920.7

This Volume is for REFERENCE USE ONLY

A

OF THE

FOURTEEN HUNDRED-SEVENTY BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES

ACCOMPANIED BY PORTRAITS

OF

LEADING AMERICAN WOMEN

IN ALL WALKS OF LIFE

EDITED BY

FRANCES E. WILLARD AND MARY A. LIVERMORE

ASSISTED BY A CORPS OF ABLE CONTRIBUTORS

BUFFALO CHICAGO NEW YORK

CHARLES WELLS MQULTQN 1893

COPYRIGHT, 1893, CHARLES WELLS MOULTON,

TYPOGRAPHY BY PRESS WORK BY

CHARLES WELLS MOULTON, KITTINGER PRINTING COMPANY,

BUFFALO, N, Y, BUFFALO, N, Y, ELECTROTYPES AND ENGRAVINGS BY

BUFFALO ELECTROTYPE AND ENGRAVING CO,,

BUFFALO, N. Y.

PAPER BY BINDING BY INK BY

S. WORTHINGTON PAPER CO, WILLIAM H, BORK, OEOROK II, MORRIU, «t CO.,

HOLYOKE, MASS, BUFFALO, ]», Y, NHW YORK, N, Y,

PREFACE.

Among all cyclopaedias and books about famous women, this is intended to be unique and to supply a vacant niche in the reference library. The nineteenth century is woman's century. Since time began, no other era has witnessed so many and so great changes in the development of her character and gifts and in the multiplication of opportunities for their application. Even to those best informed on this subject, we believe that a glance at these pages will bring astonishment at the vast array of woman's achievements here chronicled, in hundreds of new vocations and avocations. Few eminent names and faces will here be missed, while many worthy names, which can not be found elsewhere, are strung upon this rosary of nineteenth-century achievement. Every department of life and work is here represented. One branch of philanthropic work, that of the missionary, is less numerously represented than its importance deserves, only because an adequate showing would require the addition of nearly every missionary society in our Qountry since missionary societies began to be. This book is not alone a book of record of famous names, but one which aims to show what women have done in the humbler as in the higher walks of life. It is a record of American women offered, at the close of four centuries of life in the New World, to the consideration of those who would know what the nineteenth century of Christian civilization has here brought forth, and what are the vast outlook and the marvelous promise of the twentieth century,

1892.

A

WOMAN OF THE CENTURY.

ABBATT, Miss Agnes Dean, artist, born In New York City, 23rd June, 1847. She still resides in her native city- Her paternal ancestors were English, and she is of French Huguenot descent on her mothers side. Her great-grandfather and his family came from England to this country in the latter part of the last century. They settled in what is now Pleasant Valley, Dutchess county, N. Y., where William D. Abbatt, the father of Agnes, was born. He passed his life in business in Poughkeepsie, Philadelphia and New York. Miss Abbatt's grandmother, Mrs. Dean, an English woman, was an art amateur of unusual talent and accomplishments. Of her children, nearly all possessed the talent for painting, but of all the descendants Agnes alone has adopted art as a profession. She showed in early childhood a marked talent for drawing, but it was not till 1873 that she took up the study of art as a profes- sion. In that year she entered the Cooper Union art-school. She won a medal for a head of Ajax in the first year of her studies, and on the merit of that achievement she was admitted to the art- school of the National Academy of Design in New York. So decided was her progress that, at the • end of the first year in that institution her first full- length drawing was one of those selected for exhi- bition. As it was not her intention to become a figure-painter, she left the Academy and devoted herself to the study of landscape painting. That branch of art she studied for several years under R. Swain Gifford, N. A., and James D. Smillie, N. A., constantly showing new powers and making rapid progress. At the same time she was gratify- ing her tastes in another direction, and she won distinction as a water-col orist and also as a flower- painter. Her first pictures, two panels of flowers, were shown in the exhibition of the Brooklyn Art Club in 1875, where they attracted much atten- tion and found purchasers. Her next picture, 1 'My Next Neighbor," was shown in New York, and was the subject of much favorable comment. In the Water Color Society's exhibition, in 1880, she showed a composition named, ' 4 When Autumn Turns the Leaves," which was one of the most conspicuous features of the exhibition. In the same year Miss Abbatt was elected a member of the American Water Color Society^ at once taking high rank in that somewhat exclusive organization •of artists. She is the second woman on its list of members. She has given especial attention to the painting of chrysanthemums. Besides the picture entitled "When Autumn Turns the Leaves/' she has painted others that are noteworthy, among which are " The Last of the Flowers/' "Flowers of the Frost/' " Our Japanese Cousins/' " From the Land of the Mikado/' " Autumn Colors/' and "A Japanese Embassy/' all devoted to the royal

chrysanthemum. In the landscape field she has confined her work mostly to the rural scenes in Westchester, county, N. Y., the picturesque nooks of the eastern end of Long Island, and the coast of Maine and Massachusetts Bay. Among her notable productions in landscape are "Near Barnstable, Cape Cod/' ''The Noisy Geese that Gabbled o'er the Pool." "A Summer Afternoon on the New England Coast," and "In Lobster Lane, Magnolia, Mass," The last named picture won for her a silver medal in the exhibition of the Charitable Mechanics3 and Tradesmen's

AGNES DEAN ABBATT.

Association of Boston, Mass. She works with equal facility and success in oil and water colors, and she has also made a study of pastel work. In addition to her own extended creative work, she has been a successful art-teacher, in studio and in field. Aside from her home studio, she has taught classes in Washington, D. C., Troy, N. Y., and in New Haven, Conn., while her field instruc- tion has been given in New York, Massachusetts and Maine. She is a genuine enthusiast in art, both as creator and instructor, and in these two

2 ABBATT.

fields, calling for so widely differing powers, she has been equally at home. Her work is distinct in character, in outline and tone in shades and lights, and her proud position among the painters of the United States is a one legitimately won and successfully held.

ABBOTT, Mrs. Elisabeth. Robinson, edu- cator, born in Lowell, Mass., nth September, 1852. Her maiden name was Elizabeth Osborne Robin- son. She is the youngest daughter of William S. and Harriet H, Robinson. Through the writings and conversations of Miss Elizabeth P Peabody she became interested, in her girlhood, in the kin- dergarten method of teaching, and would gladly have taken up that branch of educational work at the time when the death of her father made it necessary for her to become self-supporting. But circumstances prevented, and she therefore sought other ways of earning her living. Successively, she taught a district school in Maine and "boarded

ELIZABETH ROBINSON ABBOTT

round/' kept a little private school of her own, tried bookkeeping and* learned to set type. After giving three months to learning type-setting, she hardly earned enough to pay her board out of the low wages given to women compositors. About that time two positions were open to her, one to " 'tend store " and the other as " second assistant " in Mrs. Shaw's charity kindergarten and nursery at the North End- in Boston. The latter position meant simply to be the kitchen-maid or cook, and nothing more; but, preferring this position to that of shop-girl, and thinking it might eventually lead or open the way into higher kindergarten work, she accepted the offer. While there, Miss Phoebe Adam, the manager, became interested in the "second assistant'' and, knowing- her desire to become a kindergartner, with money helped her to carry on her studies, and kindly allowed her the privilege of taking time for her lessons out of the afternoon hours of her work. She was one of the

ABBOTT.

early pupils of Miss Lucy H. Symonds, of Boston, and was a graduate of the class of 1883. So, after waiting seven years for the fulfillment of her cher- ished desires, Mrs. Abbott began her work as a kindergartner. Her first teaching was done in a summer charity-school in Boston. She then went to Waterbury, Conn., and introduced this method into the Hillside Avenue school. There she taught until her marriage, in 1885, to George S. Ab- bott, of that city. After her marriage Mrs, Abbott did not lose her interest in kindergarten work, but continued her class until most of her little pupils were graduated into primary schools. Since that time she has encouraged and helped others to keep up the work she so successfully began, hav- ing for two years given part of her home for use as a kindergarten Thus Mrs. Abbott has created and maintained in the city where she now lives a lasting interest, and she may be considered a pio- neer of kindergarten work in Connecticut She is now secretary of the Connecticut Valley Kinder- garten Association, an association of kinclcTgartners embracing western Massachusetts, Connecticut and Rhode Island. Mrs. Abbott is not well known as a writer or speaker, but she is interested in and works for all that relates to the advancement of women. She is chairman of the correspondence committee for Connecticut of the General FecliTa- tion of Women's Clubs, one of the founders of Old and New, the woman's club of Maiden, Mass,, and the chief founder of the Woman's Club of Water- bury, Conn.

ABBOTT, lamina, prima donna, born in Chi- cago, 111., in 1850. Her father was a music teacher, and he encouraged her and her brother George to develop the musical talents that each showed at a very early age. Emma was a singing child, and under her father's training she sang well and be- came a proficient performer on the guitar. Pro- fessor Abbott moved from Chicago to Peoria, III,, in 1854. There his patronage was so small that his family was in straitened circumstances. lie gave a concert in 1859, in which the young Kmma was prima donna and guitar player, and her brother was her support. The entertainment was a success, and Professor Abbott and his two talented children gave a large number of concerts in other towns and cities, with varying fortunes, In 1866 the finances of the family were at a low ebb, and Emma took a district school to teach in order to assist in support- ing the household. Emma's early lessons on the guitar and her brother's on the violin were not entirely paid for until she had become a successful concert singer in New York. At the age of thirteen she taught the guitar with success. Her educa- tion was acquired in the Peoria public schools. When she was sixteen years old she sang in the synagogue in Peoria. At that age she joined the Lombard Concert Company, of Chicago, and traveled with them in Iowa, Illinois, and Wisconsin. When the company disbanded Emma found herself in Grand Haven, Mich., friendless and moneyless. With her guitar she started out alone and gave concerts in Michigan and the neighboring States, and thus worked her way to New York City^ where she gave parlor concerts in the hotels in which she staid, and in that way earned the money for her expenses. Failing to gain notice in New York* she borrowed money and returned to the west. She tried a concert season in Chicago and Milwau- kee, but was unsuccessful. She then tried a num- ber of smaller towns and ended her tour in a failure in a hotel in Toledo, Ohio. Among her hearers in that slimly attended conceit was Clara Louise? Kellogg, who recognized her merit and gave her money enough to go to New York, with a letter to

ABBOTT.

AL5LOTT.

Professor Errani. In 1870 she began to study with p any, her gifts to charity, and her industry and him, and was engaged to sing in Dr. Chapin's perseverance at length won over the critics, who church at a salary of $1.500 a year. In 1872 Mr. had simply made manifest their inability to write Lake, with the aid of Dr. Chapin's congregation, down a really meritorious artist. Miss Abbott sang

throughout the United States, and in an incredibly

^ . 4 short time she had amassed a fortune of several

millions of dollars. Her voice was a pure, clear, long-range soprano of great flexibility. Her roles included Norma, Semiramide, Elvira, Martha, Lucia, and Marguerite, and in her last years she appeared in costumes more magnifi- cent than any other singer had ever worn. She died in Ogden, Utah, 4th January, 1891, after an illness of less than a week. Her funeral was held in Chicago on 9th January, her body was cre- mated, in accordance with a provision of her will, and its ashes were deposited in the magnificent mausoleum she had built in Gloucester, Mass. Her large fortune was divided by her will among her relatives and friends, and various churches and charitable societies.

ACHESON, Mrs. Sarah C., temperance worker, born in Washington, Pa., soth February, 1844. She is descended on the paternal side from English and Dutch families that settled in Virginia in 1600, and on the maternal side from Col. George Morgan, who had charge of Indian affairs under Washington, with headquarters at Fort Pitt, and of whom Jefferson, in a letter which Mrs. Acheson has in her possession, says, "He first gave me notice of the mad project of that day," meaning the Aaron Burr treason. Among her ancestors were Col. William Duane, of Philadelphia, editor of the Philadelphia "Aurora" during the Revolu- tion. Her girlhood was spent in the town of her birth, where she was married, in 1863, to Capt.

EMMA ABBOTT.'

raised $10,000 to send her to Europe for musical

training. She went to Milan and studied with San

Giovanni, and afterwards to Paris, where she studied

under Wartel for several years. She studied with

Delle Sadie also. While in Paris, she suffered an

illness that threatened the destruction of her voice.

She made a successful d6but, however, and she had

there a warm friend in the Baroness Rothschild.

Numerous enticing offers were made to her by

European managers. She made an engagement

with Manager Gye in London, but refused, on

moral grounds, to appear in the opera, " La Travi-

ata." In this she was supported by Eugene

Wetherell, her husband. He was a member of Dr.

Chapin's church and had followed her to Europe,

where they were secretly married. Her refusal to

sing that role ended in the cancellation of her

engagement with Mr. Gye. In 1876 she returned

to the United States, and with C. D. Hess organized

an opera company. She appeared in the Park

Theater, Brooklyn, N. Y., in her famous r61e of

Marguerite. Soon after she became her own

manager, and her husband and Charles Pratt

attended to her business until Mr. WetherelFs

sudden death in Denver, Col., in 1888. Miss

Abbott, for she always retained her maiden name,

was successful from the start. In spite of abuse,

ridicule and misrepresentation, she drew large audi- ;

ences wherever she appeared. The critics at first ;^

derided her in every possible way, but the public "**"

did not heed the critics and crowded to hear the

courageous little woman who could maintain her

good temper under a shower of ridicule, the like of Acheson, of the same place then on Gen. Miles s

which ne?er before fell upon the head of a public staff, the marnage taking place while the Captain

peAonage She grew artistically every year, and was on furlough with a gunshot wound in the face

her stodokss character, her generosity, to her com- He left for the front ten days after, encouraged by

SARAH C. ACHESON.

4

ACHESON.

ACKERMANN.

organized under the care of Mrs. Love, of America, she stayed only a few days, in which she spoke in the crowded meetings of the Victorian Alliance, which is very influential in Melbourne. Her stay in New South Wales was very brief, for she found that outside help was not at that time welcomed in that oldest and most conservative colony, although a good work was doing by the several local unions. She was most cordially welcomed to Queensland, but stayed only long enough to attend

as7peedTl7as'"a Trdn could 'take her, doing duty their annual convention as the way to China and as nurse and special provider for the suffering. She Japan seemed open before hen A sense of duty

^ f -• - -•-- <-- '•t.- iir— ^ rather than inclination took Miss Ackermann to

China, but from the time she landed in Hong Kong she was well received everywhere. As there seemed no opportunity to organize in Hong Kong1, she decided to proceed to Siam, by way of Swatow. Her visit to Bankok was prolonged through an attack of malarial fever, which greatly reduced her strength. While in that city, she obtained an

his young wife. Dr and Mrs. Acheson moved to Texas in 1872. During their residence in Texas Mrs. Acheson has been a moral force. Her influ- ence has been strongly felt, not only in the city where she resides, but through out the State. Her generous nature has been shown in heroic deeds of a kind which the world seldom sees. When_ a cyclone struck the village of Savoy, many of its in- habitants were badly wounded, some were killed, others made homeless. Mrs. Acheson reached them

gave three years of active service to the Woman's Christian Temperance Union. She was State presi- dent at a time when a strong leader was greatly needed, guiding their bark into a haven of financial safety. Her life is active along all lines of duty. She is abreast of the advanced thought of the age. The world's progress in social, scientific and religious reform is not only an open, but a well- read book, to her. Her home is in Denison, Tex. ACKERMANN, Miss Jessie A., president of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union of Aus- tralasia, born in Boston, Mass., 4th July, 1860. As be- fits a Fourth-of-July child, she has the ring of Amer- ican independence. She is a descendant of the Pil- grim Fathers on her mother's side, and is of German extraction on her father's. Herinherited virtues and talents have been developed by liberal educational advantages. She was instructed in law, and spent much time in the study of elocution. She took a private course of study in theology, while drawing and painting and instruction in household matters were not neglected She had the advantage of extensive travel through her native land and spent much time in the Southern States, immediately after the close of her schooldays. At twelve years of age she was taken to a Good Templars' Lodge, where she received her first temperance teaching, and gave her first temperance talk. She began , public work as grand lecturer and organizer for that society in 1881, and continued until, in 1888, the wider scope and higher spiritual tone of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union, with its special opportunities for work among women, won her heart, and she began to serve in its ranks. She succeeded amid extraordinary difficulties in organizing unions at Sitka and Tuneau, in Alaska She also traveled and organized in British Colum- bia with success. She gladly responded to the call to go round the world, and receiving her appoint- ment at the National Convention held in New York, in October, 1888, she sailed from San Fran- cisco for the Sandwich Islands on 2gth January, 1889. She reached Honolulu on 6th February, and was cordially welcomed at the residence of the W. C. T. U. president. The Japanese Consul-Gen- eral, a cultivated Christian gentleman, president of a temperance society of 1,400 members, was much interested in her work and acted as interpreter at the meetings she held among the Japanese resi- dents, the other foreigners and the native Hawai- ians. She spent some time in the Islands. The history of her mission in New Zealand and the Aus- tralian colonies was recorded in the " Union Signal' ' by her -letters during 1889. Successful and enthusi- astic missions were held in the North and South Islands of New Zealand and in the Island of Tasmania. She visited Melbourne on the way for Adelaide. She remained two months in South Australia, traveled over the greater part of the colony, oiganized twenty-four local unions, called a convention in Adelaide, formed a Colonial Union, and left a membership of r, 126. Workers responded to her call in everyplace, and money was forthcom- ing for all needs. Finding the work in Victoria well

JESSIE A. ACKERMANN.

audience with His Royal Highness, Prince Diss, who is at the head of the department of education in Siam, She was also presented to His Majesty, the King of Siam, who received her graciously. She returned again to Hong Kong, on the way to Can* ton, which she reached by river. The northern ports of China beinjj closed, Miss Ackermann proceeded to Japan, going to Yokohama. There she did much work and formed a union. She next visited Tokio. A very successful mission was held at Numadza, where a union of forty members was formed. Meetings were held in Nagoya, and also under the auspices of the temperance society in Kioto, where Miss Ackermann addressed the Con- gregational Conference, then in session. There she also spoke in the theater to six hundred Bud- dhist students, on " What Christianity has clone for the World." She addressed nine hundred students in the Doshisna school. Osaka was visited at the invitation of the Young Men's Christian

ACKERMANX.

Association. Returning to Shanghai, she enjoyed the privilege of attending and making an address before the General Missionary Conference of China. The last was held thirteen years earlier. At that time a woman was called upon to bring her work before the conference, at which the chair- man vacated the chair, and many left the meeting in sore grief and indignation. On this occasion, how- ever, all women delegates present, including mis- sionaries' wives, were made voting members of the conference with all the privileges of the floor, amid Storms of applause. Miss Ackermann was able to form a National Woman's Christian Temperance Union for China. Successful missions were conducted in Cooktown, Townsville, Mount Morgan, Rock- hampton and Brisbane, and she again went into New South Wales. The work was very hard. In the first month she traveled seven- hundred miles, held forty-two meetings, and made more than one- hundred calls in search of leaders for the work. The results were gratifying, being twenty new unions, a reorganized Colonial Union, and fifteen Colonial superintendents. The Good Templars were her faithful friends in that colony, and she spoke in the annual meetings of the Grand Lodge, where about three-hundred delegates were present. She called a convention in Melbourne for May, 1891, which was attended by forty-nine delegates. Miss Ackermann was elected president. A consti- tution was adopted providing for a triennial conven- tion, the next to be held in Sydney in 1894, and Miss Ackermann was elected president of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union of Australasia for the ensuing term of three years. Since October, 1888, she has traveled more than forty-thousand miles, spoken through interpreters m seventeen different languages, formed more than one-hundred unions, taken five thousand pledges, and received over four thousand yromen into the union. The sup- pression of the opium traffic and of gambling, and the religious education of the young are ques- tions to which she is devoting much thought Since the Australasian convention she has traveled and organized in Victoria and South Australia. Miss Ackermann writes modestly of her platform ability, but she is really a speaker of no mean order. Her audiences are held by her addresses and fascinated by her lectures.

ADAMS, Mrs. Abigail, wife of John Adams, second President of the United States, born 22nd November, 1744, in Weymouth, Mass. She was a daughter of the Rev. William Smith, for forty years minister of the Congregational church in Wey- mouth, Her mother was Elizabeth Quincy, a great- great-granddaughter of Rev. Thomas Shepard, an eminent Puritan clergyman of Cambridge, and a great-grandnieceof the Rev. John Norton, of Boston. Abigail Adams was one of the most distinguished women of the Revolutionary period. She was in del- icate health in youth and unable to attend school, but she became a far better scholar than most of the women of her day. She read widely and wrote in terse, vigorous and elegant language. Her youth was passed in converse with persons of learn- ing:, experience and political sagacity. She was married on 25th October, 1764, to John Adams, then a young lawyer practicing in Boston. Dur- ing the next ten years her quiet and happy life was devoted to her husband and her four children, three sons and one daughter. » Then came the troubled times that were marked by the disputes between the Colonies and England. Mrs. Adams seconded her husband in his opposition to the Eng- lish oppression, and encouraged him in his zeal and determination in urging the Colonies to declare their independence. She remained in Braintree,

ADAMS. 5

Mass., while Mr. Adams was absent as a delegate to the^ Continental Congress and afterwards on dip- lomatic missions in Europe In 1784 she joined her husband in France, and in 1785 they went to London, whither Mr. Adams was sent as Minister Plenipotentiary to the Court of Great Britain. Remembering the patriotic zeal and independence of Mrs. Adams during the Revolution, George III and his queen, still smarting over the loss of the American Colonies, treated her with marked rude- ness. Mrs. Adams remembered their rudeness, and afterwards wrote: "Humiliation for Char- lotte is no sorrow for me " After spending one year in France and three in England, Mrs. Adams returned to the United States in 1788. In 1789, after her husband was appointed Vice-President of the United States, she went to reside in Philadel- phia, Pa., then the seat of government. In 1797 Mr. Adams was chosen President. In 1800, after his defeat, they retired to Quincy, Mass., where Mrs.

ABIGAIL ADAMS.

Adams died 28th October, 18 rS. She was a woman of elevated mind and strong powers of judgment and observation. Her letters have been collected and published with a biographical sketch by her grandson, Charles F. Adams, in a volume entitled " Familiar Letters of John Adams and his Wife, Abigail Adams, During the Revolution/'

ADAMS, M±s. Florence Adelaide Fowle, dramatic reader and teacher, born in Chelsea, Mass.,i5th October, 1863. Her maiden name was Fowle. Her father's family, originally from Eng- land, have been for many generations residents of 'the old Bay State. On her mother's side she is descended from the Earl of Seafield, who was her mother's great-grandfather, and from the Ogilvies, Grants, Gordons and Ichmartins of Scotland, tracing their ancestry back to 1300. She was graduated from the Chelsea public school and afterwards attended the girl's Latin school in Bos- ton, She learned readily, making particularly

ADAMS.

ADAMS.

ss in

the study of the languages, in which she was instructed by the divinity students

making lace and by teaching school. After the war she opened a school to prepare young- men for college, in which she was very successful. Her principal work, a volume entitled "A View of Religious Opinions, " appeared in 1784. The labor necessary for so great a work resulted in a seri- ous illness that threatened her with mental derange - ment That book passed through several editions in the United States and was repubhshed in Eng- land It is a work of great research and erudition. When the fourth edition was published, she changed the title to "A Dictionary of Religions." It was long a standard volume. Her second work, "A History of New England," appeared in 1799, andherthird, "Evidences of Christianity," in 1801. Her income from these successful works was meager, as she did not understand the art of mak- ing money so well as she knew the art of making books. Her reputation extended to Europe and won her many friends, among whom was Abbe Gregoire, who was then laboring to secure the emancipation of the Jews in France. With him she corresponded, and from him she received valuable aid in preparing her i{ History of the Jews," which appeared in 1812. Her next book, "A Controversy with Dr. Morse,'' appeared in 1814, and her "Letters on the Gospels" in 1826. All her books passed through many editions. Miss Adams was a woman of great modesty and sim- plicity. Her life was very quiet; her only journey

FLORENCE ADELAIDE FOWLE ADAMS

attention, while it held out flattering prospects for the future. She was graduated from the Boston School of Oratory in 1884, under the late Prof. Robert R. Raymond. In June, 1888, she was married to George Adams, a direct descend- ant of the statesmen and presidents. Her mar- riage has not interfered with her chosen line of work. Naturally of a sympathetic disposition, she has devoted much time and talent to charities. Hav- ing- had from time to time many pupils to instruct, she felt the need of a text-book that should set forth the principles of the Delsarte system in a form easily grasped by the student. This led to the publication of her book " Gestures and Panto- mimic Action" (Boston, 1891). Mrs. Adams was her own model for the numerous illustrations used in the volume, and in this, as throughout the work, she had an invaluable critic in the person of her mother, who is also a graduate of the Boston School of Oratory. One distinguishing trait of Mrs. Adams' character is her great love for ani- mals, not confined to a few pampered pets, but extended to the whole brute creation. Her per- sonal appearance is pleasing. She is youthful looking and is fond of society in which she has ever been a general favorite.

ADAMS, Miss Hannah, the first woman in the United States to make a profession of litera- ture was born in Medfield, Mass., in 1755, and died in Brookline, Mass.,, i5th November, 1832. Her father was a well-to-do farmer of considerable education and culture. Hannah was a delicate by water was the ten-mile trip from Boston to Na* child fond of reading and study. In childhood hant and her longest land journey was from Boston she memorized most of the poetical works of Mil- to Chelmsford. The closing years of her Ijfe ton, Pope. Thomson, Young; and others. Her she spent in Boston, supported by an annuity studies were varied, including Greek and Latin, settled upon her by three wealthy men oflluil dly.

IlANNAir ADAMS.

ADAMS.

'She was buried in Mount Auburn, being the first one to be buried in that cemetery. Her autobiography, edited with additions by Mrs. Hannah F. Lee, was published in Boston in 1832. ADAMS, Mrs. Jane Kelley, educator, born in Woburn, Mass., soth October, 1852. Her father was a member of a prominent firm of leather manufactur- ers. Her family had gone from New Hampshire,

ADAMS. 7

iSSS she was elected to a position on the Woburn school board, and in 1890 served as its presiding officer. In the spring of 1891, feeling from her work on the board of education the great need the students had of instruction in manual training, she was instrumental in establishing classes in sewing, sloyd and cooking, which were largely attended' Besides her work in her native town, Mrs. Adams has found time to be active in the various societies for college-bred women in the neighboring city of Boston. She is of a social nature, has a great in- terest in her husband's work, and it is not impos- sible that she will become a student of law.

ADAMS, Mrs. Louise Catherine, wife of John Quincy Adams, born in London, England, in 1775. She was a daughter of Joshua Johnson, of Maryland, but passed her early years in Eng- land and France. Her father's house in London was the resort of Americans in England. She was married to Mr. Adams in 1797. Mr. Adams had been resident minister at The Hague, and when his father was elected President of the United States, he went as minister to Berlin, Germany. There the young wife sustained herself with dignity in social and political life. In 1801 she returned with her husband to the United States. Mr. Adams was elected to the United States Senate, and they passed their winters in Washington, D. C, and their summers in Boston. In 1808 Mr. Adams was appointed by President Madison the first accredited minister to Russia, Mrs. Adams accompanied him to Russia, and she was the first American woman presented at the Russian court. She made an eminently favorable jmpression on Russian society. She passed one winter alone in St. Petersburg, while Mr. Adams was in Ghent negotiating a

JANE KELLEY ADAMS.

her mother being a descendant of the Marston family that came over from England in 1634. Mrs. Adams as a child showed great fondness for the school- room and for books. When three-and-one-half years old she "ran away" to attend the infant school, of which she became a regular member six months later. From that time her connection with school work, either as student, teacher, or committee- woman, has been almost continuous. As a student, she worked steadily, in spite of delicate health and the protests of physician and friends She was graduated from the Woburn high school in 1871, and from Vassar College in 1875. In 1876 she be- came a teacher in the high school from which she was graduated, leaving in 1881 to become the wife of Charles Day Adams, a member of the class of 1873 in Harvard, and a lawyer practicing in Boston. Since her marriage, as before, her home has been in Woburn, and, although a conscientious housekeeper and the mother of two children, she has found time within the last ten years, not only to have occasional private pupils, but also to iden- tify herself fully with the public work of her native city. In 1886-7 she was president of the Woburn Woman's Club. Within that time she or- ganized three parliamentary law clubs among her women friends. Later, she was one of the founders of the Woburn Home for Aged Women and was one of its vice-presidents. She has served as a director treaty

LOUISE CATHERINE ADAMS.

between the United States and England.

and an auditor of the Woman's Club, as president In the spring, accompanied by her eight-year-old of a church society, and as chairman of the execu- son and servants, she set out to travel to Paris by live committee of the Equal Suffrage League. In land. The journey was a memorable one to her,

8

ADAMS.

as the times were troublous, the traveling very bad and the country full of soldiers. She reached Paris in March, 1815. There she witnessed all the momentous affairs that preluded the famous " Hundred Days. ' ' Mr. Adams was next appointed Minister to England, and they made their home near London. In 1817 they returned to the United States. Mr. Adams served as Secretary of State for eio-ht years, and Mrs. Adams did the honors of their home in Washington. When her^husband was elected President, she became the mistress of the White House. There she displayed the same quiet elegance and simplicity that had distinguished her in so many prominent situations. Failing health forced her into semi-retirement. She ceased to appear in fashionable circles, but still presided at public receptions. After the expiration of President Adams' term of office, her retirement was complete. The closing years of her life were spent in the care of her family and the practice of domestic virtues. She died on i4th May?> 1852, and was buried by the side of her husband in the family burying ground at Quincy, Mass.

ADAMS, Mrs. Mary Mathews, poet, born 2$rd October, 1840. She is of Irish birth and par- entage, but having come to this country when she was a mere child, she may easily claim America as her mental birthplace. Her father was a devout Protestant, and her mother an ardent Catholic ; but

MARY MATHKWS ADAMS.

with fine breeding and a sincere and tender affec- tion between them, the religious inheritance of the sons and daughters of John Mathews and his wife is rich in faith and tolerance. Their American home was in Brooklyn, N. Y., and there Mary, their oldest daughter, was educated, mainly at Packer Insti- tute, from which she passed into a graded school, where for nine years she was a successful teacher. Her well-equipped mind and her winsome person- ality proving a rare combination of endowments for the work, After that period of successful effort

ADAMS.

Miss Mathews was married to C. M. Smith, ^ and for five years her life was passed in a western city. At the end of that time she returned to Brooklyn^ a childless widow, and again entered her favorite field of labor. Her enthusiasm as a student, which she always has been, finds its best result in her Shakespearian study. She has for years gathered about her, in her own home and elsewhere, classes of ladies, and her method of leadership is at once unique and inspiring. The refined literary appreciation manifested in this work reveals itself in her poems. The " Epithalamium " is per- haps the best known. Her verse is largely lyrical, and her themes include romance, heroism, and religion. In 1883 she became the wife of A. S, Barnes, the well-known publisher. He lived but a short time, and in London, in 1890, Mrs. Barnes was married to Charles Kendall Adams, the President of Cornell University, and at once assumed a position of intellectual, social, and moral responsibility for which her special mental gifts, her cultivation and her noble ideals of manly and womanly character fit her ,in a marked manner. There she has opportunity to impress the height and largeness of her standards upon college students of both sexes, from all points of the coun- try and remote lands. Mrs. Adams is one of the highest types of her race. That she has written less than the public craves is partly due to her own under-estimation of her poetic gifts, and partly be- cause she lives a religion of true hospitality and is an earnest home-maker, which talent is more time-con- suming than that of a housekeeper. Above and beyond all charms of pen and speech, she is a prac- tical and sincerely tolerant woman who transforms much of the prose of everyday life into poetry by her devotion to all beautiful works and things.

ADKINSON, Mrs. Mary Osbum, temper- ance reformer, born in Rush county, Incl., 28th July, 1843. Her husband, the Rev. L. G. Aclkin- son, D. D,, is President of New Orleans University. She has illustrated what an earnest worker can accomplish in the fields lying within reach of one busied with the cares of domestic life. She is the daughter of Harmon Osburn, who was a promi- nent farmer in Rush county, Incl. Her mother was a woman of great force of character and often entertained ministers, teachers and other guests of refinement in her home. Miss Osburn was edu- cated in Whitewater College, Centerville, Incl. She began her married life as a pastor's wife in Laurel, Ind. There, by teaching a part of the time, she supplemented the small salary received by her husband and added many valuable books to their library. Removing to Madison, she was persuaded to take a leading part in organizing the Woman's Foreign Missionary Society of the Methodist I epis- copal Church in that city. For ten or twelve years she did much successful work; she was four times unanimously elected president of the Madison dis- trict association, she was the association's dele- gate in 1883 to tne State convention, and in 1884 to to the branch meeting in Kalamaxoo, Mich. In 1873 she united with the temperance women of ^the city in the woman's crusade and has since been actively engaged in tem- perance work. She is now superintendent of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union among the colored people in the State of Louisiana and is working with much SUWSH. Many societies have been organised and huiulre'cte of young people have taken the triple pledge of abstinence from intoxicating; drink> tobacco and profanity. Mrs. Adkinson is also matron in New Orleans University; and teacher of Hewing and dressmaking. While thus active in philanthropic

ADKIXSOX.

AD.SIT.

work, she has been eminently a "keeper at home/' and not until many years later, by her own volun- Of her family of five children, the oldest daughter, tary confession, was the uriter identified. Mean- a graduate of Moore's Hill College, Indiana, is the while the thought of the clergy, as of the world at wife of Dr. E. G. Conklin, of the chair of biology large, had broadened, and the sermons were no

longer under proscription. Mrs. Adsit was married to Charles Davenport Adsit, of Buffalo, N.

, .,

December, 1862. Her home during the next three years was at n North Division street, in that city. Alternating literary, charitable and church work with her domestic duties, she developed an ideal home. They removed to Milwaukee, Wis., in 1865, where Mr. Adsit died in 1873, leaving the erstwhile happy wife charged with large responsibilities in a hitherto unexplored field. Mrs. Adsit immediately assumed the entire charge and management of a general insurance agency, at once meeting every requirement of its multiform duties in person. She was the first woman in general insurance in this country, and, so far as is known, in the world. Protests from family friends and jealous antag- onisms on the part of business competitors met her at the threshold of the work, but she won public favor as she gave assurance of ability, until the work was crowned with such success as to leave no cause for its further prosecution. Accordingly, Mrs. Adsit sold the business, with her good will, and resumed the pen as a more congenial exponent of her taste. Her rang-e of work was many sided, reaching from the political questions of the day to science and art. Her contributions to the London 1 1 Art Journal," many years since, brought a request for a series of articles on the " White and Black in Art," or "Etching and Engraving." Finding no- satisfactory data for thorough investigation in< books, she visited the studios of artists as well as the workshops of engravers, gathering at first

MARY OSBURN ADKTNSON.

in the Ohio Wesleyan University. The second daughter and son are teachers in New Orleans University, and a younger daughter and son are students in the same institution.

ADSIT, Mrs. Nancy H., art-lecturer, born in Palermo, Oswego county, N.Y., sistMay, 1825. She is of New England Puritan lineage, is descended from the Mayflower Robinsons on the mother's side, and from the patriotic Warrens of Massachu- setts on the father's side, her father being a clergy- man and missionary. Her early life was a disci- pline in self-dependence, which aided and stimu- lated the development of an inherited force of character, enabling her to combat and conquer adverse conditions, overcome obstacles and from childhood mark out for herself and piirsue steadily a career that has been crowned with success. At the age of thirteen years she assumed entire charge of herself and her fortunes. The expenses of a collegiate course, in Ingham University, were met by teaching and journalism. She was a regular con- tributor to the columns of the New York " Baptist Register," the Boston " Recorder," the New York " Tribune" and the " Western Literary Messenger." This earlier work was mostly in the line of poetic effusions and several series of "Lay Sermons" under the signature of "Probus." These ser- mons aroused intense antagonism in clerical circles, on account of their latitudinarianism on theologic questions. Heated and prolonged f discussions followed each publication. " Pro- bus," the unknown, was adjudged by a gen- eral council "guilty of heresy," and the hands the necessary information, even to the prac- sermons were denounced and condemned. The tical use of the tools of each craft. An entire year- series was completed, however, and her identity was consumed in this preparatory work. Months was held sacredly between herself and the editor, before the articles were completed the deman 1 for

NANCY H. ADSIT.

IO

ADSIT.

AHREKS.

parlor conversation on the topics which so absorbed her induced Mrs. Adsit to open her home to groups of ladies and gentlemen, who cared to take up the study in earnest. The field of her labor gradually broadened, and during the last thirteen years she has given her lecture courses in nearly all the prin- cipal cities east and west. Her name is now prom- inently identified with art education, both in this country and abroad. While Mrs. Adsit disclaims being an artist, she is yet a most competent and thorough critic and elucidator of art. Her crit- icisms of prints, especially, are sought by connois- seurs and collectors. The secret of her success lies in the fact that her work is simply the expression of her own personality. Her abounding enthu- siasm carries her audiences on its forceful tide. In a recent report of its Wisconsin secretary to the Association for the Advancement of Women, of which Mrs. Adsit is one of the vice-presidents, the writer says: "To Mrs. C. D. Adsit's work is due, directly or indirectly, most of the art interest in our State as well as the entire West >} Her own adverse experiences have quickened and enlarged her sym- pathies toward all working women, to whom she gives not only wholesome advice, but also substan- tial aid. Her pleasant home in Milwaukee is a cen- ter of art and of delightful social interchange.

AGASSIS, Mrs. Elizabeth Cabot, natural- ist. She is the daughter of Thomas Graves Gary of Boston, Mass. She was married to Professor Louis Agassiz in 1850. She accompanied her hus- band on his journey to Brazil in 1865-6 and on the Hassler expedition in 1871-2 ; of the second she wrote an account for the " Atlantic Monthly," and was associated with him in many of his studies and writings. She has published " A First Lesson in Natural History" (Boston, 1859), and edited <l Geological Sketches" (1866). Her husband died in 1873, and Mrs. Agassiz edited his "Life and Correspondence" in two volumes (Boston, 1885), a very important work. Mrs. Agassiz resides in Cambridge, Mass, and has done much to further the interest of the Harvard " Annex."

AHBJSNS, Mrs. Mary A., lawyer and phi- lanthropist, born in Staffordshire, England, 29th December, 1836. When she was fifteen years of age her father, the Rev. William H. Jones, brought his family to America and settled in Illinois. Mary was a pupil in the seminary in Galesburg for several years, and a close student until her first marriage, in 1857. Two sons and a daughter were born to her from this union, For eighteen years she was en- gaged in home duties and horticulture, and in the seclusion of this home she took up the study of medicine and earned her diploma. She felt im- pelled to labor for the elevation of the recently emancipated colored race, and was the first woman teacher in southern Illinois for that ignorant and long-neglected people. For years after her removal to Chicago Mrs Ahrens devoted herself largely to the lecture field, for which she is well qualified. Soon after her marriage to Louis Ahrens, an artist of ability, this woman of many talents entered the Chicago Union College of Law, and was grad- uated with honors in 1889. Her success as a practitioner has been marked. True to a high womanly standard, she adopted as a principle of action that, so far as the interests of her clients allowed, her aim should be to adjust differences outside of the courts, Naturally, many of her clients were women, poor and friendless. As vice- president of the Protective Agency for Women and Children, Mrs, Ahrens has been of great service to that benevolent organization. Recently, at the anrrud bannuet of the State Bar Association held in Springfield, 111 , Mrs. Ahrens responded to the

toast, "Woman in the Learned Professions." Mrs. Ahrens was made chairman of the Woman's School Suffrage Association, of Cook county, and her efforts to secure to the women citizens their legal right to vote at school elections entitle her to the gratitude of every woman in the State. She is a

MAKV A. AHRENS.

member of the Illinois Woman's Press Association, and a paper prepared for the club, in 1892, entitled "Disabilities of Women before the Law," was a masterful presentation of the need of the ballot- power for woman. She has been a suffrage advo- cate for more than twenty years. Her home is in Chicago.

AIKENS, Mrs. Amanda I,., editor and philanthropist, born in North Adams, Mass., lath May, 1833. Her father's name was Asahel Richard- son Barnes. Her mother's maiden name was Mary Whitcomb Slocum. Mrs. Aikens was reared under deeply religious influences. Much of her education was received in Maplewood Institute, Pittsfield, Mass. Since her marriage to Andrew Jackson Aikens she has lived in Milwaukee, Wis., where she has been for many years a leader in local charities, church work and efforts for the intellectual devel- opment of women. She has one daughter, Stella, who is a poet of wide reputation. In November, 1887, Mrs, Aikens began to edit "The Woman's World," a special department of "The Evening Wisconsin," of which her husband is one of the proprietors, published in Milwaukee. Up to that time she was best known for her active interest in, and intimate connection with, numerous benevolent societies. She was at one time presi- dent of the Board of Local Charities and Correc- tions, two years president of the Woman's Club of Milwaukee, two years ^chairman of the Art Com- mittee, and has been vice-president of the Wiscon- sin Industrial School for Girls, and for ten years the chairman of its executive committee. During the Civil War she was nn indefatigable worker, It

AIKEXS.

ALBAXI.

II

•was she who made the public appeals and in Canada long before the conquest. Her father announcements through the press when the ques- was a musician, a professor of the harp, and he tion of a ^ National Soldiers' Home was agitated, conducted her early musical studies. In 1856 the Jn the history of Milwaukee, published in iSSi, family removed to Montreal, where Emma entered

the convent school of Notre Dame de Sacre Cceur. There she studied singing. In 1863, when she was twelve years old, she went on a starring tour with her sister. She made her first appearance in Alba- ny, N. Y., and displayed the vocal and dramatic endowments that have since made her famous. In 1864 her family removed to Albany, where she was engaged to sing in the Roman Catholic cathedral. The bishop was so impressed by her talent that he urged her father to send her abroad for training. A public concert was given in Albany to raise money to enable her to go to Europe. Accompa- nied by her father, she went to Paris, remaining two years with the Baroness Lafitte, to study under Duprez, and next went to Milan, Italy, where she was trained by Lamperti. In 1870 she sang in Messina with success, and was at once engaged for Malta. She adopted the stage-name " Afbani, " in remembrance of Albany, whose citizens had been her generous friends and patrons. In 1871 she sang at the theater La Pergola, in Florence, Italy, where she created successfully the role of Migrion in Ambroise Thomas's opera, which had been con- ; demned in four Italian theaters. In 1872 she made

her first appearance in England, at the Royal Ital- ian Opera in London, where she made an extraor- dinary success as Amina in "La Sonnambula." She strengthened her reputation by her presen- tation of Lucia, Marta, Gilda, and Linda. In November, 1872, she sang as Amina in Paris with marked success. She returned to London and was enthusiastically received. There she

AMADA L. AIKENS.

there is a long account of her various labors for •suffering humanity in that time of strife and blood- shed, the War for the Union. She has traveled extensively in Europe, and her newspaper, letters were really art criticisms of a high order. She was one of the most enthusiastic and successful of those who raised money in Wisconsin for the Johns Hopkins Medical School in Baltimore, for the pur- pose of admitting women on equal terms with men. She helped largely in organizing the first Woman's Republican Club of Wisconsin, and was a State delegate to the National Conference of Charities when it met in Baltimore. In 1891 she read _a paper before the State Conference of Char- ities in Madison, Wis. Mrs. Aikens had much to do with the introduction of cooking into the public schools of Milwaukee. She has been identified for fifteen years as an officer or director with the Art Science Class, a literary organization for the purpose of developing a taste in architecture, painting, sculpture, and science. One-hundred- fifty ladies belong to this class, and it has done more for the direct education of women in the arts and sciences than any other society in the State. There are few, if any, interests of importance in the matter of advancement for women in her city or her State with which Mrs Aikens has not been more or less identified. She is known to be a tal- ented woman in the literary sense of the word, a loyal wife, a devoted mother, and a philanthropist of the truest and tenderest type.

AI/BANI, Mme. Emma, operatic singer, born in Chambly, near Montreal, Province of Quebec, Canada, in 1851, Her rnaiden name was Marie Emma La Jeunesse. Her parents were French- Canadians, descendants of Frenchmen that settled

EMMA ALBANI.

added Ophelia to her list of triumphs. IP 1874 she revived Mignon. In the winter of 1874-5, she made a successful tour of the United States. In May, 1875, she was again in London,

12

ALDAN I.

England, where she sang the role of Elsa in "Lohengrin," brought out by manager Gye in Covent Garden theater In Nice, in 1876, she made a deep impression. In Paris she revived the fortunes of the Theatre Ventadour by her rendi- tion of Lucia and of Gilcla in "Rigoletto." In 1877, in the Royal Italian Opera in London, she sans the role of Elizabeth in "Tamihauser," scoring a great success in that majestic character. In August, 1878, she was married to Krnest Gye, the oldest son of Frederick Gye, director of the Royal Italian Opera in London, England. During the winter of 1878 she sang in the Imperial Opera in St, Petersburg, Russia, and afterwards in Moscow, Milan and Brussels, always with increasing popularity. In 1879 and 1880^ she appeared in Covent Garden, London, as Gilda, Amina, Marguerite, Elvira, Elsa, Mignon, and Ophelia. In the last-named role she has no rival In 1883 she sang iu "Faust" and " Rigoletto" in Washington, I). C., and closed her operatic tour in Philadelphia in April of that year in "The Flying Dutchman." On #1 April, 1884, she sang in Gounod's " Redemption " in the Trocack'To, Paris, where that composer conducted his own work. Tu March, 1884, she sang in the Royal Opera house in Berlin. 1 ler operatic^ career has been one long- line of successes, 1 ler voice is a pure soprano of great flexibility and t wide range, and her dramatic powers are of the highest order. She is equally successful iu concert and oratorio. Her repertoire includes most of the famous roles. In May, 1886, at the opening of the Colonial Exhi- bition in London, she sang the ode written for the occasion by Tennyson, Among her acquaintances in Europe is Queen Victoria, who visits her at Mar Lodge, Alburn's home in the Scotch Highlands, and meets her as a friend, Madame Albani-Gye. is unspoiled by her successes.

AI/BRIGHT, Mrs. Blifca DowttitiR, church and temperance worker, born in Philadelphia* Penn., 130*1 March, 1847. She is descended from Puritan ancestry, dating badc^to that goodly com- pany of 20,000 emigrants, Englishmen of the adven- turous and thrifty class, whose sails whitened the Atlantic between 1630 and 1640, At the age of eleven years Klixa Downing was graduated from the public .schools of Philadelphia^ and later she studied under jjrivnto teachers and in some of the institutes in which the city at that time abounded. In 1867 she was married to the Rev, Louis M. Albrighu !).]),» a graduate of the Ohio WCK- leyan University and a minister of the, Methodist Kpisropal Church. After marriage she was engaged with her husband in teaching mathematics and natural sciences in the Ohio \\Vsleyan Female College, in Delaware, %Ohio. Lal<T " she was a teacher of mathematics in Lewis College, Glasgow, Mo,, and 1 )u Pamv 1'Vmale College, of which Dr» Albright was president, More recently, in the itinerancy in Onio, Mrs, Albright has 'been occupied in good work «ts a j Motor's wife in connection with the churches and districts in which her husband has succt-Hsive'ly smvd, For the last HIM years thuy have msidrd in I )<-laware, Ohio. When the temperance cnutadc br^an, Mrs, Albright threw hertfrlf into that ww movvnu'itt. She became corresponding s<*on*tary ni'thr Ohio Woman's Christian *I t*mj nuance Union at IN oryani/ation, in 1877, mul for tlw«» yearn, until faintly ea»vH made wtrHsary her rrj%nntion, '.hr did u' I.irw amount of work In thr way of mii'spoiid* wv and public* spt'itkinty She ha?; U-» u it lentil it -(I with tlu* Woman's Foreign Mission ,u\ Siirit'tv nf tht- Me'thodist Kpki'op.tl Chutvh, aw ilj.itit't M «'M»iiv and speaker, At prwnt she h

ALliRKJIIT.

one of the national officers of the Woman's Home Missionary Society and is also chairman of the State executive committee of the Yoimj>; Woman's Christian Association. A clear and effective speaker, she is in constant demand for public: addresses in the interest of these and other causes.

KM'/ A tX)\YNIN< » Al HUH Jin,

While in sympathy with rwry movement fur reform, Mrs, Albright counts her dutie*; tn hrt family first and hi&hebt, Naturally a student with strong physi<|uc and jt'.reat energy, shetun.s to account every opportunity for personal

X/<>u]ft« May, author, burn in Gernwntown, IVniu, »«|th NfovembtT, iH%^, Her birthday was tlic* anniv<THary of the birth of her father, tin* late A, BrotiHon Alcott, the "Huge of Concord,*1 Lcnu"?;a was the Mt'curtti tjf four duuMhtcrs, only one of whotn, Mrs, J, H. IVattf m now living, Sumnnidt^l in chiI<Ih«H\(J by an atmosphere of literatunu shtfc br^an to write at an «*arly n^<*, her ivadiuK mrludinj» Shakt^prar«*» Crocthe, iMner.son, Margaret f'*ull«*r, Mis;* lul^r* worth and (Jeor^t* Hand. Hrr (ir.st pmrtti, ***r<»;* K(^bin,M was written whrtt ^hr was Hj'Jit yrurnold. In i.H^K tho Aleott family rnnov;e<l t<» liostou» and she lived in <*r near that rity until h«*i death, O,*H- (*ord waiS lon^ent her hotttt\ Their Hlr in thin i«t» t«*r town wan intnTi^jtrd by »i y«;»u npent in ,in ideal e(iitinnnn'ty» "Fruitlands In th^ tuwu t*( I larvard, wluTe they abstained front meat as The i'Xpeiieiu'ti Mi»«t Alrott dt^cribtul jtt ua t ItijC sketch, ^Tmnwi'iidfntal Wild Onto, M injt *t} Concord, tint Alcifttn Hvinl fan H vvliit*1 hut hoiwe that wa*t afterwards Hawtiutrnr';* hi*m*** flt*r father, ,t di'ftui^uNhrdl^ctttri^jind te»uh*rol his tiuu1, waKcwrof th** (ir^t to innint that ^nik'» nj'HH was nu*r«* inttwntial than th« rorl, and t«i nhow that t'dMcafittn nhtiuld brin^ ^ll* ^Jr ^****t that was in a rhtUPH natttr*% ut»t Khuply tT»ttu *» mind with Tartu MijtM Alcr»tt reuiv^d h»*f

ALCOTT.

tions chiefly from Henry Thoreau. Emerson was Mr. Alcott 's most intimate friend, and very early in her ,Iife Miss Alcott became his favorite. When she was fifteen, Mr. Emerson loaned her a copy of "Wilhelm Meister," from the reading of which dated her life-long devotion to Goethe. At the age of sixteen Miss Alcott began to teach a little school of twenty members, and continued to do work of this kind in various ways for fifteen years, although it was extremely distasteful to her, and at the same time she began to write stories for publi- cation. Her first published book was "Flower Fables " (Boston, 1855). It was not successful. She continued to write for her own amusement in her spare hours, but devoted herself to helping her father and mother by teaching school, serving as nursery governess, and even at times sewing for a living. Many of the troubles of those early years "have been referred to in the sorrows of Christie in her volume called " Work, " published after her

UHTTSA MAV ALCOTT.

name was widely known. After awhile she found there^ was money in sensational stories, and she wrote them in quick succession and sent them to many papers ; but this style of writing soon wearied her and she had conscientious scruples about con- tinuing it, In 1862 she became a nurse in the Wash- ington hospitals and devoted herself to her duties there with conscientious zeal. In consequence, she became ill herself and narrowly escapee! death by typhoid fever. While in Washington she wrote to her mother and sisters letters describing hospital life and experience, which were revised ana published in book-form as " Hospital Sketches" (Boston, 1863). Jn that year she went to Europe as companion to an invalid woman, spend- ing a year in Germany, Switzerland, Paris antf London, Then followed "Moods" (1864); "Morn* ing Glories, and Other Tales" (1867); **Prov- erb Stories" (1868), She then published ''Little Women," 2 volumes, (1868), a story founded

largely on incidents in the lives of her three sisters and herself at Concord. This book made its author famous. From its appearance until her death she was constantly held in public esteem, and the sale of her books has passed into many hundred thousands. Most of her stories were written while she resided in Con- cord, though she penned the manuscript in Boston, declaring that she could do her writing better in that city, so favorable to her genius and success. Following "Little Women" came "An Old- Fashioned Girl" (1870); "Little Men" (1871), the mere announcement of which brought an advance order from the dealers for 50,000 copies; the "Aunt Jo's Scrap-Bag" (1871), 6 volumes; "Work" (1873); "Eight Cousins" (1875); "A Rose in Bloom" (1876); "Silver Pitchers and Independence" (1876); "Modern Mephistoph- eles," anonymously in the "No Name Series " (1877); "Under the Lilacs" (1878); "Jack and Jill" (1880); "Proverb Stories" a new edition revised (1882); "Moods " a revised edition (1884); "Spinning-Wheel Stories " (1884); "Jo's Boys" (1886). This latest story was a sequel to "Little Men." "A Garland for Girls " (1887). With three exceptions her works were all published in Boston, Miss Alcott did not attempt a great diversity of subjects; almost everything she wrote told of scenes and incidents that had come within her per- sonal knowledge. The sales of her books in the United States alone amount to over a half-million. Her "Little Women" reached a sale of 87,000 copies in less than three years. She wrote a few dainty poems, but never considered that her talents lay in versifying. Her death occurred 6th March, 1888, just two days after the death of her father. She was buried on 8th March in the old Sleepy Hollow graveyard in Concord, the funeral being a double one and attended only by the immediate relatives. Miss Alcott's will directed that all her unfinished manuscripts, including all letters written by her, should be burned unread.

AI^COTT, Miss May, see NIERIKER MME, MAY ALCOTT,

AI/DBN, Miss Emily Gillmore, author and educator, born in Boston, Mass., 2ist January, 1834. In infancy her parents removed to Cambridge, and her education was pursued in the public schools of that city, and in Mt. Holyoke Seminary, South H ad- ley, Mass. Her career has been chiefly that of a teacher in Castleton, Vt., and in Mpnticello Semi- nary, Godfrey, 111. In this latter institution she now has charge of the departments of history, rhetoric, and English literature, and of senior classes for graduation. Her literary work, stimulated probably by the scope of her teaching and her experience as an enthusiastic and truly artistic educator, has been the recreation of her years, and her poems have the delicacy and spontaneity that belong to genius, Miss Alden comes of Pilgrim ancestry, being of the eighth generation in lineal descent from the Mayflower. She is singularly retiring in man- ner, courts no admiration for her work, and holds ever her^daintiest verses in most modest estimation. She shrinks from publicity, and her first efforts were offered under a pen-name. An early critic, detecting an artistic touch in her poetic fancy, insisted that the mask should be dropped, and since then her poems have reached a very appreci- ative circle of readers under her own signature.

AW>BN, Mrs. Isabella Macdonald, author, born in Rochester, N. Y., 3d November, 1841. H er maiden name was Macdonald. While she was still a child, her father moved to Johnstown, N. Y., and afterwards to Gloversville, in the same State, Her pen-name " Pansy," by which she is known so

ALDEN.

ALDEN.

widely was given to her by her father on the occa- and "The Pocket Measure. " Story- writing by no sion when Isabella, a mere child, had plucked means is all her work. She writes the primary every blossom from a treasured bed of pansies lesson department of the " Westminister Teacher,1* grown by her mother. As the child showered the edits the "Presbyterian Primary Quarterly " and the

children's popular magazine "Pansy," and writes a serial story for the "Herald and Presbyter" of Cincinnati every winter. Mrs. Alden is deeply interested in Sunday-school primary teaching, and has had charge of more than a hundred children every Sunday for many years. She is interested in temperance also, but delicate health arid a busy life hinder her from taking an active part in the work. She gives liberally to the cause, and four of her books, "Three People," "The King's Daughter," "One Commonplace Day," and "Little Fishers and their Nets, " are distinctively temperance books, while the principle of total abstinence is maintained in all her writings. Mrs, Aldcu is a constant sufferer from headache, which never leaves her and is often very severe, but she refuses to call herself an invalid. She is a model housekeeper in every way. Her physician limits her to three hours of literary work each day. The famous Cluuitauqua system of instruction is warmly advocated by her, She has been prominently^ identified with that movement from its beginning. Her books are peculiarly adapted to the youth of this country. Most of them have been adopted in Sunday-school libraries throughout the United States. Rev and Mrs, Alden are now pleasantly located in Washing- ton, I ). C.

AI/DEN, Mrs. I/ucy Morris Chatfee, author, born in South Wilhrnham, New Hampden, Mass,, soth November, 1836. She is a daughter of Daniel 1). and Sarah R Chaffer. Among IHT maternal ancestors was Judge John Bliss, of South

1SAHKLLA MACDONALT) ALDKN,

blossoms in her mother's lap, she said they were "every one for her," and Mr. Macdonald gave her the name which has become so famous. Her father and mother, both persons of intellect and educa- tion, encouraged her in every way in her literary work, and her progress was very rapid- When she was only ten years old, she wrote a story about an old family clock which suddenly stopped after running many years, and her father had it pub- lished As a girl, Isabella was an aspiring and industrious author. She wrote stories, sketches, compositions, and a diary in which she recorded all the important events of her life* ( Her articles were accepted and published in the village papers, and " Pansy" began to be known, Her first book was published when she was yet a mere j^irL A publishing house offered a pritfe for the best Sunday- school book upon a given subject. She wrote " Helen Lester,'* a small book ior young people, partly to^amuso herself, and sent the manuscript to the publishers, not expecting to lu*ar from it again. To ht*r surprise the committee .selected her book as the best of those received. From that time her pen has never been idle. More than sixty volumes bear the name ** Pansy." and ail are good, pure books for jrmm$ and old alike, Miss Macdonald was married in May, 1866, to the Rev. (1, R, Alden, and she in u success as a pastor's wife, She cow- poKOH tm*uly. Her morning are given to literary work. Some of her bwks are : '* Either Reid," "Four GirlttatChautuuqim," " Clmutftumm (>irl« at Homo," "Tip Lewis ami His Loom,'* "Three

L

MOKKIH

AU>KN.

ALDEN.

ALDRICH.

under the constitution was chosen to the first and merit, she was also struggling over a simple arith- several succeeding senates. Miss Chaffee spent a metic, whose tear-blotted leaves she still preserves, year at Monson Academy, twenty years in teaching In her fifteenth year a friend suggested to her to send school, and three years as a member of the school a poem to "Scribner's Magazine." Although the

verses were returned, with them she received a friendly note of encouragement and praise from the editor, who from that time often criticized the young girl's work. She wrote constantly and volumin- ously, usually destroying her work from month to month, so that but few of her earlier verses are extant. She also read widely, her taste inclining to the early English poets and dramatists and to mediaeval literature. When she was seventeen, her first published poem appeared in "Lippincott's Magazine," followed by others in the "Century" and various periodicals. In 1885 Miss Aldrich's mother moved back to New York, where they now reside. Her first book was "The Rose of Flame and Other Poems of Love" (New York, 1889), and she has published one novel, * ' The Feet of Love" (New York, 1890). Miss Aldrich dislikes country life and is fond of society. Her family is of English extraction. Her ancestors were Tories in Revolu- tionary days, and their large estates were confis- cated by the American government because of their allegiance to the crown.

AIRBRICK, Mrs. Flora I/., doctor of medi- cine, born in Westford, N. Y., 6th October, 1859. Her maiden name was Southard. Her father was a farmer, and Her childhood was spent on a farm known as "Sutherland Place." Her paternal an- cestors were among the original Dutch settlers of the Hudson river valley at Kinderhook and Hud- son. Among them are the names of Hoffman and Hubbard. Of the Southard family little is known, as the great-grandfather was an adopted child of a

ANNE REEVE ALDRTCH.

board of her native town. She was left alone by the death of her mother in 1884, and was married in July, 1890, to Lucius D. Alden, an early school- mate but long a resident on the Pacific coast, and she still occupies her father's homestead. Her poetic, and far more numerous prose, writings have appeared in various newspapers of Springfield, Boston, Chicago, and Minneapolis, in several Sunday-school song-books, and in quarterly and monthly journals. One doctrinal pamphlet of hers has lately been translated by a British officer and missionary in Madras into the Hindustani tongue, and many copies printed. Copies of another were voluntarily distributed by a county judge in Florida among members of his State legislature. Two years ago, under an appropriation, made by an association whose conferences reach from Maine to California, of a sum to be distributed among writers of meritorious articles, Mrs. Alden was selected to write for Massachusetts.

AI/BK.ICH. Miss Anne Reeve, poet and novelist, born in New York City, 25th April. 1866. From her earliest childhood she showed a fondness for composition, spending hours from the time she learned to print in writing stories and verses, al- though she had the usual healthy childish tastes for romping and all out-of-door sports. At the death ot her father, which occurred in her eighth year, her mother removed to the country, where she at first took charge of her daughter's education, which was afterward carried on by competent tutors. Miss Aldrich displayed remarkable pro- ficiency in compostion and rhetoric, which was counterbalanced by what she herself calls an Amus- ing1 inaptitude for mathematics, so that, while she was translating French and Latin authors for amuse-

FLORA L. ALDRICH.

Hudson merchant and could remember only that his name was Southard, and that he was stolen from a port in England. From all that can be gathered he is believed to be of good English family, and

16

ALDRICll.

•probably Southworth was the original name. Her maternal ancestors were of the Sutherland family, who have a clear connection with the nobility of England and Scotland. Her early education was

ALDKICH.

most severe school, strict in the observance of what they considered their religious duties. They be- lieved that a free use of the rod was necessary to save the child's soul from destruction. This severe treat- ment taught her that the Golden Rule was by far the best maxim ior morality and happiness, and no sooner was she in control of a home of her own in Rochester, N. Y., than she gave such instruction for the betterment of humanity by word and deed that her home became a sort of Mecca for advance thinkers, not only of America, but pilgrims came from Europe, Asia and Africa to confer with her. In 1882 she began in Rochester, N. Y., the publica- tion of "The Occult World," alittlc paper devoted to advanced thought and reform work. Her edi- torials taught liberality, justice and mercy. Her greatest work has been in privates life, and hei influ- ence for good over the individual was remarkable. She was at one time secretary of the Thoosophieal Society of the United States, and president of tin- Rochester Brotherhood She is now in affluent circumstances in a home in Aldrich, Ala,, a mining town named for her husband Mr, Aldrich Jtilly sustains his wife in all her work, and she is in turn assisting him to carry out a plan of his, whereby persons accused of crime shall be defended before the court, at the public expense, as diligently and al >ly as such persons are n< >w prosecuted The t< >wii of Alclrich is a quiet, peaceful, moral and refined community, where the rights of all are respected, and where drink and tobacco are almost unknown. Mrs. Aldrich is vice-president of the Woman's National Industrial League, vice-president of the* Woman's National Liberal Union, and one of tin* founders of the Woman's National University and School of Useful and Ornamental Arts,

AI/BB.ICH, Mrs, Julia Carter, author, born iu Liverpool, Ohio, 38th January, 1^4. She

C CABLF-S AU)Rirn,

Conducted almost entirely by her mother, who ranked among the educated women of her day, Before Flora was eleven years old she could trace nearly every constellation of stars, and knew the names and characteristics of Ilowers, insects, and birds in that section of her native State, When she was iu her twelfth year her mother died, and her education subsequently was academic and by in- struction under private teachers- When eighteen years old she was an advanced scholar in many branches* Interest in the sick and suHering was uppermost iu her mind, and her chosen life-work would have beea that of a missionary, I ler mar- riage with Dn A, G. Aldrich, of Adams, Masj*,, in rHH*. resulted in her beginning immediately the study of medicine and surgery. A year later they removed to Anoka^Minn., where they now reside. She was graduated in iHHy from the old Minnesota Medical College, now the Medical Department of the vState University, and luus since taken post- graduate courses iu the best schools in this country. She is now preparing for a course of study m ICurupe. In addition to her professional attainments, Dr. Aldrich has talent an a writer, and has nearly ready for publication a volume of almost two^ hundred poems. In religious belief nhe fa Episcopalian. Though exceedingly busy in her profession, both as physician and surgeon, in social life and the literary and scientific world, she is at the head of several literary and social organisations, and is greatly interested m charitable und philan- thropic work.

AI/DHXCH, Mrs, Josephine Cafcle#, author and philanthropist, born in Connecticut She wa«

but a few yearn old when her mother died, leaving the rtfth in n family of «WM children, Ht*nu*t!tifri her in the care of two Puritan grandmothers of the mime wn&CarUsr, Her paternal mu*c&tun* wt*r« NVw

jftnt.tA t

ALDRICH.

Englanders of English stock. Her mother's parents, born and reared in Richmond, Va., were of Scotch and German descent. Miss Carter began to write when quite young, making a suc- cessful attempt at the age of fourteen years. Her school-days were marked by thorough and rapid proficiency. At the age of seventeen years she began to teach in a large village school, following that vocation for four years. During all the busy period of study and teaching, frequent contribu- tions from her pen, both of verse and prose, found place in various periodicals and won for her much encouragement from high sources. In October, 1854, she was married to Joseph Aldrich, of New York. During the earlier years of her married life literary work was somewhat neglected, but out of the joy of her own home sprang a desire to carry sunshine and happiness to others. Believing that many fountains of evil had their origin in bad home management, for several years she did much earnest work for the home circle in many periodic- als, and under various pen-names, "Petresia Peters" being the best known. Reformatory measures have always received her aid, and her articles written in the interests of humanity would make volumes. Poetry has been to Mrs. Aldrich its own reward, but she has neglected to make any collection of her poems. She is the mother of three sons. Her husband died in 1889, at their country place, "Maple Grove Home," near Wau- seon, Ohio.

AI/BRICH, Mrs. Mary Jane, temperance reformer, born in Sidney Plains, N. Y., igth March, 1833. Her home was on a tract of land pur- chased before the Revolutionary War by her paternal great-grandfather, the Rev. William John- son, a Scotch-Irish Presbyterian minister who, with her grandfather, Col. Witter Johnson, was in the Revolutionary, army. Her father, Milton Johnson, was a fanner possessing uncommon intellectual abil- ity. I ler mother, Delia 1 full, was a well educated woman of deeply religious nature. Beyond attending a select school in early childhood, and later in the public school, three terms in Franklin Anulemy supplied the school privileges of Miss Johnson. Ever since her eighteenth year she has "been deeply interested in Christian and philan- thropic work. She is a member of the Presby- terian Church, but it> in cordial fellowship with all Christians. She was married in 1855 to John Aldrich and removed soon after to Nebraska, where the first ten years of her married life were full of pioneer experiences. In 1866 she removed with her husband and two children, a son and daughter, to Cedar Rapids, Iowa, her present home, where her youngest child, a son, was born. I ler uneventful life was spent in caring for her husband and children and in Sabbath school and missionary work. From childhood, a "total abstainer" and in full sympathy with prohibitory law, she was never a temperance worker, not even a member of any temperance society, until the Crusade. That movement touched the deepest springs of her being, It fanned a latent interest into a flame of enthusiasm, brought out the hitherto undeveloped powers of an intense nature^ and wedded her to a work for all homes. Quick in thought, fertile in expedients and prompt in action, she soon became a recognised worker. In all her labor she has had the consent and co-oper- ation of her husband and children. At the organi- sation of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union of Iowa, 3d and 4th November, 1874, the Raising of Laxarus was her text for more earnest temperance work by Christian people in restoring to a better life and nobler manhood those who are

ALDRICH. i J

morally dead through drink. Later, at a county Woman's Christian Temperance Union con- vention, she took the place of a college pro- fessor, who had failed to appear, and delivered her first^ address. Made a vice-president of the^ National Woman's Christian Temperance Union at its organization, iSth and 2oth November, 1874, she visited different localities to enlist women in the work of that society, and some of the unions then formed are still doing good service. Chosen corresponding secretary of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union of Iowa in 1875, she held the office for one year only, leaving it in order to spend more time in the field. In different posi- tions she has been a member of the executive committee of the Iowa union to the present time, and there are few counties in Iowa in which she has not spoken. Elected president of her State union in 1883, she declined re-election in 1885 because unable to give to the work all the time

MARY JANE ALDRICH.

it required. She was elected corresponding secretary by the union, which office she still holds. When the National Union, at the St. Louis Con- vention in 1884, declared in favor of politi- cal temperance work by the union, Mrs. Aldrich, with the majority of the Iowa delegation, voted against the resolution. Subsequently, as corre- sponding secretary, she was, from her own intense conviction as well as from her official position, the efficient co-worker of Mrs. J. Ellen Foster, the president, who represented the Woman's Christian Temperance Union of Iowa in its open opposi- tion to political Woman's Christian Temperance Union work, and final withdrawal from the auxili- aryship to the National, on that account in October, 1890. As a temperance worker she is sanguine and practical. As a speaker she is bright, force- ful, entertaining and logical. She attended the convention held in Cleveland, Ohio, 22-24 Janu- ary, 1890, at which time the Non-partisan National

i8

ALDRICH.

ALDRICH.

Woman's Christian Temperance Union was orga- nized. As secretary of the department of evan- gelistic work she has been a member of the executive committee from its organization.

AI/DRICH, Miss Susanna Valentine, author, born in Hopkinton, Mass., i4th November,

interested. Since 1879 sne nas made her home in the Roxbury District of Boston, Mass.

AI/IJXANDBR, Miss Jane Grace, pioneer woman-banker, born in Winchester, N. II., 26th October, 1848. She is a daughter of Kdward and Lucy Capron Alexander, highly respected people of Puritan ancestry and of sterling qualities. Miss Alexander was educated in the Winchester schools, and finished her course in Glenwood Seminary, Brattleboro, Vt. After graduating she taught school for a time, and then accepted the position she now holds in the Winchester National Bank. For twenty years or more she has pursued the path of her choice, until now she is the long-time assist- ant cashier of the National bank, and the treasurer of the savings bank of her native town. In i«SKi, at the time of the incorporation of the Security Sav- ings Bank, Miss Alexander was elected treasurer, being the first woman to fill such a position. She has been a successful business woman and has always made it a point to enjoy her success. She drives her own horses antl indulges in a flower garden The bank is made cheery find bright with blossoms of her own growing, and through all the details of her otticial duties the woman's presence, shines out, glorifying and beautifying the whole place. As superintendent of a Sabbath school and president of a Chautuuqua class, she has long been

SUSANNA VALTCNTINK ALDRtCH.

1828. She is the only child of Willard and Lucy (Morse) Aldrich. From her earliest years she showed that fondness for putting her thoughts on paper which seems to be the unerring indication of the possession oflltcrary talents. When other chil- dren were satisfied with dolls and playthings, the little Susan was always asking for paper and pen- cil to use in " writing letters/' as she then culled her work. In t her schooldays she always found it far easier to write compositions than it was for her to commit lessons to memory, and she was gener- ally permitted to choose her own subjects for the regular "composition day " in school Her studies were interrupted by a severe illness which lasted for several years. She was long a victim to insom- nia, and she always kept pajjer and pencil within reach in order to be able to jot down the fancies that thronged upon her in long hours of wakeful- ness, The Rev, Jf, C, Webster, her pastor, also one* of the directors of the academy which Miss Aldrich attended, bdng struck with the merit and quality of her compositions, selected some of them to offer to a magazine for publication. These were accepted, and Sir. Webster, who later became a professor in Wlusaton College, Illinois, had the satisfaction of knowing that the author whom he introduced to the literary world had shown herself capable of holding a higfi rank among literary workers- For many years Miss Aldrich contributed both prose and poetry to a number of pawn* and marines. Some years ago her health became impaired, and since that time she has confined her literary work to th#4 preparation of urtirlrw appropriate, to occa- sions In which she nnd her intimate friends arc

JAKK UKAt'K AU'IX

a leading spirit, in the village, and Nhi* hnfl abtm« daatly .shown what a true hurled, eammt woman may attain in the line oHnwin«u»H

Alrl/BlSr. Bfr». 2$llftfib*th Akw*. J«K% bom in Strong Franklin county. Maims «jtli October iH,;a, Sue inherited mental and physical vi^nr from her fattier, awl delicacy nnd refinement (mm her mother, who died when Klt/uboth wa« yH an infant After her ^mother*** death her lather wwlr his home !n Karmiiurtnti, Maim*, wh«*r*- the (Hi*<t'»4 il uwi passed, A weekly »<*ws|Mpi*jr pub- in Istrtnin^ton ^uve hvr pfK*mn to the

ALLEN.

ALLEN.

over the pen-name Florence Percy." Her verses AI^EN, Mrs. Esther I/aviUa, author, bom were received with marked favor and were widely in Ithaca, N. Y., 28th May, 1834. While she was copied. Her earliest verses, written when she was a child, her parents removed to Ypsilanti, Mich, only twelve years old, were sent without her where her youth was passed, and she was educated

in the seminary of that town. In 1851 she was mar- , .' . fied, and for the past few years her home has been

*- ' in Hillsdale, Mich. She wrote verses in her youth

but study first and then domestic cares occupied her attention. She began her literary career in earnest in 1870, when her powers were fully ma- tured She wrote stories, sketches and poems for publication, and her productions were of that char- acter which insures wide copying. She contributed to the "Ladies' Repository/' the "Masonic Maga- zine," the "Chicago Interior,'* the "Advance," the ' ' Northwestern Christian Advocate ' ' and other prominent periodicals. Much of her work has been devoted to temperance and missionary lines, , but she writes countless poems for all kinds of oc- casions. Besides her work as a writer, she is a fine reader and she has often read her poetical produc- tions in public, mainly before college societies. M Recently she has done less of this work. Mrs. , ; Allen has never collected her productions, although , there are enough of them to fill a number cf vol- umes. > At present she is engaged in literary work of a high order.

AI/I/EN, Mrs. Esther Saville, author, born in Honeoye, Ontario county, N. Y., nth Decem- ber, 1837. Her parents were Joseph and Esther Redfern Saville, natives of England. Her father was a man of refined literary taste and well culti- yated, as is shown by his contributions to British j ournals of his time. Mrs. Allen at an early age gave

Eroof of a strong and ready mind and a passion for itters. Both were fostered by her appreciative

KSTIIKR LAVILLA ALLKN.

knowledge to a Vermont paper, which promptly published them. In 1847 she began to publish over her own name. In 1855 she became assistant editor of the Portland, Maine, ' ' Transcript. ' ' In 1856 she published her first volume of poetry, " Forest Buds from the Woods of Maine." The volume was a success financially, and she was able to go to Kurope, where she spent some time in Italy, IHYnnce and Germany. In 1860 she was married to her first husband, Paul Akers, the sculptor, a native of Maine. He died in Philadel- phia, Pa., in the spring of 1861, at the age of thirty- five years, just as a brilliant career was opening to him. Their only child, Gertrude, died shortly afterwards, and Mrs. Akers, after rallying from a lontf mental and physical prostration, returned to Portland and toolc her old situation in the "Transcript" oflice. In 1863 she received an appointment in the War Office in Washington, D. C, at the suggestion of the late Senator Fessenck'n, She was in Corel's Theater on the night of Presi- dent Lincoln's assassination. In :866 she brought out IHT second volume of verse, "Poems by Kliza- Ixvth Akers," which was successful. In the fall of 1866 she was married to E. M, Allen, and went with him to Richmond, Va. While t living in that city there arose the famous discussion of the authorship of her poem, "Rock Me to Sleep, Mother." That now celebrated poem was written by Mrs, Allen, in 1859, and sent from Rome to the Philadelphia " Post," and that journal published it

in 1860, In 1872 her husband engaged in business ttm .

in New York City, After making their home in father, whose criticism and counsel gave her mind UieUrewood, N. I., for several years, she has a proper impetus and direction. Before she was rtrcittly removed to New York, and is engaged ten years old she made her first public effort in a in literary work. She is a member of Sorosis, poem, which was published. At the age of twelve

ESTHER SAVTLLE ALLEN.

2O

ALLEN,

ALLEN.

years she wrote for Morris and Willis a poem which they published in the "Home Journal." Her father judiciously, so far as possible, repressed all precocious display, but the passion was her master, and while a pupil in the common schools of west- em New York, and in the academy in Rushford, N. Y., she wrote and published many poems under the pen-name of " Winnie Woodbine." She became a teacher in the public schools of western New York and continued to write for eastern papers, assuming her proper name, Etta Saville. Moving to Illinois in 1857, she taught in the public schools until 1859, when she was married to Samuel R. Allen, a lawyer in Erie, 111. Since her marriage all her literary productions have appeared under_ the name of Mrs. S. R Allen. Since 187 2 she has resided in Little Rock, Ark. She is probably the author of more productions, both in prose and verse, than any other woman of her State. Much of her work has been widely copied and recopied. Devoted to charity, organized and practical, her ^ writings in that cause have promoted the institution and de- velopment of much useful work, or revived and reinvigorated it. Though retiring by nature and disposition, she is fearless and vigorous in ac- tion when occasion calls and the right demands it. Her life-work, by her own choice, has been the faithful and efficient discharge of every duty in her home and social relations She is a true out- growth and exemplification of the greatness of American women, to whose devotion to duty and rich display of intellect and truth in domestic rela- tions is owing a great proportion of the might of the Nation in the past and present, and its hope for the time to come.

AI/I/BN, Mrs. Mary Wood, physician, author and lecturer, born in Delta, Ohio, i9th October, 1841. She is the daughter of George Wood, who emigrated from his English home when just of age, and in the wilds of southern Michigan met and married Miss Sarah Seely. The young couple settled where the village of Delta now stands, but at that time there were but two dwellings in the place. In one of these Mary was born, and there her childhood was passed. Even in those early days her future was shadowed forth, for she never played with dolls except to doctor them in severe illnesses. They often died under her treat- ment, and then she enjoyed having a funeral, in which she figured as chief mourner, preacher and sexton, as she had neither brother nor sister, and her playmates were few. At fourteen she had exhausted the resources of the village school. She manifested a love for study, especially of music, and before fifteen years of age had estab- lished herself in central Ohio as a music teacher with a class of twenty pupils. Her talent in music was a direct inheritance from her mother who had a remarkable voice. As a music teacher Mary earned money to begin her college course in Del- aware, Ohio, where she proved an ardent stu- dent, putting four years work into three and, as a result breaking down in health. After gradu- ation she taught music, French and German in a collegiate institute in Battle Ground, Ind., continu- ing there until her marriage to Chillon B. Allen, a graduate of the classical department of the Ohio Wesleyan University in Delaware, Ohio, and of the Ann Arbor Law School. Her own delicate health led her into the investigation of many thera- peutical measures, and after the death of her first child in infancy she, with her husband, began the study of medicine, first in her own country and then in Europe, where she spent three years, returning to graduate in medicine from Ann Arbor in 1875. In Newark, N. J., where she settled and practiced her

profession, her first important literary work was done. This was the beginning of the "Man Won- derful and the House Beautiful" (New York,

1884), an allegorical physiology. The^ first ten chapters appeared in the "Christian Union,1' and received such a recognition that their expansion into a book was began, and she and her hus- band united in completing the volume. Dr. Allen has also been a contributor of both prose and poetry to many leading periodicals, her poem entitled "Motherhood" having won for itself immediate fame. It is, however, as a lecturer that Dr. Allen has won her brightest laurels. A paper upon heredity which she presented at the State con- vention of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union in Cortland, N. Y., was both eloquent and logical and aroused the interest of the whole^ con- vention, and as a result Dr. Allen was appointed national lecturer of the Woman's Christian Tem- perance Union in the departments of heredity and

MARY WOOD AULKN\

hygiene. Since then she has received calls from various parts of the United States to lecture upon these and kindred topics. A demand soon arose for her instruction in teachers' institutes ami n< >nnal colleges upon the subject of temperance plusiolo^y, Her presentation of the topic gave general satisfac- tion. At present Dr. Allen has her home in Toledo, Ohio, whence she goes forth into the lecture field. Glorious as has been her work for temperance, that which she has done, and is doin#, for social purity is more beautiful. Upon this sub- ject, so difficult to handle, she has spoken Sabbath evenings in many pulpits, and has received the unqualified praise of such noted clergymen as Dr. Heber Newton, Dr. Theodore Cnyler and Or, Pentecost in the East, and Dr. Me I .can upoii the Pacific coast. She manifests a peculiar illness for giving wise counsel to girls, and has done accep- table work in this line in schools and rollout % During several winters, by invitation of Miss Grace

ALLEN,

Dodge, she has spoken to the Working Girl's Clubs of New York City. It is a scene of absorb- ing interest when, with rare tact and delicacy, she addresses large audiences of young men on the work of the White Cross. Her mission in the work of reform and philanthropy demands a peculiar talent which she possesses in an unusual degree ; a scientific education which enables her to speak with authority ; a winning presence ; a musi- cal voice which makes itself heard in the largest building with no apparent effort, and which by its sympathetic quality arrests attention and touches the heart, while her words appeal to the reason, and a gentle womanly manner which converts the most pronounced opposer of woman's public work. To those who hear her on the platform or in the pulpit, she is a living voice, alluring her hearers to lives of truth and purity, and to those who know her personally she is a sweet womanly presence, the embodiment of those graces which are the power in the home.

AWM5HTON, Mrs. Ellen Palmer, poet, born in Centerville, N. Y., i7th October, 1835. Her ancestors were of Knickerbocker blood. She re- ceived a district-school education and afterwards spent a few terms in academies, but never gradu- ated. Her marriage to Aipheus B. Allerton, took place in 1862, soon after her removal to Wis- consin. Mr. and Mrs. Allerton were both invalids in Wisconsin, but ^in 1879, traveled to Kansas in a wagon, cooking their own meals and getting health and happiness out of the j ourney. They se- lected for a home an unimproved farm, a-quarter section, on very high land in Brown county, in sight of Padonia, Hamlin, Falls City and Hiawatha. They now have a handsome home and every com-

21

iishedin "The Jefferson County Union, " Ex-Gov- ernor Hoard's paper. Later she contributed to Milwaukee and Chicago papers, and was at one time book-reviewer for the Milwaukee "Sentinel." She has published one volume, " Poems of the Prai- ries," (New York, 1886 ,. She is considered oneof the leading authors of K ansas. As a woman and as a writer she is quiet and sensible. At her home in Padonia she has a wide circle of loving friends and throughout the West the hearts that hold her dear are legion.

AU/TN, Mrs. Eunice Bloisae Gibbs, author, born in Brecksville, a suburb of Cleveland,

ELLEN PALMER ALLERTON.

EUNICE ELOTSAE AT LYN.

Ohio. Her father, Dr. Sidney Smith Gibbs, was a native of Schoharie county, N. Y., and her mother, Eunice Lucinda Newberry, was a native of St. Lawrence county, in the same State. Dr. Gibbs was practicing in Brecksville when he mar- ried Miss Newberry, who was a cultured and successful teacher. He was a relative of Sidney Smith, and was naturally of a literary turn. Mrs. Gibbs possessed similar talents, and many articles from their pens were published in the press of the day. Their family consisted of four children, of whom Eunice was the third After various changes of climate in search of health, Dr. Gibbs died in comparatively early manhood, leaving his wife with three young children to provide for. The devoted mother most nobly filled her trust. After his death the family moved from Jackson, Mich., to Cleve- land, Ohio, where Eunice was graduated with honors from the high school. She intended to become a teacher, but her mother dissuaded her and she remained at home, going into society and writing in a (juiet way for the local papers. Her articles were signed by various pen-names in order

past thirty years of age. Her first poems were pub- land ' ' Plain Dealer, ' ' when she was only thirteen

ALLYX.

ALRICH.

years old. Besides composing poems for recitation in school, she often wrote songs, both words and music, when she could not find songs suited to various occasions. In 1873 she was married to Clarence G. Allyn, of Nyack, N. Y. After spend- ing several years at Nyack, New London, Conn., and Auburn, N. Y., they moved to Dubuque, Iowa, where they now live. Mrs Allyn is a prominent member of the Dubuque Ladies' Literary Union, and for eight years she has served as president of the Dubuque Woman's Christian Temperance Union She has been connected with the^ local press at times, and she has also won distinction as an artist. She is a member of the Episcopal Church, is broad in her views, while strictly ortho- dox, and is an ardent admirer of Oriental philoso- phy. Before her marriage she gained valuable experience as Washington correspondent of the Chicago "Inter-Ocean," a position which she filled for a year, during which time she also wrote numerous articles for the St. Louis "Globe," the New York "World," and before and since then for various New York, Boston, Indianapolis, Phila- delphia and Chicago journals. She is a pointed, incisive writer, and all her work, prose or poetry, has an aim, a central thought. In her own city she has quietly inaugurated many reforms and educa- tional movements, doing the work, not for noto- riety, but prompted by her inborn desire to do something towards lifting up humanity.

AIvRICH, Mrs. Emma B., journalist, au- thor and educator, born in Cape May county, N J.5 4th April, 1845. She was the first child of fond parents, and no attempt was made to guard against

EMMA B. ALRICH.

precocity. At the age of three years a New Testa- ment was given her as a prize for reading its chapters, and at five years she picked blackberries to buy an arithmetic. At twelve years of age she joined the Baptist Church. At that time she began to write for the county paper. At sixteen she

taught the summer school at her home. In 1862 she entered the State Normal School in Trenton, N. J., going out for six months in the middle of the course to earn the money for finishing- it. She was graduated in June, 1864, as valedictorian of her class. She began to teach in a summer school on the next Monday morning after her graduation. In 1866 she was married to Levi L. Alrich, who had won laurels as one of Baker's Cavalry, or yist Pennsylvania Regiment. Her first two years of married life they spent in Philadelphia, Pa. In 1876 the Centennial opened up new possibilities and Mr and Mrs. Alrich moved to the West and settled in Cawker City, Kans. There she again entered the school-room, was the first woman in Mitchell county to take the highest grade certifi- cate, and the only woman who has been superin- tendent of the city schools. She was a warm sup- porter of teachers' meetings, church social gather- ings, a public library and a woman's club. In 1883 her husband's failing health compelled a change in business. He bought the ' ' Free Press, ' ' and changed its name to the "Public Record." All the work of the office has been done by their own family, and each can do every part of it. Besides her journalistic work, she served two years on the board of teachers' examiners. She was one of the forty who organized the National Woman's Relief Corps, one of the three who founded the Woman's Hesperian Library Club, and was the founder of the Kansas Woman's Press Association. Her busy life leaves her but little time for purely literary work.

AMES, Mrs. Eleanor M., author, born in 1830. She now lives in Brooklyn, N. Y. She has written a number of books, under the pen-name " Eleanor Kirk" designed to assist young writers, and she publishes a magazine entitled "Eleanor Kirk's Idea," for the same purpose. Her works include u Up Broadway, and its Sequel" (New York, 1870), "Periodicals that Pay Contributors " (Brooklyn), "Information for Authors" (Brook- lyn, 1888); and as editor, "Henry Ward Beecher as a Humorist" (New York, 1887), and "The Beecher Book of Days" (New York, 1886).

AMES, Mrs. Fanny B., industrial reformer, born in Canandaigua, N. Y., i4th June, 1840. In her childhood she was taken with her father's fam- ily to Ohio, where she was for some time a student in Antioch College, under the presidency of Horace Mann, tier first experience in practical work was

fained in military hospitals during the war. For ve years she was a teacher in the public schools in Cincinnati. She was married in 1863 to the Rev. Charles G, Ames, and during his ministry in Phila- delphia she engaged in the work of organ- ized charity, was president of the Children's Aid Society, traveled widely in Pennsylvania, assisting in the organisation of county branches of that sodh ety, visiting almshouses, and getting up the provis- ions by which dependent children were removed from almshouses and placed in private families under the supervision of local committees of women. Under State authority she was for five years one of the visitors of public institutions, with power to inspect and report to the Board of State Charities. She thus became familiar with the methods, merits and abuses of those institutions, her knowledge of which not only qualified her to prepare the reports of the Philadelphia Board of Visitors, but led her into wide and careful study of the causes of poverty and dependence, quickening her natural sym- pathy with the struggling classes, at the same time elevating her estimate of the social service rendered by wisely-used capital and fairly-managed industries. She was for two years president of iht*

AMLS.

New Century Club of Philadelphia, one of the most active and influential women's clubs of this country. Mrs. Ames now resides in Boston, her husband -presiding over the Church of the Disciples. She read a paper before the National Council of Women in 1891 on the " Care of Defective Children.35 She was appointed Factory Inspector in Massachusetts, 8th May, 1891, by Governor Russell, in accordance with an act passed by the State legislature

AMUS, Miss Julia A., editor and temperance reformer, born near Odeil, Livingston county, 111., I4th October, 1861. She was the daughter of a well-known wealthy citizen of Streator, 111. She was a graduate of Streator high school, the Illinois Wesleyan University, and of the Chicago School of Oratory. Her work in the Woman's Christian Temperance Union began in Streator, where she proved herself a most valuable and efficient helper to Mrs. Plumb, the district president of the Woman's Christian Temperance

JULIA A. AMES.

"Union. Her peculiar talents for temperance work soon brought her into prominence, and she was drawn into the central union in Chicago. There, in addition to her elocutionary talents and execu- tive capacity, she showed herself the possessor of the journalistic faculty, and she was soon placed where she could make good use of that faculty for the noble organization of temperance workers. The first of the Chicago daily newspapers to publish a Woman's Christian Temperance Union depart- ment was the "Inter-Ocean." In her first inter- views with the editors, Miss Ames received many charges and cautions, all of which she tried faith- fully to heed. Yet, in spite of her care, everything she sent was sharply scanned and often mercilessly cut. At first only a few inches of space were given to her. This was gradually increased as the edi- tors learned they could trust her, till, before she gave the department into other hands, she usually occupied nearly a column, and editors ceased to

cut her manuscript. Other and more important work soon came to her hand. The national super- intendent of press- work, Mrs. Esther Housh, found her labor too great for her strength, and Miss Ames was appointed her assistant. She performed all the necessary work in this field until her duties on the "Union Signal" forced her to give the work into other hands. Her connection with the central union brought her into intimate contact with many noble women, among whom were Helen Louise Hood, Mrs. Matilda B. Carse, Mrs, Andrew and Miss Willard Her intercourse with them molded her views and life visibly, and her progress was rapid. Position after position called her, and in each she did earnest, noble work with- out stint. When Mrs. Andrew felt that, on account of her health, she must give up her work on the " Union Signal," the question of her successor was earnestly discussed. The thoughts of the leaders at once turned to Miss Ames, and despite her youth, she justified the choice of those who urged her to follow Mrs. Andrew. Up to 1889 her special

Province was the difficult one of news from the eld and children's department. She originated the department of illustrated biography and the queen's garden. In all her work she showed a thoroughness, patience and courtesy absolutely indispensable to success, yet seldom found united in one person. Her forte was not so much writing, though she was ready with her pen, as it was that higher faculty which instinctively told her what to choose and what to reject of others' writing, and the winning power to draw from them their best thoughts. In 1889 she had sole charge of the ' ' Union Signal ' ' in the absence of the editor. She took a vacation trip to Europe in 1890, spending a month in London, England, and visiting Lady Henry Somerset at Eastnor Castle. Miss Ames was received with honor by the British Woman's Tem- perance Association. While in London, she organized the press department of that society on lines similar to those of the American organization. She traveled through Europe with a chosen party conducted by Miss Sarah E. Morgan, under the auspices of Mrs. M. B. Willard' s school for girls. She witnessed the Passion Play at Oberammergau, visited Rome and other famous cities and returned to the United States refreshed in mind and body to resume her editorial duties on the "Union Sig- nal " She attended the Boston convention in November, 1891, in her editorial capacity. She assisted in editing the daily "Union Signal," pre- pared the Associated Press dispatches each night, and was the chairman of one or two committees. She was not well when she left Chicago, and she contracted a severe cold, which through the pres- sure of her work developed into typhoid pneu- monia, of which she died i2th December, 1891. Miss Ames was a member of the Woman's Tem- perance Publishing Association Circle of King's Daughters and was president of that organization when she left Chicago for her European tour. The silver cross and the white ribbon were the symbols of her life. She was an efficient worker, a thorough organizer and the ^possessor of more than ordinary executive capacity. She was direct, positive, earnest, amiable and indefatigable.

AMI£S, Miss I/ucia True, author, born in Boscawen, N. H., 5th May, 1856. She has written two books, "Great Thoughts for Little Thinkers " (New York, 1888), and " Memoirs of a Millionaire " (Boston, 1889), a work of fiction. The first is an attempt to present modern and liberal thought on scientific and religious questions in a simple form which shall supplement home and Sunday-school instruction. The second volume treats of experi-

24 AMES.

ments in modern social reforms. Miss Ames has been to Europe several times and traveled exten- sively. She has for some years conducted numer- ous large adult classes in Boston and vicinity in studies in nineteenth century thought, taking Emerson, Lowell, Carlyle, Webster and Bryce as the bases for study. She has been a contributor to various periodicals. She is a woman suffragist and an earnest worker in furthering measures that shall promote good citizenship, She is a niece of Charles Carleton Coffin, the author of books for boys. Her home is in Boston, Mass., in which vicinity she has spent the greater part of her life.

AMES, Mrs Mary Clemmer, see HUDSON, MRS. MARY CLEMMER.

AM33$S, Mrs. Olive Pond, educator and lecturer, born in Jordan, N. Y. She was two weeks old when her father died, and the mother and child went to the home of the grandparents in New Britain, Conn. There the mother worked

OLIVE POND AMIES.

untiringly with her needle for the support of herself and her two children. The older child, a boy, was placed in the care of an uncle, and to Olive the mother took the place of father, mother, brother and sister. When Olive was four years old, the mother and child left the home of the grandmother and went to the village to board, that Olive might be sent to school. Soon after this the mother mar- ried Cyrus Judd, a man of influence in the town of New Britain. Olive continued in school for many years. She passed through the course of the New Britain high school, was graduated from the State Normal School, and later, after several years of teaching, was graduated from the Normal and Train- ing School in Oswego, N. Y. She was always a leader in school and became eminent as a teach CT. She has for many years given model lessons at con- ventions and institutes. For five years in the State of New York and two in the State of Maine she was in constant demand in the county teachers' insti-

AMIES.

tutes. She founded the training school for teachers in Lewiston, Maine, and graduated its first classes. In 1871 she was married to the Rev. J. H. Amies," pastor of the Universalist Church, Lewiston, Maine, though she had been brought up a Methodist and had become, in later years, an Episcopalian. In 1877 she began to edit the primary department of the " Sunday School Helper," published in Boston, the exponent for the Universalist Church of the of the International Lessons. Since January, 1880, she has never failed with a lesson, excepting two months in 1884, during a severe illness. The Rev. Mr. Amies is a student, a man of original thought, and in full sympathy with the advanced questions of the day. Mrs. Amies feels that his encouragement and assistance have been the moving power in her work. They have constantly studied together and stood side by side in sympathy and work whether in the pulpit, on the lecture platform, or in the home. She holds State positions in the Woman's Christiaa Temperance Union and the Woman Suffrage Association, and delivers lectures on the different themes connected with those two organizations. She also speaks on kindergarten and object- teaching, and her "Conversations on Juvenile Reforms " have been exceedingly popular wher- ever given. Her home is now in Philadelphia, Pa. She has had a family of six children, three girls and three boys, of whom one son and one daughter died while young.

AMORY, Mrs. Estelle Mendell, educator and author, born in Ellisburgh, Jefferson county, N. Y., 3d June, 1845. She is better known as a writer by her maiden name, Estelle Mendell. Her childhood was passed on a farm. In 1852 her family moved to Adams, a near-by village, where' her father, S. J. Mendell, engaged in mercantile business. The Mendell home was a home of refinement and culture, and Colonel and Mrs. Mendell entertained many prominent persons, among whom were Henry Ward Beecher, Thomas Starr King, Edwin H. Chajpin, Frederick Doug- lass and Gerrit Smith; and intercourse with those brilliant men and others did much to inspire the young girl with a desire to make a mark in litera- ture. When the Civil War broke out, Mr. Mendell raised a company of soldiers, took a commission as captain and went to the South, He served throughout the war, rising to the rank of colonel by brevet. Estelle had developed meanwhile into a studious young woman, and had taught her first school. She studied in the Hungerford Collegiate Institute in her home town, and in Falley Semi- nary, Fulton, N. Y. In 1866 the family moved to Franklin county, Iowa. There Rstelle continued to teach. In 1867 she returned to the East and re-entered Falley Seminary, from which institution she was graduated with honors in 1868* Her fam- ily-—there were eight brothers and sisters —had! been placed in financial straits by tlu* war, and Estelle was obliged to earn the money, aided by some devoted friends, with which to complete her seminary course. Then followed seven years of earnest work as a teacher, she holding successively the positions of governess in a family in Chicago, and principal and preceptress of seminaries in the East. In 1875 she became the wife of J. IL Amory, of a prominent family of Binghamton, RY», and they went to Elgin, 111,, to live. During all those years Mrs. Amory had written much but done little in the way of publication. At length she began to ofler her work. Ready acceptance encouraged her, and soon she became a regular con- tributor to standard periodicals. I f er literary pro- ductions consist mainly of domestic articles, short stories for children, essays on living themes and

AMORY.

occasional poems. Her well-known "Aunt Mar- -tb a Letters," published in the Elmira "Telegram," in 1882, and later the more famous "Aunt Chatty " series in the Minneapolis ''Housekeeper," have made her name a household word. Among the journals that have given her articles to the public are the "Ladies' Home Journal," "Mail and Express," "Epoch," Cincinnati "Enquirer,3' "Journalist," "Union Signal," "Babyhood," "Golden Days" and a score of others. In addi- tion to her family cares and literary work, Mrs Amory has often had classes at home and in the school-room, besides classes in music. Her family consists of two children, a son and a daughter, and her home is now in Belmpnd, Iowa. From her mother Airs. Amory has inherited qualities of soul and mind that have endeared her to a large circle of friends; and from her public-spirited, tal- ented father, a broad, enthusiastic nature, that allies her actively with the advance thought and movements of the day.

ANDERSON, Mary, Mme. Navarro, actor born in Sacramento, CaL, 2Sth July, 1859. Her maiden name was Mary Antoinette Ander- son. Her mother was German descent, and her father was the grandson of an Englishman. In January, 1860, her parents removed from Sacra- mento to Louisville, Ky., where she lived until 1877. Her father joined the Confederate army at the beginning of the Civil War, and was killed at Mobile, Ala., in 1862. Her mother was married again,- in 1864, to Dr. Hamilton Griffin, a practicing physician in Louisville. Mary and her brother Joseph had a pleasant home. Mary was a bright, mischievous child, whose early pranks earned her the name of ' * Little Mustang. ' ' Afterwards, when her exuberance was toned down and she had settled seriously to study, she was called "Little Newspaper." In school she was so careless of books and fond of mischief, that at the age of thir- teen years she was permitted to study at home. There, instead of the usual studies, she spent her time on Shakespeare. Fascinated by the world that the poet opened to her she began to train her voice to recite striking passages that she committed to memory. The desire to become an actor was born with her. At the age of ten she recited passages from Shakespeare, with her * room arranged to represent the stage scene. Her first visit to the theater occurred when she was twelve years old. She and her brother witnessed the performance of a fairy piece, and from that moment she had no thought for any profession but the stage. Her parents attempted to dissuade her from this choice, but she pursued her studies with only her inborn artistic instincts as teachers. She was known to possess dramatic talent, and friends urged her parents to put her in training for the stage. In her fourteenth year she saw Edwin Booth perform as Richard III in Louis- ville, and the performance intensified her desire to become an actor. She repeated his performance at home, and terrified a colored servant girl into hysterics with her fierce declamation. The per- formance was repeated before an audience of friends in her home, and in it she achieved her first success. Her interrupted course in the Ursuline Convent school of Louisville was supplemented by a course of training in music, dancing and litera- ture, with the idea of a dramatic career. By the advice of Charlotte Cushman she made a thorough preparation, studying for a time with the younger VanderhofF in New York. That was her only real training — ten lessons from a dramatic teacher ; all the rest she accomplished for herself. Her first appearance was in the r61e of Juliet, on 27th

November, 1875, in Macauley's Theater, Louis- ville, in a benefit given for Milnes Levick, an English stock actor, uho was in financial straits. Miss Anderson was announced on the bills simply as "Juliet, by a Louisville Young Lady." The

as

theatre was packed, and Mary Anderson, in spite of natural crudities and faults, won a most pro- nounced success. In February, 1876, she played a week in the same theater, appearing as Bianca in "Fazio," as Julia in "The Hunchback," as Evadne, and again as Juliet. Her reputation spread rapidly, and on 6th March, 1876, she began a week's engagement at the opera house, in St. Louis, Mo, She next played a week in Ben de Bar's Drury Lane Theater in New Orleans, and scored a brilliant triumph. She next presented Meg Merrilies in the New Orleans Lyceum, and in that difficult role she won a memorable success. Prominent persons overwhelmed her with atten- tions, and when she left New Orleans a special

MARY ANDERSON.

engine and car bore her to Louisville. She now passed some time in study and next played a second successful engagement in New Orleans. Her first and only rebuff was in her native State, where she played, for two weeks in San Francisco. The press and critics were cold and hostile, and it was only when she appeared as Meg Merrilies the Californians could see any genius in her. In San Francisco she met Edwin Booth, who advised her to study such parts as "Parthenia," as better suited to her powers than the more somber tragic characters* Her Californian tour discouraged her, but she was keen to perceive the lesson that under- lay ill success, and decided to begin at the bottom and build upward. She made a summer engagement with a company of strolling players and familiar- ized herself with the stage "business" in all its details. The company played mostly to enroty benches, but the training was valuable to Miss Anderson. In 1876 she accepted an offer from*

ANDERSON.

ANDREWS.

did not sing a note. After that time she" regained it in a measure, but not in its completeness, and she has since turned her attention more to instru- mental music, being for eight or nine years the

John T. Ford, of Washington and Baltimore, to eral years, taking a trip with the family now and

join his company as a star at three-hundred dollars then in the summer vacations. As a child she had

a week. Accompanied by her parents, as was her a remarkably strong voice, but at twelve years of

invariable custom, she went on a tour with Mr age it failed completely, and for six years she

Ford's company and everywhere won new tri- J J ' ' ' «-.....• - -

umphs; The management reaped a rich harvest.

On this tour Miss Anderson was subjected to

annoyance through a boycott by the other members

of the company, who were jealous of the young star.

She had added Lady Macbeth to her list of char- acters. The press criticisms that were showered

upon her make interesting reading. In St. Louis,

Baltimore, Washington and other cities the critics

were agreed upon the fact of her genius, but

not all agreed upon her manner of expressing it.

Having won in the West and Southwest, she began

to invade eastern territory. She appeared in Pitts- burgh in 1880, and was successful. In Philadelphia

she won the public and critics to her side easily.

In Boston she opened as Evadne, with great appre- hension of failure, but she triumphed and appeared

as Juliet and Meg Merrilies, drawing large houses.

While in Boston, she formed the acquaintance of

Longfellow, and their friendship lasted through the

later-life of the venerable poet. After Boston came

New York and in the metropolis she opened with a

good company in "The Lady of Lyons " Her

engagement was so successful there that it was

extended to six weeks. During that engagement

she played as Juliet and in uThe Daughter of

Roland." After the New York engagement she

had no more difficulties to overcome. Everywhere

in the United States and Canada she was welcomed

as the leading actor among American women. In

1879 she made her first trip to Europe, and while in

England visited the grave of Shakespeare at

Stratford-on-Avon, and in Paris met Sarah

Bernhardt, Madame Ristori and other famous actors. In 1880 she received an offer from the manager of Drury Lane, London, England, to play an engagement. She was pleased by the offer, but she modestly refused it, as she thought herself hardly finished enough for such a test of her powers. In 1883 she also refused an offer to appear in the London Lyceum. In 1884-5 she pianist and musical director of the company. She was again in London and then she accepted has composed several vocal pieces, which she is an offer to appear at the Lyceum m " Parthenia." now having published. She has a remarkable Her success was pronounced and instantaneous, talent for transposition, and could transpose music She drew crowded houses, and among her friends as soon as she could read it. The Andrews family and patrons were the Prince and Princess of Wales, is of Spanish descent by the line of the father who Lord .Lytton and Tennyson. She played success- was a man of much intellectual ability The fully in Manchester, Edinburgh and other British paternal grandfather came to this country when towns During that visit she opened the Memorial quite a young boy, leaving his parents upon large Jneater m Stratford-on-Avon, playing Rosamond landed estates to which he, the only child would m As You Like It " Her portrait in that char- one day be heir. Here he married, and his wife acter forms one of the panels of the Shakespeare would never consent to his returning to look after Theater. In 1885-6 she played many engage- his interests in far-away Spain. Much of the ments m the United States and Great Britain, musical and dramatic talent of his enuulehildren In 1889 a serious illness compelled her to retire is doubtless an inheritance, brought to them liy from the stage temporarily. In 1890 she an- him from the land of the vine and tlu> olive of nounced her permanent withdrawal from it, and sunshine and sons ™. ,*^_. :,^™ A-.-:, x ANDREWS. Miss Eliza Frances, author

ALICE A. ANDREWS.

. , •- -, —

soon after she was married to M. Antonio Navarro deViano a citizen of New York. They now live in England.

d

and educator, Dorn in Washington, (/a.. loth August, 1847. Her father " "

., - .. was Judge Garnett

cf P * £? ' cc,omPoser illlc* Andrews, an eminent jurist and the author of a

i r *u • i A j > r M-* She ls a menl" book of amusing sketches entitled " Reminiscences

ber of the musical Andrews family, now grown into of an Old Georgia Lawyer." Among others of

!i~W±H^ Ith!as her ^mediate family who have d&tinguM

been said of her that she could sing before she themselves are her brother Col Garnett Andrew*

could lisp a word, as she began to sing at the early a brave Confederate officer and the present mayor

ap of two years. When she was nmeyears of age, of Chattanooga, and her niece, Maude Andrews

she started out with her brothers and sisters as one of the Atlanta '« Constitution." Soon after Te

of the family concert troupe giving sacred con- death of her father, in 1873, his estate was wr-1-^

certs m the churches throughout the State- After by one of those « highly moral ' ' dKtenT

a few musical seasons she left the concert stage for operations Miss Andrews has vividly

the school-room, where she spent her time for sev- her novel, " A Mere Adventurer'1

1879). The old homestead was sold, and Miss Andrews was reduced to the necessity of toiling for her daily bread. Though wholly unprepared, either by nature or training, for a life of self- dependence, she wasted no time in sentimental regrets, but courageously prepared to meet the situation Journalism was hardly at that time a recognized profession for women in Georgia, and Miss Andrews, whose natural timidity and reserve had been fostered by the traditions in which she was reared, shrank from striking out into a new path. She did a little literary work secretly, but turned rather to teaching as a profession. For six months she edited a country newspaper, unknown to the proprietor himself, who had engaged a man to do the work at a salary of forty dollars a month. The pseudo-editor, feeling himself totally incom- petent, offered Miss Andrews one-half of the sala- ry if she would do the writing for him, and, being in great straits at the time, she accepted the un-

ELIZA FRANCES ANDREWS.

equal terms, doing all the actual work, while the duties of the ostensible editor were limited to taking the exchanges out of the post-office and drawing his hah0 of the pay. After a few months the senior member of this unequal partnership, finding employment elsewhere, recommended Miss Andrews as his successor, a proposition to which the proprietor of the paper would not hear, declar- ing in his wisdom that it was impossible for a woman to fill such a position. Even when assured that one had actually been filling it for six months, he persisted in his refusal on the ground that edit- ing a paper was not proper work for a woman. This, with exception of a few news letters to the New York " World/' written about the same time, was Miss Andrews' first essay in journalism, and her experience on that occasion, together with similar experiences in other walks, has perhaps had sbmething to do with making her such an ardent advocate of a more enlarged sphere of action for

AXDKEWS. 27

women. In spite of this unpromising beginning, she has been successful both as writer and teacher, and had gone far towards retrieving her shattered fortunes \\hen her health failed. She spent eighteen months under treatment in a private hospital, and for two years more was com- pelled to withdraw from active life. Even under these adverse circumstances her energetic nature asserted itself, and "Prince Hal," an idyl of old- time plantation life, was \\ritten when she was so ill that she often had to lie in bed with her hands propped on a pillow to write. After a u inter in Florida, in which she wrote a series of letters for the Augusta "Chronicle/' she recovered her strength so far as to be able to accept an important position in the \Vesleyan College in Macon, Ga., where she has remained for six or seven years, ana in that time has added to her literary reputa- tion that of a successful platform speaker. Her lectures on " The Novel as a Work of Art," "Jack and Jill," and "The Ugly Girl," delivered at the Piedmont Chautauqua, Monteagle, Tenn., and other places, have attracted wide attention. Besides being a fine linguist, speaking French and German fluently, and reading Latin with ease, she is probably the most accomplished field botanist in the South. Her literary work has been varied. From the solemn grandeur that marks the closing paragraphs of *' Prince Hal" down to such popu- lar sketches as "Uncle Edom and the Book Agent," or "The Dog Fight at Big Lick Meetin' House/' her pen has ranged through nearly every field of literary activity. It is, perhaps, in what may be called the humorous treatment of serious subjects that her talent finds its best expression, as in her witty reply to Grant Allen on the woman ques- tion ("Popular Science Monthly"), or her "Plea for the Ugly Girls" ( " Lippincott's Magazine"). "A Family Secret" (Philadelphia, 1876) is the most popular of her novels. This was followed by " How He was Tempted," published as a serial in the Detroit " Free Press." " Prince Hal " ( Phila- delphia, 1882), is the last of her works issued in book form. Her later writings have been pub- lished as contributions to different newspapers and periodicals. Her poems have been too few to warrant a judgment upon her as a writer of verse, but one of them, entitled "Haunted/ 'shows how intimately the humorous and the pathetic faculties may be connected in the same mind.

ANDREWS, Mrs. Judith Walker, philan- thropist, born in Fryeburgh, Maine, 26th April, 1826. She was educated in Fryeburgh Academy with the intention, so common with New England girls, of becoming a teacher. Her brother, Dr. Clement A. Walker, one of the first of the new school of phy- sicians for the insane, having been appointed to the charge of the newly established hospital of the city of Boston, his sister joined him there. Although never officially connected with the institution, which had already gained a reputation as a pio- neer in improved administration of the work for the insane, Miss Walker interested herself in the details of that administration, and by her pc r- sonal attention to the patients endeared herself to them. No Jbetter school of training could be found for the activities to which she has given her life. She was married while in the institution, on i5th January, 1857, to Joseph Andrews, of Salem, a man of generous public spirit, who gave much time and labor to the improvement of the militia system of the commonwealth, both before and dur- ing the Civil War. He died in 1869. They had three children, all boys, to whose early education Mrs. Andrews gave the years, only too few, of a happy married life. Removing to Boston in 3863, she

28

ANDREWS.

ANDREWS.

became a member of the South Congregational the late Dr. Benjamin and Louise A. Newland, who- Church (Unitarian), and in 1876 was elected presi- were educated and intellectual persons. Her early dent of its ladies' organization, the South Friendly life was spent in Bedford. She was educated main- Societv Her service of sixteen years in that office ly in private schools. She was a student in St. J' Mary's-of-the- Woods, in St. Agnes' Hall, Terre

Haute Ind., and in Hungerford Institute, Adams, N. Y. The last-named institute was destroyed by fire shortly before commencement, so that Miss Newland was not formally graduated. She was

/ ' married on i$th May, 1875, to Albert M.

Andrews, of Seymour, Ind. In 1877 they removed to Connersville, Ind., where Mr. Andrews engaged in the drug business. They had one child, a son. Mrs. Adams died on yth February, 1891, in Conners- ville, Ind. She was thoroughly educated. She spoke French and German and was familiar with Latin and the literature of the modern languages. Her literary tastes were displayed in her earliest years. She wrote much, in both verse and prose, but she never published her productions in book form. She was the originator of the Western Asso- ciation of Writers, and served as its secretary from ', , .its organization until June, 1888, when she insisted

> ' , on retiring from the office. Among her acquaint-

, ances were many of the prominent writers of the

West, and at the annual conventions of the West- ern Association of Writers she was always a con- spicuous member. She foresaw the growth of literature in the West, and her ideas of that growth and of the best means of fostering it are embodied in the organization which she founded. That asso- ciation has already "been the means of introducing scores of talented young writers to the public, and

JUDITH WALKER .ANDREWS.

is only one of five such terms in the history of the society. Under the influence of its pastor. Dr. Edward Everett Hale, the South Congregational Church has had wide relations both inside and out- side denominational lines, and these relations have brought to Mrs. Andrews opportunities for religious and philanthropic work to which she always has been ready to respond. While most of these, though requiring much work and thought, are of a local character, two lines of her work have made her name familiar to a large circle: f Elected, in 1886, president of the Women's Auxiliary Confer- ence, she was active in the movement to enlarge its scope and usefulness, and in 1889, when the Nation- al Alliance of Unitarian and Other Liberal Chris- tian Women was organized, she became its first president, declining re-election in 1891. Since 1889 she has been a member of the Council of the National Unitarian Conference. Having become interested in the child- widows of India, through the eloquence, and later the personal friendship, of Pundita Ramabai, she was largely instrumental in the formation of the Ramabai Association, to carry out the plans of Ramabai and to systematize the work of her friends throughout the country. To the executive committee of that association, of which Mrs. Andrews has been chairman from the begin- ing, is entrusted the oversight of the management of the school for child- widows, the Sh^radd Sadana at Popna and the settlement of the many delicate questions arising from a work so opposed to the customs, though fortunately not to the best tradi- tions, of India.

ANDREWS, Mrs. Marie I^ouise, story writer and journalist, born in Bedford, Ind., 3ist October, 1849. She was the second daughter of

MARIE LOXirSK ANDREWS,

it alone is a worthy monument to Mrs. Andrews, She was a brilliant conversationalist and an effect- ive impromptu speaker.

ANDREWS; Mrs. Mary Garard, Unlver- salist minister, born in Clarksburgli, Va. yd March, 1852. She is of good old Pennsylvania ancestors in whom the best Quaker and Baptist

ANDREWS.

-9

blood mingled. Her maiden name was Garard. she was an enthusiastic temperance and Grand Always fondly proud of the home of her adoption, Army worker, and for tuo years \vas National Io\va, she calls herself a thoroughly \\cstcrn Chaplain of the Woman's Relief Corps In April, •woman. She was left motherless at the age of five 1888, she was married to I. R. Andrews, a

prosperous attorney of Omaha, Neb., where she now resides.

ANGEI/INI, Mme. Arabella, evangelical worker, born in Elton, Md , 8th July, 1863. Her maiden name was Chapman. On her mother's side she is descended from a Huguenut family, the De Vinneys, who settled in Maryland over a cen- tury ago. Her father died when she was only four years old and Arabella was taken to Europe at the age of eight years, by Miss Mary Gilpin, of Phila- delphia, for the ostensible purpose of learning music and languages. On reaching Germany, Miss Gilpin developed a strange mania for abusing her little charge. They spent several months in Ger- many and Switzerland and passed on to Italy, stop- ping first at Verona. In that city the police were instructed to watch Miss Gilpin closely, as her erratic behavior attracted attention. In Florence her cruelty to her charge caused the police to interfere. They took charge of Arabella, who was less than nine years old, and Miss Gilpin left her to her fate among strangers, whose language she did not understand. She found shelter in the Prot- estant College in Florence and was there cared for , until her health was restored. She remained in the institution nine years and at the end of that time was married to the Rev. Luigi Angelini, a minister of the Evangelical Church of Italy. After their mar- riage they settled in a small village in northern Italy, Bassignana. In 1884 the board of the Evan- gelical Church of Italy nominated Dr. Angelini ~as its representative in the United States, and thus,

MARY GARARD ANDREWS.

"years and her father was killed in the service of his country a few years later. Thus early left to struggle with the adverse elements of human life, she developed a strong character and marked individuality, and overcame many difficulties in acquiring an education. In spite of ill health, the discouragement of friends and financial pressure, she maintained her independence and kept herself in school for eight years. She spent two years in the academy in Washington, Iowa, three years in the Iowa State Industrial College, and three years in Hillsdale College, Mich. While in the last- named place she completed the English Theolog- ical course with several elective studies, having charge of one or two churches all the time and preaching twice every Sunday during the three years. She says: " I never spent much time over the oft controverted question, ' Shall woman preach ? ' I thought the most satisfactory solution -of the problem would be for woman quietly, with- out ostentation or controversy, to assume her place and let her work speak for itself. ' ' After five years of faithful, fruitful service in the Free Baptist Church, convictions of truth and duty caused her to sever ties grown dear and cast her lot with a strange people. For eight years she was engaged in the regular pastoral work of the Universalist Church, during which time she was a close and thorough student, keeping well informed on the questions of the day. Never satisfied with present attainments, she pursued a more advanced theo- logical and philosophical course, in which she

passed an examination and received the degree of after a — _-0 __ _,

JB. D. from Lombard University, Illinois. She has her native land only to find herself quite as much a been an interesting, successful and beloved pastor, foreigner as though born in Italy When brought Besides doing well and faithfully h.er parish work, face to face with her mother, she could not speak

ARABELLA ANGELINI.

long absence, Mme. Angelini returned to

30 ANGELINL

her native language. Long disuse had not effaced the English language from her memory, however, and the words soon came back to her. Mme Angelini is aiding her husband to arouse an inter- est in the churches of America, and in organizing undenominational societies for the support of the native Evangelical Church of Italy. She looks forward to a career of usefulness in Italy, aiding the women of her adopted country in their struggle for elevation.

ANTHONY, Miss Susan B., woman suffra- gist, born in South Adams, Mass., i$th February, 1820. If locality and religious heritage have any influence in determining fate, what might be pre- dicted for Susan B. Anthony? Born in Massachu- setts, brought up in New York, of Quaker father and Baptist mother, she has by heritage a strongly marked individuality and native strength. ^ In girl- ish years Susan belonged to Quaker meeting, with aspirations toward u high-seat " dignity, but this

SUSAN X. ANTHONY.

was modified by the severe treatment accorded to her father, who, having been publicly reprimanded twice, the first time for marrying a Baptist, the sec- ond for wearing a comfortable cloak with a large cape, was finally expelled from " meeting" because he allowed the use of one of his rooms for the instruction of a class in dancing, in order that the youth might not be subject to the tempta- tions of a liquor-selling public house. Though Mr. Anthony was a cotton manufacturer and one of the wealthiest men in Washington county, N. Y., he desired that his daughters, as his sons, should be trained for some profession. Accordingly they were fitted, in the best of private schools, for teach- ers, the only vocation then thought of for girls, and at fifteen Susan found herself teaching a Quak- er family school at one dollar a week and board. When the financial crash of 1837 caused his failure, they were not only teaching and supporting them- selves, but were able to help their father in his

ANTHC )NY.

efforts to retrieve his fortunes. With a natural aptitude for the work, conscientious and prompt in all her duties, Susan was soon pronounced a successful teacher, and to that profession she devoted fifteen years of her life. She was an active member of the New York State Teachers' Association and in their conventions made many effective pleas for higher wages and for the recog- nition of the principle of equal < rights for women in all the honors and responsibilities of the associa- tion. The women teachers from Maine to Oregon owe Miss Anthony a debt of gratitude for the improved position they hold to-day. Miss Anthony has been from a child deeply interested in the sub- ject of temperance. In 1847 she joined the Daugh- ters of Temperance, and in 1852 organized the New York State Woman's Temperance Associa- tion, the first open temperance organization of women. Of this Mrs. Elizabeth Cady Stanton was president As secretary Miss Anthony for several years gave her earnest efforts to the temperance cause, but she soon saw that woman was utterly powerless to change conditions without the ballot. Since she identified herself with the suffrage move- ment in 1852 she has left others to remedy individ- ual wrongs, while she has been working for the weapon by which, as she believes, women will be able to do away with the producing causes She says she has "no time to dip out vice with a tea- spoon while the wrongly-adjusted forces of society are pouring it in by 'the bucketful." With all her family, Miss Anthony was a pronounced and active Abolitionist During the war, with her life-long friend and co-worker, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, and other coadjutors, she rolled up nearly 400,000 petitions to Congress for the abolition of slavery. Those petitions circulated in every northern and western State, served the double purpose of rousing the people to thought and furnishing the friends of the slave in Congress opportunities for speech. In Charles Sumner's letters to Miss Anthony we find the frequent appeals, "Send on the petitions ; they furnish the only background for my demands." The most hurrussing, though most satisfactory, enterprise Miss Anthony ever undertook was the publication for three years of a weekly paper, "The Revolution." This formed an epoch in the woman's rights movement and roused widespread thought on the question. Ably edited by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Parker Pillsbury, with the finest intellects in the Nation among its contributors, dealing1 pungently \\itli passing events, and rising* immediately to a recog- nized position among the papers of the Nation, there was no reason why there should not have* been a financial success, save that Miss Anthony's duties kept her almost entirely from the lecture Held, and those, who were on the platform^ in the pulpit and in all the lucrative positions which tins work was opening to women, could not and did not feel that the cause was their own. After three years of toil and worry a debt of jto 0,000 had accumulated. u The Revolution " was transferred to other hands but did not long survive. Miss Anthony set bravely about the task of earning money to pay the debt, every cent of which was duly paid from the earnings of her lectures. Miss Anthony has alwavs been in great demand on the platform and has lectured in almost every city and hamlet in the North, She has made constitutional argu- ments before congressional committees and spoken impromptu to assemblies in all sorts of places, Whether it be a good word in introducing a speaker, the short speech to awaken a convention, the closing appeal to set people to work, the full hour address of argument or the helpful talk at

ANTHONY.

suffrage meetings, she always says the right thing and never wearies her audience. There is no hurry, no superfluity in her discourse, no senti- ment, no poetry, save that of self-forgetfulness in devotion to the noblest principles that can actuate human motive. A fine sense of humor pervades her arguments, and by the reductio ad absurdiim she disarms and wins her opponent The most dramatic event of Miss Anthony's Jtffe was her arrest and trial for voting at the presidential elec- tion of 1872. Owing to the mistaken kindness of her counsel, who was unwilling that she should be imprisoned, she gave bonds, which prevented her taking her case to the Supreme Court, a fact she always regretted. When asked by the judge, "You voted as a woman, did you not?" she replied, " No, sir, I voted as a citizen of the United States." The date and place of trial being set, Miss Anthony thoroughly canvassed her county so as to make sure that all of the jurors were instructed in a citizen's rights. Change of venue was ordered to another county, setting the date three weeks ahead. In twenty-four hours Miss Anthony had her plans made, dates set, and post- ers sent out for a series of meetings in that county. After the argument had been presented to the jury, the judge took the case out of their hands, saying it was a question of law and not of fact, and pro- nounced Miss Anthony guilty, fining her $100 and costs. She said to the judge, ( ' Resistance to tyr- anny is obedience to God, and I shall never jpay^a penny of this unjust claim," and she glories m never having done so The inspectors, who received the ballots from herself and friends, were fined and imprisoned, but were pardoned by Pres- ident Grant. Miss Anthony has had from the beginning the kindly sympathy and cooperation of her entire family, all taking deep interest m the reforms for which she has labored. Especially-is this true of her youngest sister, Miss Mary S. Anthony, who has freed her eldest sister from domestic responsibilities. A wonderful memory which carries the legislative history of each State, the formation and progress of political parties, the Darts played by prominent men m our National life and whatever has been done the world over to ameliorate conditions for women, makes Miss Anthony a genial and instructive' companion while her unfailing sympathy makes her as good a lis- tener as talker. The change m public sentiment towards woman suffrage is well indicated by the change in the popular estimate of Miss Anthony. Where once it was the fashion of the press to ridi- cule and jeer, now the best reporters are sent to interview her, and to put her sentiments before the world with the most respectful and laudatory per- sonal comment Society, too throws open its doors and into many distinguished gatherings she carries a refreshing breath of sincerity and . earnest- nlss Her seventh birthday, celebrated by the National Woman Suffrage Association, of which she was vice-president-at-large from its formation in 1869 until ite convention in 1892, when she was elected president, was the occasion of a spontane- ous outburst of gratitude which is, perhaps unpar- alleled in the history of any hying individual. M& Anthony is still of undimimshed vigor and Sty and, having in a most remarkable degree The power to rally around her for united action the eveSreasing hosts of the woman suffrage or?an- ization of "which she is now the head, she is a powerful factor in molding public opinion in the deletion of equal rights and opportunities for women She is one of the most heroic figures in AnSm history. The future will place her £am wtth the greatest of our statesmen, and m

ANTHONY.

her life-time she enjoys the reward of esteemed by men and loved by women

ARCHIBAI/D, Mrs. Edith Jessie, temper- ance reformer, born in St. Johns, Newfoundland, 5th April, 1854. She is the youngest daughter of Sir Edward Mortimer Archibald, K C. M. G., C. B., late Her Britannic Majesty's Consul-General in New York. Her parents were both Nova Scotians. Her father's family were descendants of Loyalists who emigrated from Massachusetts during the Rev- olution and settled in Truro, N. S., which township they helped to organize. Her grandfather on her father's side was one of the historic personages of the Province. He was called to the bar, where he displayed great talent. He entered pub- lic life and became successively a member for his county, Attorney-General of Nova Scotia, Judge of the Supreme Court of Prince Edward's Island, anc1 Speaker of the House of Assembly of Nova Scotia He was an eloquent orator of broad mind and lib

EDITH JESSIE ARCHIBALD.

eral views. Her father, after a residence of twenty- five years in St. John's, Newfoundland, where he was successively Attorney-General and Judge of the Supreme Court, received the appointment of British Consul in New York. In 1857 he re- moved with his family to New York, where he held the consulship during twenty-seven years, making a record of public life of over fifty-two years. His daughter, Mrs. Archibald, was educated in New York and London In London she studied two years. She is passionately fond of art, music and literature. She was married at the age of twenty years to Charles Archibald, a son of the Hon. Thomas D. Archibald, senator, of Sydney, Cape Breton, where her husband is an extensive property owner and the manager of one of the largest coll- eries in the island. Their residence is at Gowrie Mines, Cow Bay. Living in a country so isolated and surrounded by the cares of family and home, Mrs. Archibald has still endeavored to keep in

ARCHIBALD.

AREY.

touch with culture and literature. Until recent years she found scant time for indulging her tastes and talents. She has recently given more time to letters, and has published a number of poems and magazine articles. She is devoted to reforms and is an enthusiastic member of the Woman's Chris- tian Temperance Union of the Dominion. Her four children take much attention but she is collecting materials for a more extensive work than she has yet given to the public.

ARE'Y, Mrs. Harriett Ellen Grannis, author and editor, born in Cavendish, Vt., I4th

HARRIETT ELLEN GRANNTS AREY.

April, 1819. Her father's family had settled in New Haven, Conn., previous to 1655, among the earlier immigrants to New England. A hundred vears later her grandfather removed from New Haven to Claremont, N. H., taking up a section of land included between the Connecticut and Sugar rivers and the township boundary on the north. There he married a daughter of Dr. William Sumner, who had removed thither from Boston. The seventh child of this family was the father of Harriet E. Grannis. Being of a studious turn of mind, he was destined for the Church, and while his studies were in progress, the older brothers engaged in extensive business enterprises. The war of 1812 came with its ruinous effects upon the country, fol- lowed from 1815 by the two or three cold seasons so well remembered in New England, in which crops were cut off. The business of the country had been unsettled since the first demonstrations of war, and her father was called from his stud- ies to assist in saving the crippled business in which his brothers were engaged. The last blow of ruined crops brought about a disastrous failure, so that Harriett first saw the light in the midst of a depression quite as serious, probably, as that which followed the War of the Revolution. When she was three years of age, her father removed to Woodstock, Vt., and a year or two later to Charles-

ton in the township of Hatley, Province of Quebec. In her fifteenth year she had the misfortune to lose her mother. Through this loss the family became separated, her father being at the time a member of the Provincial Parliament and obliged to be in Quebec a portion of the year, and the young girl was under the care of relatives in Claremont for the next three or four years. At the end of that time she joined her father at Oberlin, Ohio, whith- er he had removed when released from his official duties. There she resumed the school work that had been laid by and spent some years in uninter- rupted study, at the close of which time she found a position as teacher in a ladies' school in Cleveland, Ohio, and from that place she removed, on her marriage, to Buffalo, N. Y. She had been from early girlhood a contributor to various papers and magazines, and not long after her marriage, she became editor of the "Youth's Casket " and the * ' Home Monthly." Active as she was in sound movements for reform, this work prospered in her hands, until, under the double burden of a growing family and her editorial responsibilities, her health failed, and it had to be given up. Soon afterwards her husband, who had charge of the central high school in Buffalo, was called to the principaiship of the State Normal School in Albany, N. Y., and they removed to that city, where she spent a few pleasant years. A serious illness and a railroad accident following close upon it had prostrated her husband, and he was obliged to give up active duties for a year or more. When his health began to improve, he accepted the principaiship of the State Normal School, then opening in Whitewater, Wis. Thinking that with his frail health her duty was at his side, Mrs. Arey went into the school with him, holding the position of lady principal. That occupation was congenial to her, and for nine or ten years she enjoyed the work. A few years later she found herself in her old home in Cleve- land, where for some years she edited a monthly devoted to charitable work, at the same time hold- ing a position on the board of the Woman's Chris- tian Association. She was one of the founders and still holds her position as first president of the Ohio Woman's State Press Association. She has been for many years president of an active literary and social club, Her principal writings are ' ' H ouseh< >1 cl Songs and Other Poems " (New York, 1854).

ARMBRUSTER, Mrs. Sara BaryJ business woman and publisher, born in Philadelphia, Pa., 2Qth September, 1862. Her early years were passed in luxury, and she had all the advantages of thor- ough schooling. When she was seventeen years old, reverses left her family poor and she was made partly helpless by paralysis. Obliged to support herself and other members of her family she took the Irving House, a hotel of ninety-five rooms, in Philadelphia, and by good manage- ment made it a successful establishment and lifted herself and those dependent upon her above pov- erty. She was married at an early age. Of her three children, only one is living. She has been a business woman, and a successful one from the day on which she was thrown upon her own resources She originated in Philadelphia the Woman's Exchange. Her present enterprise is to furnish 51 house for the infants of widows and deserted wives in her native city. She is the publisher of the

Woman's Journal," a weekly paper devoted to the cause of women. Her interest in philanthropic movements is earnest and active.

ARNOI/D, Birch, see BARTLKTT, MRS, AUCK ELOISR.

. born in

J?M>» Mrs. Harriet Pritchard, author, KUlmgly, Conn., in 1858, She was thi* onl

only

ARNOLD.

child of her parents. Her father was the Rev. B. bring about a better state of affairs for coming F. Pritchard, a New England clergyman of Scotch generations by aiding in the organization of the first and English descent, and her mother, Celia Handel woman suffrage society of her native county. As Pritchard, was a lady of much refinement and culti- a teacher she was successful. In 1874 she was

married to Thomas Armstrong, a stock-raiser of Trinity county, Cal. He, believing in the social and civil equality of man and woman, and that a wife should be a companion not only in the joys and sorrows of a home, but in business also, bestowed upon her the same privileges and respon- sibilities as he himself bore. Their life on their mountain stock ranch was idyllic, spent in hard work and pleasant recreations. For four years they lived in isolation, with no society except that furnished by a well-selected library. Just before the birth of their only child, Ruth, they moved to Woodland, Cal. There Mrs. Armstrong orga- nized a Shakespeare Club, which has reached its eighth year of work with a large membership. She organized a lecture bureau and was its first president. She assisted in the organization of a literary society for the study of literature of all nations. She was the first woman ever elected to the office of trustee in the Congregational Church of Woodland, of which she was for many years a worthy member. She left that denomination in 1891 and united with the Christian Church. Desir- ing to aid in moral reform, she united with the Woman's Christian Temperance Union and has given to that society her time and resources, organizing the county and several local unions, Her boundless enthusiasm and common-sense make her a leader and inspirer in that society. The department of heredity had its share of her attention. She began to plan for the education of women in maternity and other allied subjects. She

HARRIET PRITCHARD ARNOLD.

-vation. Mrs. Arnold in her childhood evinced no particular fondness for books, evidently preferring outdoor recreations, which she enjoyed with keen- est zest. While wandering among the wooded vales and hills near her home in a suburb of the beautiful city of Portland, Maine, where the greater part of her life was passed, she perhaps unconsciously developed the latent poetry in her nature, and when in 1882 a lingering illness afforded her many hours of leisure, the hitherto unencour- aged desire for work of a literary nature found expression. Since that time poems and sketches from her pen have appeared in various magazines and periodicals under the signature H. E. P., and her maiden name, Harriet E. Pritchard. In the year 1886, Miss Pritchard became the wife of Ernest Warner Arnold, of Providence, R. I , which city has since been her home. There in the com- panionship of her husband, son and little daughter she displays a modest and home-loving nature

ARMSTRONG, Mrs. Ruth Alice, national superintendent of heredity for the Womans' Chris- tian Temperance Union, born near "Cassopolis, Cass county, Mich., aoth April, 1850. Her father, Amos Jones, was from Georgia, and her mother, Rebecca Hebron, was from Yorkshire, England. Both parents were distinguished for their helpful- ness to others. From them Ruth received a wise home training. She was educated in the public schools of her native State. At the age of eight- een she commenced to teach, while she was her- self a student in the higher branches. Becoming

impressed with the injustice done to women in the was made the superintendent of heredity ior the smaller salaries paid to them than were paid to town of Woodland, next for the county, and after- men for like services, she left her native State for wards for the National Union From her pen California but not until she had made an effort to go out over all the Nation leaflets and letters of

ARMSTRONG RUTH ALICE ARMSTRONG.

34 ARMSTRONG. ARMSTRONG.

Instruction to aid in1 the development of the highest assistant to the chair of theory and practice in the physical, mental, moral and spiritual interest of Homcepathic College of Michigan, in Ann Arbor, mankind. Her lectures on "Heredity*3 and She remained there two years and took a post- 11 Motherhood" carry the conviction that, for the graduate degree in 1889. She then returned to<

Lebanon to serve as a member of the medical n faculty of the university. She soon resigned her position and went to New York, where she spent a year in the hospitals, making a special study of surgery. She removed to Bay City, Mich., ist January, 1891, and has successfully established herself in practice in that city. Dr. Armstrong is a musician and is engaged as a soprano singer in the Baptist Church in Bay City. Her professional duties have not kept her from public work. She was elected a member of the city school board in 1891. She is an active worker in the cause of woman's advancement. Her literary talents arc displayed in poetical productions of a high order of merit. Dr. Armstrong inherits her liking for the profession of medicine from her maternal great- grandmother, who was the first woman to practice medicine west of the Alleghany mountains. She was not, of course, permitted to take a degree in those early days, but took her preceptor's certificate and bought her license to practice. Dr. Armstrong has been well received as a physician, and her success is positive.

ATWOOD, Miss Ethel, musician, bom in Fairfield, Maine, i2th September, 1870. Her parents were Yankees, and possessed sterling thrift and independence. The first fifteen years of Miss Atwood's life were passed in a quiet, uneventful way in her native town, but the desire to branch out and do and be something led her to migrate to Boston, where she has since resided. She began the study of the violin when eight years old, but

SARAH H. ARMSTRONG.

highest development of manhood and womanhood, parentage must be assumed as the highest, the holiest and most sacred responsibility entrusted to us by the Creator. At present she is helping to plan and put into execution a womans' building, to contain a printing office, lecture hall and a home for homeless women and girls. Mrs. Armstrong's helpfulness in the town, in the church, in the Woman's Christian Temperance Union and in the world comes from her belief in the powers of the unit and from the fact that her education has been assimilated into ^ her character, producing a culture which has ministry for its highest aim. Possessed of keen and critical acumen, she ever makes choice of both word and action, endeavoring to say and do what is true, honest and pure, hold- ing herself responsible to God and God alone.

ARMSTRONG, Miss Sarah B., physician and surgeon, bom in Newton, near Cincinnati, Ohio, 3ist July, 1857. Her early education was acquired in the schools of Cincinnati. Her family removed to Lebanon, Ohio, in 1865. She took a course of study in the university located in that town. She became a teacher at the age of sixteen years, In 1880 she took the degree ofB.S. in the Lebanon University having graduated with the highest honors in a class of sixty-six members. In 1883 she returned to the university as a teacher and took charge of the art department. While thus engaged, she completed the classical course taking the degree of B.A. in 1887, In 1890 the degree of M. A. was conferred upon her as honor- ary. In 1886 she took her first degree in regular lack of means and competent teachers in her native medicine. She was appointed matron and pnysi- place prevented her from acquiring any great pro cian to the college, serving in that capacity while ficiency as a soloist. After going to Boston she continuing to teach. In 1888 she was appointed turned her attention to orchestral work. Two

ETHKL ATWOOD.

AT\V( X >D.

Atvnx.

years study and experience determined her to have an orchestra of her o\\n. Securing a young woman whose reputation as a violinist and thorough musician was well established in the city, she organized the Fadette Ladies' Orchestra, with four pieces. Then it was that her Yankee shrewdness began to serve her well. She immediately had the name of her orchestra copyrighted and, hiring an office, put out her ' * shingle. ' ' Finding that prompt- ing was essential to success in dance work she went to one of Boston's best prompters and learned the business thoroughly. An elocutionist taught her to use her voice to the best advantage, and now she stands as one of the best prompters in the city and the only lady prompter in the country. Business has increased rapidly in the past few years, and now there are thirteen regular members of the orchestra who are refined young women of musical ability. AUSTIN, Mrs. Harriet Bunker, author, born in Erie, Pa., 29th December, 1844. She is a daughter of Mr. and Mrs. John F. Bunker, de- scending from New England, stock. Her great- grandfather, Benjamin Bunker, was a soldier of the Revolution, and was killed in the battle of Bunker Hill The hill from which the battle was named comprised part of the Bunker estate. On her mother's side she is related to the Bronson Alcott and Lyman Beech er families. When quite young, she removed with her parents to Woodstock, Mc- Henry county, 111, , where she has since resided. Her education was received in the Woodstock high school and Dr. Todd's Female Seminary. At the close of her seminary life she was married to W. B. Austin, a prosperous merchant of that city. She has been a prolific writer, many of her poems having been set to music and gained deserved popularity. She has always taken an active

AUSTIN, Mrs. Helen Tickroy, journalist and horticulturist, born in Miamisburg, Montgom- ery county, Ohio, in 1829. She is a daughter of Edwin Augustus and Cornelia Harlan Yickroy.

HELEN VICKROY AUSTIN.

Her family on both sides are people of distinction. Her mother was a daughter of the Hon George Harlan, of Warren county, Ohio. Her father was a son of Thomas Vickroy, of Pennsylvania, who was a soldier in the Revolution under Washington and an eminent surveyor and extensive land-owner. When Mrs. Austin was a child, the family removed to Pennsylvania and established a homestead in Ferndale, Cambria county. There her early life was passed. With an inherent love of nature, she grew up amid the picturesque scenes of the foot- hills of the Alleghany mountains, a poet in thought and an ardent lover of the beautiful She was married in 1850 to William W. Austin, a native of Philadelphia, at that time residing at Richmond, Ind., in which delightful city they lived until, in 1885, the family went East, taking up their residence at Vineland, N. J. Although Mrs. Austin is a domestic woman, she has taken time to indulge her taste and promptings and has done consider- able writing. Some of her best work has been for the agricultural and horticultural press, and her essays at the horticultural meetings and interest in such matters have given her a fame in horticultural circles. As a writer of sketches and essays and a reporter and correspondent Mrs. Austin has marked capacity. She is accurate and concise. Much of her work has been of a fugitive nature for the local press, but was worthy of a more enduring place. One of the marked characteristics of her nature is benevolence. She has given much time and used her pen freely in aid of philanthropic work. She has for many years been identified with the cause of woman suffrage, and the various

interest in every scheme for the advancement of institutions for the elevation and protection of women and is ever ready to lend her influence to woman have had her earnest help. Long before the promotion of social reforms. the temperance crusade she was a pronounced

HARRIET BUNKER AUSTIN.

36 • AUSTIN.

advocate of temperance and while in her teens was a ' ' Daughter of Temperance. ' ' Her philanthropic spirit makes her a friend to the negro and Indian. She is a" life member of the National Woman's Indian Rights Association. Mrs. Austin is the mother of three children. One of these, a daugh- ter, is living. Her two sons died in childhood.

AUStlK, Mrs. Jane Goodwin, author, born in Worcester, Mass., in 1831. Her parents were

AUSTIN.

is to succeed, which will complete the series. She has written a great number of magazine stories and^ some poems. Her principal books with the date of their publication are as follows : * ' Fairy Dreams ' ' (Boston, 1859); " Dora Darling " (Boston, 1865); "Outpost" (Boston, 1866); ''Tailor Boy" (Bos- ton, 1867); "Cypher" (New York, 1869); "The Shadow of Moloch Mountain" (New York, 1870); "Moon-Folk" (New York, 1874); "Mrs. Beau- champ Brown" (Boston, 1880); "The Nameless Nobleman" (Boston, 1881) " Nantucket Scraps ' J (Boston, 1882); "Standish of Standish" (Boston, 1889); "Dr. Le Baron and his Daughters" (Boston, 1890); " Betty Alden" (Boston, 1891). Although a prolific writer, she has always written carefully and in finished style, and her contributions to the literature of early New England possess a rare value from her intimate knowledge of the pioneers of the eastern colonies gained from thorough read- ing and tradition. Her work is distinctly Ameri- can in every essential. Mrs. Austin was married in 1850 to Loring H. Austin, a descendant of the fine old Boston family which figured so largely in the Revolution. She has three children. She is instinctively gracious, and those who know her not only admire her work, but give her a warm place in their affections. Her home is with a married daughter in Roxbury, although she passes a part of the winter in Boston, in order to be near her church, and every summer finds her ready to return to Plymouth, where she constantly studies not only written records, but crumbling gravestones and oral tradition.

AVANN, Mrs. Ella H. Brockway, educa- tor, born in Newaygo, Mich., soth May, 1853. Her father, the Rev. G. W, Hoag, born in Charlotte,

JANE GOODWIN AUSTIN.

from Plymouth in the Old Colony, and counted their lineage from the Mayflower Pilgrims in no less than eight distinct lines, besides a common descent from Francis Le Baron, the nameless nobleman. Believers in heredity will see in this descent the root of Mrs. Austin's remarkable devotion to Pilgrim story and tradition. Her father, Isaac Goodwin, was a lawyer of consider- able eminence, and also a distinguished antiquary and genealogist. Her brother, the Hon. John A. Goodwin, was the author, among other wbrks, of "The Pilgrim Republic," the latest and best of all histories of the settlement of Plymouth. Her mother, well-known as a poet and song-writer, was furthermore a lover of the traditions and anecdotes of her native region, and many of the stories embodied in Mrs. Austin's later works she first heard as a child at her mother's knee, especially those relative to the Le Barons. Although Mrs. Austin's pen has strayed in various fields of poesy and prose, it has now settled down into a course very marked and very definite, yet capable of great development. This daughter of the Pilgrims has become a specialist in their behalf and has pledged her remaining years to developing their story. Her four books last published, namely: "Stan- dish of Standish,"- "Betty Alden," "the Name- less Nobleman" and "Dr. Le Baron and his Daughters," cover the ground from the landing of the Pilgrims upon Plymouth Rock, in 1620, to the days of the Revolution, in 1775, and a fifth volume

EtLAH. BROCKWAYAVANN.

Vt, was of Quaker parentage and a pioneer in the Methodist Episcopal Church in Michigan, having gone to that State in boyhood. Her mother, Kliasa- beth Bruce Hoag, from Rochester, N. Y. , was gifted

AVAXX.

\\ith pen and voice, and was a high official in the Woman's Foreign Missionary Society of her church. At the age of twelve Ella \\ent to Albion College, Albion, Mich., and was graduated in 1571. In 1873 she f was married to L. Hamlint; Brockway, of Albion, where they lived for fifteen years, when his election as county clerk caused their removal to Marshall. .Mr. Brockway died in Augiist, 1887, and Mrs. Brockway with her son, Bruce, aged twelve, and daughter, Ruth, aged six, returned to Albion. In January, 1889, she became preceptress of the college^ In that position she displayed great exec- utive ability. Wise in planning, fertile in resources and energetic in execution,, her undertakings were successful. She had great power over the young women of the college and exercised that power without apparent effort. She won the friendship of every student, and they all instinctively turned to her for counsel. She had the department of English literature, and also lectured on the history of of music. Her earnestness and enthusiasm were contagious, and her classes always became interested in their studies. Her addresses to the young ladies were especially prized. For ten years she was president of the Woman's Foreign Missionary Society of Albion district. In June, 1891, she re- signed her position in Albion College and on nth August was married to the Rev. Joseph M. Avann, of Findlay, Ohio. As a speaker she is pleasing and fascinating. Occasionally she gives a literary address or speaks in behalf of some benevolent cause away from home. She makes frequent contributions to the religious press, and is connected with various literary, social and benevolent societies, holding official positions.

AVERY, Mrs. Catharine Hitchcock Til- den, author and educator, born in Monroe, Mich , i3th December, 1844. She is the daughter of Hon. Junius Tilden, formerly a prominent lawyer of that State. She was educated in the Framing- ham Normal School, in Massachusetts, graduating in 1867. In 1870, she was married to Dr. Elroy M. Avery. He was for several years principal of the East high school and City Normal School, of Cleveland, Ohio, in which positions his wife was his most able assistant. Dr. Avery is the author of many text-books, notably a series on natural phi- losophy and chemistry. He is now engaged in historical research and writing, in which Mrs. Avery is his efficient helper. She is president of the East End Conversational, a club organized in 1878 and comprising many of the bright women of the city. She is a member of the executive com- mittee of the Art and History Club and also of the Cleveland Woman's Press Club. She was a dele- gate from the latter club to the International League of Press Clubs, 1892, and took part in the journey from New York to the Golden Gate. Her letters descriptive of the trip were published in the Cleve- land "Leader and Herald." She is the regent of the Cleveland Chapter of the Daughters of the Amer- ican Revolution. Four of her ancestors served in the Continental Congress and the cause of freedom. Col. John Bailey, of the Second Massachusetts Regiment, was at Bunker Hill and Monmouth, crossed the Delaware with Washington, and was at Gates's side in the northern campaign which ended in Burgoyne's surrender. The Gad Hitchcocks, father and son, served as chaplain and as surgeon. The elder Gad, in 1774, preached an election sermon in which he advocated the cause of the Colonies and brought forth the wrath of Gage and the thanks of the Massachusetts General Court. Samuel Tilden, private from Marshfield, and mem- ber of the Committee of Safety, completes the list of her Revolutionary ancestors. Descended from six

AVERY.

of the "Mayflower"' b.tnd. she is proud of the Pilgrim blood that fous in her veins. She ru.s been for twenty years a member of the Euclid Ave- nue Congregational Church of Cleveland. Mrs.

CATHERINE HITCHCOCK TILDEN AVERY.

Avery's father died in the spring of 1861. Her husband, when a boy of sixteen years, went to the war, in 1861, with the first company that left his native town. He was mustered out of service in August, 1865.

AVKRY, Mrs. Rachel Foster, woman suffragist, born in Pittsburgh, Pa., 3oth December, 1858 Her father was J. Heron Foster, of the Pittsburgh " Dispatch." Her mother was a native of Johnstown, N. Y , the birthplace of her Sunday- school teacher and life-long friend, Elizabeth Cady Stanton. When Rachel was a child, Mrs. Stanton lectured in Pittsburgh. Shortly after, a suffrage meeting was held in Mrs. Foster's house, and a society was formed of which she was made vice- president. Thus the young girl grew up in an atmosphere of radicalism and advanced thought. That she is a woman suffragist comes not only from conviction, but by birth-right as well. In 1871 the family, consisting of her mother, her sister, Julia T., and herself, the father having died shortly before, moved to Philadelphia, where they at once identified themselves with the Citizens' Suffrage Association of that city, in which Lucretia Mott, Ed- ward M. Davis, M. Adeline Thompson and others were leading spirits. Her sister, Julia, was for mapy years a most efficient secretary of that so- ciety as well as recording secretary of the National Woman Suffrage Association, and seconded warmly the more active work of her sister, Rachel G,, as did also their mother, Mrs. Julia Foster. Both mother and sister have passed away, but their works live after them. When about seventeen years old, Miss Foster began to write for the news- papers, furnishing letters weekly from California and afterward from Europe to the Pittsburgh

38 A VERY.

" Leader." Later she took part in the Harvard examinations, traveled extensively in Europe with her mother and sister, and studied political econ- omy in the University of Zurich. In the winter of 1879 she attended for the first time a Washington, D. C., convention of the National Woman Suffrage Association, the eleventh, and the impression she there received determined her career, for she has ever since held high official positions in that powerful association. With her characteristic promptitude she began at once to plan the series of conventions to be held in the West during the summer of 1880, including the great Farwell Hall meeting in Chicago, during the week of the Re- publican national nominating convention, the gathering in Cincinnati at the time of the Demo- cratic nominating convention, and the two-day con- ventions in Bloommgton, 111., in Indianapolis, Terre Haute, and Lafayette, Ind., in Grand Rapids, Mich., and in Milwaukee, Wis. In the spring of 1 88 1 she planned the series of ten conventions to

RACHEL FOSTER AVERY.

be held in the different New England States, begin- ning with the annual meeting of the National Woman Suffrage Association in Tremont Temple, Boston, during the May anniversary week. In 1882 she conducted the Nebraska amendment campaign, with headquarters in Omaha, making all the appointments for the twelve speakers to be employed by the National Association during the last six weeks before the election. To secure the best leaflet possible, she engaged Gov. John W. Hoyt, of Wyoming, to give a lecture in Philadelphia on ' ' The good results of thirteen years experience of woman's voting in Wyoming Territory," had the lecture stenographically reported, collected the money to publish 20,000 copies, and scattered them broadcast over the State of Pennsylvania. On the morning of sand February, 1883, Miss Foster sailed for Europe with ''Aunt Susan," as she always affectionately called Miss Anthony, and with her

AVERY.

superior linguistic attainments she served as ears and tongue for her companion in their journeyings through France, Italy, Switzerland and Germany. Miss Foster's management of the International Council of Women, held in Washington, D. C., in February, iSSS, under the auspices of the National Woman Suffrage Association, was the crowning effort of her executive genius. There were forty- nine official delegates to that council, representing fifty-three different societies from seven distinct nationalities. The expense of this meeting made a grand total of fourteen-thousand dollars, the financial risk of which was beforehand assumed by Miss Anthony, supported by Miss Foster. Al- though Mrs. Foster- Avery devotes her best energies to the suffrage cause, she does not confine to that one channel her ''enthusiasm of humanity." She is a philanthropist in the broadest sense. Of her independent fortune she contributes most liberally, of course, to her best loved work, but she also gives largely to numerous reforms and charities that commend themselves to her interest and appr jba- tion. In 1887 she adopted a baby girl of live months and gave her the name of Miriam Alice Foster. In her marriage with Cyrus Miller Avery, which took place 8th November, 1888, Miss Foster entered a life companionship full of sympathy with her special aims and interests, fur of Mr. Avery it maybe said as surely as of herself that he is "a woman suffragist, not only by conviction, but by birthright as well." Mr. Avery had accompanied his mother, Mrs. Rosa Miller Avery, president of the Anthony Club, of Chicago, to the International Council, and his association with Miss Foster there furnished the romance of the occasion which cul- minated in their union a few months later. In strict accordance with the past life of the bride was the ceremony which was performed by the Rev. Charles G. Ames, pastor of the First Unitarian Church, Chicago, assisted by Rev. Anna II. Shaw, the only woman in holy orders in the Methodist Protestant church of the United States. Immediately after their marriage, Mr. Avery took legal steps to add his name to that of his wife's adopted child. They have two children of their own, Rose Foster Avery and Julia Foster Avery. Mrs. KOSUT- Avery at present holds the office ol corresponding secretary, not only of the National Suffrage Asso- ciation, but also of the National and of the Inter- national Councils of Women, each of which three bodies is to hold a convocation in Chicago in 1893. The "Transactions of the National Council of Women of the United States, assembled in Wash- ington, D. C., February 22nd to 25th, 1891 " ( Philadelphia 1891 ), was edited by Mrs. Foster- Avery,

AVERY, Mrs. Rosa Miller, reformer, bom in Madison, Ohio, 2ist May, 1830. From her maternal grandfather, James McDonald, she inher- ited a strong love of animals. Cattle-shows and horse-fairs are a special delight to her, and the name of Henry Bergh is immortalized in her calen- dar of saints. Her father, Nahuin Miller, was an insatiable reader of Biblical and political history and a man of broad humanitarian views. 1 1 is love of children was the ruling passion of his life, and he adopted two in addition to live children of his own. His wife cheerfully bore the burden his benevolence imposed upon the household, only hinting, now and then, that "the laws pertaining to property and the holding of children were as oppressive for women as for negroes, " Rosa pon- dered these sayings in her heart, and always speaks of her mother as her inspiration to work for woman's advancement. Reared in the atmosphere of such a home, she went forth to radiate llm

AVERY.

she had received, and bless the world, but her anti- slavery sentiments and essays met with derision and abuse. Years later two class students confessed to her that her anti-slavery papers induced them to

AVERY. 59

besides writing occasional articles for the newspaper world, she disseminated her views pa social ques- tions, love, matrimony and religion in romance to the high-school graduates, of which her son was a member, in their organ, the " High School News/1 over the pen-name, i4Sue Smith." work which pro- duced much^aiid rich fruition in the years following. About that time her husband was appointed by the Young Men|s Christian Association of Erie as visitor to the criminals confined in the city prison. Mrs Avery usually assisted her husband in this work and^ became much interested in the underlying motives and allurements to crime. As the result of her investigation, she has ever since maintained, 4 4 that there is not a criminal on this broad earth but that there lies back of him a crime greater than he represents and for which he, we, and everyone suffers in a greater or less degree." For the last fourteen years Mr. and Mrs. Avery have resided in Chicago. Mrs. Avery's special labors have been largely for social purity and suffrage work. The many and ably written articles and responses to the opponents of franchise for women, which have appeared from time to time in the Chicago " Inter- Ocean " under her signature, have sown much seed broadcast in favor of equal suffrage and have borne much fruit in favor of municipal and school suf- frage. Mrs. Avery is very domestic in her tastes, and few can equal her as a caterer or excel her in domestic economy. Her " Rose Cottage/* fac- ing Lake Michigan, is an ideal home.

AY3$R, Mrs. Harriet Httb"bard, business woman and journalist, born in Chicago, 111,, in 1852. Her maiden name was Hubbard. The Hubbard family tree extended back without a break to 1590. About 1844 its then youngest offshoot

ROSA MILLER AVERY.

give up their ambition for the pulpit to study law and politics. They became famous on the battle- field and did signal service throughout the Civil War. She never charged the sin of slavery to the door of the Southern people, but maintained that the spirit of slavery was everywhere present in any and every form of injustice. It was confined and sectional in the case of the poor blacks, because " Cotton was King" and so controlled New Eng- land manufactories, and the manhood of the entire nation paid tribute. Rosa was married ist Septem- ber, 1853, to Cyrus Avery, of Oberlin, Ohio. During their residence in Ashtabula, Ohio, she organized the first anti-slavery society ever known in that village, and not a clergyman in the place would give notice of its meetings so late as two years before the war; and that, too, in the county home of Giddings and Wade, those well-known apostles of freedom. The leading men of wealth and influence were so indignant because the churches would not read a notice of her missionary effort for our black heathen, that they counseled together and withdrew from their respective churches and built a handsome brick church edifice for the congrega- tional sentiment of the town, which was decidedly anti-slavery. During the years of the war Mrs. Avery's pen was actively engaged in writing for various journals on the subject of union and emancipation, under male signatures, so as to command attention. Her letters and other arti- cles attracted the notice of Gov. Richard Yates, of Illinois, James A. ^ Garfield, James Redpath

and Lydia Maria Child, all of, whom sent her left New England for Chicago and there his young- appreciative letters, with their portraits, which are est daughter was born. She was educated in the still preserved as sacred souvenirs of those stormy Convent of the Sacred Heart, where she was grad- days. During ten years' residence in Erie, Pa., uated at fifteen years of age, and soon after was

HARRIET HUBBARD AVER.

AVER.

AVER.

married to Mr. Ayer. Her social life was distin- guished. Her husband's wealth enabled her to train and gratify her taste and love for beauty, and her home became a house famous for its refinement and hospitality. She was then, as now, a many-sided woman. Her husband depended upon her and owed much of his fortune to her guidance. In every philanthropic effort her name was in the fore- front of those who gave and those who did. An indefatigable student always, her reading covered the literature of all time. In painting and in plas- tic art, in crystal and in porcelain, in fabrics and in form, her judgment acquired a mathematical exact- ness. Her frequent trips abroad made London, Paris, Vienna and Rome second homes to her. She speaks a half-dozen languages. Reverses came in 1882 and Mr. Ayer failed for several mill- ions. Disheartened by the blow, he became a wreck. Mrs Ayer gave up to her husband's cred- itors much that she might have legally claimed as her own. Without a dollar and with two little daughters dependent upon her, she went from a home of luxury into the arena in which men fight for bread. There she fought and won the fight She became a business woman of the highest type of the present, without ceasing to be the gentle- woman of the past. A few weeks after the failure she was a saleswoman in a leading shop in New York. For eight hours a day, and sometimes for fourteen, she worked behind the counter, returning to the tiny apartment where she, her mother and her children were attended by a solitary maid-of- all-work, to write letters, sketches, essays and edi- torials by the weary hour. Within a year she had an income from her salary in the shop, from the agreed-upon commissions on her sales, from her pen, and from a successful real estate operation, devised and carried out by herself, of more than ten- thousand dollars a year. Such a success is almost beyond belief, as • it is almost without a parallel. The strain upon her health was too great. A change became inevitable. She decided to leave the shop and begin to buy goods and furnish houses for her friends upon commission. She suc- ceeded in this departure also, and was soon able to take a house of her own. In an unfortunate moment for herself she offered the Recamier toilet preparations to the public. An unfortunate moment, first, because within a month the house was filled from top to bottom with women trying to manufacture them fast enough to meet the public demand, so that the home ceased to be a home. An unfortunate moment again, because the rapid- ity with which the Recamier preparations began to make her fortune excited the avarice of some of the assistants whom she had gathered about her, and led to a conspiracy to capture the R^carnier Company. The careless generosity with Which she had given away some shares of her stock in the company was abused. A desperate, deter- mined fight was made to wrest the control of the company from her and to deprive her of all share in the profits of her industry and her brain, Mrs. Ayer discovered this conspiracy while in Europe. She returned to find her business in the possession of her foes, her offices barricaded against her, and her money used to hire lawyers to rob her of her rights. Alone, ill, reduced to absolute poverty a second time, this undaunted woman showed that the blood of the Hubbards, which had flowed through soldiers' veins in 1776, in 1812, in 1846 and in 1861. was fighting blood still. At once she began the fight, one against many, a pauper against millionaires, and won. The court found that she was absolutely right and her adversaries absolutely wrong. Every claim she made was conceded. At

the close of the litigation she was again in posses- sion as sole owner of the business, the offices and the money. Since that victory Mrs. Ayer has devoted herself to extending and increasing the work of the Recamier Company, of which she is the president and chief owner. The company occupies a five-story building on Fifth avenue and a factory on Thirty-first street, New York, and employs about fifty people. The Recamier toilet preparations are bought and sold as standard phar- maceutical compounds in the United States and over all the world. The company stands as a mon- ument to a fight won by a woman. Mrs. Ayer is in the prime of life and superintends personally every department of her great business.

BABCOCK, Mrs. IJlnora Monroe, woman suffragist, born in Columbus, Pa., nth January, 1852. Her maiden name was Monroe. She was married at the early age of eighteen to Prof. John W. Babcock, of Jamestown, N. Y., who for the last

ELNORA MONROK HAHCOCK.

twelve years has been city superintendent of public schools in Dunkirk, N. Y., where they now live. From early girlhood she felt the injustice of deny- ing to woman a voice in government, which con- cerned her the same as a man, but as her time was taken up ^to a great extent in household affairs, awl she lived in a community where but few sympathized with that feeling and none were ready to come out and take a stand for freedom, she took no very active part in the reforms of the day until 1889, when, owing mainly to her efforts, a political equality dub was organized in Dunkirk, of which she was made president. This club flourished remarkably under her management, and before the close of her tat year as president of the Dunkirk club, she wan elected president of the Chautauqua County Politi- cal Equality Club, the most thoroughly organtml county in the United States, having twenty-flvtf flourishing local clubs within its borders and a mem- bership or 1,400, At the close of her first year a«

BABCOCK.

president of that club she was unanimously re- BABCOCK, Mrs. Helen I/ouise B., drama*;"

elected. That office she still holds. On 25th July, reader, born in Galva. 11! , ; tth Aut^t, iS6;. Her 1891, she had the honor of presiding- over the first maiden name was Bailey. \She early displayed a woman suffrage meeting ever held at the great Chau- marked talent for elocution and on reaching tauqua Assembly, \vhere, through the request of the county club, the subject was allowed to be advocated. Aside from the presidency of these clubs, she has served upon a number of important committees connected with suffrage work. Although deeply interested in all the reforms of the day tending to the uplifting of humanity, she has devoted most of her time to the enfranchisement of woman believ- ing this to be the most important reform before the American people to-day, and one upon which all other reforms rest.

BABCOCK, Mrs. Emma WMtcomb, author, born in Adams, N. Y., 24th April, 1849. She is now a resident of Oil City, Pa., in which town her husband, C. A. Babcock, is superintendent of schools. As a writer, Mrs. Babcock has been before the public for years, and has contrib- uted to journals and magazines, besides doing good work as a book-reviewer, but is probably best known through her series of unsigned articles which during five years appeared in the New York ' ' Evening Post. ' ' She was a contributor to the first number of "Babyhood" and also of the 11 Cosmopolitan." She has published one volume, £i Household Hints )J (1891), and is about to issue another, * * A Mother' s Note Book. ' ' At present she is conducting a department in the c ' Hpmemaker. ' ' Mrs. Babcock has written a novel, which embodies many distinctive features of the oil country. Her husband's profession turned her attention to educa- tional subjects, and she has published many articles in the technical journals on those subjects. She is

HELEN LOUISE B. BABCOCK.

woman's estate she decided to make dramatic reading her profession. With that aim she became a pupil in the Cumnock School of Oratory of the Northwestern University, and, being an earnest student, she was graduated with the highest honors. Afterwards she became an assistant instructor in the same oratorical school and was very successful in the delicate and difficult work of developing- elocutionary and dramatic talents in others. Per- fectly familiar with the work, she was able to guide students rapidly over the rough places and start them on the high road to success. After severing her connection with the Cumnock school, she taught for a time in Mount Vernon Seminary, Washington, D. C. After the death of her mother, in 1890, she accompanied her father abroad and spent some time in visiting the principal countries of Europe. In 1891 she was married to Dr. F. C, Babcock, of Hastings, Neb., where she now lives. BABR, Mrs. I^ibbie C. Riley, poet, born near Bethel, Clermont county, Ohio, iSth Novem- ber, 1849. Her ancestors on the paternal side were the two families Riley and Swing. From the orig- inal family of the former descended the distin- guished poet and humorist, James Whitcomb Riley, and from the latter the eminent philosopher and preacher, Prof. David Swing, of Chicago. On the maternal side Mrs. Baer is a descendant of the Blairs, an old and favorably known family of southern Ohio. ^ It is not surprising, therefore, that through early associations, combined with a natural taste and aptitude for literary work, her genius for poetry was interested in home mission work and is president oi shown during childhood. Her first poem, written a literary club which is known throughout western when she was scarcely ten years of age, was a. Pennsylvania, and which has founded a public spontaneous and really remarkable production library: for one so young. In November, 1867, she was

EMMA WHITCOMB BABCOCK.

BAER.

BAGGETT.

married to Capt. John M. Baer, an officer with gallant BAGGED, Mrs* Alice, educator, born in military record. She went with her husband to Soccapatoy, Coosa county, Ala., 184-. Her maiden Appleton, Wis., where they still reside. Upon the name was Alice Phillips. On her mother's side she organization of the Woman's Relief Corps, as is descended from the Scotch families of Campbell, allied with the G. A. R., Mrs. Baer took an impor- tant part in the benevolent work of that order, and has held various responsible positions connected therewith, devoting much time and energy to the cause, solely as a labor of love. Though always proficient in poetical composition, she really began her literary career during the last decade, and the favor with which her poems have been received proves the merit of her productions.

BAGG, Miss Clara B., pianist and music teacher, born in New York City, 26th September, 1861. Her life has been passed in her native city with the exception of a brief residence in Orange, N. J., and a residence in Brooklyn, N. Y., where her family spent several years. She showed remark- able musical talents at an early age, and as a child she _was a skillful pianist, playing difficult classical music with correct expression and great taste. When she was eleven years old, she was placed under training with competent teachers of the piano, and her progress in that art has been rapid and re- markable, her technical and expressional talents seeming to burst at once into full flower. Enthu- siastic in her love of music, she has studied earnestly and thoroughly. From the last of her instructors, Rafael Joseffy, she absorbed much of that artist's power, technical skill, fire, force and delicacy. To this she adds her own talent, equipping her for suc- cess as a concert performer and as a teacher. She has become well known in the metropolis in both ; capacities. Although she does not intend to make j concert playing her profession, she has appeared

CLARA B. BAGG.

ALICE BAGGKTT.

McNeill, Wade, and Hampton, of Virginia. On her father's side her ancestors were the Dowels and Phillipses, of North Carolina. Her father, James D. Phillips, was a Whig who clung to the Union and the Constitution, doing all that lay in his power to avert the Civil War. Alice, just out of school, was full of the secessionist spirit, but a strong advo- cate of peace. Her early desire to enter the pro- fession of teacher was opposed by her parents, but she resolved to follow her inclination, when, at the close of the Civil War, her family shared in the general desolation that lay upon the South, She became a teacher and for several years made suc- cessful use of her varied attainments. In 1868 she was married to A. J. Baggett, continuing her school work after marriage. In a few years her husband became an invalid and Mrs. Baggctt then showed her mettle. She cared for her family of three children and assisted her brothers and sisters to get their education. Her husband died in 1875. t Since that time she has served mainly as principal of high schools in Alabama, She has done much work for the orphans of Freemasons, to which order her husband had belonged, Wher- ever she has worked, she has organized, system- atized and revolutionised educational matters. She now resides in St. Augustine, Fin., where her work is higtily successful. Her family consists of ono surviving daughter.

• BAGI/BY, Mrs. Blanche Petitecoet, Uni- tarian minister, born in Torquay. Rnglawl, loth January, 1858. Her father in the Rev, R. T. Pen-

in the role of a performer.

partly in a French

BAG LEV.

BAGLEY.

college in Avenches, Canton Vaud, Switzerland, She was a member of the Relief Corps . f irom which she was graduated. In 1882 the family which, a short time before she left the citv 'she came to this country and made their home in Chi- became chaplain. While in Sioux Falls she" made cago, where three of her brothers, architects, still the acquaintance of Susan B. Anthony, and the Rev.

Anna Shaw, and had the honor of introducing both of these speakers to Sioux Falls audiences. During the first year of her married life she took part in the ordination of two other woman ministers, the Rev. Helene Putnam and the Rev. Lila Fro<=;t-Spraguer both of whom had been college friends. Her home is now in Haverhill, Mass., where her husband in 1890 was installed pastor of the First Parish Church. They have two children, and Mrs. Bagley is naturally much occupied, as she feels that home duties have the first claim upon her, but she finds time for some outside work, occasionally taking her husband's pulpit and conducting the afternoon service at a little church in the outskirts of the city. She is also local superintendent of the department of scientific temperance instruction in connection with the Woman's Christian Temperance Union. Mrs. Bagley is an accomplished pianist and has an inherited gift for painting which she has found time to cultivate. She has a vigorous constitution and an unusually strong, clear contralto voice, with a distinct articulation, which makes it easy for her to be heard by the largest audiences.

.

, Mrs. Ann, scout, said to have been born in Liverpool, England, about 1725, died in Hamson township, Gullia count}', Ohio, 23rd November, 1825.

BAII/^Y, Mrs. Anna Warner, patroit, born in Grpton, Conn., nth October, 1758, and died therein 1850.

BAILEY, Miss EUene Alice, inventor, born in Pond Fort, St. Charles countv, Mo. Sue is

BLANCHE PENTECOST BAGLEY.

reside. Blanche Pentecost, like the rest of her family, was brought up in the Established Church of Eng- land, but she became a Unitarian while visiting a sister, whose husband, the Rev. F. B. Mott, was then studying for the Unitarian ministry. By them she was induced to enter the Meadville Theological School, from which institution she was graduated in 1889. She had first met her future husband, the Rev. James E. Bagley, in Meadville, where they had entered and left school together. Her first experi- ence of preaching, outside of the college chapel, was in Vermont, in the little town of Middlesex, where she spent the summer of 1887. After her graduation she took up work as a minister in Reedsburg, Wis. There she continued until her marriage, on 4th September, 1889, when she accompanied her husband to All Souls Church, Sioux Falls, S. D., to which he had received a call. Mr. and Mrs. Bagley were ordained and installed together there as joint pastors on i7th November, the same year, the ceremony being the first of that kind in the history of the world. It was, however, only returning to the New Testament custom of sending the disciples out two by two. During their residence in South Dakota Mrs. Bagley took an active interest in all public questions and moral reforms in that State. She usually conducted the evening services in the church and occasionally assisted in the morning service. She was also assistant superintendent of the Sunday-school, chairman of the executive board of the Unity Club a literary organization, a charter member of the

board of directors of the Woman's Benevolent the third daughter of the late Judge Robert Bailey Association, a member of the Minister's Association, and Lucinda Zumwalt Pond Fort was founded and with her husband, joint chairman of the execu- by her grandfather, Robert Bailey. Her father was tive committee of the Equal Suffrage Association, a man of liberal thought with an appreciative interest

ELLENE ALICE BAILEY.

44

BAILEY.

in all new ideas. An owner of slaves, through ^the furce of circumstances rather than from_ inclination, he and his son Robert were among the first to advo- cate their freedom. Her father's ancestors were English, her mother's German. Miss Bailey's first invention was the "Pond Fort" boot, a high boot reaching to the knee and close-fitting: about the ankle, on which she obtained an American and a Canadian patent in iSSo. The next thing was to put it upon the market and that led her to remove to New York. Her second invention was the 'lPond Lily powder puff/' patented in 1882. Later she invented another puff, the l ' Thistledown. ' ' An interest in this she sold for a fair price. In the spring of 1889 she improved and simplified these two puffs, bringing out the "Floral" puff. In the summer of 1891 she invented and patented the very best of all, the "Dainty" powder puff. These all proved of commercial value. One of her principal inventions is the "Dart" needle for sewing on shoe and other buttons, patented in 1884, 1886 and 1888. The man who undertook the set- ting up of her machinery and the manufacture of the needle, departed abruptly about the time things were ready for business, leaving no one who understood the mechanism. The inventor rose to the occasion and made the first sixty-thousand needles herself. There was more than one crisis to meet, and she met them all in the same business- like way. For the past three years the needles have been made by a well-known New Eng- land firm, and are staple goods. Another 'patented article, which is successful, is a device for holding on rubber overshoes. One of the ways in ^whjch she increased her resources was by designing useful articles for a novelty-loving public. The list includes a silver whisk-broom, patented in 1887, and several other novelties filled with per- fume; a music roll which was used first as a Christmas card and then as an Easter card ; a shaving case ; a manicure case ; a wall album for photographs ; a desk holder for stationery ; a work box ; a perforated felt chest protector ; a sleeve holder ; a corset shield, patented in 1885 ; copy- right photographs of Martha Washington and Airs. Cleveland ; odd novelty clocks ; chains for holding drapery ; ornamental tables, inkstands, screens, easels and unique boxes for holding candies, a hand pinking device ( 1892 ) ; a leg .protector made of water-proof cloth, a combination of legging and over-gaiter ($92). She has also taken several crude designs or other inventors and improved them so as to make them salable and profitable. Miss Bailey enjoys the friendship of many of the most womanly women of the country, and she ha>s the respect and confidence of the largest business houses. Her inventions have proved not only useful and practical, but of commercial importance. She is a member of Grace Episcopal Church, New York, and also a member of the Young Woman's Christian Association, in which she is greatly inter- ested. She finds time to keep in touch with what- ever is newest and best, and writes an occasional article for the press,

BAII/BY, Mrs. Hannah J., philanthropist and reformer, born in Cornwall-on-the-Hudson, N.Y., 5th July, 1839. Her maiden name was Hannah Clark Johnston, and she was the oldest of a family of eleven children. Her parents were David and Letitia Johnston. Mr. Johnston was by occupation a tanner, but in 1853 he became a farmer, locating in Plattekill, Ulster county, N. Y. He was a minister in the Society of Friends, and on Sun- days the family worshiped in the cmiet little church near their home. Hannah passed her busy and studious girlhood on the homestead, and in

UAILEV.

1858 she began to teach school. She continued to teach successfully until 1867. In that year she accompanied