. Nicholls published his book on ” The Forest of Dean,” namely, in 1858, there were two menhirs in the Forest ; this one near Staunton, and the other ” a large mass of grit- stone from nine to ten feet high, standing in a field on the north side of the road leading from Bream to St. Briavels, also named ‘ the Long Stone,’ but sometimes ‘Cradock Stone.’” The latter — according to G. F. Playne — was purposely blown to pieces by gunpowder in 1875, and its fragments carted away into an old quarry. The St. Briavel’s ‘‘ Long Stone ” was a large block of the sandstone of the district and, according to Rudder, 10 feet high, 6 feet broad, and 5 feet thick. Playne has remarked that the St. Briavels Long Stone was situated five miles due east of the fine megalithic monument at Trelleck, and that the Staunton Long Stone is situated due east of the Buckstone, and that “ they may possibly have been set to mark the orienta- tion from these ‘‘ Highplaces.”

Mr Frank Smith pointed out where a face had been carved on the side of the Staunton Long Stone (facing the road) by a passing sculptor in 1857, but it is almost obliterated now.'*

In the wood on the right hand side of the Staunton-to-Coleford road, at its junction with that to Lower Berry Hill, is situated Robin Hood Pit, one of the few iron mines now in work in the Forest.

After tea at the Speech House the Rev. P. M. C. Johnstone, M.A., Cheltenham, was elected a Member of the Club, and R. Adams Brewis, M.D., Dursley, and the Rev. J. J. D. Cooke, M.A., Churchdown, were proposed for membership.

The Club is a ” Corresponding Society ” of the British Association, and Mr J. W. Gray, F.G.S., was elected to represent the Club at the British Associa- tion meeting to be held at Manchester in September.

The return journey via Westbury-on-Severn, Minsterworth, and Highnam proved a delightful finale to a successful excursion, albeit the air was keen and suggestive of frost. Scores of orchards were passed, bright with bloom and the promise of a heavy crop. A fleeting glimpse was obtained of Mr Colchester-Wemyss’ Dutch gardens and the house to which they are attached, and admii'ation was kindled by the profusion of lilac, laburnum and chestnut bloom in the many gardens and shrubberies situated near the high road, from which also were disclosed some of the charms of Sir Hubert Parry’s estate at Highnam.

Those present were Mr W. R. Carles, C.M.G. (Vice-President), Mr L. Richardson (Hon. Secretary), Messrs. F. H. Bretherton, O. A. Brown, G. N. Bruton, H. T. Brutori, H, W. Bruton, J. D. Crewdson, F. J. Cullis, T. S. Ellis, F. Hannam-Clark, J. W. Haines, H. H. Knight, J. W. Skinner, A. J. Stephens, G. H. Pavey Smith, A. S. Montgomrey, W. Thompson, Dr. J. Middleton Martin, Dr. Dixon, Lieut.-Col. J. C. Duke, etc. [W.T.]

1 Proc. Cotteswold Nat. F.C., vol. xvi., pt. i (1907), pi. iv., fig. i, and page 34.

2 See also “ Notes on Staunton Topics ” collected and arranged by Ernest G. Fraser. 1906. Privately printed.

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EXCURSION TO TEWKESBURY.

Thursday, June 3rd, 1915.

Directors : The Rev. William Davies and L. Richardson. {Report by L. Richardson.)

The following Members attended this Meeting : Mr W. R. Carles, C.M.G. (Vice-President), L. Richardson (Hon. Secretary), the Rev. J. J. D. Cooke, the Rev. P. M. C. Johnstone, Lieut. Col. J. C. Duke, Messrs. F. H. Bretherton, F. J. Cullis, J. M. Collett, G. M. Currie, J. M. Dixon, T. S. Ellis, J. C. Frith, E. W. Fyffe, C. I. Gardiner, F. Hannam-Clark, E. Hartland, A. E. Hurry, E. Lawrence, F. J. Mylius, H. H. Knight, J. A. Smithin, Charles Upton, etc.

The Members arrived at Tewkesbury at 1.50 p.m., and at once proceeded to the Senior Council School to the School Gardens and the Domestic Science Centre. In the absence of the Headmaster, owing to ill health, the Hon. Secretary explained briefly the objects of the School Garden, and then led the way into the Domestic Science Room, where a cookery demonstration was in progress.

From the school the Members walked to the Tewkesbury Pumping Station of the Cheltenham Corporation Waterworks. Mr J. S. Pickering, M. Inst. C.E., the Borough Surveyor, wrote expressing his regret at being unable to meet the Members himself, as he was going to Scotland, but he had instructed the Works Manager, Mr Walker, to meet them and show them round. No pumping or filtering was going on, as Cheltenham was at the time being supplied from its reservoirs.^

From the Pumping Station the Members went on to the Mythe Tute, whence splendid views are obtained over a reach of the Severn to Pull Court and the serrated ridge of the Malvern Hills beyond ; of Bushley and Sarn Hill ; the Severn Ham and the site of the battle of Tewkesbury (between Edward IV. and Queen Margaret, May 4th, 1471) ; and of Tewkesbury and its historic Abbey.

The fine Mythe Bridge, which spans (170 feet) the Severn close at hand, was designed by Thomas Telford, the great engineer, and erected in 1823-26. With its long road approaches it cost ;^3 5,000, which was subscribed by share- holders. In spite of heavy tolls on the traffic — which fell far short of ex- pectation— the venture failed as a commercial enterprise, and in 1891, by the combined efforts of the Gloucestershire and Worcestershire County Councils, the bridge was thrown open free of toll.

The Hon. Secretary made some remarks on the geology of the district.

The country to the west of a line running approximately north and south through Tewkesbury, and between this line and the Malverns, is composed of Upper-Keuper rocks — principally marl like that seen in the Mythe Cliff. In the marls, however, is a bed of sandstone — the “Arden Sandstone.’’* Sandstone and marls have been flexured to a considerable extent by crust- pressures, and the result of “ differential denudation ’’ upon these rocks has been the undulating and pleasing countryof to-day.® At Heath Hill, Sarn Hill, and Berrow Hill, are outliers of Rhaetic and basal Lower-Lias beds."* The Keuper beds are of great thickness, as the deep and costly boring for water at Upton-on-Severn has proved.

1 A full account of these Works, by Mr Pickering, will be found in Trans. Inst. Water Engineers,

vol. xiii. (1912), pp. 7I-75- ^

2 Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. Ixviii. (1912), pp. 252-280.

3 L.R.,Proc. CotteswoldNat. F.C., vol. XV., pt. 2(1905), pp. 93-100. ^

4 L.R., Trans. Worcestershire Nat. Club, vol. iii.,pp. 192-195 ; Quart. Journ. Geol. boc., vol. Ixi. (1905), pp. 425-430.

PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB

1915

The country to the east of the line referred to above, between it and the Cotteswold Hills, is floored with Lower-Lias clay, on which dairy-farming predominates. Here and there, however, are deposits of gravel (“ Northern Drift ”) and sand, and where they occur (as atEckington) the ground is very suitable for market-gardening.

Great accumulations of “ Northern-Drift ” pebbles occur on the banks of the Avon (as at Twyning Fleet), above the level of the Alluvium.

The flat ground alongside the Avon and Severn is formed of Alluvium — the mud brought down and deposited by the rivers. In times past there were small lakes on the line of the Severn. One such lake e.xisted where the Severn Ham is now situated. When some deep excavations were made in connection with the Tewkesbury Docks, lacustrine depo.sits were proved. In very rainy seasons, owing to the overflowing of the rivers, the Severn Ham and neigh- bouring low-lying meadows soon become cov’ered with water (Plate II., figs. I and 2).

In times past the limestone-beds, which are so numerous in the lower portion of the Lower Lias, were extensively worked on Brockridge Common (near Ripple), Heath Hill, and Sam Hill, for burning for lime, for paving cattle- sheds, and to a certain extent for road metalling and building purposes.^ As is obvious, however, in Tewkesbury, brick, and, in the older picturesque houses, brick and oftimes “ wattle-dab ” and oak were the building materials. The bricks were made from the alluvium, and the numerous, now usually flooded, pits by the Severn-side show how extensively this material was used in the past. Now, however, there is only one brick-works in activity — that near the Lower Lode.*

The old flooded pits are now usually used for osier-beds to furnish material for willow basket-making. Osier-growing and basket-making are important Severn-side industries. By the Severn-side at Deerhurst— where the industry has been carried on for centuries — the basket-makers carry on their work in sheds adjoining or close to their cottages.® The baskets princi- pally made are coal-kipes, fruit-kipes, and square pot-baskets for fruit. These baskets are mostly sent to the large towns — -Gloucester, Cheltenham, Birming- ham, Liverpool, Nottingham, Sheffield, etc.

The Mythe Cliff is the one place in Gloucestershire where the Woad {Isatis tinctoria L.) is now found, and the Members were fortunate in finding several specimens in flower. The plant belongs to the Cruciferaj, and has been grown from the earliest times in Britain for the sake of its leaves, which con- tain indoxyl — an unstable compound whose watery solutions produce indigo- blue after treatment with an alkali and an acid. It is probable that this is the plant which is mentioned by Caesar and other Roman authors as being employed by the ancient Britons for staining their bodies. Since the intro- duction of indigo from the indigo plant in the i6th century the cultivation of woad has almost disappeared. According to Mr. J. M. Dixon, it used to be grown in Gloucestershire on the ground (Lower Lias clay) still known a? “Wad Ground,’’ near Broad Marston Halt on the Honeybourne-Stratford Railway.

After tea at the Swan Hotel, the ISIembers walked to the Abbey gates, where they were met by the Rev. William Davies, of Tewkesbury, who was to show them some of the less-visited buildings in Tewkesbury.

1 The water in a well in the Lower-Lias clay at Walton Cardiff closely resembles the “ Cheltenham Waters,” and in 1746 some idea was entertained of making this hamlet a place of resort.

2 Proc. Cheltenham Nat. Sci. Soc., n.s., vol. i, pt. 4 (1910), pp. 240-241.

3 E.xcept for this industry here, "gloving” in three or four cottages at Ashton-under-Hill, and shirt-making for a Worcester firm in three or four cottages at Forthampton, cottage-industries have died out altogether in the Tewkesbury Area. In the past, “ gloving ” was done in Alderton (for an Evesham firm, until some ten years ago), Beckford, Forthampton, and Hasfield.

PROC. COTTESWOLD CLUB.

VoL. XIX., PLATH II.

Fig. 1. — The River Severn, Mythe Bridge, and level alluvial ground (Severn Ham), viewed from the Mythe Tute, Tewkesbury.

Fig, 2.— View from near the same place during flood-time. (Reproduced by kind permission of Messrs Mallctl & Sons. 1 ewkcsbury.)

PROC. COTTESWOLD CLUB

Plate III

\^OL. XIX.,

Abbey Tower and old houses, Tewkesbury.

[Photo by Messrs Mallctl & Sous.)

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The name “ Tewkesbury ” at once brings to mind the fine old Abbey Church and the picturesque half-timbered houses of the town (Plate III.).

The history of the Abbey has indeed been closely interwoven with that of the town. It is probable, however, that there were habitations at Tewkes- bury before the Abbey was founded. Probably the Britons had a settle- ment here, and, judging from the number of coins that have been found in the part of the town called the “ Oldbury ” and in the neighbourhood of the Abbey, the Romans as well.

The Saxons established themselves here, and two of their nobles, Oddo and Doddo, in 715 founded the monastery, some say on the site of a chapel and dwelling erected by a recluse named Theocus.

The Danes came up the Severn on their marauding expeditions, and it is generally held that they scarped and heightened a natural protuberance on the My the Hill, which has long been known as the My the “ Toot ” or “ Tute.”i

The Danes so damaged the monastery that in 980 it became a cell, dependent on the Abbey of Cranbourne, in Dorset. In 1087 the patronage of the Tewkesbury monastery came into the hands of Robert Fitz-Hamon. Giraldus — who was appointed Abbot of Cranbourne by William Rufu.s — secured Fitz-Hamon’s interest in Tewkesbury, and, with his aid, built the noble Abbey and transferred thither the monks of Cranbourne, making that ■\bbey in turn a cell dependent on Tewkesbury. The main part of the present .\bbey is usually assigned to 1123. In 1234 the principal gateway was burnt down. The present Abbey Gateway is perpendicular work.

In 1539 came the Dissolution, and the greater portion of the monastic buildings were destroyed. The gateway, however, was preserved, as well as the “ great barn next the Avon.” The heavily-buttressed wall at the Victoria Pleasure Ground formed part of this ‘‘great barn,” which, in 1899, was pur- chased by the Corporation so as to belong to the town and be kept in good repair.

Mr Davies stated that the old high road to Gloucester used to run be- tween this wall and the river and along the site of the present Victoria Pleasure Ground.

The mill they were near, continued Mr Davies, was known as the Abbey Mill. There was one here at the time of the battle of Tewkesbury, for Holin- shed states that the carnage ‘‘ was terrible at a mill in the meadow fast by the town.”

Mr Davies said that they were not going to visit the site of the Battle of Tewkesbury. They would recollect, however, that it was fought between Edward IV. and Margaret (Consort of Henry VI.), representing the houses of York and Lancaster, on May 4th, 1471. The Lancastrians were defeated. Margaret fled across the river, and, some say, hid for two days at Payne’s Place, Bushley. Her young son, the Prince of Wales, was taken prisoner, brought before Edward IV., tradition has it, in a house in Church Street (number 102), and there stabbed to death by the Dukes of Gloucester and Clarence.

The Abbey Mill figures in ‘‘ John Halifax, Gentleman ” — a work that was again brought to mind by a visit to the site of a portion of the tan-yard of ‘‘ Abel Fletcher.”

Tanning had a lengthy history in Tewkesbury, but now the trade is ex- tinct. There was an Abbey tannery in 1385, and by the i6th century various dependent leather industries had grown up. Tewkesbury then had its com- pany of cordwainers and shoe-makers, besides ‘‘ whittawyers,” glovers, pouch- makers, and point — or shoe-lace — makers.

I W. Johnson, in “ Byways in British Archaeology” (p. 70), derives “Toot” from A.S.totiaTi, “ to project, to peep,” in allusion to the swelling or protuberance of the ground.

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The original tan-yard of “ John Halifax ” was bought and a factory for silk-finishing built on it about 1840. After a few years it was sold to R. Bolding, who re-opened it as a boot and shoe factory, calling it the “ Hali- fax Works.” After being closed for some time it was acquired by the Tewkes- bury Manufacturing Company (registered 1880), who sold it to Mr Jackson in 1886. Mr Jackson kept the Works until 1909. On 21st December, 1909, they were acquired and refloated by Mr Wilson, and in September, 1913, became the Tewkesbury Manufacturing Co., Ltd., and known as the Eagle Factory.

The early trade of the town appears to have been confined to the com- merce in grain, flour and malt, which the inhabitants were enabled to carry on to great advantage by means of their fine navigable rivers. In the same year that the battle of Tewkesbury was fought it is on record that they petitioned Henry VI. to stop bands from the Forest of Dean plundering their boats on their way down the Severn to Bristol and elsewhere.

During the time of the Commonwealth, gloves were largely manufactured ; worsted combing was carried on to some extent during Anne’s reign, and in that of her successor the clothing business flourished. Malting and home brewing were carried on on an extensive scale for some centuries, but now. Downing & Co. are the only maltsters in the place. A cotton thread lace factory was founded at least as early as 1817, and in 1825 these works — the property of Messrs. Freeman in the Oldbury — were considered highly equipped for that date. The industry did not survive later than 1850. ‘‘ Silk-throw-

ing ” was done between 1840 and 1870. In 1870 the last firm — Iliffe’s — migrated to Coventry. The site of Iliffe’s factory is now occupied by the Picture Palace.

Ropes were manufactured as late as 1832 in a long narrow space — now built upon — but still called the ‘‘ Rope Walk.”

Nails were made by individual master-nailers, their wives and children — where Nailers’ Square and Nelson Street now stand — until about 1874, when machinery replaced handwork. For a short period two local tradesmen made pins with “ superlative solid heads and improved points,” and the trade enjoyed a boom ; but Beard & Co., who acquired the Works in 1849, soon had to abandon them.

The chief industry in Tewkesbury during the 19th century, however, was that of stocking-frame knitting. In 1810 some 800 frames were at work ; in 1819, when the trade was depressed, 559 ; but in 1830, between 700 and 800, giving employment to about 1,500 people — more than a fourth of the population. The industry has quite died out.

That, in most respects, excellent Cambridge County Geography — Gloucestershire (1909), dealing with Tewkesbury (p. 148), states : —

” Its chief manufactures are nails and leather goods ; there is also a

small silk factory, and formerly there was much stocking-frame knitting

done.”

All these industries have long been dead. The principal ones now carried on are : —

INDUSTRIES IN TEWKESBURY.

1. — Building. — Messrs. Collins & Godfrey (general builders ; speciality :

large buildings and private houses, church building and restora- tion).

2. — Engineering. — («) Messrs. C. W. Jones & Co., Oldbury Road (agri-

cultural engineering, steam, oil, and gas engines repairs, imple- ment making).

vor.. XIX. (i)

EXCURSION— TEWKESBURY

17

{b) Messrs. Thomas Walker & Sons, Oldbury Road (general engineers and contractors. Round-about manufacturers and makers of brickyard machinery).

Messrs. Healing Sons.

4. — Maltsters. — Messrs. Downing & Co.

paid to the old Baptist Meeting House in Old Baptist apel Yard. This was of particular interest, and Mr Davies had on exhibit a niintib^ of most interesting old books, including the Church Book. This Church Book is m its original sheepskin covers, and the first entry in it refers to a meeting at Warwick in 1655, to which the Tewkesbury Church sent its Messengers. When persecution raged in 1663 there were 124 members and their names are entered in cipher. The graveyard is interesting. In it IS the still legible gravestone of John Cowell, who died in i68o.

Mr Wdhs, 102, Church Street, was pointed out as that in

VE was murdered after the

battle of Tewkesbury.

Soine of the oldest houses in Tewkesbury are those near the Cross. Two made into one now constitute " Ye Olde Berkeley Arms Inn,” the third is a snop i his last has a fine row of oak window-lights over the shop front in what IS calkd arcade work.” This work was for long covered with plaster • ^ood""^^" removed the arcading was discovered and defects made

The Cross House— once probably the town house of the Lords of Tewkes- bury—was viewed by kind permission of Mr F. W. Godfrey, and admiration was expressed at the excellent way in which the restoration and certain improvements had been carried out.

f Academy House was viewed from the garden, by kind permission

of Mr C. C Moore. It is a fine example of a house of Jacobean times. It is known as the Academy House, because from 1711 to 1719 a Presbyterian Academy was held here. The Rev. Samuel Jones was the master, and a number of pupils--such as Archbishop Seeker and Dr. Butler, Bishop of Durham- attained high distinction.

EXCURSION TO DUNDRY HILL AND STANTON DREW,

Near BRISTOL.

Tuesday, June 15th, 1915.

Directors : A. E. Hudd, F.S.A., and L. Richardson. [Report by W. Thompson.)

The second whole-day field meeting of the Club was favoured with weather almost too fine. That is to say, the Members who assembled at Temple Meads Station, Bristol, on Tuesday whilst fully appreciating the brilliant sunshine, recognised the urgent need for a break in the drought which has aroused anxiety among those engaged in agriculture and horti- culture. The feeling was deepened before the day was over, for owing to the dusty condition of the roads, the ride from Bristol to Dundry Hill and Stanton Drew was robbed of much of its pleasure. This was in part due to the fact that the Hon. Secretary had failed in his attempt to obtain char-a- bancs owing to the increased needs of the Government, and as a consequence the Members had to make the journey in taxi-cabs — a novel way of covering the ground, but not to be desired as a general experience. When the party C

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arrived at Temple Meads for tlie homeward train journey they were literally covered with dust, and those wearing dark clothes looked as if they had stepped out of a flour mill. However, the excellence of the programme provided by Mr Richardson went far to compensate the party for this drawback, and the day will be remembered as one of mental profit, and, apart from the dust fiend, of physical enjoyment.

DUNDRY HILL.

The Club was fortunate in having the company of Mr A. E. Hudd, F.S.A., of Clifton. Dundry Hill is situated on the Somersetshire side of Bristol. It is both long and steep, but when the summit is attained a fine view rewards the climber. Bristol with Clifton and its Suspension Bridge, Avonmouth further west, and to the east the termination of the Cotteswolds near Bath, provide such a panorama as the eye delights to feast on, and full advantage was taken of the opportunity, such time as Members remained in the vicinity of the conspicuous church.

Mr Hudd pointed out that according to Collinson the name of Dundry was derived from two Erse words, “ dun ” and “ draegh,” signifying a hill of oaks, but that this was not very convincing. The late Bishop Clifford suggested that the church tower was probably on the site of an ancient beacon for the guidance of mariners, and that the name was derived from the Saxon “ Dawn-tree,” from A.S. ‘‘ dagian,” to spread light. The fine tower acts as a landmark from the Channel and has been well-restored. In the churchyard is a beautiful cross, described and figured by Pooley, of about the same date as the tower — late 15th century. There is an interesting ‘‘dole stone,” a square block of Oolite (Dundry Freestone) in the churchyard, and until comparatively recent time doles were distributed here. The Church is said to have been originally built by the Society of Merchants of Bristol.

The Members then went into the freestone quarry, near the Church.

Mr Richardson said that Dundry Hill was of considerable interest to students of the Inferior Oolite, because the lower beds of the Series here were very similar to their equivalents to the south of the Mendip Hills (and totally unlike their equivalents in the Cotteswold Hills) ; while the ‘‘Top Beds” were similar to their equivalents in the Doulting-Bath district and the South Cotteswolds. The Dundry Freestone — formerly so extensively worked in this quarry, and, as they had seen from the holes and irregular ground on Dundry Down, there as well — occupied a position between the Upper THgonia- Grit and Upper Coral-Bed. Its geographical extent was very limited : it occurred in sufficient thickness to be workable for commercial purposes only in the neighbourhood of the Church. The Church was sufficient evidence of the excellence of this freestone.

Particular attention was drawn to the Upper Coral-Bed because it had yielded to Charles Moore — the well-known Somerset geologist — a large number of exceedingly interesting micro-fossils, and was in all respects similar to its equivalent at Midford, near Bath,^ and at Rodborough Hill ® and Wor- gan’s Quarry, ® near Stroud. Many geologists had written on the Inferior Oolite of the Dundry-Hill outlier ; but it was Mr S. S. Buckman, in collaboration with the late Edward Wilson,* who was the first to describe the beds satis- factorily and to correlate them with their equivalents in other parts. Mr Richardson had bestowed special attention on the ‘‘Top Beds,” and had , published the results of his work in the Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society.®

1 Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. Ixiii. (1907), pp. 406-408 and Table II.

2 Proc. Cotteswold Nat. F.C., vol. xvi., pt. i (1907), PP- 73. 74 : and id., vol. xvii., pt. i (1910), p. 135.

3 E. Witchell, “ The Geology of Stroud " (1882), pp. 60-61.

4 Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. lii. (1896), pp. 669-720 : Proc. Bristol Nat. Soc., vol. viii. (1897), pp. 188-231.

5 Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. Ixiii. (1907), pp. 420-421.

VOL. XIX. (i) EXCURSION— DUNDRY HILL tS: STANTON DREW 19

The two botanists of the party turned out on the Down with a view of studying the flora of the district, but drew a blank.

CHEW MAGNA.

Before Stanton Drew was reached, a view of the Mendips was obtained, and on the suggestion of Mr Hudd the party halted at Chew Magna to inspect the Church and Church House. The former is interesting by reason of its south porch, which once contained a small gallery for use on special occasions, such as weddings. Here boy choristers would be installed. This is the only place in North Somerset whei'e such a porch is to be found. There is another in the lower part of Gloucestershire, oire in Monmouthshire, and a fourth at Weston Gordano, near Portishead. The Church House is a Tudor building still in use and pleasing to the eye. In the churchyard is buried John Locke.

STANTON DREW.

Stanton Drew is appropriately associated with Stonehenge and Avebury, for, to quote from the British Association leaflet of 1898 (Bristol), “The mega- lithic remains of Stanton Drew, though far less imposing than the great circles of Avebury and Stonehenge, are more perfect than the one, and probably more ancient than the other.’’ Here the Rev. H. H. WTnwood, F.G.S., of Bath, acted as Director, and Members of the Bath and District Branch of the Somerset Archaeological and Natural History Society awaited the arrival of the Cotteswold Club. Taking up a position under the branches of a fine

Fig. 1. — Stanton Drew Circles.

(Block lent by the Bristol and Glos. Ai't^h. Soc.)

(Reproduced from a photograph lent by Mr C. Horton)

oak tree, whence a comprehensive view of the stone circles was obtained, the company listened to a paper read by Mr Win wood, in which he reviewed the theories advanced for the presence of prehistoric remains of such importance. There are three circles at Stanton Drew, namely : —

1. ^ — ■“ Great Circle,’’ diameter 368 feet, 30 stones

2. — “ N.E. Circle ’’ ,, 97 ,, 8 ,,

2.—“ S.Wh Circle ’’ ,, 145 ,, 12 ,,

and the “ Quoit,’’ “ Cove ’’ and “ Middle-Ham ’’ Stones.

20

PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB

1915

A short “ avenue ” of stones in parallel lines leads out from the Great Circle towards the E.N.E. and probably indicates a sunrise bearing on some agriculturally important day of the year.

The North-East Circle is near the Great Circle, and is thus named on account of its position in relation to that Circle. It has a diameter of 97 feet and is constituted by eight large and massive blocks of silicified breccia, one of which (if indeed it does not represent more than one) is broken and re- cumbent. From this circle, too, there runs a short “ avenue ” bearing a little south of E., in which one stone is of Inferior Oolite.

The South-West Circle lies at a distance of 237 yards to the S.W., has a diameter of 145 feet, and is constituted by twelve smaller stones, most of them of the same silicified rock ; but one is of slightly altered Dolomitic Conglomerate, and one of sandstone.

Near Stanton Drew Church, about 180 yards W. by N. of the South-West Circle is a dolmen known as “ The Cove,” composed of the relatively unaltered breccia, one of the uprights of which is loj feet high, 7J feet broad, and 2 feet thick.

” The Quoit ” is a large recumbent sandstone megalith, situated near the road at a distance of about 618 yards to the N.E. of the ‘‘ Great Circle ; and two smaller oolitic stones lie 1,100 yards N. by E. of that circle, in a field known as the Middle Ham. On Broadfield Down about 6J miles distant is a dolmen (” The Waterstone ”) bearing a little N. of West.

These megalithic remains are undoubtedly very ancient, but opinions differ as to the race by whom they were placed in their present position. By some they are regarded as the work of the Neolithic Mediterranean race who were in possession of England before the Celtic incursion. By others they are ascribed to these later Bronze folk invaders.

As to their purpose, by some they are regarded as temples. Others look upon them as burial places. The view, however, that is gaining ground is that they are connected with astronomical observations of guiding value to a people whose practical interests were agricultural.

In this connection it will be convenient to give the dimensions, distances between centres, probable number of constituent stones, and compass bearings, as recorded in the able monograph on Stanton Drew, by C. W. Dymond, Esq.,

F.S.A.

Bearings and distances : —

Great Circle to N.E. Circle S.W. „

,, ,, Cove

,, ,, Quoit

,, ,, Middle Ham

S.W. Circle Cove

Axis of Great Circle Avenue N E

It may be noted :■ —

N.54°I5'E„ 398 ft.

S.2i°4o'W., 712 ft.

S.53°45'W., 988 ft.

N.I9°3o'E., 1856 ft. N.83°i5'W., 3305 ft. N.8i°45'W., 542 ft. N.7o°E.

S.79°E.

1. — That the centre of the Great Circle, that of the S.W. circle and that of the quoit, are nearly in the same straight line. (Angle 177° 50'.)

2. — That the Cove, the centre of the great circle, and that of the N.E. circle, are nearly in the same straight line. (Angle 179° 30'.)

3. — That the line joining the centre of the S.W. circle with the Cove is nearly parallel with that joining the centre of the great circle and the Middle Ham Stones. (Angle 1° 30'.)*

I These notes on the Stanton Drew Cireles are derived from Prof. C. Lloyd Morgan’s contribu- tions to the programme of the Annual Summer Meeting of the Bristol and Gloucestershire Archasological Society at Wells and Glastonbury, June 3rd-5th, 1913, and “ Excursions,” British .\ssociation, Bristol, 1898.

VOL. XIX. (i) EXCURSION— DUN DRY HILL & STANTON DREW

21

Leaving the Circles, the Members proceeded to the Church, where the Rev. W. W. Warren, who has recently taken up residence as Vicar, furnished some particulars. The font is the oldest part of the Church, being early Norman, and there are fragments of Norman work at the base of pillars and elsewhere. The building has been thoroughly restored, and the gallery at the west end renewed.

MAES KNOLL AND THE WANSDYKE.

After tea the party motored to Maes Knoll, where Mr Hudd again con- tributed some interesting observations on the Wansdyke, which begins at Maes Knoll — a well-preserved earthwork on a hill which bears a striking resemblance to Haresfield Beacon. Standing on the Knoll it was easy to create a picture of the land situated on the Standish side of Haresfield Beacon, and the general contour was strongly reminiscent of that locality.

Mr Hudd has devoted special study to the Wansdyke, which extends from North Somerset to the borders of Hampshire. There can be no doubt that the name by which the dyke is now known is of Saxon origin, nor that to that people we may attribute the finest portions of the monument, for instance, tlie portion near English Combe and that on the Wiltshire Downs from Shepherd’s Shore to St. .Anne’s Hill, but it is ([uite possible that there was an earlier dj-ke partially following the same course, connecting the prehistoric eartliworks at Maes Knoll, Stantonbury, Hampton Down, etc. It is also possible that this earlier dyke may have been one of the “ Belgic ditches ” described by several authorities. The late Dr. John Beddoe also attributed “ the gigantic earth fortress called Maes Knoll ” and the Wansdyke to the Belggc, erected as a barrier against the Dobuni of Gloucestershire, but this was written before the excavation of the dyke by General Pitt-Rivers. It seems probable that Maes Knoll also is of post-Roman date. There is at jirescnt no trace of the Wansdyke west of Maes Knoll, and notwithstanding the account given by Collinson, it is very doubtful whether the dyke ever extended further west than it does now. Mr Hudd examined, many years ago, the remains in “ Yanley Lane ” and in other places mentioned by Collin- son and others, and came to the conclusion that the traces of carthw'orks there had nothing to do with the dyke. From Maes Knoll the dyke starts from the north-east corner of the camp in the direction of Stantonbury, where it joins the. north-west vallum of the prehistoric camp there, and may be traced in many places between Stantonbury and Hampton Camp. Since the explora- tion twenty years ago, much of the dyke has been destroyed, especially in Prior Park, Bath, wliere it was well-marked , but can now hardly be seen. The vallum varies from a few inches above the bottom of the foss to about 30 feet on St. Anne’s or Tanhill. The ditch is always on the north side of the mound, which indicates its use as a protection by the dwellers south of the Dyke. It has been suggested that the mound and ditch were, only intended to prevent cattle straying, but the huge mound and the ditch carefully cut in the chalk rock on the Wiltshire Downs seem to indicate something more, possibly a tribal boundary.

The ascent of Maes Knoll was not the least pleasant jmrt of the day’s programme, for not only did Members get respite from the blinding clouds of dust, but they were also favoured with fine views of Dundry Hill with its prominent Church tower, the familiar line of the Cotteswolds ; while the diversified features of the landscape created an agreeable impression of this part of Somersetshire.

One again the Honorary Secretary had succeeded in ministering to the tastes of all.

The Members of the Club who were present included : — The Rev. H. H. Win wood (Vice-President), Me.s.srs. L. Richardson (Hon. Secretary), F. H. Bretherton, G. M. Currie, E. W. Fyffe, F. Hannam-Clark, W. Margetson, A. S. Montgomrey, A. E. Smith, F. W. Smith, E. C. Sewell, A. J. Stephens, W. Thompson, C. Upton, and E. Northam Witchell.

22

PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB

1915

EXCURSION TO MAY HILL, Near GLOUCESTER. Saturday, June 26th, 1915.

Director : C. I. GARDINER, M.A., F.G.S.

{Report by the Director.)

On Saturday, June 26th, a party of the Club, including Mr. W. R. Carles, C.M.G., and C. Upton (Vice-Presidents), Lieut.-Col. J. C. Duke, the Rev. J. J. D. Cooke, Surgeon-Major I. Newton, Messrs. F. H. Bretherton, G. M. Currie, M. Bellows, E. W. Fylfe, C. I. Gardiner, T. S. Ellis, A. S. Montgomrey, F. Hannam-Clark, A. J. Stephens, etc., visited May Hill.

Owing to pressure of work the Honorary Secretary was unable to be present, and Mr Gardiner acted as Secretary and Director. The majority of the Members motored from Gloucester and met the cyclists at Huntley.

By the roadside at Huntley two quarries were seen, the one in New Red Sandstone, and a few yards further on one in a hard green and purple fine sandy grit. This latter rock is considered by Dr. Callaway to be of Pre- Cambrian age ; the beds are folded up sharply into a vertical position, and at one place are slightly overfolded. Between the two quarries is, in a north and south direction, one of the most important faults in England, which, coming down the east side of the Malvern Hills, runs down to Huntley. Movement along this line probably began in Coal-Measure times, and can hardly be said to have ceased yet, for the earthquake of some twenty years ago seems to have been a tremor caused by a small displacement along this old line of dislocation.

Proceeding up to Dursley Cross the party walked up May Hill, noting on the way the two types of Llandovery rocks which occur in this district — the lower a coarse red sandstone with large fragments of well-rounded felsite and quartz grains of considerable size in it ; the upper, a fine yellow sandstone.

Fossils in the former are very scarce and very fragmentary, while the upper bed is frequently full of brachiopods and corals.

From the summit of May Hill a wide and interesting view was obtained. The geology of the immediate neighbourhood was discussed and attention was called to the parallel ridges formed of Carboniferous, Old Red Sandstone, and hard Silurian rocks.

The descent was made to Rock Farm, where a quarry in the Wenlock Limestone was visited, in which fossils were found. At Longhope tea was obtained, and afterwards Mr Gardiner spoke of the work done in the middle of the 19th century by Sedgwick and Murchison in North and South Wales, and of the great geologic storms which raged in those days round May Hill. Murchison classed the May Hill Sandstone as the equi\-alent of the Caradoc Sandstone of Horderley, which is of Bala age, while Sedgwick claimed its fossils as showing that it was of later date. Eventually the Survey re-in- vestigated the May Hill Sandstone of the Llandovery district, and found Sedgwick’s conclusions were right. They then called this deposit Llandovery Sandstone, and it is now known to be of a higher horizon than the Caradoc Sandstone, which is nowhere seen in the May Hill district.

On the journey back quarries near Blaisdon were inspected, which are in the upper part of the Wenlock Limestone and in the Lower-Ludlow Beds.

EXCURSION TO AVEBURY AND DISTRICT.

Tuesday, July 6th.

Owing to the impossibility of obtaining motors or brakes — on account of the War — this exciu'sion had to be abandoned.

VOL. XIX. (l)

EXCURSION— HAYLES

23

EXCURSION TO HAYLES. Thursday, September i6th, 1915. DivectoY : Sr. Clair Baddeley. [Report by L. Richardson.)

The Members, who included Messrs. H. \V. Bruton, F. H. Bretherton, ^y. R. Carles, F. J. Cullis, J. M. Dixon, T. S. Ellis, F. W. Fyffe, H. II. Knight, E. P. Little, F. J. Mylius, L. Richardson, C. Upton, Lieut. -Col. J. C. Duke, Surg. -Major I. Newton, etc., met at Hayles Church.

A few, including the Director, walked to Hayles from Toddington Station (where they arrived at 1.2) via Didbrook.

In Didbrook the warm brown colour of the local building-stone, the “ Guiting Stone,” attracted attention, and reminded those who had visited Ham Hill, near Yeovil, of that famous West of England building-stone. •

In times past, the Guiting Stone was extensively worked by Messrs. Groves Bros, at the ‘‘ Tally Ho ” Quarry, near the Naunton Inn on the Stow Road, and at the ‘‘Yellow Guiting Stone” Quarry, Temple Guiting. In igoi 'I'heTaynton and Guiting Quarries, Ltd., accpiired the ” Tally Ho,” Quarry and the “Yellow ” and “ White Guiting Stone ” Quarries at Temple Guiting, and continued to work all three until 1905. In that year tlie “ Tally Ho ” Quarry was closed, and the plant removed to the then recently-opened Coscombe Quarry. As the company specialize in the “ Yellow Stone,” the “ White Guiting Stone ” Quarry in Oat Hill Wood was only worked when rccpiii'cd, and in 1909 work ceased at the “ Yellow Guiting Stone ” Quarry altogether in order to concentrate at Coscombe.

The “ Guiting Stone ” is of a warm brown— in trade circles “ orange ” — colour and possesses remarkably good Aveathering properties. The colour has no tendency to fade, but rather to attain a warmer shade with age. Guiting Grange shows the colour to perfection.

“ Guiting Stone ” is a very free-working stone, hardens on e.xposure, and is not affected by frost, even when the cpiarry sap is still in it. In the stone now quarried there are no soft layers, as was the case in some of that formerly cpiarried. Blocks 6 to 7 feet in tlcpth and any reasonable size can be obtained. When freshly-drawn the stone averages 14 cubic feet to the ton.

The mansions, farm-houses, churches, and buildings generally in the immediate neighbourhood of the “ Guiting Stone ” Quarries arc a standing testimonial to the merits of the stone — the sharpne.ss of all angles, and the clean, square and upright appearance of the buildings being particularly noticeable. This is especially to be noted at Temple Guiting Church, the chisel-marks being as plain as when the stone left the masons’ hands. The. dates of erection are : — Tower, about 15th century ; nave, aliout 14th century ; and chancel, about 12th century. Amongst other buildings where “ Guiting Stone ” has been used may be mentioned Toddington House, Fosse House (Stow-on-the-Wold), Farnham Castle, Tewkesbury Abbey, etc. Evesham Bell Tower, about 800 years old, is said to have been built of this stone.

From Didbrook the Members traced the Salt-way (which ran from Lech- lade to Droitwich, through Salperton, Hayles and Didbrook) to Hayles.

At Hayles additional Members joined the party.

First Hayles Church was visited. It was built long before the Abbey.

In the reign of Stephen, Ralph de Worcester took possession of Hayles, fortified a Castle and built a Church. Earthworks in the meadow now alone indicate the site of tlie Castle, but part of the original Norman Church still remains. In 1248 the Monks of the Abbey became po.sses.sed of the Clmrch. In the 14th century they in.serted decorated windows and a priest’s doorway in the walls of the chancel and raised the roof with half-timber work. In

24

PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB

1915

the 15th century they inserted a perpendicular east window and altered the Norman Chancel to its present form. There is a campanile for two bells at the west end and the remains of a sanctus bell-turret over the chancel arch.

“ Until a few years ago the altar stood table- wise in the middle of the chancel, with .seats for the communicants on every side of it ; a Puritan arrangement similar to that which formerly existed at Leonard Stanley and Deerhurst.”

From the Church the Members went to view the ruins of the Abbey, which have been so carefully studied by Mr St. Clair Baddeley^ and Canon Bazeley and railed in by the owner, Mr Andrews, of Toddington.

Hayles Abbey was a Cistercian Abbey, and was founded by Richard Earl of Cornwall. It was dedicated on November 5th, 1251, in the presence ol Henry III., Queen Eleanour, twelve Bishops, Barons, Knights and Esquires.

Richard had been driven on to the Scilly Isles by a gale in 1242, and, being saved, vowed that he would found an Abbey for Cistercians in his Manor of Hayles. He colonised it with twenty monks from Beaulieu, and his .son, in 1270, presented it with its famous relic — some of the Blood of Christ. To house the relic suitably, the east wall of the church was taken down and a fine- sided apse with semi-octagonal chapels was thrown out beyond. In the midst was set up a magnificent jewelled shrine for the relic. This work was com- pleted by 1277. Pilgrims flocked to the sacred relic, and the Abbey became very wealthy. Edward I. vi.sited it in 1300, when his cousin Edmund, Earl of Cornwall, was buried here. Late in the 15th century the cloisters were rebuilt and the Chapter House re-floored with beautiful tiles. In 1539, however, came the Dissolution, and the Abbey and all its possessions were surrendered to Henry VHT.’s commissioners by Stephen Sagar, the last Abbot.

The Abbey at its prime was a large one, its precinct- wall including the entire present field, and perhaps the Parish Church as well, which latter may have been u.sed as a Gate-House Chapel. The Gatc-Hou.se probably stood just beyond the present one that gives acce.ss to the Abbey-field.

It appears that when the cloisters were re-built late in the 15th century, the west walk — three inner arches of which are still standing — was allocated to the lay brothers, and later to the Abbot for lodgings. After the Dis- solution these portions were converted into the Mansion of the Hobys, Strat- fords and Tracys. As their re.sidence, until 1683, it was figured in Atkyns, and by Buckler and Lysons. In 1899 were found six heraldic bosses— bearing the arms of Huddleston, Percy, Evesham .\bbey and Compton— dating from Henry VII.

The Abbots of Hayles had a summer residence on the hill-side at Cos- combe, and to the last ;\bbot, Sagar (of Whalley), Coscombe Hou.se and a pension of £100 was granted b}^ his friend, Thomas Cromwell, in 1 539. Mean- time, Church, chapter-house, dormitory, infirmary, warming-parlour and refectory (or frater) were used as a cpiarry ; while the lead from their roofs w£is transferred to the Ordnance Department.

In the south walk of the cloister is still to be seen the (mended) 15th century lavatory, also the entrances to the Refectory, warming-parlour, and stairs of dormitory (south-east corner). The fine refectory door of 124O was ill-treated in the i6th century, and shows degenerate insertions. Fi'om the lavatory the monks went to the refcctor^^ and from the latter — after the mid- day meal — to the “ Capitulum,” or chapter-house, where business trans- actions and the regulations of the Monastery were daily recited in the presence of the Abbot and Prior, and disciplines for misconduct were pronounced and administered.

The excellent little Mu.seum was visited, after which Mr Carles theinked Mr Baddeley on behalf of the Club for the very fascinating manner in which he had de.scribed the Church and Abbey and pictured to them monastic life in this part of Gloucestershire.

I “A Cotteswold Shrine” (iyo8). J. Bellows, Gloucester.

VOL. XIX. (i) EXCURSION— TETBURY WATERWORKS

25

EXCURSION TO TEIBURY WATERWORKS.

Saturday, September 25th, 1915.

Divectoy : L. Richardson.

[Report by L. Richardson.)

In view of the interest attaching to the deep boring that is in progress at the I'etbnry Waterworks, a special e.xcursion of tlie Club was organised on September 25th. Some of the Members journeyed to Tetbury by train, others motored there, and all met at the site of the boring (fig. i).

Photo by N. Baker.

Fig. I. — Derrick and Rotary-Drill Outfit at the Tetbury Waterworks Boring.

Mr Richardson — who acted as Director — said that for a long time Tel- bury had required an additional supply of water. At first it was contemplated sinking a well in the valley immediately to the south of the I'oad between the Church of England Schools, Tetbury, and Charlton, but it was thought that the water so obtained might be liable to pollution. site to the north w'as suggested, and, after careful consideration, a place in the bottom of the valley at Veizey’s Quarry was decided upon. As he would explain to them later in the afternoon — wdicn they visited the locality in cpiestion — a well was sunk, but an insufficient supply of water was found. Therefore it had been decided

26

PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB

1915

to sink ail 18-inch bore-hole close to the existing waterworks. It was purposed boring into the Upper Lias. At the time of the visit the bore-hole was 150 feet deep, having passed through the Forest Marble and Great Oolite, and penetrated 25 feet into the “Passage Beds.” Mr Richardson said that in the Kemble bore-hole,^ between the yellowish portions of the Great Oolite and the Inferior Oolite, were beds 12 1 feet thick characterised by a prevalent grey tint. The upper 48 feet he had denominated “ Passage Beds ’’ : the lower 73 feet included typical Fullers’ Earth. At the present time the bore-hole at Tetbury was about half way through these “ Passage Beds.’’ A massive core of very hard, light-grey stone between 146 feet 6 inches and 153 feet down attracted particular attention. It was inquired if it were on the horizon of the Fullers’ Earth Rock of Somerset. Mr Richardson said he did not think so. He was of opinion that these “ Passage Beds ’’ — of which the massive bed was a portion — passed horizontally into the Stones- field-Slate series of the Cotteswold country to the north. The Fullers’ Earth Rock was characterised by an abundance of specimens of Ornithella ornitho- cephala, and the furthest point north at which he had noticed typical Fullers’ Earth Rock so characterised was at the head of the little combe east of Dyr- ham Wood and distant about a mile from Dyrham in a southerly direction.’ The core was carefully examined, and a 9-inch bed of “ Dagham Stone,’’ with its cavities filled with yellow ochreous material, was pointed out in the Great Oolite at loi feet 3 inches down. Attention was also drawn to the fact that there were numerous thin, more or less vertical, fissures in the Great Oolite limestone, filled with crystalline carbonate of lime (calcite).

At the existing Waterworks is a brick-lined circular well, 9 feet 10 inches deep and 6 feet 9 inches in diameter, from the bottom of which is a 7-inch bore-hole 290 feet 2 inches deep. The top of the Inferior Oolite was reached at 252 feet down, so that this bore-hole leaves off 48 feet down in the Inferior Oolite.* On March 23rd, 1912, the water-level stood at 99 feet below the level of the engine-room floor, which is 447 feet above ordnance-datum.

From the Waterworks the Members went to Veizey’s Quarry, which was opened to obtain stone for building Westonbirt House. On their way there they saw, cropping out in the lane joining the Tetbury Upton and Chavenage roads, a bed with a pitted surface, very similar to one between 51 feet 6 inches and 53 feet down in the bore-hole. Flere Mr Richardson made some remarks on the stone known as “ Dagham Stone.’’ He said that two beds of Dagham Stone, separated by two to four feet of limestone, are seen in the Aldgrove Cutting on the M. and S.W.J. Rly. to the south of Foss Cross Station.^ This stone is found over a large area in the Tetbury-Cirencester district. It has been considerably used for rustic rock or rockeries, and derives its name from Dagham or Daglingworth Downs to the north of Cirencester, where it forms the substratum of a large extent of (formerly) down-land. Several suggestions have been made as to the origin of the irregular holes in the stone. Thus Lycett attributed them “ to the forcible escape of gases from beneath while the stratum was of a soft or pasty consistence ’’ Prof. Allen Harker to the action of humic acid Edwin Witchell to calcareous matter being deposited “round soft substances which have been dissolved or otherwise removed, and through the labours of boring animals when the surface of the limestone was the floor of the sea’’ p and the late H. B. Woodward to the calcareous mud

1 Proc. Cotteswold Nat. F.C., vol. xviii., pt. 2 (1913), pp. 185-189.

2 Id., vol. xvii., pt. I (1910), p. 78.

3 The well at the Tetbury Brewery, formerly Cooks, but purchased by the Stroud Brewery Co. Ltd., in 1913, is 90 feet deep, 6 feet in diameter, in rock all the way down, and “ stained ” for the first 12 feet. From the bottom of the well is a bore-hole 200 feet deep and 6 inches in diameter. During a test in 1914, 85,000 gallons per 24 hours were pumped continuously for three days. The water entered the well mainly through one noticeable fissure at the bottom. The Brewery is situated on the Forest Marble, the clays of which hold up the water in the Brewery pond.

4 Proc. Geol. Assoc., vol. xxii. (1911), p. 107.

5 Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. iv., p. 185.

6 Proc. Cotteswold Nat. F.C., vol. ix., p. 316.

7 " Geology of Stroud,” p. 78.

PROC. COTTESWOLD CLUB.

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VOI.. XIX. (i) EXCURSION— TETBXTRY W.\TERWORKS

27

being penetrated by burrowing organisms, which liavc left no other traces of their former presence in the now indurated deposit, than the irregular lines of weakness caused by their burrows. These have been subsequently acted upon both superficially and underground, by acidulated waters.”’ Mr Richardson did not consider that any of these suggestions satisfactorily explained the phenomena. He did not think the irregular cavities were formed by boring organisms. As they had seen in the piece of the bed drawn from deep down in the Tetbury bore-hole, the rock was similar to the pieces found at or near the surface with the exception that the cavities were filled with the yellow ochreous material, and had not been enlarged nor their sides worn by percolating waters. He was inclined to attribute the nature of the stone to its formation under certain special conditions which required further consideration.

From the causeway leading into Yeizey’s Quarry the ‘‘ dry ” valley and site of the well sunk in search of water were pointed out. Mr Richardson said that when the Club visited the spot last year he had told them of the Rev. E. C. Spicer’s views with respect to the origin of ‘‘ dry ” valleys in the (ilyme .\rea of Oxfordshire.’ Spicer suggested that the dry valleys in that area were due to solution ” — to underground waters gradually dissolving the superincumbent limestone. As the limestone in the neighbourhood of the subterranean waters was slowly dissolved, settlement of superincumbent rock would gradually take place, and eventually the once subterranean stream would appear growing headwards. He found that the water was very hard, and that carbonate of lime had been deposited abundantly from it round roots, and, after flooding, upon the herbage.

.\pplying this theory here, Mr Richardson said they might have expected an underground stream, and that as the valley was excavated some depth in the Great Oolite, the Fullers’ Earth woidd be reached by a well less deep than one .sunk on the neighbouring higher ground, whereas — at the bore-hole — the Forest Marble and the whole of the Great Oolite had to be penetrated before the Fullers’ Earth was reached.

A well was accordingly sunk near the causeway and the black shale, grey, and often indurated marls and impure limestones of the ” Passage Beds,” such as commence at 133 feet down in the bore-hole were reached at 56 feet below ground-level (369 feet above ordnance-datum). The details of the beds passed through by this well are as follows : —

WELL SUNK AT VEIZEY’S QUARRY IN I915.

Ground-level : 369 feet above ordnance-datum. Thickness in

ft. ins.

f Reddish clayey soil, with numerous frag- boil -j ments of Forest Marble and Great-Oolite

[limestone : about

^Limestone, yellowish, oolitic. Very little Great I part water comes out of the rock, the most from

Oolite I of a horizon- about 16 feet above the base

o

‘ ‘ Passage Beds.”

lower

part

of

22‘*

and

23

of the P.-Beds

24.

25

Top of

26

47

Limestone, hard, bluish-grey, with con- spicuous (and in places irregularly-scattered) oolite-granules

TMarls, grey, indurated, slightly sandy in \ places ; Pseudomonotis echinata (Sow.) . . f Limestone, hard, grey, very fine-grained, -{ slightly sandy : occasional crinoid-ossicles :

14

seen

2 o

1 “ Jurassic Rocks of Britain,*’ vol. iv. — “ Lower Oolitic Rocks of Britain,” 1804, pp. 286-287.

2 Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. Ixiv (1908), pp. 335-344-

3 Of this amount, the lowest 7 feet belongs to the ‘‘ Passage Beds.”

4 These numbers connect the beds with their equivalents in the Tetbury Bore-hole.

28

PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CUJB

1915

A very disappointing quantity of water was found, so disappointing that the site was abandoned.^ But what was most interesting in connection with the “ solution ” theory of the origin of dry valleys was that here at all events the sequence was perfectly normal : the bottom-beds of limestone above the impervious beds were present and not dissolved away. For the first 8 feet the shaft passed through reddish clayey soil with subangular fragments of limestone from the Forest Marble and Great Oolite. Mr Richardson held that in this case the “ solution ” was the most active near the surface, and reminded them of the thin vertical fissures filled with crystalline carbonate of lime as seen in the core of Great-Oolite limestones from the bore-hole — more especially in the beds between 62 feet and loi feet 3 inches down, which sug- gested the introducing of the carbonate of lime from percolating waters mainly descending from above. Mr J. M. Collett, F.C.S., pointed out that the con- siderable amount of stalactitic matter on the faces of the joints, etc., near the top of the quarry, and, in one place (south-eastern side) the fluffy white carbonate of lime on the surfaces of the rocks supported the opinion that solution of the limestone was proceeding more rapidly near the surface than deeper down ; while a little lower down the quarry face (and therefore valley side) to the right, the rock was much more broken up, and the pieces (most of which — to some depth — were sub-angular owing to the action of percolating waters from the surface) well separated by cavities.

To sum up, Mr Richardson considered that the line of this valley was established when the Forest-Marble beds were continuous over the district, that as the stream lowered its valley the more pervious beds of the Great Oolite were laid bare, that the dissolution of the Great-Oolite beds nearest the surface then proceeded actively, and that the even downward grade of the \'alley had been effected in the wet seasons by means of the streamlet of the occasional presence of which they had evidence in the culv'ert under the road and the gutter down the field. The 8 feet of reddish loam he regarded as being made up of in part residual earth, in part sediment brought down by the streamlet and mainly derived from the clay-beds of the Forest Marble, and in part aggraded matter from the sides of the valley. In answer to a question as to whether it was likely that the excavation of any of the valleys could be attributed to work during the Glacial Period, Mr Richardson said that he expected the process known as “ nivation ” had assisted in lowering hollows, and, of course, the action of the waters from the melting snows in closing Glacial times must have had their effect.

The Rev. H. H. Win wood thanked the Secretary on his own behalf, and on that of those present, for a very instructive afternoon.

I A well at the house close by called “ The Folly” is 80 feet deep.

VOL. XIX. (I) Tin-: CONTROL OF RIVER CHANNELS

^9

ON THE CONTROL OF RIVER CHANNELS.

By T. S. ELLIS

A great geographer has said that “ When man attempts to meddle with Nature he can only succeed in permanently modifying her aspects by studying the constant laws of her phenomena and by making his work conform to them.”^ Rivers, and the laws which govern them in their course, would seem to be a fitting subject for discussion by a Naturalists’ Field Club, and not the less so if taken in relation to the control of their channels. In doing this we shall be acting in ac- cordance with the expression of Professor Lapworth that “ The Economic Geology, as such, is as much the province of the Geologist, and demands as respectful a treatment, as the stratigraphical details of a country." He quotes the advice of Sir Michael Foster that no branch of Science should be neglected " though it be conspicuously, and even glaringly, useful. I hope, too, that no apology will be needed if sug- gestions be offered to those whose province it is to “ meddle " with the aspects of Nature and whose endeavours to " roll obedient rivers through the land ” are not always successful.

My own interest in the Natural History of Rivers has been stimulated as I have felt, more and more, the importance of the subject from the utilitarian point of view.^ I have always somewhat realized this ; thirty-three years ago I wrote that " the real cause (of river curves in alluvial plains) w'ould seem to have a bearing on the formation of warths (a local name for new lands) and the maintenance of navigation channels.”'^ Of these, which are identical with the low-water channels, I am going to speak. The purpose of my paper is to show that they can be controlled and fixed in the intended line. As to floods, I am not concerned with them, but only with that which

1 Reclus, “The Earth,” p. 261.

2 Hist. Geol. Soc. (Woodward), p. 240 and Geol. Mag., 1899, p. 519.

3 “ The idealistic motive becomes the realistic purpose." — Prof. Schuster, President’s Address Brit. Assoc. Manchester, 1915.

4 Formation of Severn Valley. Gloucester, 1882.

D

30 PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB 1915

I regard as the first thing to be done in regulating the course of rivers, the fixing of the low-water channels. This being done, the river may still overflow and inundate the district, but, as the flood subsides, it will again restrict itself to the proper channel.

I may not now discuss at length the development of rivers. Enough to say, first, that I cannot concur in accepting the generally-accepted theory of “ primary consequent, of sub- sequent and of obsequent streams,” and, secondly, that to me a river system, a principal stream having tributaries flowing in on either side, is the outcome of a process of evolution. It has been evolved out of a network of channels. In this, water, at any point, would have alternative routes of possible flow. These routes may, for a time, be equally free ; but one or other of the streams will, sooner or later, cut down its channel more deeply then any other, and this one will be adopted, although its course may not be the most direct, and even although it be so circuitous as to require the stream to go back upon itself and reverse its course. The disused routes, no longer cut down by water flowing through them, may be effaced or may remain as valleys, drained in opposite directions, with a stream at each end. These valleys serve as passes between river systems ; they have often been utilized for roads, canals and railways.

Rivers generally have a winding course. “ In serpent error rivers flow ; ” and, sometimes they seem to be capricious in their ways. I, however, hold firmly to the faith that rivers are always under the influence of the constant laws which govern the flow of water. Foremost among these is one that, when flowing to a relatively lower level, it always has a tendency to flow in a straight line, in accordance with the force of gravity. Rivers have no "natural tendency to wander”: the direction of the flow, at every part of a winding course, is a resultant between the effect of diverting influences and the tendency to flow in a straight line. A river may be diverted by a change in the slope of the land, when the force of gravity will operate in a new line : it may be pushed aside by an obstruction, or it may be drawn aside by the attracting in- fluence of another stream. This last cause is not generally

VOL. XIX. (i) THE CONTROL OF RIVER CHANNELS

31

recognised, but I may call attention to the fact that if two streams flow down a smooth surface, as of glass, gently and evenly inclined longitudinally but perfectly level from side to side, they will flow in parallel lines, in accordance with the force of gravity. If, however, one of the two streams be diverted so as to touch the other, there will be a momentary hesitation before the two coalesce : the surface-tension must be overcome ; but when they have coalesced they will flow on together. The cohesion of the water is such that they will not separate although the force of gravity is in operation just as before. The diverted stream flows on in the line of the one which it has joined. So, too, if the main stream of a river come in contact with a smaller one or tributary as, at flood time, it will do, the larger stream may adopt the channel of the smaller one and the two flow on together, the channel of the larger one remaining only as a backwater. In fact, tributaries are often seen to be flowing into a river on the convexity of a curve while the remains of an old channel can be traced along the line of the arc of the curve.

If a river have been diverted from a straight line and the object be to compel it to return, and to remain in that line, continuous guiding or training walls are not necessary ; there is no need for treating the river as if it were a herd of cattle, from which one or more of them might at any point go astray. A number of fixed points which the river must pass will be sufficient. In Fig. i a series of low-water groynes are in- dicated, each of them coming to an imaginary line on either side of the river. How near together these must be will depend not only on the number and the character of the divert- ing influences, but, also, on the size of the river. One which required a large space in which to turn would, of course, be unable to deviate from its line unless the interval between the fixed points were wider than would be sufficient in the case of a smaller one. Thus fewer groynes would be needed.

If the object be to compel the river to follow a curved line, as shown in Fig. 2, similar groynes will suffice, the number corresponding to the number of curves. Here the river turns aside before it comes to any obstruction at all : it flows for a short distance in a direction transverse to the downward line.

32 PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB 1915

It does not continue in this direction, but turns downwards, and, in doing so, it describes a wide curve as it passes the end of the groyne. But, according to the well-known law of Newton, a body moving in a straight line would continue in that line unless compelled by some external force to change it. The force of gravity tends to keep the river in the downward line and so to prevent deviation further than the groyne compels ; and this influence is very much promoted by the traction of the stream lower down the line. In passing round the end of the groyne, a curve is necessary : a river cannot flow smoothly along a series of straight lines joining each other at an angle. In order to have a flowing line there must be a curve, the extent of which is stated, on authority, to vary in proportion to the width of the river. This is not quite cor- rect : a narrow stream may describe a broad curve, but a wide stream cannot describe a narrow one. Every river has its minimum of curve. Assuming this to be correctly shown as regards Fig. 2, the river is taking the shortest possible route round the end of the groyne.

Fig. I.

Fig. 2.

Fig. 3-

VOL. XIX. (I) THE CONTROL OF RIVER CHANNELS

33

In Figs. I and 2 the river is shown as having been pushed into the desired line : in Fig. 3 it is shown as having been drawn into the same line of curve as that in Fig. 2. This is done by the influence of tributary streams, of which I have spoken as having an important diverting influence. They are a serious cause of trouble in the management of rivers ; but, on the other hand, if by their eigency, rivers are brought to points beyond which it is impossible to go, the cause of trouble may become an important advantage, because it is a means of lorming those fixed points, which, as I contend, are all that is necessary in the fixing of the low-water channels. Piers at the points of junction, as shown in Fig. 3, may or may not be necessary, according to the character of the soil or other circumstances ; and if the current in the river be such as to cut a channel across the curve, a short groyne to deflect the stream toward the intended line may be necessary. I am not suggesting that curves such as those shown in Figs. 2 and 3, would ever be constructed, unless it were for purposes of experiment or of ornament.

Here the question arises, which is the more useful, a river flowing in a straight line or one that has a winding course ? I prefer the latter — a river that swings from one side to the other in wide curves, as shown in Fig. 4. This, as compared to a straight line, slightly increases the length of the stream, but it has important advantages. There is no need to have a back- water on both sides ; the river bank is drained, as it always should be, in a direction away from the river, so as to keep the bank unbroken, excepting only at the fixed points where the tributaries join the river on the convexities of the curves. Here they fall in at a tangent with the river line, thus avoiding disturbance of the stream at the point of junction. There is no need to guide the lateral stream to a middle line, where fixed points would have to be constructed. Landing stages can be placed at the fixed points, so as to afford means of communication between the two sides of the river, with beacons on the land to indicate the line of the channel when the river area is covered with water. If the river be used for boating, the oblique lines are better adapted for tacking than a straight one. Finally, there is a reason which speciall}^ commends

34

PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB

1915

itself to me ; it is strictly in accord with Nature. The sugges- tion that I should adopt it as a model was given me by the Thames at Marlow. It is very prettily illustrated, on a small scale, in the Teme, a few miles below Tenbury. Sometimes it is seen where one would least expect it ; in estuaries and even in the beds of large rivers where the channels form a network, braided rivers as the American writers call them, there is a suggestion of a swing from side to side. An instance of this is seen in the Indus.

VOL. XIX. (i) THE CONTROL OF RIVER CHANNELS

35

Fig. 5 shows the Indus by Dera Ghazi Kan — the swing from side to side indicates clearly the position where fixed points might be placed. The romantic story of this town 1 have told elsewhere.* It was founded four hundred years ago by Ghazi Khan, who afterwards dreamt that the Indus, then miles away, would ultimately destroy it. He therefore “ laid his tomb ” in the hills. In 1910 his dream was fulhlled ; the town was destroyed by encroachments of the Indus, in spite of an expenditure of more than £100,000 in protective works. ^ Why did the river so persistently deviate in one direction ? One is quite safe in predicting that where the tributary streams on one side are much larger or more numerous than they are on the other, the deviation will be greater on that side. The Sulaiman mountains are hfty miles distant from the right bank of the Indus and send down large quantities of water into it, while the river Chenab is only thirteen miles from the left bank and shares in the drainage of the intervening area. The numerous openings in the river banks for purposes of irrigation must weaken the banks very much ; but this applies to both sides of the river. The protective works, so far as I can ascertain, were all of the nature of piling or of training walls and these either at right angles to, or parallel with, the river bank. Why they were not oblique in relation to it so as to deflect the stream towards the opposite bank, I do not know. The current, as appears, always found a way between the protective works and the land ; this, I venture to say, ought not to occur. The river, at the point in question, has a low-water depth of eight or ten feet, so that a pier could easily be sunk into the bed of the river, carried up to the low- water level, or a little above it, and continued into the bank. This would prevent any undermining or lateral erosion at a low level. From this pier, and continuous with it, a groyne or hrmly constructed path might be continued inland so far that the end would be outside the flood area. This would prevent any cutting vertically downwards from the surface. Nor would such cutting be likely, as the groyne or path being coin- cident with the surface of the ground, the flood water would

1 “Engineer,” 15th Dec., 1911. Fig. 5 is used with permission of the Editor. For the drawing and for other assistance, I am indebted to Mr W. E. James, A.M.I.C.E.

2 E. S. Beilasis Punjaub Rivers and Works.

36

PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB

1915

freely flow over it. This, I think, would make the bank per- fectly safe for some distance and, if a similar structure were placed farther down the stream, the interval would be protected too. Supposing the river to have passed the first pier and that it must pass the second, I do not see how iiny important deviation between the two could occur. Inundation there might be, but no undermining. I am not concerned with the prevention of flooding ; that is a different matter. Protection for a low- water channel must be at the edge of the channel. Any means for limiting the extent of tlie flooding must be at the line of the intended limit of flood. I do not see how any one structure can fulfil the double purpose.

The fate of Dera Ghazi Khan is a striking comment on a statement attributed to Gibbon, that “ The servitude of rivers is the noblest and most important victory which man has obtained over the licentiousness of Nature.” Here is an instance of failure which, as I think, ought not to have occurred. The great bridge over the Ganges, recently built, is a magnificent success, but the Engineer, in his preliminary report, made this admission. ” The difficulty lies not in the actual building of the bridge but in the training of the river so that it will not desert the bridge when built. There is a very old book which contains an injunction to “ force not the course of the river. And, indeed, any attempt to force a great river to take a prescribed course, in flood time, may be expected to fail. But if the river be taken when in a gentler mood, the low-water stream may be led to the line intended for it. In this line it may be fixed : to this it will again restrict itself even though, in the “licentiousness” of flood, there have been an apparent desertion. The low- water channel will remain the deepest and the foundation, so to speak, although it have been for a time, entirely effaced. If I may offer advice, it will be to fix the low-water channels and guard against erosion by the stream at a level a little above that of low water ; this is the time when undermining is done.

I am fully conscious that the great rivers of India are very different from those in England, but I have a firm faith in

1 “Indian and Eastern Engineer,” July, lyn. Mr Arthur Sisson kindly. drew my attention to this and to other interesting work done on Indian rivers.

2 Ecclcsiasticus IV., 2O.

VOL. XIX. (i) THE CONTROL OF RIVER CHANNELS

37

general principles, common to all. More than ten years ago, the late Mr Vernon Harcourt, with whom I had been in com- munication, kindly invited me to be present at the reading (before the Institution of Civil Engineers) of his paper on the Hooghly or to write some comments on a printer’s proof of the paper. I felt sure that his charts had been prepared without regard to the influence of tributaries, and I boldly ventured to write my opinion, though I had no knowledge as to the fact, that tributaries flowed into the river opposite the James and Mary shoal (shown at the bottom of Fig. 7), although none appeared on his chart. This shoal is always regarded as exceedingly dangerous : Sir Frederick Treves speaks of it as “ the most villainous of all shoals in this evil river.” My reasoning on it was that shoals do not occur in a river unless the bed be too wide for the requirements of low water ; nor would it be in mid-stream without some need for a channel on both sides. The one on the left bank is not in the line of the stream, nor in that of the tide ; both would find a better flowing line on the western side, as affording a better curve round Hooghly Point. That the tide does sweep round in this line is shown by the tongue-like depressions left in the mud, tongues of the early tide, as I have called them. Nothing but tributaries would account for the eastern channel, and this view was strikingly supported by the fact that, in the dry season, the channel becomes shallow. In this season the tributaries are not in operation, so that in suggesting that they should be diverted and brought in lower down, by Hospital Point, I did but suggest that the channel should be closed by making it to be unnecessary ; by perpetuating the conditions under which it does tend to close. The purport of my letter is reported in the Proceedings,^ where the author of the paper remarks that ” Mr Ellis had to assume the existence of tribu- taries which did not appear on the charts.” I was justified in assuming this : an Admiralty chart, ^ published soon after- wards, confirmed my prediction. Figs. 6 and 7 are taken from it.

A careful examination of these charts will, I think, supply abundant evidence of the close association between the presence

1 Prpc. Iiibt. Civil Engineers, vol. clx. (1904-5), Part ii., pp. 172, 202.

2 Hooghly, No. 136, A and B.

PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB

1915

3«

a. Sursuthee Khali

b. Murmekhallc K.

c. Meerpur K.

d. Goom Khali c. Cherrial Khali /. Canal from Kajapur Jhec

'J. Bahirtuffa Khali

h. Champee K.

i. Royapur K.

VOL. XIX

THE CONTROL OF RIVER CH.ANNELS

• (I)

Fig. 7-

k.

Chowgarra Khali

40

PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB

1915

of tributaries and the course of the river. At the top of Fig. 6 is seen a straight reach of river with no tributary on either side, the Garden Reach. These are conditions essentially the same as those in the Severn at the Upper Parting, two miles from Gloucester. Just below the latter, there are tributary streams on both sides and an island, the Island of Alney, between them. This is an essentially similar feature to the James and Mary shoal. A little farther down there is a tributary on one side only, with the channel on that side, just as it is at Hangman Point, below Garden Reach. The two great causes of trouble in that part of the Hooghly shown on the charts (other than the James and Mary shoal) are the Moyapur and the Royapur Crossings. In these cases the shoals extend across the river ; no through-channel is shown on the charts. Here tributaries are seen on both sides in each case, and I feel sure that these troublesome “ crossings ” are due to the competition as to the side on which the channel shall be, with the resulting absence of a good one anywhere.

The conditions call for careful examination with the aid of the Admiralty chart, where numerous soundings are given. Opposite Achipur Point the channel is, as usual, on the convex side, and is manifestly kept there by three tributaries, marked f, g, and h. Fig. 6 ; the bank on the concave, or left side, being for a long distance, unbroken. The channel is continued downwards as far as some unnamed opening into the river and just a little farther, but the stream is not strong enough to keep all the channel on that side. Two streams, one of them marked i, call for a channel on the other side, up which the tide flows for a long distance, overlapping the ebb, or, as I prefer to call it, the stream channel, by f, g and h. Between the two is a longitudinal shoal, as shown on the chart. Fig. 6. This is the “ crossing ; ” it gives a depth of 14 feet at the upper end, 13 in the middle, and 14 at the lower end, whereas all down the line of the river the depth is always more, and generally much more, than 20, ranging up to 60 feet. The proper course would seem to be to adopt the stream channel as far as it is efflcient and then to help in the necessary transfer to the other side by an oblique line of low-water groyne from a point just below the termination of the deep channel, directed

VOL. XIX. (i) rilE CONTROL OF Rn'EK CHANNELS

41

obliquely downwards so as to dellcct the stream to the oj)- posite side.

Along the Royapur Reach the general rule that tlu*. channel is on the convexity of the curve is again illustrated, and tlu! tributaries for the most part come in on that side. The chamu'l continues for a long distance until the inlluence of the tributary streams on the opposite side, including the Hog River, call for a channel there. Here again a low- water groyne directed obliquely across the shoal or “ crossing ” seems to be required, and to be all that is required.

I do not offer any opinion as to the material of which the groynes should be made. I assume that, starting from the bank and properly tied to it, one may be continued obliquely outwards into the river without fear that it would be under- mined by the current and so caused to tilt over. Being only up to the level of low-water, the flood would readily flow over it. Given* a free passage through these two “ crossings,” the resulting arrangement is that of a river swinging from side to side in elongated curve, receiving tributaries on its convexities at points where all back-water flow is also received. This is precisely in accord with the typical river shown in Fig. 4, which, as I think, is the ideal form and most of all others according with Nature’s teaching.

In suggesting that if the tributaries opposite the James and Mary shoal were diverted, the shoal would cease to exist (of which I have no doubt) , I did not mean to propose the diversion as the best remedy. There is no apparent reason why an oblique low-water groyne should not be extended from a point just below the Nile Creek obliquely downwards so as to deflect the stream into the western channel or gut, as it is called. Engineers will have no difficulty in deciding on the best remedy for the conditions existing in the Hooghly when Naturalists are agreed on a valid explanation of the cause. The facts as shown on the chart go very far, T think, to confirm the opinion which I formed more than thirty years ago, from which 1 liave never varied, that tributary streams are the great cause of deviation in river channels.

So far as I am aware, there is no book in the world that supports my views. While I liold that a tributary stream.

41 PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB 1915

by keeping open a channel on its own side which the river falls into and adopts for itself, tends to bring the river to that side ; authority, on the other hand, teaches that the effect of a tributary stream is to drive the river towards the opposite bankd This was said by Mr Vernon Harcourt and other engineers to be the effect of the Damuda. I say that the main channel is against the left bank because of the influence of the Fulta Creek, the Ninan Creek and others. This much is certain : if the Damuda were bringing down much water there must be a channel by which it could pass on. The mouth of the Damuda is, on the chart, shown to be very much choked by a shoal — at two places it is four feet above low water. Between this and the eastern channel, there is a mile of shallow water nowhere more than four feet deep at low water, and in one place a shoal is three feet above it. I cannot believe that the deep channel close to the left bank has been caused by “ the influence of the Damuda in pushing ” it over from the other side. The low-water channels are made at low water, an elementary fact which is either unknown or ignored.

The line of the low- water channel of a river is determined by the stream : the early tide follows it as the line of least resistance, and may, to some extent, modify the line of it. If the two be not completely in accord there is the greater need for having fixed points. In Fig. 8 the estuary of the Exe shows the same tendency to swing from side to side as is seen in rivers. From Topsham on the left, the channel goes over to the right and meets the stream coming in by the canal, then it returns and receives the Clyst, afterwards going over to receive the Ken. Lower down there is the usual result of having tributary streams on both sides, shoals in the middle. The tide, however, shows a marked disposition to go straight up the line of the estuary ; Powderham Pool, a tongue of the early tide, with other similar features, shows this clearly. The importance of having gentle curves is, from this point of view, obvious.

The Chester Dee^ gives another instance of an estuary where the channel shows a disposition to swing from side to side, a circumstance which, as I think, ought not to be

1 Marr, Scientific Study of Scenery, p. 137.

2 Ordnance Map, one incli scale, large sheet 43, price is fid.

CANAL

VOL. XIX. (l)

THE CON I'KOL

OF RIVER CHANNELS

43

Fig. 8

44

PROCEEDINGS COITESWOLD CLUB

1915

disregarded in the improvement works proposed. The stream flows from the left bank at Connah’s Quay obliquely across to Daw Pool, which is, presumably, a permanent feature ; it then re-crosses to the left bank near Mostyn Deep. The proposal is to have a continuation of the present straight channel which now extends as far as Connah's Quay and to continue it onwards to Mostyn Deep. The construction and the maintenance of this would, of course, be very costly. If it were made there would still be need for a channel on the right side, were it only for the backwater on the Gayton sands. My suggestion is to adopt Nature’s hint and to have the principal channel through Daw Pool. A low-water groyne from a point on the shore near Bagillt obliquely across t(j wards Daw Pool, approximately parallel with the line of stream, as shown, would effectually prevent any through-passage of stream or tide on the left side of the estuaiy. The backwater which would flow on that side would include a little stream now flowing into the main one opposite Bagillt, and would corre- spond to the backwater of the right side of the estuary on the Gayton sands. The vanity of attempting to suddenly narrow the tidal area has a melancholy illustration in the Broken Wall, the line of which is seen crossing the estuary opposite Connah’s Quay.

The line of a river, at any point in its course, may have been decided by the line which it has taken higher up the stream, and, also, by the line which it will take lower down. This may be illustrated by a diagram, and the principle may, I think, be applied to the Humber. Fig. 9 represents a river having a settled course from a to b and from c to d, which has

voi.. XIX. (i) THE CONTROl. OF RIVER CHANNELS

45

been left to shape its own line between b and c. It is shown as having taken the shortest possible course from a to d, having regard to the minimum of curve. If, however, it were diverted from the line c d to that of c e, then the shortest course would be in a line farther south, as shown. Supposing that, for any reason, the river had described a great curve extending as far northward as f , there would still be a good flowing line from a to d, but the line from a to e, though the river might follow it, would require two extra curves. If the river were tidal and the tide came up the line from d to c, the course would be favourable for going on to f. But if the line of the tide were from e to c, it would tend to continue in a more southern direction towards b.

The Yorkshire Post of January i6th, 1911, contained a sketch map of the upper part of the Humber, with an account of some projected works which had been discussed at a meeting of the Conservators, as reported in the same paper on the 13th. 1 became interested in the question what were the natural conditions of a river which was supposed to require an ex- penditure of £132,000 for its regulation ? The Humber is really an estuary common to the Ouse and to the Trent, which unite at Trent Falls. The part shown in Fig. 10 is divided into three sections.^ The first, which is directed north-east, is expanded in the middle and encloses a large shoal, the Whitton Sands. The second is directed south-west in a single channel. The third branches from the line of the second, and is directed to the east ; it encloses, with a continuation of the second section, an island, formerly a shoal — Read’s Island, Thus is described a roughly-shaped figure-of-eight, bent in the middle and enclosing in the two loops the two shoals. Taken as a whole, there is an elongated double curve very similar to those shown in Fig. 5, and having, like them, tributaries flowing in on the convexities. Each section illustrates the law that when a river’s bed is too wide for its requirements at low- water, a shoal will form. This may be on either bank, but if tributaries fall in on both sides in sufficient number or size to keep open a channel, the shoal will be in island form. Of the two alternative channels neither is

I Ordnance Map, one inch scale, small sheet 8o, price is.

46

PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB

1915

likely to be quite satisfactory, or to be, permanently, the better of the two.

Both of the channels mentioned are necessary — each has to take the land drainage on its own side of the river. There is, however, no need that both should be through-channels. The question which of them may be closed at the upper end has been settled alread^c Although the southern channel gives the more direct route from Trent Falls to Brough, the requirements of the Weighton canal make the upper one necessary, so it must be kept open. The southern might be closed by a groyne, shown as No. i, directed from a point a little above the sluice at Alkborough towards another point opposite the canal lock. This would perpetuate the direction of the stream against the north bank, for the protection of which the principal part of the proposed expenditure was intended. ^^90,000 was assigned to it. The stream is not at all likely to have caused much of the damage, but the tide, coming up in a long line from the south side of Read’s Island, must impinge on this bank and would be likely to damage it. If, however, the southern channel were closed by a groyne, shown as No. 2, the change would correspond to that in the diagram (Fig. 9) made by diverting the line c d to c e. If this were done, I feel sure that the river would assume some such line as that shown in Fig. 10. I cannot suppose that the stream, having to flow in a line due east, would unnecessarily curve northwards opposite the Whitton sands. The stream decides the line of the river, and the tide follows it as the line of least resistance. I am conscious that the high tide could not be turned without a wall of enormous strength ; but let the early tide be directed, the tide which, being heavier than the fresh water, flows below the level of the surface, it will be sufficient for the time. The raising of the groyne may be left until the new channel is formed. Much good has been done by extending eastward the outlets of the Broomfleet and the Crabley drains. More than twelve years ago I wrote : — “ Large sums of money have been spent in putting elements of strength into river banks. I suggest that it might be better spent in removing elements of weakness, by uniting affluent streams and bringing them, when united, into the river at fixed

R. AfiCHOLME

VOI.. XIX. (i) THE CONTROL OF RIVER CH.ANNELS

47

48

HKOCEKDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB

1913

points, leaving between them a long unbroken front.” If those drains which have been united were extended so as to come out with the one at Brough, there would be a grand illustration of "a long unbroken front ” extending back for nearly four miles to the canal, a condition which would fix the line of the new channel because all diverting influences would have been removed. Then the area which could be spared for reclamation would be shown. The convenience ol having the channel to touch the land on the north side opposite Read’s Island on the south at Whitton Ness must be obvious. Whether it could also be made to touch at Alkborough, Adling- fieet and Blacktoft may be left an open question, but groynes to increase the curve round Faxfleet, as shown by No. 3, 4, and 5, seem to be desirable, in order that the Ouse may come into a line according with that of the Trent and of the channel directed towards the canal lock.

The control of river channels has an important relation to the means for preventing coast erosion. Mr Embrey,^ always in sympathy with my work on rivers, has written an account of the satisfaction with which he saw an illustration of a point on which I had, as he knew, for many years insisted — that a stream at its outlet, whether it be a tributary falling into a river or a river falling into the sea, breaks the continuity of the bank, and, therefore, weakens it, thus increasing the tendency to break away, and so the liability to erosion. The river Blyth flows into the sea between Southwold and Dunwich. Both places and the intervening coast at Walberswick have been the scene of great destruction, but the authorities at Walberswick, with a view of improving the little harbour there and not for the purpose of preventing the erosion, ex- tended the river outwards into the sea between two piers. Thus the river which formerly flowed into a bay now flows into the more open sea, at a fixed point, from the end of a promontory, and the erosion has been stayed. Many years ago Sir Charles LyelB gave “ an illustration of the effect of promontories in protecting a line of low shore,” seen in Kincardineshire. Nature gives hints, the value of which is not recognized.

1 “ Gloucester Journal,” 9th July, 1910.

2 Principles of Geology, 12th ed., p. 512.

voi.. XIX. (i) DEEr BORING AT SI IT ETON MOYNE

49

A DEEP BORING AT SHIPTON MOYNE, NEAR TETBURV. GLOUCESTliRSHIRE.

BY

L. RICHARDSON, P.R.S.E., F.G-.S.

(Read November 23rd, iQia-)

In 1914-15 a deep boring was made by the West Gloucester- shire Water Company at Sliipton Moyne, a village two miles due south of Tetbury. The precise site is three-quarters of a mile south-east by south of Shipton Moyne Church.

To be exact, a well was sunk to a depth of 47 feet 2 inches, then a percussion boring to 100 feet 6 inches, after which a rotary boring was made down to a depth of 286 feet 6 inches.

Samples of the rocks passed through by the well, and, as far as the method of boring permitted — by the percussion boring — were kept and labelled as to the depth from which they had been obtained by Messrs Thomas Tilley & Co.’s foreman ; but, in order to have as complete a core as possible, a bore-hole — called “ No. 2 Bore-hole ” on Messrs. H. Rofe & Son’s plan — was put down forty feet away from the well and cores were drawn from 12 feet 6 inches (from the surface) down to 58 feet. Thus no cores were drawn from between 58 feet and 100 feet 6 inches — the latter the depth at which the rotary boring commenced at the bottom of the percussion boring.

As the site of the bore-hole is some thirteen miles from the nearest portion of the Cotteswold edge at Upper Kilcott, near Hawkesbury, is close to the main outcrop of the Cornbrash, and passed through

67 ft. 6 ins. of Forest Marble beds,

84 ft. 8 ins. of Great Oolite,

62 ft. 2 ins. of beds best described as “ Passage Beds,” and penetrated 72 ft. 2 ins. of Fullers’ Earth,

it is obvious that the information obtained is of considerable use to those concerned with questions of water-supply in this part of the Cotteswolds and adjacent district to the east, and of great value to those interested in the Jurassic rocks.

E

Great Oolite Forest Marble

50

PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB

1915

The field in which the bore-hole is situated has for its sub- soil heavy clay.

DESCRIPTION OF THE ROCKS PASSED THROUGH BY THE BORE-HOLE AT SHIPTON MOYNE.

Top of Well — 315 ft. above ordnance-datum.

Well. — 47 ft. 2 ins. deep.

Percussion Boring — 53 ft. 4 ins., and

Rotary Boring — 186 ft. : total depth — 286 ft. 6 ins.

f I. Surface soil and sub-soil (heavy clay)

2. Greyish marly clay, with thin layers of very fine-grained .sandy limestone covered with

1 “ tracks ”

, 3. Greyish rocks with thin layers of greenish-

' grey clay . .

4 — 1 5. Limestones, some of typical (blue, shelly)

Forest-Marble facies, frequently with “ clay galls,” others sandy, separated b}" layers of sandy marl and clay — the sandy matter predominating in the middle por- tion of the series

16. Limestone, hard, bluish, shelly — typical Forest Marble — but without ” clay galls ”

17. Sandy clay

18. Limestone, similar to 16

19. Limestones, sandy, in very thin layers with fragments of wood

20. A variable series of deposits, including thin layers of greenish-grey marl and sandy matter alternating ; bluish-grey lime- stones (like typical Forest Marble) and some sandy

21. Sandy clay

22. Hard, greenish-grey marl with sandy layers 23 — 24. Typical Forest Marble in two beds 25. Typical Forest Marble with occasional seams

of greenish-grey clay

26 — 32. Grey shaly clay with occasional beds of sandy limestone, which arc frequently covered with ” tracks ” . .

33. Light brown oolitic limestone with calcite in fissures

. 34. “ Yellow marl or clay ”

35. ‘‘ Gritty rock ” . .

36. ‘‘ Buff marl and hard gritty rock ” . .

37. “ Very light-grey rock ”

38. ” Cream-coloured and bluish-grey oolitic

' limestone, very hard to bore through ”

39. ” Limestone ”

40. ‘‘ Marl or clay ”

41. Great Oolite Limestones. Yellowish oolitic limestones. (The foreman stated that the ‘‘ Bath Stone ” commenced at 78 ft. i 8 ins. down ; rotary boring at 100 ft.

L 6 ins.)

Thickness of rocks Depth

Ft. Ins. Ft. Ins.

I

6

I

6

3

6

.5

0

7

7

12

7

H

5

27

n

3

6

0

8

3

4

34

6

0

6

35

0

5

3

40

3

0

6

40

9

3

9

44

6

2

6

47

0

TO

0

57

0

10

6

^>7

6

3

6

I

0

2

0

I

6

0

6

1

0

I

2

0

6

78

8

73 6 152 2

Fullers’ Earth “ Passage Beds

VOL. XIX. (i)

DEEP BORING .\T SHIPTON MOYNE

5>

Thickness of rocks Depth Ft. Ins. Ft. Ins

42.

Light-grey limestone, “ sparry,” obscurely

oolitic (spec. 42a). ‘ The bottom foot or

so is of a yet lighter grey tint with irregu- larly-distributed white oolite-granules

(spec. 42b) . .

9

4

161

6

43-

Yellowish oolite

I

I

162

7

44-

Grey impure limestone (having films of

blackish shale associated with it) and very sparsely oolitic (44)

5

1 1

168

6

45-

Dark-grey, sandy, shaly rock— the sandy

matter and films of shale alternating ir- regularly (spec. 45)

2

6

171

0

46.

Dark marl, with occasional irregularly-de-

veloped limestone layers (spec. 46) in the

top portion. The middle portion soon breaks up on exposure

5

3

176

3

47-

Marl, similar to 46

I

0

177

3

480.

Rock and marl similar to the upper part of 46

6

0

183

3

b.

Dark, shaly, sandy marl (very similar to 45),

with subordinate layers of impure lime- stone

5

3

188

6

c.

\’ery light-grey, fine-grained impure lime-

stone, sandy to the touch (spec. 48r)

4

9

193

3

40rL

Very light-grey, fine-grained, impure lime-

stone, sandy to the touch, with an oc- casional white oolite-granule, casts of lamellibranchs, and n Rhynchonelln of the R. concivna-gTou\) (spec. 49a) . .

3

3

196

6

h.

Ifimestone, very similar, but more calcareous

and therefore harder, with blackish, ir- regular and sporadically-distributed oolite granules ; IJnia sp. (spec. 4gh) . .

4

6

201

0

c.

Marly rock

I

6

202

6

d.

Impure limestone

0

6

203

0

50-

Indurated marl

3

0

206

0

51-

Light-grey, very coarsely oolitic, rather softer

limestone ; Evtolnim demissum (Phil.) . .

6

0

212

0

.52.

Limestone, very similar to 51, but softer and

pisolitic

T

0

213

0

53-

Light-grey, fine-grained, slightly sandy lime-

stone — a conspicuous stratum (spec. 53) .

I

4

214

4

54-

Marl, black shaly, without fossils (spec. 54)

5

2

219

6

55-

Shelly limestone in irregular layers with inter-

vening irregular layers of marl. Crowded with small specimens of Ostrea acuminata Sow., Chlamys vagans (J. de C. Sow), Rhynchonella of 7?.-concfn««-group

13

2

232

8

A hard conspicuous stratum practically composed of the valves of Ostrea acuminata Sow. embedded in a

white matrix occurs at 224 ft. down (spec. 55).

56.

Limestone, grey, less shelly than those beds in

deposit 55

0

10

233

6

The specimens referred to in brackets have been placed in the Cheltenham Town Museum.

52

PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB

1915

w

- i

75

U

'i'iuckness of rocks I'l. Ins.

56/;. Marl, slialy, greenish-grey, velatively barren ;

two sandy, i-inch layers near the top, and Ostrea acuminata Sow. common in the lowest 4 inches . . . . . . . • 3

57. Hard, blue, shelly limestone (similar to 59^), with irregular intervening layers of shaly marl; Ostrea acuminata Sow. 'common . . i 6 38. Marl, shaly, dark in the upper portion, greenish-grey in the lower. More sandy and indurated at the top : relatively

barren . . . . . . . . . . 100

39rf. Marl, dark at some horizons, greenish-grey and more marly at others, with occasional thin blue .shelly limestones in the upper part and full of specimens of a small form of Ostrea acuminata Sow. ; Chlamys Vagans (J. de C. Sow.) (spec, from 248 ft.

3 ins. down) . . . . . . . . 3 5

h. Hard, blue, shelly limestone . . . . . . 10

c. Greenish-grey imlurated marl full of shells o 7

d. Grey, shaly marl , relatively barren, only an oc-

casional Ostrea acuminata Sow., Rhynch- onella of R .-concinna-gvowp . . . . i i

e. Limestone, similar to . . . . . . 05

/. Greenish-grey marl and clay, dark shaly marl,

and greenish-grey indurated marl full of shell-fragments : Ostrea acuminata Sow. common in the soft portions . . . . 17

60. Dark shaly marl, relatively barren, with an oc- casional fine-grained, grey, sandy layer 7 10 Limestone, grey, with numerous small crinoid-ossicies . . . . . . . . 01

Fullers’ E.\rth — Greyish marl, weather- ing into small shaly pieces of very uni- form texture, de\'oid of hard layers and unfossiliferous ; penetrated . . . . 21 6

I leplli l-'t. Jus

236 b

238 o

248 o

251 5

252 5

253 o

254 I 254

2 5f) I 264 1 I 263 o

2S6 (>

Forest Marble. — From the above record it will be ob- served that 67 feet 6 inches of rocks were penetrated before what is called the “ Great Oolite ” was reached. No cores were drawn from between 58 feet and 100 feet 6 inches down, and the information given is that which was supplied to me by the foreman. It may be that these beds correspond to those lettered D, E, and F by Prof. vS. H. Reynolds and Dr. A. Vaughan in their account of the rocks displayed to the east of the tunnel at Acton Turville," and designated by them the “ Upper Great Oolite.” For this reason I have associated them with the Great Oolite in the present paper. According

I Quart, lourn. Gcol. Soc., vol. Iviii. (1902), p. 746.

VOL. XIX. (i) DEEP BORING AT SHIPTON MOYNE 53

to the foreman the unmistakable yellowish Great Oolite lime- stones commenced at 78 feet 8 inches down.

In the country in which are situated Great Sherston, fetbury, Kemble, and Cirencester, the Forest Marble beds have a wide extent.

In the railway-cutting on the South-Wales Direct Line to the south of the village of Norton, some three and a half miles in a south-south-easterly direction from the Shipton Moyne bore-hole, Messrs. Reynolds and Vaughan found the Forest Marble beds to be from 80 to 87 feet thick, and to consist of ; — '

CORNBRASH.

8.

Pores t Marble

Depth at which the corresponding beds Thickness occur at Shipton

in feet

Moyne

Shale . .

20

0 — 12' 7"

'Hard, compact, sandy limestone, with doggers, alternating with ir- regular bands of loose sand, the sand predominating in the middle w of the series

15

12' 7" — 27 27' to

Shelly limestone

5

Compact, oolitic, shelly limestone, very variable

I to 6

34' 6"

Shale . .

25

Hard, very shelly band (typical

34' 6" to

Forest Marble)

3

57'

57'— 66'

Shale

10

Limestone, sometimes sandy, some- times oolitic

I to 3

66'— 67' 6'

From what these authors saw of the Forest Marble beds

in the cuttings between a few yards of the eastern end of the Badminton Tunnel and Bradfield Farm to the south-east of

the village of Norton, they were enabled to state : —

“ The Forest Marble maintains throughout its typical character, as beds of variable shale, alternating with compact, shelly, oolitic limestone, or hard sandy limestone with doggers. It shows great lateral variability, the limestone-bands being all lenticular deposits, not traceable for any great distance.”

The Shipton Moyne bore-hole is situated three-tenths of a mile away from the outcrop of the Cornbrash. As 67 feet 6 inches of Forest Marble beds were proved, and as it is un- likely that more than 12 to 20 feet of beds occur between the highest deposit seen there and the base of the Cornbrash, it would appear that the Forest Marble beds are of about the same thickness as they are in the railway-cutting to the south of Norton.

I Quart. Jouni. Geol. Soc. vol. viii. (1902) pp. 747*749

54

PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB

1915

The lithic characters of the beds proved in the bore-hole, and of those seen in the railway-cutting also appear to be very similar. Cores from a single bore-hole obviously do not afford any information with regard to the lateral variability of the beds, and my task of describing the rocks is rendered the more difficult from the facts that the softer sandy layers did not yield a core — only loose sand, and that I have only the fore- man’s account available as to tlie nature of these softer de- posits.

Alongside the reproduction (page 53) of Messrs. Reynolds and Vaughan’s general account of the Forest Marble beds on the line of railway, I have indicated the depths between which occur in the bore-hole the deposits probably on the same horizons as those groups noted by them.

The ground all around Shipton Moyne is very heavy, and there is no doubt that the beds proved down to a depth of 12 feet 7 inches belong to the lower portion of their group 8 — “ Shale.”

The beds between 12 feet 7 inches and 27 feet no doubt correspond to their group 7. A fair-sized heap was made of the sand drawn for the most part when the boring was going through these beds. It is doubtless these beds which, when at the surface, weather to an incoherent sand-deposit with doggers and fiat pieces of sandstone, many of which are fissile and have yielded ” tilestone.”^

Large brownish ” clay galls ” are of frequent occurrence in the hard layers in the beds between the surface and 27 feet down.

Some of the limestones in the series between 34 feet 7 inches and 57 feet are fissile.

Great Oolite. — As no cores were drawn between 58 feet and 100 feet 6 inches, I have no information to add to that given me by the foreman and recorded on page 50. The beds between 67 feet 6 inches and 100 feet 6 inches — 33 feet thick — occupy the stratigraphical position of Reynolds and Vaughan’s groups F, E, and D, which are about 35 feet thick.

Rotary boring commenced at 100 feet 6 inches, and nice compact cores of the familiar yellowish Great Oolite limestone were drawn from down to a depth of 152 feet 2 inches.

Proo. CoUeswold Nat. I'.C., vol. xviii. pt 3 (1914), p. 200.

VOL. XIX. (i) DEEP BORING AT SHIPTON MOYNE

3.5

“ Passage Beds.” — At 152 feet 2 inches the yellowisli oolitic limestones ended, and the grey and dark-grey — some- times almost blackish — rocks commenced.

At 265 feet, Fullers’ Earth — without any hard layers — was encountered and penetrated to a depth of 21 feet 6 inches.

Between these two horizons is a very variable series of deposits 92 feet 10 inches thick.

In the series from 152 feet 2 inches to 214 feet 4 inches — a thickness of 62 feet 2 inches — limestones (often hard and sandy) predominate over the clays : in that from 214 feet 4 inches to 265 feet, clays, shales, and marls (with an abundance of specimens of Ostrea acuminata Sow.) predominate over the limestones, which are usually comparatively thin, blue and shaly — the abundant fossil being again Ostrea acuminata Sow.

The beds from 152 feet 2 inches to 214 feet 4 inches may be designated “ Passage Beds,” and are thicker by 14 feet 2 inches than the similarly-designated beds at Kemble, and by 17 feet 2 inches than those proved in the Badminton Tunnel.

It is interesting to note that the rock between 105 feet 6 inches and 106 feet down at Kemble (between 2 feet and 2 feet 6 inches of the base of the “ Passage Beds ” there) contains little irregularly-shaped bodies ; that rock with similar little bodies was obtained from the bore-hole at Lewis Lane, Ciren- cester ; and that whilst the rock at Shipton Moyne between 206 feet and 212 feet is very coarsely oolitic, that between 212 and 213 feet — within i foot 4 inches of the base of the ” Passage Beds ” there — is also ” pisolitic.”

Fullers’ Earth. — All the information that is necessary concerning these beds is given on pages 49 and 51-2 ; but it may be as well to emphasize the fact that the unfossiliferous nature of the marls below 265 feet was very noticeable.

I am much indebted to the late H. Rofe, M.I.C.E., the Consulting Engineer, and to Mr Henry Marten, A.M.LC.E., for affording me every facility for examining the cores and for supplying me with any information that I required.

VOL. XIX. (r) DEEP BORING— TETBURY WATERWORKS

57

A DEEP BORING AT THE WATERWORKS. TETBURY, GLOUCESTERSHIRE.

BY

L. RICHARDSON, F.R.S.E., P.G.S.

[Plate IV.]

In 1915 a deep boring was made by the Tetbury Urban District Council at their Waterworks at Tetbury. The precise site is three-quarters of a mile north by west of Tetbury Church. Boring operations commenced on June 7th and ended on December 17th. To be exact, a shaft was sunk to a depth of 9 feet 6 inches, then a rotary boring made (i) with an 18-inch crown down to 153 feet, and (2) with a 13-inch crown down to 446 feet — a total depth from the surface of 446 feet.

At the existing Waterworks is a brick-lined circular well 9 ft. 10 ins. deep and 6 ft. 9 ins. in diameter, from the bottom of which is a 7-inch bore-hole 290 ft. 2 ins. deep — total 300 ft. The top of the Inferior Oolite was reached at 252 ft. down, the same depth at which it was reached in the new bore-hole. The old bore-hole, therefore leaves off 48 ft. down in the Inferior Oolite ; the new one 55 ft. down in the Cotteswold Sands.

The new bore-hole passed through

21 ft. 3 ins. of Forest Marble beds

103 ft. 9 ins. of Great Oolite (Kemble Beds, 31 ft. 9 ins. ; Great Oolite proper, 72 ft.)

47 ft. 6 ins. of beds best described as “ Passage Beds ”

79 ft. 6 ins. of Fullers’ Earth

135 ft. of Inferior Oolite

4 ft. of Cephalopoda-Bed

and penetrated 55 ft. of Upper-Lias or Cotteswold Sands.

Forest

Great Oolite Marble

58

PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB

1915

DESCRIPTION OF THE ROCKS PASSED THROUGH BY THE

BORE-HOLE AT THE WATERWORKS, TETBURY.

Ground-level. — 447 feet above ordnance-datum.

Shaft. — 9 ft. 6 ins. deep. iS-inch rotary boring. — 147 ft. 3 ins.

^ yinch rotary boring.— 2g8 ft. 9 ins.

total depth. — 446 ft.

I

/ n shaft : i. Typical Forest-Marble limestones with numerous specimens of Ostrea sower- byi Lyc. and, on weathered surfaces, small gastropods, etc.

Bore-hole : 2. Similar limestones in thin

layers with partings of brown clay

3. Very similar, but less shelly limestones, with

small “ clay galls ”

4. Limestone, brownish, oolitic

5. Sand — according to the foreman

6. Limestones, brownish-grey, coarsely oolitic,

with few shells, but on the nether side of lowest bed were noticed Ostrea sowerbyi Lyc., EtUolium deniissum (Phil.) and echi- noid-radioles. Wood in places . .

Marl, brown Limestone, grey, oolitic Clay, tough, brown and greenish-grey Limestone, brownish, oolitic, somewhat re- sembling certain of the browner and less shelly layers in the true Forest Marble, with occasional small flat “ clay galls ” Limestone

Limestones in thin layers with clay partings Limestone : shell fragments in places Clay, brown Limestone, similar to 13 Limestone, impure, oolitic, with which is asso- ciated a considerable amount of brownish marl, especially at the top and bottom . . Limestone, with irregular surface, “ cavern- ous,” the cavities being occupied by brownish marl

Great Oolite Limestones. 18. Limestone Limestone, non-oolitic, cream-coloured but ivith a pinkish tinge {Spec. 19') . . Limestone, yellowish, oolitic (except in places in the top portion), with more or less vertical veins of calcite . .

Limestone, very similar to 19 a. Limestones, oolitic, massive-bedded. Some ^ of the beds have irregular nether surfaces and tough brown clay (o to 2 ins. thick) between them. The beds are traversed by thin more or less vertical veins of cal- cite : about 39 ft. 3 ins . .

b. “ Dagham Stone ” : about 9 ins. . .

c. Limestones, oolitic massive-bedded, about

23 ft. 5 ins.

7

8

9

10

II

12,

13

14

15

16,

19,

20.

21.

22

Thickuusb of rocks ft. ins.

9

8

2

2

12

3

I

I

I

I

I

0

1

4

I

6

3

6

o

o

o

6

4

9

2

6

I

6

o

6

7

o

6

Depth ft. ins.

9 6

17 9

3

23 3

25 6

37 h 40 6 42 o 42 2

43 6

45 3

46 5

47 II

48 o

49 6

51 6

53

54

56

60

61

o

7

I

7

►63 5 125 o

The specimens referred to in brackets have been placed in the Cheltenhani Town Museum.

Fullers’ Earth “ Passage Beds.”

VOL. XIX. (i) DEEP BORING— TETBURY WATERWORKS

.59

r 23«-

b.

24.

L.

26.

27.

2ja.

28.

Limestone, grey, oolitic, with a yellowish zone (i ft. 7 ins.) between 2 ft. 9 ins. and 4 ft.

4 ins. down : 5 ft. 9 ins.

Limestone, grey. The upper i ft. 4 ins. (spec. 236^) is light-grey and ” sparry ; ” the lower II ins. (spec. 23^) more shelly, with some iron-pyrites : 2 ft. 3 ins.

Marl, black, shaly, with shell fragments in pyritic condition, and, at the base, numer- ous small crinoid-ossicles Marl, grey, indurated and veins of impure limestone (spec, 25a) ; crinoid-ossicles : 3 ft. 9 ins. . .

Marl, grey, unfossiliferous, with a 3 to 4-inch bed of very fine-gi*ained sandy limestone (6^) in the middle : i ft.

Limestone, grey, impure and dark marl ; i ft.

I in. . .

d. Marl, as before, with pyritized shell fragments

in the lowest 9 ins. (spec, z^d) : i ft. 9 ins.

e. Limestone, grey, impure : i ft. 5 ins.

/. Marl, as before : 3 ft. 6 ins. . .

Limestone, very light-grey, line-grained, for the most part sandy to the touch. The top-most portion is of a darker grey, is bored by Lithophagi, and to the surface oysters are attached (spec. 26). The upper 6ft. bins, were drawn in one massive core, but the remainder (Plate IV., fig. i) was softer owing to the presence of marl ; while in the bottom inch — shale — were numerous little pisolites . .

[I'^-inch crown used from here.'] Limestone, similar to the upper part of 26, with dark granules, drawn in one nice core (spec. 27)

‘‘ Fullers’ Earth,” according to the foreman Marl, indurated, dark grey (i ft.), passing down into light grey limestone, very similar to that of bed 27, but with dark granules (spec. 28)

Tliickiicss ft. ins.

8 o

V12

10

5

3

3

o

Depth ft. ins.

133 u

134 o

146 6

156 9

162 o 165 o

7 6 172 6

( 29. Marl, black, shaly, without fossils, except for

a ^-inch layer of Ostrea acuminata J. Sow 7 6

30. Limestones, greyish, impure with partings of

shaly marl. The shaly marl, although dark, has a tinge of green. Ostrea acum- inata J. Sow. common the lower portion i 6

31. 05/rgfl-Limestone . . . . . . . . 04

32. Marl, dark, shaly ; crinoid-ossicles abundant :

about . . . . . . . . . . II

33. Limestone, impure, shelly ; Ostrea acuminata

J. Sow. common, crinoid-ossicles . . i i

34. Marl, apparently unfossiliferous . . . . 36

180 o

181 6

181 10

182 II

184 o 187 6

I The specimens referred to in brackets have been placed in the Cheltenham Town Museum.

Upper

Lias Inferior Oolite Fullers’ Earth

1915

60

PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB

Thickness ft. ins.

35. Limestone, impure practically made up of

specimens of Ostrea acuminata J. Sow., pisolites numerous in the middle portion 3 2

36. OiTr^jrt-Limestone : 4 to 9 ins. : usually . . 08

37. Limestone, similar to 35 ; Pseiidomonotis

echinata (J. Sow.). Small crinoid-ossicles

very common in the lowest inch . . 52

38. Marl, dark, shaly, relatively barren . . . . 40

39. Limestone, similar to 37 . . . . . • 4 d

40. 05/;'ca-Limestone (spec. 40) . . . . . . 07

'I

I

r

i

41a. Marl, dark grey, breaking up into small pieces on exposure to the weather, with ir- regular layers and lenticular pieces of a very fine-grained sandy limestone. Re- latively barren, butwith occasionalcrinoid- ossicles and specimens oiOstrea acuminata J, Sow. • . . . , . . . . about

416. Marl, darker, but otherwise similar, with Ostrea acuminata more abundant in the lower portion and “ pisolites ” : about

42. Impure limestone

43. Marl similar to 41a. In the lower 3 ft. shell-

fragments {Ostrea acuminata , V olsella im- bricata (J. Sow.), etc., in a pyritized con- dition are numerous

44. Rubbly Beds. Ragstone, rubbly, shelly ;

T erebratula globata auctt. (common at the top and bottom) (spec. 4.4) , Rhynchonella , Entolium demissum (Phil.)

45. White Oolite. Limestone, for the most part

oolitic (spec. 45) ; Clypeus sp. (near the top), Serpuloe

46. Clypeus-Grit. Ragstone, rubbly, shelly; Ser-

puloe (abundant), T erebratula globata auctt., etc.

Non-sequence. Upper Coral-Bed and Dundry Freestone wanting.

47. U pper Trigonia-Grit. Ragstone, usual fossils.

Lowest 3 inches rubbly and shaly

Non-sequence. All the beds of the

niortensis to bradfordensis (inch)

wanting.

48. Lower Freestone. Top bed well bored by anne-

lids. In the bottom ift bins, pentacrinoid ossicles are very abundant (spec. 486) . .

49. Pea-Grit (spec. 49)

50. Lower Limestone

Non-sequence. Scmion-Beds, etc. (.see page 64) wanting.

12 5

4 6 1 6

28 o

5 4 21 7 10 5

7 10

19 o 36 10 34 o

51-

52.

Cephalopoda-Bed (spec. 51). Maximum thick- ness . . . . . . . . . . 40

Cotteswold Sands, penetrated . . . . • • 55 o

Bottom of bore-hole. — 1 foot above ordnance-datum.

Depth ft. ins.

190 8

1 91 4

196 6

200 6

205 o 205 7

218 o

222 6

224 o

252 o

257 4

278 II

289 4

297 2

316 2

353 o

387 o

391 o 446 o

VOL. XIX. (i) DEEP BORING— TETBURY WATERWORKS

6 1

Forest Marble. — As is well known from the writings of Hiill,^ James Bnckman,^ and H. B. Woodward, it is often difficult to know where to draw the line of division between horest Marble and (xreat Oolite in the country around Tetbury and Cirencester.

W'oodward has shown clearly enough where he thinks it should be drawn at Veizey’s or “ Maze’s ” Quarry, distant half-a-mile in a west-north-westerly direction from the Water- works. At this quarry, in the deepest part, about 15 ft. from the top, is a bed of clay (from i to 3 ft. thick), which Wood- ward obviously considered occupied the stratigraphical posi- tion of the Bradford Clay. Below it is Oolite — seen to a depth ot from 20 to 24 ft. — which he called “ Kemble Beds.” Below these Kemble Beds, he stated, came the “ White Limestone series,” which, however, was not exposed.^

I endeavoured to identify in the cores at the Water- works the beds equivalent to those seen in Veizey’s Quarry ; but was not successful. The beds down to 21 ft. 3 ins. are typical Forest Marble. Those between 17 ft. 9 ins. and 21 ft. 3 ins. contain ” clay galls ” similar to those seen in the hard layers between the surface and 27 ft. down in the Shipton- Moyne bore-hole.'^

Great Oolite. — ^The beds 4, 6, 8, 10 to 13, and 15 — brownish-grey, oolitic limestones — are very similar to each other, are unlike the Forest-Marble beds in that they lack the characteristic blue colour and the abundance of oysters, and would appear to be referable to the Kemble Beds. At Veizey’s Quarry, however, the Kemble Beds are massive — if often false- bedded — oolitic limestones, and do not include such beds as the deposits of brown sand (5),'’ brown marl (7) and tough clay (9). The clay of bed 9 was precisely similar to the clay bed on top of the Kemble Beds at Veizey’s Quarry.

'i " Geology of the Country around Cheltenham ” (1857), pp. 65, 66. Mem. Geol. Surv.

2 Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xiv. (1858), p. 113.

3 “ Jurassic Rocks of Britain : ” vol. iv. (1894), " The Lower Oolitic Rocks of England (\’ork- shire e.xcepted),” p. 271. .Mem. Geol. Sur\-.

4 /(/., p. 276.

5 Sec Proc. Cotteswold Nat. F.C., vol. .xi.x., pt. i (1913), p. 50.

6 Dr. P. G. H. Boswell has very kindly examined a small sample of this sand for me and reports that it contains “ an abundance of shell fragments, oolitic grains, pieces of spines, etc. On treating with hvdrochloric acid it goes down in bulk very much by the solution of calcareous matter, and, after warming and consequent solution of iron hydrates, etc., a verv' little fine-grained angular quartz sand remains. The rest of the deposit was, of course, rather large-grained. On treatment of the original sample with bromoform of density 2.83, very little residue — consisting almost entirely of authigenic mineral fragments (limonite, marcasite and ? pyrrhotite) — was obtained. Those were probably in part due to organic action. Coarse ilmenite, very badly altered in parts to leucoxene of whitish colour, is very common.

62

PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB

K)1 5

Bed i8 is certainly Great Oolite : probably the top-bed of what Woodward would have called the “ White Limestone series.” Bed 19 is a very distinctive stratum on account of its non-oolitic nature and cream colour, but with a ” pinkish ” tinge. The limestones (22c) (23 ft. thick) below the ” Dagham Stone ” (226) are more evenly oolitic, and therefore a better freestone, than those above (22a).

” Passage Beds.” — At 125 ft. down the yellowish oolitic limestones ended, and the grey and dark-grey — sometimes almost blackish — rocks commenced. Those down to 172 ft. 6 ins., and therefore 47 ft. 6 ins. thick, are “ Passage Beds ” between the Great Oolite and Fullers’ Earth,

Bed 23 is a well oolitic limestone. Its lower portion (23^)) is shown in Fig. i. Some geologists might feel disposed to group it with the Great Oolite, but its colour is similar to that of the ” Passage Beds.” It is 8 ft. thick, contains a yellowish zone — reminding one of bed 43 at Shipton Moyne — between 2 ft. 9 ins. and 4 ft. 4 ins. down, while the portion between 5 ft. 9 ins. and 6 ft. 9 ins. is ” sparry ” — just like the main portion of bed 42 at Shipton Moyne.

Bed 24 — the marl composing which soon crumbled to pieces (hence the gap in the core — Fig. i) — shows that the ” Great Oolite limestones ” have been left. The impure limestones associated with the marls of bed 25, with their small white crinoid-ossicles, are similar to each other, with the exception of one bed {2'^b^), which is a very fine-grained lime- stone, sandy to the touch and 3 to 4 ins. thick.

At 144 ft. a very massive bed (26) of a very light-grey, fine-grained limestone, sandy to the touch, was encountered, and one solid core 6 ft. 6 ins. long was drawn. It was this portion of the core that attracted the special attention of certain members of the Club on the occasion of their visit on September 25th, 1913d The top of the bed is waterworn and pitted with the crypts of Lithophagi. The lower 3 ft. 9 ins. (Fig. 2) is less pure limestone owing to an admixture of marl, and did not draw in one piece. In the bottom inch, which is shaly, small ” pisolites ” were abundant.

1 Proc, Cottesvvokl Nat. F.C., vol. xix., pt. i (1915), p. 26.

VOI.. XIX. (i) DHEP BOKING--TETBURY WATERWORKS

63

At 156 ft. 9 ins. a 13-inch crown was substituted for the 18-inch one, and from between that depth and 162 ft. a nice core of rock (bed 27) — similar to that of the upper part of bed 26 — was drawn. Then came a gap in the core, where — according to the foreman — a 3 ft. bed of “ Fullers' Earth ” (27a) occurred. The next bed (28), which commenced (i ft.) as somewhat dark impure limestone, soon passed into rock similar to that composing bed 27, but it was more oolitic (coarsely so) and shelly — the shells, however, being only frag- ments. At Shipton Moyne, bed 51, between 8 ft. 4 ins. and 2 ft. 4 ins. from the bottom of the “ Passage Beds,” was also coarsely oolitic.

Fullers’ Earth. — At 172 ft. 6 ins. down came a change, and dark shaly marls (29) initiated beds crowded at various horizons with specimens of Ostrca acuminata J. Sow. The three bands of Os/rcn-Limestone (31, 36 and 40) were very noticeable. Beds 41 to 43 are comparable with the lower portion of bed 5 at Kemble.

The deposits grouped as Fullers’ Earth at Tetbury are 79 ft. 6 ins. thick, as against 73 ft. at Kemble.

Inferior Oolite. — The