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PAORREYA
A Bi-Montuty JourNAL or BotranicaLt Nores aNp News
JOHN TORREY, 1796-1873
i EDITED FOR THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB-
BY
NORMAN TAYLOR
Volume XX
NEW YORK
1g20
O67 Nol, 19-2 ITD.0-2)
OFFICERS FOR 1920
President H. M. RICHARDS, Pu.D.
Vice- Presidents. JOHN HENDLEY BARNHART, A.M., M.D C. STUART GAGER, Pu.D.
Secretary and Treasurer FRANCIS W. PENNELL PH.D New YorkK BOTANICAL GARDEN, NEW YorRK CITY Editor ALEX. W. EVANS, M.D., PH.D.
Associate Editors
JEAN BROADHURST, Pu.D. M. LEVINE, Pu.D. J. A. HARRIS, PH.D. G. E. NICHOLS, Px.D. MARSHALL AVERY HOWE, Pu.D. ARLOW B. STOUT, Pu.D.
NORMAN TAYLOR.
Delegate to the Council of the New York Academy of Sciences M. A. HOWE, Pu.D.
Committees for 1920.
Finance Committee Field Committee R. A. HARPER, Chairman. MICHAEL LEVINE, Chairman. J. H. BARNHART, Mrs. L.M. KEELER Miss C. C. HAYNES GEORGE T. HAST.NGS SERENO STETSON F. J. SEAVER
NoRMAN TAYLOR Percy WILSON Budget Committee Membership Committee
H. J. BARNHART, Chairman. J. K. SMALL, Chairman.
SS - seo 'T. E. HAZEN A. W. EVANS E. W. OLIVE M. A. Howe Eh Rusby Local Flora Committee N. L. Britton, Chairman. Program Committee Phanerogams: Cryptogams:
E P. BICKNELL Mrs. E.G. BRITTON N. L. BRITTON T. E. HAZEN
C. GC. Curtis M. A. Howe
K. K. MACKENZIE MICHAEL LEVINE NORMAN TAYLOR W. A. MuRRILL
Mrs. E. G. BRITTON, Chairman. Pror. JEAN BROADHURST ALFRED GUNDERSEN
F. J. SEAVER
Chairmen of Special Committees on Local Flora. Ferns and Fern Allies: R. C. Benedict. Lichens: W. C. Barbour
Mosses: Mrs. E. G. Britton Sphaeriaceae, Dothideaceae: H. M Liverworts: A. W. Evans Richards Fresh Water Algae: T. E. Hazen Hypocreaceae, Perisporieae, Plectas. Marine Algae: M. A. Howe cineae, Tuberineae: F. J. Seaver Gasteromycetes G. C. Fisher Fungi-forming sclerotia: A. B. Stout Hymenomycetes: W. A. Murrill Imperfecti: H. M. Richards, F. Except Russula and Lactarius: Miss G. Seaver, Mel T. Cook Burlingham Oomycetes: C. A. King
Cortinarius: R. A. Harper Zygomycetes: A. F. Blakeslee
Polyporeae: M. Levine Chytridiaceae, Exobasidii: H. M. Richards Myxomycetes: Mrs. H. M. Richards Rusts and Smuts: E. W. Olive Yeast and Bacteria: Prof. J. Broadhurst
Discomycetes: B. O. Dodge Insect galls: Mel T. Cook
Vol. 20 February, 1920 No.
~TORREYA
A Br-Montuiy Journat or Boranicat Notes anp News EDITED FOR THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB BY
NORMAN TAYLOR
JOHN TORREY, 1796-1873.
CONTENTS
Totreya:a,Bi-monthly 9." SE ee List of the Members and Officers of the Club
SP PLE i oe he) ele a Mastpe Se, ble 5 a4 ee a eels
We Vel ee td > eg
Soil Preferences of Scrophulariaceae. F. W. PENNELL. . Reviews:
Murrill’s Nature Books. Tue Epiror . . Proceedings of the Club... . ....,
ei Cee ek, Vo ee eee rae
News ‘Items Me Bybee
PUBLISHED FOR THE CLUB
AT 4 NorTH Queen Street, LANCASTER, Pa. sy Tur New Era Printinc Company “Entered at the Post Office at Lancaster, Pa,., as second-class matter,
I
THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB
OFFICERS FOR 1920
President : H. M. RICHARDS, Sc.D.
Vice- Presidents. JOHN HENDLEY BARNHART, A.M., M.D C. STUART GAGER, PH.D.
Secretary and Treasurer FRANCIS W. PENNELL 2764 CRESTON AVENUE, NEW YORK CITY
Editor ALEX. W. EVANS, M.D., PH.D
Associate Editors
JEAN BROADHURST, Pu.D. M. LEVINE. Pu.D. J. A. HARRIS, PH.D. G. E. NICHOLS, Pu.D. | MARSHALL AVERY HOWE, Pu.D. ARLOW B. STOUT, Pu.D.
NORMAN TAYLOR.
Delegate to the Council of the New York Academy of Sciences J. H. BARNHART, M.D.
OFFICIAL ORGAN-OF THE WILD FLOWER PRESERVATION SocIETY OF AMERICA
Torreya is furnished to subscribers in the United States and — Canada for one dollar per annum; single copies, thirty cents. To 3 subscribers elsewhere, five shillings, or the equivalent thereof. Postal or express money orders and drafts or personal checks on New York City banks are accepted in payment, but the rules of the New York Clearing House compel the request that ten cents be added to the amount of any we other local checks that may be sent. Subscriptions are received only ae for full volumes, beginning with the January issue. Reprints will be furnished at cost prices. Subscriptions and remittances should be sent to TREASURER, TORREY BoTAnicaL Cup, 41 North Queen St.,; Lan- caster, Pa., or Dr. Francis W. Pennell, 2764 Creston Avenue, N. Y. « City. en “ah ae : Matter for publication, and books and papers for review, should oh: be addressed to : a
NORMAN TAYLOR
Brooklyn Botanic Garden | Brooklyn, N.Y
TORREYA
Vol. 20 No. I | January-February, 1920
LIBRARY NEW YORK
BOTANICAL GAKDEN .
TORREYA A BI-MONTHLY
Until further notice TORREYA will be issued bi-monthly. It is to be regretted that greatly increased costs have made this necessary and it will be continued in its present form only so .long as the conditions which have caused its curtailment persist. The income for its publication could be greatly increased by adding to the subscribers and members, and those interested in putting TORREYA on its monthly schedule will hasten that time by actively pushing a campaign for new members and subscribers.
For the present, manuscripts and reviews submitted for publication will be printed as soon as possible, but papers by members of the Club will be given precedence over others, if our columns become crowded. Preference will usually be shown, also, to papers on local botany, especially those on the distribu- tion of vegetation within the Local Flora Area.
{No. 12, Vol. 19 of TORREYA, comprising pp. 235-257, was issued 26 January 1920}
MEMBERS OF THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB FEBRUARY, 1920
Note: It is more than thirty years since a list of the members of the Club has been published in our own publications. If there are any errors, it is requested that a note regarding them be sent to the Secretary, Dr. Francis‘ W. Pennell, 2764 Creston BAG UN. Ys Coat ye
Mr. James. F. Adams, University Club, State College, Pa.
Miss Mary S. Andrews, 283 Elizabeth St., New York City.
Mr. William T. Arnold, 21 Park Road, Wyomissing, Pa.
Professor J. C. Arthur, Purdue University, Lafayette, Ind.
Mr. E. G. Arzberger, Bureau Plant Industry, Washington, D. C.
Dr. Howard J. Banker, Eugenics Record Office, Cold Spring Harbor, N. Y.
Dr. John H. Barnhart, New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York City.
Mr. Edwin B. Bartram, 200 N. 3d St., Philadelphia, Pa.
Dr. Vincent Baudendistel, Guttenberg, N. J.
Mr. Alfred T. Beals, 71 West 23d St., New York City.
Professor H. C. Beardslee, Perry, Ohio.
Dr. Ralph C. Benedict, 322 East 19th St., Brooklyn, N. Y.
Miss Rhoda Benham, Cedarhurst, N. Y.
Professor Edward W. Berry, Care Maryland Geological Survey, Baltimore, Md.
Dr. Ernst A. Bessey, East Lansing, Mich.
Dr. Geo. N. Best, Rosemont, N. J.
Mr. Ellsworth Bethel, State Museum, Denver, Colo. |
Mr. Eugene P. Bicknell, 30 Pine St., New York City.
Mr. Cecil Billington, 104 Woodland Ave., Detroit, Mich.
Mr. C. H. Bissell, Southington, Conn.
Dr. Albert F. Blakeslee, Cold Spring Harbor, N. Y.
Dr. George F. Bovard, Univ. of Southern California, Los Angeles, Calif.
Miss Laura M. Bragg, Charleston Museum, Charleston, S. C.
Mr. Harry Braun, Bureau Plant Industry, Washington, D. C.
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Professor Wm. L. Bray, Syracuse University, Syracuse, N. Y.
Mrs. Elizabeth G. Britton, 2965 Decatur Ave., New York City.
Professor N. L. Britton, New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York City.
Dr. Jean Broadhurst, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York City.
Mr. Charles Brown, 762 Courtlandt Ave., Bronx, New York City.
Mr. Stewardson Brown, Germantown, Philadelphia, Pa.
Mr. F. M. Bruggerhof, P. O. Box 1449, New York City.
~ Professor Edward S. Burgess, Ridge Road, Park Hill South, Yonkers, N. Y.
Dr. Gertrude S. Burlingham, 556 Lafayette Ave., Brooklyn, N. Y.
Mr. Stewart H. Burnham, R. F. D. No. 2, Box 55, Hudson Falls, NAY:
‘Professor B. T. Butler, College of the City of New York, 139th St., New York City.
* Professor Otis W. Caldwell, Lincoln School, 646 Park Ave., New York City.
‘Mr. Walter S. Cameron, 239 West 136th St., New York City.
Professor D. H. Campbell, Stanford University, California.
Miss Gertrude L. Cannon, 1786 Clay Ave., New York City.
* Miss Cornelia L. Carey, Luddington Road, West Orange, N. J.
v Mr. H. A. Cassebeer, Jr., 1095 Steinway Ave., Steinway, N. Y.
Professor Edw. B. Chamberlain, 18 West 89th St., New York City.
“Miss Nessa Cohen, 2094 Fifth Ave., New York City.
Professor J. Franklin Collins, 468 Hope St., Providence, R. I.
Dr. James J. Concanon, 409 West 129th St., New York City.
Mrs. A. F. Coutant, 1058 A Sterling Place, Brooklyn, N. Y.
Mr. Joseph Crawford, Phipps Institute, 7th and Lombard Sts., Philadelphia, Pa.
Dr. C. C. Curtis, Columbia University, New York City.
Mr. Alfred Cuthbert, Box 122, Bradentown, Fla.
Mrs. Elizabeth B. Davenport, Northern Ave., Brattleboro, Vt.
_ Mr. John Davidson, Botanical Office, Vancouver, B. C.
Dr. J. J. Davis, Biology Building, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis.
Mr. Maturin L. Delafield, Jr., 29 Avenue Davel, Lausanne, Switzerland.
4
Rev. H. M. Denslow, 2 Chelsea Square, New York City.
Miss Susan Dixon, 29 West 54th St., New York City.
Dr. Bernard O. Dodge, Bureau Plant Industry, Washington, NaC.
Dr. H. Beaman Douglass, 145 West 58th St., New York, N. Y.
Dr. Philip Dowell, Port Richmond, N. Y.
Mr. Wm. J. Downer, 229 Bedford Ave., Brooklyn, N. Y.
Mr. Charles Dreyer, 147 East 55th St., Brooklyn, N. Y.
Dr. Edwin H. Eames, 540 State St., Bridgeport, Conn.
Professor F. S. Earle, Herradura, Cuba.
Dr. Robert G. Eccles, 681 Tenth St., Brooklyn, N. Y.
Mr. W. W. Eggleston, Bureau Plant Industry, Washington, D. C.
Mrs. |. S: Ehrich, 1 West 72d St., New, York City: ;
Miss Julia T. Emerson, 131 East 66th St., New York City.
Mr. John Enequest, 96 Hausman St., Brooklyn, N. Y.
Professor A. W. Evans, Botanical Department, Yale University, New Haven, Conn.
Mr. Jackson Evans, Box 97, Kirkland, Wash.
Dr: Charles E. Fairman, Lyndonville, N. Y.
Dr. Clifford H. Farr, State University, lowa City, lowa.
Mr. Oliver A. Farwell, 101 Smith Ave., Detroit, Mich.
Mr. William C. Ferguson, 60 Front St., Hempstead, N. Y.
‘Dr. G. Clyde Fisher, American Museum of Natural History, 77th St., New York City.
Professor T. J. Fitzpatrick, Bethany, Nebraska.
Mr. C. E. Foote, Care Foote and Jenks, Jackson, Mich.
Mr. W. W. Foote, State College of Washington, Pullman, Wash.
Mr. James B. Ford, 11 East 45th Street, New York City.
Dr. F. W. Foxworthy, Forest Research Office, Kuala Lampur, Federated Malay States.
’ Dr. C. D. Fretz, Sellersville, Pa.
Dr. C. Stuart Gager, Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Brooklyn, N. Y.
Professor A. O. Garrett, 234 F St., Salt Lake City, Utah.
Mr. Alexander Gershoy, Department of Botany, Columbia University, New York City.
~ Dr. Wm. J. Gies, 437 West 59th St., New York City.
Dr. H. A. Gleason, N. Y. Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York City,
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/ Miss Margurite Gluck, 2010 Seventh Ave., New York City. Dr. Charles C. Godfrey, 340 State St., Bridgeport, Conn. ~ Professor Paul W. Graff, Department of Botany, University of Montana, Missoula, Mont. Dr. Margaret A. Graham, 47 Kensington Ave., Jersey City, N. J. _* Miss Helen E. Greenwood, 12 Hudson St., Worcester, Mass. Dr. David Griffiths, Takoma Park, Washington, D. C. * Dr. A. J. Grout, New Dorp, Staten Island, N. Y. Dr. Alfred E. Gundersen, Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Brooklyn, MY: / Dr. H. Hapeman, Minden, Nebraska. / Professor E. T. Harper, Geneseo, III. ~ Professor R. A. Harper, Columbia University, New York City. Mrs. R. A. Harper, 417 Riverside Drive, New York City. » Dr. Roland M. Harper, 555 First Ave., College Point, N. Y. g-Dr. J. Arthur Harris, Cold Spring Harbor, N. Y. Dr. Geo. T. Hastings, 7 Robbins Place, Yonkers, N. Y. ¥ Miss Caroline C. Haynes, 16 East 36th St., New York City. v Dr. Tracy E. Hazen, Barnard College, Columbia University, New York City. Mrs. Richard M. Hoe, 11 East 71st St., New York City. vDr. Arthur Hollick, U.S. National Museum, Washington, D.C. ¥ Professor W. T. Horne, University of California, Berkeley, Calif. * Dr. Marshall A. Howe, New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York City. Dr. S. Ely Jelliffe, 64 West 56th St., New York City. Miss Bernice Jenkins, 103 East 16th St., New York City. /Mr. W. E. Jenkins, Librarian, University of Indiana, Blooming- ton, Ind. / Professor D. S. Johnson, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md. ) : “Mrs. T. W. Johnston, 206 East 200 St., New York City. vMr. James H. Jones, 350 East Fordham Road, New York City. ¥ Miss Friedolina C. Jud, 119 Franklin St., Jersey City, N. J. /Mr. Hilary S. Jurica, St. Procopius College, Lisle, Ill. ¥ Miss Pauline Kaufman, 173 East 124th St., New York City. / Mrs. L. M. Keeler, Box 473, Scarsdale, N. Y.
6
Professor Frank D. Kern, Pennsylvania State College, State College, Pa. Professor J. E. Kirkwood, University of Montana, Missoula, Mont. Mr. Edward N. E. Klein, College Point, N. Y. President R. B. von Kleinsmid, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona. Mr. Frederick W. Kobbé, 103 East 86th St., New York City. Dr. Elsie M. Kupfer, Wadleigh High School, 114th St. and 7th Ave., New York City. Mr. Lewis H. Lapham, 15 West 56th St., New York City. Mr. Arthur N. Leeds, 5321 Boynton Street, Germantown, Pa. Dr. Isaac Levin, 119 West 7ist St., New York City. Dr. Michael Levine, 1646 University Ave., New York City. Miss Daisy Levy, 403 West 115th St., New York City. Rev. L. H. Lighthipe, 74 Eaton Place, East Orange, N. J. Mr. John A. Lindbo, St. Edward, Nebraska. Mr. Bayard Long, Ashbourne, Pa. / Mr. W. H. Long, Karber Bldg., Albuquerque, New Mexico. Miss Annie Lorenz, 96 Garden St., Hartford, Conn. Miss Maude Lovering, 328 N. West St., Findlay, Ohio. / Miss Grace G. Lyman, 212 West 120th St., New York City. . Dr. D. T. MacDougal, Desert Botanical Laboratory, Tucson, Arizona. Miss Lucy MacIntyre, Box 164, West Raleigh, N. C. /Dr. A. H. Mac Kay, 163 Queen St., Dartmouth, Nova Scotia. /Mr. Kenneth K. Mackenzie, 615 Prospect St., Maplewood, N. J. Dr. Wm. Mansfield, College of Pharmacy, Albany, N. Y. Miss Delia W. Marble, Bedford, New York. v Professor Wm. Marquette, Pleasantville, N. Y. /Mr. Frank J. McCarthy, 311 East 188th St., New York City. ’ Professor O. P. Medsger, 609 Kearney Ave., Arlington, N. J. , Professor Henry F. A. Meier, Department of Botany, Syracuse University, Syracuse, N. Y. Mr. Geo. K. Merrill, 564 Main St., Rockland, Maine. Miss Mabel L. Merriman, Hunter College, Park Ave and 68th St., New York City. / Mr. Barrington Moore, 925 Park Avenue, New York City.
<=
~
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Miss Fanny A. Mulford, Hempstead, N. Y. y Dr. William A. Murrill, New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York City. y Mr. George V. Nash, New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York. City. » Dr. George E. Nichols, Osborn Laboratory, Yale University, New Haven, Conn. Mr. M. Nishimura, Columbia University, New York City. /Mrs. Alice R. Northrop, 4 East 85th St., New York City. vy Miss Abigail O’Brien, 509 West 12Ist St., New York City. / Mrs. E. E. Olcott, 322 West 75th St., New York City. / Dr. E. W. Olive, Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Brooklyn, N. Y. “ Mr. William S. Opdyke, 20 Nassau St., New York City. ¥ Mr. George E. Osterhout, Windsor, Colo. ; Dr. T. M. Owen, Department Archives and History, Mont- gomery, Ala. ‘Mr. William Agnew Paton, Room 30, 22 William St., New York City. ¥ Dr. Francis W. Pennell, New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York City. / Dr. Loren C. Petry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, N. Y. v Dr. H.S. Piatt, 561 West 141st St., New York City. / Professor F. L. Pickett, Pullman, Wash. : Professor Raymond J. Pool, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Neb. Mr. Harold W. Pretz, 368 Union St., Allentown, Pa. Mr. M. A. Raines, Department Botany, Columbia University, New York City. . “Mr. Eugene A. Rau, Bethlehem, Pa. “Dr. H. M. Richards, Barnard College, New York City. Mrs. H. M. Richards, Barnard College, New York City. v Professor John W. Ritchie, 2 a Beech Terrace, Yonkers, N. Y. ¥ Miss Margaret Ritchie, 7714 South 10th St., Newark, N. J. ¥ Dr. Winifred J. Robinson, Woman’s Affiliated College, Newark, Del. v Professor Joseph F. C. Rock, College of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii. Vv Miss Caroline S. Romer, 154 Second Ave., Newark, N. J.
8
Miss Rosalie Rosenberg, 62 East 83d St., New York City.
Miss Anna G. Runge, 577 9th Ave., Astoria, N. J.
Dr. Henry H. Rusby, 776 De Graw Ave., Newark, N. J.
Miss Hester M. Rusk, Barnard College, New York City.
Dr. Per Axel Rydberg, New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York City.
Mr. Harold C. Sands, 17 East 11th St., New York City.
Miss Marie L. Sanial, Northport, N. Y.
Mrs. E. Scholl, 2650 Marion Ave., New York City.
Mr. E. S. Schultz, Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.
Mr. Carl A. Schwarze, 8610 Ferriss St., Woodhaven, N. Y.
Dr. Fred J. Seaver, N. Y. Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York City.
Miss Caroline L. Seifert, 230 West Second St., Mt. Vernon, N. Y.
Professor A. D. Selby, Wooster, Ohio.
Mr. Henry O. Severance, University of Missouri, Columbia, Mo.
Mr. C. M. Shipman, Willoughby, Ohio.
—-Professor George H. Shull, 60 Jefferson Road, Princeton, N. J.
4-Mr. Abraham Shultz, Laboratory U.S. A. General as ar No.
36, Detroit, Mich.
Dr. John K. Small, New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York City.
Mrs. Annie Morrill Smith, 78 Orange St., Brooklyn, N. Y.
! Mr. William H. Smith, 61 Maple Ave., Maplewood, N. J.
“Dr. E. B. Southwick, New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York City.
Mr. Robert Steinberg, 2520 K St., N.W., Washington, D. C.
# Mr. Sereno Stetson, 511 West 113th St.,. New York City.
Dr. Geo. T. Stevens, 350 West 88th St., New York City.
|’ Miss Grace Stewart, 457 West 123d St., New York City.
Dr. Ralph R. Stewart, Gordon College, Rawalpindi, India.
Miss Grace A. Stone, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York City.
Mr. John H. Stottler, Hartford City, Indiana.
Dr. A. B. Stout, New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York City.
Mr. Willard A. Stowell, 41 Delawareview Ave., Trenton, N. J.
P 9
v Mr. David R. Sumstine, 508 Elliott St., Wilkinsburg, Pa. Dr. W. T. Swingle, Bureau of Plant Industry, Washington, D.C. Dr. Tyézabur6 Tanaka, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Wash- ington, D. C. Mr. Norman Taylor, Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Brooklyn, N. Y. Mr. Arthur H. Thomas, Box 278, Haverford, Pa. Mr. H. E. Thomas, Department of Botany, Columbia University, New York City. Mrs. H. M. Thomas, 611 West 11oth St., New York City. * Miss Anna F. Thompson, Summit, N. J. Mr. Henry W. Thurston, College of Agriculture, Lincoln, Nebr. “Mr. Ivar Tidestrom, 807 North Capitol Street, Washington, D.C. Mr. S.-M. Tracy, Biloxi, Miss. _ VMrs. A. B. Tweedy, 473 West 22d St., New York City. ¥ Professor W. C. Twiss, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah. v Brother Victorin, Longueiul College, Longueiul, Quebec. YMr. H. E. Viola, P. O. Box No. 3, West Hoboken, N. J. * Mr. C. A. Weatherby, 11 Wells Ave., East Hartford, Conn. Dr. Paul Weatherwax, Athens, Ga. Dr. James R. Weir, Laboratory of Forest Pathology, Spokane, Wash. | Mrs. Samuel Weiss, 271 Central Park West, New York City. "Dr. William E. Wheelock, 45 West 51st St,, New York City. ¥Mr. Edward A. Wickham, 482 Broad St., Newark, N. J. Miss Ruby B. Wilber, Sound Beach, Conn. Mr. R. S. Williams, New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York City. ‘Mr. Percy Wilson, New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York City. Mr. F. S. Wolpert, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, Mo. Mr. Richard W. Woodward, 22 College Street, New Haven, Conn. /Mrs. Cecil Yampolsky, 230 Franklin Ave., Grantwood, N. J. }
OFFICERS President, Herbert M. Richards, Sc.D. Vice Presidents, John Hendley Barnhart, A.M., M.D., C. Stuart Gager, Ph.D. Secretary and Treasurer, Francis W. Pennell, Ph.D.
10
Editor, Alexander W. Evans, MD.,- Ph.D.
Associate Editors, Jean Broadhurst, Ph.D., J. Arthur Harris, Ph.D., Marshall Avery Howe, Ph.D., Michael Levine, Ph.D., George E. Nichols, Ph.D., Arlow B. Stout, Ph.D., Norman Taylor.
Delegate to the Council of the New York Academy of Sciences, John Hendley Barnhart, M.D.
SOIL PREFERENCES OF SCROPHULARIACEAE
By FRANCIS W. PENNELL
Fifteen times during the course of my series of articles on the ‘“‘Scrophulariaceae of the Local Flora,’’ which appeared in TORREYA during 1919, have I made the same mistake—an error which to a person with a chemical knowledge of soils may appear glaring. One correction will serve for all: for ‘‘potassic soil’’ read ‘‘non-calcareous and non-magnesian soil.”’
It is easy for those of us who are interested in plant-identity and plant-distribution to realize that for each species there is a soil of optimum chemical composition as well as one of optimum physical composition. The writer’s first original scientific study was an analysis of the flora of the Serpentine Barrens of extreme southeastern Pennsylvania, and there, on soil identical in texture with that of other barren hills of the section, the Serpentine would present invariably its definite alliance of inter- growing species—certainly the obvious explanation was the presence in the soil of magnesium as a preponderant element. With nearly equal sharpness one may denote the species growing upon soils with calcium as the main determining element. Other soils may not so readily be disposed into like groups, yet the remaining aggregate possesses so much in common that for it, and especially—most wrongly—for a pronounced part of it, ‘“‘acid soils,’ have I used the term ‘‘ potassic.”’
My present word of correction would emphasize the importance of our local workers’ studying the problem of soil-preferences of plants, and giving us just the information which my papers intended to give. The ideal Local Flora of the future will present a classification of the flora into sub-floras and associations, accounting for the distinctness of each type; also it must give
i 11
us an account of each species, surely with less attention to its nomenclature and history than the formative state of our science now makes desirable, but rather telling of its life—of its “‘ prefer- ence’’ with respect to food, to texture of soil, to moisture, to light, of its manner of pollination, of its range—both portraying and explaining this—and adding yet much more to that wealth of information which an observational field-botany should make ours.
Soil-chemistry is too fundamental for plant-distribution for me to feel that this misstatement really deserves the pardon for
which I am asking. NEw YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
BOOK REVIEWS
Murrill’s Nature Books*
These three books complete the set of nature and character ' books published by Dr. Murrill during the past year, making a total of about 1,000 pages of text, 129 halftones, and 5 colored plates. The first of the series was reviewed in ToRREyA for November, 1918.
In all these volumes, which are largely autobiographic, the author seeks to educate and inspire both young and old in a pleasing, indirect way that is quite original.
“The Naturalist in a Boarding School”’ contains the author’s experiences while teaching at Bowling Green and Staunton, Virginia; short essays on various subjects; a condensed guide to bodily and mental health, character training, original epigrams and maxims on a great variety of subjects, and classified quota- tions.from the best literature relating to man; the latter feature consisting of quotations reaching from Epictetus to Emerson and beyond—over 100 pages!
“The Natural History of Staunton’ observations on all phases of natural history—beasts, birds, trees, flowers, rocks, etc.—with colored figures of the more com- mon butterflies and a list of nature quotations.
’
contains many original
* “The Three Young Crusoes.’’ The Naturalist ina Boarding School.’ ‘‘ The Natural History of Staunton, Virginia.’’ Written and for sale by William Alphonso Murrill, Bronxwood Park, New York, $1.50 per volume, postpaid.
12
“The Three Young Crusoes’’ is all about three children wrecked on a fabulous West India island, what they saw there and what they learned by the experience.
In Billy the Boy Naturalist, reviewed in an earlier number of Torreya, the author’s gift for seeing things from the boy’s point of view was noted as one of the merits of the book. In the last three volumes this gift is somewhat obscured by a mass of quotations, maxims, and epigrams, selected and composed with a catholicity of taste that would stun the average boy. Epigrams and maxims too, however piquant to grown-ups may not be always virginibus puerisque. :
Writing books like these, even for children, involves an aston- ishing willingness for self-revelation on the author’s part, for it sweeps away some of the reticences of our Anglo-Saxon tradi- tion. While most of us may have passed through the phases of youth upon which the author dwells with such particularity, few have the courage to disclose them. To alter slightly a phrase of Stevenson, who in rare degree understood writing for children, some of us might think that while we are quite capable of writing books like these we prefer not to write them. But the preferences of adults with Anglo-Saxon reticences, who may object to the books, is not likely to weigh much against them so far as children are concerned. And for young people there is in them an undeniable fund of information on natural history.
THE EpiTor.
PROCEEDINGS: GPO TERE, CLOB OCTOBER 29, 1919
The meeting was held in the Morphological Laboratory of the New York Botanical Garden at 3:30 p.M., Vice-President Barn- hart presiding. There were twenty-eight persons present.
The minutes of the meeting held October 14 were read and approved. Dr. Isaac Levin, Mr. Arthur H. Thomas, were nominated for membership.
Dr. Britton spoke of the completion of the new greenhouse presented to the New York Botanical Garden by Messrs. Daniel
i 13
and Murry Guggenheim, and suggested that the Club hold a Field meeting at the time of the formal opening of this green house, Saturday, November 8, and also at the lectures to be held the three following Saturday afternoons at the green house. On the motion of Dr. Britton, the chairman of the Field Com- mittee was directed to make the announcements in the Bulletin of the New York Academy of Sciences.
Mrs. Britton mentioned communications which she and the Secretary of the Club had received from a former Secretary, Mrs. B. LeBrun, regarding the sale of certain water colors done by Mrs. Ranseur. These illustrations were exhibited to the Club.
Prof. Harper spoke of the opportunity to hear a lecture on the flora of New Zealand in view of the fact that the program com- mittee had secured the consent of Professor A. H. Cockayne, of the Agricultural Department of New Zealand, to lecture on the Tuesday evening meeting, November II.
The Secretary read a letter from Mr. George L. Moxley, of 5417 Santa Monica Boulevard, Los Angeles, Calif., regarding the exchange of the Club’s publications for specimens which he was now collecting and preparing. The letter was referred to Dr. Britton with power.
The election of Dr. Levin and Mr. Thomas followed.
Dr. Britton exhibited an interesting specimen of a species of Sedge, which consisted of a fruiting mass subtended by the involucral brdcts of a leaf. This sedge, a Scirpodendron, a native of the Philippines and other Eastern Islands, is probably the largest sedge in the world.
Mrs. Britton spoke of the late blooming of Rhododendron catawbiense in the New York Botanical Garden and stated that the Japanese quince and lilacs were also in bloom. Dr. Harper also noted that pears were in bloom at the Columbia campus.
Dr. Marshall A. Howe, in directing attention to several bou- quets of dahlias, remarked that the Botanical Garden’s dahlia border was enjoying an unusually successful season, due per- haps to the fact that the rainfall during the summer and autumn had been about five inches in excess of the normal. About 340
14
varieties, represented by somewhat more than 600 plants, had reached the blossoming stage. Attention was directed especially to the variety Juarezit which is supposed to represent rather accurately the original ‘‘cactus’’ dahlia as first known in Europe in 1872.
The Scientific program as announced was as follows: Dr. John H. Barnhart, ‘‘ Wooden Flowers’”’; Dr. William A. Murrill, ‘‘Notes on Fungi’’; Dr. Francis W. Pennell, ‘ Field Excursions”’; Dr. P. A. Rydberg ‘‘Notes on Philotria.” The following ex- tracts were furnished by the speakers.
“Dr. Barnhart exhibited two fine specimens of ‘wooden flowers’ recently presented to the museum of the New York Botanical Garden by Dr. L. A. Wailes of New Orleans, and remarked upon the cause of these curious malformations. They are found in Central America, where they are known to the natives as ‘flor de madera’ or ‘flor de infierno.’ They may be classified as galls and are perhaps the only known kind of galls produced by parasitic flowering plants; being the modification produced in host-tissues by the base of a mistletoe of the genus Phoradendron, this modification persisting after the parasite had dropped from the host. Several good published illustra- tions of the structure were shown.”
‘Collecting Fungi in Virginia.”
“During the latter half of July 1919, the writer made a tour through parts of southwest Virginia, returning by way of Blue Ridge Springs, Bedford City, Lynchburg, and Falls Church. A drought early in the month was followed by over a week of rain, which brought out an unusually large and diversified crop of fungi. These were studied and collected for several days in the vicinity of Blacksburg, Virginia, at an elevation of 2,200 feet, where the woodlands are mostly oak-chestnut and the rocks Trenton limestones or subcarboniferous shales and sandstones.
‘Trees were attacked by destructive polypores, among them Bjerkandera adusta, Coriolus versicolor, Daedalea quercina, Elfvingia lobata, Fulvifomes Robiniae, Grifolia Berkeleyi, Laeti- porus speciosus, Porodaedalea Pini, Trametes robiniophila and Tyromyces Spraguet. The most abundant of these were prob-
15
i
ably Fulvifomes Robiniae on black locust and Elfvingia lobata on various species of oak, hickory, and maple.
“Of the fleshy forms that were eaten, the following might be mentioned: Chanterel Chantarellus, Craterellus cornucopioides, Lycoperdon cyathiforme, L. gemmatum, Cortinarius semisan- guineus, Vaginata plumbea, Lactaria volema, L. corrugis, Hyd- num repandum, Boletus bicolor, Pluteus cervinus, and Hypo- myces lactifluorum. Those specially avoided where species of Venenarius and brilliant clusters of Clitocybe illudens.”’
“One of the most interesting observations was made at Lynch- burg at the corner of Tenth and Harrison Streets. Here stood an English Walnut tree over a hundred years old, which measured seven feet in circumference and about sixty feet in height, and had borne quantities of good nuts until about 1915. Since then, however, the nuts had been diseased and for the most part worthless. Upon closer examination, some of the green fruits hanging on the tree were seen to be partially blackened, while many entirely blackened and decayed fruits were on the ground. This walnut blight, Bacterium juglandis, has been known since 1900 on the Pacific coast, where it is esi a most serious disease and one not amenable to treatment.’
“Dr. Pennell gave a résumé of the work done by the Field Committee in connection with the summer’s field excursions. He pointed out some of the difficulties of the situation and urged a more hearty cooperation of the members of the club in the future. The club voted to refer the questions to Dr. Pennell with the request that he make further recommendations for consideration at the Annual meeting.”
“Dr. Rydberg presented some notes on Philotria. In the eastern species, the stamiate flowers have been described as having oblong or elliptical petals and break loose from the short pedical to float on the surface during pollination. Mr. ‘-R. Hitchcock of Ithaca had sent in some specimens collected in Lake Cayuaga, in which the petals are narrowly linear and the pedicels elongate so that the flower reaches the surface before it breaks loose. In these respects the specimens agreed with P. iowensis Wylie, which hitherto had been found only in Iowa
16
and in a pond near Denver, Colorado. Some peculiarities in the pistillate flowers were also pointed out.” Adjournment followed. B. O. DopGE, Secretary.
NEWS ITEMS
At a dinner for botanists given by the Missouri Botanical Garden during the St. Louis meeting two rather unusual vege- tables were served. Dasheen en cassorole and Arracacha. The latter is a Venezuelan plant, Arracacia xanthorrhiza, introduced through the Foreign Seed and Plant Introduction Office at Washington, and said to be the first grown in the United States and served at a public banquet. The dasheen is Colocasia esculeuta, a more familiar plant, grown commercially from South Carolina to Florida and Texas, but not yet widely known near New York.
The Ecological Society of America elected the following officers at the Christmas meetings. President, Barrington Moore; Vice-President, G. E. Nichols; and Secretary-Treasurer, A. O. Weese. The president was reelected and, after a several month’s trip to the Southwest and California, will be at 925 Park Avenue, N. Y. after March 27.
Dr. R. M. Harper, after a short visit to New York, has re- turned to Alabama. His address until further notice will be University, Ala.
Dr. B. E. Livingston, of Johns Hopkins University, has been appointed Permanent Secretary of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. He will retain his position at the University and spend one or two days a week at Washington. .
Mr. Robert Cushman Murphy has just returned from the islands off the coast of Peru. While most of his material is zoological he collected all the flowering plants known from the islands. Some are absolute deserts, a few with only lichens and mosses, others with as many as 15 flowering plants. One island contains a fringe of a single beach species along the coast, then for 1000 feet in elevation nothing but bare rock and soil, and finally a single specimen of an Acacia-like tree, not over 3 feet high. The specimens from these unique islands have been presented to the Brooklyn Botanic Garden.
The Torrey Botanical Club
Contributors of accepted articles and reviews who wish six gratuitous copies of the number of ToRREYA in which their papers appear, will kindly notify the editor when returning proof.
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Committees for 1919.
Program Committee Mrs. E. G. BRITTON, Chairman. Pror. JEAN BROADHURST ALFRED GUNDERSON F. J. SEAVER
Finance Committee R. A. HARPER, Chairman. | J. H. BARNHART, Miss C, C. HAYNES _H, B. Doueras Budget Committee
J. H. BARNHART, Chairman. Membership Committee
R. A. HARPER
J. K. SMALu, Chairman.
N. L. BRITTON T. E. Hazen
A. W. EVANS E. W. OLIVE
M. A. HowE. :
Ht. H. mice Local Flora Committee
N. L. Britton, Chairman.
Phanerogams: ~ Cryptogams: E, P. BICKNELL Mrs: E. G. Britton N. L. BRITTON T. E. HAZEN C. C. Curtis M. A. Howe K.K. MACKENZIE MICHAEL LEVINE NORMAN TAYLOR W. A. MurRRILL
Field Committee F. W. PENNELL, Chairman. Mrs. L. M. KEELER MICHAEL LEVINE GEORGE T. HASTINGS FP. J. SEAVER - NORMAN TAYLOR Percy WILSON _ Chairmen of Special Committees on Local Flora
-Ferns and Fern Allies: R. C; Benedict. -Lichens: W. C. Barbour Mosses: Mrs. E. G. Britton Sphaeriaceae, Dothideaceae: H. M
., Liverworts: A. W. Evans Richards
Hypocreaceae, Perisporieae, Plectas cineae, Tuberineae: F. J. Seaver Fungi-forming sclerotia: A. B. Stout Imperfecti: H. M. Richards, F. Seaver, Mel T. Cook Oomycetes: C. A. King Zygomycetes: A. F. Blakeslee Chytridiaceae, Myxomycetes: Mrs. H. M. Richards Yeast and Bacteria: Prof. J. Broadhurst Insect galls: Mel T. Cook
‘Fresh Water Algae: T. E. Hazen _ Marine Algae: M. A, Howe
Gasteromycetes: G. C. Fisher Hymenomycetes: W. A. Murrill Except Russula and Lactarius: Miss G. Burlingham
Cortinarius: R. A. Harper
- Polyporeae: M. Levine- Exobasidii: H. M. Richards “Rusts and Smuts: E. W. Olive -Discomycetes: B. O. Dodge
OTHER PUBLICATIONS
OF THE
TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB
(1) BULLETIN
A monthly journal devoted to general botany, established 1870. Vol. 46 published in 1919, contained 502 pages of text and 19 full-page plates. Price $4.00 per annum. For Europe, 18 shillings. .Dulau.& Co., 47 Soho Square, London, are, agents for England. 4
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Vol. 20 March-April, 1920 No. 2
TORREYA
A Bi-Montuty Journat or Botanicat Notes anp News EDITED FOR THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB
BY
NORMAN TAYLOR
JOHN. TORREY, 1796-1873.
J > is
rs
Beis, CONTENTS
- Some local names of Plants—III: W. L. McATEE ......
_ The Haunts of Rhododendron maximum ; Stewart H. BuRNHAM . ... . . - Shorter Notes : . ah Tilia europza in Oregon: J. C. NELSON
‘ ook Reviews : .
i East’s and Jones’s In-breeding and Out-breeding: O. E. WHITE
Mi _ Recknagel’s and Bentley’s Forest Management : BARRINGTON Moore . . _ Proceedings of the Club... . .
_ News rem". 63. erie BAett sr Hy oN cant tok Vie d seh Cla) Bet
PUBLISHED FOR THE CLUB
At 4x NortH Queen STREET, LANCASTER, Pa. Died 3 BY Tsk New Era Printinc Company ae “Entered at the Post Offite at Lancaster, Pa., as second-class matter.
17 28
THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB
OFFICERS FOR 1920
President H. M. RICHARDS, Sc.D.
Vice- Presidents. JOHN HENDLEY BARNHART, A.M., M.D C. STUART GAGER, PH.D.
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NORMAN TAYLOR.
Delegate to the Council of the New York Academy of Sciences J. H. BARNHART, -M.D.
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NORMAN TAYLOR
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LIBRARY NEW YORK
T O R R KYA BOTANICAL
UAKUEN Vol. 20 No. 2 March-April, 1920
SOME EOCAL, NAMES: OF PLANTS—IIl*
By W. L. McATEE
The present contribution to an enumeration of the local names of American plants is compiled from several sources. It includes names learned by the writer on field trips, both official and per- sonal, others kindly contributed by friends (to whom credit is given in connection with the names), local terms gleaned from
herbarium sheets and a few from old books. In the latter case
opportunity was taken to rescue from apparent oblivion the more interesting plant appellations contained in the Arctic Zoology (T. Pennant, 1785) and in Travels in the Confederation (1783-4, Schoepf, J. D., translated by Alfred J. Morrison, 1911).
Whenever possible the locality where each name is or has been used is cited. Like previous contributions this list is numbered and indexed. As a point of interest, it may be mentioned that of the 95 specific groups of plants catalogued 52 were named by Linnaeus. Original authorities for names only are cited, and except in the case of Linnaeus are spelled out.
POLYPODIACEAE
1. Pteridium aquilinum L.—Po man’s soap, Alabama. (E. G. Holt.) EQUISETACEAE
2. Equisetum spp.—Fishpoles, Traverse City, Mich.
PINACEAE 3. Pinus strobus L.—The name cork pine, applied to mature trees of this species, appears not to be recorded in current man- uals and glossaries.
* No. 1 of this series was published in TORREYA, 13: 225-236, 1913, and No. 2 in TORREYA, 16: 235-242, 1916. [No. 1, Vol. 20 of TORREYA, comprising pp. I-16, was issued 1 April 1920]
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18
4. Tsuga canadensis L.—Weymouth fir, Juniata River, Pa.
(Schoepf, I, p. 226.) ZANNICHELLIACEAE
5. Potamogeton americanus Chamisso and Schlechtendahl.— Flag, cane grass, Reelfoot Lake, Tenn.
6. Potamogeton pectinatus L.—Potato moss, duck moss, duck grass, Salt Lake Valley, Utah. (A. Wetmore.)
7. Ruppia maritima L.—Redhead grass, Horn Point, Va.
8. Naias flexilis Willdenow.—Cedar grass, Horn Point, Va.
SCHEUCHZERIACEAE 9. Triglochin maritima L.—Goose grass, Lower Klamath Lake, Calif. VALLISNERIACEAE 10. Vallisneria spiralis L.—Celery grass, Horn Point, Va.; Canvas-back grass, Chesapeake Bay, Md. (Sharpless in Audu- bon, Ornithological Biography, 5, 1839, p. 137.)
GRAMINEAE
11. Echinochloa crus-gall1 L.—Whiteshank, red-shank, Bruns- wick Co., S..C.: cat-tail, Charleston, S. C., Savannah, Ga;
12. Zizaniopsis miliacea Michaux.—Sword grass, Goose Creek, =
13. Zizania aquatica L.—Water tare-grass (Pennant, II, p. 263); reed is the name that has long been, and still is in use in the vicinity of Philadelphia, Pa., and Wilmington, Del.
14. Calamagrostis inexpansa A. Gray.—Wild redtop, Lower Klamath Lake, Calif.
15. Spartina michauxiana Hitchcock.—Prairie grass, ramrod grass, Peruque, Mo.; lowland grass, sawgrass, rip-gut, Hart- mann, Mo.
15a. Scolochloa festucacea Willdenow.—Wild Rice, North. Dakota. (F. P. Metcalf.)
CYPERACEAE 16. Eleocharis palustris L.—Wire grass, Salt. Lake Valley, Utah. (A. Wetmore.)
: 19
17. Scirpus occidentalis S. Watson.—Tule, Salt Lake Valley, Utah. (A. Wetmore.)
18. Scirpus paludosus A. Nelson.—Tule, bayonet grass, Salt Lake Valley, Utah (A. Wetmore); latter name used in North Dakota also. (F. P. Metcalf.)
19. Rhynochspora corniculata Lamarck.—Spade grass, Savan- nah, Ga.
PONTEDERIACEAE
20. Heteranthera dubia Jacquin.—Buffalo grass, Reelfoot Lake, Tenn. This is the plant to which the name buffalo grass is most frequently applied; however the term is loosely used to denote any submerged vegetation other than cedar moss (Cera- tophyllum) to which buffalo fish resort; in this way sometimes applied to Naias flexilis and Philotria canadensis.
JUNCACEAE
' 21. Juncus effusus L.—Sugar grass, Lower Klamath Lake, Calif. MELANTHACEAE 22. Veratrum viride Aiton.—Rattle-snake root. (Schoepf,
I, p. 319.) LILIACEAE
23. Brodiaea sp.—Wild onion, ground-nut, Los Angeles, Calif. 24. Yucca gloriosa L—Palmetto, Florida. (Schoepf, II, p. 243.)
TRILLIACEAE 25. Trillium spp.—Corn lilies, Traverse City, Mich.
SMILACACEAE 26. Smilax herbacea L.—Field yam-root, Manitowoc, Wis., R. M. Strong; Bohea tea, Mercersburg, Pa., Detwiller. 27. Smilax bona-nox L.—Stretch-berry, Charleston, S. C., J. W. Harshberger. 27a. Smilax spp.—Bull-grip, Goose Creek, S. C.
IRIDACEAE 28. Iris verna L.—Violet, South Carolina. (Schoepf, II, p. 138.)
20
ORCHIDACEAE 29. Cypripedium spp.—Pitcher plant, Traverse City, Mich.
M yricaceae 30. Myrica sp.—Low mucker, undoubtedly a corruption of low myrtle, Goose Creek, S. C.
SALICACEAE 31. Salix amygdaloides Anderson.—Black willow, Salt Lake | Valley, Utah (A. Wetmore.) 32. Salix exigua Nuttall—Gray willow, Salt Lake Valley, Utah. (A. Wetmore.) BETULACEAE 33. Carpinus caroliniana Walter.—Black beech, Admiral, Md. (Francis Harper.) FAGACEAE 34. Quercus tlicifolia Wangenheim.—Bush oak (Schoepf, I,
p. 159.) ULMACEAE
35. Celtis douglasitt Planchon.—Wild orange, Lyle, Wash.
(G. G. Cantwell.) URTICACEAE
36. Pilea pumila L.—Bastard nettle, dead nettle, silverweed. (Stokes, James. Med. and Surg. Rep. 17, 1867, p. 373.)
ARISTOLOCHIACEAE 37. Asarum sp.—Coltsfoot. (Schoepf, I, p. 319.)
3 CHENOPODIACEAE . 38. Allenrolfea utahensis Tidestrom.—Saltweed, Salt Lake Valley, Utah. (A. Wetmore.) 39. Salicornia europea L.—Saltweed, Salt Lake Valley, Utah. (A. Wetmore.) 40. Salicornia sp.—Sea cress, Wallops Id., Va.
j CERATOPHYLLACEAE
Al. Ceratophyllum demersum L.—Fish-blankets, Oakley, S. C. (Nathaniel Heyward.); cedar moss, Reelfoot Lake, Tenn.
i 21
CABOMBACEAE 42. Brasenia schrebert Gmelin.—Egg bonnet, purple bonnet, Reelfoot Lake, Tenn. NELUMBONACEAE 43. Nelumbo lutea Willdenow.—Jacquinot, Peruque, Mo., Alligator buttons, Goose Creek, S. C.; bonnet, yonkapin bonnet, Reelfoot Lake, Tenn. NYMPHAEACEAE
44. Nymphaea advena Solander.—Mulefoot, mulefoot lily, mulefoot bonnet, Reelfoot Lake, Tenn.
45. Castalia odorata Dryander.—Alligator bonnet, Cameron Parish, La. (E. G. Holt.)
MAGNOLIACEAE
~ 46. Magnolia virginiana L.—Brewster, Brown’s Mills, N. J. (Alex. McElwee.)
47. Magnolia acuminata L.—Blue or mountain magnolia.
(Schoepf, I, p. 227.)
48. Magnolia grandiflora L.—Laurel-tree. (Pennant, I], p.
4II.) BERBERIDACEAE
49. Achlys triphylla De Candolle.—Vanilla art, Carson, Wash. (G.G. Cantwell.) . 50. Podophyllum peltatum L.—Mug-apple. (Pennant, II, p. 326.) MENISPERMACEAE 51. Cocculus carolinus L.—Sarsaparilla, used as a tonic, Texas. (Lincecum.) CRUCIFERAE 52. Bursa bursa-pastoris L.—Hen pepper, pepper-weed, Marion, Ind. ; CAPPARIDACEAE 53. Cleome serrulata Pursh.—Skunk-weed, several western states. (A. Wetmore.) ROSACEAE 54. Cercocarpus spp.—Rabbit brush, quail brush, Apache plume, southern Arizona. (A. Wetmore.)
22
AMYGDALACEAE
55. Prunus americana Marshall.—Indian plum, Pennsyl- vania. (Schoepf. I, p. 165.)
-56. Prunus pumila L.—Butter plum, La Pointe, Wis. (I. A. Lapham.)
FABACEAE
57. Arachis hypogoea L.—Been-nuts, Bladensburg, Md. (Schoepf, I, p. 354.)
58. Aeschynomene virginica L.—Indigo, Savannah, Ga.
59. Daubentonia longifolia Cavanilles—Seenie bean, Indigo, Cameron Parish, La. (E. G. Holt.)
SIMAROUBACEAE
60. Holacantha emoryi A. Gray.—Crucifixion thorn, Higley,
Agigw (EG. Holt?) MELIACEAE
61. Melia azederach L.—Paternoster tree, Virginia. (Schoepf,
II, p. 77.) ANACARDIACEAE
62. Rhus copallina L.—Black sumach, Texas. (Lincecum.)
63. Toxicodendron radicans L.—Poison ash, Mercersburg, Pa. (Detwiller.) ; shoestring weed, Church’s Id., N. C.
ILACACEAE
64. Ilex cassine L.—Japan, North Carolina, (Schoepf, II, p. 113.) This seems simply a corruption of youpon, but prob- ably was in local use as the author quoted repeats the word in the name of a drink, ‘Japan tea.” |
65. Llex vomitoria Aiton.—Deerberry, Texas. (Lincecum.)
66. Ilex glabra L.—Bear-bush, Brown’s Mills, N. J. (Alex. McElwee.)
67. Ilex verticillata L—Winterberry, Mercersburg, Pa. (Det- willer.); northern holly, Traverse City, Mich.
CELASTRACEAE
68. Celastrus scandens L.—Redroot, Mercersburg, Pa. (Det- willer.)
; a3
: ACERACEAE 69. Acer negundo L.—White ash. (Schoepf, I, p. 319.)
SAPINDACEAE 70. Sapindus drummondit Hooker and Arnott.—Wild China, groves of the trees called ‘‘China motts,’’ Midland, Texas. (E. G. Holt.) VITACEAE
71. Vitis labrusca L.—Raccoon grape, Coatsville, Pa. (Tat- nall.); coon-grape, Ashland, Del. (A. Commons.); swamp grape, Tennessee. (T. V. Munson.)
72. Vitis berlandiert Planchon.—Fall or winter grape. (T. V. M.)
73. Vitis cinerea Engelmann.—Bunch grape, Gumboro, Del. (A. Commons.); sweet winter grape. (T. V. M.)
74. Vitis cordifolia Michaux.—Sour winter grape. (T. V. M.)
75. Vitis coriacea Shuttleworth.—Leatherleaf, Caloosa or Florida grape. (T. V. M.)
76. Vitis aestivalts var. lincecumi Munson.—Postoak or turkey grape... T. V. M.)
77. Vitis munsoniana Simpson.—Everbearing, bird or mustang grape. _(T. V. M.)
78. Vitts palmata Vahl.—Cat grape. (T. V. M.)
79. Vitis rupestris Scheele—Sand-beach grape. (T. V. M.)
80. Vitis simpsont Munson.—Rusty winter grape. (T.V. M.)
A number of the grape names here given were obtained from a herbarium set made up by T. V. Munson. They may be in part, mere personal inventions, but on the other hand, some of them appear to be local names collected by this grape specialist. Many of Munson’s grape names are included in Bailey’s ‘‘cyclo- pedia of Horticulture,’’ but those here recorded have not yet found recognition in modern manuals.
81. Ampelopsis cordata Michaux.—Raccoon, or swamp grape, Louisiana. (Clarendon Peck.)
MALVACEAE 82. Sida sp.—Tea-weed, Goose Creek, S. C.; Savannah, Ga.
24
THYMELEACEAE 83. Dirca palustris L.—Wickerby bush, Moosehead Lake, Me. (C. H. Goodwin.) | ONAGRACEAE 84. Jussiaea diffusa Forskal—Water pusley, Reelfoot Lake,
Tenn. AMMIACEAE
85. Erigenia bulbosa Michaux.—Turkeyfoot, Marion, Ind.
CORNACEAE 86. Cornus stolonifera Michaux.—Red willow, Traverse City, Mich. ERICACEAE 87. Arctostaphylos uva-urst L.—Mealyberry, Nantucket, Mass. (J. W. Harshberger.) This name is also used in Pine-barren region of New Jersey.
APOCYNACEAE 88. Carissa carandas L.—Crown-of-thorns, cultivated, Braden-
town, Fla. ASCLEPIADACEAE
89. Asclepias tuberosa L.—Indian-plume, Indian-paint, Tra- verse City, Mich. VERBENACEAE 90. Callicarpa americana L.—Sourberry, Virginia. (Schoepf, II, p. 82.); Spanish mulberry, Texas. (Lincecum.)
LABIATAE
91. Clinopodium nepeta L.—Sheepmint, Cleveland Park, DC. GA. Viereek:) 92. Cunila origanoides L.—Pennyroyal. (Schoepf, I, p. 319.)
SCROPHULARIACEAE
93. Verbascum thapsus L.—Goose-grass. (Schoepf, I, p. 196.) 94. Paulownia tomentosa Thunberg.—Blue catalpa, Washing- tons aoe:
: 25
RUBIACEAE 95. Cephalanthus occidentalis L.—Buckbrush, Reelfoot Lake, Tenn.; Peruque, Mo. 96. Mitchella repens L.—Squawberry, Traverse Ciy, Mich. 97. Diodia virginiana L.—Jacob’s-ladder, Savannah, Ga.
CAPRIFOLIACEAE
98. Lonicera dioica L.—Bittersweet, Milwaukee, Wis. (I. A. Lapham.)
99. Symphoricarpos occidentalis Hooker.—Buckbrush, badger- brush, Pingree, Binford, N. Dak. (D.C. Mabbott.)
CAMPANULACEAE
100. Campanula rotundifolia L.—Blue or heatherbells, Tra-
verse City, Mich. COMPOSITAE
tor. Baccharis halimifolia L.—Waterbush, water-gall, Horn Point, Va.
102. Anaphalis margaritacea L.—Indian tobacco, Traverse City, Mich.
103. Rudbeckia hirta L.—Black-eyed daisy, Baltimore, Md.
104. Rudbeckia montana A. Gray. ee oe Uintah Mts., Utah. (J. Silver.)
INDEX Alligator bonnet, 45 Black-eyed daisy, 103 Alligator buttons, 43 Black sumach, 62 Apple, Mug, 50 Black willow, 31 Ash, Poison, 63 Bluebells, 100
Ash, White, 69
Badgerbrush, 99 Bastard nettle, 36 Bayonet grass, 18 Bear-bush, 66 Bean, Seenie, 59 Beech, Black, 33 Been-nuts, 57 Berry, Deer, 65 Berry, Mealy, 87 Berry, Sour, 90 Berry, Squaw, 96 Berry, Stretch, 27 Berry, Winter, 67 Bittersweet, 98 Black beech, 33
Blue catalpa, 94 Blue magnolia, 47 Bohea tea, 26 Bonnet, 43
Bonnet, Alligator, 45 Bonnet, Egg, 42 Bonnet, Mulefoot, 44 Bonnet, Purple, 42 Bonnet, Yonkapin, 43 Brewster, 46
Brush, Bagder, 99 Brush, Buck, 95, 99 Brush, Quail, 54 Brush, Rabbit, 54 Buckbrush, 95, 99 Buffalo grass, 20 Bull grip, 27a
Bunch grape, 73 Bush, Bear, 66 Bush oak, 34
Bush, Water, IOI Bush, Wickerby, 83 Butter plum, 56
Caloosa grape, 75 Cane grass, 5 Canvass-back grass, 10 Catalpa, Blue, 94 Cat grape, 78 Cat-tail, 11
Cedar grass, 8
Cedar moss, 41 Celery grass, 10 China, Wild, 70 Coltsfoot, 37 Coongrape, 71
Cork pine, 3
Corn lilies, 25
Cress, Sea, 40 Crown-of-thorns, 88 Crucifixion thorn, 60
Daisy, Black-eyed, 103 Dead nettle, 36 Deerberry, 65
Duck grass, 6
Duck moss, 6
Egg bonnet, 42
Fall grape, 72 Field yam-root, 26 Fir, Weymouth, 4 Fish-blankets, 41 Fishpoles, 2
Flag, 5
Florida grape, 75
Goose grass, 9, 93 Grape, Bunch, 73 Grape, Caloosa, 75 Grape, Cat, 78
Grape, Coon, 71
Grape, Fall, 72
Grape, Florida, 75 Grape, Leatherleaf, 75 Grape, Post-oak, 76 Grape, Raccoon, 71, 81 Grape, Rusty winter, 80 Grape, Sand beach, 79 Grape, Sour winter, 74 Grape, Swamp, 71, 81 Grape, Sweet winter, 73 Grape, Turkey, 76 Grape, Winter, 72 Grass, Bayonet, 18 Grass, Buffalo, 20
Grass, Cane, 5 Grass, Canvass-back, 10 Grass, Cedar, 8 Grass, Celery, 10 Grass, Duck, 6 Grass, Goose, 9, 93 Grass, Lowland, 15 Grass, Prairie, 15 Grass, Ramrod, 15 Grass, Redhead, 7 Grass, Spade, 19 Grass, Sugar, 21 Grass, Sword, 12 Grass, Wire, 16 Gray willow, 32 Ground-nut, 23
Heatherbells, 100 Hen-pepper, 52 Holly, Northern, 67
Indian paint, 89 Indian plum, 55 Indian plume, 89 Indian tobacco, 102 Indigo, 58, 59
Jacob’s-ladder, 97 Jacquinot, 43 Japan, 64
Laurel-tree, 48 Leatherleaf grape, 75 Lilies, corn, 25
Lily, Mulefoot, 44 Lowland grass, 15 Low mucker, 30 Low myrtle, 30
Magnolia, Blue, 47 Magnolia, Mountain, 47 Mealyberry, 87
Mint, Sheep, 91
Moss, Cedar, 41
Moss, Duck, 6
Moss, Potato, 6 Mountain magnolia, 47 Mucker, Low, 30 Mug-apple, 50 Mulberry, Spanish, 90 Mulefoot, mulefoot bonnet or lily, 44 Myrtle, Low, 30
Nettle, Bastard, 36 Nettle, Dead, 36 Niggerhead, 104 Northern holly,’67 Nuts, Been, 57
Oak, Bush, 34
Onion, Wild, 23 Orange, Wild, 35 | be Palmetto, 24' Paternoster tree, 61 Pennyroyal, 92 Pepper, Hen, 52 Pepper-weed, 52 Pine, Cork, 3 Pitcher plant, 29 Plant, Pitcher, 29 Plant, Vanilla, 49 Plum, Butter, 56 Plum, Indian, 55 Poison ash, 63 Po man’s soap, I Post-oak grape, 76 Potato moss, 6 Prairie grass, 15 Purple bonnet, 42 Pusley, Water, 84
Quail brush, 54
Rabbit brush, 54 Raccoon grape, 7I, 81 ‘Ramrod grass, I5 Rattle-snake root, 22 Redhead grass, 7 Redroot, 68 Redshank, 11
Redtop, Wild, 14
Red willow, 86
Reed, 13
Rice, Wild, 15a Ripgut, 15
Root, Rattle-snake, 22 Root, Red, 68
Rusty winter grape, 80
Saltweed, 38, 39 Sand-beach grape, 79 Sarsaparilla, 51 Sawgrass, I5
Sea cress, 40
Seenie bean, 59 Sheepmint, 91 Shoestring weed, 63 Silverweed, 36 Skunk-weed, 53 Soap, Po man’s, I Sourberry, 90
Sour winter grape, 74
27
Spade grass, 19 Spanish mulberry, 90 Squawberry, 96 Stretch-berry, 27 Sugar grass, 21 Sumach, Black, 62 Swamp grape, 71, 81 Sweet winter grape, 73 Sword grass, 12
Tare-grass, Water, 13 Tea, Bohea, 26 Tea-weed, 82
Thorn, Crucifixion, 60 Tobacco, Indian, 102 Tree, Laurel, 48
Tree, Paternoster, 61 Tule, 17, 18 Turkey-foot, 85 Turkey grape, 76
Vanilla plant, 49 Violet, 28
Waterbush, ror Watergall, ror Water pusley, 84 Water tare-grass, 13 Weed, Pepper, 52 Weed, Salt, 38, 39 Weed, Shoestring, 63 Weed, Silver, 36 Weed, Skunk, 53 Weed, Tea, 82 Weymouth fir, 4 White ash, 69 Whiteshank, Ir Wickerby bush, 83 Wild China, 70 Wild onion, 23 Wild orange, 35 Wild redtop, 14 Wild rice, 15a Willow, Black, 31 Willow, Gray, 32 Willow, Red, 86 Winterberry, 67 Winter grape, 72 Wire grass, 16
Yam-root, Field, 26 Yonkapin bonnet, 43
28
THE HAUNTS OF RHODODENDRON MAXIMUM
By STEWART H. BURNHAM
Saturday, November 19, 1904, was a very fine mild Indian Summer’s day; smoky and hazy but too warm for comfort when climbing hills. (The examination of the great laurel brought from Michigan Hollow swamp, a week ago, excited my curiosity and desire to find this shrub growing wild. Rhododendron
7
Sketch showing the station or Rhododendron maximum in Michigan Hollow swamp. I, West Danby; 2, School house; 3, Station for the great laurel; 4, Source of Michigan creek, flowing in a southerly direction: 5, a small pond, source of Tenmile creek, flowing in a northerly direction; 6, Danby; 7, To Ithaca, N. Y.
29
maximum LL. is a rare plant in New York state: something like* “‘a dozen reported stations . .. scattered from the Adiron- dacks to Chautauqua Co.’’; but it occurs quite abundantly on the Pocono plateau in Pennsylvania. However, according to Dr. C. H. Peck,} this showy shrub grows in great profusion about Barryville and in other places in Sullivan county.
The morning train on the Lehigh Valley railroad, from Ithaca -was taken to West Danby, ten miles south of the city. It was with some hesitation that I started out in search of this rare shrub, being told that I would not find it, as other collectors had often failed.
Soon after leaving West Danby station, 872 feet above sea level, the ascending road follows the meanderings of a rocky rivulet. For some distance the woods are preserved on both sides of the road; although further east quite a territory had been cut over. It is a very pretty spot, the ground being covered with “mosses and ferns, specially of the genera Hypnum and Dryop- teris. Hylocomium proliferum (L.) Lindb. was abundant; and Pogonatum brevicaule (Brid.) P. Bv., on moist roadside banks. Up the hill, thickets were largely made up of sassafras, witch- hazel and hawthorn. A few unfruited plants of Lycopodium clavatum L., L. complanatum flabelliforme Fernald and L. obscurum L. were found; and as far as observation was made, neither of the first two clubmosses are as abundant in the Cayuga flora as in the Adirondack forests.
To where one enters the swampy woods it is about two miles from West Danby and one from Danby. The rail fence to be followed lies between two houses south and two houses north; with moderately large slate-colored barns standing on the east side.of the road. The fence should be followed down to the “‘jog’’ in the woods; then one should go north a few paces, then directly east, a five minutes walk to the moister shades of the wood.
Michigan Hollédw swamp covers several hundred acres, but in less than a quarter of an hour after entering the woods, the great laurel was found. The muddy bottom of partly desiccated
* W.R. Dudley, The Cayuga Fiora, 59. 1886. 7 N. Y. State Mus. Rep. 47:31. 18094 Bot. ed.
30
pools were covered with mats of golden saxifrage, Chrysosplenium americanum Schwein., swamp saxifrage, Muicranthes pennsyl- vanica (L.) Haw, and the naked bishop’s-cap, Mitella nuda L. There are quite large white pines and black ash, with much fallen timber and some underbrush in the immediate vicinity. On account of the coriaceous leaves, the great laurel, was easily seen in the leafless woods, but it might be readily passed by in midsummer.
The space covered by Rhododendron maximum L. near West Danby is within a circumference of six hundred feet, which is considerably larger than the area ascribed to it in the Cayuga Flora, 7. e.‘‘ 30 meters by 10.”’ There were about seven distinct patches within the area: but one or two were slowly dying. In the wild state, as in Michigan Hollow, the shrubs have a tendency to form circular growths: and this is brought about by the reclining flexuous branches, taking root on becoming buried in the leaf mold and mud—nature performing the work of reproducing the plant by layering. The shrub attains no great height, on account of this natural process, although some of the central stems were at least fifteen feet high and an inch or two in diameter.
The bark on the older stems is rather close-flaky and grayish brown, higher up there is a tendency to exfoliate in light gray, thin plates; and in the leafy portion the young bark is reddish intermixed with gray patches. The wood is whitish and moder- ately hard. The evergreen leaves, clustered near and at the ends of the branches, are very thick, lance-oblong, about nine inches long including the reddish petiole, one to three inches wide, acute, narrowed at the base, bright green above, paler and smooth or sometimes rusty beneath, and the margin somewhat revolute. At this season, the crowded leaves assume a drooping position. Next season’s flower buds were conspicuous, ovate in outline with foliaceous scales, and terminated the branches. Old seed capsules persisted on some of the branches.
The great laurel is slowly spreading and is in no danger of being exterminated, unless the wood choppers reach this portion of the swamp. Further south, in the swamp, some denudation
i dL
has taken place. A few fungi were collected, and specimens of Dryopteris Boottii (Tuck.) Underw. and D. intermedia (Muhl.) A. Gray. One cannot but note the absence of the canoe and gray birches from the Cayuga flora, but the black and yellow birches are met with frequently. There are some fine yellow birches in this section. White, pitch and red pines occur; two fine trees of Pinus resinosa Ait., near the schoolhouse south of Danby, at the highest elevation of the road, 1,550 feet above sea level. Boughs of the red pine with cones attached were brought to the city for decorative purposes, and during the evening the cones gradually opened with a noticeable sound.
I climbed the high hill, southeast of West Danby station, 1,577 feet above the sea, in the late afternoon. The sides of the hill had suffered from a forest fire, probably during 1903, and but little timber was left. In the soil were many small flat stones, and near the pine clad summit were thickets of New ‘Jersey tea, Ceanothus americanus L. and dockmackie, Viburnum acerifolium L. The haze so filled the valley that but little of the landscape could be seen, but the rolling hills, enshrouded as they were, added to the picturesqueness of the scene. On descending, the fruit of deerberry, Polycodium stamineum (L.) Greene, fallen to the ground, was fourtd, in general appearance, reminding one of large green service-berries.
The following Monday, I consulted with Mr. Robert Shore, head gardener at the University, about starting the great laurel. He said the best method is by layering, when attached to the shrub, or by rooting the young growth to which a heel (node of older growth) is attached. The latter method was the only one opened to me, and after cutting away three fourths of the leaf, the cuttings were put in the greenhouse. However, I was unsuc- cessful, as all the cuttings finally died.
Hupson FALLS, NEw YORK
SHORTER NOTES
¥ Y Tit1A EurRopAEA IN OREGON.—Dr. Gleason’s interesting note on Rhamnus dahurica in Michigan calls forcibly to mind a similar
32
experience of the writer in finding an exotic tree naturalized in a spot where it could by no ordinary possibility have been expected. On June 19, 1919, while collecting in the Calapooia Mountains along Smith River, near the northern boundary of Douglas County, Oregon, in a very remote and thinly-settled district about twenty miles to the west of the Southern Pacific Railroad, a tree was observed in a dense thicket of alders and Douglas firs near the roadside that attracted instant attention. No dwelling or other evidence of civilization was anywhere in sight, and the “forest primeval’”’ had apparently never been disturbed. The tree stood about 40 feet in height, and was some six inches in diameter above the base. At the time it was in full flower, and was plainly a linden—a group not represented in the indigenous flora of Oregon, although occasionally found among the shade- trees in the larger towns. Closer examination of the flowers showed that it was typical Tilia europaea L.—a tree as little to be expected in the mountain-forest as a fan-palm. The mystery was complete; but it was somewhat dispelled when, on arriving at the little post-office of Gunter, a few hundred yards further on, the stalwart mountaineer who acted as postmaster informed us that some thirty years before an Englishman had taken up a homestead near the spot and engaged in bee-culture—a venture that ended in speedy failure; and the linden was probably a relic of his undertaking, this tree being a favorite with English apiarists. The forest had speedily resumed its sway, and no trace even of a clearing remained; but the linden had grown to a vigorous maturity, and will doubtless live to puzzle. the next collector who may penetrate to this remote and little-known district. James C. NELSON.
BOOK REVIEWS
East’s and Jones’s Inbreeding and Outbreeding*
‘“A man should be very careful in the selection of his parents,”’ once said the poet Heine, half bitterly, half jestingly. But
* East, E. M. and Jones, D. E. Inbreeding and Outbreeding; Their genetic and sociological significance. Pp. 285. Illustrated. J. B. Lippincott Co. Phila- delphia. 1919. Price, $2.50.
; 33
even though one’s heredity has been well looked after by pre- ceding generations, one’s environment also needs careful con- sideration if one desires to make the most of life. So the far- seeing human being must consider the laws underlying inheritance as applied to his food crops, his meat animals, his pleasure plants and his pleasure animals, for after all, these make up much of his environment.
And it is certain phases of these problems of heredity in plants and animals, including man, which Professors East and Jones have set forth in very interesting, simple, clear and trustworthy fashion in their ‘‘ Inbreeding and Outbreeding.”’ “Historically,” say the authors, “‘these are old, old problems, practical problems of considerable significance bound up with man’s gravest affairs, his marriage customs and his means of subsistence.’’ The value of inbreeding and outbreeding in the establishment and creation of new breeds of domestic animals is still a much discussed question among breeders of live stock. How to produce the largest yields of certain staple grains, such as corn, from. an acre of land, is one of the pressing problems of the present and of the near future, since it has a direct bearing on questions in- volving labor, food supply and increase in population. That more fruit is obtained per unit area from tomato plants grown from certain kinds of outcrossed seed is probably unknown to most truckers, seedsmen, canning-factory managers and home gardeners. Over laws regulating the marriage of first cousins and other near relatives, our lawmakers still dispute. And of the effects, good and bad, of immigration, the “melting pot”’ and the intermingling of races through marriage, even the intel- ligent public is still largely uninformed from a biological stand- point. Much light is thrown on these fascinating and important questions as well as upon many others, such as heredity and disease, reproduction in animals and plants, the increased vigor of hybrids in many animals and plants over that of their parents, the mechanism of heredity, sterility, and the inheritance of genius in man. While this book is designed especially for those interested in general biology, the authors had also in mind the farmer and the live stock breeder, and especially the physician,
34
the clergyman, the social worker, the penologist and the states- man for ‘‘all we would ask is that ‘these’ give conscientious consideration to the facts of heredity as a guiding principle in the solution of the problems of the family with which they have to do. No questions are so hedged about with superstition, with irra- tional tradition, with religious dogma, as those which concern sex and reproduction; no problems are more delicate, more diffi- cult, than those which seek the direction of human evolution; yet after all, man is an animal and must be dealt with as such. Civic law he may escape, to natural law there is no immunity.”
ORLAND E. WHITE.
Recknagel’s and Bentley’s Forest Management*
There is at present an active movement, led by professional foresters with Lt. Col. Graves, Chief of the U. S. Forest Service, at their head, for the application of forestry to privately owned timberlands in the United States. These lands contain three quarters of the standing timber in the United States, and are for the most part being cut without regard to the future. Whether or not Recknagel’s and Bentley’s ‘“‘Forest Management’’ was planned by the authors as a part of this movement, aside from the avowed purpose of stimulating forestry practice in general, we do not know. In any case the book fits in admirably and is most timely.
The authors do not claim originality for their work, admitting that most of their material is already contained in the technical literature already published in this country. Nor do they aim at popular treatment. Their purpose is to present the subject in such a way that it can be understood and applied by the owners of forest lands who are not professional foresters. This does not apply to the farmer and owner of a small woodlot for whom Ferguson has already written ‘“‘Farm Forestry.’’t In France the bulk of the forests are held by private owners as in this country, but forestry is universally practiced. Most of the
* Recknagel, A.B., and Bentley, J., Jr., Forest Management, xiii + 269 pages, 26 figures, John Wiley and Sons, New York, Ig919, net $2.50.
+ Ferguson, J. A., Farm Forestry, viii + 241 pages, illustrated, John Wiley and Sons, New York.
35
owners cannot afford the services of a highly trained forester. They themselves understand enough forestry to be able to manage their lands intelligently with the help of one or more forest guards or rangers. It appears to be the purpose of Recknagel and Bentley to assist in building up this type of owner in the United States. If this can be done the gain to the country will be incalculable. _ The book gives briefly but clearly the essentials of the four branches of Forest Management, namely: (1) forest mensuration or the measurement of the tree crop including growth, (2) forest organization or regulation of the cut so as to secure regular periodic returns from the forest, (3) forest finance, a complex but important phase of the subject, and (4) forest administration or the organization and personnel of the force necessary to pro- tect and control the forest.
It would be useless to pretend that such a subject as forest management can be readily understood and applied by the layman. It will require time and study, and often at the outset the assistance of expert advice. But this book will be of great assistance, and make possible to the forest owner an under- standing of how to go about the matter, and of what returns he may expect on his outlay.
The book has still another field of usefulness. It is sufficiently detailed and accurate to be of much value to the professional forester as a convenient handbook of reference in which he may easily find certain formulae and tables which he could not possibly keep in his head. On the whole therefore the book is a valuable and welcome addition to forestry literature.
BARRINGTON MOORE
PROCEEDINGS OF THE CLUB
NOVEMBER II, I9I9
The meeting was held at the American Museum of Natural History at 8.15 P.M., President Richards presiding. There were fifty persons present.
36
The usual business was dispensed with and Professor A. H. Cockayne, of the Agricultural Department of New Zealand, gave an illustrated lecture on ‘‘ Botanical Features of the Flora of New
Zealand.’ A general discussion followed the lecture, after which the meeting was adjourned. B. O. DopGcE, Secretary
NEWS ITEMS
Dr. B. O. Dodge for the last nine years the Club’s Secretary and Treasurer, has resigned his position from the department of botany at Columbia University and gone to the Bureau of Plant Industry at Washington. Dr. Francis W. Pennell of the New York Botanical Garden has been elected Secretary-Treasurer of the Club.
Dr. Carl Skottsberg the director of the new botanical garden at Gé6teborg, Sweden, who lectured before the Club in the autumn of 1918, en route from Chili to Géteborg, writes that, like our own, the winter just past was of exceptional severity. The garden is to have special geographical sections of which that devoted to Eastern Asia will be planted in 1920 and the North American section in 1921.
Dr. Roland M. Harper has recently completed some studies on the resources of southern Alabama, including considerable work on the vegetation. He has gone to central Florida, where he will carry on similar work, which was started in 1915. His address will be Geological Department, Tallahassee, Florida.
The Torrey Botanical Club
Contributors of accepted articles and reviews whu wish six gratuitous copies of the number of TorREYA in which their papers appear, will kindly notify the editor when returning proof.
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Committees for 1920.
Finance Committee Program Committee _R. A. Harper, Chairman. Mrs. E. G. BRITTON, Chairman. J. H. BARNHART, Bae Pror. JEAN BROADHURST ‘Miss C, C. HAYNES ALFRED GUNDERSON H. B. DouGLas F. J. SEAVER
Budget Committee
J. H. BARNHART, Chairman. Membership Committee
R. A: HARPER , J. K. SMALL, Chairman.
-N. L. BrItTON '. T. E. Hazen
A. W. Evans E. W. OLIVE
M. A. Howe -
eG. Bucy Local Flora Committee N, L. Britton, Chairman.
Field Committee MICHAEL LEVINE, Chairman. Mrs. L.M. KEELER GEORGE T. HASTINGS F. J. SEAVER
~ NORMAN TAYLOR Percy WILSON
Phanerogams: Cryptogams: E. P. BICKNELL- Mrs. E. G: BRITTON N. L. BriTTON T. E. HAZEN €, C..€ugtis M. A. Howe K. K. MACKENZIE MICHAEL LEVINE NORMAN TAYLOR W. A. MuRRILL
Chairmen of Special Committees on Local Flora
- Ferns and Fern Allies: R. C: Benedict. Lichens: W..C. Barbour
~ Mosses: Mrs. E. G. Britton Sphaeriaceae, Dothideaceae: H. M _Liverworts: A. W. Evans Richards : Fresh Water Algae: T. E. Hazen ’. Hypocreaceae, Perisporieae, Plectas:-
Marine Algae: M. A. Howe cineae, Tuberineae: F. J. Seaver Gasteromycetes: G. C. Fisher : Fungi-forming sclerotia: A. B. Stout Hymenomycetes: W..A. Murrill - Imperfecti: H. M: Richards, F. Except Russula and Lactarius: Miss G. Seaver, Mel T. Cook Burlingham Oomycetes: C. A. King
Cortinarius: R. A. Harper Zygomycetes: A. F; Blakeslee
Polyporeae: M. Levine f Chytridiaceae, Exobasidii: H. M. Richards Myxomycetes: Mrs. H. M. Richards Rusts and Smuts: E. W. Olive Yeast and Bacteria: Prof. J. Broadhuist
Discomycetes: B. O. Dodge Insect galls: Mel T. Cook
OTHER PUBLICATIONS
OF THE
TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB
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Vol. 20° _ May—June, 1920 No. 3
TORREYA
A Bi-MontTHiy JourNaAt oF Botanicat Notes anp News EDITED FOR THE..TORREY- BOTANICAL CLUB BY
NORMAN TAYLOR
JOHN TORREY, 1796-1873.
CONTENTS Additions to the flora of Western Oregon during 1919: J. C. NEISON .. . 37 Length of Day and flowering and fruiting = -.....+..4-.24., 46 ‘Pin Oak in Nebraska; RaymMonD J, Pool... 2... 2) ee 50 _ Shorter Notes :
The Paper Mulberry an ‘‘Artillery’? Plant: O. E, JennINcs ...... 52
- Reviews: . ; Knowlton’s Mesozoic and Cenozoic Plants of America: T.D,A,CocKERELL 53 Brown’s Forest Products: BARRINGTON MooRE ...... ... era RST Proceedings of the Club... ..... Rt ey he Sere: ed a eM dea gos 59
PuBLISHED FOR THE CLUB
At 4x NortH Quzen Street, Lancaster, Pa. Bry Tur New Era Printinc Comeany “Entered at the Post Office at Lancaster, Pa,, as second-class matter,
THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB
Rea FOR. 1920
President H. M. RICHARDS, Sc.D.
Vice- Presidents. JOHN HENDLEY BARNHART, A.M., M.D C. STUART GAGER, Pu.D.
Secretary and Treasurer FRANCIS W.: PENNELL 2764 CRESTON AVENUE, NEW YorRK CITY Editor ALEX. W. EVANS, M.D., PH.D.
Associate Editors
JEAN BROADHURST, Pu.D. M. LEVINE, Pu.D. J. A. HARRIS, Pu.D. G. E. NICHOLS, Px.D. MARSHALL AVERY HOWE, Pu.D. ARLOW B. STOUT, Pu.D.
NORMAN TAYLOR.
Delegate to the Council of the New York Academy of Sciences J. H. BARNHART, M.D.
OFFICIAL ORGAN OF THE WILD FLOWER~ PRESERVATION ; SoclETY OF AMERICA
TorreEya is furnished to subscribers in the United States and - Canada for one dollar per annum; single copies, thirty cents. To~ subscribers elsewhere, five shillings, or the equivalent thereof. Postal or express money orders and drafts or personal checks on New York City. banks are accepted in payment, but the rules of the New York Clearing — House compel the request that ten cents be added to the amount of any other local checks that may be sent. Subscriptions are received only — for full volumes, beginning with the January issue. Reprints will be furnished at cost prices, Subscriptions and remittances should be sent — to TREASURER, TorREY Botanica. Crus, 41 North Queen St., Lan-— caster, Pa., or Dr. nas W. Pennell, 2764 Creston Avenue, N. Le City. : Matter for publication, and books and papers for ree should be addressed to :
NORMAN TAYLOR Brooklyn Botanic Garden | Brooklyn, N. ¥
Dae any
TORREYA
Vol. 20 No. 3 May-June, 1920
ADDITIONS TO THE FLORA OF WESTERN OREGON DURING tIog19
By JAMES C. NELSON
It has been possible to continue the examination of our flora during the past season along the lines suggested in my previous notes (Torreya 18: 21-35; ib. 220-226. 1918). It was pointed out at that time (1) that the boundaries established in Piper & Beattie’s Flora of the Northwest Coast were very easily crossed by indigenous species of adjacent range; (2) that our climate and soil are so favorable to the introduction and spread of foreign species that a steady increase in our plant-population may be expected from this source. The following notes on the collections of the past season may serve to verify both of these propositions. In the matter of native species, I was able to study three regions which may be regarded as natural avenues of ingress. One of these was the GCalapooia Range along the southern boundary of Lane County, which was selected by Piper and Beattie as marking the southern limit of their Flora. I had ventured the assertion (Torreya 18 : 23) that this seemed a very slight barrier to inter- pose to the northward extension of the Californian flora. But I had not at that time visited the region, and knew nothing of its topography in detail. In June of the present year (1919), I made my headquarters at Cottage Grove, within two hours’ walk of the Calapooias, and worked along the range for a total distance of some thirty miles east and west. I found it of very moderate elevation, the highest summit visited reaching only 2,200 feet, and pierced by two main arteries of travel, the South- ern Pacific Railway and the Pacific Highway, not to mention many minor roads and innumerable trails. Just where the
[No..2, Vol. 20, of ToRREYA, comprising pp. 17-36, was issued 4 June, 1920.]
37
38
authors of the Flora meant to draw their boundary-line I was unable to determine; perhaps, like myself, they were misled by the map, on which the Calapooia Range appears as a single well-defined ridge. Asa matter of fact, it is a complex of moun- tains and valleys at least ten miles in breadth, flanked by foot- hills on both sides, but with a somewhat more abrupt approach on the north than on the south. To draw a botanical boundary- line under such circumstances would be most difficult, for any plant that succeeded in finding its way into the range would have little trouble in advancing into thé more open country to the north. There are no summits’above snow-line to be crossed, no streams of any considerable width, no barren areas, no zones of continuous cultivation, no appreciable change of climate—in fact, the casual collector would never dream, from any outward indications, that he was approaching anything as momentous as a botanical boundary. It is not surprising therefore that several species were collected during this trip which find no mention in the pages of the Flora of the Northwest Coast.
After this hasty survey of the southern boundary, it seemed in order to visit the eastern one, and try to determine to what extent the Cascades have barred the way to the flora of Eastern Oregon. Here is a real mountain barrier, often rising far above snowline, pierced by few avenues of travel, and with very diverse climatic conditions on the two faces. The point of attack was Mount Jefferson, on the eastern line of Linn County—a precipitous volcanic peak, 10,500 feet in height, and so steep that only a veteran Alpinist can hope to reach the summit. Much of the west slope is too sheer for trees to get more than a precarious foothold, and a large part of the region has in addition been swept by forest-fires, so that an aridity prevails in many places which would not ordinarily be expected on the western side of the Cascades. It was not surprising, in an environment so similar to the semi-arid region of central Oregon, to encounter species which have been thought to belong only to the eastern division of the state.
Our western boundary, consisting of the Pacific Ocean, could not be expected to afford an avenue for any introductions except
39
such as were frankly indebted to human agency for their trans- portation; but the northern boundary of the State, although not the northern boundary of the Flora of the Northwest Coast, seemed worth some study. Along the sand-bars of the Columbia and on its low muddy shores is a surprising aggregation of species that have either been brought down by the river from their inland range, or have found lodgment in some unexplained way after wider wanderings. The number of these unexpected strangers will be evident after a study of the following list. In addition to these penetrations of the frontier by indigenous species, the influx of foreign forms has been found to continue unabated. Just where they come from it is usually quite impos- sible to determine; they were not here yesterday, but to-day we find them, and to-morrow, so favorable are our soil and climate, -we can be reasonably certain that they will still be here. Not only is this true in the centers of population, but very often our first encounter with these new plants is in some remote country district or along some mountain stream. No species has been included in the following list that was not growing spontaneously and with a good chance of perpetuating itself indefinitely. Every one of these species was collected within the Oregon limits of the Flora of the Northwest Coast, and is understood to be without mention in that work. Specimens of each have been deposited in the Gray Herbarium, and I must again express my indebted- ness to Mr. J. Francis Macbride for his unwearying kindness in revising and correcting my attempts at determination, as well as in clearing up many knotty problems of nomenclature and specific limits. Species that are clearly introduced are marked with an asterisk(*). A number of these were originally reported in my list of Linnton ballast-plants (Torreya 17: 151-160). At the time they did not seem sufficiently stable to be worthy of inclusion in a list of established species; but, although the area was occupied by a shipyard during the war, and the vegetation upon it consequently subjected to a very rigorous test (most of the ground being excavated or planked over, covered with piles of material and machinery, and tramped over daily by hundreds of men and horses), I was delighted to find that several species
40
had survived all these vicissitudes, and were still flourishing on
the occasion of my last visit in August, 1919. I feel therefore
that they have earned their right to be regarded as permanent
members of our flora, and they are included in the following list.
iis
10. 1 Gy OP 2
1G 14.
Azolla caroliniana Willd. In shallow water at the west end of Oswego Lake, Clackamas County. Also reported by Gorman from Oak Grove in the same county.
. Equisetum fluviatile L. var. polystachyum (C. Briickn.) A. A.
Eaton. With the species in a marsh at the east end of Pamelia Lake, at the southwest base of Mt. Jefferson. Apparently has been found but once before in this country, by Flett at Tacoma, Wash.
. *Digitaria. sanguinalis (L.) Scop. On site of old stable,
Salem.
. *Setaria glauca (L). Beauv. In waste ground on river-bank,
Salem.
. *Ammophila arenaria (L.) Link. In shipyard on old ballast,
Linnton, Portland.
. *Aspris.capillaris (Host.) Hitche. Beginning to appear in
many places, but first collected on a sand-bar in the North Santiam River at N. Santiam Station, Marion County.
. Eragrostis caroliniana (Spreng.) Scribn. On a sand-bar in
the Columbia on Hayden Island, opposite Vancouver, Wash. Has been reported from southeastern Oregon, and common in the Middle West.
. *Bromus brizaeformis F. & M. In shipyard, Linnton.-
Very common east of the Cascades.
. *Agropyron junceum (L.) Beauv. With the last. <A species
of northern Europe.
*Secale cereale L. A frequent escape in railroad yards, Lower Albina, Portland.
Scirpus pauciflorus Lightf. In mountain meadow in Hunt’s Cove, three miles south of Mt. Jefferson—altitude 6,000 feet.
Carex brachypoda Holm. With the last.
Carex ormantha (Fernald). Mackenzie. With the last.
Allium attenutfolium Kellogg. Not uncommon in dry soil about Salem.
15.
16.
17.
18.
41
Salix lasiolepis Benth. var. Bigelovit Bebb. In low ground along Mill Creek, Turner. Det. by Camillo Schneider.
Salix lasiandra Benth. var. lancifolia Anderss. Rather frequent along streams and borders of ponds. Det. by C. Schneider.
*Polygonum prolificum (Small) Robinson. Sandy soil in railroad yards, Lower Albina, Portland.
*Polygonum polystachyum Wall. Dry roadside near State Fair Ground, Salem; also about old barn at Wheatland, Yamhill County. A native of the Himalayas and Afghanistan.
. *Fagopyrum esculentum Moench.. Along railroad tracks,
Silverton.
. *Roubieva multifida (L.) Mog. In shipyard, Linnton, and
abundant in waste ground at Lower Albina.
. *Atriplex patula L. var. hastata (L.) Gray. Abundant on
rubbish heaps and in waste ground at State Fair Ground, Salem.
. Spergularia salsuginea Fenzl var. bracteata Robinson. Mud-
flats along the Columbia on Hayden Island.
. *Lychnis alba Mill. On sand-bars in North Santiam River,
and in grain fields at Salem.
. *Silene pendula L. In an abandoned garden, Salem. . *Dianthus barbatus L. Shady roadside near Marion, Marion
County.
. Thalictrum polycarpum Wats. Not infrequent in low ground
in the Willamette Valley.
. *Nigella damascena L. In waste ground and vacant lots,
Salem.
. Delphinium leucophaeum Greene. On rocky cliffs about
“Oswego Lake, and along the Willamette River at Elk Rock. Apparently a distinct species.
. *Glaucium flavum Crantz. In ship-yard on old _ ballast,
Linnton.
. *Lepidium virginicum L. With the last. . *Brassica incana Tenore. With the last. . *Diplotaxis tenuifolia (L.) DC. With the last; also in rail-
road yards at Lower Albina.
45.
46.
47. 48. 49. 50. 51.
en
42
. *Roripa sylvestris (L.) Bess. Dry soil along streets, Salem. . Roripa lyrata (Nutt.) Greene. Muddy shores of Pamelia
Lake, Mt. Jefferson.
. Cardamine Lyallii Wats. About a spring on mountain-side,
in Hunt’s Cove, Mt. Jefferson region.
. *Arabis alpina L. Common in cultivation at Salem, and
escaping freely to garden-borders and street-parking.
. *Reseda lutea L. In shipyard, Linnton. . *Reseda Luteola LL. With the last; also in railroad-yards,
Lower Albina.
. Cotyledon oregonensis Wats. On dry rocky slope, three
miles south of Mt. Jefferson.
. Saxifraga arguta Don. In boggy soil on mountain-side,
Hunt’s Cove, Mt. jefferson region.
. Saxifraga saximontana E. Nels. On wet cliffs, Oswego Lake
and Elk Rock.
. Saxifraga fragosa Suksd. Low woods along Mill Creek,
Turner.
. Potentilla Drummondi Lehm. Mountain-meadow in Hunt’s
Cove, Mt. Jefferson region.
. *Potentilla rivalis Nutt. On rubbish about city dump,
Portland. Reported by Gorman from Columbia Beach.
*Rubus illecebrosus Focke. A Japanese species, stubbornly persisting after cultivation in a garden at Salem, and almost impossible to eradicate.
*Cytisus multiflorus (Ait.) Sweet. Common in cultivation about Portland, and well established in a dry pasture three miles east of Tualatin, Washington County.
* Melilotus officinalis (L.) Lam. Common in waste ground about Portland.
*Lotus corniculatus L. In shipyard, Linnton.
*Ononts arvensis L. With the last.
*Lathyrus hirsutus L. On vacant lots and street-parking, Salem; also reported by Sheldon from Portland.
*Lathyrus sphaericus Retz. In dry soil on neglected street- parking, Salem.
*Euphorbia Helioscopia L. - On rocky shore of the Willamette, Lower Albina, Portland. :
i 43
53. *Tilia europaea L. Thoroughly established at border of woods by roadside, Gunter, Douglas Co., in the Cala- pooias.
54. Sidalcea Nelsoniana Piper. Not uncommon in dry ground about Salem. This is the ‘‘apparently undescribed species”’ of my list in Torreya (18 :28. No. 90).
55. *Althaea rosea Cav. A common escape to vacant lots and waste ground, Salem.
56. *Viola odorata L. Escaping to cultivated ground about Salem. This is the form with white single flowers.
57. Viola orbiculata Geyer. Dry woods near timber-line on Mt. Jefferson. Previously collected in this region by Gorman.
58. *Oenothera mollissima L. In shipyard, Linnton. An Argen-
tinian species.
59. Sphaerostigma andinum (Nutt.) Walp. On muddy shore of the Columbia on Hayden Island.
60. Clarkia rhomboidea Dougl. Dry woodland on Parrott Mountain, three miles northeast of Newberg.
61. Lomatium microcarpum (Howell) C. & R. Ona rocky ridge in the Calapooias, two miles northeast of Comstock, Douglas County. Perhaps the first report since its discovery at Roseburg.
62. Arctostaphylos patula Greene. Dry slope of Mt. Jefferson, above Pamelia Lake. ~
63. *Asclepias syriaca L. On: vacant lots and street-parking, Salem.
64. Phacelia californica Cham. Dry soil along railroad, Cottage Grove. This is Macbride’s forma vinctens (Contr. Gray Herb. 49: 37. 1917): but as no such present participle seems to occur in the Latin language, and it was evidently Mr. Macbride’s intention to use a form of vincire, to’ bind or twine, it would not seem a violation of the Inter- national Rules to substitute the form vinciens, and the correction is accordingly proposed.
65. Phacelia Bolanderi Gray. Rocky slope along the Pacific Highway in the Calapooias, one mile south of Divide, Lane County.
66.
81. 82. 83.
84. 85.
44
Phacelia nemoralis Greene var. mutabilis (Greene) Macbr. Very common in dry soil—perhaps the only form of this species in the Willamette Valley.
. Cryptantha Hendersonii (Nels.) Piper. Not infrequent in
rocky woods, especially near Portland.
. *Omphalodes linifolia (L.) Moench. Beginning to escape
to street-parking, Salem.
. Verbena prostrata R. Br. Dry soil along the railroad, in the
Calapooias, three miles south of Divide.
. *Solanum rostratum Dunal. In railroad yards, Lower Albina. . *Solanum sisymbrifoium Lam. In shipyard, Linnton. . Linaria texana Scheele. Ona rocky ridge in the Calapooias,
two miles northeast of Comstock, Douglas County.
. *Plantago major L. var. intermedia (Gilib.) Dene. Not
infrequent on muddy shores about Salem.
. *Galhium Mollugo L. Frequent on lawns in Salem. . *Centranthus ruber DC. Often persisting in yards, Salem. . *Echinocystis lobata (Michx.) T. & G. In thickets along
Mill Creek, Salem.
. Erigeron confinis Howell. On dry rocky slope of Mt.
Jefferson. This seems very close to E. aequifolius, Hall, a species of the Sierra Nevada, and closer study is needed.
. *Ambrosia psilostachya DC. In railroad yards, Lower Al-
bina.
. Franseria acanthicarpa (Hook.) Cov. Sand-bar on Hayden
Island.
. *Xanthium oviforme Wallr. With the last. A native of the
Orient, which has probably been confused in the West with X. speciosum Kearn.
Rudbeckia occidentalis Nutt. Dry soil along roadside in the Calapooias, a half-mile south of Divide. Also reported by Gorman from the Three Sisters.
* Matricaria inodora L. In shipyard, Linnton.
*Artemisia vulgaris L. With the last; and also in railroad yards, Lower Albina.
*Artemisia annua L. In railroad yards, Lower Albina.
Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt. On sand-bars in the North
45 Santiam River; and also along the shores of the Columbia near Portland.
86. Cacaliopsis Nardosmia Gray. In open woods on the summit of a ridge in the Calapooias, seven miles northwest of Drain, Douglas County.
87. *Carduus nutans L. In shipyard, Linnton.
88. *Cirstum arvense (L.) Scop. var. vestitum Wimm. & Grab. With the last.
89. *Centaurea Calcitrapa L. With the last.
90. *Hieracium Pilosella L. Abundant in a lawn at Salem, threatening to become a formidable pest, as it is most difficult to eradicate.
This list brings the total of species added to the flora of Western Oregon since these studies were begun to 309. As the number listed in the Flora of the Northwest Coast is 1617, it will be observed that the authors of that work failed to mention about sixteen per cent. of the total number of species in their territory. In other words, the student who depended wholly on their manual would fail to determine about every seventh species which he encountered—a margin of possible error much too large to be comfortable.
Whether this state of uncertainty will be relieved by the next manual due to appear in this district—Professor Abrams’ Illustrated Flora of the Pacific Coast, the first volume of which is understood to go to press about the first of the year—still remains on the lap of the gods. The Oregon botanists realize that a close personal survey of their territory yet remains to be made; and as the value of ‘“‘absent treatment”’ as applied to the preparation of a flora is somewhat open to question, it is within the bounds of possibility that these local supplementary lists may still be not wholly vaiueless after several more of these ‘‘comprehensive”’
manuals have come and gone! SALEM, OREGON
46
LENGTH. ‘OF -DAY. INSTEAD. OF . TEMPERATE CONTROLS TIME OF FLOWERING AND FRUITING*
For generations scientists have known that sunlight was necessary for normal growth of most kinds of plants, and, al- though the summer sun might occasionally become too hot, they have understood that it could not cause any injury except perhaps the injury due to burning. A recent discovery by W. W. Garner and H. A. Allard, of the Bureau of Plant Industry, United States Department of Agriculture, shows that, entirely apart from any effect of burning, it is possible for plants to have too much daylight or, in other words, too many hours of daylight in comparison with the number of hours of darkness. Too long a day as well as too short a day will prevent many kinds of plants from ever reaching their stage of flowering and fruiting.
Furthermore, the intensity of the light has very much less significance upon the growth of the plant than has usually been supposed. Greenhouse experiments prove that the flowering and fruiting period of practically any plant can be made to take place at any time of the year by darkening the greenhouse in the morning and evening if the day is too long, or by lengthening the day by artificial light if the day is too short. This new theory of controlling flowering and fruiting of plants undoubtedly will be used by florists and other greenhouse operators. For example, violets bloom only during the comparatively short days of spring; but if violet plants are covered with light-proof boxes at night and not uncovered until the sun is about half an hour high each morning during the summer time, violets can be forced to bloom again in the summer. Spring flowers and spring crops happen to be spring flowers and spring crops because the days at the season of their flowering and fruiting have the proper
* From arecent news bulletin of the U. S. Department of Agriculture. The Journal of Agricultural Research recently contained an article of which this is a popular account. The work is perhaps the most significant in-recent ecological research. An apparent exception to the theory is the fact that the Lapland Rho- dodendron, brought from the summit of Mt. Marcy to the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, was kept all winter in the dark and flowered at Brooklyn six weeks before
the normal period above the timber line. In this case it flowered only about four weeks after the winter covering was removed.—ED.
A7 number of hours of daylight. Correspondingly, the early summer flowers and crops must have a longer period of daylight. This has been proved as to a large number of plants, and the scientists believe that the principle will hold throughout the higher forms of plant life, and that it is probably applicable to animal life as well.
REPRODUCTION DEPENDS ON DAy LENGTH
The plant can not attain sexual reproduction, it has been shown, except when it is exposed to a favorable length of day. The requirements, however, differ widely with species and var- ieties. But a length of day that is unfavorable to reproduction may be favorable to growth. Under that condition, the plant continues its vegetative development profusely and indefinitely without bearing fruit. A length of day may be found that is favorable both to sexual reproduction and vegetative growth. That tends to bring about the ‘‘ever-bearing’’ type of fruiting.
By employing dark chambers to shorten the period of light and artificial lights to extend it, scientists of the Department have shortened or- lengthened the life cycle of plants, have made some of them complete two cycles in a single season, have brought others into flower and fruit months in advance of their regular time and, with still others, have greatly delayed and even completely prevented fruiting.
Long series of tests have been made with soy beans, tobacco, wild aster, climbing hempweed, beans, ragweed, radish, carrot, lettuce, hibiscus, cabbage, violets, goldenrod, spinach, cosmos, iris, beggartick, buckwheat, and various other plants.
A test made with Biloxi soy beans will show how the principle works. For the test plants the day was shortened by several hours. That is, they were exposed to the light only from 10 o’clock in the morning till 3 o’clock in the afternoon. They were first placed in the dark house on May 20. Control plants, otherwise treated exactly like the test plants, were left exposed to the light from dawn till dark. The first blossoms appeared on the dark-house plants on June 16. No blossoms appeared until September 4 on the plants that were left in the light all day. But the dark-house plants averaged only 6 or 7 inches high, while
48
the plants that were left in the light all day grew to an average height of 57 or 58 inches.
These plants required a short day and a long night for flowering and seed-bearing. In tests with other plants, just the opposite was found to be true. The plants that were left in the light all day did not grow luxuriantly, but produced flowers and seed, while those that were kept in the dark part of the day made abundant growth, but produced no seed or else were greatly retarded in producing seed.
TEMPERATURE HAs LITTLE INFLUENCE
Temperature appeared to exert no. influence in these tests. The results were the same, even when the temperature was higher in the dark house than on the outside. Another striking illustration of the relative unimportance of temperature is the fact that plants kept in the dark for a part of the day underwent, in midsummer, the changes that in nature come in the fall and have always been attributed to lower temperatures. This, also, was true even when the dark houses registered a higher tempera- ture than that of the outside summer atmosphere.
The results obtained by artificially extending the period of light are just as interesting as those obtained by artificially shortening it. The artificial illumination, in a test with iris, was so arranged as to give 18 hours of continuous light in a greenhouse during the winter. Control plants were kept in a similar greenhouse with no artificial light. The test was begun on October 20, 1919. In the greenhouse where daylight was supplemented with electric light the plants made rapid growth, soon attained normal size and produced blossoms on December 24. The plants in the greenhouse where no artificial light was used, though it was kept at the same temperature, remained practically dormant and showed no tendency to blossom as late as February I2, 1920.
IMPORTANT INFLUENCE ON CROP YIELDS
The influence of this discovery on crop yields is likely to be of no little importance. The length of day is proved to be the
i 49
most potent factor in determining the relative proportions between the vegetative and fruiting parts of many crop plants. Indeed, fruiting may be completely suppressed by a day either too long or too short. The advance in agricultural practice which may come through this new discovery will have to be brought about largely by plant breeders and other crop specialists. For instance, it will prove of material significance in the future planning of cropping systems for different regions, especially where consideration of new crops from different latitudes is necessary.
This new principle undoubtedly explains the erratic behavior which has been observed with many crops when they are shifted to different latitudes, and may also clear up the conflicting results of variety tests and field tests conducted with the same crops but in different regions. The experiments have shown, for instance, that ragweed requires for flowering a stimulus that is afforded by the shortening of the days and lengthening of the nights. It does not come into flower until the period of daylight falls below 15 hours. In the latitude of Washington, that comes about July 1. But if ragweed seed should be taken to northern Maine and planted, the plants would not experience a length of day below 15 hours until about August 1. Therefore, they could not come into flower until after August I and, though the vegetative growth might be very rank, they could not mature seed before killing frosts intervened. The long days, therefore, make it impossible for ragweed to perpetuate itself in that latitude. On the other hand, plants that get their flowering stimulus from a long day could not perpetuate themselves through seed formation at the equator, where the day never exceeds 12 hours.
EXPLAINS LUXURIANT GROWTH IN NORTHERN LATITUDES
This principle affords the clue to the fact that many plants grow most luxuriantly near the northern limit of their range. The long northern day allows them to attain their maximum growth before the shorter day intervenes to check vegetative growth and start the reproductive process.
50
It may be found eventually, say the men who worked out the principle, that the animal organism, also, is capable of responding to the stimulus of certain day lengths. They believe that the migration of birds may be an illustration. Direct response to such a stimulus, they say, is more in line with modern teachings of biology than theories which assume that birds migrate as a matter of instinct.
PIN OAK IN NEBRASKA
By RAYMOND J. POOL
In a handbook of Nebraska trees published in March, 1919, I made the statement that: ‘‘ Pin oak does not occur naturally in Nebraska, but it occurs in north central Missouri and eastern Kansas, so we may expect it to wander into our state some day via the southeastern corner.” The statement is rather inter- esting in view of the fact that pin oak was discovered in south- eastern Nebraska during the summer of 1919.
Early in September, 1919, Mr. Thomas D. Howe, collector for the department of botany in the University of Nebraska, col- lected specimens from an oak tree growing near Table Rock, Nebraska, and he believed that the tree was pin oak, Quercus palustris Du Roi. Mr. Howe brought his specimens to the department of botany where his earlier judgment was confirmed by further study and comparison by several members of the department.
The tree in question is about 20 feet in height with a trunk diameter of about 5 inches, breast high. It is growing in asso- ciation with red oak at the edge of the natural oak woodlands on the north-facing slope of a low hill about 114 miles northeast of Table Rock. That town is in Pawnee county, about 35 miles from the extreme southeastern corner of the state, but only about 15 miles from the Kansas-Nebraska state line.
The nearest house is a quarter of a mile from where the tree stands on the edge of the forest where the forest gives way to a cultivated field. It would seem very unlikely that anyone could have planted the acorn in such a place; there would be no
i 51
object whatever in starting a pin oak in that particular spot. There are no planted pin oaks in the vicinity. All of our evidence clearly indicates that the tree discovered by Mr. Howe is native. As such this tree is doubtless the most westerly individual of the pin oak yet discovered growing under natural conditions, and to all appearance native. This adds another species to the list of native trees of Nebraska, a list which now contains about sixty- five species.
The specimens which Mr. Howe collected are now deposited in the herbarium of the Botanical Survey of Nebraska.
It may be of interest to the readers of this journal, in connec- tion with the above note, to have a list of all of the native oaks of Nebraska. The list follows:
Bur oak, Quercus macrocarpa Michx.
Red oak, Quercus rubra L. }
Black oak, Quercus velutina Lam.
Scarlet oak, Quercus coccinea Moench.
Black jack oak, Quercus marilandica Moench. White oak, Quercus alba L.
Swamp white oak, Quercus bicolor Willd. Yellow oak, Quercus acuminata (Michx.) Sarg. Low yellow oak, Quercus prinoides Willd. Laurel oak, Quercus imbricaria Michx.
Pin oak, Quercus palustris Du Roi
The bur oak is by far the most abundant and most widely spread species of the genus in this state. The species is found very commonly in the drier sites in the gallery woods along the streams quite generally over the eastern half of the state. The commonest oak associate of the bur oak is the red oak, although the latter is not nearly so widely distributed or as abundant as - the bur oak. On the dry exposed bluffs the bur oak is often dwarfed to such a degree as to form a chaparral-like association, often called ‘scrub oak.”’
Except for bur oak and red oak our native oaks are very nearly all restricted in their distribution to the area south of the Platte river along the bluffs and ravines of the Missouri river and ex- tending westward along the tributaries of the latter stream for a
52
scant twenty to forty miles. These represent the western-most extensions of species, all of which are much more abundant farther eastward or southward. White oak, black jack oak, laurel oak and pin oak are very rare within that area. Yellow oak, low yellow oak and swamp white oak are relatively abundant in a very few localities.
The ecological relations controlling these distributional phenomena are quite well known. The major ecological factors indicate a very decided advancement toward an increased xero- phytism extending westward and northward from the south-
eastern corner of the state. LINCOLN, NEBRASKA, December, I919.
SHORTER NOTES
THE ParER MULBERRY (Broussonetia) AN ‘ARTILLERY PLANT.’’—A number of the Nettle Family (Urticaceae) are known be eject the pollen forcibly, one of these plants (Pilea serpyllifolia Wedd., or P. muscosa Lindl.) being often cultivated under the name ‘‘artillery plant’’ because of the curious explosive opening of the staminate flowers. Particularly when the plants are placed in sunlight, after having been sprinkled, the pollen is forcibly thrown out in a smoky cloud, reminding one of the bursting of miniature shells or bombs.
I was much interested last spring to'find that the Paper Mul- | berry (Broussonetia papyrifera Vent.) has the same habit of throwing its pollen as has the Pilea. It is interesting to recall, also, that these plants are in closely related families, the. Moraceae and Urticaceae having much incommon. The 2Ist of May, 1919, in Philadelphia was a warm showery day, the frequent thunder- storms alternating with bright hot sunshine, and the paper mulberries, dripping after a shower, presented a curious spectacle in the bright sunlight. There was a continuous succession of puffs of smoky pollen from various parts of the tree, apparently all the flowers in a catkin exploding at once and filling the air with yellow ‘‘smoke”’ to a radius of about an inch in all directions, after which the pollen drifted lazily away on the gentle breeze.
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Presumably here, as in Pilea (see Jost, Plant Physiology, English Edit., 1907, p. 425), osmotic pressure tears an anther loose from the base of the stamen, the filament straightening with sufficient force to throw out the pollen. The staminate flowers are in a rather compact catkin and it is likely that the jar of one stamen straightening and bursting is enough to set off the other flowers; at any rate, examination of a catkin after an explosion shows generally that all of the flowers have been
sprung and the pollen thrown out.
\ O. E. JENNINGS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, PITTSBURG, PA.
REVIEWS
Knowlton’s Mesozoic and Cenozoic Plants of America*
Those who have had occasion to deal with American Cretaceous or Tertiary plants have long used and valued Dr. Knowlton’s Catalogue published in 1898, which brought together the scat- tered records in the most convenient form. The new Catalogue, a work of 815 pages, enumerates all the Mesozoic and Cenozoic species, including, as Dr. Knowlton informs me, no less than 4,789 accepted forms. The fossil plants of Greenland and Mexico are excluded, but those of Alaska are fully cited. \ In its form and arrangement the new Catalogue resembles the old, but it differs in having a series of extremely useful appendices. The first of these gives the classification of all the genera in orders, families, etc.; the second an index of genera and families in the classification; the third enumerates the plants of each for- mation, from the Triassic to the Pleistocene. The amount of labor represented is enormous, but the saving to others is much greater. My annotated copy of the old list, and my imperfect attempts to cover the ground represented by the appendices, look rather pathetic by the side of this vastly more complete and satisfactory work. We can only hope that with this new aid the very small band of American paleobotanists will be
* Knowlton, F. H., A Catalogue of the Mesozoic and Cenozoic Plants of North
America, U. S. Geological Survey, Bulletin 696, 1919 (published early in 1920; re- ceived at Boulder, Feb. 18).
54
increased, so that eventually the whole subject will be adequately revised. This, however, will not occur until there are better publishing facilities, including means of presenting adequate illustrations. Thus, for example, under existing conditions it is futile to attempt to revise the Cretaceous plant remains accumu- lating in the University of Colorado, since no provision exists for the publication of a report. The Rocky Mountain Cretaceous strata are at present furnishing great quantities of oil and coal, and the volume of wealth produced is almost incredible. Yet no provision is made for a complete and systematic survey of the Cretaceous rocks and their fossils, and the prevailing ignor- ance leads to great waste and no little fraud, for all of which the public eventually has to pay. Scientific men, who should be conducting fundamental researches, are many of them induced to spend their time working for private companies, so that the general situation tends to get worse rather than better. The proper remedy would be to tax the oil and coal industries for the purpose of securing adequate funds for a continuous scientific survey of all the strata concerned and -problems involved. Then young men and women of ability might be induced to devote their. lives to research, knowing that they would have fair pay, opportunities for getting the work done, and would be rendering important services to their country. We may still believe that there are many who, under such conditions, would resist the temptation of the money bags.
It must not be supposed that Dr. Knowlton’s Catalogue is of interest only to students of fossils. It should be in the possession of every botanist who cares anything about the wider aspects of his science. The lists of species by strata and localities will] be especially instructive, and will tend to correct the impression produced by the combined list (as if of a single flora) given in Harshberger’s great work on the distribution of American plants. It will be noticed that nearly all the genera of woody plants well represented today in North America also abounded during Tertiary times. The climate during at least the greater part of Tertiary time was evidently warmer than now, but aside from this, the genera were more widespread apparently independently
t 55
of climatic influences. Thus the tree flora of Florissant during the Miocene was rich in types now lacking in Colorado. Some of these, as Ficus, Sequoia and Magnolia, could not now exist in this region. Others, however, apparently could live well enough, and do so in cultivation. We thus see that the present flora.is to be explained partly by present conditions, but largely also by those of the past, which led to the regional extermination of certain types. The ecologist who concerns himself only with the present is thus like a sociologist who should refuse to study history.
The question has often been raised, how far can we trust the determinations of the paleobotanists? Undoubtedly many of the generic references are erroneous; even Lesquereux, who was not only a great paleobotanist, but also a specialist in living mosses, described a fragment of a fossil coniferasa moss. Never- theless, very much may be learned from the fossils, and there can be little doubt that on the whole things are pretty much what they seem to be. I believe that a closer study of the Tertiary fossils will throw much light on the origin of elements in the modern floras of North and South America, especially when the results of Dr. Berry’s recent trip to the Andes are made available. Thus, it is very interesting to find abundant remains of apparently quite genuine Cunoniaceae (Weinmannia) and Proteaceae in the Rocky mountain Miocene. Whence came these southern types? I believe via Asia, rather than by way of South America. So also with Porana, an old-world type fossil at Florissant, but represented still by a stranded relic south of the Mexican boundary. So also with Azlanthus, Libocedrus, etc. Take up the genuinely neotropical flora, that which certainly originated in South America, and note the absence of innumerable striking types in our fossil floras. A good example is Cecropia, which has some 30 or 40 neotropical species to-day, and would be easily recognized.
Another problem is that of the herbaceous plants. A well- known naturalist wrote me the other day, discussing a problem of animal distribution on the supposition that the grass-like plants first became abundant and well developed in the Miocene.
56
It is certain that they were then much as they are to-day, with a very long history behind them. The very meager catalogue of monocotyledonous plants in Dr. Knowlton’s work should convince any one that no dependence can be placed on the ap- parent absence of these organisms in particular beds. It is the same with the higher herbaceous plants. Only two genera of Composite are listed, both from the Florissant Miocene. One of these is thought by Knowlton to be erroneously identified, and although I was responsible for the determination, I now believe he is right. There are no Campanulales at all except at Florissant. Scrophulariacez are represented by a lone Floris- sant species. Who will maintain that these families did not abound during Tertiary time? Their present diversity and abundance prove that it must have been so. Thus the absence of herbaceous fossils proves nothing, though we can reason about the absence of trees which shed their leaves in abundance. Undoubtedly, more minute and critical studies will reveal a wealth of herbaceous fossils, at least as represented by flowers, fruits and seeds. I have many such from Florissant, but have ~ set them aside hoping to make accurate generic determinations. Such remains as these strain one’s knowledge of botany to the breaking point, but some day they will be deciphered. In a work of such scope, there will always be some errors and omis- sions, but in this case they seem to be astonishingly few. I found three species omitted, all involving genera not in the list. These are Firmianites aterrimus Ckll.,* Melica primeva C. T. & Bierne B. Brues,t and Xantholithes propheticus Ward.{ Dr. Knowlton writes me that Contospermites should be Conospermites. Hicoria antiquora should be antiquorum (a genitive plural). . Carpoilithes emarginatus Perkins, from Vermont, is preoccupied by C. emargi- natus Goepp. (Cardiocarpum emarginatum Goepp. & Berg.), and may be called C. perkinsi n.n. There are a few errors in the classification; thus Thrinax has somehow got into Araceae, and Hedera into Vitaceae.
* Amer. Journ. Science, Nov., 1909, p. 447. (Eocene, Green R., Wyo.)
+ Bull. Wisc. Nat. Hist. Soc., Oct., 1908 (received April, 1909), p. 171. (Mio-
cene, Florissant, Colo.) t Glimpses of the Cosmos, IV (1915), p. 150. (Laramie, Montana.)
57
In Journ. Washington Acad. Sciences, VI: 109 (1916) I de- scribed what purported to be a lower Cretaceous Flora in Color- ado. The only species I definitely identified was Matonidium althausti, a well-known Lower Cretaceous fern. Some additional evidence came to light, and in view of the apparent complications it was thought well to refer the material to Dr. Berry, who pub- lished a very valuable article in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, 46: 285. Berry concludes that the Matonidium is a distinct species, which he names M. americanum. With this decision I have no quarrel, but I call attention to the subject to illustrate an unfor- tunate tendency in paleontology to convert suggestions into positive statements in quotations. Berry states that my plants came from ‘‘the supposed McEImo,”’ but I said the deposit was “above the McElmo.’’ A fossil which Berry (no doubt cor- rectly) considers to represent the apical part of a Matonidium stipe, I said closely resembled Cycadospadix. Berry says twice that I ‘“‘referred’’ it to Cycadospadix. Knowlton, in his list on p.. 732, cites from my paper without any query Eguisetum burchardti and Sapindopsis variabilis, but in the main list a query
is given with the latter. I said, ‘‘stems . . . may well represent the species Equisetum burchardti, but the sheaths are unfortun- ately wanting,’ and ‘‘leaves . . . may well belong to”’ Sapin-
dopsis variabilis, ‘‘although the lateral veins appear to form a more acute angle with the midrib than in that species as figured by Berry.’’ Berry thinks both suggested identifications are wrong, so my cautious language was justified. In nearly all paleobotanical work there is necessarily a considerable margin of error, so that when hesitation or doubt ‘appears it should never be converted without investigation into apparent certainty. T. D. A. COCKERELL
Brown’s ‘‘Forest Products’’*
Botany is the foundation of all sciences dealing with plants. Agriculture and forestry are but applied botany. Brown’s “Forest Products’’ will interest botanists and all those who like
* Brown, Nelson C., ‘‘Forest Products, Their Manufacture and Use,” xix + 471
pages, frontispiece and 120 figures. John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1919. Net $3.75.
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to know where the articles they use come from and how they are made. ‘To foresters this book will be essential because effective forest management requires knowledge of the ultimate forest product, and of how that product is worked up and used.
' Trees are among the plants most useful to man. Yet how many botanists know the principal uses of trees, aside from lum- ber? How many realize that the wood of the chestnut (Castanea dentata) is used not only for lumber, railroad ties, and “‘snake”’ fences such as Lincoln made in his youth, but produces more than two thirds of the tannic acid products made in the United States? |
Brown gives clear and readable accounts of the history, process of manufacture and uses of the principal forest products aside from lumber. In the chapter under ‘‘Wood Pulp and Paper’’ he states that the Chinese, and not the Egyptians, as we had supposed, must be credited with the first manufacture of paper. About eighty to eighty-five per cent of all the paper used in this country is now made from wood, whereas before the middle of the nineteenth century paper was made entirely from other vegetable fibers. The increase in the quantity of wood used for paper has been enormous, over three hundred per cent between 1900 and 1919. The supply, of the most desirable wood, spruce, is diminishing so rapidly that other woods are being studied as substitutes, and paper mills are being forced to move out of the country. Brown gives in detail the various processes of making paper.
Of special interest, particularly to foresters: is the information on sources of supply with relation to the present and future forest resources of the country. Naval stores (turpentine and rosin) are doomed to virtual disappearance in a short while owing to the ruthless destruction by lumbering and fire of the longleaf pine forests from which these important materials are derived.
Each product is covered in an interesting and thorough manner. These products are: Wood pulp and paper, tanning materials, veneers, slack cooperage (barrels not for liquids), tight cooperage (barrels to hold liquids), naval stores, hardwood distillation (produces charcoal, acetate of lime, wood alcohol and
59 i other materials), softwood distillation, charcoal, boxes, cross ties, poles and piling, posts, mine timbers, fuelwood, shingles, maple syrup and sugar, rubber, dye woods and materials, excel- sior, and cork. Numerous well-selected ilustrations and an index add to the attractiveness and usefulness of the book. BARRINGTON MOORE
PROCEEDINGS OF THE CLUB
NOVEMBER 29, I9I9Q
The meeting was held in the Morphological Laboratory of the New York Botanical Garden at 3.30 P.M. Dr. Marshall A. Howe presided. There were eighteen persons present. The minutes of the previous meetings were read and approved. Mrs. Helen S. Harper, 417 Riverside Drive, and Mr._H. E. Thomas, graduate student, Columbia University, were nomi- nated for membership.
Dr., Howe reported for the editorial board regarding the proposition to publish the Torrey-Schweinitz letters as a memoir of the Club, stating that suitable financial arrangements were being made and the publication of this memoir was assured.
The treasurer announced a contribution of $100 from Dr. J. H. Barnhart to the Underwood Fund.
Dr. Levine spoke of business connected with the Bulletin and moved to authorize the chairman to appoint a committee to investigate the various activities of the Club with special regard to retrenchment along certain lines with a view to improving the Bulletin. The chairman appointed Professor Harper, Dr. Britton, Dr. Dodge, Dr. Levine, Mr. Taylor, and Professors Hazen and Broadhurst members of this committee.
The secretary announced the death of Mrs. R. McM. Colfelt, who has in the past generously contributed to the support of TORREYA. ;
The scientific program was then in order. Dr. A. B. Stout spoke on “‘ Notes on Forced Bulbs.’”’ ‘‘Dr. Stout made a report of observations on the behavior of bulbous plants which have been forced. In the winter of 1916-1917 about 100 bulbs of Narcissus
60
Fazetta were grown in pots and brought into bloom in a green- house. In the two seasons of growth since then these plants have produced no flowers. They have, however, made a vigorous and healthy vegetative growth showing clearly that they are not ‘run down’ plants. Examination of the bulbs shows that there is no blasting due to death of terminal growing points. Further studies will be made to determine if forcing induces a more or less permanent vegetative growth or whether a new bulb of this species naturally requires several years of vegetative growth before a flower stalk is produced. Wild plants of this species obtained from Japan and which have been grown at the New York Botanical Garden for two years have failed to produce flowers. Living plants of the various cultures were exhibited.”
Dr. W. A. Murrill gave a paper on ‘Collecting Fungi near Washington,” an abstract of which follows:
‘The first two weeks in October were spent in the vicinity of Washington, with excursions to Falls Church, Fairfax Court House, Great Falls, and Mount Vernon in Virginia; and to Baltimore, Reisterstown, and Easton in Maryland. Dr. Howard A. Kelly collected with me one afternoon near Falls Church, securing several specimens of fleshy fungi which he took home and had photographed or painted.
“TI went with a party of friends over some of the golf links in — the suburbs of Washington and found the common field mush- room, the field puffball, the fairy ring mushroom, and a peculiar large form of Collybia radicata which grew only under maple trees. All of these were eaten and enjoyed.
“Clitocybe illudens was abundant in oak woods, particularly fine clusters being observed west of Falls Church and near the boat landing at Mount Vernon.
“The journey to Easton, located on the eastern shore of Maryland over eighty miles from Washington, was especially interesting because Miss Mary E. Banning, a pioneer mycologist of Maryland was born in Talbot County. Dr. Kelly is preparing an account of her life and work. Her book of manuscript and drawings is at Albany having been donated by her to the State Museum about thirty years ago. A list of the species she col-
61
i
lected, comprising fourteen that were new, was published by Dr. Peck in his 44th annual report.
‘“A day and night were spent at the home of Dr. Kelly in Baltimore, where Mr. L. C. C. Krieger, a botanical artist of great ability, is busily engaged in preparing illustrations of the fleshy fungi.”
Adjournment followed. B. 0. Donces,
Secretary DECEMBER 9Q, I9I19
The meeting was held at the American Museum of Natural History at 8.15 P.M., President Richards presided. There were 35 persons present. ,
The usual business was dispensed with. The Scientific pro- -gram consisted of an illustrated lecture on ‘The Uses of Fungi and Bacteria in Industry’’ by Dr. E. W. Olive, Brooklyn Bo- tanical Garden. A discussion followed the lecture, after which
the meeting adjourned. B. O. DopcE,
Secretary JANUARY 13, 1920
The annual meeting of the club was held at the American Museum of Natural History at 8.15 p.M. President Richards presided. There were fifteen persons present.
The minutes of the meetings held November 29 and December 9 were approved.
Mr. Alexander Gershoy, Assistant in Botany, Columbia _ University, was nominated for membership.
A letter of resignation from Rev. L. H. Lighthipe was read and accepted. In recognition of his thirty-four years of faithful service in the Club, it was voted to transfer his name to the list of corresponding members.
Professor R. A. Harper, chairman of the Committee on Re- trenchment, read the following report prepared by Professor T. E. Hazen, secretary of the committee. (See report appended.)
The recommendations of the committee were adopted with the additional provision that the committee be continued as a Committee on New Members.
62
A letter from The New Era Printing Company containing a schedule of new prices for the publication of the Bulletin was read by the Treasurer.
_Annual Reports of the officers were then in order.
The Secretary reported that fourteen regular meetings and one special meeting had been held during the year at which the combined attendance was 414. Six illustrated lectures were given, at which the combined attendance was 211. Fifteen new members were elected during the year, six resignations had been accepted, and seven members had been dropped from the mailing list for non-payment of dues. This report was accepted and placed on file. The treasurer’s report was read and referred to an auditing committee, to which the chairman appointed Dr. Barnhart and Dr. Howe.
The report of the editor, Professor A. W. Evans, was read by Dr. Howe. This report showed that the Bulletin for 1919 contained 500 pages, 19 plates and 46 text figures. The articles published embraced the following subjects: Ecology and Plant Geography, 2; Morphology and Taxonomy of Algae, 2; Fungi, 4: Bryophytes, 4; Vascular Plants, 8; Paleobotany, 1; Pathology, 1; Physiology, 2; Taxonomy of Vascular Plants, 8; total, 33. The report was accepted and placed on file. |
Mr. Norman Taylor, editor of TorrEya, Dr. M. A. Howe, delegate to the council of the New York Academy of Sciences, Dr. M. Levine, business manager of advertisements and circu- lation, gave brief reports.
Professor H. M. Richards in his report as president of the Club commented on the various activities of the Club and made several constructive suggestions regarding the possibilities of securing a larger membership and a more extensive financial support.
Professor R. A. Harper, chairman of the Finance Committee, gave a brief report on the financial standing of the Club.
Dr. F. W. Pennell, chairman of the ‘Field Committee, read a report, which was accepted and placed on file.
Dr. F. J. Seaver reported for the Program Committee, and Dr. Howe announced that Professor Setchell had consented to lecture before the Club in the near future.
t 63
Mr. Alexander Gershoy was then elected to membership. The election of officers resulted as follows:
President, H. M. Richards.
Vice-Presidents, John Hendley Barnhart, C. Stuart Gager.
Secretary and Treasurer, Bernard O. Dodge. Editor, Alex. W. Evans.
Associate Editors,
Jean Broadhurst, Michael Levine, J. Arthur Harris, Arlow B. Stout, Marshall A. Howe, George E. Nichols,
Norman Taylor.
Delegaie to the Council of the New York Academy of Sciences, J. H. Barnhart.
Dr. M. Levine was reélected Business Editor of Advertise- ments and Circulation.
The president appointed the following standing committees for 1920:
Finance: Prof. R. A. Harper, chairman, Dr. J. H. Barnhart, Miss C. C. Haynes and Mr. H. B. Douglas.
Buget: Dr. J. H. Barnhart, chairman, Prof. R. A. Harper, Dr. N. L.. Britton, Prof. A. W. Evans, Dr. M. A. Howe and Prof. H. H. Rusby.
Field: Dr. F. W. Pennell, chairman, Mrs. L. M. Keeler, Mr. G. T. Hastings, Dr. F. J. Seaver, Mr. Norman Taylor, Dr. Michael Levine and Mr. Percy Wilson.
_ Program: Mrs. E. G. Britton, chairman, Dr. Jean Broadhurst, Dr. Aifred Gundersen and Dr. F. Seaver,
Membership: Dr. J. K. Small, chairman, Dr. T. E. Hazen and
Dr. E. W. Olive. |
The meeting adjourned at Io P.M. B. O. DopcE, Secretary. : JANUARY 28, 1920 “ A meeting of the Club was held at The New York Botanical Garden at 3.30 P.M. President Richards presided. There
were about twenty persons present.
64
The minutes of the annual meeting held January 13 were read and adopted.
Dr. Howe reported that the Auditing Committee had examined the books of Dr. B. O. Dodge, Treasurer, and found them to be correct.
Dr. B. O. Dodge, for the past nine years secretary and treas- urer of the Club, because of his entrance upon scientific work in Washington, D. C., tendered his resignation from both offices. This was reluctantly accepted. The President appointed a committee of five, Drs. Harper, Howe, Barnhart, Rusby, and Richards, the last ex-officio, to consider the problem of the hand- ling of the duties of these offices and to select a successor or successors. Awaiting the result of their action, Dr. F. W. Pennell was appointed temporary secretary and treasurer.
Mr. William C. Ferguson, Hempstead, L. I., was nominated and elected to membership.
The resignation of Dr. T. W. J. Burgess was accepted. That of Dr. O. E. White was referred to the Membership Committee.
The scientific program consisted of a joint discussion by Drs. Britton and Small on ‘Recent Explorations in Southern Florida.” /
Dr. Small gave an outline of the expedition of Dr. and Mrs. Britton and himself during late November and December of 1919 to southern Florida, telling of work around Miami -and in the Everglades, and showing an extensive collection of remark- able plants seen. Among these were several species considered new to science, a Monotropa with ochroleucous flowers, an Opuntia and a Houstonia.
Dr. Britton spoke of his interest in comparing the flora of southern Florida with that familiar to him in the West Indies, especially in the Bahamas. Interesting evidence in the dis- covery of a considerable and deep limestone cave now sunk below sea-level but yet containing large stalagmites and stalac- tites, was discovered, showing the recent subsidence of the Everglade district.
Photographs were shown depicting a remarkably complete natural graft of the pigeon-plum.
t 65
Another purpose of the trip—that in which Mrs. Britton was particularly interested—was the collection of the lichen-flora.
The meeting adjourned. FRANCIS W. PENNELL,
Secretary. FEBRUARY I0, 1920
The first meeting in February was held at the American Museum of Natural History.
President Richards called the meeting to order at 8.30 P.M. There were 28 persons present.
No business was transacted.
‘Dr. F. W. Pennell gave an illustrated lecture on “Through the Andes of Colombia.” :
A brief account was given of the speaker’s eight months’ sojourn in Colombia in 1917-18, of the extent of exploration undertaken and of the collections made. Each of the three cordilleras of the Andes was ascended from the tropical lowland to the paramo above timber-line. Emphasis was laid upon the sharp delimitation of altitudinal zones of vegetation, and the views shown were largely of species characteristic of each.
FRANCIS W. PENNELL, Secretary.
§ : P i , : SY rai i ‘4, | hols i : , -* > f } t
The Torrey Botanical Club
Contributors of accepted articles and reviews who wish six gratuitous copies of the number of ToORREYA in which their papers appear, will kindly notify the
editor when returning proof.
Reprints should be ordered, when galley proof is returned to the editor. The New Era Printing Co., 41 North Queen Street, Lancaster, Pa., have furnished the
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Covers: 25 for $1.75
Additional covers, 14c. each. Plates: 100 for $1.00.
Committees for 1920.
Finance Committee R, A. Harper, Chairman. J. H. BARNHART, Miss C. C. HAYNES . H. B. DouGLas Budget Committee J. H. BARNHART, Chairman. R. A. HARPER N. L. BRITTON A. W. Evans _M. A. Howe -H. H, Russy
Field Committee MICHAEL LEVINE, Chairman, Soh s> “Mes. L.M. KEELER GEORGE’T. HASTINGS F. J: SEAVER -, NoRMAN TAYLOR Percy WILSON ~
- Ferns and Fern Allies: R. C. Benedict:
~ Mosses:. Mrs. E. G. Britton . Liverworts: A..W. Evans _ Fresh Water Algae: T. E. Hazen ' Marine Algae: M. A. Howe ~ Gasteromycetes: G. C. Fisher *” Hymenomycetes: W. A? Murrill - Except Russula and Lactarius: Miss G. Burlingham . ‘ ’ Corttharius: R. A> Harper ._Polyporeae: M. Levine Beissobanidii: ‘H. M. Richards - Rusts and Smuts: E. W. Olive _ Discomyeetes: B: O. Dodge
~ on lb
Program Committee Mrs. E. G. Britton, Chairman. _ Pror. JEAN BROADHURST ALFRED GUNDERSON F. J. SEAVER
Membership Committee
J. K. SMALL, Chairman. T. E. HAzEn E.W. OLIVE
Local Flora Committee N. L. Britton, Chairman.
Phanerogams: Cryptogams: E P. BICKNELL “Mrs. E.G. BRITTON N.L. Britton. T.E. HAZEN | - C. C. CurTIs M.A. HowE K. K. MACKENZIE MICHAEL LEVINE NORMAN TAYLOR W. A. MuRRILL
Chairmen of Special Committees on Local Flora
Lichens: W. C. Barbour Sphaeriaceae,, Dothideaceae: H. M Richards Hypocreaceae, Perisporieae, Plectas cineae, Tuberineae: F. J. Seaver Fungi-forming sclerotia: A. B. Stout Imperfecti: H. M. Richards, F. Seaver, Mel. T. Cook Oomycetes: C. A. King Zygomycetes: A. F. Blakeslee Chytridiaceae, Myxomycetes: Mrs. H. M. Richards Yeast and Bacteria: Prof. J. Broadhurst Insect galls: Mel T. Cook
OTHER PUBLICATIONS
OF THE
TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB
(1) BULLETIN
A monthly journal devoted to general botany, established 1870. Vol. 46 published in 1919, contained 502 pages. of text ~ and 19 full-page plates. Price $4.00 per annum. For Europe, ~
18 shillings. Dulau & Co., 47 Soho Square, London, are, 4 agents for England. : 4
Of former volumes, only 24-46 can be supplied entire ; cer-~ tain numbers of other volumes are available, but the entire stock — ; of some numbers has been reserved for the completion of sets j Vols. 24-27 are furnished at the published price of two dollars each; Vols. 28-46 three dollars each. :
Single copies (30 cents) will be furnished only when not
breaking complete volumes.
.
(2) MEMOIRS
The Memoirs, established 1889, are published at. irregu-
lar intervals. Volumes 1-15 are now completed; No. 1 of Vol. 16 has been issued. The subscription price is fixed at $3.00 per volume in advance ; Vol. 17, containing Proceedings of the Semi-Centennial Anniversary of the Club, 490 pages, was issued in 1918, price $5.00. Certain numbers can also be pur- chased singly. A list of titles of the individual papers and of prices will be furnished on application. ae (3) The Preliminary Catalogue of Anthophyta and Pteri-
- dophyta reported as growing within one hundise miles of New V York, 1888. Price, $1.00. ;
Correspondence relating to the above publications should be addressed to Evia ive : DR. FRANCIS W. PENNELL
2764 Creston Avenue , New York cit
Vol. 20 July-August, 1920 No. 4
TORREYA
A Br-Montuty Journat or Botanicat Notes ann News EDITED FOR THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB BY
NORMAN TAYLOR
JOHN TORREY, 1796-1873.
a CONTENTS
Southern Louisiana from the Car Window: RoLanpD M. HARPER... 67 Value of Nutrient Solutions as Culture Media for Fern Prothallia: E. D. W.
Brown. pL Dae, ipiTey ee aS efit bags Raed eA ee oe EO La Fac Two new West Indian Plants: N. L. Brirron....-...... ~~. 83 Reviews :
Hitchcock’s Genera of Grasses of the United States: J. C. NELson. . 84 Proceedingsofthe Club... . rs Seagal aur Mee oe Hee Miawetteiia. ses OK Beira tape Maen Ha go
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THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB
OFFICERS FOR 1920
President H. M. RICHARDS, Sc.D.
Vice- Presidents. JOHN HENDLEY BARNHART, A.M., M.D C. STUART GAGER, Pu.D.
Secretary and Treasurer FRANCIS W. PENNELL 2764 CRESTON AVENUE, NEW YorK CITY
Editor ALEX. W. EVANS, M.D., Pu.D.
Associate Editors
JEAN BROADHURST, PH.D. M. LEVINE, Pu.D. J. A. HARRIS, Px.D. G. E. NICHOLS, Pu.D. MARSHALL AVERY HOWE, Pu.D. ARLOW B. STOUT, Pu.D.
NORMAN TAYLOR.
Delegate to the Council of the New York Academy of Sciences J. H. BARNHART, M.D.
OFFICIAL ORGAN OF THE WILD FLOWER PRESERVATION Society OF AMERICA
TorreyA is furnished to subscribers in the United States and Canada for one dollar per annum ; single copies, thirty cents. To subscribers elsewhere, five shillings, or the equivalent thereof. Postal or express money orders and drafts or personal checks on New York City banks are accepted in payment, but the rules of the New York Clearing House compel the request that ten cents be added to the amount of any other local checks that may be sent. Subscriptions are received only for full volumes, beginning with the January issue. Reprints will be | furnished at cost prices. Subscriptions and remittances should be sent to TREASURER, TORREY BOTANICAL CLuB, 41 North Queen St., Lan- caster, Pa., or Dr. Francis W. Pennell, 2764 Creston Avenue, N. Y. City.
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' Brooklyn Botanic Garden Brooklyn, N. ¥
TORREYA
Vol. 20 No. 4 July-August, 1920
SOUTHERN LOUISIANA FROM THE CAR—-WINDOW By Rotanp M. HARPER
Louisiana is one of the two states in the Union that is all coastal plain (Florida being the other). The southern half of the state, although essentially flat and hardly anywhere more than 150 feet above sea-level, has considerable diversity of soil, which is re-
_ flected in the vegetation as well as in the population and agricul-
tural features. The agricultural regions of the state were well mapped and described by Dr. E. W. Hilgard in the fifth volume of the Tenth Census, 1884, and the same divisions with slight modifications were used in a report on forest conditions in Louis- iana by J. H. Foster (U. S. Forest Service Bull. 114. 1912*), and in a colored “ Phytogeographic map of Louisiana,” on a scale of about 18 miles to the inch, which has been issued in several editions in recent’years by the State Department of Agriculture and Immigration. Additional geographical details can be found in the soil surveys of several parishes and similar areas published by the U. S. Department of Agriculture, and in Water Supply and Irrigation Paper tor of the U. S. Geological Survey, on the underground waters of southern Louisiana, by G. D. Harris and others (1904), which contains among other things a map showing the distribution of forests, prairies and marshes in the neighbor- hood of Lake Charles.
Existing descriptions of the vegetation of southern Louisiana are not very numerous or voluminous. There are of course a few local lists of plants, and monographic works that cite Louis-
* Reviewed, with a reduced copy of the map, in Geog. Review 2: 475-476.
Dec. 1916. [No. 3, Vol. 20, of TorrEyA, comprising pp. 37-65, was issued 18 July 1920.]
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jana specimens, but those are of little interest to the plant sociolo- gist. The vegetation of the several regions of the state was sketched by Hilgard in the census report above mentioned and in one or two preliminary papers that preceded it. Nearly fifty years ago Prof. A. Featherman of the Louisiana State University published two or three official reports on botanical surveys in Louisiana, and that for 1781 contains an interesting description of the prairies in the southern part of the state.
Prof. S. M. Tracy, in Bulletin 15 of the Division of Agros- tology of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, 1898 (pp. 10-11), published some notes on prairie grasses of southern Louisiana, with a list of about 19 species, including several weeds. Andrew Allison, in a paper on the birds of West Baton Rouge Parish, in the Auk (21: 472-483) for October, 1904, devoted about two pages to vegetation, giving technical names of several of the most char- acteristic plants. In the same magazine for January, 1906, the same author and two others sketched the geography of the whole state, with a regional map patterned after Hilgard’s, and a few notes on vegetation. In Torreya (6: 201-203) for October, 1906, I described the vegetation of some swamps near New Orleans as it appeared in midwinter.
Prof. R. S. Cocks, in Bulletin 7 of the Gulf Biologic Station at Cameron, La., published by the State Board of Agriculture and Immigration in 1907, entitled The Flora of the Gulf Biologic Station, devoted about two pages (out of 42) to classifying the plants in the vicinity of the station by habitat, and more than six pages to the flora of the prairies west of Lafayette. Two other papers by the same author, namely, Grasses of Louisiana (Bull. 10, Gulf Biol. Sta., 1908), and Leguminosae of Louisiana (Bull. i, ,lca. Nat. Hist: Sury:, 1910), have assisted me in identifying the plants seen on the trips described below. Another interest- ing contribution by Prof. Cocks, dealing with a part of southern Louisiana that I have not seen, is the first of a projected series of “Notes on the Flora of Louisiana,” in the Plant World (17: 186-191) for June, 1914, which describes the fertile loess hills north of Baton Rouge from a floristic standpoint.
My first opportunity to see any part of Louisiana west of New
—— t= =
.
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Orleans came in July, 1915, when on the way from Florida to California. Leaving New Orleans shortly before midnight of the thirteenth on the main line of the Southern Pacific system (which operates in Louisiana under the aliases of Morgan’s Louisiana & Texas R. R., and Louisiana Western), I traveled in a day coach so as to be able to begin taking notes as soon as there was light enough, although that deprived me of any protection from mosquitoes (for it would hardly be worth while to put screens on a car that runs all the way from New Orleans to Los Angeles and’is exposed to mosquitoes only about one tenth of the distance). Daybreak (about 4:30 a.m.) on the 14th found me at Lafayette, 145 miles from New Orleans and just west of the alluvial bottoms of the Mississippi delta. The mosquitoes which
had made sleep impossible during the night soon disappeared, and
as the locomotive used oil for fuel there was nothing to interfere with botanical observations except the speed of the train and my unfamiliarity with some of the plants. Lake Charles, the me- tropolis of southwestern Louisiana, was passed a little before 7 o'clock, and the Sabine River at the western border of the state. about 7:45.
A little over three years later, when on the way to Texas on an errand for the U. S. Bureau of Plant Industry, I crossed Louisiana by a different route, a little farther north. On the afternoon of August 19, rg18, I went from New Orleans to Baton Rouge by the Yazoo & Mississippi Valley R. R., and on the 2oth from Baton Rouge westward to the Sabine River and beyond by the New Orleans, Texas & Mexico Ry. (Gulf Coast Lines, for- merly a part of the Frisco System), which uses the Y. & M. V. tracks southeast of Baton Rouge and the Kansas City Southern from DeQuincy, La., to Beaumont, Tex., and burn oil like the
Southern Pacific and several other southwestern railroads. The
two trips together took me through four or five different kinds of country, whose vegetation will be sketched below.
The flood-plain and delta of the Mississippi River have gen- erally been mapped as a unit in Louisiana, except for the separa- tion of the treeless marshes near the coast from the originally densely wooded portion farther inland. There are some sig-
70
nificant differences, however, between the alluvial lands at the northern edge of the state and those in the latitude of New Orleans. The soil of extreme northeastern Louisiana is hardly surpassed in productiveness anywhere in the world; but there is a progressive decrease in fertility going downstream from there, | for two different—but not wholly independent—reasons. First, on approaching the mouth of the river the seasonal fluctuation of the water diminishes, and with it the opportunities of the soil for a¢ration ;* and second, because of the pronounced increase of late summer rainfall toward the Gulf coast, the soils in that direc- tion must be more thoroughly leached.; The variations in soil fertility are brought out very well by census statistics on the use of commercial fertilizers.t In 1909 the farmers in the alluvial parishes above Baton Rouge spent only 7 cents for fertilizers for every acre of improved land in 1910, those between Baton Rouge and New Orleans $1.23, and those below New Orleans $2.22.
In northern Louisiana the alluvial lands are largely devoted to cotton, while about Baton Rouge sugar-cane becomes the lead- ing crop, and that gradually gives way to rice below New Orleans. A northeast-southwest line drawn across the delta a little above Baton Rouge separates the cotton and sugar-cane regions pretty well, and the difference is reflected in the vegetation, as will be shown farther on.
THE SUGAR-CANE REGION
From New Orleans to Baton Rouge (88 miles) and about ten miles west of the latter place, or about to the boundary between the parishes of West Baton Rouge and Pointe Coupee, I was in the sugar-cane region, where vast fields of cane, hiding all but the roofs of the one-story houses, are the most conspicuous fea- ture of the late summer landscape. Corn and rice rank next to cane in acreage, the former often planted with velvet beans or sugar-cane in alternate rows. Rice was being threshed at the time I passed by, and the piles of chaff were often burned to get
* See Torreya I1: 223. 1911.
+ See Science II. 48: 208-211. Aug. 30, 1918. t See Science II. 42: 500-503. Oct. 8, 1915.
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rid of them. ‘The houses are mostly aggregated in villages, each village with its sugar-mill. Water for domestic purposes is gen- erally taken from cisterns, as in numerous other fertile regions. The forests are reduced to scattered remnants, mostly along streams. The commonest trees seem to be Salix nigra (?), Populus deltoides, Liquidambar, Platanus, Taxodium distichum, Ulmus americana, and Celtis sp., in the order named. There are hardly any erect shrubs, but three woody vines, Rhus radi- cans, Tecoma radicans, and Ampelopsis arborea are fairly com- mon. The epiphyte Tillandsia usneoides is the only native herb that is at all conspicuous, the other herbs noted being mostly weeds, such as Ambrosia trifida and Paspalum Vaseyanum.
THE CoTTON REGION
From about Westover to Opelousas, 49 miles, on the Gulf Coast Lines, the country is still flat and alluvial, but about half wooded, with less cane and more cotton than had been seen the day before. Several sawmills were passed, and the forests had been damaged a good deal by lumbering, draining, grazing, etc. The commonest plants in that distance, which is through the cot- ton region of the Mississippi bottoms, seem to be as follows:
TREES Liquidambar Styraciflua Quercus ‘texana (?) Salix nigra (?)* Gleditsia triacanthos Taxodium distichum Fraxinus americana (?) Acer Drummondii (7) Quercus nigra Celtis sp. Hicoria aquatica (?) Populus deltoides Acer Negundo
SHRUBS AND VINES
Ampelopsis arborea Cephalanthus occidentalis Rhus radicans Tecoma radicans Sabal glabra Brunnichia cirrhosa
* If this is S. nigra it grows taller and straighter here than it usually does elsewhere.
Herss (all weeds) Chamaecrista robusta (?) Verbena angustifolia (?) Helenium tenutfolium Piaropus crassipes Croton capitatus
THE PRAIRIES
Dr. Hilgard distinguished three kinds of prairie in southern Louisiana, all contiguous, namely, brown loam on the northeast, gray silt on the west, and black calcareous on the south, next to the coast marshes. I crossed all three, but on account of the relatively small extent of natural vegetation remaining and the inherent difficulty of identifying herbs from a fast train, on a route traversed only once, I will not attempt to separate them at this time. On the more southerly route the ground-watei level is pretty close to the surface, and the railroad is built on a low embankment most of the way, while on the other route, 15 or 20 miles farther north, the prairies are comparatively high and dry (though not over 75 feet above sea-level), which prob- ably makes as much difference in the vegetation as the compo- sition of the soil does.
The prairie country stretches westward from Opelousas and Lafayette at the edge of the Mississippi bottoms to the bottoms of the Calcasieu River, and like most prairies is almost perfectly level. Toward the western edge, however, in the gray silt prai- ries, there are numerous low mounds rising a foot or so above the general level, which make the vegetation a little more diver- sified than it would be otherwise. There are also quite a number of strips and patches of timber, mostly along streams, so that one hardly ever has an unobstructed view of more than two or three miles in any direction. Eastward the trees are all deciduous, but toward the west pines appear in increasing numbers, mostly Pinus Taeda on the northern route and P. palustris on the south- ern route. Where the prairie is bordered by deciduous forests the boundary is sharp, but the edge of the pine forest is ill- defined, probably on account of fire, as on the Hempstead Plains of Long Island.*
* See Mem. Torrey Club 17: 271. 1918.
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The original prairie vegetation is now nearly all replaced by fields and pastures. In St. Landry Parish sometimes as many as fifty farm-houses can be seen at once, between stations, each with a few trees around it, and most of them with “ French” chimneys of sticks and mud. Water is usually obtained from cisterns, as in the delta. Rice, corn and cotton are the leading crops, in order of acreage. The commonest native and naturalized plants seem to be as follows:
TREES Liquidambar Styraciflua Hicoria alba Pinus Taeda Nyssa sylvatica (?) Ouercus stellata Quercus falcata Pinus palustris Quercus Michauxii Quercus Phellos Taxodium distichum SHRUBS Myrica pumila Baccharis halimifolia Cephalanthus occidentalis HERBS Paspalum Vaseyanum Gaura Lindheimeri Panicum hemuitomon Baptisia leucophaea* Helenium tenutfolium Dracopis amplexicaulis (?) Eryngium yuccifolium Croton capitatus Mesadenia lanceolata Silphium laciniatum Tillandsia usneoides Typha latifolia Hibiscus incanus (?) Baptisia sp. Nama ovata (?) Sesbania macrocarpa (?)
The trees are mostly along streams, as above stated, and Myrica pumila occurs near the pine forests, especially on mounds, where it can keep its roots reasonably dry. The first and third herbs listed are obnoxious weeds, and the second grows in wet places
*In Robinson & Fernald’s Manual this is treated as synonymous with B. bracteata Ell., a species known only from dry woods in Georgia and Alabama
(see Bull. Torrey Club 33: 533. 1906), but the range attributed to it excludes those two states entirely.
74
and may be more characteristic of the marshes south of the prairies.
Outside of Louisiana and Texas these prairies probably have their nearest counterpart in the Grand Prairie of Arkansas,* which although considerably nearer to centers of ecological activity is even less known botanically than the Gulf coast prairies.
THE LONG-LEAF PINE REGION
West of the prairies are the long-leaf pine forests, about fifty miles wide on my northern route, but hardly extending south of Lake Charles at all. The topography where I crossed is gently rolling (doubtless a little more hilly farther north), with grayish loamy soil and clayey subsoil, and very few streams (unlike most of the pine-barrens of the Atlantic slope, where the sandy soil holds considerable water which seeps out in the valleys gradually throughout the year). Mosquitoes were rather abundant, though, strange to say. The region is very sparsely settled, and even yet lumbering seems to be more important than farming.
Pinus palustris outnumbers all other trees by a large majority, and on uplands where the lumberman has not yet begun opera- tions it makes a pure stand with no woody undergrowth of any kind. These pine forests are denser than most of those east of the Mississippi River, as observed long ago by Dr. Mohr,+ who found, probably in what is now Beauregard Parish, 35,000 board feet on a single acre,—which is several times the average for the southeastern pine forests.
Just two weeks before my 1918 visit southwestern Louisiana had been swept by a hurricane, and in some places as many as 10 per cent. of the pines had been blown down, and many leaves and branches stripped from the deciduous trees. The commonest trees besides the long-leaf pine seem to be Nyssa biflora (?), Liquidambar, Pinus Taeda, Magnolia grandiflora, Quercus Michauxii, Fagus, Nyssa uniflora, Quercus falcata, Q. alba, Taxodium distichum, and Ilex opaca,in the order named. These
* See Plant World 17: 40-44. 1914.
+ See page 45 of the revised edition of his “ Timber pines of the southern United States” (U. S. Forestry Bull. 13), 1897.
75
are chiefly confined to the vicinity of streams, like the trees in the prairies. The only common shrubs seem to be Callicarpa Ameri- cana and Myrica cerifera. The herbaceous flora was difficult to identify from a moving train, but it seems decidedly poorer in species than that of the southeastern pine-barrens, and not many plants were in bloom in August. The most abundant herb is a coarse grass, presumably an Andropogon, and the most conspicu- ous were two species of Laciniaria, which I have guessed to be L. pycnostachya and L. acidota. (A little later I had opportu- nity to examine the pine-barrens more closely in eastern Texas, and the results are published in the Bulletin for July, 1920.*
THe HAMMOCK ForESTS
Within a few miles of the Sabine River the country is low and clayey and probably occasionally inundated, though the soil would hardly be classed as alluvial. These conditions are unsuited to long-leaf pine, and the forests are comparatively dense and hammock-like, with approximately the following composition:
TREES Pinus Taeda Quercus Phellos Liquidambar Styraciflua Quercus falcata Nyssa uniflora Quercus stellata Quercus Michauxii Quercus Marylandica Taxodium distichum Hicoria aquatica (?)
SHRUBS Cephalanthus occidentalis Aralia spinosa
HERBS
Tillandsia usneoides Most of these are the same species already noted as growing along streams in the pine-barrens, and this might be regarded as -merely one of the strips of bottom-land timber, but for the fact that it is considerably wider on the Texas side, where it deserves to rank as a distinct region.
* Bull. Torrey Club 47: 289-319. 1920.
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The foregoing notes, incomplete as they are (being based on only about eleven hours of travel), may be useful to those who may hereafter study Louisiana vegetation more intensively ; and they illustrate a method of making observations in comfort in an interesting area where mosquitoes and scarcity of water might make traveling on foot rather disagreeable in summer.
THE VALUE-OF NUTRIENT SOLUTIONS AS CULTURE MEDIA FOR FERN PROTHALLIA*
By ELizABETH DorotHy WuIst Brown
The value of nutrient solutions as culture media for growing fern prothallia under experimental conditions being so well known, it is the purpose of this paper to emphasize the value of these solutions for growing prothallia for class use. Excellent cultures may be obtained by using soil, peat and various other media, but it has been the writer’s experience that the work is greatly simplified by the use of the nutrient solution. For after the solutions have been prepared and the cultures set up under the best light conditions available, little attention need be paid to them.
Aside from the time-saving element in caring for the cultures is the advantage of having an abundance of material in various stages of development always at hand. In this way it is possible for the student to follow the development of the prothallia from the one-cell stage to the adult form bearing antheridia, arche- gonia and sporophytes. This may be accomplished by varying the time of sowing the spores in the different cultures. It is well to learn the length of time required for the germination of the spores and the development of the prothallia of the particular species used before setting up the cultures for class use. The time of germination varies somewhat in different species, being more rapid in the spores containing chlorophyll.
The following solutions, Beijerinck’s, Borner and Lucanus’s, Knop’s, Prantl’s and Sachs’s, proved favorable for the germina-
* Contribution from the Osborn Botanical Laboratory.
~I ~]
tion of the spores and the development of the prothallia of the rarious species of the Polypodiaceae used. However, Knop’s and Prantl’s solutions were on the whole the best suited, espe-
r
Fic. 1. Prothallia and young sporophytes of Onoclea struthiopteris from various nutrient solution cultures.
cially the latter as it did not seem favorable for the development of algae. The formulas for making up these solutions are as follows:
1. BEIJERINCK’S SOLUTION.
INNEL IN © peepee one Saree: (ah ep ten tere. lahantie lees «bo ae 0.5 2
BEL Ts Oca for tet Moses, Sa tone Peee Neer cea eLatoneree%s..0, 0 RS 0.22. MIE S| Oya ass a mS ih ee ot i ee | RA 0.2 ¢. GEV CI SEAS eter hice, Nn: aR Cad EE a Mm 0.1 g. DEE (C Iba 0 Zh Onpalen t Fae cen keh cs Eee a trace.
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2. BIRNER AND LucANus’s SOLUTION.
IVS SS Oem reee aenace strep nite spins me aes ee ers a os. See atid 0.52 (SalGIN ©) werent Bit pees icte aeeicichee™ Ri Gen ec ae 1.52 [SCE sl eX O yarns 3 a oe Sea aoa ees ee eee 1.0g Ee Cl eat es se law ats Seager gr eae MR SR PRG OR emt trace Dis tilledmwart ery yor wa teuehvorcishen stars oy aenoctckceial noeuttoets 1000 ¢.c
3. KNop’s SOLUTION.
WIEST OV otis) Staines 3, Sint ret ee ie eee ears SE. 0.25 g. (CHW CIN OE te ra icece es cc cee cn NAT ee Sead a aad Aer re 1.002 IE a AO Acres anne Ot ceeeerens Mas cece Rae Marr eat Renee oe 0.25 2 1a GE Eo Fe oan eens rk es PREC en Cae EN 0.12g LEE CHR eB Son pic CRG Os (os CRU EUEL A Cae MECC ERE er trace
DistilledMwaterue see wyerde cise on ae siecs sic eee oe 1000 ¢.¢c.
LEIS O ETAL tarsi beta eC oe cae MeO erat Ber ca ree 0.7 g INTE T CI lesz as Ch SRNR See ce RUA RAR AOE OWE tee tats Ase ae a 0.23¢ CaSO, PS Si5 iC PEG cae ROA SIGE COP eet Orns MEAS IO Waban, Gave oh seeeAc eka eee eae ERLE ea TLE at O:5mne NH,NO, solution, DLOOA MPEG Cents 50 ssc «erties 20 C.c
5. SACHS’S SOLUTION.
TIN © SE ares cine eRe Ee et Aeon She i. “g, INET Gl liber Au Bt le eM eon ane ee ER eA At aN AN hae act agers 0.5 g. CaS Oe ieee seen ea ta ae a on eee ae ME Pte 0.5 g. Mia S Oy) a opet eta aac ee ACR GPA oem 0.5 g. (CHWS WI @ Petactoees cp Stota or emo eee ted oer eRe Soar 0.5 &. AeeDistilled: “water qeec-c-cnad eatin eae lee clei eres 1000 €.c.
Experience has shown that it is best to omit the ferric chloride from the stock solutions and to add a drop of a I per cent solu- tion of ferric chloride to the nutrient solution of each culture before the spores are sown.
It is best to make up a liter of the nutrient solution, being very careful always to use only pure chemicals and distilled water. It is not necessary to sterilize the solutions, in fact cultures seem to do better on unsterilized solutions, especially those containing ammonium nitrate, probably because of chemical changes caused by heating.
Solutions should be kept in flasks or bottles well-stoppered with cotton in a clean place. Great care must be exercised in opening the flasks in the laboratory or the solutions will become
79
contaminated with algae or fungi. This is especially true when replenishing the culture media after the prothallia have begun to develop. Solutions should never be poured directly from the stock flasks or bottles into the culture dishes but they should be poured into a clean graduate, beaker or other receptacle and from this into the culture. In this way it is often possible to keep
¥E eee ‘
Fic. 2. Young sporophyte growing in Knop’s Solution
the stock solutions pure, althoug the cultures have become con- taminated. However, if they do become infested it is best to throw them away and, after cleaning and sterilizing the flasks, prepare new solutions.
In making up solution cultures it is possible to use a glass dish of any size which can be covered with a glass lid or plate, but on
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the whole small glass capsules about 144 inches high, with a diameter of 2% inches, seem best suited. These hold about 26 c.c. of nutrient solution. This amount of nutrient solution will provide sufficient nourishment for a large number of prothallia to grow to maturity. However, owing to evaporation, it will be necessary to add fresh solution from time to time. The advan- tages of using a dish of this size are many: it is easily handled by both student and teacher; it can be placed under a compound microscope and the growth of the culture observed; it does not occupy so much space on the laboratory table and therefore is not so liable to accident; and, if by chance it does meet with one or becomes too badly infected by algae or fungi, its loss is not so great. Sometimes a culture may be freed from an algal or fungous growth by lifting the prothallia with a sterilized seeker or sharp-pointed scalpel from the old solution to a new one in a clean dish. Care must be taken not to immerse the prothallia in the solution, for if this accidentally happens it will require care to make them remain on the surface afterward. Sometimes this can be accomplished by drying the upper surfaces of the pro- thallia with filter paper. For study by a class in beginning botany it is perhaps best to select a fern whose prothallia under normal conditions are monoecious. ‘For this reason various species of Aspidium or Camptosorus rhizophyllus may be used, although the rarity of the latter often makes this impracticable. Among a large number of the so-called “dioecious” prothallia, especially in the older cultures, a large percentage of monoecious prothallia occur. It is also possible by allowing. cultures of various species in which large, vigorous, dioecious female prothallia predominate to be- come poor in nourishment and in this way to lower their vitality and thus convert them into monoecious prothallia. One way to do this is not to replenish the media with new from time to time, but to allow the prothallia to continue their growth on the same solution upon which the spores have been sown. Since this re- quires practice and skill in handling the prothallia as well as an acquaintance with the prothallia of the particular species under cultivation, it will hardly be practicable in most cases, unless one
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wishes to demonstrate the effect of nourishment on the develop- ment of the reproductive organs in fern prothallia.
Fertile fronds of the species to be used should be collected as soon as the spores are ripe. After drying them, by placing them before an open window for a few days, they should be wrapped in paper and placed in a covered pasteboard box in a cool, dry place. When preparing the spores for sowing, shake a frond over white paper or a clean glass plate. Crush the sporangia obtained with a scalpel or a microscopic slide, being very careful not to crush the spores. The spores should be freed from the remains of the sporangia before sowing them and this may be done by rubbing the crushed mass through a sieve of varying thicknesses of silk bolting cloth (which may be procured from a ~ flour mill) stretched in a small embroidery hoop. By adding or removing a thickness of the cloth the grade of the sieve can read- ily be adjusted.
The most successful of the various methods tried for sowing the spores is as follows: A mass of spores is taken on the point of a scalpel and the instrument is moved over the capsule about half an inch above the surface of the medium, while the spores are gently blown upon. In this manner the spores are fairly evenly distributed. This should be done as quickly as possible and the cover of the capsule replaced in order that the culture medium is not exposed so long to the air. Likewise, whenever examining or removing prothallia from a culture, do not leave it uncovered any longer than is necessary. Neverinvertacover. It is well to make up a number of cultures, one or two for each table of the different laboratory sections with a few in reserve.
After the cultures are made it is best to place them before a window, preferably an east window, where they are exposed to the direct sunlight for a part of the day. This is especially nec- essary during the period of germination. If the cultures are started in warm weather it is best not to allow them to remain in the sunshine longer than one or two hours at a time as the pro- thallia do not develop as well when the culture solution becomes heated. The spores of some species fail to germinate if the cul- ture solution remains too warm. The optimum temperature for
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prothallia is 60° F., although they will continue to do well in a room whose temperature is much higher provided the culture solution is not allowed to become overheated by exposure to the sun’s direct rays.
Cultures may be labelled in various ways, but the most con-_ venient one is to write on the cover of the capsule near the edge with a glass pencil the name of the species, the solution used for the culture medium and the date of sowing the spores. By ab- breviating the name of the species and by the use of either a letter or Roman numeral for the culture solution and of figures to indi- cate the date, the inscription need not occupy much space. For example, “A. S—P.—1\ ’20” = Aspidium spinulosum, Prantl’s Solution, November 4, 1920. Although it is not absolutely nec- essary to label the cultures if only one species and one culture solution are used, still it is well to have the date when the spores were sown indicated.
When the prothallia are distributed for laboratory study, it 1s best to remove a part of the culture to a watch glass, being careful to use clean instruments and to return the cover to the capsule as soon as possible. Under a dissecting microscope by means of needles, the prothallia may then be teased apart, as the rhizoids frequently become interwoven, and placed in another watch glass from which to be distributed to the students. In this way the students secure better niounts, a great deal of time will be saved and a waste of material avoided. If more prothallia have been removed from the culture than are needed immediately, the re- mainder can be kept in excellent condition by adding a few drops of water and placing the watch glass in a moist chamber. This moist chamber can be made by inverting a bell jar over a plate in which a little water is allowed to stand. The prothallia may be returned to the culture if care is used not to submerge them as has been previously stated.
Young sporophytes may be removed from the culture and placed in watch glasses containing nutrient solution, supported by tiny pebbles in such a manner that the young leaves are above the solution and the young root immersed (Fig. 2). .The watch glass should be covered with a bell jar. These sporophytes
‘ 83
can be kept alive for months if care is taken to replenish the nu- trient solution and not to'expose the young sporophyte too long to the dry atmosphere of the laboratory.
These details of technique have been the gradual outgrowth of the writer’s experiences with many cultures of fern prothallia of the various species of the Polypodiaceae. Especial emphasis is laid upon careful and painstaking attention to details, and it is only by experience that the value of so doing will be understood and appreciated.
TWO NEW WEST INDIAN PLANTS By N. L. Britton.
AN UNDESCRIBED STENOPHYLLUS FROM JAMAICA
The species of the sedge genus Stenophyllus hitherto known to inhabit Jamaica* are S. junciformis (H. B. K.) Britton, which has been collected in Clarendon and St. Andrew’s, and S. capil- laris (L.) Britton, definite localities for which are at present unknown.
To these, Mr. William Harris has recently added an unde- scribed one, growing on a damp rocky slope at Old England Falls at about I100 meters elevation in the Blue Mountains to be named and characterized as follows:
ar Stenophyllus Harrisii sp. nov.
Densely tufted, with short rootstocks. Culms weak, glabrous, about 6 dm. long and 1 mm. thick ; leaves reduced to basal sheaths bearing ciliate blades 3 cm. long or less; spikelet solitary, about 8 mm. long, subtended by one or two aed bracts 5-6 mm. long ; scales few, ovate to ovate-oblong ; style-branches 3; achene obovoid, trigonous, about 0.7 mm. long, its broad top bearing a minute black tubercle.
Old England Falls, Jamaica (Harris 12908, type; 12890). In 12890 most of the spikelets are transformed into tufts of short linear leaves.
* Bull. Torrey Club 43: 447.
84
AN UNDESCRIBED CROTON FROM THE VIRGIN ISLANDS
Croton Fishlockii Britton, sp. nov.
A low, much-branched shrub, the young twigs sparingly long- pilose, with very short internodes. Leaves broadly elliptic to suborbicular, rather thin, 6-22 mm. long, 5-15 mm. wide, rounded or obtuse at both ends, pinnately few-veined, sparingly long- pilose and with rather copious black stellate hairs, the long-pilose petioles 2-8 mm. long; flowers few, in small terminal clusters, ior solitary. Staminate flowers: sepals ovate to elliptic-ovate, 2.8-3 mm. long, 1.8-2 mm. broad, stellate-pubescent on the back; petals obovate to broadly obovate, 3 mm. long, 2-2.2 mm. broad, villous within ; stamens 12, the filaments villous near the base.
Top of the mountain in Virgin Gorda, Virgin Islands, at about 425 meters altitude (W. C. Fishlock, No. 311, May 9, 1919).
A very interesting distinct species, related to Croton lucidus L. I take pleasure in dedicating it to Mr. Fishlock, who has been in charge of the Botanical Station at Roadtown, Tortola, for a series of years, and who has made extensive collections of the Virgin Island flora, adding greatly to our knowledge of the distri- bution of species of Tortola, Virgin Gorda and Anegada. Croton lucidus L., apparently its nearest relative, has not been found in the Virgin Islands.
REVIEWS
Hitchcock’s Genera of Grasses of the United States *
At the present low ebb of systematic botany, due largely to the deplorable schism over the question of nomenclatorial rules, the appearance of a work of such scope fromthe pen of our leading agrostologist is of capital importance to every student of the grasses. Sufficient time has elapsed since the publication of Scribner’s American Grasses in 1900} to make a new exposition of grass-genera extremely desirable. Many of the views set forth in the present volume were foreshadowed in the author’s
* Hitchcock, A. S., The Genera of Grasses of the United States, with special reference to the economic species. U.S. Dept. of Agric. Bull. No. 772: Wash- ington, Govt. Printing Office, March 20, 1920. Pp. 1-307; 174 figs., 20 plates.
Price .40. + U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Bull. 20.
85
i
Text-Book of Grasses (1914), but a fuller and more adequate treatment was urgently needed. Professor Hitchcock’s sound and sane conservatism has not permitted him to depart too widely from the fundamental doctrines of modern agrostology yet the present work is by no means a mere compilation of existing views, but marks in several respects a distinct advance over our previous knowledge.
The attention of the reviewer naturally was first drawn to that stone of stumbling and rock of offense, the correct position of the tribe Oryzeae. The Gordian knot has been neither untied nor cut. After following Hackel and Scribner by placing the tribe in the sub-family Panicatae in the Text-Book of Grasses, Pro- fessor Hitchcock has now returned to the view taken in his re- vision of the Gramineae for the Seventh Edition of Gray’s
‘Manual (1908), and included the tribe again among the Poatae. Evidently therefore the laterally-compressed spikelets now appear to him a character of greater significance than the articulation of the rachis below the glumes. Asa matter of fact, the tribe pre- sents an impasse that can never be satisfactorily evaded as long as the two sub-families are delimited as at present. Undoubtedly there will always be good grounds for maintaining these two series for the majority of the genera; but there is a progressive obliteration of sharply-opposed characters as we descend toward the median line, until we reach a debatable ground in which the two sets seem to be inextricably blended. Perhaps the most note- worthy advance in taxonomy afforded by the present volume is in the new sequence of tribes. The arrangement that has been uni- formly followed hitherto has been strikingly illogical, in that-it involved a progression from the most highly-developed to the most primitive forms. The bamboos, as showing the least differ- entiation in floral structure, should evidently begin the sequence. and the allies of Tripsacum should close it as the most complex We accordingly find in the present work that the Poatae stand first, with the tribes in the following order: Bamboseae, Festu- ceae, Hordeae, Aveneae, Agrostideae, Nazieae, Chlorideae, Pha- larideae, Oryzeae and Zizanieae (the latter tribe cut off from _Oryzeae on the basis of the unisexual spikelets, leaving only
86
Oryza and Homalocenchrus to represent the original tribe), and the Panicatae are in second place, in the order: Melinideae, Pani- ceae, Andropogoneae and Tripsaceae (the latter name very prop- erly taken up instead of Maydeae, since the genus Mays is no longer maintained). The author is careful to point out, however, that no arrangement in a purely lineal sequence can represent the tribal relationships, and repeats the view set forth in his Text- Book (p. 157), that the phylogenetic development has not been along a single line. At least three dimensions would seem nec- essary to a satisfactory schematic representation of this relation- ship! Here is foreshadowed the great future problem to be solved by grass-systematists. The placing of Nazieae among the Poatae seems to be justified by the articulation of the spikelet above the glumes; and the near relation of Hilaria and Aegopo- gon to certain of the Chlorideae suggests to the author a dispo- sition by which these two genera will ultimately be cut off from Nazia and its allies. Whether the distinction between Zizanieae and Oryzeae can be maintained for the genera not represented in the United States which are usually referred to Oryzeae, notably the anomalous Streptochaeta and Reynaudia, the author does not attempt to decide. Another noteworthy innovation is found in the placing of Munroa among the Chlorideae, where it finds a place next to Cathestecum, previously transferred in the same way by Griffiths* from the Festuceae. The genus Triodia is restored, with the comment that it does not seem practicable to segregate any of the species as distinct genera. The name Aira is taken up for what has been known.as Deschampsia, the author holding that the Linnaean type should be selected from among the first four rather than the last two species (A. praecox and A. caryophyllea being species from southern Europe, and not in- cluded by Linnaeus either in the Flora Lapponica or Flora Sue- cica). The little annuals heretofore called “Aira” are placed in Adanson’s genus Aspris.+ Melica is not subdivided, although the presence of the club-shaped rudiment is maintained as a dis- a procedure which makes the reference of
tinguishing character
~iGontt. WS. Nata blerb. 143) 5c" Lome, + Adans. Fam. Pl. 2: 496, 522. 1763.
87
any species of the section Bromelica to the genus a matter of ex- treme difficulty for the beginner.
The author adopts Piper’s* view that what has been known as Agrostis alba L. should be called A. palustris Huds., the original name having been founded on what was almost certainly a species of Poa; and A. capillaris L. is in like manner taken up for what has usually been called A. alba var. vulgaris Thurb., the “ Rhode Island bent.” Apera is regarded as insufficiently distinct from Agrostis and replaced in that genus. Sphenopholis and Koeleria retain the position among the Aveneae to which Professor Hitch- cock has always regarded them as entitled.
The synonymy is complete for all generic names based on American species; and all such names, whether valid or in synonymy, are placed on a type-basis. A careful study has been made of each genus with a view to ascertaining which of the spe- cies the author had chiefly in mind, so that the arbitrary method of selecting the first-mentioned valid species as the type is avoided. A brief of the publication of each generic name is given, and in each case the reason for selecting the species taken as the type is stated. The law of priority is strictly applied, and the “nomina conservanda” of the International Rules are in no case maintained. Each genus is technically described, and its scope and distribution indicated. As was inevitable in a publi- cation of the Department of Agriculture, all the economic species under each genus are mentioned, so that the user of the book should be able to refer any of these species to its proper genus. The author’s interest in his subject, however, often leads him to extend his treatment to include species of no economic sig- nificance. e
The illustrations with two exceptions (Euchlaena and Coix) are all new, and specially prepared for this work, the habit- drawings by Mary Wright Gill, and the details of the spikelet by Agnes Chase. The figure of Hydrochloa carolinensis on p. 213 is an admirable example of the fidelity and accuracy of Mrs. Gill’s work. The high cost of paper is doubtless responsible for plac- ing a photographic plate on each side of the inserted leaves.
“*U.S. Dept. Agric. Bull. 692. 1918.
88
One new species (Epicampes subpatens, from New Mexico) is published, and fourteen new combinations are formally made.
The proofreading has been done with the most scrupulous care, in pleasing contrast to the carelessness displayed in some of our recently-issued manuals. The reviewer is inclined to regard Beauvois’s correction* of Rafinesque’s “ Diarina”’> to Diarrhena as valid under any set of rules; but Rafinesque’s lordly indiffer- ence to all matters etymological makes it inadvisable to be dog- matic in regard to the correct spelling. It is doubtless an excess of purism to inquire why Lepturus is treated as feminine and Pholiurus as masculine (pp. 105,106). Chaetochloa palmifolium (p. 243) is the only other error in agreement observed. The word “palea” is used throughout instead of the Anglicized “ pa- let,’ thus conforming to “lemma”’; but strict consistency would also require the use of “ gluma.”
Cynosurus cristatus is not “the only species in the United States” (p. 68), as C. echinatus L. is becoming well established in Western Oregon. Coleanthus is regarded as “introduced” (p. 133), although it is hard to see on what ground, since it is nowhere an associate of cultivated plants, and has a sufficiently wide distribution in Eurasia to justify the presumption that it is a cosmopolite. Torresia macrophylla is not merely “ Califor- nian,’ (p. 201) but extends northward at least to the Columbia River. Homalocenchrus oryzoides is not limited to the “ eastern United States” (p. 206) but is of frequent occurrence in the Wilamette Valley.
Those who have followed in successive publications the steady evolution of Professor Hitchcock’s views on systematic agros- tology, will hope that this admirable contribution may in future find its logical culmination in an equally sound and able treatment of all the grass-species represented in the United States, which will be for the entire family what Hackell’s exposition of the Andropogoneae has been for that tribe, and will for all time con- firm the author’s right to rank as a worthy continuator of the work of Beauvois, Trinius and Hackel. James C. NELSON
* Ess. Agrost. 142. 1812. * Med. Repos. 5: 352. 1808.
; 89 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CLUB FEBRUARY 25, 1920
A meeting of the Club was held at 3.30 p.m. at The New York Botanical Garden. Dr. H. A. Gleason presided. There were 21 “persons present.
The minutes of the meetings held January 28 and February 10 were adopted.
Mr. William’ T. Arnold and Mr. Charles E. Fairman were elected to membership. The resignation of Dr. O. E. White was accepted. The death on November 8, 1919, of Mr. E. C. Wurz- low was noted.
Dr. R. A. Harper, on behalf of the committee charged with the selection for nomination of a candidate or candidates for the offices of Secretary and Treasurer, reported, suggesting Dr. F. W. Pennell for both these positions. The joint tenure of these ‘offices has been found of much convenience. Dr. Pennell was elected Secretary-Treasurer.
The Treasurer was authorized to renew insurance upon our stock in the basement of the library of Columbia University.
The resignation of Dr. Pennell as Chairman of the Field Com- mittee was accepted.
The scientific program consisted of two titles:
Dr. H. M. Denslow discussed “Our Native Orchids.” After an introduction telling of his own long acquaintance with the orchids of our northeastern, and especially our local, flora, the speaker entered upon his real theme. This considered first the status of our knowledge of orchids; emphasizing the limitation of present knowledge and stating as reasons for this (a@) the shortness of flowering-season of some species, (>) the minute size of flowers and general inconspicuousness of some species, (c) the unexpected habitats of some species, and (d) the spo- radicity of occurrence of yet some species. Then he called our attention to the imperfect representation in herbaria, and locally in our Club collection at The New York Botanical Garden, of our orchids, emphasizing the need of a collection sufficiently ample to show us the distribution of each sort. The same want is evi-
90
dent in the Garden’s own herbarium. The speaker insisted upon the urgent need of soon building ample herbaria as, because of the increasing rarity and even disappearance of certain species, it will later be impossible to obtain such data.
For the obtaining of information concerning our orchid-life Dr. Denslow suggested: (a@) more state and other local floras (studies to give status of orchids and other plants in the same waning condition), (b) exploration, (c) increase of our her- barium, and toward this he advocated a system of exchanges. For the recording of our information as to species-ranges, and our help in realizing where exploration is most needed, he advo- cated plotting known areas of occurrence upon blank outline maps.
Dr. Denslow closed with the injunction that in the next ten or fifteen years we must discover whatever we wish to know con- cerning the occurrence or many native orchids—therefore “be up and doing!”
Dr. Alfred Gundersen showed and discussed “Labels and Records for Herbaceous Plants.” The Brooklyn Botanic Gar- den has had difficulty with the wanton transference or removal of labels from the beds for herbaceous plants. The resulting confusing of data was first obviated by the mapping of their plantings ; still for the public who had to depend upon the label- ing present, this was not sufficient. Finally, after a series of experiments, there has been adopted a metal two-faced label, firmly secured to a post and so placed between two plantings on each side that each wing of the label and each face of each wing will designate a planting, the whole labeling four plantings. The permanence and obvious economy of such a label should lead to its wide adoption.
The meeting adjourned.
Francis W. PENNELL, Secretary
The ‘Torrey Botanical Club
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Committees for 1920.
- Finance Committee Program Committee R. A, HARPER, Chairman. Mrs. E. G. BRITTON, Chairman. J. H. BARNHART, PROF. JEAN BROADHURST Miss C. C. HAYNES © ALFRED GUNDERSON H. B. Doucras é F, J. SEAVER
Budget Committee
J. H. BARNHART, Chairman. Membership Committee
~ R.A. HARPER J. K. SMALL, Chairman. N. L. BRITTON T. E. Hazen A. W. Evans E. W. OLIVE M. A. HowE l ie aes Local Flora Committee N. L. Britton, Chairman.
Field Committee
MICHAEL LEVINE, Chairman. Mrs. L.M. KEELER
GEORGE T. HASTiNGS
F. J. SEAVER
NorMAN TAYLOR
Percy WILSON
Phanerogams: Cryptogams: E. P..BICKNELL Mrs, E.G. BrRitTtcn N. L. BRITTON T. E. HAZEN C. C. CurTIs M. A. Howe K. K. MACKENZIE MICHAEL LEVINE NORMAN TAYLOR — W. A. MuRRILL
Chairmen of Special Committees on Local Flora
Ferns and Fern Allies: R. C. Benedict: Lichens: W. C. Barbour
Mosses: Mrs. E. G. Britton Sphaeriaceae, Dothideaceae: H. M. Liverworts: A. W. Evans Richards Fresh Water Algae: T. E. Hazen Hypocreaceae, Perisporieae, Plectas: Marine Algae: M. A. Howe cineae, Tuberineae: F. J. Seaver Gasteromycetes: G. C. Fisher Fungi-forming sclerotia: A. B. Stout Hymenomycetes: W. A. Murrill Imperfecti: H. M. Richards, F. Except Russula and Lactarius: Miss G. Seaver, Mel T. Cook Burlingham Oomycetes: C. A. King
Cortinarius: R. A. Harper Zygomycetes: A. F. Blakeslee
Polyporeae: M. Levine Chytridiaceae, Exobasidii: H. M. Richards Myxomycetes: Mrs. H. M. Richards Rusts and Smuts: E. W. Olive Yeast and Bacteria: Prof. J. Broachuist
_ Discomycetes: B. O. Dodge Insect galls: Mel T. Cook
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Vol. 20 ‘ September—October, 1920 No. 5
TORREYA
A Bi-Montuty JourNnat or Botanica, Notes anp News EDITED FOR THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB BY
NORMAN TAYLOR
- JOHN TORREY, 1796-1873.
CONTENTS Habits and habitats of the North American Resurrection Fern: E. F. ANDREWS 91 - Vegetation of a cinder field: G, T. HAsTINGS. .. . ... Pepa se Iessthaan 96 es Shorter Notes . oe Disappearing wild flowers: E.G. BRITTON. .. ..-.... .. +... Jor New specific name: E. W. BERRY... eee 1 ee ee ee ror New form of Stanleya’T.D2A, CocKERELL tts Sa ee Ol
ya
Reviews;
Henry and Flood’s The Douglas Fir: P. A. RYDBERG...
og on Reishee. % 102
Pellett’s American Honey Plants: F, Stour... .......... 104 Proceedings of the Club... .... 6. ay Ee SP ey tle Ro nd, Sa 104 eh MMR MEOHAN pT ie 2308s NTR pian ene fh Be ee aici oa E Birk ec eeueel ay FOR erie! 106
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ae Se a,
VU WLU
UU
TORREYA
Vol. 20 No. 5 September-—October, 1920
HABITS AND HABITATS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN RESURRECTION FERN
By E. F. ANDREWS
This interesting little plant, known to science as Polypodium polypodioides, is closely related to the common polypody (P. vul- gare) of the North, and one of its local names, “ Little Polly,” is evidently a popular recognition of the relationship. Other tree fern”
99 66
common local names are “ fern moss,” “ moss fern, —from its epiphytic habit of growing on the trunks of trees—and more generally, “resurrection fern,’ from the manner in which it shrivels up during dry weather as if dead, and comes to life again after every shower of rain.
It is said to be sometimes found as far north as southern New York, and Pennsylvania, whence it ranges west to Illinois and Mis- souri and south to Florida and Texas, and on throughout tropical America. In the warm, moist climate of our southern coastal plain it finds a congenial home, and is so conspictious on the live oaks there as to create the impression among tourists and other casual visitors that it does not grow on any others; but this is because they don’t look for it anywhere else. Mrs. A. P. Taylor, of Thomasville, Ga., a very competent observer, writes: “It may be of interest, especially to those who believe in its preference for the live oak, to know of.the various trees on which I have found it; . . . Here (around Thomasville) it grows on oaks, beech, maple, magnolia (grandiflora and glauca), Oxydendron, Osman- thus, tulip tree, Symplocos, Cliftonia, China tree (Melia Azeda-
rach) and red cedar. I have never seen it on Tarodium or Pinus.” [No. 4, Vol. 20, of TorrEya, comprising pp.. 67-90, was issued September 20, 1920] 91
92
In the part of its range with which I am best acquainted, the middle and northern portions of Georgia and Alabama, its fav- orite hosts are the post oak, the elm, and tulip tree, though it is found in greater or less abundance on many others. | have even seen it on the stem of a large poison oak vine (hus radicans) that had climbed the trunk of an old tulip tree on which the fern had established itself. But so constant is its preference for the elm and post oak that its presence is a convenient test for dis-
of TE a
Fic. 1. Post oak on a street in Washington, Ga.; the trunk and lower branches covered with a growth of Resurrection Fern.
tinguishing them at a glance, in winter, from other trees of simi- lar habit and exterior when in the leafless state. As a general thing it avoids trees with a smooth or exfoliating bark. The reason for this is obvious, since it could not well secure a foot- hold on such uncertain supports. There are, however, many exceptions. The magnolia and bay have both very smooth bark, and the cedar exfoliates in long fibrous strips, yet it is not un- common on all of these. I have never seen it on any kind of a
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pine, nor on the hackberry (Celtis occidentalis). The bark of this tree is normally smooth like that of the beech, and though it usually becomes very rough and scabby on the trunks and lower branches of old trees, it is so hard and unretentive of moisture that it does not attract the colonies of lichens and mosses which establish themselves so freely on other species, and this fact probably has a more direct influence upon the polypodium’s choice of a habitation than the character of the tree upon which it lodges. The fern is not a parasite and its roots never penetrate the living tissue of the host, but there seems to be a symbiotic relation between it anda certain soft, plush-like moss with which it is usually associated, the fern giving shade to the moss, while the latter serves as a reservoir to retain the moisture without
which the rootstocks of its partner could not keep alive through
periods of protracted drought.
Another peculiarity in regard to habitat is that our “little poly- pody ” does not seek the seclusion of deep sequestered woods. like most of the other ferns, but is most frequently found on the trunks and boughs of shade trees around dwellings and on the borders of roads and open woods. It is a familiar object on shade trees in all our southern towns, and instead of avoiding the presence of man seems to flourish best in his neighborhood. This is readily explained as an adaptation to its aerial habit—or possibly the habit may be an adaptation to the situation. If it had always confined itself to low-lying positions on logs and stumps, or on tree trunks in the deep shade of crowded forests where its spores could be carried only a short distance from the parent plant, it is easy to see that it could hardly have become, as it now is, one of the most widely distributed of American ferns.
Its range frequently overlaps that of the common polypody, especially among the Southern Appalachians and their foothills, where it occurs in patches on the face of rocky cliffs and the shelving sides of moss-covered bowlders, as well as on the roots and trunks of trees. The common polypody is of frequent occur- rence on top of Lookout Mountain, and I have found occasional specimens of the “little Polly” in Walker Co., Ga., growing
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in patches with moss, on the declivity below the great sandstone parapet. But wherever found it can always be readily distin- guished from P. vulgare by the much smaller, coriaceous, ob- long to triangular-lanceolate fronds, covered on the under sur- face with a thick grayish brown scurf. This scurfy coating plays an important part in connection with the drought resisting quali- ties of the plant. Viewed under a good hand lens it is seen to consist of a multitude of minute gray scales, each with a dark brown spot in the center. These scales cover the stomata or transpiration pores on the back of the frond, and when there is a dearth of moisture they retard evaporation from the surface, thus causing the frond to curl over on its face, exposing to the sun and air a scale armor that checks evaporation and thus enables the plant to preserve its vitality without water for an astonishing length of time. The agency of the scales in this im- portant function was tested in a number of experiments by re- moving them* from one or more healthy fronds, leaving others on the same rootstock in their normal condition, and noting the relative time of wilting or recovery in each case. When fresh fronds were deprived of moisture, the denuded frond, other things being equal, always wilted more quickly than the others; but when conditions were reversed and dry specimens placed in water on a bright, clear day, the naked frond, on account of more rapid transpiration, recovered more slowly. In one experiment, where only one half of a vigorous, healthy frond was denuded, the two sides showed very little difference in warm, rainy weather, but when the atmosphere was dry the naked side was first to show signs of wilting, though the difference was not so marked as in the case of separate fronds.
To decide how long the polypodium can tolerate continuous drought without losing its vitality, a number of experiments were carried on at different times and places. In these, each of the specimens used was gathered with its mossy substratum intact, and kept in a dry place, where portions were separated from it at - intervals and placed in water as long as any of them continued
* This can be done without injury to the epidermis, by gently scraping off the scales with a sharp knife while in the expanded state.
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to show signs of life. There was considerable variation in the results obtained, but not more than might be expected on account of differences of climate in the various localities, the nature of the season, the health and vigor of the individual plants dealt with, etc. It would take too much time and space to go into the details of these experiments, but the results of one of them, which was continued for more than a year, are so interesting that a brief outline of it is given here.
On December 30, 1913, a large mat of polypodium (about 25 x 48 cm.) was gathered from a rocky hillside near Rome, Ga., where it was growing in a thick substratum of moss on one of the numerous outcroppings of shale and slate that form the ribs of the hill. The strata are tilted in such a way that the edge of the laminae is for the most part turned upward, and the mould which collects in the crevices offers a convenient foothold where the polypodium and the prostrate cactus (Opuntia humifusa Raf.) are found in close proximity to each other. The fern, with its substratum of moss, peeled off from the rock entire, like the skin of a banana, and was transferred to a flat stone in the basement of my house. The weather being warm and rainy, the fronds were all fully expanded and in fine condition, and it was not until January 13, 1914, that they began to show signs of withering. By January 31, the substratum had become dry and the fronds were all withered. On April 11, May 17, and June 15, specimens detached from the mat with their substratum, and exposed in the rain, revised in each case, within from 12 to 24 hours.
On July 30, the remainder of the mat was removed from the basement to the drier atmosphere upstairs and left on top of a bookcase in my study. October 30 (95 days after removal from the basement) another specimen was put out in a warm mist at 8 p.M., without watering the substratum, and by the same hour next morning it had revived sufficiently to show that it was still alive: The same specimen was then placed in water, and after 12 hours more, the fronds were all expanded but looked weak and sickly. (Note: The best specimens had all been used up,
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and the fronds, in this case, were rather small and poor to start with. )
After this the specimens showed a gradual decline both in the quickness of their response when supplied with moisture, and in the relative number of fronds that completely regained their nor- mal condition. On March 8, 1915, after 7 months and 6 days in my study and 7 months in the basement—a total of more than 14 months without water, the last remaining fragment of the mat was placed out of doors on a rainy day, but only 2 fronds ex- panded fully and regained their normal color. The specimen was then left on a rock under the drip of a gutter on the north side of my house, but it never revived further, and finally died.
THE VEGETATION OF A CINDER FIELD By Georce T. HAstTIncs
In the