~ , ey eer ar —=s oe ——— a a a Or we renee FR RET SA Taee Tel Pal a etl oa Ay EN I ty A SENET al al NTT A lt ‘sn rticas hada eetanstty Win tienda takai eipadied nayph*baiiod aidiphaedieliak oie hch Ardler red enaiente nals veaieah icin Nahe, ned clretiolie wwinatiamatceddtytelibeianth.ciabemant Soctaedll bplictutbabetohedatsiieon ont Badpnoret td ao ete Leveriedi-Anty peaptedeictettnh wde%-teavae vind ant at ff beim ped iomte Rs > fea -nliadrabeiveret eee eo tin chek othniiriladteedoteetineh vinctrvhs cote coe ome wha bedhecdtelend ait othaaetunageta~tet aia tetaba teeta ellwietincn aetien cy Cee ae ee ee Le ares iein habats pat a eeaiyrobeisneRuisereny in Se te taneperane a he et oxy; Hetnieittrbubytuietthtintndinbellelinds bdintatiniadiameien, deeded k dentaied Pee cu ARt eh fre Heda EN Ea OE A RE AP NM ED ab Nh Peli AMS ONS TELM SE PLAT ATO A PAA Nt OE AA ANTE EAE ALANA KANE MER ARAN Dale tay AP hc 6 hsb Net Sct ESA PRN PN rg eta at tet Lines 95 nnog APSA BE SHS ima tuae gene CoeeNm Hie PL Og ot ms pod od | in iardeledetetetietinteitetbdeh dah beh bhideh on abe ne ROAD PP LL AMAA LOD LADLE IDI I LOPES ELA LOSERS EE ANOLE OE LA MELO LOLA CAR it dg HEAP Di IK te ihe iA at BEA OE Be Nt A eR ot i Aalto Acie ce ow STD aN at Pee tad, (Ole Altman. athe Do bubvediede Bakaaedned heciienin pepetediaettll iertini a ae hte A eit 4 0 apne RL leh et NA ARE CREA IDNs POD AP SO A LO AP hte a ld ly Shpall dented Pebhin ogee a POEL WON Ee re ety tg grey i ne it dase tang ha a Fed bey tebe cd berry. + Dadogn de i Dolave thet, en - Aa ode Se I pape wuricaentol eT Ore ae ~ ‘ 14 + el Nay PPP eNeN, a Ae ep us " PENI Rh PERE TY EI pb GN oN Hh clade Hp ee GAT el i A NAN A te et fpr de ip ade raped TOT saatind wh pda er adh \dvety ade ibetgnindiate balan: F Adbedi ed on thats ode inky “dct haedaee ine Ine atniindtataieaaiinlniadeiheiiae Ritalin ole dole teh deh a dae oe Lee A ee De heehee he
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Patron: HIS EXCELLENCY SIR GEORGE R. LE HUNTE, K.C.M.G.
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OFFICERS FOR 1406-7.
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COMP ine NTS:
Braae, Prot. W. H.: On the lonisation of Various Gases by the a Particles of Radium bs a oe et
Braga, Prof. W. H.: The a Particles of Uranium and Thorium se se
Meyrick, LK.: Descriptions. of Austr alian Tineina ...
Mawson, D.: Mineralogical Notes—letid Il elspar and Quartz from Umberatana. Atacamite trom Bim- bowrie See aati Ss $a aie ee ve
Lea, ArrHuR M.: Descriptions of Australian Curculionida, with Notes on Previously Described Species. Part iv.
Baker, W. H.: Notes on South Australian Decapod Crus- tacea. Part iv: Plates i. to ii. ..
Turner, Dr. A. JEFFERIS: New Australian ‘Lepidoptera, with Synonymic and other Notes ...
Verco, Dr. J. C.: Notes on South Australian Marine Mol-
lusca, with Descriptions of New Species. Part iii. Plate iv. DENNANT, JOHN: Madreporaria from. ‘the Australian and
New Zealand Coasts. Plates v. and vi.
Braec, Prof. W. H.: On the Ionisation of Various Gases by the a Particles of Radium. No. 2. Plate vii. Mawson, D.: On Certain New Mineral Species Associated
ae Carnotite in the Radio-active Ore Body near ary ee: ots he oe: ie sy ip ve Renniz, Dr. EH. H., and Dr. W. T. Cooke: Preliminary Analytical Notes on the Minerals Described in the Pre- ceding Paper : ee Hs a me ate Ee Turner, Dr. A. Jerrerts: A Note on the Localities Attri- buted to Australian Lepidoptera by Mr. Oswald Lower,
Rapcutrr, S. (eommmuriicated! by Prof. Ww. HT, Bragg, M. ne: Radium at Moonta Mines, South Australia a
Verco, Dr. J. C.: Notes on South Australian Marine Mol- lusca, with Descriptions of New Species. Part iv. Plates viii. to x. x5
Roeers, Dr. R. S.: Description of a New Caladenia. Plate xe :
Howcuin, Water: The Geology of the Mount Lofty Ranges. Part ii. Plate xii.
Brackspurn, Rev. T.: Further Notes on . Australian Coleop- tera, with Per pans of New Genera and Species. ROEXVI.
ZieTz, A.: A Note on Some Modifications in the Morpho- logical Structure of the Mammalian Vertebree
ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS - e ae
PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS
ANNUAL ReEPoRT
BaLance SHEET :
Donattons to THE LIBRARY.
List oF FELLows, ETC.
APPENDICES. Proceedings, Annual Report, ete., of the Field Naturalists’ Section... Eighteenth Annual Report ‘of the Native Fauna and Flora Protection Committee of the Field Naturalists’ Section Annual Report, etc., of the Malacological Section see ae Peper, ete., of the Microscopical Section ndex re ie <n un
SO
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ate Viner j
{ THRE ‘te galetin af vr
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‘ peweee hE a at ATU e
ON THE IONISATION OF VARIOUS GASES BY THE a PARTICLES OF RADIUM.
By W. H. Brace, M.A., Elder Professor of Mathematics and Physics in the University of Adelaide.
{Read April 3, 1906. ]
In a paper “On the Recombination of Ions in Air and other Gases” (Tr.R.S.8.A., vol. xxix., p. 187), Mr. Kleeman and I have described the preliminary steps of an enquiry into the total ionisation produced in different gases by the a particle of radium, and the influence thereon of the physical conditions of the experiment. With the assistance of Mr. J. P. V. Madsen, B.Sc., I have made a number of experiments in continuation of the enquiry. It is necessarily a lengthy one, and in some respects difficult, so that on many of the points involved no definite conclusions are yet within reach. On others, results have been obtained which are, I think, of some interest and importance. In this paper I propose to describe the work which has been done; and, in addition, to make some reference to (a) the magnetic deflection of the «a particle, (6) its acquirement of a positive charge.
As described in the paper referred to, the total ionisa- tion of a gas can be measured in terms of the product of the co-ordinates of a certain point on the ionisation curve. The true measure is, of course, the area between the curve and the axes of co-ordinates. But experiment shows that all ionisation curves due to radium in radio-active equilibrium are of the same form, and differ from each other only in the application of some factor to all their ordinates or all their abscisse. Thus the product of the co-ordinates of some stan- dard point is proportional to the area of the whole curve, and may be taken as a relative measure of the total ionisation.
In all the experiments to which I am about to refer the a particles cross at right angles a shallow ionisation cham- ber whose upper electrode is a brass plate and the lower a brass gauze; the distance between the electrodes is about 3mm. An electromotive force of 300 volts is usually applied to the gauze, giving an electric force of 1,000 volts per cm. This is usually sufficient to ensure saturation, that is to say, to avoid all errors due to diffusion, general recombination and initial recombination. When it is insufficient, the pro- per correction is found and applied. The ionisation cham- ber is enclosed within a vessel which is satisfactorily air- tight except at higher temperatures, and this again within an electric oven. The gas under observation can thus be sub-
B
2
jected to various pressures and temperatures. In the case of such substances as benzene and carbon tetrachloride a tem- perature of from 60° to 90° is necessary to ensure a conveni- ent gas-density. There is, however, this drawback to the use of high temperatures, that the insulators begin to lose their efficiency, and the joints cease to be quite airtight. I find it necessary to use glass as an insulator instead of sulphur, for the latter cracks under the unequal expansions due to altera- tion of temperature. In the case of vapours, a certain quan- tity of air usually finds its way into the apparatus, for, as just mentioned, the joints leak somewhat at the higher tem- peratures. The amount so entering is sometimes determined by opening a communication between the vessel and an evacu- ated bulb, and weighing the quantity of mixture drawn off. The bulb and connections are placed within the oven, and communication is made by opening a pinchcock, worked by a key, projecting outside the oven. In this way condensation in cold tubes is avoided. This method is not always em- ployed, for as soon as the stopping power of the gas is suffi- ciently well known the proportion of the mixture is much more easily, and, I think, at least as accurately determined by observation of the range of the a particles therein.
The insulation leak is determined by measuring the de- flection of the electrometer first for ten seconds, and then for twenty. With no leak the latter should be double the former. This is never quite the case, and the correction fac- tor can be obtained from a comparison ot the two values. The factor to be applied to a ten-second leak varies from about. 1:03 at. 40° ©. to about, 1-10 at 70° GC. ; at 90" 7G ssa much higher.
The total ionisation is measured in terms of the product RI. The ordinate R is the range of the «a particle, due to that product of radium whose speed is next to that of RaC. In air at 760 mm. pressure and 20° C., R=4°83 cm. very nearly. The abscissa I is the ionisation produced in the chamber described when the radium layer is at a distance of 4°83 cm. from the middle of the chamber; or, more correctly, it. is proportional to the ionisation that would be produced in a very shallow chamber at that distance. The effect is wholly due to the « particles from RaC, the chamber being out of range of all the others.
These two quantities R and I differ materially from each other in two respects. To take the less important considera- tion first, the former quantity lends itself readily to exact measurement, the latter does not. The range of the a particle in a gas can be measured to an accuracy of 1 or 2 %
3
by a few minutes’ observation, and to a much higher degree with greater care; it is, perhaps, the easiest of the measure- ments made in these exper‘ments. By far the greatest diffi- culties which I find in the determination of the stopping power of a gas lie in the purification and analysis of the gas.
On the other hand, the abscissa I is much more diffi- cult to measure. It is affected by variation in the sensitive- ness of the electrometer, by leakage through the insulators, by variation of the dimensions of the apparatus, and its true value is not given unless enough electric force is applied. None of these things affects the range. But it is not merely in the details of measurement that these two quantities differ. They appear as physical constants to be in distinct cate- gories; so far, that is to say, as can be observed at present. The stopping power of an atom is a constant of the atom, unaffected by its association with other atoms in mole- cular structure, independent of pressure and temperature. In a paper by Mr. Kleeman and myself (“Phil. Mag.,” Sept., 1905), we gave a list of the stopping powers of various sub- stances, and since then we have made many other experi- ments in the same direction. In no case have we found a departure from the additive law which was not within the errors of experiment. That is to say, the range of the « par- iicle in a given gas can always be predicted from the com- position of the gas molecule. Not only so, but the stop- ping powers of the various atoms are very nearly propor- tional to the square roots of their weights, so that a simple, if approximate, law covers all the phenomena. It even seems justifiable now to go one step further. If the list in the paper quoted be examined, or the more comprehensive list in Table A, it will be found that the stopping powers are systematic even in their slight departures from the square root law. For, whilst dependent mainly on the square roots of the weights they have a leaning towards the weights them- selves. We did not call attention at the time to this fact, for we thought it might be a spurious effect. But it has ap- peared so regularly in all further determinations that it seems right to note it, and to attempt an explanation of its physi- cal meaning.
If we assume the correctness of the explanation already given of the square root law, viz., that the @ particle spends energy for the most part on tearing away electrons from their attachment at the edges of the atom discs, then the natural complement to this is the further assumption that electrons in all parts of the atom disc may be disturbed to vibration by the passage of the a particle, which latter, therefore, spends a small amount of energy in simple proportion to the
B2
&
weight of the atom. If w be the atomic weight, the stop- ping power of an atom should, therefore, be capable of ex- pression by the formula: —
aVvw-t bw, where the former term is usually by far the most important. The close agreement of the figures in the second and fifth columns of Table A shows that this is very nearly the case.
TABLE A. Stopping Powers or Various GASES. Experimental Proportional Proportional ‘118 Gas. Value. to Vw. to w. x dw Aig aie Air =a. Air = 1. + °003 x w. Ae 245 -264 0695 "242 O, 1-055 1-054 1-11 1-04 N,O 1°46 a2 1:53 1°49 CO, 1-47 let eae 1:48 CS, 2°18 1:95 ore 1:96 Cael 1-11 Lah 7 ‘905 1-3 C,H, 135, 1-44 975 leak (OR ah Sie 4 ado Dal 3°39 CH, 3-59 3-86 2-50 3-66 CH,Bi 2-09 2-03 3-28 2-1] CH, I 2°d8 2°30 4-90 D2 CAFE City i236 2°31 ADS 2°30 CL Hei yada: 3°06 5-40 3°20 CHCl, ae 29D Exo)! 3°00 CHO 3°40 3°67 Beit, ao CCl, 4°02 3759 pA 3°68 TABLE B. STOPPING Powers or Various METALS. Experimental Proportional Ratio of Metal. Value. to /w. two preceding Air = l. Air = l. Columns. Al phe ol gs ies ws 1:06 Fe Side AND or 15 Ni is ee 2°20 i bs E>. Cu eat ee 210 1°16 Ag i fs bis 2°74 1-16 Sn Ree cue 2°88 i el digit ee eee 3°68 Vas Au a. 4°45 a, CU 1°20 Pb sap tilaasl LARI AT 3°78 ts
The fifth column in Table A shows the application of the formula a/wt+bw. Its close agreement with the second column is remarkable, considering that only two constants are employed. The formula does not seem to apply to the metals, which rather follow a simple square root law. This is certainly a difficulty.
5
As regards pressure and temperature, I have not yet
found any effect produced by variation of these conditions. The quantity RP/T appear to be a constant, P being the pressure and T the absolute temperature. This implies that the stopping power of an atom or molecule is independent of P and T. Examples of the fact that RP is constant while T is constant are given in the paper “On the Recombination of Ions in Air and other Gases.’ The following experimen- tal result will serve as an illustration of the fact that R is proportional to T when P is constant. The ionisation vessel filled with air was raised to a temperature of 90° C., the pressure being 763 mm. R was then found to be 5°98. Now, when © — 760) mm:.,.and\T—=20°7;/C. R=4783. 4°83 x 363 x 760 _ 4.905. 5-98 x 293 x 763 It has, of course, been pointed out by several observers that the ionisation effects of radium are largely independent of pressure and temperature and of physical and chemical condi- tions generally. This, however, does not cover the present statement, which refers to the stopping power of the atom, a quantity which has not previously been the subject of measurement, so far as I am aware.
To sum up, the range of the a particle in a given gas 1s in the first place easily measured, and in the second place simply related to the constitution of the gas and independent of its state. It is a delightful contrast to some other radio- active quantities, and often gives a welcome foothold in diff- cult places.
The quantity I is in quite a different class. It is much more difficult to measure accurately, as I have already des- cribed. But there appears to be a more important difference in that the total ionisation of a gas is not simply dependent on the weights of the atoms of which it is composed. Mole- cular structure counts for something. Perhaps also the vari- ous atoms do not yield ions in simple proportion to the energy spent on them, but this point is not yet sufficiently clear.
An example of this want of uniformity has already been given in the paper to which reference has been made. It was shown that RI in ethyl chloride is much greater than RI in air. The difference must be yet a little greater than that shown, as no allowance was made for the small quantity of air mixed with the heavy gas. Again, RI in standard pentane (mostly C;H,.) is nearly half as much again as in air, and the same is almost certainly true of benzene (C,H,) ; but this vapour is harder to treat than pentane, since a high temperature is necessary. Generally speaking, the more
oO
And
6
complex gases yield the greater number of ions. But the yield does not depend only on the number of atoms in the molecule. Acetylene (C,H,) yields 25// more than air ; yet CO,, with only one atom less, yields but 57/ more ; and ethylene (C,H,) yields the same as acetylene, though it has two atoms more. Of course, In the last case, the atoms added are very light ; and H, itself has, according to my experiments, a slightly lower value (for RI) than air. Rutherford also found this to be the case.
On the other hand, the influence of complexity can be illustrated by the cases of acetylene and ethylene, as com- pared to benzene and pentane.
In order to bring out the significance of these compari- sons, it shoula be pointed out that the a particle spends exactly the same amount of energy in every gas (Bragg, “Phil. Mag.,” November, 1905). Thus, in different gases different numbers of ions are produced for the same expenditure of energy. It is quite clear, however, that this does not imply that the a particle finds it easier to produce ions in some gases than others. For if so there would be some influence on the stopping power of atoms dependent on the number of ions produced. But the stopping power is connected to the atomic weight by a simple law, and the number of ions pro- duced is not. Plainly, the energy spent by an a particle in an atom, and the resulting ionisation are not directly con- nected ; there is an intervening link.
Either the ions made by the a particle produce others in some cases, or some of the ions made never emerge from the atoms. There is something which prevents the simplicity of the law governing the expenditure of energy by the a particle from repeating itself in the amount of ionisation pro- duced. I think it is increasingly clear from our experiments that there is a secondary ionisation within the molecule itself. The tons first. made, or possibly X-ray pulses accompanying ionisation, have in some cases enough energy to make fresh ions before leaving the molecule. Thus, for example, one molecule of C;H, is found to rob the a particle of just as much energy as three molecules of C,H,. But more ions are made out of the one C,H; than out of the group of three acetylene molecules. This may be explained on the grounds that the 12 atoms are crowded together, so that an ion projected under ionisation from one of the atoms strikes one of the others with an energy undiminished by motion through the field of the posi- tive from which it was originally separated, and therefore sufficient to make a new ion. In further consequence the ions emerging from a C,H, molecule move more slowly than those
7
from a C,H.,, and are more liable to initial recombination, This is in agreement with experiment: it is far harder to saturate benzene than acetylene.
The secondary ionisation would appear to take place within rather than without the molecule, because the amount of it does not depend upon the distance of the moiecules from one another. The total ionisation is independent of the pres- sure. It is certainly not due to the electric field, for if it were there would be no saturation value of the current.
I subjoin the details of one or two of the many experi- ments which Mr. Madsen and I have made. We hope to give a fuller description at some future time.
DETERMINATION OF STOPPING POWER AND OF RI IN PENTANE. Electrodes, 3 mm. apart Gees Volts apphed = 300. Temperature of apparatus = 35° Apparatus charged with vapour oe standard pentane.
Distance from Ra to Middle Leak in Pressure inside of Ionisation Chamber. 10 secs. Apparatus.
2°8 1982 29 1431 Alb em. a0) 1192 . Dali ii byéal Se 1193 ane 1227 A115, cm.
Thin Cu foil over Ra 108
These being plotted, it is found that R=2°95, 1[=1044, the copper leak having been deducted.
Thus, R=2°95 in this mixture of pentane and air, at a pressure of 41°15 cm., and a temperature (observed) of 308° (absolute). But at a pressure of 760 cm. and 293° absolute, R in air is 4°83. Hence the mixture stops—
Peo TOD ide 2-95 4115 293
= 3:14 times as much as air.
A special set of readings at 3°2 cm. is now taken, three for ten seconds and three for twenty seconds. The means are 1196 and 2325 respectively. Comparing these, it is found that the ten-second reading should be multiphed by 1°03 in order to allow for leakage by the insulators.
Again, a set is taken with 600 volts between the plates, and it is found that the mean reading, when the copper leak is deducted, is 1134. At the same time the reading for 300 volts, copper leak being deducted, is 1088. Thus saturation is nearly complete.
8
A quantity of the gas is now drawn over into an ex- hausted bulb, whose temperature (that of the oven) is 311 (absolute) ; the pressure is observed to be 34:5. The weight of this gas is ‘2536 gr. It is then calculated from a know- ledge of the capacity of the bulb that the mixture weighs 2°22 times as much as air. From this it is found that to every molecule of pentane there are °23 molecules of air, assuming the pentane molecule to weigh 2°5 times as much as the average air molecule. If s=stopping power of pentane, we have, therefore—
723 “Ss 1-25 Te g=3'59.
Again— Rh? oops = 308, uncorrected.
Correcting for want of saturation—
RI=308 x L134 1088 or
On the same day and under the same conditions RI for air=231. The leakage correction is found to be the same for both, and need not be applied. Now, as far as consumption of energy is concerned, °23 molecules of air are equivalent to '23/3°59 molecules of pentane='065. Hence, if all the energy had been spent on pentane molecules, the value for RI would have been—
1:065-x 321 —-065 x 231
=" 342'—15 4 = 327. Finally— Total ionisation in pentane _ 327 _ wae Total ionisation in air 231
DETERMINATION OF STOPPING PowER AND RI IN ACETYLENE (C,H,).
Same conditions as previous experiment. Apparatus charged to atmospheric pressure with gas; when tested gas was found to contain less than 2% of impurities. 'Tempera- ture of apparatus=37°5° C. Barometer=763 mm.
ee
Distance from Ra to Middle of Leak in Ionisation Chamber. 10 secs.
A? 1430
4°38 1276
, 4°4 1024 4°5 818
4°6 698
4°7 688
4°8 701
4-9 698
Cu over Ra 46
At 5°2 for 300 volts nett leak = 688 ne e OuOe, Nee = 706
Plotting these values it is found that R=4°57, I (less copper leak)=635. Hence, RI, corrected for want of satu- ration = 298.
Hence—
Total ionisation for C,H, 298 2
Total ionisation for air
Also stopping power— eo oaed G0: He Mb aataaah 457 763 2930 In the paper by Mr. Kleeman and myself, to which I have already referred, it was pointed out that Rutherford had found it more easy to obtain the saturation current from a gas when it was removed from the influence of the ionising agent. We observed that this could be easily explained by supposing initial recombination to be completed before the gas was subjected to the electric field. Nevertheless, as I now see, it 1s otherwise no essential feature of the initial re- combination hypothesis that the act of recombination should take place within any set time. The one important point is that the recombination takes place between two ions origi- nally forming parts of one molecule. It is quite conceiv- able that for a certain time the positive and negative may remain “semi-detached,” their recombination in suspense un- til precipitated by some change of conditions. It is curious that Mr. Madsen, working in this laboratory, has not been able to confirm Professor Rutherford’s experiment, and his results point to a prolonged existence of these pairs. He finds it hard to saturate a mixture of air and ether vapour which has been ionised by radium and then drawn away into a separate ionisation chamber. It is not easy to reconcile this result with that of Professor Rutherford; and it will be necessary to repeat the experiment under varying conditions.
10
The point is of considerable interest, for the existence of these pairs would help to explain much of the mechanism of phosphorescence. They would appear to be connected with the clusters of J. B. B. Burke, which were produced by ioni- sation, gave rise to phosphorescent glow, contained energy, yet were not electrified. It is of interest in this connection that the photograph which Sir William and Lady Huggins made of the phosphorescent glow of radium showed the bands of the gas in which the salt was embedded. Rutherford also has shown that the a particle can no longer cause phos- phorescence when ié has lost its power of ionisation.
THe MaGnetic DEFLECTION OF THE a PARTICLE.
In the “Physikalische Zeitschrift” for October 15 is a paper by M. Becquerel, “Uber einige Eigenschaften der a Strahlen des Radiums.” The author discusses the theory that the « rays gradually lose their velocity as they spend their energy on the ionisation of the media through which they pass, a theory which I put forward about two years ago,* and which has the support of much experimental evi- dence accumulated by Professor Rutherford,; and by Mr. Kleeman and myself.{
He maintains that the theory is unsuccessful in explain- ing the experiments which he has himself performed, and in particular he describes one experiment which he has devised as a crucial test, and which he considers to show that the theory is incorrect.
It is as follows (loc. cit., p. 688) :—
The a rays from a small quantity of radium salt are allowed to stream upwards through a narow slit and fall upon a photographic plate. A powerful magnetic field de- flects them shghtly to one side. The field is reversed when the experiment is halfway through, and as a result two images of the slit appear, slightly separated, upon the plate. Now, M. Becquerel covers half the slit with a thin sheet of aluminium, and, according to the theory which I have ad- vanced, the « rays which pass through the sheet are thereby retarded. Consequently, M. Becquerel argues, these a rays should be more bent to one side than those which have not
* Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science, Re- port, Dunedin, January, 1904.
+ fePhi. Mac..°*souly,/ 1905:
{ “Phil. Mag.,’?’ December, 1904, and September, 1905.
il
passed thiough the aluminium, and the images on the plate should show a break, the lines being more widely separated in one half of the picture than in the other.
But M. Becquerel is under a misapprehension on this point. Paradoxical as it may appear at first sight, no such break ought to appear, and the photographic result is quite in accordance with the theory that the « particles lose speed as they pass through matter.
In order that this may be clear, it is necessary first to consider the order of the deflections of the a rays in the mag- netic field, on the various theories that have been proposed.
Suppose that an «a particle is pro- jected from O in the direction O N, with NAA velocity v,, and that the action of a field H causes it to describe the curved path O A.
In the first place, let the velocity be constant throughout, and the path be therefore circular, as M. Becquerel sup- poses. Then, since the curvature is small, A N=a’?/2p where A N=a and p is the radius of curvature.
He
MV,
ede
. ae 2
In the second place let the velocity a diminish as the distance from O in- Rigel creases ; and let us take the extreme case, where the velocity vanishes at a distance a from O. Let the path in this case be OA’. It does not make very much difference what law of diminution of velocity we adopt: let us suppose, as my experimental results seem to indicate, that the particle spends its energy at a rate which is inversely proportional to the square of its speed. In this case:
dv : $m — =kv~™, s being measured from 0, ds
and therefore v* oa (a—s)
4 ee. sonthahe a9 = °
v4
ce)
a
12
dp Thus p= > (1 is ae He a
and we obtain easily that, if p=ds/dy, 4 8\i) He eee ==) i 3 | a} \mvu,
Now, provided that [yas is small, this quantity is very nearly equal to A’N, the total deflection of the ray.
But this integral
ue 3 He a = f1-(1-2)i fa 0 3 a Me,
and this quantity is very small, since it is only slightly greater than A N.
Finally then we have that A'N/AN=8/7.
It is easily found that if we had supposed the a particle to spend its energy uniformly along its path, we should have obtained the result: —A'’N/AN=4/3.
It will thus be clear that, on any reasonable hypothesis as to the particular law of diminution of velocity, the actual path of the particle differs very little from a circle. In the extreme case which I have considered, the small deviation therefrom at the end of the path is small compared to the widths of the images in M. Becquerel’s photograph. If the particle ceases to ionise whilst its velocity is still great, as has been shown by Professor Rutherford, the variation is still less.
Let us now consider the circumstances of M. Becquerel’s experiment.
As a first approximation, suppose the widths of the groove containing the radium salt and of the slit to be negligible.
If no magnetic field is acting, all the a particles move in the vertical line O N. The range of the particles from RaC is very nearly 7°0 cm.: from which it follows that the number
13
which pass any given point P is propor- tional to the defect of O P from 7°0 cm., or in other words that the number 7 N A which end their flight on any unit of length of O N isa constant. The other three groups of a particles have, as their furthest distances of penetration, 4°8, 4-2, and 3°5 cm. respectively. Thus, between 4°8 and 4°2 2n a particles end Bi nh Fic their flight on each unit of length, be- tween 4°2 and 3°5 the number is 37”, and from that point up to the radium 47. The radium salt is supposed to be deep enough to supply all these, 7.¢., its depth is taken to be at least (002 cm. Suppose now a powerful magnetic field to be brought into play, the direction of the lines of force being normal to the plane of the paper. The paths of the a par- ticles are curved to one side, and the curvature is greater the nearer the
particle is to the end of its course. Let O O A and O Q represent two such paths. Their separation from each other is con- high
siderably exaggerated in the figure. If
all the paths were drawn the locus of Q
would be seen to be a curve, whose curvature in contrast to that of the path of any one particle would be greater the further the distance from A. This is in agreement with M. Becquerel’s experiments, as I have previously pointed out.*
The width of the trace upon the paper of all the paths of the a particles is very small, and is almost too fine to be shown on a diagram.
It is perhaps well to point out that there is no break in this trace at the critical points 4°8, 4:2, and 3°5. It is quite smooth from end to end. These points mark the extreme distance to which various bundles of « rays penetrate; but the deflection of an a ray which ends its course at a given point is independent of the particular radioactive material from which it has come; the only varying characteristic of an a particle is its velocity.
We must now take into account that the widths of the slit and the groove are not negligible, as is clearly to be seen from the ppeecanaen under consideration. There is
= “Phil, aes es ee 1904, Dp. 737. eee es u. Elektr., 1905, p. 14,
14
consequently, so to speak, a large penumbra. Thus the trace upon the plane of the paper of all the = rays is such as is represented in Fig. 3, the deflections being all exag- gerated so as to be capable of depiction. Now suppose an aluminium plate is placed, as in M. Bec- querel’s experiment, over the slit, so that the a particles have to pass through it on the way to the photo- graphic plate. M. Becquerel sup- poses that there ought therefore to be an increased displacement of the photographic image. But this is not so. The path of any one a particle is slightly deflected, but the whole trace is not appreciably disturbed. The aluminium dimin- ishes the range of every «a particle by the same amount, but the only result is to cut off all the rays which would have gone past a certain point, say Q, and to cause them to take the places of those rays which Figane fell short of Q; these latter being further shortened. This does not in the least affect the posi- tion of the outer edge of the trace upon the photographic plate; and though there must be a slight movement of the inner edge, so that the trace is somewhat narrower, the change is so small that it could not possibly be detected, as a glance at the photograph will show. Magnetic dispersion of the a rays does exist: it has been directly shown by Rutherford,* and, as I think, indirectly by M. Becquerel’s own experiments, in the peculiarities of the curvature of his photographic traces. But it could not be shown in the man- ner of the experiment which M. Becquerel now describes. That would be analogous to the search for evidence of the motion of the stars in the line of sight in the displacement of the visible spectrum as a whole, whereas the measurement to be made is of the displacement of some Fraunhofer line in the spectrum, 7.¢., of one set of waves which can be isolated for consideration. It is here that Rutherford’s experiment is differentiated from that of M. Becquerel. The former em- ployed as a source of rays a wire coated with a thin layer of RaC emitting « particles of uniform velocity, which is analogous to confining one’s attention in the star problem to
* Also quite recently by Mackenzie, ‘Phil. Mag.’? November,
15
waves of one length. Moreover, Rutherford passed his «a particles for some considerable distance through a vacuum whilst yet under the influence of the magnetic field. Thus the evidence of the increase of curvature in their paths, originally caused by the loss of velocity in penetrating matter, was accumulated. But if, as in M. Becquerel’s experiment, the path is in the air, then any appreciable increase of curva- ture closely precedes the cessation of all evidence of motion, and the result must be in any case almost beyond detection.
M. Becquerel remarks that there is no evidence in his photographs of the greater precision of the outer line of the trace, which I had anticipated. But the photograph which he now publishes shows that there is too much penumbra for such an effect to be visible.
THE POSITIVE CHARGE OF THE @ PARTICLE.
Considerable discussion has recently taken place as to the mode in which the « particle acquires its positive charge. It has been pointed out more than once that it may be explained as the result of ionisation by collision (Rutherford, address to St. Louis Congress, 1904; Bragg, “Phil. Mag.,” December, 1904), and that the same hypothesis will explain the deposit of the radium emanation on the negative electrode (Bragg and Kleeman, December, 1904). In the case of the emanation, an explanation, which I understand to be similar, has been carefully worked out by Mackower (Phil. Mag.,”’ November, 1905).
Rutherford has shown that the a particle is charged at the moment of leaving the radium salt. But I do not think that this result is in any way prejudicial to the collision theory. He evaporated a very weak solution of radium on a plate, and supposed that as a result he had an excessively thin layer, so that the particle made very few collisions before emergence. But when such deposits are examined under a microscope it is seen that the salt is gathered in little heaps, and there is no true layer at all. The bulk of the a particles pass through hundreds of atoms before emergence, and there is ample opportunity for ionisation by collision.
We find that the a particle spends energy in causing the expulsion of electrons from the atoms of any gas which it traverses. The tables of stopping powers given above show that the expenditure of energy follows the same law when the atoms are massed in a solid. We conclude that the solid is ionised in the same way as the gas. We should therefore expect to find slow-moving electrons issuing from radium itself, and from both sides of any solid screen through which the particles pass. Surely these are the effects observed by J. J. Thomson, Rutherford, and others. This has already been suggested by Soddy (“Nature,’ March, 1905).
16
THE a PARTICLES OF URANIUM AND THORIUM.
By W. H. Brace, M.A., Elder Professor of Mathematics and Physics in the University of Adelaide.
[Read April 3, 1906. |
This paper is divided into two parts. The first contains a discussion of the magnitude of the ionisation current due to a layer of radio-active material scattered on the floor of an ionisation chamber, and covered by a uniform sheet of metal foil. The result is expressed in a formula which is somewhat complicated in its general form, but is capable of simplifica- tion under suitable conditions. Account is taken of the varia- tion of ionisation with velocity. The second contains an account of experiments which show : —
(a) That the values of the current in various cases, cal- culated from the formula, agree very well with the results of observation.
(6) That the ranges of the a particles of uranium and thorium are very nearly, perhaps exactly, equal to the range of the a particle of radium.
(c) That the rate at which thorium atoms break down is ‘19 of the similar rate for uranium.
Part L.
The method which was used by Mr. Kleeman and myself in the determination of the ranges of the a particles emitted by radium and its products does not lend itself to the corres- ponding determinations in the cases of uranium and thorium. It is a necessary feature of the method that all a particles except those moving normally to the horizontal layer of radio- active material should be prevented from reaching the ioni- sation chamber, below which the radium is placed. This is done by the use of a bundle of vertical tubes, which stop all a particles other than those moving in the desired direc- tion. But this limitation diminishes very greatly the num- ber of effective a particles, and in the cases of uranium and thorium the effect is reduced below the limits of convenient measurement. ‘This is the case even when a large surface of radio-active material is employed. In order to determine the ranges of uranium and thorium another method must be devised.
I have, therefore, calculated the ionisation due to a radio-active layer over which a screen has been placed. The
17
result is a function of the relation of the stopping power of the screen to the range of the particle; so that if experin ent is made the one can be found in terms of the other. The stopping power of the screen may be made the subject of a direct measurement, and so the range of the a particle can be determined. I find it better, however, to compare the range of the uranium or thorium with that of radium, work- ing the experiment by a substitution method; for the range of radium is known with some accuracy, and the method itself is accurate enough when employed in comparing ranges, but a little uncertain in its application to direct determinations, as will be explained later.
Experiments of this kind have already been made by several observers, notably by Professor Rutherford and Miss Brooks (“Phil. Mag.,” July, 1900). But at the time when they were made it was beheved that the a rays were ab- sorbed according to an exponential law; it was not known that each a particle possessed a definite range or penetrating power. Consequently the results were not in all cases ex- pressed in such a way as to render them available for the cal- culation of the range. I have, therefore, found it convenient to repeat them.
In the following theoretical treatment of the question the following cases are considered : —
(a) When the layer of radio-active material is so thick that the a rays from the bottom of it are unable to reach the air above. Such a thickness is of the order ‘002 cm.
(6) When the layer is extremely thin.
(c) When the layer is thicker than in (0), but not so thick as in (a).
(d) When the radio-active material is in the form of small spheres scattered over the floor of the ionisa- tion chamber.
The first and second are really special cases of the third. Uranium and thorium are conveniently treated under (a), in- duced activities under (6), and radium under (c).
CASE (a). Tonisation produced in air above a thick layer of radio- active material, on which sheets of absorbing material are laid.
Let the surface of the radio-active material be of unit area. Let the full range of the a particle be R, and the
18
range lost by passing normally through the absorbing sheet be D.
Let the stopping power of the radio-active material per radio-active atom be s. This means that if an a particle passes parallel to the axis along a cylinder containing only as much matter as goes with one radio-active atom of the radio- active material, the loss of range is on the average s times the loss when an average air molecule is substituted for the radio-active matter. The length of the cylinder is, of course, immaterial.
The a particles emerging into the air will penetrate to distances depending on the quantity of matter traversed be- fore emerging. Consider, in the first place, all those whose ranges in air after emergence lie between r ana r+dr. These move at various inclinations to the normal to the sur- face of the layer ; the number depends on the inclination, and may be reckoned as follows : —
Consider only those whose inclinations to the normal lie between 6 and 6+66. All these come from a layer of a certain thickness at a certain depth below the surface. The depth does not concern us, but the thickness does, for we need to know the number of radio-active atoms in the layer.
Let n be the number of radio-active atoms in a c.c. of the material. Let », be the number of molecules in a c.c. of air. The molecules are not uniform, of course, but are averaged for our purpose.
Then an a particle loses the same range in traversing a
Mo distance 67 in air as in traversing a distance — .or in the radio- ns
active material. Hence, if PP’ is the layer in question, 0 the radio-activeatom, OS the course of thie ea, particle,
0" then OQ=
and
ns 2,07
ON = - Cos @
Vs This last expression is also the volume of the layer from which the aparticles come, since we are considering unit area of the material ; and therefore the ; : sy ap a. M_ON COLO number of radio-active atoms in it is -° —- 8
Lt
Let each molecule emit Na particles per second. JW is a very small fraction. Then the number emitted by each particle between the inclinations 6 and 6 + 66 is
27 sin 666 _ Nsin 606 ; 4a 2 Hence, finally, the number of a particles whose ranges in air
after emergence lie between r and r+6r, and which have inclinations to the normal varying from 6 to 6+ 944, is
N sin On, cos 66766 a aan Bt
The limits of 6 are O, and such a value of 6 that the a particles which come from the very surface of the radio-active material and move at this inclination to the normal have a range 7 in the air after penetrating the absorbing sheet. This value of 6 is given by the equation D sec6+r=R.
Integrating between these limits we find that the total number of a particles whose ranges lie between 7 and r+ 6r
Each of these moves over a range 7 in air. If, as a first approxi- mation, 1t be supposed that in doing so it makes /r ions, then we find that the whole ionisation (7) is obtained by integrat- ing this expression with respect to r, having inserted the fac- tor /r, between the limits R—D and O. The result is
ys ee D) (R—8D) + 2 D' log =| 8s 5 D| If 7=the ionisation when D=O, then Nin, l= W (re
8s
soa D ; 3D 2D" R = — — + — eo, — a R R R eT
From this formula a curve may be plotted showing the relation between-7/Z and D/R.
This result is obtained on the assumption that the ionisation caused by the a particle is proportional to the distance traversed, in other words that the ionisation is independent of the particle’s velocity. This is not actually the case. I have shown (‘“ Phil. Mag.,” Noy., 1905) that the ionisation is inversely proportional to the square of the velocity. Assuming, therefore, that the ionisation
Hence
20
produced is proportional to the energy expended, we may say that de=kér/e, where e is the energy possessed by the particle and & is a constant. Hence ¢ is proportional to V (r + d), where d is also a constant. In the paper referred to I have shown that | d =1:33cm. Thus the ionisation produced by the a particle in traversing the last r cm. of its course may be put equal to
L(V (r + d) — Vr) *
where / is a constant and d=1°33. Hence the whole ionisation due to such particles as have ranges between r and 7 + dr is equal to
(1 = ah (r+d) — vr) 6r 48 (&—r)?
This must be integrated between the limits of # —D and O. The final result is
SR Ds ae a Rd De ee
Win 80. on mis pathy eto, al
: VR { V(R+a) + ¥(R+d-D)}
DDL AG) es Fy Re Me 2 EG ee =e Wah oo
VD 1¢ V (Bid) 7 a)}
The value of Z, the current when the material is un- covered, is obtained by ais D=O0O. This gives
Asl Nin,
The value of 7/Z is therefore no longer a function of D/R merely, as in the simpler formula found for the case when the variation of ionisation with speed is neglected. Consequently the curves for various values of £# are not all of the same form. It appears on trial, however, and it might reasonably have been expected, that the form of the curve is altered but little, even when £ is altered considerably. Curve A was plotted for the case &=3, and serves very well in the cases of uran- ium and thorium. It lies very close, as can be found on trial, to the curve obtained from the simpler formula of the case when the variation of ionisation with velocity is neglected.
9 =,(R +d)" aa 7 RWe
* Even if there be errors in the theory which leads to this formula, the present argument is not injured, for the formula correctly represents the actual facts.
21
The following co-ordinates have been used in drawing the curve :— D/R -067 -110 -167 :250 -333 -443 568 -667 °833 i/I “773 -657 -532 -378 -262 148 -069 030 -010
Za Ez
Ordinatles =+/J ae
Absciss
CASE (0).
Thin layer of radio-active material. The limits for 6 are now 6, and 6, where D sec 6,+7=R, and (D+ D’) sec 6,4 7r=R.
D’ being the air equivalent: of the layer of radio-active material. Hence, the total number of particles whose ranges lie between r and r+dr,is
Nn, [ D+D"\? D ae Nn, DD or As | (=) ~~ \R-r Sie. (Rr)
where D” is neglected.
22
In this case we find that the whole ionisation (7) is given
by 281
Win,D’ p vB V(R+a)+y(R+d- Dy}
R+d—D)—,/(d) - —=—~log. be ag V(B+d)~ VD WR+a)+ va }
and the ionisation due too the uncovered material by
Bs
—=,/(R+d)—- vd. vom
If we had supposed the ionisation to be independent of the velocity, we should have obtained the result
yf Mle a Z = i Rin R
In this case the effect of neglecting the variation of ionisation with velocity is more serious. For instance, if in the simpler formula we put D/H="25, we find that 7/Z7="40; whereas, if we use the fuller formula, and put D="75, R=3, we find that 7/7=°448.
These formule are applicable to measurements of the range due to induced activity, since it is to be supposed that the active deposit is extremely thin. Curve B is plotted from the fuller formula of the two, for the casein which R=7. As usual, d is put equal to 1°33.
The following co-ordinates have been used in drawing the curve :—
D/R :061 :124 :250 :357 500 -690 -833 je) 80 (“Ol e467 330m Los Onis 02
CASE (c). Moderately thin layer of radio-active material. Let the air equivalent of the thickness of the material be D’. This must be considered in two parts. (i.) Where r is such that D+ D’+~,r is less than R, the
1D + D' rT WwW limits of Oare cos ———— and cos ——-; and the limits of r Rk-r R-r
are R— D—D’' and zero.
23
(ii.) Where r is such that D+)'+r is greater than R, the = limits of 6 are cos
and zero, and the limits of r are R — D
—7 and fp — 1D) — ip. Hence : R=D DS NE Asa -| (1 -( =) | Yorba) vabar Nin, Jr_p—p'l R—r) J t Re DAD a ' ‘| Gy anc (= {Satay vyalar 0 ( aad ne ( )
2 ae 2 =e TON = B) aah Dies a) 22Diajd
ED Rd) Da i Rd =)
iD) Vis V(D+D){W(R+d)+V(R+d—D)} —-— log. TAR+a) Di (R+d)+ \R+d—D—D)
D?+2DD J Rii(R+4)+-W(R+d—D-D')} ————— og. WR Hd) O10, ( DAID)} R40) te4/a
Curve (' is plotted from this formula for the case when R=3'5 and D’'="*5. As usual, d is taken equal to 1°33. The following co-ordinates have been used in drawing the curve :— D/R :057 +143 -200 :257 -380 -500 -714 i/f +833 -642 -539 449 -288 -174 -044
CASE (d). The radio-active material in the forny of small spheres.
This case is not realised in any of the experiments des- cribed in this paper, but is introduced in order to show how greatly the effects depend on the mode of arrangement of the radio-active material.
Suppose the sphere to be of such a size that its diameter is a few times greater than the range of the a particle in the radio-active material itself. It may then be supposed that the sphere emits equal numbers of a particles in all directions and at all ranges up to the maximum. Neglecting the varia-
24
tion of ionisation with velocity we find that the ionisation is proportional to
cos..1 D/R | R—D sec. 6 sin 6. r. dé. dr. O @)
D ec, to R?- D+ 2RD log. =
TI eM es ie s i1/f=1-—+2— log. —. ue OR OR
If D/R="25 then 1/7="'25 nearly. In the case of a thin uniform layer we found above that if D/ #=*25, then 1/Z="40. Thus the effect of a screen in cutting down the ionisation effects depends very much on the mode of disposition of the radio-active material below it.
Part II.
The apparatus employed was of the usual form, and very similar to that described by Rutherford (“Radio-activity,” 1905, p. 98). As shown in the figure the material was laid on the high potential plate B, at such a distance from the upper plate A that no a particle could reach it. Thus, every a particle ran to its extreme range; and, to make more certain of catching all the ions, the upper plate was extended down- wards at the sides.
to Battery
25
Uranium.
The uranium was used in the form of the green oxide, U,O,, and was freed for the time from Uranium X. This was not necessary, but convenient, as it diminished the £ ray correction. The uranium was ground to a fine powder, and placed in a shallow depression turned in a metal plate, the diameter of the recess being 3°17 cm. and the depth 1-32 inch, which was far more than enough to make sure that the a rays from the lowest stratum could not get out. The surface of the material was carefully smoothed by the aid of a polished metal plate. A potential of 300 volts was used, which was nearly sufficient to saturate; more was not necessary, as only relative ionisations were in question. Aluminium foil was used as the absorbing layer, the weight and area of each piece being measured so as to obtain the product of the density p and the thickness d. In the following table the first column gives the value of pd of the foil used, and the second the corresponding current, being the mean of five readings of the leak for ten seconds.
lik Te III. EN. AG From po of full
eee i Ae curve A. range x 10° 0 1044 1-000 a — oi 811 ‘768 ‘O71 448 633 635 Soe) a8) 462 949 494 "456 "205 463 1265 376 "339 a) 460 1620 DATES: 239 roule 458 1930 201 "165 "425 455 2610 oF 062 “580 449 3290 55 O21 ‘718 458 + 2 layers of o4 0 — —
tinfoil
The last line shows that when two layers of tinfoil were added to the aluminium foil already covering the uranium the leak was reduced to 34. ach layer of foil was equivalent to about 17 mm. of air, and the aluminium to about 21, so that the whole cut off the a rays completely, for their range was known to be not more than 3°5 cm. This leak of 34 was therefore due to £ rays, and the normal leak of the appara- tus. The third column shows the result of subtracting 34 from all the figures of the second column, and reducing to a decimal fraction of I (the maximum current). The num- bers so obtained were then considered as so many ordinates of the thick layer curve A ; and the corresponding abscisse found
26
and placed in the fourth column. It was then possible to obtain from each reading a determination of the pd of that aluminium sheet which the a particles of uranium could just penetrate. For example, the table shows that when pd ='000949, 1/[="456. The abscissa of curve A correspond- ing to this ordinate is ‘205. Consequently the pd of full range is equal to °000949/°205=°00463. The figures in the last column show the result of this calculation in the case of each observation. Their close agreement shows that the ex- perimental results fit accurately a curve derived from the theory given above, and is good evidence of the soundness of the calculation. The mean of the values in the last column is ‘00456.
Radium.
A very small quantity of radium bromide was dissolved in water and evaporated on a platinum plate. It was then raised to a bright red heat, in order to expel the emanation. Some RaC still remained, but this fell to a negligible value in a few hours, as was shown by the fact that the ionisation current due to the newly prepared layer declined to about half value in that time. It was then re-heated so as to drive off such fresh emanation as had been formed since the pre- vious heating. It has been shown by Kleeman and myself (“Phil. Mag.,” Dec., 1904), that a layer so heated is very nearly free from all the radio-active products of radium.
The same aluminium foils were used as in the previous experiment. The results are given in the following table : —
I. LL; IIT. INA é From d of full
pad x 10 off curve OC pare x 10° 317 "775 O77 412 633 "634 "145 437 949 522 209 453 1265 "430 "270 468 161% "331 "345 468 1933 261 “405 zit 2613 SO) "528 493 3289 "072 "650 507
There is here not quite such good concordance between the figures shown in the last column as there was in the case of uranium. This is not, perhaps, a matter for surprise. As- suming that the theory of Part I. of this paper is correct, then, if the observed results are to fit the calculated curve exactly, the active material under consideration should emit only a particles of one range /7.e., of one velocity on leaving the parent atom, though not, of course, of one velocity on
27
leaving the surface). Although the radium in this case was nearly free from its radio-active descendants, yet a small trace must have remained. The effect would be to make the value of the current a little too large at all times, but especially when the absorbing sheet was so thick as to stop almost en- tirely thea particles from the radium itself; so that the last readings of the last column would be too high, which is the case. A more important explanation of the want of concord- ance of the first and last results with the rest seems to be that for some reason the first layers of aluminium foil which are laid over the material cut down the radiation more than they ought to do. This may in part at least be a consequence of the experimental arrangements. The aluminium foil cannot be made to lie very flat on the surface of the material, on account of its flimsy nature, and must have a little air space underneath it. Now, the air next the material is the seat of a relatively large amount of ionisation. Thus, the first layer may have an exaggerated importance. Another partial cause may arise from the fact that the first layer or two must cut off the easily absorbed radiation from the radio- active surface which has been shown to exist by J. J. Thom- son and by Rutherford. I am not aware of any measure- ment of the amount of ionisation due to this radiation. If in this experiment only 4 per cent. of the whole ionisation current, when the material is uncovered, is supposed due to this cause; and if the foil whose pd ='000317 cuts off three- quarters of it, and the next addition of foil the remainder, then the figures in the last column become, in order, 488, 487, 487, 496, 486, 490, 502,514. Thus the existence of a small quantity of radiation of this kind would explain the present discrepancies in the experiment. It will be seen later that a similar effect occurs with thorium. It is not so notice- able in the uranium experiment, as will be found on turning back to the table of results. Still, the first result is rather smaller than those which follow, and a separate measurement made with a very thin layer for which pd ="000133 gave a value for the full range equal to ‘00426, which is much smaller than the rest.
It should be mentioned that the first and last readings are more liable to error than the others, since the ends of the curve are used in obtaining them.
On the whole, therefore, the radium measurements are liable to certain small errors whose magnitude can hardly be estimated as yet. But they are small, and they tend to bal- ance each other, so that for our present purpose we may safely assume the mean of the results of the last column, viz., "00466, to be the pd of that sheet of aluminium, which can
28
just be penetrated by the a particle of radium. If there are errors of experiment other than those discussed above they are common to the experiments with uranium and thorium, and disappear when comparison is made.
Rad.
A smal] piece of copper foil was rendered active by ex- posure at a negative potential to the emanation from one or two mmg. of radium bromide. Tinfoil was used as the ab- sorbing layer. There was a special difficulty in the experi- ment due to the decay of the active matter. This was over- come by taking measurements of the current with the RaC uncovered before and after each measurement when foil was placed over the radiating material. The observations were equally spaced in point of time, so that the geometric mean of the two former measurements could be matched against the latter. The results are shown in the following table: —
I. II. ITT. EVE pd in Sn WI From pd of full FOU. SMO" a Curve B range x 10* ATT "518 WATE 220 960 "235 459 209 1440 "072 "700 206
Thus the a particles from RaC can just penetrate a sheet of tinfoil whose pd = ‘0212. A separate experiment by the method employed by Kleeman and myself (“Phil. Mag.,”
Sept., 1905), showed that this was equivalent to 7:4 cm. of air. The actual range is 7°1 (loc. cit.), so that the agreement can be considered satisfactory.
Thorium.
The material was used in the form of thorium oxide, which had been freed as far as possible from other radio-active substances by means of the processes described by Rutherford and Soddy. The _ treatment employed, which included heating to a bright red heat as the final stage, was judged to have been successful for the fol- lowing reasons:—TIn the first place, the recovery of activity was not marked by an initial drop, so far as could be ob- served ; in the second, the ionisation current rose at a rate which showed that it would be halfway to the final value in four days, the final value being about four times the initial. In the third place, no emanation came off the material when first prepared ; even when no draught was employed the read- ings did not alter in 15 minutes; and, in the fourth place, the observed results fitted closely to the calculated curves, showing only a slight variation, as in the case of the radium.
29
The results of one experiment are shown in the following table : —
BE. ER PNT; IV. pd of iT From Curve pd of full Al. foit,.x,. 10° ! A range x 10% 244 "813 ‘055 444 474 "670 108 439 780 "b44 "162 480 1061 "412 "227 468 1573 aed "328 480 2073 ohT3 Aly 499 2607 “106 504 517
The mean of the figures in the last column is ‘00477.
In another experiment the thorium was precipitated twice at intervals of two days, and then five times at intervals of twelve hours. The results were as follows : —
ds, Tf. BEL: IV pd of Ae From Curve pd of full AL fol “x*1:0° A range x 10° 534 "655 114 470 1046 "425 221 473 1633 "248 "347 471 2133 154 "438 486
In this case the mean of the figures in the last column 1s "00475. As in the case of radium, this result is probably a little too high, as it is impossible to get rid of all the radio- active products of thorium, and all these have ranges higher than thorium itself. For Rutherford has shown that the a particle of the induced activity of thorium has the same pene- trating power as the a particle of the induced activity of radium, and some rough experiments which I have made with Th.X. go to show that, as in the case of Ra, the second and third active products have ranges intermediate between the first and fourth. *It may also be calculated from an experi- ment of Rutherford’s (‘‘Radio-activity,” 2nd Ed., p. 263), that the range of the emanation a particle is about 6 cm. ; but it is uncertain how much should be allowed for the stop- ping power of the mica sheet which he used.
* Norr.—An experiment by Schmidt (Phys. Zeit. No. 25, p. 897) has shown that RaA has two-thirds of the penetrating power of RaC. Hence its range must be the longer of the two intermediate ranges, determined by Kleeman and myself, viz., 4°83; and the range of the emanation must be 4:23. Thus in the radio-active sequence each explosion is more violent than the last.
30
The general conclusion is, therefore, that uranium, thorium, and radium eject a particles of nearly, if not ex- actly, the same speed. Considering the many parallelisms already known to exist between the processes of disintegration of these substances and their products, this new fact is cer- tainly suggestive. It would be very interesting to know the ranges of Th.X. and Th. emanation.*
Relative Activities of Uranium and Thorium.
An expression is found in Part I. of this paper for the total ionisation over an uncovered deep layer of active ma- terial. By its aid we may find the relative numbers of a particles emitted by uranium and thorium when the ionisa- tion currents due to known areas of the layers have been measured.
Since the ranges are so nearly alike, it is sufficient to use the simpler formula :-—
Nin,
= 8s
I=
R*
If, now, the suffixes U and T refer to uranium and thorium, we have
vhs We Tes.. fee eee and therefore Ny Nod eS Weak LeReect
Each time that a thorium experiment was completed a compari-
T son was made of the currents J, and /,. In the first case —
U was found to be :234 ; in the second -234. ee RZ) a8 may be seen from the results given above can Ay
9
456\° be taken as equal to (—) = 916. 47
* Experiments just completed go to show that the particle from Th.B. is rather more penetrating than that from RaC; and that the particle from Th Em. has a range of about three fourths of that from Th.B. It is already known that the range of the particle from RaA is ‘68 of that from RaC. (April 4, 1906.)
Si Vv 23242 /16 23°2 Also —= =-—— Ss; “(239 +4 /16 26:2 assuming the square root law (Bragg & Kleeman, ‘“ Phil. Mag., September, 1905) to hold for uranium and thorium.
”»
Hence, finally,
bo
3° ='234 x°916 x — - 26°:
This result may be a little toc small, since the range of the a particle of thorium may be slightly over-estimated. The square of the range enters into the formula of compari- son, but on the other hand any a rays of long range which have not been removed from the thorium would make I, too large. On the whole, therefore, the actual value cannot be far from °20, 7.e., the uranium atoms break down very nearly five times as fast as the thorium.
I have preferred to make the method one of comparison of ranges rather than of absolute determination. For there are two or three difficulties in using it for the latter purpose. In the first place, as already said, it is not easy to make the thin aluminium leaf lie very close to the radiating surface, and the layers of air close to the surface contribute a rela- tively large number of ions. To make this error uniform I have used a net of very fine wires, with a mesh of 2 of an inch, to keep the foils down. The net was, of course, placed over the bare surface also, when I was measured. Again, there is a disturbing effect due to the secondary ionisation of the absorbing sheet. Mme. Curie has called attention to effects of this kind (Rutherford, “Radio-activity,” 1905, p. 189). I find that there is slightly more ionisation when, of the two layers of foil, Al. and Sn., the latter is on top. Using tin- foil, the range always comes out rather larger than when aluminium foil is employed: e.g., the range of RaC when tinfoil was used was found to be 7°4 em., and when aluminium foil was used 6°5 cm. The range of Ra, as found by the aid of aluminium foil, was 3°26, which is half the range of RaC, as it should be. I had no tinfoil thin enough to give an accurate measurement of the range of the a particle of Ra. Both measurements with aluminium foil are too low, and the one with tinfoil is too high. The tinfoil lies flatter on the surface than the aluminium, which may help to explain the difference, but it seems more probable that it is mainly due to the secondary ionisation.
One other difficulty lies in the way of an accurate deter- mination of the range in air by this method. As has already been mentioned by Kleeman and mvself (“Phil. Mag.,” Sept.,
bo
— pou:
|
= bk
32
1905), the loss of range of the a particle of RaC in going through a given sheet of material appears to be slightly greater than the loss of range of an a particle of RaA, and it is not yet quite clear whether this difference is real or appa- rent.
The difficulties which have just been mentioned occur only in the absolute determination of air ranges, and do not affect the accuracy of the comparison of the ranges of radium, uranium, and thorium.
I owe my grateful thanks to Dr. W. T. Cooke for his have thought it better to allow it to stand without alteration.
Notrr.—Since the above was written I have received the February number of “The Philosophical Magazine,” contain- ing an article by Mr. N. F. Campbell on “The Radiation from Ordinary Materials.” In finding the formule necessary to his investigation, Mr. Campbell has covered part of the ground gone over in Part I. of this paper. As the fuller treatment which I have given is required in my own work I have thought it better to allow it to stand without alteration.
In a footnote Mr. Campbell expresses his inability to see why I introduced an obliquity factor cos @ into the prelimi- nary calculations of my first paper on the a rays (‘‘Phil. Mag,” Dec., 1904), The mistake is mine. I did not discover it until I had occasion to consider the matter again in con- nection with this present investigation. By omitting the fac- tor, Mr. Campbell has obtained the correct formula for the case which he has investigated.
33
DESCRIPTIONS OF AUSTRALIAN TINEINA. By E. Meyaick, B.A., F.R.S., F.Z.S.
[Read April 3, 1906.|
Whilst preparing my material for the classification of the Plutellidw, 1 have had occasion to turn out several dark cor- ners of the Tineina, and have investigated the affinities of some neglected or misunderstood genera, besides discovering a few species accidentally overlooked hitherto. The results of this research are embodied in the following paper.
XYLORYCTIDA. CHEREUTA, N.g.
Head smooth ; tongue developed. Antenne 2-!, in male simple or minutely ciliated, basal joint moderate, without pecten. Labial palpi very long, recurved, second joint thick- ened with appressed scales, terminal joint as long as or longer than second, slender, acute. Maxillary palpi obsolete. Pos- terior tibia smooth, with expansible whorls of rough scales at origin of spurs. Forewings with lb furcate, 2 from ¢. 7 to costa or apex, 8 absent, 11 from middle. Hindwings some- what over 1, trapezoidal, apex obtuse, termen sinuate, cilia
-* ; 3 and 4 connate, 5 parallel, 6 and 7 connate or stalked, 8 anastomosing with upper margin of cell towards base.
Type C. tenthalea. Allied to Catoryctis, from which it differs especially by the structure of vein 8 of hindwings. The species are relatively small dark insects, with a tendency to metallic colouring.
Chereuta tinthalea, n. sp.
Male, female, 12-13 mm. Head and thorax blackish, with a few white scales. Palpi black, basal joint white, second joint white except base and apex, terminal joint sprinkled with white. Antennz blackish. Abdomen dark fuscous, segmental margins white. Forewings elongate-oblong, costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen slightly sinuate or nearly straight, somewhat oblique; dark fuscous, coarsely irrorated with black, and more _ irregularly with white; the white scales appear to form an irregular line from costa beyond 3 to tornus, and a terminal series of dots, but no other defined markings: cilia metallic purplish-bronze. Hindwings with 6 and 7 connate: dark bronzy-fuscous; cilia fuscous, with dark fuscous basal line.
©
34
Sydney and Shoalhaven, New South Wales, in October and January; two specimens. Characterized by the strong white irroration and metallic cilia.
Chereuta anthracistis, n. sp.
Male, 10 mm. Head and thorax dark metallic purplish- leaden-grey. Palpi dark bronzy-fuscous, towards base whit- ish. Antennz dark fuscous, simple. Abdomen dark bronzy- fuscous, lateral margins spotted with white. Forewings elon- gate, costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen rather obliquely rounded ; dark bronzy-fuscous with coppery reflections, with a few scattered white scales: cilia dark fuscous. Hindwings with 6 and 7 connate ; dark bronzy-fuscous ; cilia dark fuscous, basal third blackish-fuscous.
York, West Australia, in November ; one specimen.
Chereuta chalcistis, n. sp.
Male, female, 13-16 mm. Head and thorax metallic bronzy-grey, side-tufts yellowish. Palpi bronzy-grey, towards base whitish. Antenne dark fuscous, in male minutely
ciliated. Abdomen bronzy-fuscous, segmental margins broadly whitish. Forewings elongate, costa gently arched, apex ob- tuse, termen hardly rounded, oblique; fuscous, irrorated with dark fuscous and mixed with yellowish-brown ; stigmata very obscurely indicated with dark fuscous scales, plical somewhat beyond first discal: cilia fuscous. Hindwings with 6 and 7 stalked; dark fuscous, darkest towards apex; cilia fuscous, with dark fuscous basal shade. Albany, West Australia, in December ; two specimens.
GCOPHORID Zi.
IT now divide this family into two main groups, viz., (A) having antenne of male moderately or strongly ciliated (1 or more); and (Bj having antenne of male simple, or at most minutely ciliated (not over 4). This second group is that which I formerly separated as a distinct family (Depres- sariade); it is rather numerously represented in the Indian region, and I am now better acquainted with its extent. It is a natural assemblage, and I find some genera are referable to it, which I had placed elsewhere, notably Hwpselia and Thudaca. The three genera, Hupselia, Thudaca, and Dolero- mima, though by no means very closely related together, agree in the possession of a very singular form of pupa—naked, angular, and seated erect upon the truncate tail, imitating a leaf—and it is therefore probable that some other genera of the group will be found to show the same character, which will be of interest as an indication of affinity.
35
A general classification of the family may be expressed by the following table, but the characters are not in all cases absolute : —
A. Gcophorine. Antenne of male ciliated (1 or more). 1. Geophorides. Vein 7 of forewings to costa. 2. Hulechriades. i * ” apex. 3. Philobotides. 3 hs af termen.
B. Depressariane. Antenne of male simple or minutely
ciliated (4).
1. Depressariades. Antennze shorter than forewings. 2. Carcinides. Antenne: as long as forewings.
The following is an ordered list of the Australian genera referable to the Depressariane :
1. Depressariades. Enchocrates, Meyr. Machetis, Meyr. Pedois, Turn. Sphyrelata, Meyr. Doleromima, Meyr. Kupselia, Meyr. Binsitta, Walk. Kutorna, Meyr. Ceratophysetis, Meyr. Heterobathra, Low. Ethmia, Hb. Heterochyta, Meyr. > areas.
Acolasta, Mevr. Leptosaces, Meyr. Bida, Walk. Thudaca, Walk.
Pholeutis, Meyr. Octasphales, Meyr. Peritorneuta, Turn. Scorplopsis, Turn. MacrosBaTHra, Meyr. Macrobathra hexadyas, n. sp.
Male, 12 mm. Head white, with three dark fuscous dots on forehead, and one on each side of crown. Palpi white, second joint with base and a subapical ring dark fuscous, ter- minal joint dark fuscous, with apex and a subbasal ring white. Antenne ochreous-whitish ringed with dark fuscous. Thorax white, irregularly irrorated with dark fuscous. Abdomen fuscous. Forewings dark fuscous irrorated with white; mark- ings ochreous-whitish ; a moderate fascia from + of costa to 4 of dorsum, angulated and partially interrupted in middle; an oblique spot from middle of costa, and a triangular spot on dorsum before tornus, separated by cloudy, round, dark fus- cous spot ; a spot on costa at $, and a similar one opposite it on termen: cilia fuscous, ochreous-whitish opposite costal spot, and on a large terminal patch. Hindwings grey, darker towards apex; cilia light ochreous-grey.
Rosewood, Queensland, in September; one specimen. Quite distinct from any other; the form of the first fascia is a marked character.
BorKHAUSENIA, Hb. Borkhausema capnodyta, un. sp.
Female, 12-13 mm. Head whitish-ochreous, crown irro- rated with dark fuscous. Palpi whitish-ochreous, terminal
c2
36
joint and lower half of second irrorated with blackish. An- tennz fuscous. Thorax fuscous, irrorated with blackish, api- cal half of patagia whitish-ochreous. Abdomen pale greyish- ochreous, sprinkled with fuscous. Forewings elongate, nar- row, costa gently arched, apex pointed, termen extremely obliquely rounded ; fuscous, irrorated with blackish ; extreme base whitish-ochreous; stigmata large, round, cloudy, black- ish, plical shghtly beyond first discal, an additional similar spot on tornus; a suffused whitish-ochreous spot on costa at %, followed by some blackish suffusion: cilia pale fuscous, irro- rated with blackish towards base. Hindwings grey, paler towards base; cilia whitish-fuscous.
Duaringa and Brisbane, Queensland, in September : two specimens. Not very near any other ; might perhaps be placed next B. epimicta.
Borkhausenia asparta, a. sp.
Male, 11-13 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax white, sprinkled with pale fuscous. Antenne white, ringed with dark fuscous. Abdomen pale fuscous. Forewings elongate, rather narrow, costa moderately arched, apex acute, termen slightly sinuate, extremely oblique; white, costal and dorsal areas irrorated with fuscous, leaving an irregular, broad, clear, central streak ; two blackish dots beneath costa towards base, two transversely placed beneath costa before 4, one beneath middle of disc, one towards costa at 5, and one in disc at #: cilia whitish. Hindwings pale grey; cilia ochreous-whitish.
Sydney, New South Wales: Albany, West Australia: in September and October, two specimens. Alled to B. lagara.
KuLecHrRia, Meyr. Hulechria textilis, n. sp.
Male, female, 13-17 mm. Head and thorax white, irro- rated with dark fuscous. Palpi white, second joint with lower half and a subapical ring irrorated with dark fuscous, termi- nal joint more or less widely irrorated with dark fuscous towards base and apex. Antennz white, more or less
suffusedly ringed with dark fuscous. Abdomen grey. Forewings elongate, narrow, costa gently arched,
apex obtuse, termen very obliquely rounded; white, irrorated with dark fuscous, tending to form longitudinal streaks; a blackish subcostal dash from base of costa, stig- mata blackish, linear, plical obliquely beyond first discal, usually discal stigmata connected or absorbed by a fine black- ish line, and a similar line along fold from base to plical stigma: some undefined dark fuscous marks before termen and apical portion of costa: cilia whitish, with two distinct
37
lines of dark fuscous irroration. Hindwings with 3 and 4 often stalked or even sometimes coincident, 5 approximated at base to 4 or even connate; grey, hghter towards base; cilia light grey.
Sydney, Bathurst, Murrurundi, and Glen Innes (4,500 feet), New South Wales; Campbelltown, Tasmania; in No- vember and December, ten specimens. This obscure, narrow- winged species of the s¢ece//a group 1s curious on account of the variable neuration of hindwings: but since some specimens are quite normal, it cannot be generically separated, and the resulting enlargement of characters does not affect my tabula- tion or render the genus less distinct.
PTocHoSaRIS, 0. g.
Head with loosely appressed hairs; tongue developed. Antenne #, in male moderately ciliated (1), basal joint mode- rate, without pecten. Labial palpi moderately long, slightly curved, subascending, second joint with loose, rough, project- ing tuft of scales towards apex beneath, terminal joint less than half second, slender, acute. Posterior tibize clothed with long hairs above. Forewings with 2 from angle, abruptly curved, 3 absent, 4 approximated, 7 and 8 stalked, 7 to ter- men, 11 from middle. Hindwings 3, ovate-lanceolate, cilia 2 ; 4 absent, 5 somewhat approximated to 3, 6 and 7 parallel.
Allied to Saropla, of which it is a degraded development, with similar palpi, but differing in the reduced neuration, and absence of basal pecten of antenne.
Ptochosaris horrenda, un. sp. Male, 10-11 mm. Head, palpi, antennz, thorax, and
abdomen fuscous, mixed with whitish. | Forewings broad- lanceolate, acute; fuscous mixed with whitish. Hindwings erey.
Blackheath, New South Wales; Mount Lofty, South Aus- tralia ; in October, two specimens. This is a most obscure and insignificant-looking insect.
A#oLocosma, Meyr.
This genus must certainly be transferred to the Wcopho- ridw, and will equally certainly be placed amongst the Philo- botides, but its exact position in that group is not so obvious. On a strict interpretation of structure, it appears to be nearest to Oxythecta, and it may be placed in the neighbourhood of that genus until more profound research or the discovery of new material discloses its true affinity. To the two species originally described I now add a third, but as it is closely related to one of them it does not help the situation.
38
MHolocosma cyclorantha, n. sp
Male, 8-9 mm. Head and thorax dark fuscous more or less mixed with ochreous-whitish. Palpi dark fuscous, second joint mixed with white. Antennz blackish, obscurely spot- ted with white. Abdomen dark grey. Forewings elongate, costa moderately arched, apex round-pointed, termen ex- tremely obliquely rounded; whitish, closely irrorated with dark fuscous, veins posteriorly lined with white; two light orange, dark-edged fascize enclosing a slender, direct, silvery- white median fascia, first narrow, even, second narrow on dor- sum, widened throughout to costa, enclosing silvery-white dis- cal and costal spots; a light orange line along lower part of termen: cilia fuscous, on termen with a strong black basal band, narrowed upwards, enclosing about five silvery-white dots. Hindwings rather dark grey; cilia grey.
Albany, West Australia, from September to December ; five specimens. Very similar to A. zridozona, but the pos- terior simple V-shaped fascia of that species is replaced by a more complex marking.
KupseELia, Meyr.
This genus is distinguished from all others in this group known to me by the unusually short and weak labial palpi; the absence of vein 8 in the forewings is a frequent character in this group, whilst in the other section of the Hcophoride it is exceedingly rare, the single species of Atelosticha being the only known example.
Hupselia leweaspis, n. sp.
Male, female, 13-16 mm. Head ochreous-yellow, cen- trally whitish-tinged. Palpi whitish-yellow, second joint slightly sprinkled with fuscous. Antenne dark fuscous. Thorax dark fuscous, apical half of patagia and posterior mar- gin ochreous-white. Abdomen fuscous. Forewings elongate, slightly dilated posteriorly, costa moderately arched, apex ob- tuse, termen obliquely rounded; dark fuscous; an ochreous- white patch occupying basal 2 except a costal streak; an ochreous-white fascia beyond middle, on lower half narrowed and bisected by a dark fuscous line or partially obscured with purplish ; on each side of this fascia an obscure deep purple line, becoming obsolete towards costa; terminal area divided into two patches, very finely strigulated with whitish, anterior longitudinally, posterior transversely; a small whitish costal spot before apex, from which a dark fuscous line runs obliquely to termen beneath apex: cilia dark fuscous, round apex with a coppery-purple basal line, beneath apex with a coppery- purple sometimes black-centred basal dot, on lower half of
39
termen with three small round black spots edged anteriorly with whitish and posteriorly with deep purple, separated by black interspaces. Hindwings ochreous-yellow; an irregular dorsal fascia of dark fuscous suffusion ; a variable dark fuscous terminal fascia, sometimes broad at apex, sometimes very nar- row, not reaching tornus; cilia fuscous, with dark fuscous
basal line. ; Quorn, South Australia: York, West Australia; in Octo- ber and November; ten specimens. JF. philomorpha, Low.,
must be near this, but I think distinct if the description 13 accurate; I have not seen a specimen.
Hupselia trithrona, n. sp.
Female, 15 mm. Head pale ochreous-yellowish. Palpi whitish-yellowish, towards base sprinkled with fuscous. An- tennze dark fuscous. Thorax dark purplish-fuscous, with an- terior and posterior ochreous-whitish spots. | Abdomen fus- cous, mixed with whitish-ochreous. Forewings rather broad, costa rather strongly and unevenly arched, apex obtuse, ter- men nearly straight, rather strongly oblique ; dark purple- Bee use Us | a broad ochreous-white fascia from dorsum about 4, rather narrowed upwards and not reaching costa; a moderate ochreous-white fascia beyond middle, narrowed and rather broadly interrupted in disc: cilia ochreous- whitish, mixed with dark fuscous, with dark fuscous subbasal line (im- perfect). Hindwings light ochreous-yellow; large apical and small tornal patches of dark fuscous suffusion ; cilia fuscous.
Sydney, New South Wales, in November: one specimen. In the species of this genus with yellow hindwings the extent of the dark fuscous margin is found to be extremely variable (apparently without reference to sex or locality) wherever sufficient material has been obtained, and it will therefore be reasonable to anticipate similar variability in such species as the present.
Hupsehia hypsichora, vn. sp.
Male, female, 12-13 mm. JHead and antenne dark fus- cous. Palpi ochreous-whitish, mixed with blackish-fuscous. Thorax dark fuscous, with large ochreous-yellow patches on shoulders. Abdomen dark fuscous at base or sometimes more or less wholly suffused with ochreous-yellow. Forewings rather broad, costa rather strongly and unevenly arched, apex obtuse, termen obliquely rounded; dark fuscous, slightly purplish-tinged ; a broad ochreous-yellow fascia from middle of costa, where it includes a dark fuscous dot, to dorsum, where it extends from 4 to near tornus, narrowed upwards, edges slightly curved inwards: cilia dark fuscous. Hind- wings dark fuscous, basal half sometimes more or less wholly
40
suffused with ochreous-yellow; cilia fuscous, with dark fus- cous basal line.
York, West Australia, in November; nine specimens, flying high around HLucalyptus in the afternoon sunshine. A specimen from Victoria, similar but larger (15 mm.), has basal area of forewings suffusedly mixed with yellow-whitish, and a whitish costal mark before apex; I am uncertain whe. ther it 1s a distinct species or only a geographical form, but probably it will prove to be the latter.
HBupselia carpocapsella, Walk.
Dr. A. J. Turner has satisfactorily ascertained that bea- tella, Walk., is only a synonym of this, the species being vari- able.
Bupselia holorantha, Low.
I have this species, which is a good and distinct one, from Mount Lofty, South Austraha (Guest), and also from Vic- toria (Raynor).
EKvutorna, Meyr.
Head with appressed scales, sidetufts projecting over fore- head ; tongue developed. Antenne +, in male serrate, mi- nutely ciliated (4-4), basal joit moderately long, without pecten. Labial palpi long, curved, ascending, second joint thickened with dense appressed scales, sometimes roughly ex- panded towards apex above or with spreading apical tuft be- neath, terminal joint as iong as second or shorter, slender, acute. Forewings with lb simple at base (upper fork obso- lete), 2 from near angle, 6 to apex, 7 and 8 stalked, 7 to costa, 11 from before middle. Hindwings | or almost 1, elon- gate- ovate or br roadly- lanceolate, cilia 134- "2: : 3 and 4 connate or approximated, 5 bent, 6 and 7 parallel, 6 to apex.
The variation in the scaling of the palpi of this genus is singular ; I have no doubt that the various forms are all rightly included in the genus, which is well characterised by other structure, and has a peculiar and easily recognised facies; the species are, 1n fact, often so similar that the structure of the palpi affords the readiest: specific distinction. There are two New Zealand species (on which the genus was founded) very similar and closely allied to the INGE but not identical ; and I now add ten Australian species : —
1. Second joint of palpi tufted beneath 2. Second joint of palpi not tufted be-
TO AGE. wey aisieroctnu tees RE Pass cere eee 3 2. Forewings with median white streak CONUINUEA: LO APE essere oc cnt ete leptographa.
Forewings with median white streak Obs PASS Goss Clowseiy. dh! Ae vdeeeRehes intonsa.
4]
3. Forewings with one or more oblique
Streaks. PEOURPCOSUA S50 scan tetamce seen. 4, Forewings without oblique _ costal clack) fos Supow <> OC aE.” ee tas eee anes ape Vinee he 4. Palpi with scales of second joint roughly expanded above ............ 5. Palpi with scales of second joint
PUT ERSe tla a toe teny <s baaree eo. 83 spintherias 5. Oblique costal lines white ............. 2 Oblique costal lines formed by black
SEAIESl TOM tee hte aan. oss tees pabulicola. 6. Median white streak continued to NC Siu Ht. Mee news te aden ADs oc heaths aint eurygramma. Median white streak not passing 2... tricasis. 7. Forewings streaked with whitish on ‘ RACNTLSES 9. Ree ele MRSEE AEE ERT IEEE. PERE. diaula.
Forewings not streaked on veins...... 8. Terminal joint of palpi with dark
fuscous submedian band .............. epicnephes. Terminal joint of palpi without sub- mecca e any rte. asec 149. MRO Ree - Sh 9. Terminal joint of palpi nearly as loMOtaSe SOC OMGass a0: ho Maas sc nn ees « 28 pelogenes. Terminal joint of palpi little more ena tial: seconds. 2723.. saene asa. < sone phaulocosma,
Kutorna leptographa, n. sp.
Male, female, 12-13 mm. Head whitish, mixed with pale brownish. Palpi with second joint ochreous-fuscous, white at base and apex, with long rough projecting tuft of scales be- neath, terminal joint as long as second, whitish, anterior edge dark fuscous. Antenne grey, suffused with white above. Thorax light ochreous-fuscous, partially suffused with whit- ish. Abdomen grey, sides and apex ochreous-whitish. Fore- wings elongate, rather narrow, costa moderately arched, apex round-pointed, termen extremely obliquely rounded; brown- ish-ochreous irrorated with fuscous, with a few dark fuscous scales; a white median longitudinal streak from base to apex, posteriorly sometimes suffused with whitish-ochreous, edged paced by a blackish streak from near base to and a black dot at #, and above by a blackish streak from 4 to %; a fine white soasle posteriorly blackish-edged, from £ of costa to median streak at %, produced along costa towards base, and an oblique white anteriorly black-edged streak from 4 of costa towards apex, not reaching median streak, costal edge between these suffused with white ; costa and termen towards apex suf- fused with black, except an apical white space: cilia whitish- ochreous, with two dark fuscous lines becoming obsolete to- wards tornus, round apex white between these. Hindwings #, cilia 2; 3 and 4 connate; grey, lighter towards base; cilia whitish-grey-ochreous, round apex paler with two faint grey shades.
42
Launceston and Campbelltown, Tasmania, in December and January ; four specimens.
Butorna intonsa, n. sp.
Male, female, 11-14 mm. Head and thorax brownish- ochreous, face whitish-ochreous. Palpi brownish-ochreous irrorated with fuscous, second joint with apex white, beneath with long rough triangular apical projecting tuft of scales, - terminal jomt whitish. Antenne whitish, ringed with dark fuscous. Abdomen whitish-ochreous suffused with grey. Forewings elongate, narrow, costa moderately arched, apex round-pointed, termen very obliquely rounded; ferruginous- ochreous, more or less suffusedly mixed with fuscous and whit- ish, leaving an undefined median longitudinal streak of clear ground colour; a slender median white streak from base to 2, edged beneath except at base by a blackish streak, and some- times extended but without black edging to discal dot; a slen- der white oblique streak, edged above with dark fuscous, from + of costa to upper extremity of a transverse white mark in dise at 2, terminated beneath by an irregular black dot; an oblique white streak, edged anteriorly with dark fuscous, from before 3? of costa, not reaching half across wing ; some whitish suffusion towards apex; several irregular blackish marks on apical portion of costa and termen: cilia whitish-cchreous, with two ochreous-fuscous lines becoming dark fuscous on costa, obsolete towards tornus. Huindwings under 1, cilia 14; 3 and 4 connate: grey, paler towards base ; cilia pale ochreous- grey, above apex with two darker shades.
Sydney and Bull, New South Wales; Melbourne, Gis- borne, Healesville, and Sale, Victoria; Campbelltown, Tas- mania; from August to December, and in March, a common Bpecies.
Hutorna tricasis, n. sp.
Male, female, 12-16 mm. Head and thorax light reddish- ochreous, face whitish. Palpi whitish-ochreous, second joint long, becoming deeper ochreous towards apex, above with hairs roughly expanded towards apex, terminal joint half second. Antenne whitish-ochreous ringed with dark fuscous. Abdo- men whitish-ochreous. Forewings elongate, narrow, costa moderately arched, apex round-pointed, termen extremely obliquely rounded: bright ferruginous-ochreous, sometimes tinged with brown towards middle of costa ; costal edge whitish towards base; a slender whitish median longitudinal streak from base to 2, edged beneath with blackish except towards base; a fine whitish oblique streak, edged above with some black scales, from 4 of costa to upper of two black whitish- circled dots placed transversely in disc at %; a fine oblique
43
whitish anteriorly blackish-edged streak from before { of costa, not reaching half across wing; a short white streak from apex beneath costa: several undefined black marks on apical portion of costa and termen: cilia ochreous-whitish, with two well-marked ochreous-fuscous shades becoming obso- lete towards tornus. Hindwings under 1, cilia 14; 3 and 4 approximated; grey, lighter towards base; cilia whitish- ochreous-grey.
Brisbane and Toowoomba, Queensland; Murrurundi, Sydney, and Bathurst, New South Wales ; Gisborne, Victoria ; from September to December, ten specimens.
Hutorna CUTYGTAMME , n. Sp.
Male, female, 14-16 mm. Head and thorax brownish- ochreous, somewhat whitish-mixed, face whitish-ochreous, patagia white. Palpi with second joint long, ochreous, deeper towards apex, densely scaled, hairs expanded above towards apex, terminal joint somewhat more than half second, whitish, anterior edge dark fuscous. Antenne in male grey, in female whitish ringed with dark grey. Abdomen whitish-ochreous. Forewings elongate, narrow, costa moderately arched, apex round-pointed, termen extremely obliquely rounded; bright ochreous-brown ; a median longitudinal white streak from base to apex, broadest anteriorly, edged beneath by dark brown or dark fuscous suffusion from near base to %, where it is nearly interrupted by a dark fuscous dot from beneath, then dilated into a small transverse spot, between this and an api- cal spot more or less suffused with ochreous and indistinct; a fine white partly black-edged sometimes posteriorly ‘ncomplete line from 2 of costa beneath costa to apex ; an undefined suf- fusion of blackish and white scales on termen: cilia ochreous, paler towards tornus, with two dark fuscous lines becoming obsolete towards tornus, between these white round apex. Hindwings under 1, cilia 1}; 3 and 4 connate; grey, paler or whitish-grey anteriorly: cilia light grey.
Mount Kosciusko (6,000 feet), New South Wales; Gis- borne, Victoria; also from Tasmania; in January and Febru- ary, four specimens.
Eutorna pabulicola, n. sp.
Male, female, 13-15 mm. Head whitish-ochreous. Palpi with second joint ochreous, more or less infuscated, white at apex, with hairs roughly expanded above towards apex, ter- minal joint somewhat more than half second, white, tip fus- cous. Antenne greyish-ochreous, becoming whitish-ochreous towards base. Thorax pale brownish-ochreous. Abdomen whitish-ochreous. Forewings elongate, rather narrow, costa
ad
moderately arched, apex obtuse, termen extremely obliquely rounded ; light brownish-ochreous, more or less sprinkled with fuscous or dark fuscous, veins more or less streaked with white, especially posteriorly ; a fine undefined line of black- ish scales on submedian fold from base to about middle, in- cluding well-marked black plical stigma; oblique lines of blackish scales from costa at 4 and before ?, not reaching middle, sometimes hardly traceable; second discal stigma black edged with white; some suffused black marks on apical portion of costa and termen except at apex: cilia whitish- ochreous, with two ochreous-brown lines becoming obsolete towards tornus, between these whitish round apex. Hind- wings under 1, cilia 14; 3 and 4 separate; pale grey; cilia whitish-ochreous.
Brisbane, Queensland, common in September; Sydney, New South Wales, in June, July, January, and March; ten specimens.
Hutorna spintherias, n. sp.
Male, female, 10-12 mm. Head and thorax ferruginous- ochreous, face whitish-ochreous. Palpi with second joint ochreous, more whitish towards base, thickened with appres- sed scales, terminal joint rather shorter than second, whitish, anterior edge dark fuscous. Antenne whitish, ringed with dark grey. Abdomen dark grey, apex whitish. Forewings elongate, rather narrow, costa moderately arched, apex round-pointed, termen very obliquely rounded ; ferruginous- ochreous, in male suffused with brown posteriorly except on a median streak, in female wholly suffused with dark brown on posterior half; markings in male silvery-white, partly edged with blackish, in female bright silvery-metallic, suffusedly edged with dark fuscous; a median longitudinal streak from base to middle, in male edged beneath by a blackish-fuscous streak from near base to beyond middle; a slender oblique streak from costa before middle to 2 of disc, in female con- tinued along costa to base ; a transverse-oval spot in disc at 2; a subtriangular spot on costa before 3; an irregular suffused apical spot: cilia light fuscous, with two dark fuscous lines becoming obsolete towards tornus, round apex white between these and ochreous-tinged at base. Hindwings under 1, cilia 1}; 3 and 4 connate or approximated ; grey, becoming darker posteriorly ; cilia grey.
Healesville and Gisborne, Victoria; Deloraine, Tasmania ; in November and December, eleven specimens. The difference in the sexes is curious, and at present appears quite unintelli- gible.
45
Eutorna diaula, n. sp.
Male, female, 13-14 mm. JHead whitish-ochreous, side- tufts sometimes brownish. Palpi ochreous-whitish, second joint thickened with appressed scales, irrorated with fuscous, terminal joint 3 of second. Antenne pale ochreous ringed with fuscous. Thorax whitish-ochreous tinged with brownish. Abdomen whitish-ochreous, sometimes sprinkled with fuscous. Forewings elongate, narrow, costa moderately arched, apex ob- tuse, termen very obliquely rounded; ochreous-whitish, densely irrorated with brown and dark fuscous except on veins, which appear as whitish lines; a fine line of blackish scales in submedian fold from base to plical stigma; stigmata small, blackish, plical slightly beyond first discal; some black scales towards apical part of costa and termen except at apex: cilia ochreous-whitish with two blackish-fuscous lines, becoming pale fuscous towards tornus. Hindwings under 1, cilia 13; 3d and 4 connate; grey, becoming paler towards base; cilia whitish-grey-ochreous, round apex more whitish, with two fuscous shades.
Casterton, Victoria; Launceston, Campbelltown, and George’s Bay, Tasmania; from November to January, five specimens. I found the species commonly in Tasmania, but at the time supposed it to be only pabulicola, to which it is very similar.
Hutorna phaulocosma, n. sp.
Male, female, 15-16 mm. Head and thorax fuscous, finely sprinkled with whitish. Palpi fuscous, irrorated with dark fuscous, second joint thickened with appressed scales, slightly expanded towards apex above, terminal joint some- what more tnan half second, whitish, apex fuscous. Antenne fuscous, obscurely paler-ringed. Abdomen whitish-ochreous. Forewings elongate, rather narrow, costa moderately arched, apex obtuse, termen very obliquely rounded ; fuscous, with a few dark fuscous scales ; stigmata dark fuscous, plical directly beneath first discal: some undefined dark fuscous dots on apical portion of costa and termen: cilia fuscous finely sprinkled with ochreous-whitish, becoming ochreous-whitish towards tornus. Hindwings under 1, cilia 1; 3 and 4 con- nate; pale grey; cilia whitish-grey-ochreous.
Mouat Wellington, Tasmania, in January; three speci- mens.
q Rutorna pelogenes, n. sp.
Male, 12-14 mm. Head and thorax whitish-fuscous. Palpi whitish, second joint irrorated with dark fuscous ex- cept apex, thickened with loosely appressed scales, terminal joint rather shorter than second. Antenne pale greyish-
46
ochreous, ringed with dark fuscous. Abdomen fuscous, apex whitish-ochreous. Forewings elongate, costa moderately arch- ed, apex rounded-obtuse, termen obliquely rounded ; whitish- fuscous, sprinkled with fuscous and dark fuscous; a blackish dot beneath costa near base; stigmata small, blackish, plical slightly beyond first discal, an additional dot beneath second discal; a row of undefined blackish dots round apex and ter- men: cilia whitish-fuscous, sprinkled with whitish, with two rather dark fuscous lines becoming obsolete towards tornus. Hindwings under 1, cilia +; 3 and 4 connate; grey, lighter towards base; cilia grey-whitish, with two faint grey shades round apex. Healesville, Victoria, in November ; three specimens.
Hutorna epicnephes, n. sp.
Male, female, 12-15 mm. Head and thorax dark red- dish-fuscous finely sprinkled with whitish. | Palpi ochreous- whitish irrorated with dark fuscous, scales of second joint roughly expanded above towards apex, terminal joint % of second, pale yellowish, with dark fuscous apical and submedian bands. Antenne whitish-ochreous ringed with dark fuscous. Abdomen light fuscous. Forewings elongate, rather narrow, costa moderately arched, apex round-pointed, termen very obliquely rounded; brown, irrorated with dark fuscous; a blackish dot beneath costa near base preceded by some whit- ish-ochreous scales ; stigmata very obscure, dark fuscous ; plical rather obliquely beyond first discal; some spots of dark fus- cous suffusion on apical part of costa and termen: cilia fus- cous, with a dark fuscous postmedian line. Hindwings +, cilia 1; 3 and 4 connate; fuscous, becoming whitish-fuscous to- wards base, darker towards apex; cilia fuscous, with a darker patch above apex.
Brisbane, Queensland ; Sydney, New South Wales; War- ragul, Victoria; in September and October, three specimens. Larva mines a flat blotch in leaves of Pomaderris elliptica, later emerging and feeding openly, in September. Pupa naked, rather stout, attached beneath a leaf by tail.
HETEROBATHRA, Low.
Head with appressed hairs, sidetufts spreading; tongue developed. Antenne +, in male serrulate, simple, basal joint moderate without pecten. Labial palpi moderately long, curved, ascending, second joint reaching base of antenne, thickened with dense appressed scales, terminal joint less than half second, slender, acute. Forewings with 2 from 2, 3, 4, 5 approximated, 7 and 8 stalked, 7 to apex. Hindwings 1, elongate-ovate, cilia }; 3 and 4 connate, 5 rather approxi- mated, 6 and 7 parallel.
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This is a good genus, allied to Hwpselia, though very dif- ferent in appearance, and characterised by the peculiar palpi. Mr. Lower has kindly sent me examples of his zaiphosema and bimacula; the following species is nearly related, especially to the latter species, but distinct.
Heterobathra tetracentra, n. sp.
Male, 18 mm. Head pale fuscous. Palpi dark fuscous, white towards base beneath. Antenne fuscous. Thorax whitish-fuscous, irrorated with dark fuscous. Abdomen whitish-grey-ochreous, sprinkled with fuscous. Forewings elongate, costa strongly arched, apex obtuse, termen obliquely rounded ; whitish-fuscous densely irrorated with dark fuscous ; rather large roundish spots of dark fuscous suffusion in disc at 2 and 2; a patch beneath middle of disc between these ap- pearing pale through obsolescence of dark fuscous irroration : cilia whitish-fuscous, with irregular subbasal fuscous line. Hindwings fuscous; cilia as in forewings.
Geraldton, West Australia, in November ; one specimen.
HETEROCHYTA, 0. g.
Head with appressed hairs, sidetuits projecting between antennz ; tongue developed. Antenne }?, in male minutely ciliated (4), basal joint moderately elongate, without pecten. Labial palpi very long, straight, porrected, second joint clothed with dense rough projecting hairscales above and be- neath, terminal joint +-} of second, moderate, acute or toler- ably pointed. Forewings with 2 from #-2, 3 from angle, 7 and 8 stalked, 7 to apex. Hindwings 1, elongate-ovate, cilia 4; 3 and 4 connate, 5, 6, 7 parallel.
Type H. xenomorpha. Nearly allied to the preceding genus, but the palpi are peculiar and characteristic, approach- ing those of Plewrota. The three species are readily sepa- rated by the colour of the stigmata and proportions of the
palpi : —
Stismata blackishy o:c9:4..-.2.heec. adele xenomorpha. Stigmata pale reddish-ochreous .......... pyrosema. Sureumaray will tegen mee ste <3. secs tae asteropa.
Heterochyta xenomorpha, n. sp.
Male, 19 mm. Head and thorax fuscous-whitish, shoul- ders greyer. Palpi 6, dark fuscous finely sprinkled with whit- ish, white beneath, terminal joint +, acute. Antenne white ringed with fuscous. Abdomen pale fuscous mixed with whit- ish. Forewings elongate, moderate, costa strongly arched, apex obtuse, termen nearly straight, rather strongly oblique ; 2 from +; fuscous very finely sprinkled with whitish points, with a very few scattered black specks ; stigmata small, blackish,
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plical obliquely before first discal, second discal transversely double: cilia pale fuscous. Hindwings light fuscous; cilia whitish, towards base mixed with fuscous.
Perth, West Australa, in October ; one specimen.
Heterochyta asteropa, n. sp.
Female, 33 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax fuscous very finely irrorated with whitish ; palpi 6, terminal joint 4, loosely scaled, tolerably pointed. Antennz whitish ringed with fus- cous. Abdomen elongate, fuscous mixed with paler. Fore- wings elongate, rather narrow, costa moderately arched, apex round-pointed, termen nearly straight, rather strongly oblique; 2 from #; fuscous, very finely sprinkled with whitish points, with some scattered whitish scales; discal stigmata ochreous-white: cilia fuscous mixed with whitish. Hindwings pale grey ; cilia whitish, with pale grey median shade.
Sydney, New South Wales; Mount Lofty, South Aus- tralia ; in August and September, two specimens.
Heterochyta pyrosema, Low. (Pleurota pyrosema, Low, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., 1899, 109.) Female, 31 mm. Very like asteropa, but palpi much shorter (4), second joint relatively much shorter and more broadly sc7}_d, term‘nal joint half second, slender, acute ; fore- wings wita apex more obtuse, termen less oblique, 2 from2, 7 and 8 longer-stalked, discal stigmata pale reddish-ochreous ; hindwings and cilia fuscous. One specimen received from Mr. Lower.
Bipa, Walk.
Head with appressed scales; tongue developed. Antennz ?, in male serrulate, minutely ciliated (4), basal joint mode- rate, without pecten. Labial palpi extremely long, recurved, second joint much exceeding base of antennez, rough-scaled beneath, terminal joint as long as second, somewhat thickened with scales towards base, acute. Forewings with 2 from +, 7 and 8 stalked, 7 to apex, 11 from before middle. Hindwings 1, elongate-ovate, cilia 4; 3 and 4 connate, 5-7 nearly paral- lel.
Allied to Acolasta and Phaeosaces, but differing from both in the rough scales of second joint of palpi, which are also exceptionally long.
Bida radiosella, Walk. (Psecadia radiosella, Walk., Tin. 539; Bida crambella, ib. 824.)
Male, temale, 23-29 mm. Head white. Palpi white, lower half of second and terminal joints fuscous. Antenne
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fuscous. Thorax white, shoulders, inner edge of patagia, and two posterior marks fuscous. Abdomen whitish, with dorsal series of ferruginous patches. Forewings elongate, narrowed anteriorly, costa moderately arched, apex round-pointed, ter- men slightly sinuate, oblique; white; all veins marked with fine fuscous lines mixed posteriorly with blackish ; three pale fuscous longitudinal streaks, first from base beneath costa to costa beyond middle, extending along it to near apex, second median, from base to apex, united with first at base, finely edged with dark fuscous beneath on basal third, and above from 4 to 4, third less marked, subdorsal, from near base to near tornus; indications of faint pale fuscous streaks between veins towards tornus: cilia white, with two light fuscous lines. Hindwings whitish-grey; cilia whitish, with two faint fuscous lines.
Blackheath, New South Wales: Melbourne, Victoria ; Mount Lofty, South Australia; in November, three speci- mens.
Tuupaca, Walk.
On account of the scales of the crown being drawn up into a raised tuft I formerly classed this genus with the Tinerde, but am now satisfied that its real position is here; the neuration is typically Qcophorid, and the tendency to a rais- ed tuft is found in some of the allied genera, such as Pedois; the peculiar pupa, as noted above, is also clear evidence. I described thirteen species, and no new ones have since been discovered.
Etrumia, Hb.
This name must be used instead of Psecadia, Hb. The Australian species referred to by Dr. Turner and myself as hilarella, Walk., is not the true fi/arella, but must be known as exhilarella, Durr. ; the two species are extremely similar in the female sex, but very different in the male; the true hilar- ella is a larger species, and the male has the hindwings mostly black, and clothed with rough hairs on the lower surface.
PHOLEUTIS, n. g.
Head with appressed hairs; tongue developed. Antenne 1, in male simple, basal joint moderate, without pecten. La- bial palpi moderate, curved, ascending, second joint with ap- pressed scales, not reaching base of antennz, terminal joint shorter than second, acute. Posterior tibie clothed with long hairs. Forewings with 1b furcate, 2 from +, 7 to costa, 8 absent, 11 from middle. Hindwings under 1, elongate-ovate, cilia 1; 3 and 4 connate, 5-7 parallel.
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Apparently somewhat intermediate between Peritorneuta and the group of Pseudodowia, characteristic of the Indian region.
Pholeutis neolecta, n. sp.
Male, female, 10-12 mm. MHead and thorax ochreous- brown. Palpi whitish-ochreous. Antenne fuscous. Abdo- men grey. Legs brownish-ochreous, anterior and middle tibie and tarsi white, tarsi spotted with dark fuscous. Forewings elongate, costa moderately arched, apex round-pointed, termen very obliquely rounded ; ochreous-brown, thinly sprinkled with blackish ; second discal stigma blackish, sometimes connected with tornus by a more or less defined direct fuscous or blackish bar, but this is sometimes wholly absent: cilia brownish- ochreous. Hindwings grey; cilia light greyish-ochreous
Healesville, Victoria, in December; seven specimens. Though at first sight inconspicuous, this is a singular little insect ; the colouring of the legs is quite exceptional.
ScorPiopsis, Turn.
This name appears to supersede Cerycostola, Meyr.: and T believe that superba, Turn., is a synonym of pyrobola, Meyr., the synonymy being as follows : —
Scorpiopsis pyrobola, Meyyr.
(Gonionota pyrobola, Meyr., Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales, 1886, 1041; Scorpiopsis superba, Turn., Trans. Roy. Soc. 8. Austr., 1894, 133; Cerycostola pyroboia, Meyr., Trans. Roy. Soc., S. Austr., 1902, 163.)
STENOMIDA.
I propose to constitute this a distinct family. It agrees in the main characters with the Xyloryctide, but differs in having veins 7 and 8 of the forewings separate. To this family I refer the genus Agriophara, now containing about twenty species ; this is the only Australian genus at present known to me, but the New Zealand genus Hypeuryntis also belongs here. The family is very extensively represented in South America, which appears to be its home.
COPROMORPHID.
I have recently defined this family, which consists at pre- sent of only a few species, occurring in India, Australia, Africa, and the South Pacific islands They are broad- winged insects, distinguishable from all other Tineena by the possession of a basal pecten of hairs on lower margin of cell in hindwings, such as is characteristic also of the Hpiblemide
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amongst the Zortricina; from the Hpiblemide themselves they are easily distinguished by the smooth head and falciform palpi : — Forewings with 7 and 8 stalked ......... Hypertropha. of 3 it separates set: Copromorpha,
HypertTropuHa, Meyr.
I have described two species of this genus, and Dr. Tur- ner has added a third, which I have not seen; two more are now given. The broad-winged tortriciformis, with trans- verse rows of raised metallic spots, is nearest in character to Copromorpha, and therefore probably earliest.
Hypertropha zophodesma, nu. sp.
Male, 16 mm. MHead and thorax dark fuscous finely sprinkled with whitish. Palpi whitish irrorated with dark fus- cous. Antenne fuscous. Abdomen bronzy-fuscous. Fore- wings moderate, costa mioderately arched, apex round- pointed, termen concave, oblique; dark fuscous finely irro- rated with whitish, partially slightly pinkish-tinged ; an in- distinct spot of white suffusion in disc before middle; a broad suffused blackish-fuscous fascia from 2 of costa to tornus: cilia dark fuscous. Hindwings ochreous-yellow ; a narrow: rather dark fuscous fascia along termen throughout, becoming broader along dorsum ; cilia pale fuscous, with darker basal line.
Victoria; one specimen, without further particulars (Raynor).
Hypertropha rhothias, n. sp.
Female, 16 mm. Head white. Palpi white, second joint sprinkled with dark fuscous except towards apex. Antenne white, ringed with dark fuscous. Thorax white, somewhat sprinkled with fuscous. Forewings elongate, somewhat dilat- ed, costa moderately arched, apex obtuse, termen - slightly sinuate, oblique; blackish-fuscous, all scales narrowly tipped with white; a white basal patch extending on dorsum to near middle, and on costa to beyond middle, costal edge and five direct costal strigule fuscous; beyond this a bright ferrugi- nous dorsal mark, followed by two series of raised purplish- golden-metallic spots terminated above by oblique edge of basal patch; a transverse white dorsal spot before tornus, narrowed upwards; two posterior transverse series of raised purplish-golden-metallic spots, first straight, not reaching costa, second curved outwards in middle, between these a suf- fused blackish discal patch; a triangular orange-ferruginous costal spot before apex, cut by a white oblique line from costa to termen beneath apex: cilia purplish-fuscous with rows of blackish points, with a subapical patch and bar below middle
52
of termen white, and three small black basal spots on lower half of termen, separated by white interspaces, and followed by a deep purple line. Hindwings dark fuscous; a little ochreous-yellow suffusion towards termen below middle; cilia fuscous, with dark fuscous basal line, tips yellowish.
Sydney, New South Wales, in November; one specimen (Raynor). This may be regarded as intermediate between tortriciformis and chlenota, though narrower-winged than either.
Hypertropha tortriciformis, Gn.
Additional localities for this species are Murrurundi, Bath- urst, and Tenterfield, New South Wales; Gisborne, Vic- toria; Quorn, Port Lincoln, and Mount Lofty, South Aus- tralia; and in Tasmania; from October to March.
Hypertropha chlenota, Meyr. Also taken at Northampton, West Australia, in Novem- ber. CorvromorrHa, Meyr.
Antenne in male unipectinated or lamellate-dentate. Labial palpi curved, ascending, second joint much thickened with dense rather rough scales, terminal joint shorter than second, rather stout, pointed. Forewings with tufts of scales on surface; 7 to termen, 7, 8, 9 approximated at base, or 8 and 9 sometimes stalked. Hindwings over 1, irregular-ovate ; 3 and 4 separate or connate or short-stalked, 6 and 7 parallel.
The variation in the structure of antennze and neuration is only specific.
Copromorpha prasinochroa, n. sp.
Male, 22-24 mm. Head and thorax ochreous-whitish mixed with light green, thorax anteriorly spotted with black- ish. Palpi whitish mixed with pale greenish, hairs of second joint expanded towards apex above, terminal joint rather shorter than second, ochreous-whitish, with fuscous supra- median band. Antennz lamellate, pale ochreous, basal joint whitish-ochreous. Abdomen pale ochreous sprinkled with fus- cous. Forewings elongate, posteriorly dilated, costa mode- rately arched, apex obtuse, termen somewhat oblique, slightly rounded ; 2 from £, 3, 4, 5 closely approximated at base, 8 and 9 stalked ; light yellowish-green ; costa irregularly strigulated with blackish; some small scattered transverse raised tuits, blackish anteriorly, ochreous-whitish posteriorly, especially in disc and along vein 1b; a larger similar transverse tuft in disc at 4, produced anteriorly into an elongate blackish spot; two tufts transversely placed in disc at 2, and two larger tufts be- yond these but wider apart; subterminal and preterminal
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series of blackish dots, and an irregular blackish spot between these above middle: cilia light green, tips whitish. Hind- wings with 3 and 4 connate; light grey; cilia pale greyish- ochreous, tips whitish.
Sydney, New South Wales; a specimen received from Mr. Geo. Masters, who had several, and informed me that it occurred in caves by the seashore, and I also have one taken by Mr. Lower, but never met with it myself. It is the only green species of the genus.
ELACHISTIDA. STaGMAToPHORA, HS. This name must be used instead of Pyroderces; Mr. J. H.
Durrant informs me that though both names were published in the same year, Stagmatophora has the priority.
Stagmatophora symbolias, n. sp. Female, 15 mm. Head ochreous-brown, face more ochre- ous, a white spot on each side of forehead. Palpi very long and slender, second joint pale ochreous, terminal joint longer
than second, white, anterior edge dark fuscous. Antenne white ringed with dark fuscous. Thorax brown, with two posterior white marks and a fine white line on each side of back. Abdomen yellow-ochreous. Forewings very narrow,
widest near base, apex caudate, acute; 5, 7, 8, 9 out of 6; deep ochreous ; four very fine white black-edged longitudinal lines, first almost costal, from near base to 2; second from beneath base of costa, gradually curved downwards to disc beyond }, third in disc from 4 to %, fourth along submedian fold from base to tornus; a rather broad white streak along basal third of dorsum, attenuated posteriorly ; a semioval white spot on dorsum about middle; a black dot above tornus; beyond this an ochreous-orange patch on termen, becoming brown-reddish towards costa, where it is margined by two dark fuscous exter- nally white-edged marks; a purplish-fuscous apical spot, edged above by a blackish dash: cilia light bronzy-fuscous. Hindwings dark grey; cilia grey, becoming ochreous-yellow- ish towards tornus.
Brisbane, Queensland ; one specimen. Probably nearest to S. schismatias, but quite distinct.
Limnecia trissodesma, Meyr., Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales, 1886, 1047, was accidentally omitted from my paper on Elachistide.
SynTomactis, Meyr. Syntomactis crebra, n. sp.
Male, female, 7-8 mm. Head whitish, irrorated with
dark grey. Palpi whitish, second joint with six rings, third
54
and sixth from base grey, others black, terminal joint longer than second, with eight rings, second, fifth, eighth, and some- times third and sixth black, others grey. Antenne grey, ringed with darker. Thorax dark grey sprinkled with whit- ish. Abdomen grey. Forewings narrower than in catas- poda; grey or rather dark fuscous irrorated with white, with a few scattered black scales; four more or less indistinct oblique fascie of dark fuscous suffusion, appearing on costa as distinct dark fuscous spots, in disc marked with tufts of raised scales mixed with blackish; a blackish dash in disc towards apex, and a blackish dot at apex: cilia grey, round apex darker and irrorated with whitish. Hindwings and cilia rey.
‘ oe, New South Wales, in August and February ; three specimens. Very like S. cataspoda, but obviously nar- rower-winged, and entirely without any ochreous markings or colouring in the forewings.
HELIODINES, Stt. Antenne +, in male thick, simple. Labial palpi rather
short, slightly curved, porrected or drooping, filiform, point- ed. Posterior tibiz smoooth-scaled. | Forewings with lb simple, 6 and 7 sometimes stalked, 7 to costa, 8 absent. Hindwings $, lanceolate, cilia 3; transverse vein partly ab- sent, 4 absent, 6 and 7 approximated.
Based on one European species, with which the following is truly congeneric, differing structurally only in the shorter palpi, and in having veins 6 and 7 of the forewings separate, whilst in the typical species they are stalked; there is also much superficial resemblance.
Heliodines princeps, n. sp.
Male, 11 mm. Head and thorax dark bronzy-fuscous. Palpi short, drooping, purplish-fuscous, terminal joint longer than second, whitish-ochreous. Antenne dark purplish-fus- cous. Abdomen dark fuscous, beneath yellow - ochre- ous. Forewings elongate - lanceolate; 6 and 7 _ sepa- rate; bright deep orange; base suffused with dark bronzy-fuscous; a bar from costa at $, small transverse costal spots before middle and at %, similar dorsal spots before middle and before tornus, a dot beneath middle of disc, and a small round discal spot beyond middle dark purplish-leaden- metallic; apical fourth dark purplish-fuscous, including a purplish-leaden metallic streak from above tornus along ter- men to apex, and a short oblique mark on costa: cilia dark fuscous. Hindwings dark purplish-fuscous; cilia dark fus- sous, on lower half of termen orange.
Brisbane, Queensland ; one specimen.
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DICASTERIS, nN. g.
Head smooth ; tongue developed. Antenne #, basal joint moderate, with pecten. Labial palpi moderately long, curv- ed, ascending, second joint with appressed scales, rather rough beneath, terminal joint shorter than second, acute. Posterior tibie with long hairs above. Forewings with upper fork of 1b nearly obsolete, 2 from #, 4 absent, 6 and 7 out of 8, 7 to costa, 11 from middle. Hindwings +, lanceolate, cilia 2; 4 absent, 2, 3, 5 parallel, 6 and 7 stalked.
A curious genus, of which the exact affinity is doubtful, but *t appears to have some relation to the Hoplophanes group.
Dicasteris leucastra, n. sp.
Female, 12 mm. Head, palpi, antenne, thorax, and ab- domen dark fuscous, upper edge of palpi white. Forewings broad-lanceolate ; dark fuscous; a rather broad erect ochreous- white mark from tornus, reaching more than half across wing: cilia fuscous, mixed with darker towards base. Hind- wings dark fuscous; cilia fuscous.
Tasmania; one specimen, without further particulars (Raynor).
KUMENODORA, Nl. g.
Head smooth, sidetufts spreading behind ; tongue develop- ed. Antennz #, in male simple, basal joint moderate. Labial palpi moderate, curved, ascending, with appresed scales, ter- -minal joint shorter than second, acute. Posterior tibize cloth- ed with long hairs. Forewings with 2-6 parallel, 7 and 8 stalked, 7 to costa, 11 from beyond middle. Hindwings 4, narrow-lanceolate, cilia 2; veins 2-7 parallel.
This would seem to be an early unspecialized type.
Humenodora encrypta, n. sp.
Male, 10 mm. Head, palpi, antenne, and thorax dark bronzy-fuscous; second joint of palpi ochreous-whitish at apex, and towards base beneath. Forewings lanceolate ; bronzy-fuscous irrorated with blackish-fuscous, with a few whitish scales: cilia fuscous, towards base irrorated with black- ish-fuscous. Hindwings dark grey; cilia grey.
Brisbane, Queensland, in September ; one specimen.
OpoGona, Z.
This name must be substituted for Lozostoma, Stt., being earlier. With regard to this genus, I am indebted to Mr. J. H. Durrant for kindly calling my attention to the fact that I made a serious error in overlooking the existence of fairly- developed maxillary palpi (I probably mistook them for the sections of the tongue) ; the genus must certainly therefore be
56
transferred to the Tineid@, where it may be _ provisionally placed near Hvrerorestis.
Nortopryas, Meyr. Notodryas callerga, n. sp.
Male, 9 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax white. Antenne grey, white towards base. Abdomen grey. Forewings with vein 6 separate; white ; markings brown irrorated with black- ish; an oblique mark from dorsum near base, reaching half across wing; an oblique fascia from dorsum beyond middle, reaching % across wing; a spot on tornus, and a longitudinal mark in disc above it; some dark scales at apex: cilia white, towards base irregularly mixed with dark fuscous scales. Hindwings light grey ; cilia white.
Port Lincoln (Louth Bay), South Australia, in Novem- ber; one specimen. ‘This differs from the other two species in the separation of vein 6 of the forewings, but is clearly con- generic.
TINEID. NeptTicuta, Z.
Head rough. Tongue rudimentary. Antenne 4-%, in male simple, basal joint much enlarged and concave beneath to form eyecap. Labial palpi short, filiform, drooping. Maxil- lary palpi long, filiform, folded. Posterior tibiz with bristles above, middle-spurs in or above middle. Forewings: 1b simple, cell usually open between 2 and 6, 3-5 absent, 7 to costa, 8 out of 7 or absent, 9 absent. Huindwings 3-3, lanceo- late, cilia 3-4; cell open between 2 and 6, 3-5 absent.
I now include this and the other genera with antennal eye- cap in the Jineide. The present genus contains a number of minute species, usually overlooked by collectors ; only from Mr. G. Lyell have I received a species. The larve mine galleries or blotches in leaves, and are without developed legs or pro- legs, but with pairs of rudimentary ventral processes on seg- ments 3, 4, and 6-11, or rarely wholly apodal. I have met with other larve of the genus besides those recorded, on Huca- lyptus, Banksia, ete., but failed to rear them owing to the diffi- culty of preventing these stiff leaves from drying up. Pupa in a firm cocoon, usually outside the mine. I have not been able to examine the neuration of all the following species, as I could not spare material for denudation, and these tiny in- gects cannot be examined otherwise, though I can manage al- most anything else; but in those which I have denuded the neuration was exactly like that of the European J, tityrella figured in my “Handbook.” Some of the species are remark- able for the development of secondary sexual characters, in the form of black scales, especially on the hindwings, which
57
are sometimes (probably in connection with this) unusually dilated in the male; these require careful attention. The whole genus is, however, difficult, and will probably be largely increased when Australian collectors learn to breed these in- sects, and also (which is equally difficult) to set them when
bred <—
1. Forewings with defined pale mark-
mais” 1... SYS AP eee ne by assettec yu. Dy Forewings, wholly dark »..........22. 2. ie 2. Head ochreous, forewings with fascia ‘or opposite spots’! .......¢2.. 3. Head black, forewings with irregu- JEP 10 Eglo 0o Bee ee ee er ae 6. 3. Forewings with entire fascia ...... 4. Forewings with opposite spots ...... planetis. 4. Fascia broad on dorsum, narrowed UDA PETG ES ada ts SAS om reer yt anazona. Hasciar ob uniform width 2.3... Z2+'e< 5. eswrascie.. Cutls smpibel <2 ais jaceeens oe ot primigena,.
Fascia shining Hae vouOy Waived leucargyra. 6. Forewings with dorsal area partly
Waltish-ochreous’ = .5. 2 pes scen aes gilva. Forewings with dorsal area wholly Mnialc © teed bent wate axe cry ds ak bes 3 ols. caenodora. estiace Gar. LUSCOUB ¢. <j), coocsh'S3<<< e+ sxace symmora. Gem OCNECOUS = iter acta tt Cane rae 8. 8. EKyecap in male with large dark hrscous=sc¢ale- api tc) fiw sleds. melanotis. - iecapywhollyepaley: cece 245050. ess 9.
9. Anterior tibiz in the male very short, thickened with black scales — funeralis. Anterior tibiae normal, without
blacks Seales Vi3.00.6- 5... ee 10. 10. Forewings with ground colour DIG OA Sar tre Sat nt Yea ac ae chalcitts. Forewings with ground colour not [SVR TTWA YA mec eee ect a ets a ll. Undersurface of forewings in male with dark fuscous scales ............ endocapna. Undersurface of forewings without Special iseauilovasg ee... eae EZ. 12. Hindwings blackish towards base... phyllanthina. Hindwings not blackish ............. 13 13. Cilia of hindwings mixed with dark PROV, LOM ALES DASE: +2. <0 acss concer libera, Cila of hindwings not mixed with darkdorey Se... te ene trepida.
Vepticula leucargyra, n. sp.
Female, 3-4 mm. Head ferruginous-ochreous, Antenne grey, eyecap white. Thorax dark purplish-bronze, abdomen dark fuscous. Forewings lanceolate; shining deep purplish- bronze ; a moderate shining brassy-yellow-whitish direct fascia at =; cilia purplish-bronzy, outer half whitish. Hindwings dark fuscous; cilia grey.
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Sydney, New South Wales; five specimens bred in Sep- tember. Larva pointed behind, brignt green; head small, blackish: mines an irregular contorted gallery in leaves of Correa speciosa (Rutacee) in July and August; cocoon white. Similar larve, probably of the same species, were also found on Phebaliwm dentatum, but not reared.
Nepticula anazona, n. sp.
Female, 4 mm. Head whitish-ochreous. Antenne and eyecap ochreous-white. Thorax and abdomen dark bronzy- grey. Forewings lanceolate ; shining bronzy-fuscous, irrorated with dark fuscous ; a rather shining whitish direct fascia at 3, broad on dorsum, and considerably narrowed towards costa: cilia light bronzy-fuscous, tips whitish. Hindwings and cilia light grey.
Brisbane, Queensland, in Sepember ; one specimen beaten from T'ristania conferta (Myrtacee), which is probably the food-plant.
Nepticula primigena, n. sp.
Female, 4 mm. Head ochreous-yellow. Antenne whit- ish-grey, eyecap white. Thorax and abdomen dark bronzy- grey. Forewings lanceolate; bronzy-grey irrorated with dark fuscous; a moderate dull white direct fascia at #: cilia whit- ish-fuscous, apical half white round apex beyond a blackish- fuscous median line. Hindwings and cilia light grey.
Sydney, New South Wales, in August; one specimen beaten from Banksia serrata (Proteacee), which is probably the food-plant; I have met with Nepticula larve on this plant, but failed to rear them.
Nepticula planetis, n. sp.
Female, 5 mm. Head ferruginous-ochreous. Antenne light grey, eyecap ochreouswhitish. Thorax grey irrorated with dark fuscous. Abdomen grey. Forewings lanceolate ;
grey, slightly purplish-tinged, irrorated with dark fuscous ; rather small cloudy ochreous-whitish opposite spots on costa at % and dorsum before tornus; cilia whitish-grey, basal half sprinkled with dark fuscous. Hindwings grey; cilia pale rey.
: hata New South Wales, in December; one specimen taken at light.
Nepticula cenodora, n. sp.
Male,6mm. Head black. Antenne grey, eyecaps ochre- ous-white. Thorax pale whitish-ochreous. Abdomen black- ish-grey. Forewings lanceolate; dark purplish-fuscous; a rather broad pale whitish-ochreous costal streak from base to
59
apex, lower edge twice subsinuate: cilia bronzy-grey. Hind- wings blackish-grey ; cilia grey.
Sydney, New South Wales; one specimen in October.
Nepticula gilva, nu. sp.
Female, 6 mm. Head blackish. Antenne grey, eyecaps whitish-ochreous. Thorax whitish-ochreous. Abdomen pale bronzy, becoming whitish-ochreous towards base. Forewings lanceolate; pale whitish-ochreous; two irregular fuscous patches irrorated with dark fuscous, first on dorsum at 1, reaching half across wing, second on tornus, reaching nearly to costa, anteriorly sending an elongate projection to disc above middle: cilia ochreous-grey-whitish. Hindwings bronzy-grey ; cilia ochreous-grey-whitish.
Sydney, New South Wales, in December ; one specimen taken at light.
Nepticula symmora, n. sp.
Female, 4-5 mm. Head ochreous-yellow, face dark ius- cous. Antenne dark grey, eyecap whitish. Thorax pur- plish-fuscous. Abdomen grey. Forewings lanceolate; pur- plish-fuscous, irrorated with dark fuscous: cilia grey sprinkled with dark fuscous. Hindwings and cilia grey.
Adelaide, South Australia, in October ; twenty specimens, amongst which it 1s remarkable that there is not a single male. I found the species flying in plenty over Dodonaa viscosa (Sapindacew), which must certainly be the food-plant.
Nepticula melanotis, n. sp.
Male, 7 mm. Head ferruginous-ochreous. Antenne dark grey, eyecap whitish-ochreous, furnished above with a large triangular dark fuscous flap of scales. Thorax and abdo- men bronzy-grey. Forewings lanceolate; grey-whitish, densely irrorated with dark fuscous and blackish; cilia whit- ish-grey sprinkled with black: on undersurface a small patch of pale bluish-metallic scales on dorsum beyond middle. Hindwings broad-lanceolate, grey, suffused with violet-black- ish-grey irroration except at apex and on a thinly-scaled longi- tudinal patch beneath costa towards middle, corresponding to bluish patch of forewings; anterior half of costa with a pro- jecting fringe of long dark grey scales; cilia grey.
Sydney, New South Wales, in September ; one specimen.
Nepticula funeralis, n. sp.
Male, 4 mm. Head yellow-ochreous. Antenne whitish- fuscous, eyecap ochreous-whitish. Thorax grey mixed with dark fuscous. Abdomen dark grey. Anterior tibie very short, thickened above with blackish scales. Forewings lanceo- late, costal edge on undersurface thickened and_ blackish ;
60
grey irrorated with blackish: basal half of dorsum with pro- jecting blackish scales: cilia grey sprinkled with black. Hind- wings grey; a small patch of black scales towards base of dor- sum ; cilia grey, on middle of costa with an expansible group of long black scales, on basal half of dorsum mixed wtih black- ish scales at base.
Sydney, New South Wales, in March; one specimen.
Nepticula endocapna, n. sp.
Male, female, 4-5 mm. Head yellow-ochreous or whitish- ochreous. Antenne grey, eyecap whitish. Thorax dark grey mixed with whitish. Abdomen dark grey. Forewings lanceo- late ; fuscous-whitish irrorated with dark grey; undersurface in male clothed with dark purplish-fuscous modified scales ex- cept towards apex: cilia grey-whitish sprinkled with blackish. Hindwings grey, in male broader and clothed with dark purplish-fuscous modified scales except towards apex; cilia grey, in male basally mixed with dark grey scales on anterior half of costa, and with an expansible tuft of long dark fuscous scales from base of costa above.
Albany and York, West Australa, in November and De- cember; eleven specimens. The species was common on a fence at Albany, beneath a row of Hucalyptus, which was al- most certainly the food-plant.
Nepticula cnalcitis, n. sp.
Female, 5 mm. Head _ ochreous-yellowish. Antenne whitish-ochreous, eyecaps ochreous-whitish. Thorax dark bronzy-fuscous. Abdomen bronzy-grey. Forewings lanceolate ; shining light bronze, irrorated with dark fuscous: cilia whit- ish-fuscous, sprinkled with dark fuscous. Hindwings pale grey ; cilia whitish-fuscous.
Albany, West Australia, in December: one specimen.
Nepticula phyllanthina, n. sp.
Female, 4 mm. Head _ ochreous-yellowish. Antenne whitish-grey, eyecap whitish. Thorax and abdomen purplish- fuscous. Forewings lanceolate; grey, mixed with grey-whitish and blackish-grey, anteriorly suffused with dark purplish- grey: cilia whitish-grey sprinkled with blackish-grey. Hind- wings dark grey, on basal half more thinly scaled and black- ish ; cilia grey.
Sydney, New South Wales; three specimens bred in Feb- ruary. Larva mines a long broad sinuate gallery in leaves of Phyllanthus Ferdinandi (Buphorbiacee): cocoon white. I believe the food-plant is not native near Sydney, but occurs naturally further north in New South Wales and Queens- land: the tree from which T bred these specimens grew in the Botanic Gardens.
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Nepticula libera, n. sp.
Male, 4 mm. Head yellow-ochreous. Antenne whitish- fuscous, eyecap ochreous-whitish. Thorax fuscous sprinkled with dark fuscous. Abdomen rather dark fuscous. Forewings lanceolate; fuscous-grey, irrorated with dark fuscous: cilia grey, sprinkled with dark fuscous. Hindwings grey; cilia grey, mixed with dark grey towards base on both margins throughout.
Sydney, New South Wales; one specimen taken at light in March.
Nepticula trepida, n. sp.
Male, 4-5 mm. Head ferruginous-ochreous. Antennze grey, eyecap ochreous-whitish. Thorax dark fuscous mixed with whitish. Abdomen dark grey. Forewings lanceolate ; fus- cous irrorated with whitish and blackish: cilia whitish-grey sprinkled with blackish. Hindwings and ciha light fuscous.
Gisborne, Victoria, in March; three specimens received from Mr. G. Lyell.
LEvucoPTERA, Hb.
This name supersedes Cemiostoma, Z. I have described one species, 1. chalcocycla, and now add two more
Leucoptera deltidias, n. sp.
Female, 8 mm. Head, antenne, thorax, and abdomen snow-white. Forewings lanceolate, apex produced ; 10 absent ; shining snow-white ; a small triangular fuscous spot in middle of disc; a pale golden-metallic post-tornal spot, edged with a few fuscous scales; apex tinged with brassy-yellowish, with a minute orange apical dot terminated by a black speck; two oblique fuscous lines in costal cilia, and a third inwardly oblique faint line converging to second, cilia otherwise white. Hindwings and cilia white.
Hobart, Tasmania, in December : one specimen.
Leucoptera hemizona, n. sp.
Female, 6 mm. Head, antenne, thorax, and abdomen snow-white. Forewing lanceolate, apex produced ; 10 absent : shining snow-white ; an oblique pale brassy-yellowish bar from costa beyond middle, edged laterally with dark fuscous lines, not quite reaching half across wing: a pale brassy-yellowish blotch extending along termen, indistinctly edged with fuscous on termen; a black apical dot: cilia white, on costa with two rather oblique fuscous lines separated by a_ pale yellowish space beneath which is a minute fuscous dot, and a third in- wardly oblique fuscous line before apex. Hindwings whitish- grey ; cilia white.
Carnarvon, West Australia, in October : two specimens.
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PHYLLOCNISTIS, Z.
I believe that under the name diaugella I confused two species ; I now, therefore, re-describe this species, together with six new ones. The following tabulation includes all the eight described Australian species : —
Py NONVINOS., Gate WONOy™ to. cs- sca de aeons atranota. Hindwines whitish ee... 68 te ee. 2. 2. Forewings with dark fuscous costal blotchvndan baseay eat tie beeen ees iadocella. Forewings without such blotch ....... 3
3. Forewings with black longitudinal apical Gaslr -si een see ee eee, acmias. Forewings without apical dash ....... 4 4. Forewings with post-median fascia
AMM USGS Westies Sete teeta. ene ae. hapalodes. Forewings with post-median fascia notranchlated)ele!. Dig. este. oe 5. 5. Forewings with two strong dark fuseous streaks from) base .2)..: 5... atractias. Forewings with not more than one SURG AA EEOUI. WASC a oars.k Rectan ep ee 6.
6. Median costal streak reaching tornus — psychina. Median costal streak only reaching
halt Wachossiw tities... ates ae 7. Forewings with fuscous subcostal Sree erOnn SOUSC yee 2 hee ek os diaugella. Forewings with yellowish discal stireakpitom basevasie....eeld..... .. triortha.
Phylloenistis aemias, 0. sp.
_ Female, 5-6 mm. Head, palpi, antenne, thorax, and ab- domen shining white. Forewings lanceolate, apex long-cau- date; shining brassy-white; an oblique dark fuscous wedge- shaped streak from dorsum beyond middle, reaching half across wing, and a short fine dark fuscous stricula from middle of costa, both followed by silvery-white spaces; a blackish longitudinal streak from 3 of disc to apex, terminating in a black apical dot preceded ‘by a silvery-white dot: apical por- tion of wing shows traces of alternate brassy-tinged and sil- very-white bars ; cilia white faintly barred with pale yellowish on costa, with fine black apical bar continuing the longitudi- nal streak. Hindwings and cilia whitish.
Blackheath, New South Wales, in February: two speci- mens. This is a very distinct species.
Phyllocnistis psychina, n. sp.
Female, 5 mm. Head, palpi, antennz, thorax, and abdo- men shining white. Forewings lanceolate, apex long-caudate ; shining white: a fine pale yellowish streak along submedian fold from base to tornus: a slender oblique pale yellowish pos- teriorly fuscous-edged streak from middle of costa, and a
63 : nearly direct one from costa at #, meeting at tornus; two similar direct bars between this and apex; a round black apt- cal dot: cilia white with slightly oblique extensions of bars from costa. Hindwings and cilia whitish.
Albany, West Australia, in December; one specimen. Distinguished from all by the first costal streak running straight to tornus.
Phylloenistis hapalodes, n. sp.
Female, 6mm. Head, palpi, antenne, thorax, and abdo- men shining white. Forewings lanceolate, apex long-caudate ; shining snow-white ; an ochreous-yellowish streak from base of costa above submedian fola to about middle: a narrow oblique light ochreous-yellowish fascia from 2 of costa to tornus, pos- teriorly fuscous-edged, acutely angulated near dorsum; a light ochreous-yellowish posteriorly dark-edged fascia between this and apex; a black apical dot: cilia whitish, apparently with two or three diverging dark fuscous bars from costa (imper- fect). Hindwings and cilia whitish.
Albany, West Australia, in December: one specimen.
Phyllocnistis triortha, n. sp.
Female, 6-7 mm. Head, palpi, antenne, thorax, and ab- domen shining white. Forewings elongate-lanceolate, apex shortly-caudate ; shining white: a broad pale ochreous-yellow- ish discal streak from base to beyond middle; an evenly out- wards curved fuscous line from 4 of costa to dorsum before tornus, edged anteriorly with pale ochreous-yellowish suffu- sion, preceded on costa by an oblique fuscous line reaching half across wing, and followed on costa by two similar direct lines, edged anteriorly with pale ochreous-yellowish suffusion ; a black apical dot: cilia whitish, on termen with basal half tinged with pale ochreous-yellowish, at apex with two in- distinct diverging fuscous lines. Hindwings and cilia whiv- ish.
Carnarvon, West Australia, in October ; two specimens.
Phyllocnistis diaugella, Meyr.
Male, female, 3-4 mm. Head, palpi, antenne, thorax, and abdomen shining white. Forewings lanceolate, apex long- caudate ; shining white; a fine fuscous longitudinal streak be- neath costa from base to middle: a fine oblique dark fuscous streak from middle of costa, reaching half across wing; a slightly outwards-curved dark fuscous line from % of costa to tornus ; two short direct fuscous lines from costa between this and apex; a round black apical dot: cilia white, with faint fuscous bars on costal lines and three or four diverging fuscous bars at and beneath apex. Hindwings and cilia whitish.
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Sydney, New South Wales: bred from blotch-mines in leaves of Huphorbia sparmanni, in February and March. It is the smallest species of the genus, and 1s so slender as to be very difficult to pin. My original description included also the following species, which I now regard as distinct.
Phyllocnistis atractias, n. sp.
Male, 5mm. Head, palpi, antenne, thorax, and abdo- men shining white. Forewings lanceolate, long- caudate ; shin- ing white; two strong dark fuscous longitudinal streaks (sub- costal and plical) from base to beyond middle: a curved oblique dark fuscous streak from middle of costa, reaching more than half across wing; a triangular dark fuscous dorsal spot before tornus, its apex receiving a direct dark fuscous streak from costa at 2; an ochreous-yellow terminal patch towards apex, edged with fuscous and anteriorly by a dark fus- cous spot; two converging bars before apex, terminated by this patch; a round black apical dot preceded by a silvery- white dot: cilia white with three fuscous costal bars continu- ing costal markings. Hindwings and cilia whitish.
Sydney, New South Wales, in May; one specimen.
Phylloenistis atranota, n. sp.
Male, 6 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax white. Antenne white, ringed with grey. Abdomen grey. Forewings lanceo- late, shortly caudate ; shining white; a fuscous streak beneath costa from base to middle ; an oblique fuscous line from middle of costa, reaching half across wing, and two others less oblique between this and apex, all preceded by pale yellowish shades ; a similar oblique streak from tornus, not reaching half across wing; an ochreous-yellow patch towards apex ; a dark fuscous direct bar just before apex; a round black apical dot: cilia white, with three dark fuscous bars on costa continuing costal markings, and two diverging dark fuscous bars beneath apex. Hindwings dark grey: cilia grey.
Sydney, New South Wales, in December; one specimen. Separated from all by the dark grey hindwings.
EPICNISTIS, n. g. Head somewhat rough on crown, face smooth; tongue short. Antennz almost 1, basal joint elongate, slightly flat- tened, not forming an eyecap. Labial palpi moderately long, smooth-scaled, drooping, terminal joint longer than second, pointed. Maxillary palpi obsolete. Posterior tibie thinly clothed with bristly hairs. Forewings with 1b simple, 3 ab- sent, 4 absent, 6 and 7 stalked, 7 to costa. Hindwings 4, linear- lanceolate, cilia 6:3 absent, 4 absent, 5 and 6 stalked. Closely related to Phyllocnistis, but distinguished by the
65
head being rather rough on crown, and presence of vein 8 in forewings; there is no eyecap, but the dilation in some species of Phyllocnistis is extremely slight. The following species is very like a Phyllocnistis superficially.
Epienistis euryscid, n. sp.
Female, 8 mm. Head, palpi, antenneze, thorax, and ab- domen shining white. Forewings lanceolate, apex produced ; shining snow-white: markings dark bronze; a longitudinal streak from base of costa beneath costa to meet posterior fascia ; a slender mark along dorsum towards middle; a rather oblique fascia at 3, narrow dorsally, furcate on costal half; two transverse fascie between this and apex: a black apical dot: cilia white, with bronzy basal patches on costal and ter- minal marks, edged externally with some dark fuscous points. Hindwings whitish: cilia white.
Mount Wellington, Tasmania, in December; one speci- men.
EXORECTIS, 0. g.
Head thinly rough-haired, hairs of face loosely appres- sed; tongue developed. Antennz 2 or nearly, in male fili- form, simple, basal joint rather dilated, with pecten. Labial palpi moderate, porrected, very slender, acute. Maxillary palpi moderately long, MOlBees Posterior tibie loosely scaled. Forewings with Ib furcate, 2 from angle, 7 and 8 stalked, 7 to costa, 11 irom before baadle. Hindwings 1, ovate-lanceo- late, cilia 1; 2-7 tolerably parallel, 4 from angle.
An interesting form, probably allied to Thereutis: the an- tenn, which are twice the length of the forewings, exceed any- thing outside the Adela group.
KHuorectis autoscia, n. sp.
Male, 10-12 mm. Head, palpi, antenne, thorax, and abdo- men whitish-grey, body thinly scaled. | Forewings elongate, rather narrow, costa moderately arched, apex pointed, ter- men extremely obliquely rounded: whitish-grey, irregularly strewn with small fuscous dots and strigule: cilia whitish- grey. Hindwings thinly scaled, whitish-grey: cilia grey- whitish.
Gisborne, Victoria, in March and April: two specimens received from Mr. G. Lyell.
SEeToMoRPHA, Z.
Head with loosely appressed hairs: tongue absent. An- tenne 2 to almost 1, in male filiform, simple, basal joint mode- rate, without pecten. Labial palpi moderately long, curved, ascending, second joint much thickened with dense scales,
D
66
slightly projecting beneath at apex, externally with several icng projecting bristles, terminal joint as long as second or shorter, rather stout, obtuse or hardly pointed. Maxillary palpi absent. Posterior tibie clothed with long fine hairs. F'orewings with 1b shortly furcate, 2 from angle, 7 and 8 stalked, 7 to costa, 11 from middle. Hindwings 1, elongate- ovate, cilia 1; 2 remote, 3 and 4 parallel, 5 and 6 stalked, 7 parallel, cell open between 4 and 5.
This curious genus is nearly related to Tinea, though differ- ing widely in the nearly smooth head, ascending labial, and ab- sence of maxillary palpi. It agrees with 77mea in neuration, in the characteristic and peculiar bristles of the labial palpi, in superficial appearance, and larval habits. The species are few in number, but are found throughout the Indo-Malayan and African regions, and in America; they are very similar in general appearance, and require careful attention to struc- tural details. The larve feed on various dried substances, such as tobacco.
Setomorpha caleularis, n. sp.
Male, female, 17-27 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax pale brownish-ochreous ; terminal joint of palpi as long as second. Antenne and abdomen light greyish-ochreous. Forewings elongate, rather narrow, costa moderately arched, apex round- poited, termen very obliquely rounded: pale brownish- ochreous, more or less sprinkled with fuscous; costa, termen, and dorsum irregularly spotted with fuscous; stigmata large, cloudy, fuscous, near together, plical obliquely beyond first discal ; a similar spot on fold at +, and another towards apex of wing: cilia whitish-ochreous, mixed and indistinctly barred with fuscous. Hindwings and cilia pale fuscous.
Sydney, New South Wales: Melbourne, Victoria: Ade- laide, South Australia; Geraldton, Perth, and York, West Australia; in June and July, and from October to February ; ten specimens. This species may be specially recognised by the long terminal joint of palpi.
67
MINERALOGICAL NOTES. By D. Mawson, B.E., B.Se. [Read May 1, 1906.]
Fretip Fretspar (NECRONITE) AND QUARTZ, FROM UMBERATANA.
The material described was discovered by Mr. W. How- chin, F.G.S., who, noting its fetid character when crushed, perceived it to be of special interest mineralogically.
Mr. Howchin describes it as occurring about two miles east of Umberatana* on the track to [linawortina Station. The rocks in the vicinity are probably quite as old as Lower Cambrian. In the immediate neighbourhood bold outcrops of binary granite are conspicuous, forming hills as much as two hundred feet in height; veins of felspar, quartz, and graphic granite, with tourmaline and other minerals, were also noted.
The specimen examined is aplitic in appearance and
slightly porous. It is composed of quartz, present to the extent of about 25 per cent., and an adularian felspar in typical rectangular sections. Grainsize averages one milli-
metre. On fracturing the rock a distinct fetid odour is produced, to be lhkened somewhat to that proceeding from carbon bisulphide.
Examined microscopically in thin sections, the felspars are seen to be idiomorphic; whilst the quartzes are, as a rule, subordinate. The felspar crystals also show the effects of crushing. Albite twinning is very common, whilst twins after the baveno law and the cross-hatching of microcline are also to be frequently noted. The refractive index is lower than that of the balsam.
Both minerals contain very numerous inclusions; these are most abundant in an outer zone around the felspars, and are also crowded thickly in a felspathic cement, occupying
interstices between the grains. The inclusions are chiefly liquid and gaseous, in addition to which much opaque dust is sometimes present. This opaque matter is very likely
largely carbonaceous, as several of the more translucent patches were identified as bitumen. The _ objectionable odeur of the fractured rock is evidently derived from the contents of the liquid and gaseous inclusions; these are quite
*Umberatana is located about 50 miles in a direct line west of the northern extremity of Lake Frome. D2
68
irregular in shape, and have an average diameter of 0°005 millimetre.
On examining a freshly prepared slice, the contents of many of these cells are seen to be 1n rapid motion, evidently due to ebullition of the liquid contents caused by rapid dift- fusion of its gas through cracks developed in preparation of the section, or perhaps by diffusion through the wall of the cell where sufficiently thin. In one case the commotion was seen to be due to the dissolving up of a tiny black particle (probably a hydrocarbon) in the liquid contents of the cell. This particle was noticed to diminish to half its bulk in ten minutes. In the case of two under examination all commo- tion had ceased by the next day.
The rock is apparently a variety of fine-grained pegma- tite, having the composition of a granite aplite, probably crystallized in the presence of abundant liquid gases. The later stages of crystallization have been those favouring the inclusion of the liquid gases. perhaps owing to rise of pres- sure due to gas escape being cut off.
The odour suggests that this gas may contain hydro- gen sulphide, carbon bisulphide, acety ylene, or like compounds. As available material was limited, little could be done to- wards definitely settling its nature. Chemical methods ren- dered possible through the courtesy of Professor Rennie, D.Sc., were undertaken.
The rock was powdered in a large mortar, under ammo- niacal water, containing a few drops of lead acetate. Only the slightest browning was noted, indicating that hydrogen sulphide could not be present in more than the minutest quantities. . The powder was then digested in hydrofluoric and nitric acids, and sulphuric acid tested for, with no better result.
Further investigation has been suspended pending ar- rival of additional supplies of the rock.
ATACAMITE FROM BIMBOWRIE.
Atacamite is extensively developed in the zone of weathering at the Mt. Howden Copper Mine.* Though prac- tically identical in chemical composition, three forms are to be distinguished, differing greatly in physical appearance.
The most striking is an arrangement of radiating lamel- le in bunched masses, often 5 centimetres in diameter, form- ing magnificent specimens for exhibition purposes. When well alin rate the lamelle measure 3°7 cms. by 2 cms., and
* Avoid How rer is sve eee on Opi behints tt. within aul ot vs Barrier Ranges, and just 30 miles in a direct line north of Olary.
69
only 0°02 cm. thick. As atacamite is brittle, these speci- mens are, therefore, very delicate, the least rough handling causing them to crumble into fine sand, the arseni/lo of the Chilians.
The lateral development of the lamellae was expected to be in the direction of the 4 face, though such has not been borne out by observation on cleavage directions evi- denced on fractured edges. This cleavage angle approxi- mates to 66° 30’, and would appear to be referable to the angle mm''', indicating a laminar development parallel to the ¢ face. As original crystal edges are not available for measurement, the point remains unsettled.
Viewed under the microscope, the delicate plates are noticeably ridged in a direction normal to the obtuse angie of the dominant cleavage; perpendicular are fine striations of a subordinate nature. Its orthorhombic character is evi- denced by straight extinction along the two latter directions and biaxial character of the interference figure. The colour of the mineral is dark emerald green.
A complete qualitative analysis was supplemented by quantitative determinations of the chlorine and copper : —
Chiorme.. 2. * pte eee, ol MOOG Copper ase re ae vy. OO SAY, imsoluble ~~ /. ae a0 2 trace Tron ay = brace Nickel and’ Cobalt, a aa Corresponding to the following composition : — Ouele s-. Mas Mi ve eo eo CuO’... a st io) eS H,O (by dif.) te ent ee Abe GA 100 The other two varieties of atacamite from this locality are closely associated in a reddish clayey matrix. One of
these is in the form of small tablets, black by reflected light, but sufficiently translucent to show the characteristic green by fairly strong transmitted light. The tables, which have the following average dimensions, 4°77 mms. by 3 mms. by 1 mm., are developed parallel to the 4 face, bounded by
{io}, {010}, {o11}, and exhibit the usual cleavage. The
chlorine we seen as 17:03 per cent. The third modification consists in grass green granular aggregates, apparently deposited subsequent to the tabular variety, often enclosing the latter and always subordinate to
70
it. An estimate of the chlorine returned 16°09 per cent., pro- bably slightly low on account of difficulty in obtaining the mineral quite free from impurity.
The latter two were noted to carry more iron than the beautiful laminated variety first described. Nickel and cobalt were found absent in all three, though, on account of abundance of their ores in the vicinity, it was suspected that perhaps replacement by them of part of the basic constituent in the atacamite might be answerable for the variety of habit.
DESCRIPTIONS OF AUSTRALIAN CURCULIONIDA, WITH NOTES ON PREVIOUSLY DESCRIBED SPECIES.
By ArtTHUR M. Lea. Peart: eV". [Read August 7, 1906. | SUB-FAMILY OTIORHYNCHIDES.
OTIORHYNCHUS SULCATUS, Fab. O. SCABROSUS, pi O. CRIBRICOLLIS, Gyll. These species all occur as garden pests in Tasmania.
With the exception of su/catis they have not previously been recorded as Australian.
SUB-FAMILY CYLINDRORHINIDES. OcyNoMA ANTENNATA, Pasc.
This species is very common about the Swan River, and is very destructive in spring and early summer to buds and leaves of the grape-vine. The scales are singularly easily abraded and discoloured. (C'ordipennis, Pasc., appears to be synonymous.
PERPERUS MALEVOLENS, D. sp.
Black, appenglages more or less obscurely diluted with red. Densely clothed with scales, varying from dingy-white to slaty-brown. With numerous sete, dense, stout, and searcely (or not at all) rising above the general level on head and prothorax, finer, sub-erect and more or less lineate in arrangement on elytra, dense and fine on under-surface, and long on tibize and muzzle.
HTead with a feeble impression between eyes, these ovate. ostrum the length of prothorax, moderately curved ; tricarinate, the median carina acute and straight, the others more or less feebly waved. Scrobes deep in fone shallower behind. Antenne not stout, scape extending to eye, first joint of funicle longer than second, and second longer than third, club slightly shorter than four preceding joints com- bined. Prothorax convex, slightly transverse, sides strongly rounded, base and apex almost truncate, ocular lobes fairly large and distinctly ciliated. Scwtellim small but distinct. Elytra sub-ovate, base feebly incurved to middle, shoulders moderately rounded. Legs moderately long; front tibie with small but distinet teeth, the others edentate or almost so. Length (rost. incl.), 6-9 mm.
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Hab.—Tasmania: Hobart, Huon River, Stonor, Parat- tah, etc.
The majority of the scales are of a dull-brown colour, but the sides of the prothorax and of the elytra are often supplied with more or less large patches of dingy-whitish scales, occasionally tinged with pale blue (but never shining), the white scales may also form small spots on the disc of the elytra and clothe the shoulders and a space between each shoulder and the scutellum; on the prothorax they are often condensed into feeble lines (two or three) on each side; white scales also occasionally surround the eyes and form feeble rings on the femora. On the upper surface the scales are more numerous than the setz, on the lower the reverse is the case. The scrobes on abraded specimens can be quite distinctly followed to the eyes, but on perfect specimens do not appear to extend so far; on perfect specimens also the front parts appear to be much deeper than they really are; the front halves are arcuate and the scapes are so inserted that the portion in front of each would extend halfway to its fellow. On perfect specimens the only punctures which are visible are some forming series on the elytra, and these are distinct only at the base. But on abrasion the head, ros- trum, prothorax, and tibize are seen to be densely covered with small punctures, on the prothorax these are often more or less confluent, and leave some subgranular spaces* and a feeble median elevated line (scarcely a carina)+: elytra with regular series of large punctures becoming smaller poster- iorly, the interstices separately gently convex and much wider than punctures, especially in “the female; sterna and two basal segments of abdomen transversely strigose as well as punctate.
On only one specimen before me are the deciduous man- dibular appendages present, they are unusually small (scar- cely longer than the basal joint of funicle), curved out- wardly, dilated to the middle imternally and of a reddish colour.
The female differs. from the male in being larger. the elytra wider and the basal segment of abdomen convex (in- stead of concave) in the middle. In several females before me portion of the ovipositor is protruding, and to all appear- ance is a horny reddish sheath to a penis: the resemblance
* These subgranular spaces are not themselves punctate, and are much less distinct than the punctures, characters it is as well to mention, as there is a common (and apvarently undescribed) species which closely resembles this, but differs in the characters mentioned.
+ This is sometimes visible hefore abrasion.
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is so striking that it was not till I had dissected such a speci- men and found eggs that I was satisfied it really was a female.
I have referred this species to Perperus, although the antenne are rather short for that genus, but as there are no other aberrant characters it was not considered advisable to propose a new genus for its reception. *
From the description of languidus it differs in being without an impressed line on the prothorax and the suture not carinated posteriorly.
SUBFAMILY HYLOBIIDES. ACLEES POROSUS, Pasc. t+
Although not previously recorded as Australian this spe- cles appears to be as common in many parts of Queensland as in New Guinea. It extends also to the Clarence River in New South Wales. When living, specimens are covered with a pinkish meal, but this appears to be of an oily nature and cannot be preserved.
SUBFAMILY ERIRHINIDES. MISOPHRICE.
The genus Misophrice is a very interesting one on ac- count of its clawless tarsi.{ It is practically confined to the Casuarine, and although on occasions I have taken specimens on other plants, there was always the suspicion that they were there only by chance. On the Casuarina, however, they very often swarm, and I have seen eight species and thou- sands of specimens in an umbrella (used for beating into) at the same time. The species are all slow moving, and being of very small size they are apt to be overlooked. The Casua- rime also being, as a rule, unproductive of beetles, are often neglected by collectors. It is probably owing to these facts that no species have been recorded from the northern half of Australia, as wherever I have searched for them in Aus- tralia and Tasmania they were in abundance. In all the
* In the majority of instances it is hardly advisable to des- cribe single species the position of which is at all doubtful, but as this is a very destructive species in Tasmania it is as well that it should be named at as early a date as possible. It has been seen destroying many buds of the apple, apricot, gooseberry, and currant; but in its natural state may be taken in abundance on several species of Leptospermum.
i eurn.lann.. Sec... :xi., 1873, p.,4 72.
{~ The third joint is broad and appears to be slightly cleft in the middle; there really may be a claw-joint, but I have failed to discover any such under the microscope.
74
species here described the first jot of the funicle is stout, about as long as the second and third combined, and the second slightly longer than the third. The rostrum also in all is glabrous, either entirely or only excepting a small part of its base.
There are two other genera of Krirhinides in Australia with clawless tarsi, and differing from Misophrice practically only in the number of joints of the funicle.
Funicle with five joints ... ... ... ... Anerciarthrum. Funicle. with, six joints ... ... ...4\s1i0 Misopharce Funicle with seven joints So eas att echo
There is a genus of Cryptorhynchides (undescribed at present, but abundantly represented in Australia), the species of which bear a very strong general resemblance to the species of Misophrice, are clawless, and live on various species of Casuarina.
MISOPHRICE SQUAMIVENTRIS, Hi. Sp.
Black, rostrum (base and tip excepted), funicle, club, femora, and tibize reddish. Densely clothed with rounded scales of a more or less golden colour, but feebly variegated with obscure darker and silvery patches; under surface with paler scales than upper. .
Rostrum thin, strongly curved, slightly longer than pro- thorax ; with four punctate-striz on the basal half and scat- tered punctures on the apical half. Prothorax moderately transverse, sides rounded and diminishing slightly to apex, base distinctly bisinuate; punctures dense but concealed. Elytra not much wider than prothorax, widest near base: striate-punctate, the punctures in striz rather large but almost concealed, interstices with dense concealed punctures. <4 bdo- men gently convex in one sex, slightly flattened in middle in the other. Length, 2-3 mm.
/1ab.—Tasmania: Hobart, Ulverstone, Launceston, Swan- sea (A. M. Lea); Victoria (National Museum).
On the prothorax three indistinct dark stripes can some- times be traced; on the elytra across the middle pale scales form feeble markings, usually confined to alternate inter- stices. On the sterna and abdomen (except at the sides) the scales are often almost silvery-white, or with a slight bluish gloss, and they are just as dense on the abdomen as elsewhere, this being a very unusual feature in Misophrice, although equally dense in the following species.
Apparently nearer to squamosa than any other described species, but considerably smaller, rostrum not nearly straight, femora as well as tibie reddish, the funicle different, etc.
75
MISOPHRICE GLORIOSA, n. sp.
Black, parts of antennz obscurely diluted with red. Densely clothed with rounded scales, varying from a dingy sooty-brown to a glittering green, or golden green, or blue, or silver, or gold.
Rostrum stouter than in the preceding species, but of similar shape and with similar punctures and strie. Prothorax feebly transverse, sides rather strongly rounded and decidedly diminishing in width to apex, base almost truncate ; punctures concealed. /ytru slightly wider than prothorax, basal two- thirds parallel-sided ; striate-punctate, the punctures in striz large and fairly distinct, those of the interstices concealed. Abdomen gently convex in one sex, flattened in middle in the other. Length, 14-2 mm.
Hab.—Tasmania: Hobart, Launceston, Frankford, Huon River (A. M. Lea).
The majority of the scales are usually of a more or less sil- very green colour, but with fairly numerous glittering golden scales scattered about, especially on the elytra; on the elytra also the sooty scales are condensed into a large subapical ill- defined spot on each side ; the basal half of the suture is almost or quite glabrous, and the apical half is always clothed with glittering scales, which are in strong contrast to the scales near them. The lower surface is densely and uniformly cloth- ed, but the scales also vary in colour. Along the middle of the prothorax the clothing is subsetose.
Variety A. Scales of upper surface mostly sooty ; two longitudinal stripes on prothorax and sides with feebly glistening whitish scales, similar scales forming short lines on the elytra and clothing the suture almost to base, and a sub- triangular space on the sides.
Hab.—Tasmania: Hobart (one specimen only).
Variety B. Scales of an almost uniform silvery colour, with a very slight coppery or bluish gloss, denser on suture, almost to base, than elsewhere. Abdomen sparsely clothed along middle.
Hab.—New South Wales: Sydney.
IT have seen but one specimen, and have not described it as distinct, as possibly the abdomen has been partially abraded.
MISOPHRICE APIONOIDES, 0. sp.
Of a dingy testaceous-brown; head, base of rostrum, scutellum, suture, a postmedian and an apical spot on elytra, and the sterna black or piceous. Moderately clothed with whitish subsetose scales, becoming denser and more rounded on flanks of sterna than elsewhere.
76
Rostrum curved, distinctly longer than prothorax; basal three-fourths with punctate-striae, apical fourth with scattered punctures. Prothoraxz moderately transverse, apex considerably narrower than base; with dense, fairly large, and only partially concealed punctures. lytra at base slightly wider than prothorax, feebly dilating to beyond the middle; striate-punctate, the punctures rather large, and rounded, punctures in striz small and only slightly con- cealed. Abdomen with distinct punctures; the two basal seoments slightly concave in middle. Length, 1? mm.
Hab.—New South Wales: Wollongong, Sydney (A. M. Lea).
The apical half of the antennz is infuscate, and in one specimen the sides of the Ist and 2nd and the whole of the 3rd and 4th abdominal segments are infuscate. The post- median spot seems to be an abbreviated fascia extending across the 2nd-5th interstices, the subapical spot being equidistant between it and the apex. In spilota there are three distinct spots, of which two are on the 5th and on the 3rd interstices; of those on the 5th the front one is almost in the exact middle of each elytron and considerably in advance of the inner one; the hind spot is not quite confined to the 5th and is more distant from the apex than the similar spot on apionoides. On one of the specimens the lateral pro- thoracic scales have a distinct rosy gloss. In general appear- ance the two specimens before me (apparently of one sex) strongly resemble many species of Apion.
MISOPHRICE INFLATA, 0. sp.
Almost flavous; head, tip of rostrum, scutellum and a subtriangular space about it, suture and a subapical elongated spot on each elytron, and tip of tibiae more or less dark; club and tarsi somewhat paler. Rather sparsely clothed with pale green, subsetose scales, becoming denser rounded and shining on flanks of elytra and of sterna; middle of abdomen and of sterna glabrous.
Rostrum rather feebly curved, no longer than prothorax : basal half punctate-striate, apical half seriate punctate. Prothorax rather strongly transverse, apex not much nar- rower than base; with rather coarse only partially concealed punctures. Hlytra at base scarcely wider than prothorax, rather strongly dilated posteriorly; striate-punctate, punctures large and distinct, interstices convex, with finely rugulose punctures. Two basal segments of abdomen and the metasternum with fine transverse corrugations, and seriate punctures; the former gently concave in middle. Length, 13 mm. :
17
Hab.—New South Wales: Nepean River (A. J. Coates).
The two beautiful specimens before me are apparently of one sex.
MISOPHRICE NIGRIPES, N. sp.
Black ; scape and elytra (sides, suture, and a rather large basal space excepted) of a cingy reddish-brown. Rather sparsely clothed with whitish or whitish-blue subsetose scales, absent along middle of under-surface.
Rostrum moderately curved, no longer than prothorax ; basal two-fifths punctate-striate, elsewhere seriate-punctate. Prothorax moderately transverse, apex narrower than base ; with large partially concealed punctures. lytra not much wider than prothorax, slightly dilated posteriorly; striate- punctate, punctures large and not concealed. Abdomen with rather large distinct punctures; apical segment foveate in one sex, two basal segments feebly concave in the other. Length, 1 mm.
Hab.—Tasmania: Hobart, Huon River, Nubeena, Latrobe, Swansea (A. M. Lea).
Close to clathrata, but abdomen and legs black. The scales, especially at the sides, occasionally become of a rather bright green or coppery colour, but in nearly all the specimens before me are of a pale whitish blue and entirely without gloss. The first joint of the funicle is unusually stout and distinctly longer than the second and third combined. The size varies from slightly less to slightly more than one milli- metre.
Variety A. Elytra almost or entirely black.* Size slightly smaller.
Hab.—Tasmania: Hobart.
A minute black species is suggestive of parallela, but this variety is even smaller than that species and is not parallel- sided.
Variety B. Size, 14 mm.
Hab.—Tasmania: Swansea, Nubeena, Hobart.
The three specimens of this variety seem to differ only from the typical form in their size. They appear to be very close to nigriventris, but differ in their entirely dark legs and antenne.
MISOPHRICE AMPLICOLLIS, Nl. Sp.
Of a dingy reddish-brown, elytra and legs paler; head, scutellum, suture, and fifth interstice of elytra, sterna, abdomen, funicle (basal joint excepted), and club, black or piceous. Moderately densely clothed with whitish subsetose
* T have several intermediate forms in colour.
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scales, denser on prothorax and head and sparser along middle of under-surface than elsewhere.
Rostrum moderately stout and curved, no longer than prothorax; basal half punctate-striate, the lateral strie continuous to apex. Prothorax large, moderately transverse, sides strongly rounded, apex much narrower than base; with large partially concealed punctures. lytra slightly narrower than prothorax, parallel-sided to near apex; punctate- striate, punctures large and partially concealed. Abdomen and metasternum with coarse, partially concealed punctures ; two basal segments of former feebly concave in middle. Length, 24 mm.
Hab.—Tasmania: Swansea, Hobart (A. M. Lea).
In shape much like the males of many species of Manda- lotus, the dark portion of the 5th interstice terminates slightly before the apex; towards the apex it extends to the 4th and towards the base to the 6th interstices. On the prothorax the scales are condensed to form a distinct median line.
Variety A. Prothorax with sides rather less strongly inflated and no wider than elytra. Head, suture, sterna, and abdomen not dark; 5th interstice infuscate for a short dis- tance only. Length, 2-24 mm.
Hab.—Tasmania: Launceston and Hobart.
This should perhaps have been described as the typical form.
Variety B. Prothorax as in A, but colour as in the type. Length, 2 mm.
Hab.—Tasmania: Launceston.
Variety C. Prothorax as in A, but abdomen paler than sterna. Length, 2 mm.
Hab.—Tasmania: Swansea.
MISOPHRICE VICINA, 0. Sp.
Testaceous-brown; head, tip of rostrum, funicle, club, scutellum, suture, and an elongated postmedian spot on 5th interstice, piceous or black; tarsi pro- and flanks of metaster- num more or less infuscate. Rather sparsely clothed with whitish subsetose scales, absent from most of abdomen.
Rostrum thin, moderately curved, longer than prothorax, basal third striate, elsewhere smooth and almost impunctate. Prothorax and elytra much as in the preceding species, except that the prothorax is no wider than the elytra and its sides are less rounded, the elytra also are not quite so parallel-sided. Two basal segments of abdomen and metasternum with fine transverse corrugations and large sparse punctures; apical segment foveate in one sex, the two basal feebly concave in the other. Length, 14-14 mm.
es)
/Hlab.—Tasmania: Hobart, Swansea (A. M. Lea).
Allied to the preceding species, but the first joint of the funicle is considerably stouter, and the abdomen (except at sides of base) is glabrous; in amplicollis and all its varieties the abdomen is fairly densely clothed, the scales being present (although rather sparse) even along the middle. The largest specimen of this species also 1s smaller than the smallest of that one. The marking on the 5th interstice is of variable length and intensity, but never extends to the base.
MISOPHRICE HISPIDA, Pasc.
The pale scales of this species are easily discoloured, but it can be readily identified by the sete, which are much longer, sparser, and stouter than in argentata, setulosa, or alternata. It was described originally from South Australia, but occurs also in New South Wales, Victoria, and Tasmania.
MISOPHRICE VARIABILIS, Blackb.
In a South Australian and several Tasmanian specimens before me the scales on the upper surface are of a beautiful golden colour, instead of white.
Hab.—South Australia; Tasmania: Hobart, Launceston, Swansea.
MISOPHRICE SUBMETALLICA, Blackb.
It is only in one sex (female?) that there is a “‘deep impression occupying the whole of the middle part of the basal two ventral segments”; in the other sex this space is flat, and the apical segment has a large shallow impression.
Hab.—S8. Australia; Tasmania: Hpbart, Mount Wel- lington (including the summit), Launceston, Swansea.
MISOPHRICE SETULOSA, Blackb.
There are before me numerous specimens of a species (1 have only taken it in Tasmania, but it is there the com- monest of all) which either belong to setu/osa, or to an un- described species of the colour ore setulosa. Bicebuen says, “Elytrorum disco . . . testaceis vel rufescentibus.” In some of the Tasmanian specimens the elytra have a sub- triangular basal patch, and the suture and sides narrowly infuscate; but the basal patch varies in area and the lateral dark markings are frequently absent. The green scales usually form a distinct line on each side of the suture, and are often rather dense across the base; but it is not un- common for more than half of the scales on the upper sur- face to become abraded, and there are specimens before me in which practically all the scales and sete have been abrad- ed. The scales are usually of a beautiful metallic green, occasionally with a golden gloss, but they are sometimes
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of a rather pale blue. The sexual impressions of the abdo- men are much as in suwbmetallica, and one sex has more parallel-sided elytra than the other.
M. optonGa, Blackb. ; 7ab.—South Australia ; New South Wales: Victoria ; Tasmania.
M. viripisquama, Lea; H/ab.—Victoria; Tasmania.
THECHIA PYGM#A, Pasc.
There are before me numerous specimens (from New South Wales, Victoria, and Tasmania) of a species which either belong to 7’. pygmea or to an undescribed species. Had they been from Western Australia, I should have re- ferred them to pygm«a without hesitation. The description of that species, however, is not very satisfactory ; of its cloth- ing Pascoe says, “squamis pallidis griseis vestita’; and again, “Judging from my specimen, it is probable that the insect in a fresh state is tolerably closely covered with scales.” The specimens before me have the head, base of rostrum, front and sides of prothorax, under-surface and legs more or less densely clothed with white, almost circular scales, having, under the microscope, a peculiarly granulated ap- pearance, much like softened snowflakes. The elytra (ex- cept at the sides) and disc of prothorax are almost glabrous. Except that the funicle is seven-jointed there is nothing to distinguish it from Misophrice. Of Thechia, Pascoe says, “prothorax transversus”’; but of pygmaa he says, “protho- race latitudine longitudini aequali. In my specimens the prothorax is very distinctly but not strongly transverse. The size varies from 14 "to 2 mm.
CYTTALIA APICALIS, n. sp.
Black ; tip of rostrum, of elytra, and of abdomen diluted with red; appendages flavous; two apical joints of club and of tarsi piceous. Under-surface rather densely clothed with white subsetose scales, upper-surface less densely clothed, pro- thorax with transversely decumbent sete, elytra with fine Sparse pubescence and regular rows of stout yellowish decum- bent sete.
fostrum the length of prothorax. Scape slightly longer than funicle. Hlytra with punctures in strie rather large and subapproximate, interstices with sparse punctures. An- terior femora feebly dentate. Length,* 24 mm.
Hab.—New South Wales: Mount Victoria (A. M. Lea).
In general appearance close to rufipes (from Western Australia), but the rostrum decidedly longer, thinner, and reddish at its tip, the club not entirely dark, etc.
* The lengths given are exclusive of the rostrum.
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CyTTALIA LONGIROSTRIS, Nn. sp.
Reddish-testaceous; under-surface (apex of abdomen diluted with red), head, rostrum, scutellum, and club black. Clothing as in the preceding species, except that on the under-surface it is not quite so dense, and that the elytral sete are paler and more erect.
Rostrum thin, feebly curved, considerably longer than prothorax. Scape as long as funicle and club combined. Elytra with distinct punctures, but which are considerably narrower than the interstices; these almost impunctate. An- terior femora acutely dentate. Length 3-34 mm.
Hab.—New South Wales: Mount Kosciusko, 5-6,000 feet (R. Helms), vicinity of Jenolan Caves (J. C. Wiburd).
The rostrum is unusually long and thin, and this with the black colour of the same will readily distinguish the species from all those previously described.
CYTTALIA PICEOSETOSA, ND. sp.
Reddish-testaceous, in places stained with piceous or black. Under-surface, sides of prothorax, and about eyes with soft white scales irregularly distributed; upper-surface with sparse pubescence ; the prothorax and elytra with rather long, thin, dark, sparse sete.
Rostrum feebly curved, distinctly longer than prothorax. Scape almost as long as funicle and club combined. Elytra with fairly large punctures in striz, interstices almost im- punctate. Anterior.femora acutely dentate. Length, 3 mm.
Hab.—Tasmania: Huon River (A. M. Lea).
The elytral sete are sparser, darker, and much less dis- tinct than in any other species known to me. The head and prothorax are moderately dark, the dark parts of the elytra are nowhere sharply defined, but form a large irregular tri- angle about the scutellum, thence an irregular patch ex- tends to beyond the middle, dilating to the sides; the should- ers are not dark; the metasternum is almost black, and the two basal segments of abdomen are piceous; the club is moderately dark. I have seen but one specimen.
CYTTALIA OLEARIA, N. sp.
Reddish-testaceous, elytra, abdomen, and appendages almost flavous, club black. Sterna with subsetose whitish scales, elsewhere with moderately dense whitish pubescence, prothorax with transverse decumbent sete, elytra with regu- lar rows of semi-decumbent sete.
Rostrum in one sex the length of prothorax, in the other distinctly longer, feebly curved. Scape almost as long as funicle and club combined. Jlytra with fairly large but
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almost concealed punctures in striz. Front femora very feebly dentate. Length, 24-3 mm.
Hab.—Tasmania: widely distributed and abundant on flowers of the native musk (Olearia argophylla).
The colours as described are those of the most abundant form, but there are many varieties. The metasternum is often black; when it is black the prothorax is often black also, also the head, rostrum (except at tip), and scutellum ; the black colour often extends from the metasternum on to the abdomen, often to its apex, also to the sides of the elytra. have seen no specimens in which the elytra are entirely dark, but two have the sides widely dark, with a distinct spot on each side just beyond the middle. Faint indications of these spots are to be seen on many other speci- mens. The elytral pubescence is much denser, whilst their setz are less distinct and finer than in Hrichsoni, Sydneyen- sis, and tarsalis. Looked at from the side the clothing seems much as in Sydneyensis, but when viewed directly from above it 1s seen to be very different.
On the elytra there are frequently to be seen four large yellowish spots, and the sides of the prothorax are often widely yellowish; but these spots are due to pollen, with which the specimens are usually densely covered when ob- tained, and they can readily be removed with a soft brush.
CyTTaLia EricHsont, Pasc.
In the type, and in the majority of specimens of this common and widely distributed* species, the two terminal joints of the club are dark, but I have single specimens from New South Wales, Victoria, and South Australia in which only one joint is dark.
CYTTALIA TARSALIS, Blackb.
Hab.—New South Wales: Queanbeyan, Mount Vic- toria, Ben Lomond, Mount Kosciusko; Tasmania: Hobart, Frankford, summit of Mount Wellington, Huon River.
CyTTALIA SYDNEYENSIS, Blackb. Hab.—New South Wales; Sydney, National Park, Shoal-
haven, Forest Reefs; Western Australia: Karridale.
CYTTALIA MACULATA, Lea. Hab.—Western Australia: Karridale.
* T have specimens from New South Wales, Victoria, Tas- mania, and South Australia.
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Subfamily BARIDIIDES.
{ have examined a considerable number of genera and species referred to this subfamily from various parts of the world. They all have the side pieces of the mesosternum almost or quite soldered together, large, and thrust like a stout wedge between the flanks of the prothorax and elytra. The main features relied upon for distinguishing the genera and sections are the degrees of obliquity of the pygidium, the apical segment of abdomen rounded or emarginate at its tip, the prosternum channelled or not, the shape of the ros- trum and dentition of femora. Only three genera and seven species have previously been recorded from Australia ; of these Baris* is world-wide in its distribution, Myctides occurs in New Guinea and the Malay Archipelago, and Platy- pheus,+ so far as is known, only from Queensland. In Mas- ters’ Catalogue, Aphela is placed in the subfamily, but wrongly so. The Australian genera known to me, including some now first recorded or proposed, may be tabulated as follows : —
Prosternum deeply grooved 25 vanes NOLZRODATIS. Prosternum feebly grooved. Pygidium concealed .... ... .... ... Gymnobaris. Pycidumtexposed: Pe a0 iia )ft.. VOSS ees - Baris Prosternum not grooved. Prothorax truncate at the apex ... Acythopeus. Prothorax not truncate at apex. Pygidium covered or nearly so ... Ipsichora. Pygidium not covered ... ... ... Myctides. Baris.
To this genus I refer a number of species which might be regarded as belonging to several closely allied genera, but I do not think it desirable to propose new generic names for any of them, as the differences seem to be too slight to war- rant generic rank. They all have the pygidium vertical, or almost so, and that organ causes the fifth ventral segment to
* Baridius of various authors.
_ + The coarsely-faceted eyes and approximate front coxe of this genus must appear strangely at variance with the other genera of the subfamily.
~ Pascoe did not refer it to any subfamily at the time he described it, but subsequently (T.E.S., Lond., 1870, p. 23), he re- ferred it to the Amalactides. It certainly does not belong to the Baridiides, the side pieces of the mesosternum being utterly at vari- ance with the genera of that subfamily; nor does it seem very much at home with the Australian genera of Amalactides. It cer- tainly belongs to the same subfamily as Psaldus, referred by Pas coe to the Molytides. ;
{ Simply quoted from Pascoe.
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appear emarginated at its apex; and they may be divided into the following sections : —
1. Prosternum from apex halfway or almost halfway to coxe, with a shallow groove, bordered by distinct and usu- ally carinated ridges.* This section is the most numerously represented in Australia, and is allied to European species, such as scolopacea.
2. Like Section 1, but with the frontal ridges of the pro- sternum continued to between the coxe ; the eyes also are more coarsely faceted than is usual in the family.
3. Prosternal groove as in Section 1, but rostrum sub- gibbous at base.
4, Prosternum with a shallow and wide groove to be- tween coxe, not bounded by carinated ridges, and with two distinct punctures in front.
5. Prosternum without grooves and ridges in front, but with two distinct punctures marking the position of the ridges. {
6. Prosternum as in Section 1, but rostrum suddenly gibbous at base.
7. Pectoral canal narrow and continuous to between an- terior coxe, and bounded by ridges (but which are not cari- nated). Tip of abdomen just perceptibly emarginated. The pectoral canal is more distinct than in the other sections, being much as in the European abrotani, with which, how- ever, ¢benina has little else in common.
8. As Section 6, but rostrum much shorter.
The following table of species known to me is arranged for convenience of identification only : —
Elytral interstices with coarse punc- tures PN pete Eee Loran, weekend ap AO TOOL: Elytral interstices not coarsely punc- tate. Upper surface with clothing in _iso- lated patches. Prothorax and elytra both with scales. Elytral markings transverse... niveonotata. Elytral markings longitudinal. : Prothorax with four isolated spots TE ghey tok a Leweo sila Prothorax with two stripes devia.
* These ridges, however, can usually be seen with difficulty, until the head is removed.
t+ These punctures are to be seen in several other sections, but are usually concealed by the clothing.
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Prothorax without scales.
Elytra with; six spots: .... ; +... ..... albopicta, Elytra with two spots. SPOtS DASAL Osc as ase cock” ons) CONUISOTIONG: Spots subapical ... °....... ... albigutta. Upper surface glabrous.* Size very minute EE tl aoe a, - ULGROSEO VED
Size larger. Prothorax with very coarse punc- TUTOS Av SIGES wary cet Ass tle) SULOLGIU MER, Prothorax with much less coarse punetures at sides. Prosternum grooved to between front comet. Gi)... al Pe Vemma: Prosternal groove much _ short- er and less distinct. Scutellar lobe with a few scales RTO “Sonoma! Seutellar lobe without seales glabra. Upper surface with clothing not con- densed into spots only. Eyes not very finely faceted ... ... elliptica. Eyes finely faceted. A deep notch between head and base of rostrum el ae OOSIROSLEUS. Without such a notch. Elytra no wider than prothorax oblonga. Elytra wider than prothorax. Elytra with isolated scales .... angophore. Elvtra with scales in linear arrangement. Less than 14 mm. in length Australie. | subopaca.
= i i N - More than 14 mm. in length | vagans.
BaRIS LEUCOSPILA, Pasc. + (2? Baris amaenula, Boh.)
Described by Pascoe from Katau, but fairly common in Queensland.t The markings of the upper surface are very peculiar, and are exactly as in the description of awmenula, but the prothorax could scarcely be called carinated. Some specimens, it is true, have a feeble median line, but Bohe- man, in his short diagnosis of amenula, calls it “‘carinato,” whilst in the full description he says, ‘“Jinea dorsali longi- tudinalt subelevata, levi.” He also says the scutellum is clothed with white scales, whilst in the ten specimens before me it is glabrous. Of the rostrum he says, ‘“‘picewm, sub- nitidum, subteliter punctulatum.” In the specimens before
* Microscopica is included here, as its clothing is so sparse and indistinct that it might fairly be regarded as glabrous; in sororia the only scales are a few on the scutellar lobe.
+ Ann. Mus. Civ Gen., 1885, p. 291. ~ Cairns, Port Denison, ete.
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me the basal half of the rostrum is opaque, and with coarse punctures, but the apical half is shining and with sparse and minute punctures. If the species is amenula, as seems quite possible, then /ewcospila, as the later name, will have to be dropped. The size ranges from 35 to 45 mm.
Baris AUSTRALIS, Bol.
The description* of this species is too short to enable any insect to be positively identified from it, but such as it is it fits the preceding species and no other known to me from Australia.
Section L.+ BaRiS ANGOPHORZ, 0. Sp.
Black, shining. Upper surface head and _ rostrum sparsely, elsewhere moderately densely clothed with white scales.
Head with dense punctures larger at apex than at base. Rostrum distinctly longer than prothorax ; a slight de- pression marking its junction with head, densely and coarsely punctate on sides, punctures sublinear in arrangement along middle. Scape inserted slightly beyond the middle in male, slightly before it in female; basal joint of funicle stout, not twice as long as second. Prothorax with dense, rather large, clearly defined punctures becoming small at middle of apex. Elytra cordate, striate, the two sutural striz with distinct punctures towards base, interstices each with a single row of somewhat irregular and not clearly defined punctures. Femora edentate. Length, 2% mm.
Hab.—New South Wales: Ash Island (Macleay Mu- seum), Narrabeen (W. W. Froggatt), Sydney, National Park (AM ea).
The whole insect is somewhat briefly elliptic in outline; the prothorax is fully twice as wide at base as at apex, its base is strongly bisinuate, sides strongly rounded, disc mode- rately convex and the scutellar lobe slightly flattened, all these being characters common to most of the species here described. The punctures in the elytral interstices are not very clearly defined, but when seen obliquely appear to be in single rows; some of them are transverse; the lateral inter- stices from certain directions appear to be overlapping. The white scales are absent from the disc of the prothorax, but are
* “Ater, albo-lineatus, thorace ruguloso; elytris punctato- striatis.”’
t I have not usually considered it necessary to describe in each of the species the characters for which they are placed in the various sections.
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condensed into feeble spots at the sides and middle of base® ; on the elytra the scales are isolated and very sparse. The species may be taken in abundance on Angophora cords- folia.
BaRIS SORORIA, Nn. sp.
Black, shining; antennz and tarsi almost black. Upper surface (except for a few scales on the scutellar lobe of the prothorax), head, and rostrum glabrous; elsewhere mode- rately clothed with white scales.
Rostrum slightly longer than the prothorax, its punc- tures and those of head, and the antenne, much as in the preceding species. Prothorax and elytra of the same shape as in the preceding species, but the punctures of the former rather larger; the punctures of the elytral strie are larger, more numerous, and not confined to the two near the suture, and the interstices have larger punctures, many of which are distinctly transverse, and extend almost from stria to stria. Femora feebly dentate. Length, 3 mm.
Hab.—Queensland: Capes Grenville and York, Endea- vour River, Port Denison (Macleay Museum), Cairns (E. Allen).
Very close to the preceding species, but larger, rostrum shorter, and sides of prothorax without scales; in angophore the scales are very distinct at the sides, but in the present species they are entirely absent. JI have examined numerous specimens of both species.
BaRIS SUBOPACA, N. Sp.
Black, subopaque. Upper surface with scattered whit- ish scales, condensed into lines on the elytra; under surface and legs with denser and whiter scales.
Head with very feeble punctures except between the eyes. ostrum the length of prothorax, a feeble depression marking its Junction with head, with dense and rather coarse punctures at base and sides, feeble and sublinear in arrange- ment elsewhere. Antennz as in preceding species. Pro- thorax densely and rather coarsely punctate, with traces of a feeble median elevation. Hlytra striate, the interstices punc- tate. Femora edentate. Length, 2+ mm.
Hab.—New South Wales: Galston, Sydney (D. Dumbrell and A. M. Lea).
Of a*decidedly more elongate form than the two preced- ing species, the prothoracic punctures not so clearly defined
* On numerous specimens the scales on the prothorax just eee i scutellum form a very distinct spot, but they are easily abraded.
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owing to their density; the alytral strie with punctures which do not encroach on the interstices, and are only visible from certain directions, and the interstices each with a single row of punctures, but these, although perhaps larger than in those species, are not so clearly defined. The scales of the upper surface are easily abraded, but in perfect specimens form single and regular lines on the elytral interstices, except the sutural (where there are none), on the prothorax they are not condensed into a spot on the scutellar lobe.
BaRIS VAGANS, n. sp.
Black, moderately shining. Upper surface clothed with very fine scales or sete, forming regular lines on the elytral interstices; lower surface and legs with larger (but still small) scales.
Head, rostrum, and antenne as in the preceding species. Prothorax with more clearly defined punctures; elytra with narrower striz, the interstices each with a single row of small but round and clearly defined punctures. /emora edentate. Length, 2 mm.
Hab.—New South Wales: Gosford, Galston; Tasmania, Hobart, Mount Wellington (including the summit), Huon River, Frankford (A. M. Lea).
In general appearance close to the preceding species, but smaller, and with the punctures more clearly defined. The clothing of the upper surface is very fine, and it is only on a close examination that its slightly speckled appearance is seen to be caused by very thin whitish scales or setz, although in certain lights the elytra appear to have very fine whitish lines. It is as yet the only species of its subfamily known to occur in Tasmania, where it is fairly common on Pultenea juniperina.,
BaRIS AUSTRALIA, Nn. Sp.
Black. Clothed with distinct whitish scales, and form- ing regular lines on the elytra.
Head with fairly distinct punctures, becoming rather coarse between the eyes. Lostrum stout, scarcely, if at all, longer than prothorax, with distinct punctures on top of the apical half and coarse ones elsewhere. Antenne stout; scape inserted nearer apex than base of rostrum; basal joint of funicle very stout. Prothorax with numerous and fairly large but partially concealed punctures; apex more than half . the width of base. Hlytra elongate-cordate, shoulders dis- tinctly wider than prothorax, their outline not almost con- tinuous with it; punctures in strie and in interstices more or less concealed. /emora edentate. Length, 14 mm.
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Hab.—New South Wales: Galston, Sydney ; Western Aus- tralia: Swan River, Vasse, Bunbury, Donnybrook (A. M. Lea).
Apparently the most abundant and widely distributed of all the Australian Baridides; although considerably smaller than the preceding species, the clothing 1s much the same, except that on the elytra it is more distinct, on most of the specimens before me the lines are sufficiently clear, although the scales are small, but in a few the lines and scales are both very distinct.
BARIS OBLONGA, Ni. Sp.
Black: legs of a dull red, apex of rostrum and antenne darker. Densely ‘clothed with whitish scales and forming regular lines on the elytra.
Head with indistinct punctures, except between eyes. Rostrum just perceptibly longer than prothorax, rather feebly curved and thinner than usual: with coarse, partially concealed punctures on sides and base, and moderately dis- tinct towards apex on upper surface. Scape inserted about two-fifths from apex of rostrum. Prothorax parallel-sided to near apex, punctures concealed. JLlytra parailel- sided, no wider than prothorax; striz distinct but punctures concealed. Femora feebly dentate. Length, 14 mm.
Hat.—Western Australia: Geraldton (A. M. Lea).
On the lower surface and legs the scales are almost of a snowy whiteness, but on the upper surface and on the flanks of the prothorax they are tinged with yellow; the scales on the elytra, although condensed into distinct lines, are not placed singly, as in some of the preceding species. The base of the head is sparsely clothed and the apex of the rostrum is nude.
BaARIS MICROSCOPICA, nh. sp.
Black, moderately shining. Upper surface almost glab- rous, lower sparsely clothed with white scales.
/fead with distinct punctures between eyes, but feeble elsewhere. /ostrwm stout, scarcely the length of prothorax ; shining and feebly punctate on upper surface, and moderately coarsely on sides. Scape inserted almost in exact middle of rostrum. Prothorax with rather large, clearly defined punc- tures, except 1n middle of apex. Elytr a very little wider than prothor ax, parallel-sided to near apex: with narrow not visibly punctured striz, interstices each with a row of minute punctures. /emora edentate. Length, 1 mm.
/1ab.—Western Australia: Geraldton (A. M. Lea).
The non-squamose body distinguishes this from the other Western Australian species; it is the smallest known Aus- tralian species of its subfamily.
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BaRIS SUBLAMINATA, 0. Sp.
Black, shining, antenne and tarsi of a dull reddish brown, scape somewhat paler. Under surface and legs with fine setose scales, elsewhere glabrous.
Head with small and sparse punctures between eyes, very indistinct elsewhere. ostrwm thin, longer than prothorax, flattened but not depressed at its junction with head; with coarse punctures at sides, upper surface with moderately strong punctures on basal half, but becoming much smaller and sparser towards apex. Scape inserted about two-fifths from apex of rostrum ; basal joint of funicle almost twice as long as second. VProthorax with large, dense, clearly-defined punc- tures, becoming much smaller and sparser (but still clearly defined) at apex and along middle. /ytra cordate; nar- rowly striate, the two sutural striz with a few rounded basal punctures, encroaching on the interstices, the lateral striz with distinct but deeply set punctures; interstices each with a row of exceedingly minute punctures. Femora feebly den- tate. Length, 3% mm.
Hab.—Queensland: Cairns (Macleay Museum).
At first sight very suggestive of Myctides, but the short _ pectoral groove, apart from other characters, prevents it from being placed in that genus. In shape it is much like ango- phore and sororia, but much larger, and punctures very dif- ferent. The large punctures at the sides of the prothorax are each almost the size of the scutellum. The lateral inter- stices seem to be slightly overlapping, and the seriate punc- tures of all of them are so small as to be practically absent.
Section 2. BaRISs ELLIPTICA, N. Sp.
Black or almost black, rostrum and appendages of a dull red. Moderately densely clothed with whitish setiform scales and forming lines on the elytra.
H1ead almost impunctuate except between eyes, with traces of a feeble median line. Eyes more coarsely faceted than usual. Rostrum distinctly longer than prothorax, rather thin, rather suddenly arched at base, with a distinct but not deep depression marking its junction with head; with coarse punctures at base and sides and sparser and smaller (but not very small) ones elsewhere. Scape inserted about two-fifths from apex of rostrum. Prothorax with fairly large punctures, but which are more or less concealed by clothing. Alytra slightly wider than prothorax, parallel sided to near apex; deeply striate, punctures of strie and interstices more or less concealed. Femora_ edentate. Length, 34 mm.
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Hab.—North-west Australia: Derby (R. Eelms).
The outline is almost perfectly elliptic. The eyes are less finely faceted than usual, but they are certainly not coarse. The colour is somewhat variable; in two specimens the legs are very slightly paler than the body, in two others they are more noticeably paler, and in a _ fourth very decid-
edly pale. The under surface is sometimes dilu- ted with red. The upper surface is never of the deep jetty black so characteristic of Baris. On the upper surface the
scales are not quite so white as on the lower; the lines of white scales on the elytra are very distinct, but in addition to these there are some slate-coloured ones, which at first sight are apt to be overlooked, but they may really be discoloured white ones, as they are much more numerous on some speci- mens than on others.
Section 3. BARIS GLABRA, N. Sp.
Black, shining; basal half of scape of a dull red. Glabrous.
Head with moderately distinct punctures between eyes, small and indistinct elsewhere. Rostrum rather stout, slightly longer than prothorax ; with coarse punctures becom- ing very coarse at base and sides, a distinct depression mark- ing its junction with head. Scape inserted about one-third from apex of rostrum. /Prothorax with fairly numerous and clearly defined but not very large punctures on disc, be- coming denser and larger on sides. H/ytra elongate-cordate, distinctly wider than prothorax; narrowly striate towards base, with punctures in striz, but these distinct and en- croaching on interstices only towards the suture; interstices with scarcely visible punctures. Femora finely but acutely dentate. Length, 2% mm.
Hab.—Queensland: Cairns (Macleay Museum).
In general appearance close to sororia (which also occurs at Cairns), but the elytral interstices practically impunctuate, and the prothoracic punctures sparser.
BaRIS ALBOPICTA, Nl. Sp.
Black, highly polished, basal half of funicle and. the scape of a dull red. Clothed with snowy white scales, irre- gularly distributed and forming elongated spots in places.
Head with small and rather sparse but clearly defined punctures. fostrum rather thin, slightly longer than pro- thorax, its junction with head marked by a depressed line, with rather small but clearly-defined punctures, except at sides of base, where they are concealed by scales. Scape
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inserted about two-fifths from apex of rostrum, basal joint of funicle stouter, but not longer than second. Prothorax with clearly-defined but small and not dense punctures, be- coming larger at base and sides. H/ytra elongate-cordate, outline almost continuous with that of prothorax ; punctate- striate, punctures deeply set and encroaching on interstices only towards the base; interstices with sparse and exceed- ingly minute punctures, the lateral ones with an appearance as of feebly overlapping. Femora acutely and rather strongly dentate. Length, 6 mm.
Hab.—Queensland: Cape York (type in Macleay Museum).
The upper surface is glabrous, except for three distinct spots on each elytron; of these two are on the fourth inter- stice (one basal, one—the longest of all—post-median), and one on the second (apical and shghtly smaller than the basal one). ‘ The legs are moderately densely clothed, but the apex of the upper surface of each of the femora has a similar patch to those on the elytra; apex of prosternum, sides of metasternum, and sides of rostrum behind the antenne with large scales, elsewhere almost or quite glabrous.
BARIS TENUISTRIATA, N. Sp.
Black, highly polished. Upper surface glabrous, except for a patch of white scales on the third interstice of the elytra at the base; lower surface sparsely clothed with in- distinct whitish scales, but a distinct patch on the flanks of the metasternum ; legs with moderately distinct scales.
Hlead with moderately large but clearly-defined punc- tures. ostrwm no longer than prothorax, its junction with head marked by a transverse impression, base wider than apex ; with coarse punctures at sides and base, smaller (but distinct) along middle, and fine at apex. Scape inserted slightly nearer apex than base, basal joint of funicle dis- tinctly longer than second. /rothorax almost parallel-sided to near apex; with rather sparse and small but clearly-defin- ed punctures. L/ytra elongate-cordate, scarcely wider than prothorax; very narrowly striate, the four sutural strie at base with more or less rounded and distinct punctures, else- where and the interstices impunctate. Femora edentate. Length, 3 mm.
Hab. — Queensland: Cape York, Cairns (Macleay Museum), Barron Falls (A. Koebele).
The highly-polished upper surface, glabrous except for a patch of white scales on each side of the base of the elytra, renders this a very distinct species.
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Section 4. BaRIS ALBIGUTTA, N. Sp.
Black, highly polished; base of scape of a dull red. Up- per surface glabrous, except for a stripe of snowy scales on the fifth interstice, extending from just beyond the middle to near the apex; sides of base of rostrum and sterna with a few large scales, rest of under surface with subsetose cloth- ing, or glabrous, legs (except parts of femora where the scales are dense) with rather sparse clothing.
Head as in the preceding species. Rostrum scarcely the length of prothorax; with coarse concealed punctures at base and basal half of sides, small but distinct punctures on apical half of sides, and fine elsewhere. Scape inserted almost in exact middle of rostrum; basal joint of funicle twice as long as second. /Prothorav and elytra as in the preceding species, except that the punctures are more distinct, and in the elytral striz a few small ones are to be seen towards the sides. Femora edentate. Length, 4 mm.
Hab.—Queensland: Cairns (type in Macleay Museum).
In general appearance close to the preceding species, but the white elytral scales subapical instead of basal.
Section 56. BaRIS NIVEONOTATA, 0. Sp.
Black, highly polished; head, rostrum, legs, and sides of elytra more or less obscurely diluted with red, antenne (club excepted) of a more distinct red. Prothorax and elytra with irregular spots of large, soft, pearly-white scales; sterna, legs, and rostrum with subsetose scales; flanks of metaster- num with somewhat similar scales to those of upper sur- face; elsewhere glabrous or almost so.
/Tead with indistinct punctures, even between eyes. /?os- trum slightly longer than prothorax, rather strongly but not suddenly arched at base, with coarse but partially concealed punctures on sides, base with large, clearly-defined punc- tures, becoming much smaller (but still clearly defined) to apex. Scape inserted about two-thirds from apex of rostrum ; basal joint of funicle as long as the three following com- bined. Prothorar with strongly rounded sides: dise with fairly large and clearly-defined but not dense punctures, but becoming dense on sides. L/ytra elongate-cordate, distinctly wider than prothorax; punctate striate, punctures in strie deeply set; interstices each with a row of minute punctures. Femora edentate. Length, 44 mm.
Hab.--North-west Australia (Macleay Museum).
On the prothorax the scales are formed into irregular spots at the sides, on the elytra they form four distinct spots
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(appearing much like interrupted fascie), two basal and two postmedian ; in addition a few are scattered about singly or are clustered together to form small spots.
Section 6.* BaRIS BASIROSTRIS, Nn. sp.
Of a dingy reddish-brown and subopaque. Moderately densely clothed with yellowish subsetose scales.
Head with moderately distinct punctures. Rostrum slightly longer than prothorax, base much wider than apex, suddenly and strongly arched; apical half of upper surface with moderately distinct punctures, elsewhere with coarse but more or less concealed punctures. Scape inserted in exact middle of rostrum; basal joint of funicle as long as the two following combined. Prothorax parallel-sided to near apex; with dense and fairly large but partially concealed punctures. EHlytra elongate-cordate, not much wider than prothorax; deeply striate, punctures in striz and interstices more or less concealed. Femora edentate. Length, 34 mm.
Hab.—Queensland: Cairns (Macleay Museum).
The apical half of the rostrum is glabrous, and the scales are condensed into a feeble median line and a dis- tinct spot on each side of base of prothorax, and into feeble spots on the elytra; but with these exceptions the clothing is fairly evenly distributed.
Seen from the side, there appears to be a deep