NS ehaeee Sa Leah} en se att see et be ere se sn ee ae oe a ae ss alae nen 7 . : ; atlases Is ey sya » Ragga arte beg ipee peetnes peting . - ae * ~ aS RNS eel OS pee YATE MST estas Se ER oe *e 2 ; - Nia Ls ‘; REPORT OF A GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WISCONSIN, IOWA, AND MINNESOTA. BY AUTHORITY OF CONGRESS. iin i FALLS OF PIGEON RIVER REPORT OF A GHOLOGICAL SURVEY OF WISCONSIN, IOWA, AND MINNESOTA; AND INCIDENTALLY OF A PORTION OF NEBRASKA TERRITORY. MADE UNDER INSTRUCTIONS FROM THE UNITED STATES TREASURY DEPARTMENT. BY DAVID DALE OWEN, UNITED STATES GEOLOGIST. PHIGADEBE PHILA: LIPPINCOTT, GRAMBO & CO. 1852. PHILADELPHIA: Cc. SHERMAN, PRINTER, 19 St. James Street. CONTENTS PAGE INTRODUCTORY LETTER, . : ‘ : : : : xu INTRODUCTION, being a Synopsis of Pi apueal Results, and Narrative of Events, . : . Xvi CHAPTER L. DrscrIPTioN OF THE GEOLOGICAL FoRMATIONS or THE Upper MISSIssIPPl, BELONGING TO THE SILURIAN PrErtop, lying between the Great Lead Region, south of the Wisconsin River, and the Falls of St. Anthony, on the north, and from the Falls of the eastern tributaries of the Mississippi River on the east, towards the sources of its western confluents on the west; treated of under the following heads, ; : 3 : . 41 FORMATION I. Lower SANDSTONE OF THE Upper MIssIssIprl, . , . 48 Secor. I. Its Lithological Character and Geological Abeeeh ‘ituainnted by. Wood- Ate ; 48 Secr. II. Its Paleontology, illustrated by medal-ruled Steel-Plate Engravings, from the sae specimens, . ; : ; : : . 50 Sreor. III. Its Mineral Gontants, : : : . 58 Secor. [V. Its Physical and Agricultural Ghnrabist, ees ated W ae cuts, 5d Sect. V. Its Range, Extent, and Bearing, illustrated by Sections and Map, 2 DF Sror. VI. Its Local Details, — . : : : . 58 FORMATION ITI. A, B, C. Lower MAGNrEstan LIMESTONE OF THE Upper MIssIssierr, : : . 58 Seor. I. Its Lithological Character, and Geological Aspect, illustrated by Wood- seats : . 58 Secr. IL. Its Paleontology, illustrated by Steel-Plate Hngravings, : . : . 60 Szor. III. Its Mineral Contents, . 60 Sreor. LV. Its Physical Features, and Aeeteatineal Chater nll geuenee) by iWreae cuts, . . 64 Secor. V. Its Range, Extent, and Beuae illustrated by Sections and Map, : : . 68 Secor. VI. Its Local Details, . ‘ . ‘ , nels, St. PETER’s SANDSTONE, . ; : : : : , : : . 69 FORMATION III. Np Bay St. PevEr’s SHett LIMESTONE, Sror. I. Its Lithological Character, ; Secr. IL. Its Paleoiteloag. illustrated by eel piled Steel- Plate genes, Sror. IIT. Its Mineral Contents, Secr. TV. Its Physical and Agricultural Chamiier ilnsirated by aie cuts, Secr. V. Its Range, Mxtent, and Bearing, illustrated by Sections and Map, oD) 1% -~1 -7 J CO a aw w ei CONTENTS. CHAPTER E1. DESCRIPTION OF THE GEOLOGICAL FoRMATION oF RED CEDAR, WAPSINONOX, AND PART OF THE Lower IowA Rivers, belonging to the Devonian Pesto’ of Europe and the Hamilton Corniferous Groups a Onenanes, Limestone of New York, Sect. I. Its Lithological Character and Geological Aspect, uaioted by Wesds cuts, Secor. IT. Its pale caine illustrated by Steel-Plate Engravings, partly medal-ruled, Sect. IIT. Its Mineral Contents, Secor. IV. Its Range, Extent, and Bearing, . ‘ : Seor. V. Its Physical and Agricultural Character, illustrated by Wood-cuts, Seer. VI. Its Local Details, CUHEAGP ARR er. DESCRIPTION OF THE CARBONIFEROUS Rocks or Iowa, including that of a Coal-field west of the Mississippi, lying partly in Iowa, and partly in Missouri, the extent and limits now for the first time defined in this Report, and laid down on the large Geological Map, accompanying it; with descriptions of minute, connected sections, passing in two directions through the heart of this Coal-field; one series along the Valley of the Missouri River; and the other series up the Valley of the Des Moines, CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE AND COAL-MEASURES. A. Lower Series of Carboniferous Limestone, B. Upper Series of Carboniferous Limestone, Secr. I. Their Lithological Character, and Geological epeet allstaated by Wace: cuts, Sror. II. Their Paleontology, illustrated by Steel-Plate Hneravings, Sror. III. Their Mineral Contents, : : : ‘ : Sror. IV. Their Range, Extent, and Bearing, illustrated by Sections and Map, Srcor. V. Their Physical and Agricultural Character, illustrated by Wood-cuts, Secor. VI. Their Local Details, CHAPTER IV. DESCRIPTION OF THE GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS OF THE INTERIOR OF WISCONSIN AND MINNESOTA. Secr. I. Their Lithological Character and Geological Aspect, illustrated by Wood-cuts, Secor. II. Their Paleontology, Sror. III. Their Mineral Contents, ay : . : Srcr. IV. Their Range, Extent, and Bearing, illustrated by Sections and Map, Srcr. V. Their Physical and Agricultural Character, illustrated by Wood-cuts, Secor. VI. Their Local Details, CHAPTER V. On tHE AGE, CHARACTER, AND TRUE GroLocicaL Postrron or THE LAKE Supertor Rep SANDSTONE FORMATION, CHAPTER VI. INCIDENTAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE Upper Missourt River, AND DESCRIPTIONS OF THE GroLocicaL FoRMATION oF THE Mauvatses Terres (Bap Lanps) or NEBRASKA TrRRIToRY; developing a new feature in the Geology of the West, and disclosing the former existence of many New Species and Genera of Animals; also, New Races of Ruminating Pachyderms, and Omnivorous Ungulate Ruminants, which roamed high up in the Valley of the Missouri, at the dawn of the Tertiary Period, 90 90 90 90 94 oF 98 100 101 141 145 145 147 148 151 196 CONTENTS. DR. J. G. NORWOOD’S REPORT. DESCRIPTION OF THE GEOLOGY OF MIppLE AND WesTERN Mrnnesora ; including the country adjacent to the Northwest and part of the Southwest Shore of Lake Superior; illustrated by numerous Gencral and Local Sections, Wood-cuts, and a Map, CHAPTER I. Bounpartes AND TopoGRAPHICAL NOoTIcEs, CHAPTER? If. DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE or Rocks, GibA ee CL EXPLORATIONS IN 1847 anp 1848, CILLA P TER “LY. GEOLOGY oF THE NORTHWEST AND WESTERN PorTION OF THE VALLEY OF LAKE SUPERIOR, COL. WHITTLESEY’S REPORT. Description OF Parr oF WIsconsIN, SouTH or LAKE Supertor; together with Observations incidental thereto, CHAPI RL Secr. I. General Geology of the District, Secr. II. Physical Aspect of the Bad River Country, . Secr. ILI. Description of the Country between Bad River ands the Brulé, ; Secor. LV. Copper Veins; their Geological Position and Promise of Productiveness in Wi isconsin, Secr. V. Detailed Sections, ; Secr. VI. Magnetic Iron Beds of Penge Range, Secr. VII. ier Ridge of Dodge County, CHAPTER If. DESCRIPTION OF THE COUNTRY BETWEEN THE WISCONSIN AND MENoMOoNIE Rivers, CHAPTER ELI Rep Cuay AND Drirr oF WISCONSIN, AND ARTESIAN WELLS THEREIN, . ; : C.F AP TR aL. REMARKS ON BAROMETRICAL AND THERMOMETRICAL OBSERVATIONS, 5 : ; vil 2138 267 42! 467 vill CONTENTS. CHAPTER V. LUMBERING ON THE WATERS OF GREEN Bay, DR. B. F. SHUMARD’S REPORT. Loca DETAILS OF GEOLOGICAL SECTIONS ON THE St. PEerer’s, Mrssissrppr, WISCONSIN, BARRABOO, SNAKE, AND Kuerrtxe Rivers, CHAPTER... OBSERVATIONS ON Sv. PETER’s River, CHAPTER II. Locan Sections on tur Mississippr River, CHAPTER IIE. Locat SECTIONS ON THE WISCONSIN AND BARRABOO RIVERS, CHAPTER Ty. OBSERVATIONS ON SNAKE AND Kerrie Rivers, DR. JOSEPH LEIDY’S MEMOIR. On THE Fossin MAMMALIA AND REPTILIA COLLECTED DURING TIIE SURVEY, APPENDIX. PALHONTOLOGICAL DrEscrIprioNs, CHEMICAL EXAMINATIONS, BoTANICAL AND ORNITHO- LOGICAL CATALOGUES, : : % ; : : : ArTICcLE I. Description of New Genera and Species of Paleozoic Fossils; by D. D. Owen, ArricLE II. Description of New Species of Crinoidea; by D. D. Owen and B. F. Suumarp, ArticueE IIT. General Distribution of Fossil Genera and Species of the Northwest, ArticLe TV. Additional Chemical Examinations; by D. D. Owen, ARTICLE V. Systematic Catalogue of Plants, of Wisconsin, Iowa, and Minnesota; by C. C. Parry, ArticLe VI. Systematic Catalogue of Birds, of Wisconsin and Minnesota; by H. Prarren, 471 481 481 495 525 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. FROM ORIGINAL SKETCHES IN THE FIELD* WOOD-CUTS. PAGE Gorge and Falls of Pigeon River: engraved by W. Xoberts; on wood by C. E. Dopler, Frontispiece. Dike of Columnar Basalt, Grand Portage Bay, Lake eae engraved by Richardson & Cox: on wood by 8. Wallin, : Vignette. La Pointe and Bay of Madeline Island, Taaee Superior: engraved iy N. ote ; on Ww rane by 6, Gil- denmeister, . : ‘ é ‘ : . 8 Natural Beceon of Bluffs of Lowen Paleozoic Rocks: drawn and engraved on wood by J. W. Louderback, : : : : : ; : : . 40 Cliff of Lower Magnesian mesons Plum Creek: drawn and engraved on wood by J. W. Louderback, : : : ; ; : F . 42 Outcrop of Lower Sandstone, icrinooe poland by R. Telfer; on wood by J. b. Howell, . 45 Hill of Alternations of Lower Sandstone and Magnesian Limestone : pela by R. Telfer; on wood by A. Lawrie, : : . 45 Outlet of Lake Pepin: engraved oe D. ©. eer 3 on eed by Th Elliot, ; : . 44 Cap des Sioux, Lake Pepin: engraved by R. Telfer; on wood by A. Thee ; i . 406 La Grange Mountain: engraved by Richardson & Cox; on wood by 8. Wallin, . , . 46 Amphitheatre of Sand: engraved by A. Sollin; on wood by Devereux, . 55 Alternations of Lower Sandstone and Magnesian Limestone, Iowa River; engrav a by G. r Hoff. man; on wood by W. Croome, : : : : - of Castellated Appearance of Lower Magnesian amet 18% a Rivers drawn and engraved on wood by Devereux, . ; : . 609 Natural Wall and Picante of ener Mapiosian Titieceene: tee River: engraved by A. Sollin; on wood by Devereux, ; : : + 66 Northern and Southern Slopes: engraved bye reer ; on wood by Bs Lawite, : 67 Cliffs of Lower Magnesian Limestone, Iowa River; engraved by W. B. Gihon; on food by W. Croome, : : : : : ; : «00 Natural Wall of Sentleiones reimmalnelce Airis and engraved on wood by J. W. Louderback, after a Sketch by Lewis, : : : ‘ : ‘ ee a) Remarkable Outline of Hills on Tuckey, River: engraved by HK. P. Vollum; on wood by C. E. Dopler, : : F : . TA Outcrop of Upper Mm geet akestatts ea Shell- beds, Merkeyy sivas engraved by G. A. Hoff- man; on wood i Devereux, : : ; : : : : Be ths, Outcrop of Limestone on Shell Rock: drawn and engraved on wood by J. W. Louderback, ei: Region of Drift, Prairies of Northern Iowa: engraved by N. Orr; on wood by C. Gildenmeister, SO View on the Uupet Iowa: drawn and engraved on wood by J. Orr, : : . 88 Concretions in Muscatine quarries: drawn and engraved on wood by W. B. Gaien, : . 100 Outline of Carboniferous Limestone, Upper Tee engraved by Bobbett & gue on wood by Beckwith, . : , : . : : : ; ; Sent * Except when otherwise designated, by D. D. Owen and Richard Owen. x LIST OF FEE LU Set RAG? WOuN Ss: Knobby Drift Region, Sources of the Upper Iowa: engraved by W. B. Gihon; on wood by W. Croome, Marl-Beds, Des Moines; engray aa by Bobbett & amounts. ou oud by W. Belen Carboniferous Limestone, Lizard Fork, Des Moines: engraved by Bobbett & Madmondee on qoud by C. E. Dopler, ; ; ; : : : : Last Exposure of Coal-Measures, Des Moines: drawn and engraved on wood by A. Lawrie, Hills of Marl, Council Bluffs: engraved by Bobbett & Edmonds; on wood by C. E. Dépler, Trap, Dalles of St. Croix: engraved by HE. P. Vollum; on wood by C. E. Dépler, Boulders, Prairies of Iowa: engraved by Bobbett & Edmonds; on wood by W. Beckwith, Granite Range, Falls of the Chippewa: engraved by Bobbett & Edmonds; on wood by Dopler, Hornblendic Range, Brunct’s ae : ee by Bobbett & Edmonds; on wood by W. Beckwith, Long Lake: engraved by N. Orr; on wor 6d by C. Gildenmeister, ted River of the North: engraved by J. Minturn; on wood by H. W. Her Great Savanna, Red River of the North: engraved by W. Roberts; on wood by 8. Wallin, Decharge de la Cave: engraved by Richardson & Cox; on wood be 8. Wallin, Gold-Water Lake: engraved by E. P. Vollum; on wood by C. E. Dopler, M’Kay’s Mountain: engraved by E. J. Whitney; on wood by Darley, Tilted Strata on Lake Superior: engraved by Bobbett & Edmonds; on wood by C. i. Dipler, Mauvaises Terres, or Bad Lands: engraved by HE. P. Vollum; on wood by C. E. Dopler, Portrait of the Author: engraved by E. P. Vollum; on wood by 8. Wallin, from a Daguerreo- type by Root, ; Falls of Cariboo River: engraved by KH. P. Vollum; on wood by C. HE. Dopler, : Natural Arch in Sandstone, Lake Superior: engraved by N. Orr; on woed by C. Gildenmeister, Fond du Lac: engraved by W. Roberts; on wood by H. W. Herrick, Manitou: drawn and engraved on wood by W. B. Gihon, Arch, in Sandstone and Shale: engraved by Richardson & Cox; on wood ae i. Wallin: Cluster of Basaltic Columns : dha and engraved on wood by W. B. Gihon, Great Palisades: engraved by N. Orr; on wood by W. Wade, Dome-shaped Columnar Rock: drawn and engraved on wood by W. B. Gihon, Falls of Manidowish River: engraved by Bobbett & Edmonds: on wood by , i. Dipler, Volcanic Grits, Inaonani River: engraved by J. W. Orr; on wood by W. Wade, Falls of Kawimbash: engraved by Richardson & Cox; on wood by 8. Wallin, Gorge of Kawimbash River: engraved by T. F. Baker; on wood by C. E. Dopler, Arch in Amygdaloid: drawn and engraved on wood by N. Orr, : : Gorge and Falls of Kamanosisatikag: engraved by N. Orr; on wood by on Gildenmeister, Basaltie Columns, Lake Superior: engraved by J. W. Orr; on wood by 8. Wade, Columnar Basalt: engraved by Richardson & Cox; on wood by 8. Wallin, : Overflow of Trap, Lake Superior: engraved by Richardson & Cox; on wood by 8. Wallin, Cluster of Inclined Basaltic Columns, Lake Superior: engraved by Richardson & Cox; on wood by S. Wallin, : : : , ; 3 Dike of Columnar Basalt, Lake Michigans engraved by Richardson & Cox; on wood by 8. Wallin, Trap over Slate, Lake Sa pence: : engraved by Richardson & Cox; on wood by 8. Wallin, Enclosed dike of Columnar Basalt: engraved by Richardson & Cox; on wood by 8S. Wallin, Escarpment of slate, Lac du Coq; engraved by N. Orr; on wood by C. Gildenmeister, Hills of Slate, Mud Lake: engraved by J. W. Orr; on wood by W. Wade, Escarpment of Slate, Mud Lake: engraved by Richardson & Cox; on wood by 8. Wallin, Escarpment of Slate: drawn and engraved on wood by W. B. Gihon, Wooded Slope and Escarpment of atey engraved by Richardson & Cox; on ae by S. Wallin, Basaltic Columns resting on Sedimentary Rocks: drawn and engraved on wood by W. B. Gihon, . Falls of Kettle River: engraved by Richardson & Cox; on wood by 8. Wallin; after a sketch by F. B. Meek, Dalles of Kettle River: engray a by W. Rovere: on soon by s. Wallin, Upwards of one hundred and seventy short sections, by W. B. Gihon, A. Lawrie, and E. P. Vv STH interspersed through the text. Co co ) O59 OD CO ~J ~I ~I O aon o> & & Co we) pa fie S SOS ie Urs ROAST TOUN Ss: Se ENGRAVINGS ON COPPER. A large Geological Map of the whole District, elaborately coloured, embracing Wisconsin, Towa, and Min- nesota, together with a portion of Missouri and Illinois. A quarto Map of parts of Wisconsin and Minnesota, showing the extension of the rock formations con- cealed under the drift. ENGRAVINGS ON STEEL. Twenty-seven quarto Plates of Organic Remains, eight of which are executed by the medal-ruling process, from original specimens, two in part by the same process, and five from daguerreotypes of the fossil mammalia and reptilia of Nebraska. A quarto Map of the Mauvaises Terres of Nebraska. Coast Section, one hundred and forty miles in length, of the Northwest Shore of Lake Superior; coloured. Pl. N, Coast View, Section, and Map of Grand Portage Bay and Pigeon Point; coloured. Pl. 1 N, Outline of Hills and Sections in the vicinity of the Northwest Coast of Lake Superior, from 1 to 9; coloured. Pl. 2 N, Sections in Minnesota, from 1 to 5; coloured. Pl. eo N, Sections on Streams flowing into Lake Superior from the North, in Minnesota, from 1 to 6; including Section No. 4, 8, on the St. Peter’s River, and Section No. 7, on the Mississippi, above the Falls of St. Anthony; coloured. Sections on the Wisconsin River, from 1 to 35, inclusive; also on the Mississippi, north of the Wisconsin River, from 1 to 8, and from A. to T., inclusive; coloured. Sections on the Missouri River, from 1 to 19, in connexion with a draught of the River; coloured. Sections in continuation of the above, from 20 to 40, up to Council Bluffs; coloured. ENGRAVINGS ON STONE. Sections on the Des Moines River, in connexion with a draught of the same, between the Mouth and the Raccoon Forks, from 1 to 40; coloured. Sections in continuation, above the Raccoon Fork, from No. 41 to No. 65; coloured. No. 2. General Section on the Mississippi, between the Mouth of the Wisconsin and the St. Peter’s Rivers; coloured. No. 5. Section A to F, on the St. Croix. No. 4. Section from the Mouth to the Dalles of the St. Croix; coloured. No. 5. Section on the Mississippi, from the Mouth of the St. Croix to the Falls of St. Anthony, and Section 1, 8, at the Detroit of the St. Croix; coloured. Sections on the Streams flowing into Lake Superior from the south, No. 1 to 4, W; coloured. Section through the interior of Wisconsin, from 1 to 8, R, and Section No. 2, 'S, at the Falls of St. An- thony; coloured. Section No. 6 of the Great Slide on the Mississippi, between Lake Pepin and Mountain Island. f ye * ATR We ae Abe . me Ry, As INTRODUCTORY LETTER. TO THE HON. J. BUTTERFIELD, COMMISSIONER OF THE GENERAL LAND OFFICE, WASHINGTON. | New Harmony, Inpiana, October 30, 1851. Str :—The Preliminary Reports, forwarded by me from time to time, have fur- nished to the Department accounts of the field work ; while the Annual Reports of 1848 and 1849, heretofore submitted, contain a more full and digested statement of the observations and discoveries of each year, made by the Geological Corps, in Wisconsin, Iowa, and Minnesota. The Final Report, which I now lay before the Department, embraces, in a concise, connected, and revised form, the substance of all the previous reports; together with a full statement of the results of last season’s operations : thus covering the entire ground of the Survey. Condensed reports of the Assistant Geologist and of the heads of sub-corps, accompany the present Report. These contain detailed descriptions of the districts specially assigned to each ; together with generalizations deduced therefrom. In the estimation of heights, to be calculated in accordance with my instructions above the level of Lake Superior, a long series of barometrical observations became necessary. Some of these have been recorded in the form of meteorological tables, supplying materials for comparing the climate of Lake Superior with that of the Upper Mississippi, and showing the former to be milder and more equable than the latter, and, indeed, than that of many portions of the United States, in much more southern latitudes. I may here remark, however, that it has been my aim, during the entire conduct of this exploration, to make the strictly practical and business portion of the Survey the chief end and object of our operations. Scientific researches, which to some may seem purely speculative and curious, are essential as preliminaries to these practical results. Further than such necessity dictates, they have not been pushed, except as subordinate and incidental, and chiefly at such periods as, under the ordinary requirements of public service, might be regarded as leisure moments ; so that the contributions to science thus incidentally afforded, and which a liberal Xv INTRODUCTORY LETTER. policy forbade to neglect, may be considered, in a measure, a voluntary offering, tendered at little or no additional expense to the Department. Of such a character are the researches establishing the paleozoic base in the Mississippi Valley, and bringing to light fossil remains in rocks that have been hitherto set down in the West as destitute of organic remains.* Dr. Norwood’s Report exhibits the limit, extent, and range of the trap formations on the south shore of Lake Superior, towards Fond du Lac, and also the various systems of intrusive traps, which can be traced on the north shore, up to the British line ; together with detailed statements touching the mineral veins discovered over that region of country. Colonel Whittlesey’s Report traces the trap ranges, and defines the boundaries of formations on the south shore, from the Bois Brulé as far as the western boundary of Michigan. Both exhibit the facts which finally led to the conclusion, that in this part of the Chippewa Land District, there are no copper lands, with sufficient promise of productive veins, to justify the Department in setting them apart as a mineral reservation. Throughout this Report, abundant evidence will be found, in proof that both the Upper and Lower Magnesian Limestone formations of Wisconsin and Iowa are lead-bearing, and, to some extent, copper-bearing also. But there will be found, at the same time, the reasons which have governed my recommendation, that here, as on Lake Superior, no mineral reservations should be made. To avoid repetition and an unnecessary increase in the bulk of this Report, I have either condensed or wholly omitted many minute details, collected by various members of the corps; which, though required to establish the bounds of formations, became superfluous after having subserved that special purpose. I have also suppressed long lists of barometrical measurements and astronomical observations, necessary in the location and estimation of geological sections ; but, that object served, never likely again to be referred to. The local details, found at the conclusion of each chapter, will be chiefly inte- resting to the present settlers, or to those seeking locations in the district of country of which they treat. The general reader will find in the Introduction, besides a narrative of events, a brief summary of the leading practical results obtained in the course of the Survey ; while, to the geologist, the sections in each chapter relative to the paleontological character and mineral contents of each formation ; the lithological and stratigraphical details in Dr. Shumard’s Report; together with the investigations in Chapter V. touching the age of the red sandstones of Lake Superior, and the details connected * See, for particulars, § 2, of Chapter I. INTRODUCTORY LETTER. xv with the same subject embodied in Dr. Norwood’s Report, will all possess more or less interest. So also, in Dr. Norwood’s Report, will the mineralogical and orographic information, and the remarkable metamorphoses of the sedimentary strata on the north shore. Both the general reader and the geologist will probably find interest in the inci- dental chapter on that extraordinary and hitherto almost unexplored region, the Mauvaises Terres (Bad Lands); a region not only attractive to the naturalist by its rare wealth of fossil remains, but, in its natural features, perhaps unique throughout the world. In justice to those who have aided me in the Survey and in preparing mate- rials for this Report, I here state, that, but for the industry and perseverance they brought to the task, it would be still far from completion. Our working hours have usually been twelve, sometimes fifteen, per day; and even with such exertions, it has been with difficulty we have executed the necessary analyses, calculations, diagrams, sections, and charts, so as to present the whole in its pre- sent complete form, before the opening of the approaching session of Congress. In conclusion, I beg here to acknowledge the valuable and essential aid contri- buted on this Geological Survey by the following gentlemen :— Assistant Geologist: J. G. Norwoop. Heads of Sub-corps: J. Evans, B. F. Saumarp, B. C. Macy, C. Wurrresry, A. Litton, R. OWEN. Sub-assistants: G. WARREN, H. Pratren, F. B. Mrrx, J. BEAt. I am, Sir, Your obedient Servant, DAVID DALE OWEN, U. S. Geroroeisr. i) el ee i 60 “ealh. Odd tet agin! re re ve 7 P i boule! re si ihe le pil. how hu Gea ite planes a 45 ts hips i tide 1 eee —- ii iv ~ a ane ‘ies ry Au tai wilt i i @ Tbe Wilt = teh * = 7 J os tel LAL oi ty il si aL . Shr wyail ie Shel aaa . pho oll TP, GG ae SO a my lise eae ATES iS tw wh ahh Wiieiiay aah beanie \ Nii Sb Mee te iy Tye: fer ary id yt i 4 stl awk, spom alee el gga ae ‘ HG | naa iti \ otha Mamie: ‘agneesy a ss ety wi wavered "hah ogni TP ah yi afi ) es 2