' J-J

C Y M M îl 0 D 0 R,

embodyií:.. the

TRANfoACTIONS

OF THE HONOUBABLE

SOCIETY OF CYMMRODOEION

OF LOXDOX,

ETC.

EDITED BY

THOMAS POWELL, M.A (Oxon.)

^^>%

03J

>^

PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY

BY

T. rJCHAllDS, 37, GEEAT QUEEN STREET, W.C.

1881.

/

g (fTsmmroíior, 1881,

CONTENTS OF VOL. IV.

Observations on the Pronunciation of tlie Sassarese Dialect of Sar- dinia, and on yarious Points of Resemblance wliicli it presents with the Celtic Languages. By H.LH. Prince Louis-

LüCIEX BONAPARTE - .... 1

Welsh Books Printed Abroad in the Sixteeuth and Seventeenth

Centuries, and their Authors. By H. W. Lloyd, M.A. - 25

Welsh Anthropology. By F. W. Rudler, F.G.S. - - 70

The Present and Future of Wales. By Lewis Morris, M.A. - 90

Merched y tŷ Talwyn. By the Rev. W. Watkins, M.A. - lol

A Description of the Day of Judgment. With Translation aud

Notes by the Editor - - - - - - 106

The Celtic Languages in Relation to other Aryan Tongues. By

the Rev. John Dayies, M.A. .... 139

The Eisteddfodau of 1880 - - - - - 143

Reviews of Books: —

Y Mabiuogion Cymreig - - - - - 150

Cydymaith y Cymro : neu Lawlyfr i'r Gymraeg. Gan y Parch E. T. Dayies, B.A. - . . . 152

Notes of a Tour in Brittany. By S. Prideaux Tre-

GELLES, LL.D. ---... 152

The Rebecca Rioter : A Story of Rillay Life. By E. A. Dillwyn ---... 154

The Folk-]ore of Wales - - - - - - 155

Notes and Queries --..-.. 159

Notices - - - . . . . .IGI

IV CONTENTS.

Welsh Fairy Tales. By Professor Rhys - - - 163

A Celtic-Slavonic Suffix. By M. H. Gaidoz - - - 217

A Cywydd to Sir Edward Stradling and Dr. Jolm David Rhys

upou the publication of the latter's Welsh Grammar - - 221

A Historical Poem by lolo Goch. By H. W. Lloyd, M.A. - 225

The National Eisteddfod of 1881 - - - - - 233

Reviews of Books : —

Who are the Welsh? By James Bonwick, F.R.G.S. - 2-42

St, Paul in Britain, or the Origin of British as opposed to Papal Christianity. By the Rev. R. W. Morgan - 244

Glossae Hibernicae e codicibus Wirziburgensi Carolisruhen- sibus aliis adjuvante Academiae Regiae Berolinensis liberalitate edidit Heinricus Zimmer - - - 245

The History of the Princes, the Lords Marcher, and the Ancient Nobility of Powys Fadog, and the Ancient Lords of Arwystli, Cedewen, and Meirionydd. By J. Y. W. Lloyd of Clochfaen, Esq., M.A., K.S.G. Vol. I - 247

Descriptive Account of the Incised Slate Tablet and other Remains lately discovered at Towyn. With plates. By J. Park Harrison, M.A., Üxon., etc. - - - 248

Caer Pensauelcoit, a long lost Unromanised British Metro- poUs : A Reassertion, With a Sketch Map - - 249

The Folk-lore of Wales— Riddles. Yerbal Tasks - - 250

^ Cymmrotíor*

JA NUARY 188 1.

OBSERYATIONS ON THE PRONUNCIATION

OF THE SASSARESE DIALECT OF

SARDINIA,

AXD ON YARIOUS POINTS OF RESEMBLAXCE WHICH IT PRESENTS WITH THE CELTIC LANGUAGES.

By ÍI.I.H. PRINCE LOUIS LUCIEN BONAPARTE.i

Haying made a prolonged stiidy of the singular pronuncia- tion of this important dialect, I venture to assort that it involves at least thirty-seven simple sounds. In the ortho- graphy followed by Canon Spano, in his version of St. Mat- thew's Gospel, these are represented by thirty-five characters, whether simple, as c, d, etc, or compound, — ^genuine digrams — such as ch, gli, gn, and the like.

In entering on a discussion of these characters, I must say at the outset that they are, unfortunately, by no nieans in harmony with the number of the sounds ; or even, in some instances, with their nature. Thus dd, by way of example, seems but ill-adapted to give us a clear idea either of the palatal d, unknown to classical Italian, or of the strong d, which is incorrectly spoken of as a double letter, in the same

' The following obseryations were printed in Italian in the year 18C0, accompanying a version of St. Mattbew's Gospel into Sassarese by the Rev. Canon Spano. The present translation has been made from a revised copy of the original issue, at the instance of the iUas- trious author, by ])r. Isambard Owen.

VOL. IV. B

2 THE PRONUNCIATION OF THE SASSARESE

way as that term is improperly applied to tbe otlier digrams of the Italian language, Ih, ff, II, etc.

That our ears perceive no reduplication in the case of these so-called double letters when they are spohen correctly, was said, and not merely said, but proved, by that acute author, Lionardo Salviati, (^) nearly three centuries ago. Such sounds should accordingly be regarded as additional modifications, strong, but nevertheless simple, of the other sounds usually (-) represented by single consonants, and tlius augraent their number.

The thirty-five characters are the folowing: — a, b, c, ch, ci, cl, dd, e,f, g, gh, gi, gl, gli, gn, h, i, j, l, m, n, o, ^), q, r, s, sc, sci, sg, sgi, t, u, v, z, zz ; and the thirty-seven sounds : —

1. o	14.	i	27.	P
2. h	15.	j	28.	r
3. c hard.	16.	l	29.	s yoiceless.
4. c sibilant	17.	l Yoiceless guttural.	30.	s Yoiced.
5. d	18.	l Yoiced guttural.	31.	sc sibilant.
6. d palatal.	19.	l Yoiceless dental.	32.	sg (Frenchy)
7. e open.	20.	l Yoiced dental.	33.	t
8. e closed.	21.	l sibilant.	34.	u
9./	22.	m	35.	V
10. g hard.	23.	n	36.	z Yoiceless.
11. g sibilant.	24.	n guttural.	37.	z Yoiced.
12. gl liquid.	25.	0 open.
13. gn	26.	0 closed.

EXAMINATION OF THE ChAEACTERS AND OF THE SoUNDS REPRESENTED BY THEM.

1. a. — Is pronounced as in Italian.

2. h. — When, as in Italian, it should take the sound of hh (see Note 2), it is pronounced precisely as in that language ; but when the weak modification is required, the Sassarese pronunciation of this letter seems to nie of a Spanish character ; that is to say, less labial than the Tuscan h, the lips being approximated without actually touching. Thus

DTALF.CT OF SARDINIA. 3

wheii T got a native of Sassari to repeat sereral times over tlie words " bozi", vocc, "a bozi manna", ad alta voce, '' la bozi", la voce, " dabboi", dipoi, I invariably heard in the fìrst, second and fourth examples, tlie strong h, incorrectly called double, of the Italian language, wliile in the third the sound of the Spanish h appeared to nie most manifest.

The same niay be said of initial v, when by the influence of the preceding word it lias to be pronounced as h. In this case also, it is the Spanish h that is heard. Thus, cun vinu; lu vi)iu; — the former is pronounced with the Italian V, the latter with a weak h, but a h of Spanish sound. (See under letter v) .

In the Logudorese dialect, as the Itev. Canon Spauo observes in his Grammar, initial h, in circumstances which should call for its weak sound (the sound that is of h single) is generally absorbed. Thus, " unu boe", un hue, " su bentu", il vcnto, are pronounced wuw oc, su entu, while " sos boes" " sos ventos", i huoi, i veiiti, are sounded with the strong h.

In the languages of the Gaelic and Welsh families, suppres- sion of the initial consonants by the influence of the pre- ceding word holds a very frequent place, as will be seen fur- tlier on.

3. c. — This letter is pronounced with the hard sound when standing before the vowels a, o, or u, or before any conso- nant, or as a terminal in proper names. " Cabà", catare, " cori", cuore, " Criltu" Cristo, " Sadoc", are pronounced, as far as regards c, precisely as in Italian, as long as the strong form of that letter is rec[uired in Sassarese. If, on the other hand, its sound is weakened, Sassarese follows the practice of Celtic tongues, and changes the hard c into an equally liard g, Tlius the word cori, and its Welsh equivalent ccdon, pro- nounced, if isolated, witli c, are transformed into (jori iu spoken Sassurese, and rjalon, in both spohen and written Welsli, when the preceding words possess the property of

b2

4 THE PliONUNCIATION OF THE SASSARESE

producing tlie initial cliange of c into g, aS, for instance, in " lu do' gori", dy galon.

It will be useful to note here, that the Latin or Italian hard c, which is mostly found in the middle of a word be- tween two vowels, is very often rendered in Sassarese (never in Tempiese) by gg; i.e., by a hard strong g, as in the words poco, dico, fuoco, whicli in Sassarese are written and spoken foggu, diggu, foggu, in Tempiese ijocu, dicii, focu. The same exchange of the voiceless sound for the voiced occurs in the case of ^ and t, as can be observed in the Sassarese words, " cabbu", " daddu", corresponding to the Italian capo, dato, and the Tempiese caim, datu.

C takes the Italian sibilant sound before e and i, as in " ceggu" cieco. In the Cagliaritan dialect only this sound is susceptible of initial mutation in pronunciation. Celu, in fact, is spoken in Cagliaritan with tlie Italian c aspirate when the sound of tliat letter should be strong, while in " su celu" il cielo, though unseen by tlie eye, the ear dis- tinctly perceives sgelu, with the French j, or Cagliaritan x.

The Italian c sibilant is very often rendered in Sassarese by z, as well in pronunciation as iu the orthography followed in the version of St. Matthew. The Italian words cielo, il ciclo, pace, croce, luce, corresponding to the Tempiese celi, lu ccli, paci, griici, luci, appear in Sassarese as zelu, lu zelu, pazi, crozi, luzi, a strong sound being given to the z in the first instauce, a weak one in the four last. (See under letter z.)

The letter c, of hard sound, when preceded by l, enjoys the singular property of transforming both that sound and its own into the German gutteral cí) ; — otherwise the Spanish j, or, if preferred, the modern Greek x ; as heard in iiacf)t, hijo, and 'xa\K6^, but not as in nicí)t and %^'pa, which have the cí) and X palatalized. Tlms the word " balca" harca, wiU be pronounced as if it were written 'ba^^f''- (See under letter /.)

DIALECT OF SAEDINIA. 5

4. ch. — This digram \n Italian represeuts two sounds. The first is tliat of hard c before e and i, and the second the palatalized sonnd, as heard in the plund occhi, written by many occhj and even occhii. This sound, which the rrench would call " un son mouillé," and which modern phoneticism represents by " lc ", is expressed in Italian, before any other vowel tlian i, by chi, as iu occhio, vccchia, recchie, orecchiicto. In these words, contrary to what is seen in the plural occhi, the i exists only as a phonetic sign forming part of a trigram. Neither Sassarese nor Tempiese possesses the sound alluded to. In the former it is replaced by c sibilant, and in tlie latter by the peculiar souud siii generis, which is treated of in the remarts prefixed to the Tempiese version of St. Matthew. Thus tlie Italian occJii gives place to the Sassarese occi and the Tempiese oJcci.

In the Sassarese dialect ch raay take not only the sound of hard c, but even those of hard g and ^, in the circumstances which rec|uire c to assume thera, provided the vowels e and i follow. Thus " chedda" {chita in Tempiese) scttimana, " la chedda", " alclii" archi, " molchi", mosche, are sounded chcclda, la ghedda, o-yyi, mo^yi.

5. ci. — To represent the c sibilant sound before the vowels a, 0, and w, in Italian is adopted the digram ci, in wdiich tlie i has no proper sound of its own, but merely serves, as an inseparable part of the digram,to express, in union with the c, the sounds heard in the words hncia, cacia, cucio, for which in ccnere and ciglio the c alone suffices. The same use is made of this digram in Sassarese and Tempiese, as may be readily perceived in the words " faccia" and " cucciucciu", cagnolino, of the former, aud in "cioccia", chioccia, of the latter. In Tempiese the peculiar kci sound often corresponds with the Italian sibilant cc and cci, and sometiraes in Sassarese the rough z ; though in the latter dialect cc generally survives unchanged. Thus huccia, Italian and Sassarese, is huhcia in

6 TIIE PRONUNCIATION OF TIiE SASSAllESE

Tempiese ; and zozza in Sassarese corresponds to tlie Italiaii chioccia.

6. d. — Has always the Italian pronunciation in Sassarese, at least unless it be reduplicated or preceded by /. In tlie latter case it lias tlie property of transforming the ordinary 1, and itself at the same time, into the voiced dental /, which will be treated of further on. Supposing therefore that -we employ the underdotted character " 1" as the equivalent of the sound alhided to in all places where it is to be heard, the words found written "caldu" caldo, "Lahlu" /o?-í/o, "ihlintiggaddu" sdcntaio, will have to be pronounced " callu", " hillu'^ " iUintiggaddu". This sound, a recognised one in the Gaelic dialect of the Isle of Man, is hnown neither to Tempiese^ nor to Cagliaritan^ iior even to Logudorese, except, as Spano tells us, in some varieties of this last bordering on Sassarese and not ad- mitted into the common literary dialect of Logudoro. (See imder letter l.)

Although in the Sassarese dialect, the single d not pre- ceded by l never has other than the Italian pronunciation, it will be well to recall what Spano tells us of the pro- nunciation of the singie d preceded by n in such Logudorese ■\vords as " nde" nc, " ando" Tado, " cumandu" comando, " mundu" onondo, and all the gerunds, " mandigande" mcin- (jiando, " factende" or " faghinde" faccndo, etc. In all these "words d has a palatal sound, as though it were written dd. (See just below under dd.) Tbe three other dialects of Sardiuia never give the palatal pronunciation to the single d.

In the Logudorese dialect (see Spano's Grammar, voL i, p. 15) initial d is susceptible of absorption, i.c, of being suppressed in tlie Celtic fashion, by the influence of the preceding word ; but this actually occurs only in the single word " dinari" dcnaro. Meda dinari will be pronounced mcda inari ; as opposed to quantos dinaris, where the d not only asserts itself but demands the strong sound of the düuble d for the reasons already explaiiied in note 2.

DIALECT OF SARDINIA. 7

7. dd. — This digrani may convey two sounds, tliat of tlie strong or double Italian d, and the special palatal sound of the Cagliaritan, Logudorese, Sassarese, Sicilian, and in part of the Corsican dialects also. The latter sound I have already spoken of in the remarks prefixed to the Sicilian Yersion of St. Matthew ; and I shall confine myself here to reminding my readers that it almost always corresponds to an Italian or Latin double /, "calteddu" castello, "beddu" leUo, " eddu" e(jli, ille, " chiddu" queUo.

The former sound, that of double d Italian, has an entirely different origin, since it corresponds nearly always to an Italian or Latin weak t, as may be perceived in " andaddu ' andcäo,"áíLáá\i" dato,"vìzz[hidái\"ricevuto, "laddru" ladro, latro. The word " fraddeddu" frateUo, presents both sounds ; first the strong dental, and then the strong palatal ; the one derivtd from t, the other from U. The palatal sound may be indicated phonetically by " dd", when strong, and by " d" W' hen weak, as in the Logudorese nde, pronounced " nde".

8. e. — The Sassarese c, like the Italian, is sometimes open and sometimes closed. In this particular, the Sassarese dialect follows the Logudorese pronunciatiou, in preference to the Italian; while the Tempiese more often agrees with the latter. Thus mcla, in Italian and Tempiese, is spoken with e closed, while the open e is heard in tlie same word, both in Sassarese and in Logudorese. (See Spano's Gi'ammar, vol. i, p. 7.) When e loses the tonic accent, by reason of inflexiün or other etymological change, it is, as a rule, con- verted into i in Sassarese, in Tempiese, and in other southern dialects. Thus " vèni" viene, gives " vinùddu" vcnuto, in speaking as w^ell as in writing; and " fabèdda" ^mẃí, "vèlti" vcste, " vèdi" vede, give fahiddàddu, viUìri, and vidèndi.

9./. — The strong pronunciation of this letter in no respect differs from that known in Italian; but w^hen the weak sound is required, it is no longer spoken as f, but as v. Tlie

8 THE PRONUNCIATION OF THE SASSARESE

words " figliolu" ^^^ẃío^o, " figga" ^co, " faccia", wbich, whni isolated, are pronounced as written, viz., with /, are ex- pressed in speech, though never in writing, as lu viglwlu, la vigga, la vaccia.

Tlie iaitial mutation of / into v occurs also in the Celtic tongues, but only in Irish and Manx of the Gaelic group, and Cornish arnong the Cymric. The Scottisb Gaelic among tbe former class, and Welsh and Armorican of tbe latter, are witbout it. Thus, exactly in the sanie \vay as the Sas- sarese, figlwlu may be converted into vigliolii iu speaking, the Irish "fuil" {blood), may become vuil (written hJìfuil),the Manx " feanish" (luitness) veanish, and the Cornisb " for" (road), vor.

10. g. — Tbis letter takes the hard Italian somid before the vowels a, o, or u ; or any consonant not forming part of tbe digrams gl, and gn, of wbicb a word presently ; aud the hard sound also, as the terminal of a proper name : e.g., "gudi- mentu" godimcnto, " gràbidda" gravida, " Magog".

Before the vowels e and i, it has the sibilant pronuncia- tion tbat Italian gives to it in tbe syllables ge, gi, as long as these are pronounced strong ; — as if written double, tbat is ; but if the influence of tbe preceding word \\eakens its sound, initial mutation occurs. Tliis mutation, peculiar to Sassarese, consists in the transformation of the sibilant sound of g into that of a j, pronounced as a true consonant with a palatalized sound ; not, namely, as we bear it in correct Tuscan speecb in the words aio, baio, etc. ; but just as it is (improperly) pronounced by the Eomans, and tlie majority of Italians, viz., ajo, hajo, etc. Tbus tbe word "gesgia" chiesa, will be sounded Jesgia, if a word capable of producing the initial mutation precede, as it does in tbe case of la gesgia. Tbis is pronounced la jcsgia, though npver written so.

Tbe !Manx and Scottish Gaelic also change the sound of g

DIALECT OF SARDINIA. 9

aspirate into that of / Tliiis, in the former Jee, God (pronounced as Italian Gi) is converted into Yee (pronounced as Eoman Ji) in dty Yee, Thy God.

The hard g, preceded by /, is converted, in pronunciation, into the hard guttnral Greek 7, as heard in 'yá\a, íiot as in 7eVoç, while the antecedent l nndergoes the same trans- formation. Thus, the words "alga" spazzatura, "lalgu" largo, " ilgabbaddu" sgarbato, are spoken as ayya, la<yju, i'yyahhaddu. (See under letter Z.)

11. gh. — Eeceives no other souuds in Sassarese than those of which the hard g is susceptible. Thus, " alghi", spazzature, " Lalghi", larghi, "inghirià", andare ingiro, are pronounced, the hast as written, the two first as lay<yi, ar/ji.

Gh, in Italian, serves to express a sound called "schiacciato", (palatalized) which is wanting in Sassarese and Temj^iese, and which would be termed niouillé in French. It is, in fact, nothing else than the voiced sound corresponding to the ch iu occhi, whicli modern phoneticism usually represents by "g'". It is indicated in Italian, sometimes by the digram gh, and sonie- times by the trigram ghi, as in ragghi and ghianda. In the latter word it is easy to see that the three letters g, h, i, all concur to form the single palatalized sound, the i having no existence apart ; while, in the former, the same effect is produced by gh alone, and the i pronounced separately.

12. gi. — Gi represents the sound of g sibilant before the vowels a, 0, and u, in Sassarese as in Italian, in all cases where the initial nmtation into j does not take place. " Giaddu" gaUo, is spohen with the Italian gi, while " lu giaddu" il gallo, sounds as luj'addu.

To the Italian and Sassarese aspirate g, gg, gi, ggi, corre- sponds in Tempiese a sound, sui generis, wdiich is treated of in the remarks prefixed to the version of the Gospel in that dialect. This sound in the middle of a word is always repre- sented hj gh, or ghi, in the beginning sometimes by one of these

10 TIIE PRONUNCIATION OF THE SASSAEESE

characters, sûinetimes, ratlier illogically (as is sliown) Ly g alone. The following words, however they are íbund printed, receive the said peculiar sound, for which it might be well to eniploy a phonetic sign "g", or the like ; "ogghi" oggi, "ghiaddu" gallo, "gliittà" ^^^/«rí;, " viagghiu" i'iaggio, "giíi' già/'Gesii' Gesù, "Gerwsalemnú" Gerusalemme, "Giuseppa" Giusejjpe, etc. In all these words, Sassarese presents to the ear the Italian sibihmt g or gi, and it writes them oggi, giacldu, gittà, viaggÌH, già, Gcsu, Gerusalemmi, Giuseppi, etc. Some simple phonetic sign or other should in the same way be substituted for the kci sound, which in the Teinpiese ver- sion referred to, is always represented by cch or cchi.

13. gl. — Before an i which is not succeeded by another vowel, gl is a true digram, and represents the sound called by the French " l mouillé". Before all tlie other vowels, the g has its hard sound, as in Italian in the words glaciale, gleha, gloria, glutinc, and in the few in which gli occurs followed by another consonant, as nefjligema. In this particular, Sas- sarese follows the Italian pronunciation, sounding figliolu, witli liquid (jl. and gloria with hard g.

In Tempiese, this liquid sound, as well as the Italian double/, is often rendered by a palatal cl, w^ritten as dd. This is not the case in Sassarese. Thus, while the latter says " vogliu" voglio, " megliu" mcglio, "figliolu" Jigliitolo, the for- mer both writes and pronounces, mecldu , fiddolu and vodda.

15. gn is pronounced as in Italian.

16. h. — The same use is made of this letter as in the Italian language, where, as well as in Sassarese, it has no proper value.

17. i. — Italian pronunciation.

18. j. — A true palatalized consonant ; as already said under letter g. Under Spanish rule, this sound was expressed by ÿ, according to Spanish practice. Thus, Bcgir, for Dcju.

k. — In the Logudorese dialect this letter is made use of, as

DIALECT OF SARDINIA. 11

in Frencli, by tliose "wlio like an orthograpliy lialf etymo- logical and half not.

19. l. — This letter in Sassarese bears at least six quite distinct sounds, which I will call the natural, the voiceless guttnral, the voiced guttural, the voiceless dental, the voiced dental, and the sibilant.

Tlie natural sound, that, namely, of the Italian /, obtains when this letter comes between two vowels, or occurs as aii initial ; with the strong form if the letter be doubled, the weak modification in contrary case. Thus, " lu", il, lo, " milli" viille, " solu" solo, " laddru" ladro, are pronounced with the Italian l or ìl. It obtains, equally as in Italian, before z, wheiher the z correspond to the z, the c aspirate, or the s, and whether the / represent the l or the r of that tongue. Thus " alza ' ahare, " calzina" calcc, " salza" salsa, " malzu", rtiarzo.

The A^oiceless guttural x sound, spoken of above under letter c, is given to l Avhenever a hard c sound follows in the Italian form of tlie word ; and the latter, too, is converted into ;^, whatever be the origiu of the / in question, or the character by whicli the sound of hard c is expressed. " Solcu" solco, " solchi" solclii, " alcu" arco, " molca" Tìiosca, " molchi" onosche, " \)íiìca." pasqua, are all pronounced with ^^ ; so)q(^i(,

soxxi, f'XX^', moxxa, '^no^^i P^tXX"-

The voiced guttural sound, which I will represent by 7,

obtains in analogous cases, namely, when /, be it derived

from r or from s, is found followed by any character what-

ever meant to represent hard g, while the latter undergoes

the same metamorphosis, and becomes 7 likewise. " Alga"

spazzatura, " alghi" sjìo.^tature, " lalgo" largo, " lalghi"

lanjhi, " ilgabbaddu" sffaròato, are all spoken wìúi 77

(strong 7) ci'yya, ajyi, hiyyo, layji, i<yjahbaclclu.

The voiceless dental sound occurs when /, be it derived from

/• or from s, is found preceding /, which latter also submits to

12 THE PRONÜNCIATION OF THE SASSARESE

a transformation into a voiceless dental l. For the sake of clear- ness, I wiU indicate this sound by an over-dotted " Ì". The words ''altu" alto, "palti", iiarte, " baltoni", bastone, wiU accordingly be pronounced with a double " Ì" (" Ì" strong) " aÌÌu", " paÌÌi", " baíioni" (^). The sound of this " Ì" though decidedly dental, differs hardly, if at all, from that of the letter II, belonging to the "Welsh alone among the Celtic tongues; the sound that occurs twice in the name Llangollen, and is heard in every word in that language in which the character II is found. And true though it is, that the Welsh produce this sound by striking the upper jaw with the tonsue to the riííht of the middle line, it is no less true that this is done simply as a matter of choice, and that they can produce with very little efíbrt the selfsame sound, by strihing the jaw either to the left, or, just as the Sassarese do, at the insertion of the incisor teeth.

The voiced deutal, which might be called the Manx pro- nunciation, apj)ears in / foUowed by d, the latter beiiig itself changed at the same time into " 1" (i.c, 1 underdotted, a character employed here phonetically). " Caldu" caldo, " laldu" lardo, " ihlintiggaddu" sdentato, are all pronounced with double " 1"; " callu", " lallu", " iUintiggaddu."

This sound I call Manx, because in Irish and Scottish Gaelic it is heard in a much more lingual and exaggerated form tlian in the Isle of Man. In those dialects it seeras to me that a greater part of the tongue is concerned in its production, while in the latter attractive island I have always heard it enunciated in such a manner as to leave no doubt in my mind of its conformity with the Sassarese soft dental /. Nor had Sig. Cauglia, a Sassarese gentleman introduced to me by the Eev. Canon Spano, any more doubt of this conformity, when he lieard the Iìev. Mr. Drury, a ]\íanx clergyman, pronounce the said Sassarese words ccddu, lcddu, etc, in my house in London. This " 1" sound appears also

T)I.\LFX'T ÜF SARDINIA. 1 !*.

when an n follows, but tlie n is not itself changed into "1". Thus, iliiaturaddib is spoken " ilnaturaddu", not " illatu- raddu".

The sound of l sibilant, which I will represent by a Greek \, cannot be better defined linguistically than as a Welsh II palatalized or " mouillée". Welsh itself does not possess such a modification of its peculiar II, which belongs specially to Sassarese. Such a connection at least appears to me to be that whích exists between the Welsh II sound (voiceless dental l of Sassarese, or "Ì") and this sibilant l or X, though less de- cisively so than that which is apparent between the II in Filli and the gl in figli. This sound, more sibilant than that of "1", though it originate also from r, or from s, is noticed when the labials p, h, m, or the semi-labials /, v, immediately follow. Be it noted, however, that in this case the said consonants are not themselves transformed, as we saw happen with '^^, with 7, with 1, and with 1, into tlie sound that precedes them, but are properly pronounced after that sound. The words " palpà" paljmre, " colpu" corjjo, "ilpina" spina, "sulfaru" solfo, "fulfaru" crusca, "ilfattu" sfatto, "alburu" albcro, "balba" harha, "ilbirru" hirro, "mal- vasia", "zelvu" cervo, " ilviaddu" sviato, "calma ' calmare, "velmu" verme, "ilmuzzaddu" smozzato, are all pronounced witli X: jm^j^à co\pu, i\pina, su\faru, fvXfarU; i\fattu, a\2>urî(, ha\ha, i\hirru, ma\vasia, zc\vu, i\ciaddu, ca\mà, ve\mu, i\muzzaddu.

"When the preceding word ends with l, the initial con- sonant of that which fullows determines the sound to be given to such final l. So the words " pal basgià" per baciare, " pal cadì" per cadere, " pal ceggu" per cieco, " pal chiltu" per questo, "pal ci'dma' per chiamare, "pal àa!' per darc, "pal fa' per fare, "pal gudì"^er godere, " pal gittà" per gettare, "pal ghettu" pcr ghetto, " pal giaddu" per gallo, " pal magnà'' per /?iH?i^mr^, " pal pudè" ^)<T poterr, " -[^iú (iuattoldizi" per (jiuit-

14 TIIE PRONUNCIATION OF THE SASSARESE

tordici, "pal te'' per te, "pal vidè" per vedere, "pal z'úck" pcr cercarc, "pal zurradda" pcr giornata, are pronounced, some with l Italian, some with ^ {voiceless guttural), some with 7 (voiced guttural), sorae with "Ì" (voiceless dental l), some with "1" (voiced dental l), and finally, some with X, (sibilant l), as phonetically expressed here : pa\basgià, píí%x«<'^ì', palceggu, 'pa')Q(%llu, palciamà, pallà, pnXfà,2Ja'yyudì, ^^^(^giiià, ^Jayyettu, 'palgiaddîi,pa'kmagnà,pu\pudé,pa')Q(_aattoldizi,2')allé, pa\vidé, pfdzi-)Q(à, imhurradda.

It would seeni to rae, after mature reflection on these various forms of the Sassarese l, that the sound of the voiced sibilant l should also be adraitted, as I have included the two dental and the two guttural sounds, of which oue is voice- less and the other voiced.

A somewhat delicate and attentive ear may by chance notice a slight difference between the sound of l before the voiceless consonants p and/, in the words palpà, colpn, ilpina, sulfaru, fidfaru, ilfattu, and that which the same letter takes when followed by a voiced consonant, as in alburu, balha, ilbirru, mahasia, zelvu, ihiaddu, calmà, velmu, ilmuz- zaddu. Another very slight difference the Eev. Canon Spano points out between the sound of l derived froni s and that of l originating from r, or corresponding to l in Italian, it being more prolonged in tlie forraer case than in the latter. These last distinctions must not be denied, but as they are not such as are generally perceived even by a fairly acute ear, I do not think I ought to adrait either a phonetic represen- tation or an increase in the number of the thirty-seven sounds. Enough that I have noticed them, confining myself to the sole remark that if such minute differences of sound are to be treated as of importance, the Sassarese l would be capable of expressing, not six, but thirteen raore or less different sounds, and that these niight be methodically arranged thus —

DIALECT OF SAliDINIA. 1;")

SOÜNDS CORRESPONDING TO l AND r. SOUNDS CORRESPONDING TO S.

1. l Italian ; so/h, laddru, milli.

2. í Yoiceless guttiiral ; solcu., alcu. 8. molca.

3. í yoiced guttural ; alga, lalgu. 9. ilgabbaddu.

4. Z Yoiceless dental ; altu, palti. 10. baltoni.

5. / Yoiced dental ; cahlu, laìdu. 11. ildintiggaddu.

6. / Yoiceless sibilant; prt//jà, ./"(«//«?•«. 12. iìpina, iì/attu.

7. Zvuicedsibilant; a///íí?-M, se/yu, t"e/?H«. 13, ilbirru, ilviaddu, ilmuzzaddu.

Be it noted that neither the Tempiese dialect, nor the Cagliaritan, nor even the Logudorese, in its literary form at least, is capable of any but the íirst of all these l's ; and that in them the character l, wlienever it occurs, is invariably so pronounced.

In Tempiese, indeed, the conversion of r (never that of s) into l takes place before gutturals, dentals, and labials, as in the words " balca" harca, "niolti" morte, " eol])\i" corjjo, ete.; but such words are spohen as written, with l Italian, and not as ba;Y%^' molli, coXpu.

20. ììi. — Italian pronunciation.

21. n — Italian pronunciation ; i.e., as dental n, when it is not foUowed by b or p, or by hard ^ or c ; as m, when b or p foUows ; and as guttural n (" ii" of the linguists) when a hard c ox g succeeds. Thus jMue, pan bianco, vengo, are pronounced " pane", " pambiahco", " vengo".

22. 0. — Italian pronunciation ; i.e., sometimes open, some- times closed. In this particular Sassarese follows rather the Logudorese practice, while Tempiese agrees more witli the Italian. (See Spano's Grammar, vol. i, p. 7). Thus amòri in Sassarese, and amóri in Tempiese.

0 is very often converted into % by the agency of inflexion or other-' etymological change, when it has lost the tonic accent ; as is observed in Tempiese, and other southern dialects. Thus, while we write and say " inòri" mnore, " pòni", 2}one, " dròmmi", dorme, we have to speak and write : " muri" morire, "punarà" porrà, " drumml" dormire.

16 THE PRONUNCIATION OF THE SASSARESE

23. 'ŷ. — This letter, thougli it is always written as ^p, re- presents two sounds, that of f, and that of h. The initial change of ^ into & takes place in Sassarese as in the Celtic tongues, but only when the weak pronunciation shouhl obtain, as has been observed already under letter c. Thus, " pobbulu" popolo, " lu pobbulu" il pojwlo : — the former is pronounced jJohhulu, the latter lu hohhulu, exactly as happens in Welsh in this very same word " pobl" pcople, " y bobl" the pcople.

P is often transformed into double h, both in writing and speaking, as the same word pohhulu shows us.

24. q. — Has the same force as in Italian, save in those cases in which the sound of hard c is susceptible of change, after the Celtic fashion, into that of hard g ; or by the assimi- lative influence of l, into tliat of '^^.

Thus, in " c[uattoldizi" qnattordici, it has the Italian pro- nunciation; in li quattoldizi, li guattoldizi is heard, and in pal quattoldizi the pronunciation is as fCf^o^ìLattoldi^i.

25. r. — This letter is given with the sound of rr when the strong pronunciation is required, and as single r when tlie weak. " Eezza" rcte, " la rezza" la rctc. In Welsh, the aspirated rli is converted into r, in an analogous manner : " rhwyd" net, " dy rwyd" thy net. R, moreover, as we have seen under letter l, is very often converted into l, y^, 7, " Ì", " 1", or X, according to the letter that follows. It will be well to add, that in speahing as well as in writing, it fre- quently undergoes still other changes. lìn is generally rendered by rr, as in " carri" carnc, "inferru" inferno, " zur- radda", giornata (*). R preceding j5, though, as a rule, trans- formed into sibilant / (\), becomes in "ilcappi" scarpe, a p, by assimilation. FoUowed by s, it is itself transformed by the same assimilative process into an 5 also (■^), as in " pessu" perduto, perso ; and whenever it is found in Italian, with an l succeeding, their union, seemingly Jittle in accord with

DIALECT OF SARDINIA. 17

Sassarese notions, is ruthlessly severed. "Tarulu" tarlo, " perula" perla, etc.

26. s. — Is pronounced with a strong voiceless sound in all cases in which other consonants receive a strong pronunciation, and with a weak voiced sound in contrary cases. Thus, between two vowels, or at the beginning of a word preceded by another that demands the initial mutation from voiceless to Yoiced (in " casa", " cosa", " lu santu" il santo, for instance), the Sassarese s will be voiced, as in the word sposa in Italian ; and not as it is given in the first three examples in correct Tuscan speech, viz., voiceless. In the isolated word, santn, on the other hand, or in a. santu, e santu, cun santu, the s is voiceless in Sassarese also. S reduplicated, further, bears not merely the ordinary voiceless sound, but one still more forcible, as in the Italian cassa ; — " fossu" fosso, " cussì" così. The Armorican alone among the Celtic languages (perhaps the Cornish also), offers us this initial mutation of the voiceless into the voiced s by the influence of the word preceding. Thus, giving to the z the sound, which tliat character bears in Armorican, of the Italian voiced s, "sac'h" sack is written and pronounced " zac'h" in "da zac'h" thy sack, exactly as, in Sassarese, the strong s of the word saccu is converted into the voiced form in lu to' sctccu ; lu do' zaccu, with the French or Armorican z, being tlie pronunciation required.

S, as has been seen already under letter l, may give place to the sounds %, 7, " 1", " 1", and X, always represented in writiug by /. Be it added here that this letter is regularly converted into l Italian before another /, as in "illo"oià" sloggiarc, which is written and pronounoed with two Ts. It is converted also into r before another r, as in irradizinà" sradicare (^), and is written so as well as pronounced. In the word " eddis" eglino or elleno, a synonym of eddi, the s, when it comes at the end of a period or phrase, presents to the ear, VOL. IV. c

18 THE PRONUNCIATION OF THE SASSAEESE

after the Logudorese faslìion, a yery faint snbseqiient repe- tition of tlie preceding i; as it were eddisi. This word eddis, and lís, in the sense of a eddis, are, I believe, the only ones in Sassarese that end in s.

27. sc. — These two letters do not, either more or less than in Italian, form a digram, or, in other words, represent a simple sound, unless followed by e or i. Before the remain- ing vowels they are expressed separately ; the s, that is, is converted into % (voicel^s guttural), and the c assumes that sound likewise. Thus " cunniscì" conoscere, " molca" mosca,

pronounced Tìw^o^f^-

28. sci. — This is a trigram ; since the i is not pronounced as sucli (^), but ouly co-o^^erates with the s and c in the forma- tion of the conventional character by which in Italian and Sassarese orthography it has been chosen to represent the " s" sound of the linguists before the vowels a, o, w, as in "asciuttu" asciutto.

29. sg. — The sound of the Frenchy, known by the linguists under the form "z", is in Sassarese expressed by this digram before e and i. The Cagiiaritans make use of x or else of c, as in su cehi, which they pronounce su xelu, the x having the force of the Sassarese sg : " basgi" haci. Before the other vowels the s is changed, as was seen under letter /, into 7 (voiced guttural), and the g takes that sound as well. This occurs in "ilgabbaddu" sgarlato, which wiU be pronounced i'yyahhaddu.

30. S(ji. — Eepresents the preceding sound^ the i having nô proper force, when the vowels a, 0, u follow : " basgia" hacia, " basgiu" hacio.

31. t. — Sounds as in Italian when the strong form is de- manded, but when tlie pronunciation has to be weak it is converted into d. Thus terra is given with t Italian, and so are a tcrra, e terra, cun tcrra, while la terra, la noltra terra, are heard as la derra, la noltra derra. The same thintT occurs

DIALECT OF SARDINIA. 19

in the Celtic tongues, except in tlie Scottish Gaelic, which never admits the initial mutation of a voiceless into a voiced consonant. Thus in Irisli, "tír" couniry, gives "ár dír" our country; though it is written ár d-tir, by force of ihe rule called eclipsis, which requires, in Irish orthography, the conso- nant sounded to be succeeded by the one which is no longer heard iu the pronunciation, but retained for etymological reasons.

So also the Welsh, which, preferring phonetic to etymo- logical orthography, of "tad" fatlier, makes "dy dad" tliy fatìicr, and writes it witli t or with d, according to the pro- nuuciation.

The Sassarese t is susceptible of a third sound yet, viz., of becoming a vöiceless dental l in pronunciation, when it is preceded by "Ì" a sound of like character. (See under letter /.)

This letter, fìnally, may be converted into a non-palatal dd, as has been said already in the section relating to dd.

32. u. — Italian pronunciation.

33. V. — Is pronounced as in Italian when of strong sound; but when corresponding to the weak pronunciation of other cousonants, is converted iuto a soft 5 of Spanish character. (See under letter è.) Thus in vinii, avvizina, lu vinu ; the two first have the Italian v, as in vino, awicina, but the third is pronounced ht hinu, with, however, a Spanish h, less labial than the Italian.

In the Celtic tongues, v does not undergo initial change ; but even here, the Tempiese dialect, which knows nothing of the other mutations which occur in Sassarese, Cagliaritan, Logudorese, and the Celtic languages — the Tempiese dialect, I repeat, offers the Hnguist a point of encounter with the last named, in the elimination to which the letter in question is there subject. This suppression takes place in every case in which Sassarese transforms it into h, and Logudorese into h aspirate ; as in su vinu, jyro vendere, which, in the latter

c 2

20 TIIE PRONUNCIATION OF THE SASSARESE

dialect, as Spano sliows us {Grammar, vol. i, p. 12), are pronounced, tliougli never written, " su hinu" il vino, " pro liendere'' j^er vendere. Thougli v, in the Celtic tongues, is never subject to such elimination, it is no less true that this process is observed in the case of the Welsh and Armorican hard g ; "gwr" maìi, and " gwerzid" spindle, being reduced to lüT (^), and íverzid, by the force of the preceding word (^) ; precisely as occurs in Tempiese in the word vinu, which, isolated, or in a vinu, e vinu, etc, is spoken with a v ; while hù vinu, cJiista vinu, on the other hand, are lieard, though not written, as lu inu, cliistu inu.

In the three Gaelic dialects, too, the letter /, which bears so close a rehition to v, is similarly affected. " Fuill" blood, is converted into icill in "dty uiU" thy hlood, in the Manx dialect; and thouah the word in Irish and Scottish Gaelic is written fuil when the / is to be sounded ; and fhuil wdien it is to be sujDpressed, its pronunciation is always the same as in Manx.

In Bitti, further (see Spano's Grammar, vol. i, p. 12), the / in the word fizu presents an absolute conformity with the three Gaelic dialects ; for, while pronounced sos fizos in the plural, in the singular it is heard as su izu, and not as su vizu, as in Logudorese in general. In Manx, finally, initial suppression of b, d, and m, may take place in words where these cousonauts are followed by iü, as in " mwyllar" miller, " bwinnican" yolk, " dwoaie" hatred, which are pro- nounced and written accordingly, " yn wyllar" the 7niller, " yn winnican" tìie yolk, " e woaie" his hatred. Precisely^ similar is the Logudorese practice (see under h and d) with regard to the d of dinari, and the b of boe, which are trans- formed in pronunciation, though not in writing, into su inari, su oe.

Nor should the similarity be overlooked between the changes that afíect the letters s and t in the three Gaelic dia- lects and / in Cornish alone of the Cambrian group ; and the

DIALECT OF SARDINIA. 21

iuitial inutation into li aspirate to wliicli tbe Logudorese v is subject; for, just as in Logudorese, vendere and vinu are converted into hendere and hinu ; " sál" hcel, in Irish, and " íiôli" hoij, in Cornish give place to " a shál" (pron. a hál) his heel, and "gen hlô" ivith a hoy. So also, to give an examj)le of the change of t into h aspirate, I will take the Manx dialect, in which " towse" measnre, becomes " e howse" his measure.

X. — The letter x is not used either in Sassarese or iu Tempiese. In Cagliaritan it is pronounced as tlie French j, i.e., as the Sassarese, Logudorese, and Tempiese digram sg. In Logudorese it is used, for etymological reasons, with the force of cs.

y. — The same may be said of y, which is used in Logu- dorese alone, with the force of i, for the sake of etymology.

z. — According to the use that has been made of it in the Sassarese version of St. Matthew, a single z, as an initial, will have, as in Italian, sometimes a voiceless and sometimes a voiced sound. When of strong voiceless sound, it will become weak voiced in all cases in which the initial changes of voiceless sound into voiced take place. Thus in " zelu" cielo, it will be voiceless, and in " lu zelu" il cielo, voiced. Tn the middle of words it will always be voiced between two vowels, as in " giultizia" giustitia. After another consonant it wiU be, as in Italian, sometimes voiced aud sometimes voicele3s ; but I believe that of all the words that occur in the version of St. ]\Iatthew the only ones which have a voiced z after a consonant are " franza" frangia, where the z corresponds to the ItaHan sibilant y ; and "pazienzia", with both the zs> voiced.

In " rranza" Francia, z is voiceless, as it corresponds to the Italian sibilant c; in"monza"?>ionaca,it isvoiced; but,speaking generally, it will be almost always voiceless after a consonant, as in "malzu" marzo, "folza"/or2;a, "piniddenzia" jje?iŵ?im, etc.

22 THE PEONUNCIATION OF THE SASSARESE

35. zz. — This digram, according to the orthography adopted in the Yersion of St. Matthew, wiU have a constantly voiceless sound. Thus, " rizzibì" riccvcre, " ozziu" ozio, " nigozziu" ncgozio ; while words such as rozu, muzu, profctizà, etc, having, unlike their Italian correlatives, only a single z between two vowels, will be pronounced with that letter of voiced sound. And be it here noted, that the sound of zz does not differ from that of single z of voiced pro- nunciation, merely as any strong letter may differ from its weak counterpart; that is to say, as Italian t from tt, etc. The sounds of zz, and of " dd" {clcl palatal), are totally dis- tinct from those of the voiced z, and of the non-palatal dd ; as distinct as p and h, t and cl, f and v, voiceless s and voiced s, are from each other; and as to the Italian dcl, it stands to the Sassarese " cid", as the Italian / to the Polish palatal /, or almost as the natural n of vano stands to the guttural 01 of vango, in sounding which the point of the tongue does not meet the npper teeth, as it does in prououncing the former.

DIALECT OF SAHDINIA. 23

N 0 T E S.

1. Dogli awertimenti della lingua sopra'l Decaraerone. Yenice, 1584. Vol. i, p. 261.

2. " Usually" I say, because in Italian as well as in Sassarese, a single coní5onant is pronounced as if written double, as it falls under tbe fol- lowing general rules :—

a. If, being initial and not followed by a consonant, it stands at the beginning of a sentence, whether commencinga period or clause (long or short) or following a comma.

h. If the preceding w^ord, though ending in a vowel, be an oxytone, or a nionosyllable derived fi'om a Latin word whicli has dropped its final consonant, or final syllable begiuning with a con- sonant, in becoming Italian or Sassarese.

Thus the preposition a', derived from the Latin aJ, the conjunction e, correspondiug to eí, sì derived from s/c, "nè" «ec, and truucated words like "amò" omcwit, "potè" potuit, have all the property of giving a strong sound to the iuitial con.<onant of the word fullowing; and though one sees written a Pietro., e voi, sì girinde, ne guesto ne c/uello, amò molto potèjwco, one always hears a/>/)îeíro, ewoi, siggrande, necquesto necquello, amommolto, poteppoco.

The weak souud of the consonants, on the other hand, will obtain in every case, other than those noted in tlie above rules, in which the preceding word ends in a vowel. Thus in each of the following examples: — (Zí JSIaria, i donì, la mente, le donne, mi clice, ti lascia, s^i goJe ama molto, pote' poco, molto largo, the initial consonant of the second word is pronounced as written, weak; for either the Latin form of the preceding word {de, illi, illa, illse, lue, te, se, potui) ends in a vo\vel, or else, as ania and molto in ama molto and molto largo, the preceding word has not the tonic accent on its last syllable.

The property which many oxytones and monosyllables posses.=3 of gÌYÌng a strong sound to succeeding initial consonants, does uot theu depend, as Salviati would have it, on their oxytonic or niono.«yllabic nature, but as 1 think I have sufficiently shown, on the final consonaut of the original Latin form. This Latin final consonant, though it has disappeared in the derived dialects, retains its effect through the process

' In Sassarese this preposition gives the strong sound to the / of the article only when the following word comniences with a vo\vel: — a lu babbu, airanima, cdrHcrihi, a Ici pcddra.

24 PRONUNCIATION OF SASSARESE ÜIALECT OF SARDINIA.

called assimilation, by virtue of which it is trausformed iuto an Italian or Sassarese initial.

This being admitted, the oxytones and monosyllables which do not enjoy the property of giving a strong sound to initial consonants, and which are cited by Salviati as exceptions, cease to be such, and fall ia with my general rules.

3. The word "altru" altw, is an exception, being pronounced with / Italian.

4. Except in "eternu" eterno, "eterniddai" eternità, "urna", " ternu" terno, " incarnaddu" incarnaío, " incarna^ioni" incarnazione, " turnu" (the " turning-box" of a monks' parlour) and some others.

5. Except in "forsi" forse (also pronounced vulgarly /osíí), "cum- parsu" comparso, and some others.

6. Except in Israeli.

7. Except in those words in which i receives the tonic accent. In these the trigram is resolved into the digram sc, and the vowel î, which last is given its proper value ; as in " pascia" jsascet-a. The same may be said of any other trigram into which i enters as its third element, the Sassarese sgi and the Sassarese and Italian (jli for instance. And just as the trigrams are resolved into digrams and vowels by reason of the tonic accent falling on the latter, the digrams themselves, such as ci and (ji, are, under similar circumstances, split up into simple characters followed by a fully sounded vowel i. Thus, while in the Italian lam- hagia, (ji exists as a digram possessing altogether merely the sound of (j sibilant ; in alhagìa, the same purpose is served, not by the digram (ji, but by the single letter g preceding the i, which latter is distinctly pronounced with its own proper sound.

8. In Cornish, gwr gives place to wur by mutation of g into lo.

9. I will remark here that one would need to be, if not blind, at least deaf , to be able to deny the identity in some cases, and the strong analogy in some others, between the Sardinian and the Celtic initial mutations, as far as concerns material points; though one should not for all that assume with absolute certainty the identity of the causes which produced these changes.

25

WELSH BOOKS PRINTED ABROAD IN THE

SIXTEENTH AND SEYENTEENTH CEN-

TURIES, AND THEIR AUTHORS/

By II. W. LLOYD, M.A.

Persons of a literary taste, wlio may have lived long enough to remember Paris as it was in the early part of the present century, will probably not have forgotten M. Marcel, a learned Orientalist, who was sometime Director of the Imperial Printing Ofìice under the first Napoleon. M. Marcel was by profession a publisher, and to his other pursuits, added that of bibliographical research. It was he who first brought to the notice of Prince L. Lucien Bonaparte a curious volume, printed in the year 1568, in a language evidently Celtic, but in a type and orthography exhibiting remarhable peculiarities, unlihe those pertaining to any one of the existing families of that class of languages, and sup- posed by that gentleman to bear the nearest resemblance to the Cornish. Of this book Prince Lucien became the for- tunate purchaser, and thus found himself the possessor of an unique copy of the "Athravaeth Gristnogavl", a work which has just been reprinted as nearly as possible in facsimile by the Cymmrodorion Society, and which has contributed largely to the settlement of a curious controversy, as well as to the elucidation of some material facts in connexion with the publication of a larger, and to scholars, and, indeed, to the lovers and students of Celtic literature generally, a more interesting and important work, the Welsh Grammar of Dr. Griffith Eoberts. To the Welsh title of this latter book is ap- pended no press-mark ; but simply the date of the year, and,

1 Read before the Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion, in London, on the 30th June, 1880.

26 WELSH BOOIŶS PRINTED ABROAD IN THE

in Latin, tlie day of tlie nionth ; — 1567. 1° Martij. We are told, liowever, by Dr. Jolm Dafydd Ehŷs, in the preface to liis Welsh Grammar, that Grruffydd Eoberts wrote a Gram- mar, and " Mediolaiii excudit". A late librarian of the British Museum, Sir Antonio Panizzi, was unable to bring himself to believe tliat by ^'Mediolani" the city of Milan, in Italy, could be intended, because, as he averred, the peculiarities character- istic of Italian printing were not to be detected in the book. He, therefore, started an extraordinary theory of his own, which was that by "Mediolani" must be understood, not Milan, in Italy, but the place called in the old British Itineraries " Mediolanum", a Eoman military station, the site of which antic[uaries have been greatly puzzled to fìx with certainty, and has been placed by some in Cheshire, by others in Flintshire, but by others again, and with far greater pro- bability, in Montgomeryshire. Tlie villages in that county which haA^e contended for the glory of it, like the seven cities of old for being the birthplace of Homer, being Llan St. Ffraid, Llanfair, Llanfechan, Llanfyllin, (from Myllin), and ]\Ieifod, the two last of wliich, approach the most nearly in sound at least to Mediolanum. Some months ago an announcement was made by Priuce L. L. Bonaparte in the Äcademy, that in the colophon at the end of the preface to tlie Athraiüaeth, which had proved to be a small Welsh catechism, printed by Dr. Griffith Eoberts, the author of the Welsh Grammar, the words were found, " 0 dref, Pylen nosuyl S. Nicolas.", and in tliat at the end of the l3ook, " Ymylen. 1568. dyuguyl. S. Mcolas.", words whicli it was declared, on no less an authority than that of the Eev. D. Silvan Evans, could be referred to no other place in tlie world than Milan in Italy ; and tlius no further room was left for controversy on the question which had been raised by Sir Antonio Panizzi, as Dr. Eoberts must naturally have printed the one work at the place where he printed the other. ISTo serious doubt, indeed, could be entertained ou sucli a matter

SIXTEENTII AND SEVENTEENTII CENTURIES. 27

iu tlie mind of a Welsliman, as otlierwise none could liave been raised as to the whereabouts of the Eoman station of Mediolanum, which would in that case readily have been identified by its very name. But no such place is or has been known either to historians or to the inhabitants in modern tinies. But if there were still room left for such a doubt after this discovery, still further materials are to be found for its solution in the existence of another work, the Drycli Cristionogaiül, or Christian Mirror, in the British Museum, which had been strangely overlooked by Panizzi, of which Dr. Grifíìth Eoberts is uumistakeab]y the author. This (which, however, was printed, not by the author himself at Milan, but by his friend and fellow-worker, Dr. Eoger Smith, at Eouen), contains, in Dr. Smith's introduction to it, a direct reference to a Welsh work printed by Dr. Eoberts at Milan. It is also of great value for the light W'hich it throws upon some other very interesting questions which have grown out of the publication of these and other works of a somewhat similar character, printed to all appearance in a sort of series, origiuating for the most part in a singie cause, and culmi- nating in a single object. Why, for example, was the printing of this series commenced in Italy and continued afterwards in France ? And secondly, why was the peculiar orthography and punctuation found in them, and in them only, that has chiefly led to these perplexities, adopted in the first instance by Dr. Eoberts, and continued, with some variations, by his successor in the Avork of printing theni, Dr. Eoger Smith ? The answ^er to these questions, interesting alike to the critic of language and to the biblio- grapher, is fuUy supplied in the preface and in some supplemental additions to others of the diíferent works ; and, therefore, tliough somewhat long, I have ventured here to reproduce them.

Of the Dnjch Cristionogawl I am unable of my own knowledge to give the full and precise title, as the title-

28 WELSH BOOKS PRINTED ABROAD IN THE

page of tlie British Museum copy (the only one now known)

has unhappily been lost. According to the British Museum

Catalogue it runs thus, mutatis mutandis, to adapt it to the

modern orthography: "Y Drych Cristianogawl yn yr hwn

y dichon pob Cristion ganfod gwreiddin a dechreuad pob

daioni sprydawl, sef, gwybod modd i wasanaethu Duw,

drwy ei garu a^i ofni yn fwy na dim, ag i daílu ymaith

beth bynnag ar a fo rwystr i hynny. Y rhan gyntaf yn

peri gwasanaethu Duw drwy ei garu." "The Christian

Mirror, in which every Christian may see the root and

beginning of all spiritual goodness, namely, to know how

to serve God by loving and fearing Him above all things,

and to cast away whatever shall be a hindrance to that.

The First Part, causing to serve God by loving Him. Edited

by Pt, S. [i.e. Rosier Smith ?), B.L. [Apud hseredes I.

ravonis, Ehotomagi, 1585.] 12mo. The work is set dow^n

by Eowlands under the year 1584, who gives the title

correctly as far as the word dim, adding, &c., and " There is

no author's name to this book", showing that he could not

have loohed into it as far as the preface. The preface,

however, commences as foUows : and here I am met, at the

outset, by the bi-lingual difficulty, which has asserted itself

in so marked a manner in the Principality, and which, I

fear, I can meet in no other way than by giving extracts

from the respective works in both languages. The original

has: — "Yr Awdwr neu r Gwr a wnaeth y Lhyfr yma

AT Ei Garedigion Gymry yn erchi phynniant a lhwydhi- '

ANT idhynt." Wrth fedhwl am fraint a bri ^r Cymry gynt,

a' i Ihesced ai diystyred yr owran, mae dolur a chlefyd yn

magu yn fynghallon." Which may be thus translated: —

" The author, or the mau who made this book, to his beloved

Cymry, beseeching success and prosperity for them. On

reflecting on the privilege and honour of the Cymry of old,

and their dispirited and despised condition at present, pain

and sickness are fostered in my heart."

SIXTEENTII ANU SEYENTEi^NTII CENTUIÎIES. 29

On page 11 of tlie Preface, tlie riinnmg title of which is "At Gymry" (To Welshmen) is tlie following :— " Drych Cristianogawl jt henwais i y l'yfr yma am fod pob Cristiawn yn gal'a canfod yndo, os mynn, lun y petheii yssyd ido eu canlyn neu gochel yn y byd yma, megis y cenfyd dyn mywn drych o wydr lun gwrthdrych y peth a fo ar gyfeiryd y drych"; i.e., "I hare uamed this book the Christian Mirror, because every Christian may see therein, if he will, the form of the things that he is to follow or to avoid in this world, as a man sees in a glass-mirror the opposite form of the object that is presented to the mirror."

The last three paragraphs run thus : — "Hynn o damchwain 0 liw beiau a gasclai rhyw fath ar dynion yn y l'y fr yma ac erail' ryw eilun beieu o faith aral'; Ond o chaf wybod un bai nag aral', mi a fydaf barod i yinostwng ag i vfudhau i'r sawl bynnag ai daghosso, yn enwedig o dihangawd dim o'm geneu drwy aughof yn y l'yfr yma a fo yn anghytuno mywn dyal' a medwl a r Eglwj's Gatholic fy Mam sprydol.

" M cheisiaf na thal na diolch am fy mhoen am hewyl'ys da, ond bod yn gyfranol o wedi pob Cymro phydlon, or a gapho dim didanwch na l'es yw enaid wrth darl'ain neu glywed y l'yfr hynn.

" Duw a Mair gyda a chwi ol', ag a drefno i ni fyw yma ynghorlaii Crist, megis y gal'om i gyd gyt gyfwrd ym Para- dwys nefawl, a theyrnasu gyd a Duw yn dragy wydawl. Amen."

I. c, " Some persons may gather faults of one kind in this book, and others some appearance of faults of another kind. But if I get to know one fault or another, I shall be ready to submit myself to and obey anyone, who3oever he may be, that shall point them out, especially if anything has escaped frorn my lips through forgetfuhress, that is dis- cordant in understanding and thought with the Catholic Church, my spiritual motlier.

" I shall seek neither pay nor thanks for my trouble and my good-will, save to be partaker of the prayer of every faithful

30 WELSH BOÛKS PRINTED ABROAD IN TIIE

Welshman, wlio shall gain any comfort or benefit to his soul by reading or hearing this book.

" God and INIary be with you all, and order ns so to live here in the fold of Christ, as that we may be able to meet together in the heaveuly Paradise, and reign with God for

ever. Amen."

" 0 Fulan, yr eidoch,

"G. E.

(" From Milan, Yours, G. E.") [Griffith Eoberts.]

Then comes a blank page, the next to which begins as follows : —

" Yr Achos a'r Modh Y dodwyd y Ihyfr yma mywn Print."

" Y mae blwydhyn bellach a chwaneg er pann dhaeth i m Ihaw yn Nhir Phreinc lyfr Cymbraeg o w^aith yr Atlu'o mawr o Dhinas Fulan yngwlad yr Idal. Ewylliys yr Athro ydoedh dhanfony lliyfr mywn scrifenlaw i blith y Cymry : Am nad oedh dim modh yw brintio ef yno ac am fod y phord yn rhy beU rhy faith i dhanfon mawr nifer o Ihyfreu o r Idal i wlad Gymbry : Ehag torri ar ewylhys yr Athro, mi a dhanfonais o Phrainc i ynys Brydain vn copi o'r l'yfr mewn yscrifen law^ ag a gedwais gopi aral' gyd a mi fy hunan yn Phrainc. Yn y mann ar ol tirio 'r Ihyfr a dyfod yn hoeth (sic for noeth) ac yn anrhefnus wedi ei wlychu gann fordwy a heli, idhwylo Cymbry, cafodh (fal y clywais) wdsc yn ei gylch ai sychu ai ymgledhu yn ewyl'ysgar ag yn chwannog dhigon. Yna cerdhed a wnaeth dros amser o law i law drwy aml faneu odir Cymry, yn cael mawrbarch a chroeso ymliob mann : pawb o r a glywei son amdano yn chwanog i gael cydnabod arno: rhai yn deisyf ei dharlhain : erailh, yrhai nis medrët dharlain yn damuno clywed ei dharlhein : y drydedh rann yn fodhlon yw gopio ai scrifennu, i gael aml gopise i fyned ar hyd y wdad. Pann dhoeth y gair o hyn i dir Phrainc

SIXTEENT1I AND SEYENTEENTH CENTURIES. 31

Ihe yr oedliwn i yn trigo, ef a fu lawen a chynes fynghallon wrtli glywed chwant ag awydh y Cymru i wrando cyughor sprydol. Yma y tyfodh gobeilh mawr yn fy medhwl, y gelhyd achub llawer o eneidiau yn Ghymry i-hag discyn i yphern, pe y baei fod y dhàgos ydhynt eu peryglon sprydol. Wrth fedhwl am hyn ny fedrwn i weled vn modh phrwy thlon gymhwys, ony baei gael gossod dodi i maes y Ihyfr mywn Print. 0 fywn Deyrnas ny welwn dhim gobaith i gael nag arian, na gweithwyr, na Ihe cymhwys cyfadhas. Wrth hir fedhwl, a gweled egni y Saeson phydlon yn printio Ihyfreu Saesnec o'r tu yma ir mor, mywn gwledydh dieithr, mi a ganfuum mewn rheswm y galhei i Printwyr o Phrainc brin- tio Cymbraeg yn gystal a Saesnec, gan fod y dhwy iaith yn gyfdhieithr idhynt. Ac ynghyferyd y mawr nifer o Ihyfreu Saesnec a ossoded alhan er pan lygrwyd Phydh a Chrefydh yn ynys Prydein, drwy boen a thrafael y Saeson Catholic : rhag cywüydh a cholhed i holh Gymry, cymesur a phyrd- fertb y gwelwn ossod a dodi alhan vu Ihyfr Cymraec, gan fod cymeint o eiseu a r Cymbry, mor chwannoc i gael Ihyfreu, a Duw wedy trefnu Printwyr mywn tref ar fin y mor yn barod er cyflog i brintio Cymraec cystal a Saesnec. Mi a gymerais amaf (nid heb gyfarch a chennad yr Athro) ossod mewn Print y Ehan gyntaf o'r tair. Canys, megis y gelhwch dhealht wrth lythyr yr Athro o r blaen nid y w 'r holh waith onyd vn Ihyfr yn cynhwys teir PJiann : Ag os Duw a dheufyn rhwy- dheb mifì a ossodaf alhan y Ehanneu erailh yn gyntaf a gal- hwyf, sef yr ail a'r drybydd {sic. for drydydd) pob un yn ei hordor ai gradh. Lhythrenneu Seisnic a gawson i r gwaith, ag yn Ihe y D. a r L. dybledigion y rhoesom dh. ag Ih. ar ol arfer yr hen gymreigwyr gynt, y peth ysydd wedheidhiach na dyblu'r Ihythrennau. Gan na fedrem gael D. ag L. a nodse danynt ar ol ordor yr Athrawaeth Gristnogawl a brin- tied ym Mulan, mewn ymhel' fanneu chwychwi a gewch D. ag L. wedi eu nodi yn eu penneu : a r rhai hyuny i gyd sy n

32 WELSH BOOKS PPJNTED ABROAD IN TIIE

arwein sain y Iheilli ag yn arbed yr H. Ag os cawn yn ol liyn dhigon o lionynt wedi nodi yn eu penneu, nyni a beidiwn yn gwbl a chydiaw r H. gyda D. ag L. Y mae r gost a r darul (sic by a misprint for draul) a r boen yn fawr iawn ag yn flin : Am hynny i mae pob Cymbro phydhlon gar bron Duw yn rhwymedig i roi help a chanhorthwy i r Gwaith drwy wedhi a modheu erailh, pawb yn ei radh a i alhu. Ag am fod gwyr äghyfarwydh anghyfiaeth mywu gwlad dierth heb dhealht yr iaith Gymbraeg yn gelhwg odh daun eu dwylo fagad 0 feieu drwy gamgymeryd a cham ossod y Ihythrenneu, a beieu erailh at hynny : rhaid o madheu y fath feieu bychan : Gan na ellid cael petheu mywn modh gwelh o dan dhwylo dieithred anghyfarwydh. Yn olaf peth ydh wyf yn deisyf ar bob Cymro phydhlon fedhwl amdanaf iùeu yn ei wedhi, a chophau hefyd yn i wedhi pob niath ar dhyn o r a fu o r a fydh yn helpu r gwaith hynn drwy gost, traul, blinder, neu fodhion eraüh yn y byd.

" 0 Dref Eoan,

" Eych gwladwr caredig, E. S."

Translation. " It is now a year and more since there came into my hand, in the land of France, a Welsh book, the work of the great master of the city of JNIilan, in the country of Italy. It was the master's wish to send the book, in manuscript, among the Welsh : because there were no meaus to print it there, and because the way was too far and tedious to send a great number of books from Italy into the country of Wales. Not to infringe the master's wish, I sent from France to the Isle of Britain one copy of the book in manuscript, and kept another copy with myself in France. Immediately after travelling, and coming bare aud dis- ordered, after being wetted by the salt water, into the hands

SIXTEENTH AND SEYENTEENTH CENTURIES. 33

of tlie Welsh, it oLtained (as I heard; a cover around it, and was dried, and lovin«^ly and eagerly cared for. Then, for a time, it passed from hand to hand through mauy places of the land of Wales, receiving every\vhere much reverence and welcome : all who heard of it being desirous of gaining a knowledge of it; some desiring to read it; otliers, who knew not liow to read, wishing to hear it read ; a third part content to copy it, and write it, so as to get a nurnher of copies to go ahout the country. When the news of this came to France, where I was residing, my heart was rejoiced and comforted to hear of the zest and eagerness of the Welsh to hear spiritual counsel. Then there grew up in my mind a great hope that many souls in Wales might be saved from falling into Hell, if there were a way to point out to them their spiritual perils. In reflecting on this, I could see no conrenient and fruitful way, unless the book could be put into and published in print. Within the hingdom I could see no hope of obtaining either money or worknien, nor a fit and suitable place. By long reflection, and seeing the energy of tlie Engiish faithful in printing English books on this side of the sea in foreign lands, I conceived it within reason that printers of Erance miglit be able to print Welsh as well as English, the two tougues being equally strange to them. And in view of tlie great number of Engiish books that have been published since Faith and Eeligion were corrupted in the Island of Britain, through tlie toil and industry of the CathoHc Engiish : on pain of shame and loss to all Welshmen, I saw it expedient and honourable to set fortli and pubUsh one Welsh book, whereof there was so much need, and the Welsh so eager to get books, and God having provided printers on the sea-side, ready for hire to print Welsh as well as Engiish. I have taken it upon me (not without the favour and leave of the Master; to put iu print the first part of tlie three. For, as you niay under- VOL. IV. i>

34 WELSH BOOKS PRINTED ABROAD IN THE

stand by tlie l^.Taster's letter, tlie wLole work is but one book containing three parts.^ And if God sliall send liberty, I shall put forth the other parts as soon as I can, viz., the second and third, each in its order and degree, We have got Euglish letters for the work, aud instead of the doubled D. and L., we have put dh. and Ih., according to the manner of the old Welshifiers, which is a more proper tliing than to double the letters. Since we could not get D. and L. with marks nnder them, according to the order of the 'Athra- vaeth Gristnogavr (Christian Instruction), that was printed at Milan, you will fìnd D. and L. in several places marked above ; and these all carry the sound of tbe rest, and save the H. And if we fìnd, hereafter, enough of them marked above, we shall cease altogether to join the H. with D. and L. The cost, and expense, and trouble, are very great and burdensome. Therefore, every faitliful Welshman is bound to give help and assistance to the Work by prayer and otlier ways, every one to his power and degree. And as unskil]ed and unlearned men, iu a foreign country, who understand not the Welsh language, let slip a heap of errors tlirough mistaking and mis-setting the letters, and otlier faults be- sides : since things could not be had in a better way, under tlie hands of unskilled foreigners, such petty faults must needs be forgiven. Last of all, I desire every faithful Welshman to think of me also in his prayer, and to re- member, too, in his prayer, every sort of person tliat has been or shall be helping this work by expense, trouble, 'or other means whatsoever.

From Eouen,

Your affectionate countryman,

E. S.

1 The First Part, whicli alone is printed, or, as far as is now kno\vn, extaut, is a short treatise on tlie Love of God.

SIXTEENTn AND SEYENTEENTH CENTURIES. 35

Doubtless, by the iuitials of E. S., is represented Roger Smith, a persou whose ideutity would seem to be enveloped iu not a little mystery. lu the Doiiay Rccords, " Rogerius Smithe" appears iu a list of " Angli pauperes", matriculated at that University between 1573 aud 1612. And, iu a State paper, meution is made by a spy of the Governmeut in 1601, of a priest then in England, Dr. Eoger Smith, aged about 35. This person has been confouuded by Eowlands, the author of the Cam'brian Bíbliogra'phy , with George "W'il- liams, who, he says^ adopted the name of Smith from his mother, was made LL.B. and LL.D. in Padua, in 1567: held several preferments in the diocese of St. Asaph, aud after- wards was Chaucellor of Llandaíí, and died iu 1608. But, as has been shown by the Eev. D. Silvan Evaus in his annotation on page 91 of that work, it is impossible that he could have been the same person as the Catholic Eoger Smith, who, as showu iu the same BibKography, published three works successively, in Welsh, in 1609, 1611, and 1615 (see pp. 84, 86, 88), in the titles of which he is described as of St. Asaph (Llauelwy), aud as a ]\Iaster aud Doctor in Theology.

A short descriptiou of these works is to be fouud iu the Cam'brianBihliography of Eowlauds; but, as these are, iu some respects, incomplete, and even inaccurate, I propose to give here au accouut of them, together with such additioual par- ticulars as I have beeu enabled to gather, not ouly as being interestiug in themselves, but also in the hope that it may lead to the discovery of copies of those of the existence of whicli I have, hitherto, been unable to fiud a trace. Before doing so, it may, however, be useful to state more particu- larly, what is the precise nature of the information derived from the Preface to the Drych Gristionogani, by Dr. Eoger Smith, and what are the points which had been previously in controversy, which it satisfactorily clears up. In the first

D 2

36 WELSH BOOKS PRINTED ABROAD IN THE

place, as lias been already observed, it had been asserted laany years ago, by Sir A. Panizzi, the well-known Librarian of the British Miiseum, that tlie Wdsh Grammar of I)r. Grifíìth Eoberts could not have been priuted in Italy, chiefly because, in the opinion of Sir A. Panizzi, himself an Italian, the type, and general style of the letter-press, differed essen- tially from the type and style of printing in that country at the time of its issue. The title of the book runs as follows : — " Dosparth byrr ar y rhann gyntaf i ramadeg cymraeg Ue cair llawer o bynciau anhepcor i un a chwennychai na doedyd y gymraeg yn ddilediaith, nai scrifennu 'n iawn. A orchfygo yma, a goronir fry. 1567 Primo Martij." ISTow, Mediolanum — where, as Dr. John Dafydh Ehŷs states, in the Preface to his Grammar, that this book was printed — is not only the ancient I.atin name of the city whose appellative has been modernised into Milan, but was also that of a Eoman city aud fortress in Wales, the precise site of which has long been, and stiU is, a matter of interesting dispute among learned antiquaries. That this was a moot point Sir A. Panizzi, as a foreigner, would naturally have been ignorant at the time that he raised the hypothesis ; which, had it been correct, would have sufficed to establish not only the locality whence Dr. Eoberts' Grammar would have issued, but also that of the Eoman station, since it would liave shown that a place in Wales had been known, to scholars at least, by the Tiatin appellation of Mediolanura, as late as the reign of Queen Elizabeth ! The place, too, would have been of sufficient importauce to have rejoiced in the possession of a printing-press. Unfortunately for Sir A. Panizzi, no print- ing-press is known to have existed in Wales for upwards of a century after the publication of the Grammar: and

1 ]Mr. Richard WiUiams (iu Miiiitgomeryshire Collections^ v, 393) has given it as his opinion that the earliest document printed in Wales was that entitled " News from Pembroke and Montgouiery ; or, üxford

SIXTEE.NT1I AND SEYEÌS'TEENTH CENTUlíIES. 37

secoiiflly, 110 town iii Wales is lcnown to lmve been found iii legal or liistorical documents under the name of Mediolanum iu tliat country in modern times. Sir A. Paiiizzi, liowever, inay be entitled to excuse for liis niistake as to tlie locality in tlie fact of his being a foreigner, though scarcely so much 30, perhaps, for his somewhat extraordinary persistency in maintaiuing it in the face of the opposition of those who were not merely well acquainted with, but actvially natives of the Principality. It seems strange, also, that he should have been unacquainted M'ith Dr. Gr. Eoberts' other work, the Dì-ycli Gristnogaiül, edited by Dr. E. Smith, which niust have been, at that very time, iii tlie museum of which he was librarian ; or if lie was, that he sliould have found no one to translate for him so much as the Preface, in which he would have foiind at once tlie key to the solution of tlie whole of liis difficulties, in the plaiii, categorical statemeut tliat it was printed at Milan. And there he would not only have found full confirmation of the fact wliich he, to do him justice, rightly suspected, as to tlie foreign characteristics of the letterpress, but the variation also accounted for in a simple and natural manner. He would have found that, to meet the unexampled difììculties of the case, recourse was to be had to the invention of new expedients. The Italian type-foundries produced no sucli a letter as w, which was unknown to the language. The letter h would also probably liave beeu scarce in type, being in Italian less frequently in use. Dr. Eoberts hit upon a remedy by recourse to the method of Hebrew, and of Welsh orthography, which he liad seeii, probably, in some MSS. of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. In those it had been usual to distinguish certain changes of sounds

Manchester'd by Michael üldsworth and his Lord, who swore he was Chancellor of Oxford, and proved it in a Speech made to the new Yiöitors in their new Coiivocation. Printed at Mountgomery, 1G48." A writer in the "Byegones" coluran of the O.ncestnj Adcertisu- of January 1877, has suggested that the impriut may be íictitious.

38 WELSH BOOKS PRINTED ABEOAD IN THE

"by a dot placed imderneatli the simple form of the letter. Thus, he conceived that the aspirate, or h sound, of //, wonld be well expressed by a single / dotted below ; and similarly th, or dd, the derived sounds of /, or d, by a simple dotted t or d. The Welsh vj was to be represented by an under- dotted M, or o ; and the ordinary sound of/'by /j/ì. Hereby a double advantage was secured : the necessity for the use of the type representing h was done away with, and space was econoniised by the reduction of the book to a smaller com- pass. It is proper, however, to mention that Dr. Eoberts appears also to have been actuated by a further motive, less admissible, perhaps, than tliat of necessity. He appears to have been desirous of falling back upon the okl lines, and substituting the general use of the orthography of okler MSS. for that Avhicli had become familiar to his countrymen in his oAvn day. In that it may safely be asserted he was in error. History does not retrace her steps, although, from another point of view, it has been rightly said that she " repeats herself ". The orthography of every pure and un- mixed language represents the pronunciation of tliat lan- guage in the stage of advancement in knowledge and refine-

o o o o

ment which it has actually reached at the period of its adoption, and the attempt to fall back upon it is as imprac- ticable as to make the widened waters of the Thames or the Dee to flow back to their source from their estuaries below London or Chester, as to induce the Engiish or Cymric peoples to return to the uncouth forms which were in use during the periods of the gradual progress of transition of their respectÌYe languages towards the perfectiou of their final development. If such were the case, it would be equally proper for the pronunciation to fall back in parallel lines with the orthography, and to pronounce words now written with th and dh, as though they were spelt with a / and a d ; and with a v, as though they Avere written with an

SIXTEENT11 AXD SEYENTEENTH CENTUEIES. 39

/. Instances of signal failure of siieli attempts are to be found in that of Drs. Hare ancl Thirlwall, to revive old Englisli spelling in their translation of Niebuhr's History of Rome, in which, aniong other solecisnis, the final syllable of the past tense of verbs was spelt with t, instead of ed ; and, again, in the well-kno\vn example of the orthography adopted by Dr. Owen Pughe, in his first edition of the Welsli Dic- tionary, in wliich we are puzzled to recognise syllables written witli a z as those to wliich we had become familiar- ized from our childhood as spelt with a dd, pronounced by us naturally as dh ; and again, in the reversion to the v of the MSS. of the fifteenth century, in Tegid's edition of the Worhs of Leiuis Glìjncothi, for the single / of the sixteenth century, to which the national eye aud ear had become irre- Yocably and irrecoverably accustomed by the nineteenth. These learned and indefatigable ^vriters, to whora we of this generation niust feel ourselves so deeply indebted for the enlargement of our knowledge in Celtic literature, would seem to have failed adequately to have imbued their minds with the conception of the fact that many of the words which they found in the ancient MSS. written with a single / were originally pronounced with the hard sound of that letter, and that the necessity for the double ff was created by the gradual softening of some words so written to the pronunciation of v, in order to distinguish the latter from those in which the original hard sound was retained. If to this view it be objected that the orthography of the double /■ for / is to be found in Englisli books and wTÌtings of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, and that in writing English, the single / has gradually, but at length totally (with, perhaps, the solitary exception of the word of), been substituted for the double ff, while in Welsh the double / has iDcen retained to this day, in order to distinguish it from the single/; the use of which, in that language only, is con-

40 WELSH BOOKS PRINTED ABROAD IN THE

fined to representing the sound of v; the answer seems to be that the unsightliness, approaching often to the grotesque, when the v form is employed at the end of a word, has rendered its use too unpalatable for general acceptance, how- ever plausible, and even scientific, may be deemed the reasons for its adoption from a different point of view. A more strihing example, however, of the sheer impracticability of maintaining such a system of orthography can scarcely be furnislied than by the fact that the system adopted by Dr. Griffìth Eoberts himself was, perforce, partially aban- doned by his immediate successor in the printing of Welsh worhs abroad, not to say his own devoted friend and adrairer, Dr. Eoger Sraith, in the edition of the very next publication to the Athrawaeth, the Drych Cristionogaiol, and in the apology which, as we have seen, he has offered for it in his Preface. There he tells us that he has substitated a dot over, for the dot under, the letters d and / ; because, having been at the pains to procure English type, he was unable to obtain a sufficient quantity of the latter. And, moreover, where his supply fell so far short that he was unable to carry out his own system of over-dotting the letters in its entirety, he was fain to introduce an h after d and / ; and that not only for the reason already given, but also because to his own judgment, this raetliod appeared preferable to that of doubling those consonants, which was then coniing into use, being more agreeable to the practice of the ancient Welsli writers : " yr hen Gymreigwyr gynt." Despite his well-raeant efforts, ho\vever, to counteract it, tlie system of doubling the consonants so " mightily grew and prevailed", that it quickly superseded every other, and spread so widely, that in our own day we find it adopted everywhere ; and the other — save in the cognate dialect of Gaelic, and in the method of orthography introduced with equal failure of suc- cess into Edward Lhwyd's Archaeologia Britannica — nowhere :

SIXTEENTH AND SEYENTEENTII CENTUIIIES. 41

yet, doiiLtless, tlie soft sonnd of th, as in tlie Englisli word tìw, is more naturally, as well as scientifically, repre- sented by the nse of tlie trne syinbol of tlie aspirate h after d, as dh. The whole story rerainds ns of the protest made by classical scholars against the introduction of the nse of the word 'telegram' for a message by electric wire; .whereas, the true classical usage would have required ' tele- graphem', as, in fact, was abnndantly proved by very learned letters, pnblished in the Tẁies and elsewhere. The principle of ntilitarianism and expediency prevailed over that of grammatical correctness, to the trinmph of ' telegram' over ' telegraphem', unless, indeed, we ought to call in Professor Ehŷs to assist ns, who might possibly refer ns, for the true explanation of the seeming incongruity, to the priuciple of ' phonetic decay'."

To revert, however, to Dr. Eoger Smith's Preface, from which we gather information on another important point, namely the original scope of the " Drych". Of this he tells ns that the MS. sent him by its author, Dr. G. Eoberts, con- sisted of three parts, the two latter of wliich he purposed to bring out as soon as he conld ; a purpose, however, which, as far as we know, lie never was able to effect, as nothing what- ever, up to this time at least, appears to be hnown of their existence. The first part consists of about seventy pages, and is a treatise, as far as I have been able hitherto to ascer- tain from a cursory examination, on the Love of God. It is still possible, but scarcely it is to be feared probable, that the other two should be brought to light at tbis distance of time, unless, indeed, copies may have providentially been pre- served in MS. in the public or other library in ]\Iilan.

Of tlie author, Dr. Grifíith Eoberts, it is disappointing to find tliat so little information is forthcoming. Canon Wil- liams, in hìs, Didionary of Eminent Welshmcn, tells us that he was " a learned gramraarian, of whoni nothing further is

42 WELSH BOOKS PRINTED ABROAD IX THE

kuowii tlian tliat he was educated at tlie uuiversity of Sieuua in Italy, under the patronage of ' William Herbert, Earl of Pembroke," but gives no authority for the statement. Eowlands, in the Camhrian Bihliofjraphy, following appa- rently jNIoses Williaras, calls him, " Grifíìth Eoberts, Esq., M.D., i. e. Doctor of Medicine; but this is clearly apocryphaL Eowlands' editor, the Eev. D. Silvan Evans, aunotating this, has succeeded in eliciting a ray of light to throw on this dark subject from a paper in the Harlcian Miscellanij (vii, 132), where it is said that he was Confessor to Cardinal (St. Charles) Borromeo at IMilan ; and Dr. E. Smith confirms this bv call- ing him iu his Preface, " yr Athro niawr o Dhinas Fulan yngwlad yr Idal", the great Master of the City of ]\Iilan in the land of Italy, proving the liigh estimation he was held in for his learning, and also, perhaps, for his piety. On refer- ence to the Miscellany, the statement appears iu a tract printed in London in 1590, with a very loug title, headed " The English Eomayn Life", etc, " Written by A. M., some- time the Pope's SchoUer in the Seminary among them." A. M. was a person named Antony Munday, one of those dis- reputable spies, in which capacity he must have been a scholar, if at all, in the pay of Elizabeth's ministers, employed to ferret out information respecting tlie Catholics abroad in exile for their religion, with the view to found evidence against tliem upon it in the event of their return to England, and described, as stated in a note by an opponent of his, as having been " íìrst a stage-player, after an apprentice, which^ time he wel served with deceaving of his master ; then wan- dering towards Italy, by his own report became a cosener in his journey. Coming to Eome, in his short abode there, was charitably relieved, but never admitted in the seminary (as he pleaseth to lye in the title of his book)." His narrative contains (to say the least) monstrous and incredible exagge- rations, of a character similar to those proved in the case of

SIXTEEXTH AND SEYENTEENTH CENTURIES. 43

otliers of liis class to have been invented by tliem for tlie purpose of pleasing tlieir employers, such as we may well Lelieve that which he relates of Dr. Grifdth Eoberts, to the effect that he spoke to him of plots and treasons against the Queen of Engiand, in language which might " move a heart of adamant". His statement, therefore, that Dr. Eoberts was St. Charles' confessor, and lodged in his palace, perhaps may require confìrmation, but there is nothing improbable in the short account, at least, which he gives of his reception at ]\Iilan in these words : — " From thence (viz., Lyons) we went to MiUaine ; where, in the Cardinall Borromeo's palace, we found the lodging of a Welshman, named doctor Eobert Griffin; a man there had iu good account, and confessor to the afore- said cardinall. By him we were very courteously entertained, and sent to the house of an English priest in the city named Maister Harries, who likewise bestowed on us very gentle acceptaunce ; as also three Engiish gentlemen who lay in his house." In the prefatory notice of another work by Dr. Eoger Smith, which will be referred to presently, he states that Dr. Griffith Eoberts was Canon Theologian in the Cathe- dral Church at Milan, which so far is corroborative of the probability of Munday's assertion.

ISTow, with regard to the Athrawaeth, it will have been naturally supposed that, because Dr. Eoger Smith refers to the work as having been printed and published at Milan, where Dr. Gr. Eoberts resided, Dr. Eoberts is therefore to be also accredited with its authorship. This would, however, be an entirely erroneous supposition ; for, in the fìrst place, Dr. Smith has himself abstained from malcing any such assertion ; and, secondly, the authorship is expressly dis- claimed in his preface to that work, by Dr. Eoberts himself. It commences with an address to Dr. Morris Clynog, in these words: — " Gruphyd fab Ehobert yn annerch yr hyparch brelad, ai dibal {foi- ddibaU) gynheiliad M. Morys Clynoc : ag

44 WELSH BOOKS PRINTED ABEOAD IN TIIE

yn erclii iJo gaii diiu, gymiyd, ras a deduduch enaid, a chorph." — " Griffith, son of EoLert, greetinff the Eight Eeverend Prelate, and his unfailing supporter, jMaster Morys Clynog : and beseeching for liim l'roni God increase, grace, and hap- piness of soul and body." And he procceds as foUows, in words of which it will be necessary to give a translation only : — " After I had read your book of Christian Indrnction, and seen therein, as it were, tlie germ of every point that might be seiwiceable to a Christian, for the saving of his soul, made by God after His own image and likeness, which Christ has purchased Avith His precious Blood : my heart was rejoiced to see so precious a treasure in tlie "Welsh language ; tlie need being so great of direction in the way of Clmst generally among our countrymen and the children crying for bread (as the prophet cries out), with no one that wiU break and give it to theni, except it be poisoned. Wherefore, since you have gathered together, and arrauged so methodically and clearly so many ílowers, and saving points of doctrine, to direct one who shouhl desire to know the office and duty of a joerfectly faithful (perpheithgred) Christian, to learn what wiU gain Heaven, what wiU cast a man into heU, what wiU please God, and M'hat wiU anger Him : the filthiness of sin, and the exceUence of virtue ; I had no heart to do otherwise than to cause it to be printed : tliat others, who stand in need of such spiritual sustenance, may be partakers of the banquet which you have prepared for them. I hope that, wlien it comes into the hands of reUgious Welshmen, it wiU do them much benefìt, by direct- ing them to Paradise, and turning them from the road to HeU. My heart is fiUed with pity wlien I think how many childreu throughout the land of Wales, of exceUent abiUty, and dis- position for being exceUent men, faiUng, and taking an ungodly path for want of being directed in learning from their childhood, and being brought up iu the practice of

SIXTrKXTII AXD SEVENTEEXTII CEXTURIES. 45

morality. Tlie greatest cause of tliis is tlie waut of books tliat treat of the like kno\vledge. I3ut now you liave given theni, in a few pages, assistance and lielp against tliis need. For in this l)ook of yours they will be tauglit easily, in a little tinie, and with little help, and at less cost, the things that are necessary both for old and young to know. For who is he that shall be able to say that he is a Christian, unless he knows how he is to believe in Clirist, what he is to hope from Him, and what He has commanded liini to keep ; what He has forbidden him to do, what will gain reward, and what wiU deserve punishment ? So that when tlie Welshmen who love their souls consider how indis- pensable these things are, and how easy to learn, l>y reading this treatise, they will abandon their slothful sitting at ease, and their embittering obscenity, and their light carousing (unless they are drowned in the filthiness of sin), and will devote themselves to learn spiritual things, profitable to the soul. And this they wiU fínd in no other spot in the world, so short, so orderly, so clear to be understood, as in tliis book of yours. For it was impossible to be comprised in fewer words, and arranged more lucidly, and to have so many points more appropriately presented, or of so deep a signifi- cation ; so that the children and the wonien may understaud them happily throughout Wales, if tliey continue in every church attending the service, hearing the Mass ; at home, amidst the family, to divert the time, and in every assembly to comfort the people, to read these or the like sentences, and put away old idle tales, and lying, flattering poems. But freely will the Holy Ghost give grace to them to receive instruction, as He gave it to you to write to them. I will send this among them, beseeching God, in every prayer that I make, to prepare tlieir hearts to receive instruction, and to give you also strength to write more for profit to Christians, and glory to God. • .*

(From the town of ^Milan, Eve of St. Nicholas.)"

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The date of tlie year appears in anotlier colophon at the end of tlie book, " Ymylen. 15G8. dyuguyl. S. Nicolas." At Milan, 1568, Feast of S. Nicholas.

The author, Dr. jMorris Clynog, was, for a short tinie, the Eector of the English College at Eome. About the year 1576, Pope Gregory XIII had designed to combine the ancient English hospital for pilgrims, which liad been founded by Ethelwolf, one of our Anglo-Saxon kings, and father of Alfred the Great, with a new college or seminary for students, destined to work and suffer for the preservation of the ancient Catholic faith in England ; and in the course of three years, twenty-two students had been sent to it from the UnÌYersity at Douai, by Cardinal Allen. In 1578, Dr. Maurice Clynog was elected warden of the Engiish hospital, and appointed by the Pope rector of the seminary. Canon Williams, in his Dictionary of Eminent Wcíslimen, quoting the Ai]icn[& Oxonienses of Anthony A. Wood, tells us that he had been admitted B.C.L. of the University of Oxford in 1548 ; " he obtained thesinecure rectory of Corwen, in Meri- onethshire, in 1556 ; aud was made prebendary of York, and an oíìfìcer in tlie Prerogative Court, under Cardinal Pole, Archbishop of Canterbury. Not long after the death of Dr. AYiUiam Glynn, Bishop of Bangor, who died in May 1558, Queen Mary nominated him to succeed in this See; but she dying before he was consecrated thereto, he, with Goldwell, Bishop of St. Asaph, fled beyond the sea". From the " Historical Introduction", by Dr. Thomas Erancis Ivnox, of the London Oratory, to the Records of tlic English Catlio- lics under tlic Penal Laws, published in London in 1878, " chieíìy from the Archives of the See of Westminster", we learn that at Christmas, 1578, the Pope issued a brief, com- manding aU the old chaplaius to depart within íîfteen days, and assigning all the rents of the hospital to the new college. On Eebruary 18, 1579, it contained forty-two students.

S1XTEENTII AND SEYENTEENTH CENTÜRIES. 47

" But (proceeds Dr. Knox) tlie prosperity of tliese early days was soon interrupted by internal dissensions, and the new foundation was in great danger of perishing in its infancy. The cause of this was the natioual rivahy and jealousy of the Enghsh and "Welsh studeuts. To govern a college, which contained members of these two nations, required the greatest prudeuce and impartiality. Unfortunately, the rector, Dr. Maurice Clenoch, was deíìcient in both these qualities. He was, according to Allen, a very honest and friendly inan, and a great advancer of the students' and seminary's cause. But he was a Welshman, and tlie English students considered that he sliowed undue favour to his own countrymen. ' He had admitted there', Allen says (in a letter to Dr. Owen Lewis, another Welshman) 'sent for and

called for two up to tlie seminary sonie of his own

country foll^s and friends, for age, quality and institution, unfit for the study and the semiuary. Tlie English in the colleíre were thirtv-three, or more, to seven Welshmeu. ]\Iurmurs and complaints were heard among them, until, at last, they brohe out in open mutiny, and declared to the Oardinal, their protector, aud the Pope, that tliey would leave Rome in a body, and beg their way home, if necessary, unless some other rector wtre appointed in Dr. 01enock's place.'"

On April 23rd of that year his successor was appointed. We are not concerned here to enter into the merits of the questiou raised by the English students of tlie OoUege, which certainly bears very niuch the appearance of a " tem- pest in a teapot", or a molehill exaggerated to the diraensions of a mountain. It may, however, be observed that Dr. Maurice would appear to have met with but scant justice, and this view of the matter would seem to be borne out by that of the Pope, and the Oardinal Protector of the Oollege, who at first did all in their power to repress the movement, and

48 WELSH BOOKS PRINTED ABROAD IN THE

fiually yielcled oiily when to give way seenied necessary to preveut its total disruption, for tlie sole reason tliat tbe Eector had exhibited a by no meaus uuuatural feeling of lcinduess towards a few of his poor couutrymen, who were in a suiall minority, aud would scarcely have íelt themselves at home amoug so many strangers. The Eecords of the Col- leges at Douay, Eheims, aud elsewhere, exhibit the names of a A^ery large proportion of Welshmeu, niauy of whom encouutered bravely the fierce persecution with which they were met ou their returu to their country, aud eudured the martyrdom of the rack, the cord, and the disembowelling knife, iu a spirit of no less uufliucing courage and con- stancy thau their Euglish brethren. The composition of the Athrawaeth belongs to a date some ten years prior to the iucideut iu questiou, aud is therefore historically importaut as proviug the 2eal aud capacity of its author for the im- portant post for which he was selected. The two iucideuts taken together teud to show how naturally it would have occurred to liim to forward the little work to Dr. Eoberts from his resideuce at Eome, where its publicatiou would be obviously less easy thau at ]\Iilau, where tlie Grammar most likely had been priuted already. The circumstauces point as naturally to the suggestion to the mind of Dr. Eoberts of the compositiou of the Drych Cristioîwgawl, or Christian Mirror, as a sequel to the Äthrawaeth, or Catechism. The oue is elementary and catechetical, the other spiritual aud contemplative : the one lays the fouudation in the doctrines of the Faith ; the other builds up the superstructure as au iucentive to piety aud devotion.

Dr. Eoberts theu set himself cheerfully to the task ; it was a labour of love — of Christian charity, and of patriot- ism; aud, so far as the composition went, it was speedily aud successfuUy acconiplished. But a difficulty — and that the greatest one, remained — ho^v was tlie book to be printed ?

SIXTEEXT1I ANU SEYENTEENTII CENTUlílES. 49

and when printed, liow to be circulated among those for whose good it was designed ? The labour and cost of print- ing in Italy had proved an over-match for the author's resources, in the case of comparatively so sraall a work as the Athrawaetli : they would surely prove incommensurate with the larger proportions of the Drych. In his extremity, Dr. Eoberts would appear to have resigned himself to what he deemed to be inevitable ; and to have applied to one who afterwards showed himself a most able, zealous, and per- severing coadjutor, in the work of supplying books of reli- gious instruction to their suffering countrymen. This was Dr. Eoger Smith, a priest, and Doctor in Divinity, then in France. His first idea seems to have been to provide for the transmission of his work, in MS., across the Channel, and its being thus providentially preserved for the benefit of his poor countrymen in Wales. This was accordingly done ; and the volurae became so much prized among them, that it was at length absolutely worn away by the friction it had to undergo in passing from hand to hand. A multiplication of copies was, therefore, of urgent necessity. " Necessity is the mother of invention"; and Dr. Smith hit upon the expe- dient — not, indeed, of setting up a printing-press for himself, but of availing himself of the services of men skilled in the art nearer home. From the manner in which he refers to this, there can be little doubt he must ]iave had the help of one, to whom he seems to allude indirectly when he speaks of Englishmen abroad who had Engiish books printed for their countryraen, and wliose energy and devotion to the work would have equalled, if not exceeded, his own. A printing-press had been established at Rouen, specially for this purpose, by the celebrated Father Parsons, whose famous work, Tlie Booh of the Resolutíon, or TJie Christian Directory, was printed there, possibly in 1583 or 1584, but certainly not later than 1591 ; and has gone through at

VOL. IV. E

50 WELSH BOOKS PRINTED ABROAD IN THE

least eleven editions in English down to the year 1842, of which five were printed in fifteen years, from 1583 to 1598. And here I regret that truth, and the natiire of my subject, compel me to advert to a proceeding on the part of the learned author of the Lexicon Lingum Cambro-BritannicíB, Dr. Davies of Mallwyd, which appears scarcely defensible in respect of either justice or ingenuousness, or becoming to the character for piety and learning, with which he has been commonly, and to a great extent, doubtless justly credited. It is now more than thirty years ago that, having seen in the catalogue of a London Welsh bookseller, among other rare volumes, one entitled Llìjfr y Resolusion, I rushed to the conclusion that this could be no other than the work of Father Parsons in a Welsh dress, and I hastened to pos- sess myself, at considerable cost, of the volume. But great was my disappointment to discover, on comparing this Welsh translation with the original, that, although the titles were partly identical,^ at least in substance, the form and matter of the body of the work were essentially diíîerent: con- taining a certain groundwork of the original, of which it is to a certain extent a compendium and a paraphrase, but on the whole a very different composition from that to which its first conception was entirely due. Nor does it contain the slightest reference to, or acknowledgment of its original

1 The title of the Welsh (so-called Translation) is, when done into English, " The Book of the Resohition, which teaches us all to do our best, and to give our whole minds and thoughts to the being true Christians, that is, on forsaking our evil life, and turning to goodness and godliness. Translated into Welsh by J. D., for the benefit of his parishioners. And printed in London at the house of John Beale, for the same J. D., 1632". The title of the original work is " The Christian Directory, Guiding Men to their Eternal Salvation. In Two Parts : The First whereof appertains to Resolution : The Second treat- ing of the Obstacles and Impediments which hinder it, and How they may be removed. To which is prefixed a brief method for its use. By the Ilev. Robert Parsons, Priest of the Society of Jesus."

SIXTEENTII AND SEYENTEENTII CENTLlíIES. ftl

autlior, Tlie writer merely says, in his Preface addressed to his dear parishioners, " Although I hav'e been absent frora you but seldom, and this most freiiuently on business per- taining to the salvation of yourselves und others of God's people ; still, in order to make you some compensation for this neglect, I have translated for you iuto Welsh tliis book that foUows, which, in my opinion, is one of the best books to teach men to abandon their evil life, and turn to God". " One of the best books", he says, and yet he gives not the honour to whom honour is due, but hides from theni tlie name of the real author. He did not thus treat Dr. Thomas Williams, to whom he candidly acknowledges himself in- debted for the principal part of his Dictionary, printed in the very same year : to what, then, are \ve to attribute the diíference ? It seems difficult to escape the conclusion that he intended thereby to conceal the Catholic authorship of this "excellent" work from those of his countrymen who were ignorant of its existence ; while, by adopting a part of the title of the original, he lioped to induce those Catholics who might be already acquaiuted witli it, to accept tlie book in the ready confidence that it emanated from one of their own faitli. This, it seems to me, is the only inference to be drawn from the foot-note to the learned annotation to the notice of the work in the Camhnan Bihliography, by Mr. Silvan Evans, wlio says, " There is no disputing that Dr. John Davies of ÌMallwyd \\as the translator. It appears that he took the edition of Edmuud Buny to translate from, who was a Protestant, and who made many alterations in tlie original work of Parsons, in order to accommodate it to Protestant use. There is now before me an impression of the original work, published after the appearance of the altered impression of Buny, in the preface to which tlie author (Father Parsons) rates this man in a very extra- ordinary manner for liis audacity in altering, and, as he says,

e2

52 WELSII BOOKS PRINTED ABROAD IN THE

injuring his work." Wliy Mr. Evans shoiüd call F. Parsons' rating " extraordinary" does not very readily appear, as from his description of the work, a niore impudent fabri- cation than tliis (which was dedicated to Sandys, the Pro- testant Archbishop of York) seems never to have been con- cocted by any man, notwithstanding that was by no means an uncommon method in those days, as it unhappily is still, and by those who should know better, of dealing with ca- tholic books. r. Parsons says, " I found the booke so much altered and mangled, both in wordes, phrase, sentence, and substance, as scarcely could I know it to be mine". He then goes on to show "how poore and barren these new doctors are of all spirituall doctrine, tending to good life and reformation of manners, seeing they are content to use and pervert our boohes for some shew thereof '. Then he exposes Luther, and Zuinglius, and Beza, who charged each otlier with " the wiched fraud", as Luther himself terms it, " of corrupting other men's books"; and also the many wretched devices used by Buny to falsify the text of his books, by mistranslating the Fathers, by shipping, inserting, misre- presenting, all of which occupies several pages of the pre- face; ending with a commentary of the " pacifìcation" tacked on by Buny to the Besolution, which he complains of as being the reverse of " pacifìcatory", as did Dr. ISÍewman of Dr. Pusey^s Eirenicon, that his olive-branch was " shot from a catapult'^

" The Welsh translation does not at all accord," says Mr. Evans, " with this Popish impression. It is probable that Dr. Davies saw this book through the press when he was in London for the purpose of printing the DictionarT/ ; for it is seen that the two works appeared within the same year."

But it appears further from Eowlands' Annotation (and this constitutes my main reason for alluding here to the subject) that the work of F. Parsons had been previously

SIXTEENTH AND SEYENTEENTII CENTÜIÍIES. 53

translated into Welsh, and tliat by a Catliolic. "It appears", lie says, " to have been translated also in 1591 by oue Robert Gwinn, or Gwynn, of whom it is said that he was a native, or a friar, of Wales, and that he was educated at Oxford, where he graduated as B.A.in 15G8; and on leaving the University he went to Douay, and "was admitted a inember of the college there, distinguishing himself in divinity. After this he came to Wales, and settled as a münkish priest, and wrote several Welsh books. It is possible that an old translation of this man's work may have come into Dr. Davies' hands, and tliat he, according to his own fancy, made such improvements and alterations in it, that, as in the case of the Dictionary, he thought he might call it a new translation of his own." This priest, the Itev. Eobert Gwyn, is not to be confounded with the Eobert Gwyn, or White, as he is more commonly called, who was born at Llanidloes, in Älontgomeryshire, and was afterwards a schoolmaster, and on false testimony, after a long imprisonment at Euthin, was condemned and cruelly executed at Wrexham, in 1586, for his constancy in main- taining the Catholic faith. On turning to the Douai Becords, I find that, in the year 1571, were immediately admitted into this college, on comiug from England, two graduates of Oxford, spruug from the nation of ancient Britous, who devoted themselves here to the study of sacred tlieology. " Statim iu hoc Collegium admissi suut ex Angliâ venientes alii duo graduati Oxouienses ex antiquorum Bri- tonum uatiüue oriundi, qui hic S. Theologiöe studio se dede- runt : — Thomas Crotherus Herefordensis (he afterwards died iu prison) ; Eobertus Gwinus, Bangoreusis." In 1575 lie was ordained priest, aud seut " to the English harvest" {in mes- sem Auglicanum) in Eugland on Jauuary 16th, 1576 ; in July of which year we have the followiug interesting uotice of hini in Latiu : — " It has been signified to us that in Wales nianv niost religious and dcvüut women, who hud bceu

54 WELSH BOOIÍS PIUNTED ABEOAD IN THE

reconciled to tlie Catbolic faith by tbe Rev. E. Gwin, a priest and bacbelor in sacred tbeology/ sent to England from bence by ns, were so greatly inflanied witb an ad- mirable zeal for tbe Catbolic piety and religion tbat were known to tbem already, tbat wben tbeir beresiarch and false bisbop bad come himself to rout oiit tbeir priest from those parts, he was straightway put to fligbt by tbe terror he conceived from the threats of those most religious women.'* And in tbe appendix of Ineditrd Documents ì\\ tbat collection (p. 288), it is said of him tbat " he rendered tbe greatest assistance, both by his labours and writings, to his most afflicted country ; and tbat is all that we know of him". Now what it concerns us to learn in reference to our particular subject is not so mucb wbat afterwards became of the Rev, Eobert Gwyn — though that would be extremely interesting in itself — as wbat has become of his writings. Mr. lîowlands has omitted to tell us the source of his information, and so we are left at a loss. He seems wrong, however, in saying that he was, as he contemptuously expresses it, •' a monldsb priest", as tbe Douai Records, which clearly imply a knüw- ledge in tbe chronicler of liis later life, know nothing of his being a monk. Perhaps bis authority may have mentioned the titles of others of bis writings, besides tbe Rcsolution ; also, wbetber they were printed, or circulated only in mann- script. If the former, they M^ere probably printed abroad, as clearly no means existed at that time for printing them in Wales ; and if so, no place presents itself as a more lilcely locality for tbeir publication, especially tbe Resolution, tban Rouen, witb its priuting-press, established by tbe zealous foretbougbt of F. l'arsons, for the express purpose of pro- viding for tbe want of such works. I feel tbe more disposed

1 He made his first act in this degree ou the 19th February, 1575, under the presidency of Cardinal, then Dr. AUen. His third and last act on 2\h(\ December in that year. — D. R., p. 273.

SIXTEENTII AND SEYENTEENTH CENTURIES. 55

to dwell upoii tliis point, in the hope of indiicing all who niay have opportunity to make every enquiry possible in continental libraries, and of foreign boolcsellers, in whose possession sonie of these precious remains may yet be mouhlering away, unvalued and forgotten.

It has been said that no evidence appears to exist that Dr. Roger Sniith ever carried out his purpose of printing the second and third parts of Dr. Gr. Eoberts' Bnjcìi Christiono- gawl, or Christian Mirror. It does not, however, follow from this that he may not actually have done so. The existence even of his edition of the first part was unknown to the author of the Camhrian Bihliography, nor, though duly entered on the British Museum catalogue, does its value appear to have been recognised by Welsh bibliographers until, by a happy accident, it was unearthed in the course of the researches made there in connection with the Welsh Gì'ammar, for the complete edition of which we are now so greatly indebted to the labours and scholarship of Mr. Silvan Evans. It certainly does seem to me that Dr. Smith must either have accomplished his purpose of printing these works, or that it must have been forestalled by the destruction of the MSS. by some untoward accident, such as very pos- sibly their being intercepted, on their being landed at some seaport in England, by ofÊcers of the Government, whose vigilance in the search for suspected persons, and objects introduced for the purpose of preserving to their countrymen their ancient faith, was constant and unflasTo;inçr. And I

* oo o

have been led to this conclusion by reflecting on the great improbabiüty that he would liave undertaken any other work of the kind before he had completed this one. If, as is probable (and, iu default of a date in the body of the work itself, we are on this poiut left to conjecture), the fìrst part of the Brych was printed before the close of the sixteenth century, his design may have been frustrated by the abrupt termination

56 WELSH BOOKS PRINTED ABROAD IN THE

of his residence at Eouen. For alDOiit that time he was cer- tainly absent in England, since mention is made in a State paper by a spy of the Government of " a priest in England", Dr. Eoger Smith, aged about thirty-fìve, a Welshman, in 1601. Between that year and 1611 appears, in the Cam'brian Bíb- liography, another work from his pen, entitled, " Crynhodeb o addysg Cristionogawl, a Dosparth Catholic ar ddeuddeg pwnc y Phydd a elwir y Gredo, hefyd ar weddi yr Arglwydd, sef y Pater ar Gyfarchiad yr Angel, a elwir Ave Maria, yn ddiweddaf ar y Deg gair Deddf a elwir y deg gorchymyn. Gwedi ei gyfieithn o'r Lladin i 'r Gymeraeg, drwy ddyfal astudiaetli a llafur D. Eosier Smith o dref Llan Elwy, Athraw o Theologyddiaeth, megis ym- ddiddan ne ddialogiaeth rhwng y discibil a'r athraw"; i.e., " A Compendium of Christian Doctrine and Catholic Disquisition on the twelve articles of tlie Eaith that is called the Creed ; also on the Lord's Prayer, or Pater, and the Angelical Salu- tation, called the Ave Maria ; lastly on the ten words of the Law, called the Ten Commandments. Translated from the Latin into the Welsh by the earnest study and labour of Master Eoger Smith, of St. Asaph, Master in Theology, as a conversation or dialogue between the disciple and his master." Tlie date of this work is fixed by Eowlands to 1609, but, as far as appears, from no other authority than his own con- jecture ; and as to the place of publication also, and whether he liad seen a copy of the book, or had derived his informa- tion regarding it elsewhere, its size, and the number of pages, we are left entirely in the dark. I can, therefore, do no more than offer a conjecture at hap-hazard respecting it, which is, that as it was translated from the Latin, it may have been a corapendium, or a first edition, of the next boolc published by him in 1611, respecting which we are happily left in no uncertainty whatever, there being a copy to be seen in the libi'ary of the Ijritish Museum. There is also a third hypo-

SIXTEENTH AND SEYENTEENTH CENTURIES. 57

tbesis open to iis, whicli, iipon fuller consideration, I think most likely to be the true one. It is that the work which he describes as of 1609 is in reality identical with that of 1611, and that, by some accident, Eowlands has divided the title into two parts. I ara led to this belief by the consideration that Eowlands is in more than one instance inaccurate in his titles, and that his version of this one differs greatly from that of the original, as we see it in the British Museum copy, The title, as he gives it, is " Catechisni Petrus Canisius, yr hwn a gyíieithiwyd yn Gymraeg gann D. Eosier Smyth, S. Th. D. o Dref Lanelweu, 1611, ac a brintiwyd yn ninas Paris" ; " The Catechism of Peter Canisius, which was translated into Welsh by D. Eoger Smith, Doctor in Sacred Theology, of St. Asaj^h, 1611, and was printed in the city of Paris." Now, the true title runs thus : — " Opus Catechisticum D. Petri Canisii Theologi ex Societate Jesu. Sef yu : Svm ne grynodeb o adysc Gristionogawl, a dosparth Catholic, ar hol bunciaur Phyd hun a yscrifenod yr hy barchus a'r arderchaug athrau uchod yn gynta yn ladin ag a gyfiaithuyd o'r ladin i'r gymeraeg drwy dyfal lafur ag astu- diaeth D. Eosier Smyth o dref lanelwy ath[r]au o Theology- diaeth, megis dialogiaeth ne 'mdidan rhwng y discibl a'r athrau un yn holi a'r lal yn atteb, ag a breintiwyd yn ninas Paris." The Catechetical Work of Dominus Peter Canisius of the Society of Jesus. That is to say : A Sum or Compen- dium of Christian Doctrine, and a Catholic Disquisition on all the points of Faith. This the above very reverend and distinguished Master wrote 6rst in Latin, and was translated frorn the Latin into Welsh through the earnest labour and study of D. Eoger Smith, of S. Asaph, Master in Theology, as a dialogue or conversation between the disciple and his master, tlie one questioning and the other answering, and was printed in the city of Paris. It will be readily seen that there is so little variation in the substance of the titles

58 WELSH BOOKS PEINTED ABROAD IN THE

of the two works, as given by Eowlands, as to leave but little

difíìculty in amving at the conclusion that they were really

one and the same. On the title-page is a monogram, con-

sisting of the Crucifix drawn within a circle, and below it

the Three Nails, encircled by the Crown of Thorns and a

circle surrounded by a Glory within a shaded circle. On

one side of this is the name of the printer, " Joanis Laquehay",

and on the other the words "Ex Officinâ Tupographicâ",

followed by an epigram in verse on the use of the crucifix.

Yr Anuiol Phol a Phy (/ e.., ffy) Poen alaeth Pen welo Jessy Linied os gueloed hyuy Lun diaul ymhol le yn i dŷ.

which may be thus paraphrased —

The godless fool feels it no loss,

To fly from Christ's pains on the Cross :

Let him fill then, he'U think it less evil, His house with foul forms of the deviL

The title-page is slightly cut off at the foot by the binder. The work consists of 585 pages, and is prefaced by an elegant Latin letter addressed " Illustrissimo et Pteverend- issimo Domino Jacobo David, S.E.E. Cardinali Perronio, Archiprsesuli Senonensi, Galliarum et Germanise Primati, necnon Cliristianissimi Eegis Eleemosynario, Msecenati suo munificentissimo", and ending " D. V. IllustrissimaB et Eeverendissini8e observantissimus, Eogerus Smithíeus, Cam- bro-Britannus". This letter, which occupies nearly six pages, solves the question which naturally presents itself — why Dr. Smith should have transferred the scene of his labours in printing books for the use of his suffering fellow- countrymen from Eouen to Paris, He intimates in his preface that the work was brought out at the exj)ense of Cardinal Perron, wliom, as we have seen, he calls his " Maecenas", and we may w^ell believe that he would enjoy

.SIXTEENT1I AND SEYENTEENTH CENTURIES. 59

fíicilities for its execiitioii under tlie eye of liis patron, wlio probaljly resided tliere, wliich would have been wanting at Eouen.

Then follows a Welsh Address to the Eeader : " Anherchion at y Darleur haudgar dedfawl", beginning " Gwedi mi ys- tyrio cyflur ag ystad egiuys (hiu y dyd hediu, a gueled yr aneirif o sectau heretigaid a gau athrauyaeth a oyscarod ag a danod y gelyn", etc, which ends on page 6, with " 0 Dinas Paris y dyd cyntaf o fís Maurth. Sef yn dyd guyl Deui Sant, 1611. Dy gyduladur a 'th gar, Eosier Smyth. Heb duu heb dini".

In his annotation on Eowlands' notice of this book in the Camhrian Bi'blmjro.'pliy, Mr. Silvan Evans remarhs on the fact that it is printed in the same character as Dr. Gr. Eoberts' Grammar ; and he is puzzled to know whether the latter may not also have been printed at Paris rather than at Milan. His ditìiculty was undoubtedly caused by the incompleteness of an extract sent him by the late Eev. John Jones, Precentor of Christchurch (better known in the Principality by his P^ardic appellation of " Tegid"), from a " Caution to the Eeader" (rybid i'r darleur), which, by an afterthought, as it would seem, appears at the end of the book, instead of its more appropriate place at the com- mencement. It begins, " Na ryfeda dim (darleur haudgar) diaingc lauer o faiau urth brintio y lyfryma". As it is too long for quotation in the original as well as in English, yet remarkable for the curious and valuable information it sup- plies, as to the reasons for the adoption of tlie singular or- thography and punctuation of the several works, I may, perhaps, Ije pardoned if I venture to offer a translation of it.

" Wonder not (charitable reader) that many errors have escaped in the printing of this book, for the printer under- stood neither the language nor the letters, nor the characters. He was also so stubljorn and obstinate, nay, so pig-headed

60 WELSH BOOKS PRINTED ABROAD IN THE

(bencliuiban), after tlie nature of his country, that he would endure neither rebuke nor correction of his faults. More- over, considering that there are several modes of ortho- graphy customary among us, especially as to doubling the consonants, some using dd, II, sonie too often avoiding their use, joining h to each one of these, instead of doubling them: and because, to my thinking, the above custom is ugly and unseemly, I have seen good to follow the very Eeverend and eminent Master, Gryffyth Eobert, Canon Theologian of the mother-church of the city of Milan (" Canon theologaid o fam-Eglwys Dinas Mylen"), a man who deserves eternal praise and fame, not only because of his many virtues, but also for his learning and kno\vledge, and particularly (yn bendifadeu) in tbe Welsíi language. He, in his book on correct writing (yn ei lyfr o iawn ysgrif- enydiaeth) teaches, instead of doubling the letters, to put a prick, or tittle, under each, in this manner, d dd, 1 II, u îm>

• • •

ph instead of íf, by following the Hebrews, who use the same prick, instead of doubling the letters, which they call dages. And wonder not, besides, that I do not double the n, as in these words, tìjn, hyn, guyn, and the like, for it seemed better (to my judgment) to put an accent (acen) over it, when it might be necessary to lengthen, or double it. Lastly, wonder not that I sometimes borrow words (when they are wanted) from the Latin, for the old Welsh were wont to do the same thing, as it may be easily seen that the greater part of our language has be'en derived from the Latin (tynu'r rhan o^n iaith ni alan o'r ladin) which the above master shows in liis book of Ety- mology (cyfìachyddiaeth) ."

As this last reference is to the second Part of Dr. Gryfíytli Eoberts' G^rammar, of which Eowlands speahs as consisting of 112 pages, it follows that the " Llyfr o iawn ysgrifen- yddiaeth", ubove referred to, is thc Eirst Part, with the title

SIXTEKNT1I AND SEYENTEENTH CENTURIES. Gl

abbreviated. A second edition of this work was supposed to have been printed in 1657, under the title of Y DisfjyU ar Athraio o .ncu'ijdd. Of this I have a copy, printed with other works by Morgan Llwyd o Wynedd in 1765, in a note to Eowhands' Notice of which it is stated, however, that he, and not Eoger Smith, was the author. And a third, in 1683, nnder that of Dosparth Catholic ar holl hyiiciau'r ffydd, mcgis dialogncth rhwnfj y Discehcl cci Athraw. If this be so, and the title be printed correctly, the orthography and punctua- tion of the original must have been abandoned, and with it the system of Welsh wTÌting, adopted by Dr. Gr. Eoberts and his pupil, departed for ever !

The labours of Dr. Eoger Smith did not end here, for it appears from the Camhricm BiUiograŷhy, that he printed at Paris, in 1615, another book, in 24mo, containing about 300 pages, as conjectured by Rowlands, who had in his hands a copy reaching only to p. 276. The title is " Theater du Mond sef iw Gorsedd y Byd, Ue i gellir gweled trueni a Llaseni Dyn o ran y Corph ai Odidawgrwydd o ran yr Enaid ; a Scrifenwyd gynt yn y Frangaeg, ag a gyfieithwyd ir Gymraeg drwy lafyr Rosier Smyth o Dref Lan Elwy Athraw o Theologyddiaeth. Psal. 48. Homo cum in honore esset, non inteUexit, Comparatus est iumentis insipientibus & simUis factus est üs, Dyn pan oedd mewn anrhydedd heb ddeall a gyffiybwyd ir anifeiHaid di wybodus, ag ai gwnaeth i hun yn debyg iddynt hwy".

Then foUows a monogram, in a sort of stanza of four Hnes, arranged in a square : —

Dyrachwel yma, Mae yma Ddelw Darluniad Dymchwel yna Nid oes or Byd ünd Dymchwelyd.

Rowlands teUs us that the work is divided into three books, and that the book was translated into EngUsh twenty- eight years after its pubUcation in Welsh, but witli a dif-

62 WELSH BOOKS PEINTED ABROAD IN THE

ferent title-page. It professed to be "translated out of French into Spanish by ye ]\Iaster Baltazar Peres del Cas- tello, & lastly translated out of Castilian into English by Francis Fayrer, Merchant. London, 1663."

My search in the British Museum has failed to discover either of these translations, but I came upon one by John Ahlay, printed in 1574 and 1582, iu octavo. The title-page has on it : — " Theatrum j\Iundi, the theatre or rule of the world, whereiu may be sene the running race and course of every man's life as touching miserie and felicitie, wherin be contained wonderfuU examples and learned devises to the overthrow of vice, and exalting of virtue. Whereunto is added a learned and pithie work of the excellence of man- kynd. Writlen in the French and Latiu tongues by Peter Boaystuan, Englished by John Alday. Imprinted at London by Henry Bynneman, for Thomas Hacket : and are to be solde at his shop at the Eoyal Exchange, at the signe of the Greene Dragon. Anno 1574 (16mo, 287 jDp.), in black letter. The " Table" is in Eoman characters. I also found the French work, entitled " Le Théatre du Monde, où il est faict un ample discours des misères humaines co[m]posé en Latin par P. (Pierre) Boaystuan surnommé Launay, natif de Bretagne, par luy-mesme, puis traduict en Français." The book, it must be confessed, would seem scarcely worthy, in the present day at least, of the reputation it must have attained, or of the pains taken in turning it into so many languages. The author, a good and religious man, was greatly addicted to the collection of marvellous stories, as appears from the titles of several other works of his, which he delighted to intervveave with " wise saws and modern instances". The book, however, is a great curiosity in its way. The remarkable point, as to the Welsh translation, is that, if Eowlands has correctly printed the long extract he has given from the Welsh translation, it will follow that

SIXTEENTH AND SEYENTEENTH CENTURIES. 63

Dr. Smyth liad already, in 1615, abandoned his punctuated and abbreviated orthography : for here \ve find the Is and ds doubled in ordinary nioderu fashion; and nothing peculiar about it, save tlie printing of the w with two sejoarate v's. If so, we can but exclaim, Sic traìisit gloria mundi ! But its verification is stiU a desideratum, on better authority than that of the not always accurate Eowlands, from a sight of the work itself. Nor can I feel that these remarks will have been without their use, if the fact of their having been made should bring to light the existence of a copy.

Two other works still remain to be noticed, respecting which, curious and interesting as they are, the space neces- sarily devoted to the foregoing compels me to be brief, The title of the former of these is correctly given by Eowlands, as far as it goes, as follows : — " Eglurhad Helaethlawn o'r Athrawiaeth Gristnogawl, a gyfansodhwyd y tro cyntaf yn Italaeg, trwy waith yr Ardderchoccaf a'r Hybarchaf Gar- dinal Ehobert Bellarrain, o Gymdeithas yr Jesv. Ag o'r Italaeg a gymreigwyd er budh Ysprydol i'r Cymru, drwy ddiwydrwydh a dyfal gymmorth y pendefig canmoladwyV.E." "A full and copious exposition of the Christiau doctrine, which was composed first in Italian, being the work of the most eminent and most Eeverend Cardinal Eobert Bellar- mine, of the Society of Jesus. And was done into Welsh, from the Italian, for tlie spiritual benefit of the Cymry, through the assiduity and zealous assistance of the praise- worthy nobleman, V.E." Then follows the monogram, found on the title-page of many of the publications of the Society, viz., the letters I.H.S., surmounted by a Latin cross with three crosslets, the three nails of the Crucifixion below, all within a square of four lines, surrounded by a dotted border. After which are the words, " Permissu Superiorum", and the date in Eoman numerals, ]\I.D.CXVIII. On the top of the title-page, in ]\IS., are the abbreviated words, " Bibl. Coll.,

64 WELSII BOOKS PRINTED ABROAD IN THE

Angloruin, S. J. Andomari", in the copy in tlie King's Library at Brussels, where I first met with the work about eight years ago, showing that it once belonged to the library of the Jesuits^ College at St. Omer. It is only a few months ago that I found a perfect copy of the work in the library of the British Museum. It is in 16mo, and consists of 348 pages, but is wrongly described in the catalogue as printed at Louvain in 1618. It ends thus : " Moliant i'r Jesu, ag i'w Fam Fendigedig Mair bur-forwyn; ar Gyfar- chiad yr hon, y gorphenned hyn o gyfieithiad o'r Italaeg. 25 Martii, 1618. Finis." " Praise be to Jesus, and to His Blessed Mother, the pure Yirgin Mary : with the Salutation to whom this translation was finished from the Italian, on the 25th March 1618. The end." It concludes with a table of errata of three pages. The whole, excepting tlie foregoing, is printed in italic, each page within double lines, of about an inch apart. The letters II and dd are not doubled in this work, but are printed, like the Scotch Gaelic, with Ih, and dh. The work exists also in Latin, with the title " Card. Eoberti Bellarmini, S. J. Uberior Explicatio doctrinse Christianaì." The AVelsh translation was made in tlie Cardinal's life-time, for he died in 1620. A learned member of the Society, to whom we are greatly indebted for his share in the recent publication of the Becords of the English Province of thc Society of Jcsus, in six vols., has kindly furnished me with the following in- formation respecting tlie author. He states that "Fatlier John Salisbury translated Card. Bellarmine's larger Catcchism into Welsh in 1618. He was a native of Merionethshire, born 1575, educated abroad, and, having been ordained priest, was seut upon the English Mission. After labouring in it for a long tinie, and successfuUy, he entered the Society of Jesus in 1605, and was professed of the four solemn vows in London in 1618. Upon the deatli of Father Eobert

SIXTEENTII AND SEYENTEENTH CENTURIES. G5

Jones, tlie Superior of the North and South District, S. J., in 1G15, r. John Salisbury succeeded him in that office, residing at Raglan Castle, where he was Chaplain to the Lady Florence Sornerset, a convert of F. Eobert Jones. F. John Salisbury was the founder of the coUege or district of the English proviuce S. J. called the College of S. Francis Xavier, and the Xorth and South Wales Mission in 1622, and he died Supcrior of it in 1625. His transLation of Card. Bellarmine's larger CatecMsm into Welsh was printed at tbe press of the Euglish province, at their College of St. Omer, in 1618, tacito nomine. He also composed some other smaller works of piety." The statement that he was a native of Merionethshire seems to point to his being one of the Eug branch of the Salisburys of Bachymbyd and Llew- eni. The only oue I have been able to find of the name belonging to that family is John, second son of William Salisbury of Eug, who died iu 1677, and whose elder brother Owain Salisbury, is said to have married an English lady, and joined the Catholic Church {Ärch. Camh: for 1878, p. 289). The statement that he died without issue is, 2>ro tanto, in favour of his identity with Father John Salisbury, who, it is natural to suppose, may have beeu iustrumental in his brother's conversion.

I have now come to the last work on my Jist, and one which, perliaps, may be felt to have a peculiar interest for us, inasmuch as a perfect — if I inistahe not, the only perfect copy known was in the possession of the late lamented founder of the resuscitated Cymmrodorion Society, the Eev. Eobert Jones, of Eotherhithe. The title, as given by Eow- lands, is " Allwydd neu Agoriad Paradwys i'r Cymrv. Hynny y\v Gweddiau, üevotionau, Cynghorion, ac Athrawiaethau tra duwiol ac angenrheidiol i bol) Christion yn mynnu agoryd y I'orth a myned i raewn i'r Nef Wedi eu cyunuU o amryw lyfrau duwiol, a'i cyfieithu yn Gymraeg : iieu wedi eu

VOL. IV. F

66 WELSH BOOKS PRINTED ABEOAD IN THE

cyfansoddi, gan J. H. Yn Lvyck. Imprintiwyd yn y Mwyddyn mdclxx. [12 plyg bychan.]" " A Key, or Opening of Paradise to tlie Cymry. That is, prayers, devo- tions, counsels, and instructions, very godly and necessary for every Christian desiring to open the gate and enter into Heaven. Gathered out of several godly books, aud trans- lated into Welsh, or composed by J. H. at Lvyck. Printed in the year 1670. [Small 12mo.]" The character of the ■work is thus described by Rowlands : " This is a Book of Devotions, or Popish Missal, in parallel Welsh and Latin, in 478 pp. 12mo., and written in clear and good language. The top lines and íirst words are in red letters. It is probable that the compiler was a South Wales man, for he addresses it, ' To my Brothers and Sisters, and other Faithful Eelatives in Gwent and Brecheinoc'. And from the initials of his name, J. H, it is likely that he was one of the Havards, of Defynog, as there have been families of that surname there for ages, and, moreover, adhering to the Popish religion, and one of theni has ever been in the priesthood. His salutation of his relatives in 'Gwent and Brecheinoc' is a corroborative proof of this. The place called ' Lvyck', where the book is said to have been printed, is said by the Eev. D. S. Evans to be ' Liége', in the present kingdom of Belgium", with more to the same purpose. And in a letter from Mr. Evans, quoted in a note, it is added, " Tliere is no disputing that this book w^as printed in the town called in Flemish (Isdiraeg) ' Luik' or ' Luyk', in Ger- man Lüttich, and in French 'Liége'." But, alas for con- jecture, which, however learned, reasonable, or iuherently or extrinsically probable, till fact comes forth to prove or dis- prove it, is finally stiU but conjecture. Eowlands, in the first place, has missed the mark in calling the book a Catholic Missal. It is rather a volume of miscellaneous and general iustruetions and devotions for tlie use of the laity at church

SIXTEENTn AND SEYENTEENTII CENTUBIES. G7

and elsewhere. At the end is a little treatise, partly in Euglish and partly in AVelsh, intended to teach the Welsh that, if they pronounce Latin like their own language, they ■\vill certaiuly pronounce it aright ; and that Englishmen wiU do well to take a lesson from the Welsh if they wish to pro- nounce Latin so as to be understood on the Continent. Tlie book commences with a calendar, and is followed by a chapter entitled " Athrawaeth Cristionogawl", not, however, as one might be led to conjecture, theidentical"Athrawaeth", reprinted, of Dr. Maurice Clynog.

And again, both Mr. Eowlands and his editor, Mr. Silvan Evans, though rightly identifying Lvyck with Liége, have missed the mark together in ascribing, on grounds however apparently well-founded, the composition of this work to a Havard. Having been informed by Arthur W. K. jMiller, Esq., of the British INIuseum, to whom I feel gratefully indebted for much valuable assistance in tlie prosecution of this enquiry, tliat it appears from Cotton's Topographical Gazetteer that " At Liége, a colleoe of Euolish Jesuits was

o ^ o o

founded, in 1616, by George Talbot, afterwards Earl of Shrewsbury, which was destroyed in 1794", I applied yet again to the same kind informant as before respecting the translation of Bdlarmines Catechism, from whom I have been gratified to obtain the solution of this long-hidden mystery. The Key (Allwydd) was published in London in 1670, but must have been " imprinted" at Liége. The author was Father Jolm Hugh Owen, who usually passed by the name of John Hughes. He was born in Anglesey in 1615, and died at Holywell, December 28th, lG8ö. The Rccords of thc Encjlish Province of the Societij of Jcsus con- tain the foUowing notice of this pious and learned Welsli- man: — "The diary of the English College, Eome, says tliat hc was admitted, under the name of John Hughes, an olummis of that college, December 25th, 163G, oät. twenty-one

F 2

68 WELSH BOOKS PRINTED ABROAD IN THE

years, and left Eome for England, September 28th, 1643. Vir patientiéB singularis egreyie se gcssit is the character written of him in the Diary. He entered the English ProYÌnce in 1648, while a missionary priest in England. In a Catalogue for 1655, he is mentioned as then serving in the College or District of S. Francis Xavier and the Welsh Mission. It appears that some months previously to his death he had fallen off his horse on returning from Mr. Salisbury's, a recent convert to the Catholic Faith, whither he had gone to administer the Sacraments to his family. Besides the ordinary fast every Friday, when he took a moderate collation at night, he used to abstain from aU food until Sunday at noon. He never went from home for the purpose of recreation, and never played at cards, or similar games. He had practised fasting from his youth. He was the author of a MS. Eeport in Welsh, dated July 6th, 1668, describing the cure of Eoger Whetstone, then about sixty years of age, from inveterate lameness, on August 20th, 1667, by drinhing the water of St. Winifred's Well. This poor man came from Bromsgrove, in Worcestershire, and after being a Quaker and an Anabaptist, became a good Catholic. His son, about eleven years of age, was christened in the Catholic Church, after full instruction, unto whom the greatest personages (says a ]\IS. at Stonyhurst CoUege) were pleased to be patrons.

" Father Owen published some treatises, tacito nomine, 'On the grievousness of mortal sin, especially of heresy', London, 1668; also a Catechism in Welsh, London, 1668, and the Prayer Book called ' The Key of Heaven'."

It is to be regretted that the information here given respecting the last work, which appears to be identical witli tlie object of our inquiry_, is incomplete, inasmuch as the title is giyen in Euglish, as if the Prayer Book were com- posed in that language. This is probably the case, and the

SIXTEENTH AND SEYENTEENTÍI CENTUllIES. 69

Welsh work a translation or paraphrase of the former, in- teuded by the learned Father to be adapted to the special needs of his own countrymen. The former may have been priuted ìn London, and the hitter at Liége ; while the destruction of the CoUege in 1794 may account for the ignorance that has existed relative to this work and its author.

There is another "work, which, from its title, was clearly written by a Catholic, and as it appears to have the name of neither place nor author on the title-page, was probably printed abroad. It appears in the Camh'ian Bibliography as No. 2 of the year 16G1, with this title: "Drych Cydwybod, sef modd cymmwys a ífrwy thlawn i ddwyn pob math ar ddyn i gael gwybodaeth o'i bechodau, a megis ei gweled ger bron ei lygaid, gan ddangos iddo pa fodd i gwneiíî ei CyfFes (sic) i'w Dad enaid, a'r modd i gael meddyginiaeth am danynt. 12 plyg." " A Mirror of Conscience, or a suitable and fruitful method of briuging every sort of person to a knowledge of his sins, and to see them as it were before his eyes, showing him how he shall make his Confession to his spiritual Father, and the way to get a cure for them. 12mo."

There was, to my knowledge, a copy of this \vork in the possession of a poor person in Caernarvonshire in 1848. Whether it is still in existence, I am unable at present to ascertain.

YO

WELSH ANTHHOPOLOGY. By f. w. rudler.

When it was clecided tliat the Britisli Association for the Advancement of Science should hold its Fiftieth Annual Meeting in Wales, those members of the Association who are interested in the Principality trusted that the occasion would be used for the discussion of many scientific questions of local interest. Upwards of thirty years had passed since the previous visit of this scientific body to Wales, and during that period — a period which represents the lifetime of a generation — many branches of science had undergone un- paralleled development. Take, for example, the science of Anthropology. When the Association met at Swansea in 1848, tlie term " anthropology", in its modern biological sense, was scarcely known to men of science. Such papers as might be written on anthropological subjects were, iu those days, sent to the geographical section, where they were received by the " sub-section of ethnology". But ctlinology, the study of races, is a much narrower and less appropriate term thau anthropology , the study of Man in his entirety. Moreover, the relations of anthropology lie obviously in the direction of biology, the science of life, rather tlian in thàt of geography. The British Association Iias, therefore, since 1871, recognised anthropology as an important department of the great science of biology.

Having acted for seven years as Secretary to the Anthro- pological Department, I had undertahen to continue tlie duties of this offìce at Swansea. But as the time of raeeting approached, the Council desired me to act as Vice-President

WELSII ANTIIIÎOrOLOGY. 71

of tlie Section, witli cliarge of tlie Antliropological Depart- ment. It thus became my diity to open the proceedings of the Departnieut with an address. Naturally anxious to give local colour to these proceedings, I fe.lt bound to deal with thequestion of Welshanthropology — a (piestionwhich bristles witl\ such forniidable difüculties that I approached it with diffidence, and handled it but lightly. Notwithstanding the crudeness and the defects of the address, the editors of Y Cymmrodor have been so courteous as to suggest its repro- duction in these pages.

On looking at the essay, it became evident that in order to íìt it for its new setting it would require some modifica- tion. I have, therefore, with the editors' permission, abridged it in one place and expanded it in another, so as to make it more appropriate to its present position. The early part has been altogether omitted, since it dealt with questions of purely local interest, The discourse was opened, in fact, by a reference to tlie difficulties which have been iniported into the ethnology of Glamorganshire by the inílux, of late years, of Engiish and Irish imraigrants, and formerly of Flemings, Norsemen, and yet earlier colonists. But if we could strip off all extraneous elements which have been introduced by the modern settler and the mediseval Fleming, possibly also by the Norman baron, and even the Eoman soldier, we might eventually lay bare for anthropological study the deep-lying stratum of the population — the original Welsh element. AYliat, tlien, are the ethnical relations of the typical man of South Wales ?

Nine people out of every ten to whom this question might be addressed would unhesitatingly answer that the true AYelsh are Celts or Kelts.^ And they would seek to justify

^ Wliother this word should be writteu Cdt or Kdt seems to be a iiuitter of scientitic indifference. Probably the bahauce of opiniou uniouíí ethnulu<iistö is in thc dircction of thc formcr i*endcriug. Ncver-

^o'

72 WELSII ANTIIROPOLOGY,

their answer by a confident appeal to the Welsh language. ISTo philologist has any doubt about the position of this language as a member of the Keltic family. The Welsh and the Breton fall naturally together as living members of a group of languages, to which Professor Ehys applies the term Bfytlionic, a group which also includes such dead tongues as the old Cornish, the speech of the Strathclyde Britons, and possibly the language of the Picts and of the Gauls. On tlie other hand, the Gaelic of Scotland, the Irish, and the Manx, arrange themselves as naturally in another group, which Professor Ehys distinguishes as the Goiclelic branch of the Keltic stock.^ But does it necessarily

theless it must be borne in mind that the word " celt" is so commonly used now-a-days by writers ou prehistoric anthropology to desiguate an axe-head, or some such weapou, whether of metal or of stone, that it is obviously desirable to make the difference between the archíeological word and the ethnological term as clear as possible. If ethnologists persist iu writing " Celt", the two words differ only in the magnitude of an initial, and when spoken are absolutely indistinguishable. I shall therefore write, as a matter of expediency, " Kelt". It is curious to uote how the Avord ceìt originally came to be used as the name of a weapon or instrument. The pojíular notion that it was because such weapons were used by the people called Celts is, I need hardly say, wholly base- less. The sole wrilten warranty for usiug such a word appears to be a passage iu the Vulgate versiou of Job, where the patriarch says (xix, 24) that he wishes his words to be graven on the rock with a chisel — celte. Hence it has been supposed that there was a Low Latin word, celtis or celtes^ siguifying a chisel, and conuected with ccelo, to engrave. But Mr. Knight Watson has poiuted out that the word celte, in the Latin MSS., is a bluuder for certe. All the MSS. earlier than the twelfth centiiry give the latter reading. The words of Job are there- fore to be graven ou the rock for surety — cei'te. It tluis ajjpears that the word cclt, as the name of a sharp-edged tool, has been founded on an eutirely false reading. But even if all this be true, if we admit that there was originally uo justificatiou for the use of the term, it is much too late in the day to attempt to oust so deeply-rooted a word from the vocabulary of the archEeologists.

1 Lectures on Welsh PhUolotjy. By John Rhŷs, ]\[.A., 2nd edition, 1878, p. 15.

WELSII ANTimOPOLOGY. 73

follow that all tlie peoples who are closely Iinked together by speaking, or by having at some time spoken, these Keltic languages, are as closely linked together by ties of blood ? Cîreat as tlie value of language unquestionably is as an aid to ethnological classification, are we c[uite safe in concluding that all the Keltic-speaking peoples are one in race — that they are true Kelts ?

The answer to snch a question must needs depend upon the sense in which the anthropologist uses the word Kelt. History and tradition, philology and ethnology, archteology and craniology, have at different times given widely diver- sent definitions of the term. Sometimes the word has been used with such elasticity as to cover a multitude of peoples, who differ so widely one from another in physical character- istics, that if the hereditary persistence of such qualities counts for anything, they cannot possibly be referred to a common stock. Sometimes, on the other hand, the word has been so restricted in its defìnition, that it has actually excluded the most typical of all Kelts — the Gaulish Kelts of Cíesar. According to one authority, the Kelt is short; according to another, tall: one ethnologist defines him as being dark, another as fair ; this craniologist finds that he has a long skull, while that one declares that his skull is short. It was no doubt this ambiguity that led so keen an observer as Dr. Beddoe to remark, nearly fifteen years ago, that " Kelt and Keltic are terms which were useful in their day, but which have ceased to convey a distinct idea to the minds of modern students."^

No anthropologist has laboured more persistently in en- deavouring to evoke order out of this Keltic chaos than the late Dr. Paul Broca. This distinguished anthroj)ologist

1 Mcm. Aììthrop. Soc. Lon., vol. ii, 1866, p. 348.

2 The following are BrocaV principal contributions to tliisvoxcd qiies- tion: — " Qii'est-ce que les Celtes?" BuUctins de lu Société írAìtthrojioìoc/ic

74 WELSH ANTHROPOLOGY.

always held tliat tlie name of Kelt slioiüd be strictly limited to the Kelt of positive history — to the people, or rather confederation of peoples, actually seen by Caîsar in Keltic Gaul — and, of course, to their descendants in the same area. Every schoolboy is familiar with the epitome of Gaulish ethnology given by Julius in his opening chapter. Nothing can be clearer than liis description of the tripartite division of Gaul, and of the separation between the three peoples who inhabited the country — the BelgcC, the Ac[uitani, and the Celtíe. Of these three peoples the most important were tliose whom the Eomans called Galli, but who called them- selves, as the historian tells us, Celtse. The country occupied by the Keltic population stretched from the Alps to the Atlantic in one direction, and from the Seine to the Garonne in another ; but it is diftìcult to fìnd any direct evidence tliat the Kelts of this area ever crossed into Britain. Broca refused to apply the name of Kelt to the old inhabitants of Belgic Gaul, and, as a matter of course, he denied it to any of the inhabitants of the British Isles. "Writing as late as 1877, in full view of all the argumeuts which had been adduced against his opinions, he still said : " Je continue à soutenir, jusqu'à preuve du contraire, ce que j'ai avancé il y a douze ans, dans notre première discussion sur les Celtes, savoir, qu'il n'existe aucune preuve, qu'on ait constaté dans les Iles-Britanniques l'e^istence d'un peuple portant le nom de Celtes.^

Nevertheless, in discussing tlie Keltic question witli M. Henri Martin, he admitted the convenience, almost the pro-

de Paris, t. v. p. 457 ; " Le Nom des Celtes", ihid. 2 sér. t. ix, p. 662 ; '' Sur les Textes relatifs aux Celtes daus le Grande-Bretagne", ihid. 2 sér. t. xii, p. 5ü9 ; " La Race Celtique, ancienne et moderne", Bevue d'Anthropologic, t. ii, p. 578 ; and " E.echerclies sur l'Ethnologie de la France", Mêm. de la Soc. Anthrojì.^ t. i. p. 1.

1 BuUctins de la Socicíé d' Anthropologic de Paris^ 2 súr. t. xii, 1878, p. 511.

WELSir ANTIIROPOLOGY. 7o

priety, of refcrring to all who spoke Keltic langiiages as Rcltic peoples, though of course he would not hear of their being called Kelts. "On peut très-bien les nommer les peiiples celtiques. Mais il est entièrement faux de les appeler les Ccltcs, corame on le fait si souvent." ^

Whether we use the word Kelt in its wide linguistic sense, or in the narrower sense to which it has been reduced by the French anthropologists, it is important to reniember that tlie Welsh do not designate, aud never have designated them- selves by this term or by any similar word. Their national name is Cymry, the plural of Cymro. My former coUeague, the Eev. Professor Silvan Evfins, kindly informs me that the most probable derivation of this word is from cyd- and hro, " country", the old form of which is hrog, as found in Allo- lro(jíe, and some other ancient names. The meaning of Cymry is therefore " fellow-countrymen", or compatriots. Such a meaning naturally suggests that the name must have been assumed in consequence of some foreign invasion — possibly when the Welsh were banded together against either the Eomans or the English. If this assumption be correct it must be a word of comparatively late origin, and helps us but little in our enquiry into the early relatious of the Welsh. 2

' Bulltüns dc la Sociétí d' Anthropologie de Paris, t. ix, 1874, p. 6G2.

2 It is scarcely necessary to add that the term Welsh was given by the Teutonic invaders to any people vphom they found to be aliens in blood and iu speech. On the Continent the same word is seen in the name of the Walloons ; so, too, \ve find it in such place-names as Wiilsch- huìd (Italy), Wallachia and Val-lais. lu this country, the English called the Britons Wcalas, or foreigners, aud their country Weal-ci/nne. What we now call Wales they termed North Wales, because they recognised another Wales, and other Welsh, in the promontory of Cornwall and Devou. That promontory they termcd ]\'cst Wales, aud a relic of this nomeuclature still lingers in our modern Cormcall — the cornu, or horn of Wales. Nor should it be forgotten that there is also a French Corn- •\vall — the narrow peninsula between Brest and Quimper, in Finistère, being kno\vn as CornouaiUe, or Cornu Gallix. In thc north of Englaud the greiit kingdom of Strathclyde was inhabited by Welsh.

76 WELSH ANTHEOPOLOGY.

All tlie evidence which the ethnologist is able to glean from classical writers with respect to the physical characters and ethnical relations of the ancient inhabitants of this countryj may be put into a nutshell, with room to spare. The exceediníT meao-reness of our data from this source will

o o

be admitted by anyone who glances over the passages re- latins: to Britain, which are collected in the Monumenta Historica Britannica. As to tlie people in the south, there is the well-known statement in Cíesar that tlie maritime parts of Britain, the southern parts which he personally Yisited, were peopled by those who liad crossed over from the Belgöe, for what purpose we need not enquire. Of the Britons of the interior, wliom he never saw, he merely repeats a popular tradition which represented thern as abori- gines.^ They may, therefore, have been Keltic tribes, akin to the Celti of Gaul, though there is nothing in Caìsar's words to support such a view.

Tacitus, in writing the life of his father-in-law, Agricola, says that the Britons nearest to Gaul resembled the Gauls.'^ If he refers here to the sea-coast tribes in the south-east of Britain, the comparison must be with the Belgic and not with the Keltic Gauls. But his subsequent reference to the resemblance between the sacred rites of the Britons and these of the Gauls suggests that his remarhs may be fairly extended to the inland tribes beyond the liniits of the Belgic Britons, in which case the resemblance may be rather with the Gaulish Kelts. Indeed, this inference, apart from the testimony of language, is the chief evidence upon whicli ethnologists have based tlieir conclusion as to the ICeltic origin of the Britons,

1 " Britannife pars interior ab iis incolitur, quos natos in insula ipsi memoria proditum dicunt : maritima pars ab iis, qui pra^dse ac belli in- ferendi causa ex Belgis transiorant." — Dc Beìhi (laìlicd^ lib. v, c. 12.

2 " Proximi Gallis ct similcs sunt." — Agricoìa^ c. xi.

WELSII ANTHROPOLOGY. 77

Our data for restoring tlie anthropological cliaracteristics of the ancient Britons are Lut few and small. It is true that a description of Bunduica, or Boadicea, has heen left to ns by Xiphiline, of Trebizond ; but then it wiU be objected that he did not write until the twelfth century. Yet it must be remembered that he merely abridged the works of Dion Cassius, the historian, who wrote a thousand years earlier, and consequently we have grounds for believing that what Xiphiline describes is simply a description taken from tlie lost books of an early historian who is supposed to have drawn his information from original sources. Now Boadicea is described in these terms : " She was of the largest size, most terrible of aspect, most savage of countenance and harsh of voice, having a profusion of yellow hair which fell dov/n to lier hips."^ Making due allowance for rhetorical exaggeration, making allowance, too, for the fact that in con- sequence of her royal descent she is likely to liave been above the average stature, and even admitting that she dyed lier liair — a practice not uncommon among many ancient tribes — it is yet clear that this British queen must be re- garded as belonging to the xanthous type — tall and fair. Tlie tribe of the Iceni, over wliich this blonde amazon ruled, is generally placed beyond the limits of the Belgic Britons ; though some authorities have argued in favour of its Belgic origin. If the latter view be correct, we should expect the queen to be tall, light-haired, and blue-eyed ; for, from what we know of the Belgíe, such were tlieir features. Ca3sar asserts that the majority of the Belgai were derived from the Germans.2 j>-^^^ notwithstanding this asserfion, most ethnologists are inclined to ally them with the Celti, with- out, of course, denying a strong Teutonic admixture. Strabo

1 il/oH. Ilist. Brit., Excerpta, p. ]vi.

2 "Plerosque Belgas csse ortos ab Geriuautó.'' — De BlUo Gull., lib. ii, c. 4.

78 WELSH ANTHROPOLOGY.

says^ that tlic Eelgffi and Celti liacl the same Gaulish form, though both diífered widely in physical characters from the Aquitanians. As to language, Cöesar's statement that the Belgic and Keltic differed, prohably refers only to dialectical differences.^ If a close ethnical relationship can be esta- blished between the Celti and the Belgce, British ethnology clearly gains in simplification. To what extent the Belgic settlers in this country resembled the neighbouring British tribes must remain a moot point. According to Strabo,^ the Britons were taller than the Celti, with hair less yellow, and they were slighter in build. By the French school of ethnologists the Belgffi are identified with the Cymry, and are described as a tall fair people, similar to the Cimbri already mentioned ; and Dr. Prichard, the founder of English anthropology, was led long ago to describe the Keltic type in similar terms.*

Yet, as we pass across Britain westwards, and advance towards those parts which are reputed to be predomi- nently Keltic, tlie proportion of tall fair folk, speaking in general terms, diminishes, while the short and dark element in the population increases, until it probably attains its maximum somewhere in South Wales. As popular impres- sions are apt to lead us astray, let us turn for accuracy to the valuable mass of statistics coUected in Dr. Beddoe's well-known paper " On tlie Stature and Bulk of Man in tlie British Isles",^ a paper to which every student refers with imfailing confidence, aud which wiU probably remain our

1 Lib. iv, c. i.

2 " Quand César dit: Hi omnes lingua^ institutis^ lef/ibus^ inter se dif- ferunt^ il faut traduire ici le mot lingna par dialecte.^^ — Les Dernicrs Bretons. Par Emile Souvestre, vol. i, p. 141.

3 Lib. iv, c. 5.

* Researches into the Physical History of Manlcind. By J. C. Pricliard, M.D., F.R.S., vol. iii, p. 189.

û Mem. Anfhrop. Soc. Lond., vol. iii, 1870, p. ÖS-i.

WELSII ANTHROPOLOGY. 79

standnrd authority until the labonrs of our Anthropometric Committee are suíliciently matured for puLlication. Dr. Beddoe, summing up his observations on the physical clia- racters of the Welsh as a whole, defines them as of " short stature, with good weight, and a tendency to darhness of eyes, hair, and skin". Dr. Beddoe, in another paper.i indi- cated the tendency to darhness by a numerical expressiou which he termed the index of nigrescence. " In the coast- districts and low-lands of Llonmouthshire and Glamorgan, the ancient seats of Saxon, Norman, and Flemish colonisa- tion, I find", says this observer, "the indices of hair and eyes so low as 33.5 and 63 ; while in the interior, excluding the chihlren of English and Irish immigrants, the fìgures rise to 57.3 and 109.5 — this last ratio indicating a prevalence of dark eyes surpassing what I have met with in any other part of Britain" (p. 43).

Many years ago, Mr. Matthew Moggridge furnished the authors of the Crania Britannica with notes of the pliysical characteristics of the AYelsh of Glamorganshire. He defined the people as having " eyes (long) bright, of dark or hazel colour, hair generally black, or a very dark brown, lank, generally late in turning grey."^

There can be no question, then, as to the prevalence of melanism in this district. Nor does it seem possible to account for this tendency, as some anthropologists have suggested, by tlie influence of the surrounding media. Even those who believe most firmly in the potency of the envi- ronment will hardly be inclined to accept the opinion seriously entertained some years ago by the Eev. T. rrice, that the black eyes of Glamorganshire are due to the pre-

1 " Ou the Testimony of Local Phenomena in the West of England to the Permanence of Authropological Types." — Ihid., vol. ii, 18C6, p. 37.

2 Crav. Brit.. vol. i, p. 53.

80 WELSH ANTHUOPOLOGY.

yalence of coal fires.^ Long before coal came into use tliere was tlie same tendency to nigrescence among tlie Welsli. This may be seen, as Dr. Nicholas has pointed out, in the bardic names preserved in ancient Welsli records, where the cognomen of du, or " black", very frequently occurs. Thiis, in the Mìjvyrian Archaiology of Wales, between a.d. 1280 and 1330, there are registered four "blacks" to one "red" and one "grey" — namely, Gwilym Ddu, Llywelyn Ddu, Goronwy Ddu, and Dafydd Ddur'

The oriüfin of this dark element in the Welsh is to be explained, as everyone wiU have anticipated, by reference to the famous passage in Tacitus, wliich has been worn tlireadbare by ethnologists. Tacitus tells us that the ancient British tribe of Silures — a tribe inhabiting what is now Glamorganshire, Monmoutbshire, Herefordshire, and parts at least of Brecknockshire and Radnor — had a swarthy com- plexion, mostly with curly hair, and that from their situation opposite to Spain tliere was reason to believe that the Iberians had passed over the sea and gained possession of the coimtry.^ It will be obseiwed that although Tacitus speaks of their dark complexion, he does not definitely state that the liair was dark ; but this omission has, curiously enough, been supplied by Jornandes, a Goth, who, in the sixth century, wrote a work whicli professes to be an extract from the lost history of Cassiodorus, wherein the very words of Tacitus are reproduced with the necessary addition.*

^ Essay on the Physiognomy and Physiology of tlie Present Inhahitants of Britain, 1829.

2 The Pedigrec nf the EngJish Penpìe, fifth edition, 1878, p. 4G7.

3 " Silurum colorati vultus et torti plerumque crines, et posita contra Ilispania, Iberos yeteres trajecisse, easc[ue sedes occupasse, fìdem faciunt." — Agricola^ c. xi.

* " Sylorum ( = Silurum) colorati vultus, torto plerique crine, ct nigro nascuntur." — Dc Echus Gcticis, c. ii; quoted in il/on. Hist. Brit., Ex- cerpta, p. lxxxiii. It is coujectured tliat the classical word Siluì-es is

WELSH ANTIIROPOLOGY. 81

Witli these passages before us, can we reasonably doubt that the swart blood in tlie Welsh of the present day is a direct legacy from their Silurian ancestors ?

Setting what Tacitus here says about the Silures against what he says in the next sentence about the Britons nearest to Gaul (p. 76), it is clearthat we must recognise a duality of type in the population of Southern Britain in his day. This fact has been clearly pointed out by Professor Huxley as one of the few " fìxed points in British ethnology".^ At tlie dawn of history in this country, eighteen centuries ago, the population was not homogeueous, but contained repre- sentatÌYes both of Professor Huxley's Melanochroi and of his Xantlwchroi. If we have any regard whatever for the per- sistence of anthropological types, we sliould hesitate to refer both of these to one and the same elementary stock. We are led, then, to ask which of these two types, if either, is to be regarded as Keltic ?

It is because both of these types, in turn, have been called Keltic that so much confusion has been imported into ethuo- logical nomenclature. The common-sense conclusion, there- fore, seems to be that neither type can strictly be termed Keltic, and that such a term had better be used only in linguistic anthropology, Tlie Kelt is merely a person who speaks a Keltic language, quite regardless of his race, though it necessarily follows that all persons who speak similar languages, if not actually of one blood, must have been at some period of their history in close social contact. In this sense, all the inhaljitants of Britaiu at the period of the Eoman iuvasion, notwithstanding the distinction between Xanthro-

derÌYcd from the British iiame Essìjllw;/r, the people of Essì/Ihrç, Sce Nichülass Ilistnrij of (j'lamurijaìishiìr, 1874, p. 1. It is dillicult to detcr- miue how far aud iu -what respects the Silures resemblcd, or diffcred from, the other inhaud tribes. Of tlie Caledouiaus and of the Bclgae we kuo\v somethiug, but of the othcr inhabitauts wc are ç[uite iguorant. ^ Critiqucs and Adürcsÿcs, p. 106.

VOL. IV. G

82 WELSH ANTIIROrOLOGY.

chroi and Melanocliroi, were probaLly to be styled Kelts. Tbere can be little doiibt tbat tbe xantbous Britons always spoke a Keltic tongne ; but it is not so easy to decide wbat was tbe original speecb of tbeir melanocbroic neigbbours.

Tbe existence of two types of population, dark and fair, side by side, is a pbenomenon wbicb was repeated in ancient Gaul. As tbe Silures were to Britain, so were tbe Aquitani to Gaul — tbey were tbe dark Iberian element. Strabo states tbat wbile tbe natives of Keltic and Belgic Gaul resembled eacb otlier, tbe Acpiitanians differed in tbeir pbysical cba- racters from botb of tbese peoples, and resembled tbe Iberians. But Tacitus bas left on record tbe opinion tbat tbe Silures also resembled tbe Iberians ; bence tbe conclusion tbat tbe Silures and tbe Aquitaniaus were more or less alike. Now it is generally believed tbat tbe relics of tbe old Aquitanian population are still to be found lingering in tbe neigbbour- bood of tbe Pyrenees, being represented at tbe present day by tbe Basques. A popular notion bas tbus got abroad tbat tbe ancient Silures must bave been remotely afbned to tbe Basque populations of rrance and Spain. Nevertbeless, tbe modern Basques are so mixed a race tbat, altbougb retaining tbeir ancient language, tbeir pbysical cbaracters bave been so modified tbat we can bardly expect to find in tbem tbe features of tlie old Silurians. Tbus, according to tbe Eev. Wentwortb Webster, tbe average colour of tbe Basque bair at tbe present day is not darker tlmn cbestnut.^

Neitber does language render us any aid towards solving tbe Basque problem. If tbe Silures were in tbis country prior to tbe advent of tbe Cymry, and if tliey were cognate witli tbe Basques, it seems ouly reasonable to suppose tbat some spoor of tbeir Iberian speecb, bowever scant, migbt still be lingering amongst us. Yet pbilologists bave sougbt

1 "The Basque and tlie Kelt." — Joiirn. Anthrop. I?isf., vol. v, 1876, p. 5.

■WELSH ANTIIIiOPOLOGY. 83

in vain for the traces of any Euskarian element in the Cym- raog. Our distinguished member,H.I.H. Prince Louis Lucien Bonaparte, perhaps the only philologist in this country who has a right to spealc with authority on such a subject, has obligingly informed me that he knows of no connexion "\vhatever between tlie two lauguages, Still, it must be remembered that tlie Iberian affinity of the Sihires, sug- gested by the remarh of Tacitus, does not necessarily mean Bascj[ue affinity. Some philologists have even denied that the Basc[ues are Tberians.^ All tliat we seelc at present to establish is this — that the dark Britons, represented by the tribe of Silures, altliougli they came to be a Keltic-speaking people, \vere distinct in race from the fair Britons, and, tlierefore, in all likeliliood were originally distinct in speech. Nor should it be forgotten that relics of a pre-Keltic non- Aryan people have been detected in a few place-names in Wales. Thus, Professor Rliŷs is inclined to refer to this category such names as Menapia, Mona, and IMynwy ^ — the last-named being a place (Monmouth) withiii the territory of the old Silures. On the wliole, it seems to uie safer to foUow Professor Eolleston in speahing of the dark pre-Keltic element as Silurian rather than as Basque or as Iberian.^

There is, however, c|uite another quarter to which the anthropologist who is engaged in this iuvestigation may turu with fair promise of reward. The late Dr. Tlmrnam, more than fifteen years ago, wrote a singularly suggestive paper " On the Two Principal Forms of Ancient British and Gaulish Slculls".'* The long-continued researches of tliis

1 "La Langue Ibérienne et la Lauguc Basque." Par M. Yan Eys. Jìíttie de Lui(juistiquc. July 1874.

2 "Lecturos on Welsh Philology," 2ncl ed., p. 181.

3 British Barrows, by Canon GreenwcU aud Professor Rollcstou, p. 630.

* Memoirs o/ the Anthrop. Soc. Loud., vol. i, 1865, p. 120 ; vol. iii, 1870, p. 41.

g2

84 WELSII ANTHROPOLOGY.

eminent archaeological anatoniist led him to the concliision that the ohlest sepulchres of this country — the chambered and other long barrows wliicli lie explored in Wilts and Gloucestershire — invariably contained the remains of a dolichocephalic people, who were of short stature, and apparently were unacquainted with the use of metals. The absence of metal would aloue raise a suspicion that these elongated tumuli were older than the round, conoidal, or bell-shaped barrows, M'hich contain ol)jects of bronze, if not of iron, with or without weapons of stone, and commonly associated with the remains of a taller brachycephalic people.^

Even before Dr. Thurnam forcibly pointed attention to this distinction, it had been independently observed by so experienced a barrow-opener as the late Mr. Bateman,^ whose researches were conducted in cj[uite another part of the country — the district of the ancient Cornavii. More- over, Professor Daniel Wilson's studies in Scotland had led him to conclude that the earliest population of Britain were dolichocephalic, and possessed, in fact, a form of skull which, from its boat-like shape, he termed hiLiìibecephalic.^ Nor should it be forgotten that as far back as 1844 the late Sir W. R. Wilde expressed his belief that in Ireland the

1 It may be useful to remark that authropologists speak of people as doUchocephalic ., or long-headed, if the breadth of their skull bears to its leugtli a ratio of less than 80 to 100. Ou the other hand, people are Irachuccjìlialìc, or short-headed, wheu measuremcnt shows that length : breadth : : 80 (or more) : 100. In spite of the pleouasm, we occasioually speak of brachycephalic and dolichocephalic skulls. The ternis " long- headed" and " short-lieaded" are, of course, always used to designate \ong-slulletl aud ähoTt-sJcuUed people — never to designate a long or short /ace. It may seem puerile to add such a remark, yet non-anthropolo- gical people have occasiouully described a man as loug-headed when they merely meant long-visaged.

2 Ten Years' Digglugs, 18G1, p. 1-16.

3 l'nhistoric Annals of Scotland, 1851.

WELSII ANTIIROPOLOGY. 85

most ancient type of skull is a long skull, wliicli lie held to beloug to a dark-eomplexionecl people, probably aboriginal, who were succeeded by a fair, round-headed race.^

But while this succession of races was recognised by sevéral observers, it remained for Dr. Thurnam to formulate the relation between the sliape of the skull and that of the barrow, in a neat aphorism, which has become a standing dictum iu anthropology : " Long barrows, long shulls ; round barrows, round skulls ; dolichotaphic barrows, dolicho- cephalic crania; brachytaphic barrows, brachy-cephalic crania." N"o doubt exceptional cases may occur in wliich round shulls have been found in long barrows, but these have generally been explained as being due to secondary interments. On the other hand, the occasional presence of long skulls in round barrows presents no difficulty, since no one supposes that the early dolichocephali were exterminated by the brachycephali, and it is, therefore, probable that during the bronze-using period, when round tumuli were iu general use, the two peoples may have dwelt side by side, the older race being, perhaps, in a state of subjugation.

It is not pretended that Thurnam's apophthegm has more than a local application. " This axiom", its author admitted, " is evidently not ajîplicable, unless with considerable linii- tations, to France." Although it is here called an " axiom", it is by no means a self-evident proposition, the relation between the shape of the skull and the shape of the burial- mound being purely arbitrary. The proposition which con- nects the two is simply the expression of the results of accumulated observations, and it is, of course, open to doubt whether the number of observations was sufficiently great to warrant the generalisation, But the only test of the validity of any induction lies in its verification when applied to fresh instances, and it is reràarkablc that when loug barrows and ^ On the Ethìioloíjj of ihe Ancient Irish.

86 WELSH ANTIIROPOLOGY.

chambered tumuli liave siuce been opened in this country the BYÌdence has tended in the main to confirm Dr. Thurnam's proposition ; still, we must regard it only as the expression of a local custom, and not of a general truth.

It is commonly believed that the brachycephali of the round barrows came in contact with the dolichocephali as an invading, and ultimately as a conquering, race. Not only were they armed ^vith superior weapons — supèrior in so far as a metal axe is a better weapon than a stone axe — but they were a taller and more powerful people. Thurnam's measurements of femora led to tlie conclusion tliat the avcrage lieight of the brachycephali was 5 feet 8.4 inches, while that of the long-headed men was only 5 feet 5.4 inches.^ ISTot only were they taller, but tliey were probably a fiercer and more warlihe race. In the slculls from the round barrows the superciliary ridges are more prominent, the nasals diverge at a more abrupt angle, the cheek-bones are high, and the lower jaw projects, giving the face an aspect of ferocity, which contrasts unfavourably with the mild features of the earlier stone-using people.

On the whole, then, the researches of archíeological anato- mists tend to prove tlmt this country was tenanted in ante- historic or pre-Roman times by two peoples, who were ethnically distinct from each other. It is difficult to resist the temptation of applying tliis to the ethnogeny of Wales. Does it not seem probable that the early short race of long- shuUed, mild-featured, stone-using people may have been' the ancestors of the swarthy Silurians of Tacitus ; while the later tall race of round-skulled, rugged-featured, bronze- using men may have represented the broad-lieaded, Iveltic- speahing folk of history ? At any rate, the evidence of craniology does not run counter to this hypothesis. For Dr. Beddoe's observations on head-forms in tlie West of 1 Mem. Aììthrop. Soc. Lond., vol. iii, 1870, p. 73.

WELSII ANTIIROPOLOGY. «7

England have shown that " heads which are ordinarily called brachycephalic belonged for the most part to individuals Mith light hair", while the short dark-haired people whoin he exaniined were niarkedly dolichocephalic^ At the same time, it must be admitted that his observations leud " no sup- port to the view that the Keltic skull has been, or would ìjc narrowed by an admixture of the Iberian type". It sliould not, however, be forgotteu that the same observer, in refer- ring to a collectiou of crania from the Bascj[ue country, pre- served in Paris, says " the form of M. Broca's Basque crania was very much that of some modern Silurian heads".^

According to the view advocated by Thurnam we have a right to anticipate that tlie oldest skulls found in this couutry would be of dolichocephaloiis type ; and such I believe to be actually the case. Dr. Barnard Davis, it is true, has stated in the Crania Britannica that the ancient British slaiU must be referred to tlie brachycephalic type ; and such an induction was perfectly legitimate so long as the craniologist dealt only with skulls from the round barrows or from similar interments. But the long-barrow skulls examined by Professor Ptolleston,^ aud the Cissbury skulls receutly studied by the same anatomist,^ are decidedly dolichocephalic, as also are all tlie early prehistoric skulls which have been found of late years in France.

It raay naturally be asked whether tlie researches of archaîologists iu Wales lend auy support to Thuruam's liypothesis. Nothing, I couceive, would be easier than to show that very material support has come from this c|uarter; but I have abstained, of set purpose, from iutroduciug into this papcr any reniarks oii tlie prehistoric archaiology of

» Mcm. Aìiihrop. Soc. Lomi, vol. ii, ISGG, p. 350. 2 //,/,/^ p_ q^q

3 " On the Peoijle of the Long Barrow Period," Journ. Antliroj). /«*•/., vol. V, 187G, p. 120.

•» liid., vol. vi, 1877, p. 20 ; vol. viii, 1879, p. 377.

88 WELSH ANTHROPOLOGY.

Wales. For I had an opportunity, only a few months ago, of lecturing before this Society upon this very suhject, and 1 then submitted to niy fellow-members such evidence as seemed to me to support the conclusions enunciated above. In connexion with this subject, I may, however, especially refer to the valuable researches of my friend, Professor Boyd Dawhins, more particularly to his discovery of platycnemic, or ílat-shinned, skeletons in chambered graves in Denbigh- shire, which may be referred to the neolithic or later stone- age.^

But, setting aside any archseological evidence derived from the bone-caves, barrows, or other sepulchres in Wales, we may fìnally look at the outcome of our inquiry into Welsh ethnogeny. If we admit, as it seems to me we are bound to admit, the existence of two distinct ethnical ele- ments in the Welsh population, one of which is short, dark, and dolichocephalic — call it Silurian, Atlantean, Iberian, Basque, or what you will ; and the other of which is tall, fair, and brachycephalic, such as some term Cymric, and üthers Lignrian; tlien it follows that by the crossing of these two races we may obtain not only individuals of inter- mediate character, but occasionally more complex combi- nations ; for example, an individual may have the short stature and long head of the one race, associated with the lighter hair of the other ; or again, the tall stature of one may be foimd in association witli the melanism and dolichoce- phalism of the other race. It is. therefore, no objection to the views herein expressed if we can point to a living Welshman who happens to be at once tall and dark, or to another who is short and fair.

At the same time, I am by no means disposed to admit

1 For Frof. Boyd Dawtins' contributions to the subject see his in- teresting worlis on Care-lmnthìg, 187.4, and on Early Man in Briiain,

1880.

WELSH ANTIIROrOLOGY. 89

tliat M-hen we have recognised the nnion of the xanthous and melanic elements in Wales, with a predoniinance of the latter in the south, we have approached to anything like the exhausting limit of the subject. StiU earlier races may have dwelt in the land, and have contributed something to the composition of the Welsh. In fact, the anthropologist may say of a Welshman, as a character in " Cymbeline" says of Posthumus, when doubtful about his pedigree,

" I cacnot delve him to the root."

It Ì3 possible that the roots of the Welsh may reach far down into some hidden primitive stock, older mayhap than the Neolithic ancestors of the Silurians ; but of such pristine people we have no direct evidence. So far, however, as positive investigation has gone, we may safely conclude that the Welsh are the representatives, in large proportion, of a very ancient race or races ; and that they are a composite peojìle who may perhaps be best defined as Siluro-Cymric.

90

THE PEESENT AND FUTURE OF WALES.

AN ADDRESS

DELIYEllED TO TIIE CYMMEODORION SECTION OF TIIE NATIONAL EISTEDDFOD OF 1880.

By LEWIS MORRIS, M.A., Honorary Fellow of Jesus College, Oxford ; Presideat of the Section.

Ladies and Gentlemen, — We are met here tliis evening to re-establisli, if possible, tiie Social Science Section of tlie National Eisteddfod, wliicli, commencing, I tliink, in tlie year 1862, under the patronage of tlie Conncil of the Eisteddfod, was discoutinued when tliat Council ceased to exist, some ten or more years afterwards. From that time to the National Eisteddfod held at Birlcenliead, in 1878, there was nothing to answer to the former Social Science Section. In the last-named year, an attempt was again made to revive tlie institution, under the excellent presidency of my frieud Professor Hughes, and papers of great ability and interest w^ere read by various distinguished men. But whether it was that the subjects chosen for the papers M'ere not sufli- ciently interesting to Welshmen as such, or that the hour and place of meeting were not well chosen, or that at Birheuhead people only care to be amused, the fact undoubtedly is, that the attendance was lamentably small — so small, indeed, that the experiment coUapsed before the Eisteddfod meeting came to an end. I think it quite possible that if that attempt had been made at Carnarvon, or in any other real national centre, the result might have been very diíîerent : and I am inclined to deprecate the repetition of the experience of an Eisteddfod lield out of AYales, and attended by a motley assemblage of

THE PRESENT AND FÜTURE OF WALES. 91

people, cliieíly attracted by a vague curiosity. But tlie rcal lesson of these repeated attempts and failures is to me a very instructive oue. I do think they point to a conviction, on the part of the most thoughtful Welshmeu, that tlie Eistedd- fod as it at present is constituted, interesting and creditaLle as it undoubtedly is to the tastes and the refinement of tlie people, is not wholly satisfying, and that many of us, while recognising with pleasure the large number of valuable prizes which it has recently become the practice — and espe- cially on the present occasion — to offer for subjects bearing upon the moral and physical condition of the people and their amelioration, for essays on health, food, the condition of dwellings, the earnings of the labourer and artizan, thrift, morals, and last, but not least, education (all of which were treated, as I am informed, by the former Social Science Section), are yet of opinion that more may be fairly done in this direction by tlie Eisteddfod than lias been done yet. I do not, nor, as far as I know, does any one wish to, dethrone from their supremacy the sister arts of poetry and music, which now bear rule at the Eisteddfod meetings, but I think in the future it may well be a niatter for consideration whether one day of the four, or, possibly, two afternoon sittings, might not be devoted to discussions proceeding on the lines of the economical or social subjects for which prizes are given. I hope no one will suspect me of not lihing music. On the contrary, I think, and have often said, that the musical taste, which is so characteristic of the Welsh nation, should be cultivated to the fullest possible extent. JMusic speaks with a common and universal lan- guage, vague indeed, but infinitely tender and solemn, miglity beyond the power of words, full of yearning, fuU of the mystery of this wonderful life of ours, full of sublime echoes, which are to many instead of a complete theology, of the mighty voice without us, wliose souud is iu the sea, and

92 THE PRESENT AND FUTURE OF WALES.

in the sky, and in the hiUs, and in the inmost recesses of the human heart. As to poetry, no one, I am sure, considering whose descendant I am, will suspect me of disloyalty to that delightful art. There are some things of which it is impos- siLle to speak satisfactorily, and of which it is best, therefore, to be silent. I believe myself that to every one, in his or her degree, glimpses of an ineffable and supreme beauty and goodness are vouclisafed from time to time, to some very rarely, to others more frequently, and that it is only the gift of expression, granted or denied, which distinguishes the poet from his fellow-men. But then it unfortunately hap- pens that there are few who can speak this divine language with eíîect, and even those wlio can are fiUed with a con- sciousness that what they are privileged to say might well have been said better and more fuUy.

The conclusion to which I would come is that, to some of us, who would like to be frequent attendants at Eisteddfodic meetings, it would be no diminution of the interest and pleasure which they excite if we felt that we were not merely amusing ourselves — undoubtedly, in a very creditable way, but, still, amusing ourselves — but were doing something which might leave our fellow-countrymen happier and better. And this is the real meaning of the revival of our Social Science Section under a new name — not a better name, by any means, as it seems to me, but still, one which has not to struggle against memories of former failure.

As to the good which has been done by the Social Science Association of England during tlie twenty or more years of its existence, I believe it would be very difficult to exagge- rate it. Almost all the reforms in the law during that time have taken their rise in, and are the direct or indirect result of the deliberations of the Association. The great practical difficulties of punishment and of prevention of crime, tlie treatmcnt of the pitiful race of young criminals, the c[ues-

TIIE PRESENT AND FÜTÜRE OF WALES. 93

tion3 of prison discipline, the mechanics of legislation, the rehations between laudlord and tenant, the cj[uestions as to the employnient and social functions of women, the great problems of education, the laws of health and sanitation; all these, and niany others, are mattcrs which have heen ventilated year after year at the annual meetings of the Association, l)y men and women who, like the late Miss Carpenter, have devoted their lives to the service of their fellow creatures, and through them to the service of God. Surely, we too in Wales, with our strange contrasts of busy and crowded industries, and sparse agricultural populations ; of dense and smoky manufacturing towns and lonely moun- tain sides ; must have questions relating to the happiness of the people, some common to all the dwellers in these islands, otliers peculiar to ourselves as Welshmen, which it would be well to discuss from time to time. Does anyone seriously think that the question of Welsh Sunday closing, for in- stance, on whicli such a striking unanimity of opinion has been evinced, or the Burial Bill, or any other measure which has come very near to the hearts of Welshmen, would not have attracted attention long ago, if, year by year, as the National Eisteddfod came round, they had been discussed and debated on a common and unsectarian platform, by local men acquainted with the special needs of their own particular neighbourhoods. And no one who knows how peculiar, aud I may add, how defective is the educational coudition of Wales, how poor and how iU-distributed are her eudow- ments, and liow noble have been the efforts of the people to provide themselves with the means of obtaining, wholly without the State assistance, which is freely bestowed upon Scotlaud aud Ireland, the blessings of the higher educatiou, can doubt that this matter of education alone would afford good aud congenial work for good meu and women, Avho could never; in our present dividcd religious couditioUj meet

94 THE PRESENT AND FUTURE OF WALES.

together elsewhere. I say notliing of the pressing need for sanitary discussions connected with the growth of our great mannfacturing towns, and the many questions touched by the Employers' Liability BiU, as suggested by the dreadful calamities of the Ehondda Yalley, of Abercarne, and of Eisca, though they are probably at once fuU of social in- terest, and of features peculiar to our own couutry. I ani afraid that a Eepression of Crime Section, or a Prisons' Sec- tion, if one were started among us, would hardly be a success, for the simple reason that Welsh criminals are almost like the snahes in Iceland — there are noiie of them ; and that we are busily engaged in disestablishiug and dis- endowing our Welsh prisons. But I am sure that we might deal with advantage with those faults of morals, which are undoubtedly ours ; which all the zeal of all our ministers has failed to touch in any appreciable degree ; and whicli, among a people the most devout, and the most God- fearing in these islands, confront us Mdth the spectacle, not unhappily a paradox, of an aniount of illegitimacy hardly exceeded in any part of Great Britain.

Nor, of course, would it be necessary, or in any way de- sirable, that we should confine ourselves exclusively to matters specially bearing upon the condition of Wales. I certainly think that such questions have distinctly the first claim upon our attention. But, after all, our country is a small one ; we are not only Welshmen, but citizens, in- terested in every great question which affects any part of, or any class of people in, the great England, and tlie still greater Empire, of wliich we form part. I do not, for my own part, hnowing, as I do, how great are the differences which separate us from our neighbours, think that the stream of Welsh reforms is, after centuries of neglect and stag- nation, likely to run dry very soon. But I am sure we should welcome any distinguished stranger who would

TIIE TRESENT AND FUTURE OF WALES. 95

lionour us hy reading a paper on any matter of wliich he niiglit have special lcnowleJge, \v*hether economical, social, scientific, or I suppose I must add archaìological, as this is the Cymmrodorion section.

I do trust, however, tliat in future years, we shall nf)t devote an undue measure of our time to loolcing back towards the irrevocable Past. With all, except the very young, and ofteu with them, the temptation to look back- wards, iustead of forwards, is overwhelming, and weinWales are, as it seems to me, especially liable to it. Every year that passes takes with it something of hope from oiir lives ; raises a new tomb-stone over buried longings and aspirations that breathe no longer the air of earth ; adds something to the sum of losses which make the familiar streets, or the well- remembered fields, show like a place of graves. I cannot help admiring the tendency which makes Welshmen look back with affectionate exaggeration to heroes and to bards who have been dead for centuries. I myself owe too much to the affection with which the name which I bear is stiU regarded, not to feel it difficult to say what I believe I am bound to say, in duty. But to me, no time is so full of fascination as tlie present, unless it be indeed the hidden future. But it is in the present, and with a view to prepare the future, which we believe shall, in the good pleasure of the Creator, be greater than the present, that we who are here to-day must live and work, and we have not indeed a moment to lose. " Time is short, and opportunity fleeting," as was said of old, and dreams of the past cercainly, and of the future probably, are nothing else but a waste of in- valuable time. I believe that the extraordinary and most calamitous self-effacemeut, by which, up to a very recent period, Welslnnen were content to stand aloof from practical politics, sending to Parliament, íbr centuries, for reasons of feudal attaclmieut, or through entire carelessuess, mcn

96 THE PRESENT AND FÜTÜRE OF "WALE3.

wliolly uufit for their duties, was largely due to this habit of mind, which has long diverted the national energies into channels in which they have practically run to waste. I cheerfully recognise the great improvement which of late has taken place in this respect, wholly irrespective of political cousiderations. I have long ago expressed my belief, that the first thing which Wales had to do was to find her tongue, as she has since done, indeed, to some ex- tent, aud might yet do more thoroughly with advantage. The nation is evidently awaking to a sense of its responsibilities, which gives promise of even better things in future. Tor my own part, while the voice of Wales is still insufficieutly heard, I resent, on behalf of my country, the local intrigues by which it still too often happens tliat an unfit Welshman, or an Englishman with no interest in us, is allowed to supplant a Welshman who could speak for Wales. And depend upon it, if good men of every reli- gious deuomination would consent to meet upon the free and uusectarian platform, which the Eisteddfod alone fur- nishes, there wouhl be very little danger of its missing its true end, or of its ever allowiug the people of Wales to relapse iuto the stagnation and indiffereuce of old.

Aud I think, iudeed, that some such meeting-place, where party politics might be laid aside, where those religious and dogmatic differences which enter so largely (uot, as I thiuk, without advantage) into our natioual life, might for a time be left behind, if not forgotteu, would be in itself, quite aparfc froui other good results, a distinct aud permanent gaiu. Thiuk how seldom it can happen that patriotic Welshmen belougiug to tlie Church of Eugiaud, or to the Methodist, Baptist, or Congregational denominatious (and we should not have far to go from this place to find such persous), can meet together with a view to the advancement of the good of their comnion country. Think how few are the

TIIl': PRESENT AND FUTURE OF WALES. \}7

opportunities whicli North Wclshineii aud South Wclslinien híive of comparing notcs and experiences. They go into England ])y diííerent routes, they gravitate towards diíîerent provincial centres — the North to Liverpool, the South to Bristol — and it takes about twice as long to go from the good town of Carmartheu to the good town of Carnarvou as it does to go from either to London. We want to ohli- terate, as far as may be, all tliese purely local and mis- chievous divisions, and it would be a very worthy office for the Eisteddfod if it enabled those of us who are not musicians, who are not bards, nay, wlio are hardly Welsh-speaking men, but liave not the less Welsh hearts, to meet togetlier under tlie shadow of so venerable and mysterious an institution, and take counsel together for tlie good of Wales.

There are certain matters on which I could have wished to say sometliing, especially those witli which I am most conversant — c[uestions of law^ of politics, and of education. But tliose questions of law, which are burning questions, run insensibly into politics, and politics, so far as they are interest- ing, are apt to assume a character of party wliich would be quite foreign to the traditions of an institution whose motto is " Peace". In politics there neither can nor should be peace, but an earnest thougli a generous strife. On the subject of education, I should have had a good deal to say, and was prepared to say it, but for an honour whicli has come to me within the last few days — that of being nominated to serve on the Commission which will iai- mediately be issued to inquire into the condition of Higher and Intermediate Education in Wales. I anticipate the greatest good results from that Commission, and f ani very proud to belong to it ; but I tliink it clear tliat for the present my mouth must be closed on all Welsh educational questions, because it would be improper to express opinions on view\s wliich the evidence which will come before the

VOL. IV. II

98 THE PEESENT AND FÜTURE OF WALES.

Commission may teiid to modify or reverse. Otlierwise, I sliould have liked to say sometliing of tlie University Col- lege of Wales at Aberystwyth, of which 1 believethe country is justly proud, and of its future development. I should have liked to say something of the scheme of your excellent townsman and my revered friend, Mr. Hugh Owen, who lias for nearly forty years been connected with Welsh education, for the establishment of County Scholarships, whicli shall so unite the primary with the higher grade schools as to pro- vide for the support of deserving boys and girls, and elicit, by judicious aid, the immense supply of talent which in Wales, as I fìrmly believe, more than elsewhere, has some- how been repressed and lost through poverty and unfa- vourable surroundings. But the suliject wiU not remain without discussion, and papers on various aspects of tlie educational question among us wiU be read dnring our sittings. And I believe we have the promise of an able paper on the important question of Eisteddfod reform. I trust that the Cymmrodorion Council wiU be able iu future to exercise a supervision over as well the subjects of the papers as their treatment, and that the length of all contri- butions may be limited to a reasonable time — a good deal shorter, for instance, than the present address — and tliat due provision may be made for those who prefer to express them- selves in English or Welsh, as the case may be. And when I have said this, I have said almost all.

But before I conclude, I will ask you to think for a moment on the lot of the great majority of our countrymen, whose fate it is to eat the bread of carefulness through the wliole of their laborious lives. Think of them on a hundred hiU-sidcs, where the mountain sheep, straying among the heather, are the only living things visible : or in close and sunless valleys, under the brooding shadow of great moun- tains ; or on wind-swept farms, where nothing but sea-bitten

TIIF, PRESENT AND FUTURE OF WALES. ítO

grass will grow, ou tlic coasts oí' Anglesey or of Peml)rokc ; lÌYÌng from tlie cradle to the grave lonely lives of liealtliy but wearing toil, with no opportunity of meeting with their fellows except occasionally at the little market-town or vil- lage, or at the little chapel, which is set often enough far away from town or village, in the recesses of the untroddcu hiUs. Tliink of them iu the dense atmosphere of the great indus- trial centres, at ]\Ierthyr Tydfìl or at Aberdare, at Ruabon or Landore; brcathing coal dust, or iron dust^ or copper smoke, day aud night, in cottages reared upon the cinder-tips or slag-heaps, of which they seem an excrescence; speudiug the long days or niglits in the airless depths of the coal mine, with iuevitable death within a stroke of the pickaxe; or perched higli up on the perpendicular face of the quarry, with enormous masses of slate impendiug, and the thuuder of the blasting-charge resounding and reverberating around. I know of uothing iu all the world around us so pathetic as the lives of the poor. From much that makes life seem precious to us tliey are cut off altogether. All the pleasures of travel and change of scene, the delight of foreign manners, the wonder of strauge islands, or capes, risiug vine- clad out of the azure sea, the marvel of old minsters filled with the devout thoughts of painters or sculptors who have been dead for centuries — thoughts which, we may hope, have aided many a heavy-laden soul on the road to heaven — the wouder of great Alps, rnany times higher than our own Eryri, rising clothed iu their everlasting mantles of suow ; the quickening of the moral aud intellectual powers, which comes almost in spite of themselves to the cultivated dwellers in a great metropolis, in which the business of an illimitable Empire is transacted, and is matter of common talk — from all these sources of interest and pleasure our poorer country- men and countrywomen are debarred. Let us be thaul-cfnl that they havc iu tlicir own tongue the blessing of a pure

H 2

100 THE TRESENT AND FUTURE OF WALES.

and healthy periodical literature, aud tliat they haye the taste, which is deuied to the strouger Saxon, to appreciate the highest achievements of music aud of poetry. While Haudel aud Mozart are sung by them habitually, while Milton and Goronwy are read, there cau be little fear for the intellectual future of Wales. The more reason, as it seems to me, tliat those of us who cau do so, iu however small a degree, should contribute their share to hasteu the good time comiug; and by making the Eisteddfod a really educatioual and social iníiuence, try to lighteu somewhat of the burden of those lowly and over-laden lives.

101

MERCHED Y TY TALWYN.

The following curious and interesting account is taken froni

one of the unpublislied lolo 3Iorganvjg ÄISS., now in tlie

possession of the Riglìt Hon. Lady Llanover, by whose kind

permission it is copied. It is written in the spoken dialect

of Glamorgan, which was often used by lolo, and no

attempt has been made to alter it. Perhaps some of the

readers of the Cyìnmrodor may be able to add to the informa-

tion here given about these poetesses, and to supply other

verses ascribed to them.

W. Watkixs. Octoher 1880.

" I heard an old man at Langynwyd sing a curious kind of

song. It consisted of the names of aU the rivers iu Glamor-

gan and their fountain-heads, said to have been written by

one of the Ty Talwyn poetesses, one stanza of which is as

follows :

" Blaen Gwrych, Blaen Gwrach, Blaen Gwrangou, Blacn Ffrydwyllt, Blaen Cynharyon,

Blaen Afan sy, Blaen Llyíni syw, Blaen Garw ywT Blaen creulon."

Dywedir am y Brydyddes iddeu Chariad wneuthur rhyw- beth ausyber yn ei herbyn a'i digio, ac nis ymgymmodai ag ef er uu cyflwr eithr hynn, sef iddo ymweled a holl afonydd Morganwg a'u Blaenau a'u dodi ar gân a'i dangos iddi o'i waith ei hunan. Fe gymmerth hyun arno, ag a dreulwys lawer mis yn yradeithio ar hyd yr afonydd hyd eu Blaeuau, onid oedd wedi myned mor wasgedig yn ei gnawd fel uad oedd braidd dim o houo oud y croen a'r esgyrn. 'Dd oedd

102 MERCHED Y TY TALWYN.

rhywfaint, bydded a fynno, o dynerwcli ynglialon y Gan- tores, a lii a dosturiwys wrth ei chariad ; a pheth a wnaeth hi ond ymweled a'r hoU afonydd yn ddiarwybod iddei Chariad, a'ii dodi ar gan ym mesur Triban ]\Iorganwg. Yr oedd hi yr hoU amser hynn mewn gwisg Bachgen. Hi a wyddai yn ddigon da am dŷ Car iddo, Ue 'dd oedd ar droion arnl yn Uettya. Myned yno a gofyn am letty noswaith, " Chwi a gewch hanner gwely, os gwna hynny'r tro", ebe gwraig y tŷ; "nid oes genn;yf ond hynny, am fod gwr ifauc o ddyn glan i fod yma heno 'n cysgu yn yr hanner araU".

" Fe wna hynny o'r goreu", ebe 'r Bachgen ifanc dierth, a myned i mewn.

Ymhen ycliydig fe ofynodd ai celai ef fyned i'r gwely, am ei fod yn flinderus iawn, wedi cerdded ymheU y diwarnod hynny. " Cewcli," ebe gwraig y tŷ ; a hynny a fu. Ymhen tro dyna'r Carwr truan yn dyfod iddei letty ; goleuwyd ef i'r gwely gan wedyd wrtho fod yno lencyn glan iawn i gysgu gydag ef, ag iddo fyned i'r gwely yn ebrwydd, achos ei fod wedi bUno 'n fawr, wedi cerdded o beU hyd yno.

" Duw a'i bendithio", ebe'r Carwr, " a gorphwys da iddo. Gwyn fyd na ddelai awr gorphwys i minnau."

Myned i'r gwely heb gael nemmor iawn o gysgu. Gyda'r goleu dyma'r Bachgen ifanc dierth yn cwnnu, yn dodi bendith Duw ar y tŷ a'r tylwyth a'i Uettywys, ac yn myued i bant. Ond fe adawys bapur ar y gobennydd a'r gân yn ysgrifenedic arno yn cynnwys enwau hoU afonydd Mor- , ganwg a'u Blaenau, ag uwch ben y gân y geirau hynn, y cyfan mewn Uaw dierth iddo : Cymmer rjynhortìmy gan ath gâr.

Cymmeryd y papur a'i ddarUain, a'i ddarUain, a'i ddarUain a wna'r Carwr. Un ennyd yn neidio yn wyUt gan lawenydd, ennyd araU yn tawhi ei hunan ar y gwely dan lefain ag wylo; ond o'r diwedd ymdaweUi a myned blaid y traed gwyUt at dŷ'r fercli y dioddefasai gymmaint er ei henniU.

MElifllED V TV TALWYN. l(Jo

Cael myued atti ; ond nis cai gusau cyuimod ues daugos y gân. "W'rtli glywed liyuuy tyuuu 'r gâu o'i fyuwes a'i gosod o'i blaeu.

" Yn awr, ar dy wir", ebe hi, " gwed wrtbof ai ti a wuaeth y gan hou ?"

Ebe fe 'u atteb, "Mi dreiglais hyd bob afou ymMorganwg o'r peu isaf iddei blaen, ond afiechyd a ddaeth arnaf o fod gymmaiut ag y buof i maes yn y tywydd, gwlyb a sych, rhew ag eira, gwres ag oerfel. Ond er gwneuthur hyd eitha 'n gallu corph ag enaid i ddodi enwau'r cyfan ar gâu, ui ellais etto foddloni 'ni hunan mewn un gair bychau. A thyua itti 'r gwir fal yth attebwyf o flaen Duw. Edrych ar fy ngwedd a'm lliw lhvyd. Wedi rhoi 'r cyfan i fyuydd o'm gobaith dau dorr calou, fawr lai na gwallgof, daeth Bachgeu ifanc glau ar dro i'r ty lle 'dd oeddwu yn llettŷa, ac a edewis ar y gobenuydd lle (bu) ef yn gorwedd noswaith yn yr uu gwely a mi y papur a ddodes o'th flaen. Ni chredaf lai nad angel o'r nef oedd hwnuw. Gwna er ei fwyn ef y peth nis gwnai er fy mwyn i. Tosturia bellach wrthof. Gwna hynn er uiwyn yr angel ag er mwyu y Duw a'i danfouwys."

"Gan itti erchi er mwyn Dnw a'i angel", ebe hi, "mi ymgymmodaf a thi."

Ag felly y bu, a phriodi a wuaethant maes o law wedyu, ac a fuont fyw yu hir mewn cariad ac happusrwydd, yn dad a mam Uawer o blaut, ac yn Adda ag yn Efa i holl Bryd- yddion y wlad, ond y rhai sy'n dywad o'r chwiorydd ereill, canys uid oes Brydydd yn y sir nad yw 'n dyfod o uu o ferched y Ty Talwyn (meddir) ; ag o hyun y daeth y ddiareb gyfli"ediu ym Morganwg hyd heddy.

Beth na wua merch er mwyn ei chariad ? Ni ellais hyd yn hyn gael un clyw na gwybod.

Digou {sic) amlwg pa bryd neu amser o'r byd ydd oedd Merched y Ty Talwyu yn byw ; ond y mae rhywfaint o le i gredu taw yughylch deucaut o tìyuyddau 'n ychydig fwy neu

104 MEECHED Y TY TALWYN.

lai ycld oedden nliw 'n by\v. Wrtli Bennillion y Lhoijn Uodeuawg, a wedir taw gwaith y merched hynny ydyn nhw, gallai rhai feddwl taw ynghylch pnmp nen chwechant o flyn- yddau 'n ol ydd oedden nhw 'n byw. Ond gwyddys o'r goreu i'r ífordd hynny o ganu, sef ar gynlianedd unodl heb gynghanedd o gytsain, barhau ym Morganwg hyd yn ddi-

weddar iawn :